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6. 6 • satellites and kepler ’ s laws : an argument for simplicity 253 figure 6. 27 the shaded regions have equal areas. it takes equal times for to go from a to b, from c to d, and from e to f. the mass moves fastest when it is closest to. kepler ’ s second law was originally devised for planets orbiting the sun, but ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 58 254 6 • uniform circular motion and gravitation access for free at openstax. org discussion this is a reasonable period for a satellite in a fairly low orbit. it is interesting that any satellite at this altitude will orbit in the same amount of time. this fact is related to the condition that the satellite ’ s m... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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previous equation gives solving for yields using subscripts 1 and 2 to denote two different satellites, and taking the ratio of the last equation for satellite 1 to satellite 2 yields 6. 59 6. 60 6. 61 6. 62 6. 63 6. 64 6. 65 6. 66 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 6 • satellites and kepler ’ s laws : an argument for simplicity 255 this is kepler ’ s third law. note that kepler ’ s third law is valid only for comparing satellites of the same parent body, because only then does the mass of the parent body cancel. now consider what we get if we solve for the ratio. we obtain a r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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” in 2006, pluto was demoted to a ‘ dwarf planet ’ after scientists revised their definition of what constitutes a “ true ” planet. parent satellite average orbital radius r ( km ) period t ( y ) r3 / t2 ( km3 / y2 ) earth moon 0. 07481 sun mercury 0. 2409 venus 0. 6150 earth 1. 000 mars 1. 881 table 6. 2 orbital data ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 0457 ( 16. 19 d ) table 6. 2 orbital data and kepler ’ s third law the universal law of gravitation is a good example of a physical principle that is very broadly applicable. that single equation for the gravitational force describes all situations in which gravity acts. it gives a cause for a vast number of effects... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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newton ’ s universal law of gravitation. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 6 • satellites and kepler ’ s laws : an argument for simplicity 257 glossary angular velocity, the rate of change of the angle with which an object moves on a circular path arc length, the distance traveled by an object along a circular path banked curve the curve in a road that is sloping in a manner that helps a v... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them non - inertial frame of reference an accelerated frame of reference pit a tiny indentation on the spiral track moulded into the top of the polycarbonate layer of cd radians a unit of angle measurem... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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fictitious forces and non - inertial frames : the coriolis force • rotating and accelerated frames of reference are non - inertial. • fictitious forces, such as the coriolis force, are needed to explain motion in such frames. 6. 5 newton ’ s universal law of gravitation • newton ’ s universal law of gravitation : every... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 6 satellites and kepler ’ s laws : an argument for simplicity • kepler ’ s laws are stated for a small mass orbiting a larger mass in near - isolation. kepler ’ s laws of planetary motion are then as follows : kepler ’ s first law the orbit of each planet about the sun is an ellipse with the sun at one focus. kepler... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 3 centripetal force 3. if you wish to reduce the stress ( which is related to centripetal force ) on high - speed tires, would you use large - or small - diameter tires? explain. 4. define centripetal force. can any type of force ( for example, tension, gravitational force, friction, and so on ) be a centripetal for... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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such a speed that the gravitational force is the only force acting? ( b ) the car goes over the top faster than this speed? ( c ) the car goes over the top slower than this speed? 9. as a skater forms a circle, what force is responsible for making her turn? use a free body diagram in your answer. 10. suppose a child is... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and newton ’ s third law, explain what force stretches the string, identifying its physical origin. figure 6. 32 a mass attached to a nail on a frictionless table moves in a circular path. the force stretching the string is real and not fictional. what is the physical origin of the force on the string? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 4 fictitious forces and non - inertial frames : the coriolis force 13. when a toilet is flushed or a sink is drained, the water ( and other material ) begins to rotate about the drain on the way down. assuming no initial rotation and a flow initially directly straight toward the drain, explain what causes the rotati... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 5 newton ’ s universal law of gravitation 19. action at a distance, such as is the case for gravity, was once thought to be illogical and therefore untrue. what is the ultimate determinant of the truth in physics, and why was this action ultimately accepted? 20. two friends are having a conversation. anna says a sat... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 1 rotation angle and angular velocity 1. semi - trailer trucks have an odometer on one hub of a trailer wheel. the hub is weighted so that it does not rotate, but it contains gears to count the number of wheel revolutions — it then calculates the distance traveled. if the wheel has a 1. 15 m diameter and goes throug... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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/ min? 8. integrated concepts when kicking a football, the kicker rotates his leg about the hip joint. ( a ) if the velocity of the tip of the kicker ’ s shoe is | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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35. 0 m / s and the hip joint is 1. 05 m from the tip of the shoe, what is the shoe tip ’ s angular velocity? ( b ) the shoe is in contact with the initially stationary 0. 500 kg football for 20. 0 ms. what average force is exerted on the football to give it a velocity of 20. 0 m / s? ( c ) find the maximum range of th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 2 centripetal acceleration 10. a fairground ride spins its occupants inside a flying saucer - shaped container. if the horizontal circular path the riders follow has an 8. 00 m radius, at how many revolutions per minute will the riders be subjected to a centripetal acceleration whose magnitude is 1. 50 times that du... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 50 cm and rotates at 6500 rev / min. ( a ) calculate the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration at its edge in meters per second squared and convert it to multiples of. ( b ) what is the linear speed of a point on its edge? 15. helicopter blades withstand tremendous stresses. in addition to supporting the weight ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 120 m radius? ( d ) comment on the magnitudes of the accelerations found. it is reputed that button ruptured small blood vessels during his spins. 17. what percentage of the acceleration at earth ’ s surface is the acceleration due to gravity at the position of a satellite located 300 km above earth? 18. verify that... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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are rotated back and forth like a rigid pendulum. sometime near the middle of the ride, the ship is momentarily motionless at the top of its circular arc. the ship then swings down under the influence of gravity. the speed at the bottom of the arc is 23. 4 m / s. ( a ) what is the centripetal acceleration at the bottom... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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radius ) wind turbine blade that is rotating at 0. 5 rev / s. assume the mass is 4 kg. 25. what is the ideal banking angle for a gentle turn of | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 20 km radius on a highway with a 105 km / h speed limit ( about 65 mi / h ), assuming everyone travels at the limit? 26. what is the ideal speed to take a 100 m radius curve banked at a 20. 0° angle? 27. ( a ) what is the radius of a bobsled turn banked at 75. 0° and taken at 30. 0 m / s, assuming it is ideally bank... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the turn similar to that for the ideal banking of roadways. 264 6 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 29. a large centrifuge, like the one shown in figure 6. 34 ( a ), is used to expose aspiring astronauts to accelerations similar to those experienced in rocket launches and atmospheric reentries. ( ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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20. 0 km / h? 31. modern roller coasters have vertical loops like the one shown in figure 6. 35. the radius of curvature is smaller at the top than on the sides so that the downward centripetal acceleration at the top will be greater than the acceleration due to gravity, keeping the passengers pressed firmly into their... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 5 newton ’ s universal law of gravitation 33. ( a ) calculate earth ’ s mass given the acceleration due to gravity at the north pole is and the radius of the earth is 6371 km from center to pole. ( b ) compare this with the accepted value of. 34. ( a ) calculate the magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity on th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 200 m away at birth ( he is assisting, so he is close to the child ). ( b ) calculate the magnitude of the force on the baby due to jupiter if it is at its closest distance to earth, some away. how does the force of jupiter on the baby compare to the force of the father on the baby? other objects in the room and the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 00 % of his weight. ( a ) calculate the mass of the mountain. ( b ) compare the mountain ’ s mass with that of earth. ( c ) what is unreasonable about these results? ( d ) which premises are unreasonable or inconsistent? ( note that accurate gravitational measurements can easily detect the effect of nearby mountains ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 6 satellites and kepler ’ s laws : an argument for simplicity 43. a geosynchronous earth satellite is one that has an orbital period of precisely 1 day. such orbits are useful for communication and weather observation because the satellite remains above the same point on earth ( provided it orbits in the equatorial ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##vet is 3. 00 mm in size, how long will its collision with the satellite last? ( d ) if its mass is | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 500 g, what is the average force it exerts on the satellite? ( e ) how much energy in joules is generated by the collision? ( the satellite ’ s velocity does not change appreciably, because its mass is much greater than the rivet ’ s. ) 49. unreasonable results ( a ) based on kepler ’ s laws and information on the o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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c ) now the car travels around loops of various radii and the speed at which the car barely makes it around the loop is measured. graph that speed vs. the radius of the loop. 6 • problems & exercises 267 268 6 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org introduction to work, energy, and energy resources cha... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 9 world energy use energy plays an essential role both in everyday events and in scientific phenomena. you can no doubt name many forms of energy, from that provided by our foods, to the energy we use to run our cars, to the sunlight that warms us on the beach. you can also cite examples of what people call energy t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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world use of energy resources, especially oil, continues to grow, with ominous consequences economically, socially, politically, and environmentally. we will briefly examine the world ’ s energy use patterns at the end of this chapter. there is no simple, yet accurate, scientific definition for energy. energy is charac... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 1 work : the scientific definition learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain how an object must be displaced for a force on it to do work. • explain how relative directions of force and displacement determine whether the work done is positive, negative, or zero. what it means to... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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between the force vector and the displacement vector. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 3 270 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org figure 7. 2 examples of work. ( a ) the work done by the force on this lawn mower is. note that is the component of the force in the direction of motion. ( b ) a person holding a briefcase does no work on it, because there is no displaceme... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 1 • work : the scientific definition 271 motion. for example, the person carrying the briefcase on level ground in figure 7. 2 ( c ) does no work on it, because the force is perpendicular to the motion. that is,, and so. in contrast, when a force exerted on the system has a component in the direction of motion, such... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is the amount required to warm 1 g of water by, and is equivalent to, while one food calorie ( 1 kcal ) is equivalent to. strategy we can solve this problem by substituting the given values into the definition of work done on a system, stated in the equation. the force, angle, and displacement are given, so that only t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 2 kinetic energy and the work - energy theorem learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain work as a transfer of energy and net work as the work done by the net force. • explain and apply the work - energy theorem. work transfers energy what happens to the work done on a system? e... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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of motion, and in the process we will also find an expression for the energy of motion. let us start by considering the total, or net, work done on a system. net work is defined to be the sum of work on an object. the net work can be written in terms of the net force on an object.. in equation form, this is where is th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 2 • kinetic energy and the work - energy theorem 273 figure 7. 3 ( a ) a graph of vs., when is constant. the area under the curve represents the work done by the force. ( b ) a graph of vs. in which the force varies. the work done for each interval is the area of each strip ; thus, the total area under the curve equ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 8 274 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org the preceding expression for, we obtain the cancels, and we rearrange this to obtain this expression is called the work - energy theorem, and it actually applies in general ( even for forces that vary in direction and magnitude ), although... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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values gives 7. 9 7. 10 the work - energy theorem the net work on a system equals the change in the quantity. 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 2 • kinetic energy and the work - energy theorem 275 which yields discussion note that the unit of kinetic energy is the joule, the same as the unit of work, as mentioned when work wa... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 800 m, and that the opposing friction force averages 5. 00 n. ( a ) calculate the net work done on the package. ( b ) solve the same problem as in part ( a ), this time by finding the work done by each force that contributes to the net force. strategy and concept for ( a ) this is a motion in one dimension problem, ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 18 276 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org so the amounts of work done by gravity, by the normal force, by the applied force, and by friction are, respectively, the total work done as the sum of the work done by each force is then seen to be discussion for ( b ) the calculated tot... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 2 • kinetic energy and the work - energy theorem 277 example 7. 5 work and energy can reveal distance, too how far does the package in figure 7. 4 coast after the push, assuming friction remains constant? use work and energy considerations. strategy we know that once the person stops pushing, friction will bring the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 3 gravitational potential energy learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain gravitational potential energy in terms of work done against gravity. • show that the gravitational potential energy of an object of mass at height on earth is given by. • show how knowledge of the potent... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 26 278 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org that this is energy stored in the gravitational field of earth. why do we use the word “ system ”? potential energy is a property of a system rather than of a single object — due to its physical position. an object ’ s gravitational poten... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the change in gravitational potential energy to be where, for simplicity, we denote the change in height by rather than the usual. note that is positive when the final height is greater than the initial height, and vice versa. for example, if a 0. 500 - kg mass hung from a cuckoo clock is raised 1. 00 m, then its chang... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 3 • gravitational potential energy 279 gravitational potential energy, without directly considering the force of gravity that does the work. using potential energy to simplify calculations the equation applies for any path that has a change in height of, not just when the mass is lifted straight up. ( see figure 7. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 29 280 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org height : the distance that the person ’ s knees bend is much smaller than the height of the fall, so the additional change in gravitational potential energy during the knee bend is ignored. the work done by the floor on the person stops t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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32 7. 33 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 3 • gravitational potential energy 281 figure 7. 8 the speed of a roller coaster increases as gravity pulls it downhill and is greatest at its lowest point. viewed in terms of energy, the roller - coaster - earth system ’ s gravitational potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. if work done by friction is ne... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 39 282 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org this equation is very similar to the kinematics equation, but it is more general — the kinematics equation is valid only for constant acceleration, whereas our equation above is valid for any path regardless of whether the object moves wi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 41 making connections : take - home investigation — converting potential to kinetic energy one can study the conversion of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy in this experiment. on a smooth, level surface, use a ruler of the kind that has a groove running along its length and a book to make an inclin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 4 conservative forces and potential energy learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define conservative force, potential energy, and mechanical energy. • explain the potential energy of a spring in terms of its compression when hooke ’ s law applies. • use the work - energy theorem to ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, we will replace ( the amount of deformation produced by a force ) by the distance that the spring is stretched or compressed along its length. so the force needed to stretch the spring has magnitude, where is the spring ’ s force constant. the force increases linearly from 0 at the start to in the fully stretched pos... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 42 284 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org figure 7. 10 ( a ) an undeformed spring has no stored in it. ( b ) the force needed to stretch ( or compress ) the spring a distance has a magnitude, and the work done to stretch ( or compress ) it is. because the force is conservative, t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 4 • conservative forces and potential energy 285 where is the total work done by all conservative forces. thus, now, if the conservative force, such as the gravitational force or a spring force, does work, the system loses potential energy. that is,. therefore, or this equation means that the total kinetic and poten... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 180 m above the starting point. the spring is compressed 4. 00 cm and has a force constant of 250. 0 n / m. assuming work done by friction to be negligible, find ( a ) how fast the car is going before it starts up the slope and ( b ) how fast it is going at the top of the slope. figure 7. 12 a toy car is pushed by a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 50 286 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org and final conditions in a problem ; then, we enter them into the last equation to solve for an unknown. solution for ( a ) this part of the problem is limited to conditions just before the car is released and just after it leaves the spri... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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path is not impossible ). this assumption is usually a tremendous simplification, because the path may be complicated and forces may vary along the way. phet explorations energy skate park learn about conservation of energy with a skater dude! build tracks, ramps and jumps for the skater and view the kinetic energy, po... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 5 nonconservative forces learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define nonconservative forces and explain how they affect mechanical energy. • show how the principle of conservation of energy can be applied by treating the conservative forces in terms of their potential energies and ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##ve forces act. for example, when a car is brought to a stop by friction on level ground, it loses kinetic energy, which is dissipated as thermal energy, reducing its mechanical energy. figure 7. 14 compares the effects of conservative and nonconservative forces. we often choose to understand simpler systems such as t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the total work done by all conservative forces. figure 7. 15 a person pushes a crate up a ramp, doing work on the crate. friction and gravitational force ( not shown ) also do work on the crate ; both forces oppose the person ’ s push. as the crate is pushed up the ramp, it gains mechanical energy, implying that the wo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 5 • nonconservative forces 289 we rearrange to obtain this means that the amount of work done by nonconservative forces adds to the mechanical energy of a system. if is positive, then mechanical energy is increased, such as when the person pushes the crate up the ramp in figure 7. 15. if is negative, then mechanical... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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friction removes the player ’ s kinetic energy by doing an amount of work equal to the initial kinetic energy. strategy friction stops the player by converting his kinetic energy into other forms, including thermal energy. in terms of the work - energy theorem, the work done by friction, which is negative, is added to ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 60 290 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org solution solving the previous equation for and substituting known values yields discussion the most important point of this example is that the amount of nonconservative work equals the change in mechanical energy. for example, you must w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 5 • nonconservative forces 291 discussion as might have been expected, the player slides a shorter distance by sliding uphill. note that the problem could also have been solved in terms of the forces directly and the work energy theorem, instead of using the potential energy. this method would have required combinin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 64 making connections : take - home investigation — determining friction from the stopping distance this experiment involves the conversion of gravitational potential energy into thermal energy. use the ruler, book, and marble from take - home investigation — converting potential to kinetic energy. in addition, you ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##et explorations the ramp explore forces, energy and work as you push household objects up and down a ramp. lower and raise the ramp to see how the angle of inclination affects the parallel forces acting on the file cabinet. graphs show forces, energy and work. click to view content ( https : / / openstax. org / l / 2... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 6 conservation of energy learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the law of the conservation of energy. • describe some of the many forms of energy. • define efficiency of an energy conversion process as the fraction left as useful energy or work, rather than being transformed... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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energy is converted to kinetic energy when the person moves, to potential energy when the person changes altitude, and to thermal energy ( another form of ). 7. 65 making connections : usefulness of the energy conservation principle the fact that energy is conserved and has many forms makes it very important. you will ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 6 • conservation of energy 293 some of the many forms of energy what are some other forms of energy? you can probably name a number of forms of energy not yet discussed. many of these will be covered in later chapters, but let us detail a few here. electrical energy is a common form that is converted to many other f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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identifying physical principles, knowns, and unknowns, checking units, and so on — continue to be relevant here. step 1. determine the system of interest and identify what information is given and what quantity is to be calculated. a sketch will help. step 2. examine all the forces involved and determine whether you kn... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. for example, the final speed of a skateboarder who coasts down a 3 - m - high ramp could reasonably be 20 km / h, but not 80 km / h. 7. 66 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 67 294 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org converted into thermal energy through metabolism ; light energy is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis. in a larger example, the chemical energy contained in coal is converted into thermal energy as it burns to turn wate... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 6 • conservation of energy 295 object / phenomenon energy in joules 1 gallon of gasoline × daily home electricity use ( developed countries ) × daily adult food intake ( recommended ) × 1000 - kg car at 90 km / h × 1 g fat ( 9. 3 kcal ) × atp hydrolysis reaction × 1 g carbohydrate ( 4. 1 kcal ) × 1 g protein ( 4. 1 ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 68 1 representative values 296 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org activity / device efficiency ( % ) 1 swimming, submerged 4 shoveling 3 weightlifting 9 steam engine 17 gasoline engine 30 diesel engine 35 nuclear power plant 35 coal power plant 42 electric motor 98 compact fluore... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 7 • power 297 figure 7. 20 this powerful rocket on the space shuttle endeavor did work and consumed energy at a very high rate. ( credit : nasa ) these images of power have in common the rapid performance of work, consistent with the scientific definition of power ( ) as the rate at which work is done. because work ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 69 298 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org figure 7. 21 when this woman runs upstairs starting from rest, she converts the chemical energy originally from food into kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy. her power output depends on how fast she does this. strategy and ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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there are as many types as there are forms of work and energy. ( see table 7. 3 for some examples. ) sunlight reaching earth ’ s surface carries a maximum power of about | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 3 kilowatts per square meter a tiny fraction of this is retained by earth over the long term. our consumption rate of fossil fuels is far greater than the rate at which they are stored, so it is inevitable that they will be depleted. power implies that energy is transferred, perhaps changing form. it is never possib... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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energy resources access for free at openstax. org object or phenomenon power in watts nuclear power plant ( total electric and heat transfer ) × aircraft carrier ( total useful and heat transfer ) dragster ( total useful and heat transfer ) × car ( total useful and heat transfer ) × football player ( total useful and h... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 7 • power 301 solution the energy consumed in is and the cost is simply given by discussion the cost of using the computer in this example is neither exorbitant nor negligible. it is clear that the cost is a combination of power and time. when both are high, such as for an air conditioner in the summer, the cost is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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potential for energy to produce useful work has been “ degraded ” in the energy transformation. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 8 work, energy, and power in humans learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the human body ’ s consumption of energy when at rest vs. when engaged in activities that do useful work. • calculate the conversion of chemical energy in food into useful work. energy conversion in hu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 74 302 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org figure 7. 23 energy consumed by humans is converted to work, thermal energy, and stored fat. by far the largest fraction goes to thermal energy, although the fraction varies depending on the type of physical activity. power consumed at re... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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useful work work done by a person is sometimes called useful work, which is work done on the outside world, such as lifting weights. useful work requires a force exerted through a distance on the outside world, and so it excludes internal work, such as that done by the heart when pumping blood. useful work does include... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 8 • work, energy, and power in humans 303 if a person needs more energy than they consume, such as when doing vigorous work, the body must draw upon the chemical energy stored in fat. so exercise can be helpful in losing fat. however, the amount of exercise needed to produce a loss in fat, or to burn off extra calor... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 75 7. 76 2 for a 76 - kg male with typical metabolic functions 304 7 • work, energy, and energy resources access for free at openstax. org activity energy consumption in watts oxygen consumption in liters o2 / min walking ( 5 km / h ) 280 0. 80 cycling ( 13 – 18 km / h ) 400 1. 14 shivering 425 1. 21 playing tennis ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 90 table 7. 5 energy and oxygen consumption rates2 ( power ) all bodily functions, from thinking to lifting weights, require energy. ( see figure 7. 25. ) the many small muscle actions accompanying all quiet activity, from sleeping to head scratching, ultimately become thermal energy, as do less visible muscle actio... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 9 world energy use learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the distinction between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources. • explain why the inevitable conversion of energy to less useful forms makes it necessary to conserve energy resources. energy is an important ingredi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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’ s growing energy needs world energy consumption continues to rise, especially in the developing countries. ( see figure 7. 27. ) global demand for energy has tripled in the past 50 years and might triple again in the next 30 years. while much of this growth will come from the rapidly booming economies of china and in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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