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displays the 2020 commercial energy mix by country for some of the prime energy users in the world. while non - renewable sources dominate, some countries get a sizeable percentage of their electricity from renewable resources. for example, about two - thirds of new zealand ’ s electricity demand is met by hydroelectri... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2 % 0. 5 % 0. 1 % 1. 2 % russia 28. 3 6. 4 % 14. 8 % 3. 2 % 1. 9 % 1. 9 % 0. 5 % u. s. 87. 8 32. 5 % 30 % 9. 2 % 7. 4 % 2. 6 % 6. 2 % world | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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557. 1 174. 2 % 137. 6 % 151. 4 % 24 % 38. 2 % 31. 7 % table 7. 6 energy consumption — selected countries ( 2020 ) energy and economic well - being economic well - being is dependent upon energy use, and in most countries higher standards of living, as measured by gdp ( gross domestic product ) per capita, are matched ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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draw some distinctions between two sometimes misunderstood terms in the area of energy use. as has been mentioned elsewhere, the “ law of the conservation of energy ” is a very useful principle in analyzing physical processes. it is a statement that cannot be proven from basic principles, but is a very good bookkeeping... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 9 • world energy use 309 glossary basal metabolic rate the total energy conversion rate of a person at rest chemical energy the energy in a substance stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules that can be released in a chemical reaction conservation of mechanical energy the rule that the sum of the kinetic ener... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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or the fission of a heavy nucleus potential energy energy due to position, shape, or configuration potential energy of a spring the stored energy of a spring as a function of its displacement ; when hooke ’ s law applies, it is given by the expression where is the distance the spring is compressed or extended and is th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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on an object transfers energy to the object. • the translational kinetic energy of an object of mass moving at speed is. • the work - energy theorem states that the net work on a system changes its kinetic energy,. 7. 3 gravitational potential energy • work done against gravity in lifting an object becomes potential en... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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used to calculate motion in terms of the known potential energies of the conservative forces and the work done by nonconservative forces, instead of finding the net work from the net force, or having to directly apply newton ’ s laws. 7. 6 conservation of energy • the law of conservation of energy states that the total... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 8 work, energy, and power in humans • the human body converts energy stored in food into work, thermal energy, and / or chemical energy that is stored in fatty tissue. • the rate at which the body uses food energy to sustain life and to do different activities is called the metabolic rate, and the corresponding rate... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 9 world energy use • the relative use of different fuels to provide energy has changed over the years, but fuel use is currently dominated by oil, although natural gas and solar contributions are increasing. • although non - renewable sources dominate, some countries meet a sizeable percentage of their electricity n... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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only the positive root. why? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 3 gravitational potential energy 7. in example 7. 7, we calculated the final speed of a roller coaster that descended 20 m in height and had an initial speed of 5 m / s downhill. suppose the roller coaster had had an initial speed of 5 m / s uphill instead, and it coasted uphill, stopped, and then rolled back down t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 6 conservation of energy 13. consider the following scenario. a car for which friction is not negligible accelerates from rest down a hill, running out of gasoline after a short distance. the driver lets the car coast farther down the hill, then up and over a small crest. he then coasts down that hill into a gas sta... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 8 work, energy, and power in humans 21. explain why it is easier to climb a mountain on a zigzag path rather than one straight up the side. is your increase in gravitational potential energy the same in both cases? is your energy consumption the same in both? 22. do you do work on the outside world when you rub your... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 1 work : the scientific definition 1. how much work does a supermarket checkout attendant do on a can of soup he pushes 0. 600 m horizontally with a force of 5. 00 n? express your answer in joules and kilocalories. 2. a 75. 0 - kg person climbs stairs, gaining 2. 50 meters in height. find the work done to accomplish... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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much work is done by the boy pulling his sister | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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30. 0 m in a wagon as shown in figure 7. 33? assume no friction acts on the wagon. figure 7. 33 the boy does work on the system of the wagon and the child when he pulls them as shown. 7. a shopper pushes a grocery cart 20. 0 m at constant speed on level ground, against a 35. 0 n frictional force. he pushes in a directi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 2 kinetic energy and the work - energy theorem 9. compare the kinetic energy of a 20, 000 - kg truck moving at 110 km / h with that of an 80. 0 - kg astronaut in orbit moving at 27, 500 km / h. 10. ( a ) how fast must a 3000 - kg elephant move to have the same kinetic energy as a 65. 0 - kg sprinter running at 10. 0... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 00 m. calculate the force exerted on the car and compare it with the force found in part ( a ). 314 7 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 13. a car ’ s bumper is designed to withstand a 4. 0 - km / h ( 1. 12 - m / s ) collision with an immovable object without damage to the body of the car. the b... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 3 gravitational potential energy 16. a hydroelectric power facility ( see figure 7. 35 ) converts the gravitational potential energy of water behind a dam to electric energy. ( a ) what is the gravitational potential energy relative to the generators of a lake of volume (, given that the lake has an average height o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 180 m in altitude. figure 7. 36 a toy car moves up a sloped track. ( credit : leszek leszczynski, flickr ) 21. in a downhill ski race, surprisingly, little advantage is gained by getting a running start. ( this is because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in gravitational potential energy on ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 5 nonconservative forces 24. a 60. 0 - kg skier with an initial speed of 12. 0 m / s coasts up a 2. 50 - m - high rise as shown in figure 7. 37. find her final speed at the top, given that the coefficient of friction between her skis and the snow is 0. 0800. ( hint : find the distance traveled up the incline assumin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 6 conservation of energy 26. using values from table 7. 1, how many dna molecules could be broken by the energy carried by a single electron in the beam of an old - fashioned tv tube? ( these electrons were not dangerous in themselves, but they did create dangerous x rays. later model tube tvs had shielding that abs... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 7 power 30. the crab nebula ( see figure 7. 38 ) pulsar is the remnant of a supernova that occurred in a. d. 1054. using data from table 7. 3, calculate the approximate factor by which the power output of this astronomical object has declined since its explosion. figure 7. 38 crab nebula ( credit : eso, via wikimedi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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) what is the average power consumption in watts of an appliance that uses of energy per day? ( b ) how many joules of energy does this appliance consume in a year? 36. ( a ) what is the average useful power output of a person who does × of useful work in | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 00 h? ( b ) working at this rate, how long will it take this person to lift 2000 kg of bricks 1. 50 m to a platform? ( work done to lift his body can be omitted because it is not considered useful output here. ) 37. a 500 - kg dragster accelerates from rest to a final speed of 110 m / s in 400 m ( about a quarter of... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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4. 00 m / s. note that the total mass of the counterbalanced system is 10, 000 kg — so that only 2500 kg is raised in height, but the full 10, 000 kg is accelerated. ( b ) what does it cost, if electricity is $ 0. 0900 per? 40. ( a ) what is the available energy content, in joules, of a battery that operates a 2. 00 - ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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sun is directly overhead only briefly. ) with the same assumptions, what area would be needed to meet the united states ’ energy needs australia ’ s energy needs china ’ s energy needs ( these energy consumption values are from 2006. ) 7 • problems & exercises 317 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 8 work, energy, and power in humans 44. ( a ) how long can you rapidly climb stairs ( 116 / min ) on the 93. 0 kcal of energy in a 10. 0 - g pat of butter? ( b ) how many flights is this if each flight has 16 stairs? 45. ( a ) what is the power output in watts and horsepower of a 70. 0 - kg sprinter who accelerates ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a person who sleeps for 7. 00 h, walks for 2. 00 h, attends classes for 4. 00 h, cycles for 2. 00 h, sits relaxed for 3. 00 h, and studies for | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 00 h. ( studying consumes energy at the same rate as sitting in class. ) 50. what is the efficiency of a subject on a treadmill who puts out work at the rate of 100 w while consuming oxygen at the rate of 2. 00 l / min? ( hint : see table 7. 5. ) 51. shoveling snow can be extremely taxing because the arms have such ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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6. 00 m / s, and stops in a distance of 1. 50 cm. ( be certain to include the weight of the 75. 0 - kg jogger ’ s body. ) ( b ) compare this force with the weight of the jogger. 54. ( a ) calculate the energy in kj used by a 55. 0 - kg person who does 50 deep knee bends in which their center of mass is lowered and rais... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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10. 0 h of climbing. ( these are liters at sea level. ) note that only 40 % of the inhaled oxygen is utilized ; the rest is exhaled. ( b ) how much useful work does the climber do if he and his equipment have a mass of | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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90. 0 kg and he gains 1000 m of altitude? ( c ) what is his efficiency for the 10. 0 - h climb? 58. the awe - inspiring great pyramid of cheops was built more than 4500 years ago. its square base, originally 230 m on a side, covered 13. 1 acres, and it was 146 m high, with a mass of about. ( the pyramid ’ s dimensions ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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long time? discuss why exercise is necessary but may not be sufficient to cause a person to lose weight. 7 • problems & exercises 319 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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7. 9 world energy use 60. integrated concepts ( a ) calculate the force the woman in figure 7. 43 exerts to do a push - up at constant speed, taking all data to be known to three digits. ( b ) how much work does she do if her center of mass rises 0. 240 m? ( c ) what is her useful power output if she does 25 push - ups... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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uses a spring with a force constant of 300 n / m to propel a 10. 0 - g steel ball. if the spring is compressed 7. 00 cm and friction is negligible : ( a ) how much force is needed to compress the spring? ( b ) to what maximum height can the ball be shot? ( c ) at what angles above the horizontal may a child aim to hit ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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( b ) calculate the kcal / min that you would have to utilize to metabolize fat at the rate of 0. 500 kg in | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 00 h. ( c ) what is unreasonable about the results? ( d ) which premise is unreasonable, or which premises are inconsistent? 320 7 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 67. construct your own problem consider a person climbing and descending stairs. construct a problem in which you calculate the lo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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s piston has a constant force f over a distance x before the box is released while box b starts at zero force and increases linearly to a force of 2f before releasing the box at a distance of 1 / 2d. ( a ) which of these boxes has the greatest speed after releasing from the piston? ( b ) based on experimental data for ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 7 introduction to rocket propulsion we use the term momentum in various ways in everyday language, and most of these ways are consistent with its precise scientific definition. we speak of sports teams or politicians gaining and maintaining the momentum to win. we also recognize that momentum has something to do wit... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 1 linear momentum and force learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define linear momentum. • explain the relationship between momentum and force. • state newton ’ s second law of motion in terms of momentum. • calculate momentum given mass and velocity. linear momentum the scientific... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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equation. 8. 1 linear momentum linear momentum is defined as the product of a system ’ s mass multiplied by its velocity : 8. 2 8. 3 8. 4 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 5 324 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org the ratio of the player ’ s momentum to that of the ball is discussion although the ball has greater velocity, the player has a much greater mass. thus the momentum of the player is much greater than the momentum of the football, as you might ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 8 making connections : force and momentum force and momentum are intimately related. force acting over time can change momentum, and newton ’ s second law of motion, can be stated in its most broadly applicable form in terms of momentum. momentum continues to be a key concept in the study of atomic and subatomic part... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 1 • linear momentum and force 325 when mass is constant, such as in the following example. example 8. 2 calculating force : venus williams ’ racquet during the 2007 french open, venus williams hit the fastest recorded serve in a premier women ’ s match, reaching a speed of 58 m / s ( 209 km / h ). what is the averag... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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• describe effects of impulses in everyday life. • determine the average effective force using graphical representation. • calculate average force and impulse given mass, velocity, and time. the effect of a force on an object depends on how long it acts, as well as how great the force is. in example 8. 1, a very large ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 16 326 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org cause the same change in momentum, but it would have to act for a much longer time. for example, if the ball were thrown upward, the gravitational force ( which is much smaller than the tennis racquet ’ s force ) would eventually reverse the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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direction. the second ball continues with the same momentum component in the direction, but reverses its - component of momentum, as seen by sketching a diagram of the angles involved and keeping in mind the proportionality between velocity and momentum. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 17 impulse : change in momentum change in momentum equals the average net external force multiplied by the time this force acts. the quantity is given the name impulse. there are many ways in which an understanding of impulse can save lives, or at least limbs. the dashboard padding in a car, and certainly the airbag... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 2 • impulse 327 these changes mean the change in momentum for both balls is in the direction, so the force of the wall on each ball is along the direction. strategy for ( b ) calculate the change in momentum for each ball, which is equal to the impulse imparted to the ball. solution for ( b ) let be the speed of eac... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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by,, and. thus the impulses and their effects are the same for both the actual and effective forces. 8. 19 8. 20 8. 21 8. 22 8. 23 328 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org figure 8. 2 a graph of force versus time with time along the - axis and force along the - axis for an actual force an... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 3 conservation of momentum learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the principle of conservation of momentum. • derive an expression for the conservation of momentum. • explain conservation of momentum with examples. • explain the principle of conservation of momentum as it r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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investigation — hand movement and impulse try catching a ball while “ giving ” with the ball, pulling your hands toward your body. then, try catching a ball while keeping your hands still. hit water in a tub with your full palm. after the water has settled, hit the water again by diving your hand with your fingers firs... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 3 • conservation of momentum 329 figure 8. 3 a car of mass moving with a velocity of bumps into another car of mass and velocity that it is following. as a result, the first car slows down to a velocity of and the second speeds up to a velocity of. the momentum of each car is changed, but the total momentum of the t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 31 330 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org where is the total momentum ( the sum of the momenta of the individual objects in the system ) and is the total momentum some time later. ( the total momentum can be shown to be the momentum of the center of mass of the system. ) an isolated ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a gas containing huge numbers of atoms and molecules. conservation of momentum is violated only when the net external force is not zero. but another larger system can always be considered in which momentum is conserved by simply including the source of the external force. for example, in the collision of two cars consi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 3 • conservation of momentum 331 subatomic collisions and momentum the conservation of momentum principle not only applies to the macroscopic objects, it is also essential to our explorations of atomic and subatomic particles. giant machines hurl subatomic particles at one another, and researchers evaluate the resul... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. hold one ball and let the other hang down and throw it in a ballistic trajectory. explain your observations. now mark the center of the string with bright ink or attach a brightly colored sticker to it and throw again. what happened? explain your observations. some aquatic animals such as jellyfish move around based ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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at openstax. org quarks make up protons ( one type of particle that makes up nuclei ) scattered high - energy electrons off of protons ( nuclei of hydrogen atoms ). electrons occasionally scattered straight backward in a manner that implied a very small and very dense particle makes up the proton — this observation is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 4 elastic collisions in one dimension learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe an elastic collision of two objects in one dimension. • define internal kinetic energy. • derive an expression for conservation of internal kinetic energy in a one dimensional collision. • determine... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 4 • elastic collisions in one dimension 333 figure 8. 6 an elastic one - dimensional two - object collision. momentum and internal kinetic energy are conserved. now, to solve problems involving one - dimensional elastic collisions between two objects we can use the equations for conservation of momentum and conserva... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 36 334 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org solution for this problem, note that and use conservation of momentum. thus, or using conservation of internal kinetic energy and that, solving the first equation ( momentum equation ) for, we obtain substituting this expression into the seco... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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ice cubes which are about the same size and a smooth kitchen tabletop or a table with a glass top. place the ice cubes on the surface several centimeters away from each other. flick one ice cube toward a stationary ice cube and observe the path and velocities of the ice cubes after the collision. try to avoid edge - on... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 5 inelastic collisions in one dimension learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define inelastic collision. • explain perfectly inelastic collision. • apply an understanding of collisions to sports. • determine recoil velocity and loss in kinetic energy given mass and initial velocity... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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changes ( it is not conserved ). perfectly inelastic collision a collision in which the objects stick together is sometimes called “ perfectly inelastic. ” 336 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org collision ), and so their final velocity is zero. the internal kinetic energy of the system ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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entering known values in this equation, we get discussion for ( a ) this recoil velocity is small and in the same direction as the puck ’ s original velocity, as we might expect. 8. 45 8. 46 8. 47 8. 48 8. 49 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 5 • inelastic collisions in one dimension 337 solution for ( b ) before the collision, the internal kinetic energy of the system is that of the hockey puck, because the goalie is initially at rest. therefore, is initially after the collision, the internal kinetic energy is the change in internal kinetic energy is th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 52 338 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org the location of the impact of the tennis ball on the racquet is also important, as is the part of the stroke during which the impact occurs. a smooth motion results in the maximizing of the velocity of the ball after impact and reduces sports... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and substituting known values into the previous equation yields solution for ( b ) the internal kinetic energy before the collision is take - home experiment — bouncing of tennis ball 1. find a racquet ( a tennis, badminton, or other racquet will do ). place the racquet on the floor and stand on the handle. drop a tenn... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 6 collisions of point masses in two dimensions learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • discuss two dimensional collisions as an extension of one dimensional analysis. • define point masses. • derive an expression for conservation of momentum along x - axis and y - axis. • describe ela... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and - axes will also be conserved, but with the chosen coordinate system, is initially zero and is the momentum of the incoming particle. both facts simplify the analysis. ( even with the simplifying assumptions of point masses, one particle initially at rest, and a convenient coordinate system, we still gain new insig... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 57 340 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org figure 8. 10 a two - dimensional collision with the coordinate system chosen so that is initially at rest and is parallel to the - axis. this coordinate system is sometimes called the laboratory coordinate system, because many scattering expe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 6 • collisions of point masses in two dimensions 341 thus, conservation of momentum along the - axis gives the following equation : the equations of conservation of momentum along the - axis and - axis are very useful in analyzing two - dimensional collisions of particles, where one is originally stationary ( a comm... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 11, as expected ( this angle is in the fourth quadrant ). either equation for the - or - axis can now be used to solve for, but the latter equation is easiest because it has fewer terms. 8. 66 conservation of momentum along the - axis 8. 67 8. 68 8. 69 8. 70 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 71 342 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org entering known values into this equation gives thus, discussion it is instructive to calculate the internal kinetic energy of this two - object system before and after the collision. ( this calculation is left as an end - of - chapter problem... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 6 • collisions of point masses in two dimensions 343 there are three ways that this term can be zero. they are • : head - on collision ; incoming ball stops • : no collision ; incoming ball continues unaffected • : angle of separation is after the collision all three of these ways are familiar occurrences in billiar... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 7 introduction to rocket propulsion learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • state newton ’ s third law of motion. • explain the principle involved in propulsion of rockets and jet engines. • derive an expression for the acceleration of the rocket and discuss the factors that affect th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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exerted on the rocket by the exhaust gases, then a rocket ’ s thrust is greater in outer space than in the atmosphere or on the launch pad. in fact, gases are easier to expel into a vacuum. by calculating the change in momentum for the entire system over, and equating this change to the impulse, the connections to nucl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. the second factor is the rate at which mass is ejected from the rocket. this is the factor in the equation. the quantity, with units of newtons, is called " thrust. ” the faster the rocket burns its fuel, the greater its thrust, and the greater its acceleration. the third factor is the mass of the rocket. the smaller... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 7 • introduction to rocket propulsion 345 example 8. 8 calculating acceleration : initial acceleration of a moon launch a saturn v ’ s mass at liftoff was, its fuel - burn rate was, and the exhaust velocity was. calculate its initial acceleration. strategy this problem is a straightforward application of the express... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 79 8. 80 8. 81 8. 82 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 83 346 8 • linear momentum and collisions access for free at openstax. org this result means that only of the mass is left when the fuel is burnt, and of the initial mass was fuel. expressed as percentages, 98. 9 % of the rocket is fuel, while payload, engines, fuel tanks, and other components make up only 1. 10 %. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and liquid fuel and pioneering ceramic tiles as reentry heat shields. as a result, it permitted multiple launches as opposed to single - use rockets. ( credit : nasa ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 7 • introduction to rocket propulsion 347 glossary change in momentum the difference between the final and initial momentum ; the mass times the change in velocity conservation of momentum principle when the net external force is zero, the total momentum of the system is conserved or constant elastic collision a col... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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total momentum some time later. • an isolated system is defined to be one for which the net external force is zero • during projectile motion and where air resistance is negligible, momentum is conserved in the horizontal direction because horizontal forces are zero. • conservation of momentum applies only when the net... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. • acceleration of a rocket is. • a rocket ’ s acceleration depends on three main factors. they are 1. the greater the exhaust velocity of the gases, the greater the acceleration. 2. the faster the rocket burns its fuel, the greater its acceleration. 3. the smaller the rocket's mass, the greater the acceleration. conc... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 3 conservation of momentum 8. professional application if you dive into water, you reach greater depths than if you do a belly flop. explain this difference in depth using the concept of conservation of energy. explain this difference in depth using what you have learned in this chapter. 9. under what circumstances ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 5 inelastic collisions in one dimension 16. what is an inelastic collision? what is a perfectly inelastic collision? 8 • conceptual questions 349 17. mixed - pair ice skaters performing in a show are standing motionless at arms length just before starting a routine. they reach out, clasp hands, and pull themselves t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 6 collisions of point masses in two dimensions 19. figure 8. 14 shows a cube at rest and a small object heading toward it. ( a ) describe the directions ( angle ) at which the small object can emerge after colliding elastically with the cube. how does depend on, the so - called impact parameter? ignore any effects t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 7 introduction to rocket propulsion 20. professional application suppose a fireworks shell explodes, breaking into three large pieces for which air resistance is negligible. how is the motion of the center of mass affected by the explosion? how would it be affected if the pieces experienced significantly more air re... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 1 linear momentum and force 1. ( a ) calculate the momentum of a 2000 - kg elephant charging a hunter at a speed of. ( b ) compare the elephant ’ s momentum with the momentum of a 0. 0400 - kg tranquilizer dart fired at a speed of. ( c ) what is the momentum of the 90. 0 - kg hunter running at after missing the elep... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 0300 - kg bullet to accelerate it to a speed of | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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600. 0 m / s in a time of 2. 00 ms ( milliseconds )? 8. professional application a car moving at 10. 0 m / s crashes into a tree and stops in 0. 26 s. calculate the force the seat belt exerts on a passenger in the car to bring him to a halt. the mass of the passenger is 70. 0 kg. 9. a person slaps her leg with her hand... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a mass of 200 kg. you may neglect friction between the car and floor. 12. professional application one hazard of space travel is debris left by previous missions. there are several thousand objects orbiting earth that are large enough to be detected by radar, but there are far greater numbers of very small objects, suc... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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-... |
damaging the ship, the pier, and the tugboat captain ’ s finances. calculate the average force exerted on the pier using the concept of impulse. ( hint : first calculate the time it took to bring the ship to rest. ) 16. calculate the final speed of a 110 - kg rugby player who is initially running at 8. 00 m / s but col... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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42. 0 m / s. calculate the magnitude of the force exerted on the wall, assuming the water ’ s horizontal momentum is reduced to zero. 18. a 0. 450 - kg hammer is moving horizontally at 7. 00 m / s when it strikes a nail and comes to rest after driving the nail 1. 00 cm into a board. ( a ) calculate the duration of the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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... |
8. 3 conservation of momentum 23. professional application train cars are coupled together by being bumped into one another. suppose two loaded train cars are moving toward one another, the first having a mass of 150, 000 kg and a velocity of 0. 300 m / s, and the second having a mass of 110, 000 kg and a velocity of. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 4 elastic collisions in one dimension 28. two identical objects ( such as billiard balls ) have a one - dimensional collision in which one is initially motionless. after the collision, the moving object is stationary and the other moves with the same speed as the other originally had. show that both momentum and kin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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8. 5 inelastic collisions in one dimension 31. a 0. 240 - kg billiard ball that is moving at 3. 00 m / s strikes the bumper of a pool table and bounces straight back at 2. 40 m / s ( 80 % of its original speed ). the collision lasts 0. 0150 s. ( a ) calculate the average force exerted on the ball by the bumper. ( b ) h... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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-0.0... |
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