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23. 11 reactance, inductive and capacitive • for inductors in ac circuits, we find that when a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an inductor, the voltage leads the current by one - fourth of a cycle, or by a phase angle. • the opposition of an inductor to a change in current is expressed as a type of ac resistance. • oh... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 12 rlc series ac circuits • the ac analogy to resistance is impedance, the combined effect of resistors, inductors, and capacitors, defined by the ac version of ohm ’ s law : where is the peak current and is the peak source voltage. • impedance has units of ohms and is given by. • the resonant frequency, at which, ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 3 enhance the observation of induced emf? 2. when a magnet is thrust into a coil as in figure 23. 4 ( a ), what is the direction of the force exerted by the coil on the magnet? draw a diagram showing the direction of the current induced in the coil and the magnetic field it produces, to justify your response. how d... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 3 motional emf 7. why must part of the circuit be moving relative to other parts, to have usable motional emf? consider, for example, that the rails in figure 23. 10 are stationary relative to the magnetic field, while the rod moves. 8. a powerful induction cannon can be made by placing a metal cylinder inside a so... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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worried that the motor is consuming a great deal of energy for no useful purpose? explain why or why not. 23. 7 transformers 16. explain what causes physical vibrations in transformers at twice the frequency of the ac power involved. 1052 23 • conceptual questions access for free at openstax. org 23. 8 electrical safet... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 11 reactance, inductive and capacitive 23. presbycusis is a hearing loss due to age that progressively affects higher frequencies. a hearing aid amplifier is designed to amplify all frequencies equally. to adjust its output for presbycusis, would you put a capacitor in series or parallel with the hearing aid ’ s sp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 1 induced emf and magnetic flux 1. what is the value of the magnetic flux at coil 2 in figure 23. 53 due to coil 1? figure 23. 53 ( a ) the planes of the two coils are perpendicular. ( b ) the wire is perpendicular to the plane of the coil. 2. what is the value of the magnetic flux through the coil in figure 23. 53 (... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 2 faraday ’ s law of induction : lenz ’ s law 3. referring to figure 23. 54 ( a ), what is the direction of the current induced in coil 2 : ( a ) if the current in coil 1 increases? ( b ) if the current in coil 1 decreases? ( c ) if the current in coil 1 is constant? explicitly show how you follow the steps in the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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moves his hand from a region of very low magnetic field strength into an mri scanner ’ s 2. 00 t field with his fingers pointing in the direction of the field. find the average emf induced in his wedding ring, given its diameter is | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 20 cm and assuming it takes 0. 250 s to move it into the field. ( b ) discuss whether this current would significantly change the temperature of the ring. 10. integrated concepts referring to the situation in the previous problem : ( a ) what current is induced in the ring if its resistance is 0. 0100? ( b ) what av... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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consequences. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 3 motional emf 15. use faraday ’ s law, lenz ’ s law, and rhr - 1 to show that the magnetic force on the current in the moving rod in figure 23. 10 is in the opposite direction of its velocity. 16. if a current flows in the satellite tether shown in figure 23. 11, use faraday ’ s law, lenz ’ s law, and rhr - 1 to s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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in example | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 2 could be let out. a 40. 0 v motional emf was generated in the earth ’ s field, while moving at. what was the angle between the shuttle ’ s velocity and the earth ’ s field, assuming the conductor was perpendicular to the field? 23. integrated concepts derive an expression for the current in a system like that in ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a decrease in velocity has and assessing the magnitude of the effect. 23. 4 eddy currents and magnetic damping 26. make a drawing similar to figure 23. 13, but with the pendulum moving in the opposite direction. then use faraday ’ s law, lenz ’ s law, and rhr - 1 to show that magnetic force opposes motion. 23 • problem... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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3. 00 cm rectangular coil in a 0. 640 t field. how many turns are in the coil? ( b ) is this number of turns of wire practical for a 1. 00 by 3. 00 cm coil? 33. integrated concepts this problem refers to the bicycle generator considered in the previous problem. it is driven by a 1. 60 cm diameter wheel that rolls on th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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period of the ac voltage output? 37. ( a ) if the emf of a coil rotating in a magnetic field is zero at, and increases to its first peak at, what is the angular velocity of the coil? ( b ) at what time will its next maximum occur? ( c ) what is the period of the output? ( d ) when is the output first one - fourth of it... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 00 v. the motor draws 3. 00 a and develops a 4. 50 v back emf at normal speed. each battery has a internal resistance. what is the resistance of the motor? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 7 transformers 44. a plug - in transformer, like that in figure 23. 25, supplies 9. 00 v to a video game system. ( a ) how many turns are in its secondary coil, if its input voltage is 120 v and the primary coil has 400 turns? ( b ) what is its input current when its output is 1. 30 a? 45. an american traveler in n... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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multipurpose transformer has a secondary coil with several points at which a voltage can be extracted, giving outputs of 5. 60, 12. 0, and 480 v. ( a ) the input voltage is 240 v to a primary coil of 280 turns. what are the numbers of turns in the parts of the secondary used to produce the output voltages? ( b ) if the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a problem in which you calculate the output voltage of the final stage based on the input voltage of the first stage and the number of turns or loops in both parts of both transformers ( four coils in all ). also calculate the maximum output current of the final stage based on the input current. discuss the possibility... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 8 electrical safety : systems and devices 54. integrated concepts a short circuit to the grounded metal case of an appliance occurs as shown in figure 23. 57. the person touching the case is wet and only has a resistance to earth / ground. ( a ) what is the voltage on the case if 5. 00 ma flows through the person? ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 9 inductance 55. two coils are placed close together in a physics lab to demonstrate faraday ’ s law of induction. a current of 5. 00 a in one is switched off in 1. 00 ms, inducing a 9. 00 v emf in the other. what is their mutual inductance? 56. if two coils placed next to one another have a mutual inductance of 5.... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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25. 0 h. ( a ) what induced emf opposes shutting it off when 100 a of current through it is switched off in 80. 0 ms? ( b ) how much energy is stored in the inductor at full current? ( c ) at what rate in watts must energy be dissipated to switch the current off in 80. 0 ms? ( d ) in view of the answer to the last part... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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of a cycle for 50 hz ac )? 65. when the 20. 0 a current through an inductor is turned off in 1. 50 ms, an 800 v emf is induced, opposing the change. what is the value of the self - inductance? 66. how fast can the 150 a current through a 0. 250 h inductor be shut off if the induced emf cannot exceed 75. 0 v? 67. integr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 00 s, and you have a resistor, what value of self - inductance is needed? 70. your rl circuit has a characteristic time constant of 20. 0 ns, and a resistance of. ( a ) what is the inductance of the circuit? ( b ) what resistance would give you a 1. 00 ns time constant, perhaps needed for quick response in an oscill... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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25. 0 mh inductor that has a resistance of? ( b ) if it is connected to a 12. 0 v battery, what is the current after 12. 5 ms? 75. what percentage of the final current flows through an inductor in series with a resistor, three time constants after the circuit is completed? 76. the 5. 00 a current through a 1. 50 h indu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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23. 11 reactance, inductive and capacitive 79. at what frequency will a 30. 0 mh inductor have a reactance of? 80. what value of inductance should be used if a reactance is needed at a frequency of 500 hz? 81. what capacitance should be used to produce a reactance at 60. 0 hz? 82. at what frequency will an 80. 0 mf cap... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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implications of your answers to ( a ) and ( b ). 23 • problems & exercises 1059 89. the capacitor in figure 23. 52 ( b ) will filter high - frequency signals by shorting them to earth / ground. ( a ) what capacitance is needed to produce a reactance of for a 5. 00 khz signal? ( b ) what would its reactance be at 3. 00 ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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60. 0 hz and 10. 0 khz. ( b ) compare these values of with those found in example 23. 12 in which there was also a capacitor. 93. an rc circuit consists of a resistor and a capacitor. ( a ) find its impedance at 60. 0 hz and 10. 0 khz. ( b ) compare these values of with those found in example 23. 12, in which there was... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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88. 0 mhz. ( a ) what inductance is needed to produce this resonant frequency if it is connected to a 2. 50 pf capacitor? ( b ) the capacitor is variable, to allow the resonant frequency to be adjusted to as high as 108 mhz. what must the capacitance be at this frequency? 101. an rlc series circuit has a resistor, a in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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at this frequency? ( d ) find the average power at the circuit ’ s resonant frequency. 105. an rlc series circuit has a resistor and a | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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25. 0 mh inductor. at 8000 hz, the phase angle is. ( a ) what is the impedance? ( b ) find the circuit ’ s capacitance. ( c ) if is applied, what is the average power supplied? 1060 23 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 106. referring to example 23. 14, find the average power at 10. 0 khz. 107. cri... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. 3 the electromagnetic spectrum | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 4 energy in electromagnetic waves the beauty of a coral reef, the warm radiance of sunshine, the sting of sunburn, the x - ray revealing a broken bone, even microwave popcorn — all are brought to us by electromagnetic waves. the list of the various types of electromagnetic waves, ranging from radio transmission wav... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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radar dish antenna at kennedy space center in florida are not visible, but help track expendable launch vehicles with high - definition imagery. the first use of this c - band radar dish was for the launch of the atlas v rocket sending the new horizons probe toward pluto. ( credit : nasa ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 1 maxwell ’ s equations : electromagnetic waves predicted and observed learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • restate maxwell ’ s equations. the scotsman james clerk maxwell ( 1831 – 1879 ) is regarded as the greatest theoretical physicist of the 19th century. ( see figure 24. 3. ) ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. maxwell ’ s equations are paraphrased here in words because their mathematical statement is beyond the level of this text. however, the equations illustrate how apparently simple mathematical statements can elegantly unite and express a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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) and, hence, an electric field. the direction of the emf opposes the change. this third of maxwell ’ s equations is faraday ’ s law of induction, and includes lenz ’ s law. 4. magnetic fields are generated by moving charges or by changing electric fields. this fourth of maxwell ’ s equations encompasses ampere ’ s law... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 1 • maxwell ’ s equations : electromagnetic waves predicted and observed 1065 maxwell ’ s hypothesis. maxwell realized, however, that oscillating charges, like those in ac circuits, produce changing electric fields. he predicted that these changing fields would propagate from the source like waves generated on a la... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the dial on a radio ) to the same resonant frequency as the first and could, thus, be made to receive electromagnetic waves. this loop also had a gap across which sparks were generated, giving solid evidence that electromagnetic waves had been received. figure 24. 4 the apparatus used by hertz in 1887 to generate and d... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 2 production of electromagnetic waves learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the electric and magnetic waves as they move out from a source, such as an ac generator. • explain the mathematical relationship between the magnetic field strength and the electrical field strengt... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the upward direction. one - fourth of a cycle later, there is no charge separation and the field next to the antenna is zero, while the maximum - field has moved away at speed. as the process continues, the charge separation reverses and the field reaches its maximum downward value, returns to zero, and rises to its ma... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 2 • production of electromagnetic waves 1067 inversely proportional. ) electric and magnetic waves : moving together following ampere ’ s law, current in the antenna produces a magnetic field, as shown in figure 24. 6. the relationship between and is shown at one instant in figure 24. 6 ( a ). as the current varies... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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linear antenna like this one will not radiate parallel to its length, for example. the wave is shown in one direction from the antenna in figure 24. 7 to illustrate its basic characteristics. instead of the ac generator, the antenna can also be driven by an ac circuit. in fact, charges radiate whenever they are acceler... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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on it. relating - field and - field strengths there is a relationship between the - and - field strengths in an electromagnetic wave. this can be understood by again considering the antenna just described. the stronger the - field created by a separation of charge, the greater the current and, hence, the greater the - ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 2 • production of electromagnetic waves 1069 they can be detected in electromagnetic waves, however, by taking advantage of the phenomenon of resonance, as hertz did. a system with the same natural frequency as the electromagnetic wave can be made to oscillate. all radio and tv receivers use this principle to pick ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 the electromagnetic spectrum learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • list three “ rules of thumb ” that apply to the different frequencies along the electromagnetic spectrum. • explain why the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave. • draw a sim... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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applications life sciences aspect issues visible light thermal agitations & electronic transitions all pervasive photosynthesis human vision ultraviolet thermal agitations & electronic transitions sterilization cancer control vitamin d production ozone depletion cancer causing x - rays inner electronic transitions and ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 • the electromagnetic spectrum 1071 transmission, reflection, and absorption what happens when an electromagnetic wave impinges on a material? if the material is transparent to the particular frequency, then the wave can largely be transmitted. if the material is opaque to the frequency, then the wave can be tota... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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voltage traction power line running to eutingen railway substation in germany radiates electromagnetic waves with very long wavelengths. ( credit : zonk43, wikimedia commons ) there was a concern regarding potential health hazards associated with exposure to these electromagnetic fields ( - fields ). some people suspec... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the abbreviation am stands for amplitude modulation, which is the method for placing information on these waves. ( see figure 24. 11. ) a carrier wave having the basic frequency of the radio station, say 1530 khz, is varied or modulated in amplitude by an audio signal. the resulting wave has a constant frequency, but a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 • the electromagnetic spectrum 1073 figure 24. 12 frequency modulation for fm radio. ( a ) a carrier wave at the station ’ s basic frequency. ( b ) an audio signal at much lower audible frequencies. ( c ) the frequency of the carrier is modulated by the audio signal without changing its amplitude. since audible f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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cable transmission of tv occurs at significantly higher frequencies and is rapidly evolving with the use of the high - definition or hd format. example 24. 2 calculating wavelengths of radio waves calculate the wavelengths of a 1530 - khz am radio signal, a 105. 1 - mhz fm radio signal, and a 1. 90 - ghz cell phone sig... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 7 1074 24 • electromagnetic waves access for free at openstax. org ( b ) for the fm radio signal, ( c ) and for the cell phone, discussion these wavelengths are consistent with the spectrum in figure 24. 8. the wavelengths are also related to other properties of these electromagnetic waves, as we shall see. the wav... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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from electromagnetic radiation pervading our surroundings from communication systems in general. even everyday gadgets like our car keyless entry devices and remote starters and being able to turn tvs on and off using remotes involve radio - wave frequencies. in order to prevent interference between all these electroma... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 • the electromagnetic spectrum 1075 one reason why we are sometimes asked to switch off our mobile phones ( operating in the range of 1. 9 ghz ) or put them into a noncommunicative mode on airplanes and in hospitals is that important communications or medical equipment often uses similar radio frequencies and the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, microwaves are quite suitable for communications. most satellite - transmitted information is carried on microwaves, as are land - based long - distance transmissions. a clear line of sight between transmitter and receiver is needed because of the short wavelengths involved. radar is a common application of microwave... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the plate, which does not contain water. hot spots in the food are related to constructive and destructive interference patterns. rotating antennas and food turntables help spread out the hot spots. another use of microwaves for heating is within the human body. microwaves will penetrate more than shorter wavelengths i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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fourth power of the absolute temperature. more mundanely, we use infrared lamps, some of which are called quartz heaters, to preferentially warm us because we absorb infrared better than our surroundings. the sun radiates like a nearly perfect blackbody ( that is, it has ), with a 6000 k surface temperature. about half... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 • the electromagnetic spectrum 1077 by and in the atmosphere and then radiated back to earth or into outer space. this radiation back to earth is known as the greenhouse effect, and it maintains the surface temperature of the earth about higher than it would be if there is no absorption. some scientists think tha... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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visible spectrum to make sugars. example 24. 3 integrated concept problem : correcting vision with lasers during laser vision correction, a brief burst of 193 - nm ultraviolet light is projected onto the cornea of a patient. it makes a spot 0. 80 mm in diameter and evaporates a layer of cornea thick. calculate the ener... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 11 1078 24 • electromagnetic waves access for free at openstax. org the latent heat of vaporization of water is 2256 kj / kg, so that the energy needed to evaporate mass is to find the mass, we use the equation, where is the density of the tissue and is its volume. for this case, therefore, the total energy absorbe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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with the lowest x - ray frequencies. it was recognized as early as 1801 by johann ritter that the solar spectrum had an invisible component beyond the violet range. solar uv radiation is broadly subdivided into three regions : uv - a ( 320 – 400 nm ), uv - b ( 290 – 320 nm ), and uv - c ( 220 – 290 nm ), ranked from lo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 • the electromagnetic spectrum 1079 spectrograph designed for moon use by scientist and inventor george robert carruthers. designed to capture uv images without the obscuring effects of the earth ’ s atmosphere, its most famous image was of the planet itself. carruthers, who also trained the astronauts on the dev... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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of skin and the formation of wrinkles. because there is so little uv - b and uv - c reaching the earth ’ s surface, sunburn is caused by large exposures, and skin cancer from repeated exposure. some studies indicate a link between overexposure to the sun when young and melanoma later in life. the tanning response is a ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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s surface, there would be extremely grave effects on the 1080 24 • electromagnetic waves access for free at openstax. org biosphere from the severe cell damage it causes. however, the layer of ozone ( ) in our upper atmosphere ( 10 to 50 km above the earth ) protects life by absorbing most of the dangerous uv radiation... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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general trend toward recovery. but the 2020 antarctic ozone hole was the largest and longest - lasting on record, partially due to atmospheric conditions. furthermore, emissions are not the only concern. susan solomon and her colleagues at mit have uncovered the substantial impact of cfc “ banks, ” in certain regions, ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 • the electromagnetic spectrum 1081 uv radiation is used in the treatment of infantile jaundice and in some skin conditions. it is also used in sterilizing workspaces and tools, and killing germs in a wide range of applications. it is also used as an analytical tool to identify substances. when exposed to ultravi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the energy released by this fall is given to an em wave known as an x - ray. since the orbits of the atom are unique to the type of atom, the energy of the x - ray is characteristic of the atom, hence the name characteristic x - ray. the second method by which an energetic electron creates an x - ray when it strikes a ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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in recent years as to accidental overexposure of some people during ct scans — a mistake at least in part due to poor monitoring of radiation dose. the ability of x - rays to penetrate matter depends on density, and so an x - ray image can reveal very detailed density information. figure 24. 20 shows an example of the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 • the electromagnetic spectrum 1083 figure 24. 20 this shadow x - ray image shows many interesting features, such as artificial heart valves, a pacemaker, and the wires used to close the sternum. ( credit : p. p. urone ) the use of x - ray technology in medicine is called radiology — an established and relatively... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. at higher frequencies, rays are more penetrating and more damaging to living tissue. they have many of the same uses as x - rays, including cancer therapy. gamma radiation from radioactive materials is used in nuclear medicine. figure 24. 21 shows a medical image based on rays. food spoilage can be greatly inhibited ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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being collected. the most famous of these infrared sensitive telescopes is the james clerk maxwell telescope in hawaii. the earliest telescopes, developed in the seventeenth century, were optical telescopes, collecting visible light. telescopes in the ultraviolet, x - ray, and - ray regions are placed outside the atmos... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 4 energy in electromagnetic waves learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain how the energy and amplitude of an electromagnetic wave are related. • given its power output and the heating area, calculate the intensity of a microwave oven ’ s electromagnetic field, as well as its ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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simultaneous sharing of wave and particle properties for all submicroscopic entities is one of the great symmetries in nature. 1086 24 • electromagnetic waves access for free at openstax. org a wave ’ s energy is proportional to its amplitude squared ( or ). this is true for waves on guitar strings, for water waves, an... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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magnetic field strength? strategy in part ( a ), we can find intensity from its definition as power per unit area. once the intensity is known, we can use the equations below to find the field strengths asked for in parts ( b ) and ( c ). solution for ( a ) entering the given power into the definition of intensity, and... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 4 • energy in electromagnetic waves 1087 solution for ( b ) to find, we can rearrange the first equation given above for to give entering known values gives solution for ( c ) perhaps the easiest way to find magnetic field strength, now that the electric field strength is known, is to use the relationship given by ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 27 1088 24 • electromagnetic waves access for free at openstax. org glossary amplitude the height, or magnitude, of an electromagnetic wave amplitude modulation ( am ) a method for placing information on electromagnetic waves by modulating the amplitude of a carrier wave with an audio signal, resulting in a wave wi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, in cycles per second infrared radiation ( ir ) a region of the electromagnetic spectrum with a frequency range that extends from just below the red region of the visible light spectrum up to the microwave region, or from to intensity the power of an electric or magnetic field p... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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of atoms and molecules in any object at a temperature above absolute zero, which causes them to emit and absorb radiation transverse wave a wave, such as an electromagnetic wave, which oscillates perpendicular to the axis along the line of travel tv video and audio signals broadcast on electromagnetic waves 24 • glossa... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 1 maxwell ’ s equations : electromagnetic waves predicted and observed • electromagnetic waves consist of oscillating electric and magnetic fields and propagate at the speed of light. they were predicted by maxwell, who also showed that where is the permeability of free space and is the permittivity of free space. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 the electromagnetic spectrum • the relationship among the speed of propagation, wavelength, and frequency for any wave is given by, so that for electromagnetic waves, where is the frequency, is the wavelength, and is the speed of light. • the electromagnetic spectrum is separated into many categories and subcateg... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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• the three expressions for are all equivalent. conceptual questions | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 2 production of electromagnetic waves 1. the direction of the electric field shown in each part of figure 24. 5 is that produced by the charge distribution in the wire. justify the direction shown in each part, using the coulomb force law and the definition of, where is a positive test charge. 2. is the direction o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the same signal, and the interference pattern they produce. 10. can an antenna be any length? explain your answer. 24 • conceptual questions 1091 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 the electromagnetic spectrum 11. if you live in a region that has a particular tv station, you can sometimes pick up some of its audio portion on your fm radio receiver. explain how this is possible. does it imply that tv audio is broadcast as fm? 12. explain why people who have the lens of their eye removed beca... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. laser vision correction often uses an excimer laser that produces 193 - nm electromagnetic radiation. this wavelength is extremely strongly absorbed by the cornea and ablates it in a manner that reshapes the cornea to correct vision defects. explain how the strong absorption helps concentrate the energy in a thin lay... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 3 the electromagnetic spectrum 6. ( a ) two microwave frequencies are authorized for use in microwave ovens : 900 and 2560 mhz. calculate the wavelength of each. ( b ) which frequency would produce smaller hot spots in foods due to interference effects? 7. ( a ) calculate the range of wavelengths for am radio given... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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off, we would not know it until its light stopped coming. how long would that be, given that the sun is × away? 18. distances in space are often quoted in units of light years, the distance light travels in one year. ( a ) how many meters is a light year? ( b ) how many meters is it to andromeda, the nearest large gala... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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mhz, what is the range of wavelengths broadcast? 23. ( a ) what is the frequency of the 193 - nm ultraviolet radiation used in laser eye surgery? ( b ) assuming the accuracy with which this em radiation can ablate the cornea is directly proportional to wavelength, how much more accurate can this uv be than the shortest... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the moon is ×? 27. radar is used to determine distances to various objects by measuring the round - trip time for an echo from the object. ( a ) how far away is the planet venus if the echo time is 1000 s? ( b ) what is the echo time for a car 75. 0 m from a highway police radar unit? ( c ) how accurately ( in nanoseco... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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24. 4 energy in electromagnetic waves 30. what is the intensity of an electromagnetic wave with a peak electric field strength of 125 v / m? 31. find the intensity of an electromagnetic wave having a peak magnetic field strength of ×. 32. assume the helium - neon lasers commonly used in student physics laboratories hav... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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. ) ( a ) what is the intensity of this wave? ( b ) what is the power received by the antenna? ( c ) if the orbiting satellite broadcasts uniformly over an area of × ( a large fraction of north america ), how much power does it radiate? figure 24. 27 satellite dishes receive tv signals sent from orbit. although the sig... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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3. 30 m. ( a ) what is the resonant frequency? ( b ) what inductance is in series with the capacitor? 40. integrated concepts what capacitance is needed in series with an inductor to form a circuit that radiates a wavelength of 196 m? 41. integrated concepts police radar determines the speed of motor vehicles using the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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20. 0 cm in diameter. ( c ) what is the peak electric field strength of the microwave? ( d ) what is its peak magnetic field strength? 44. integrated concepts electromagnetic radiation from a 5. 00 - mw laser is concentrated on a area. ( a ) what is the intensity in? ( b ) suppose a 2. 00 - nc static charge is in the b... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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result? ( c ) what is wrong about the premise? 49. unreasonable results an circuit containing a 2. 00 - h inductor oscillates at such a frequency that it radiates at a 1. 00 - m wavelength. ( a ) what is the capacitance of the circuit? ( b ) what is unreasonable about this result? ( c ) which assumptions are unreasonab... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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find the magnetic field strength when the electric field strength is 1, 250 v / m. ( b ) if e is increased, would b be increased, decreased, or remain the same? ( c ) by what factor would the change in part b be, if any? 1096 24 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org introduction to geometric optics ch... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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25. 7 image formation by mirrors geometric opticslight from this page or screen is formed into an image by the lens of your eye, much as the lens of the camera that made this photograph. mirrors, like lenses, can also form images that in turn are captured by your eye. our lives are filled with light. through vision, th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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physics. now, we will concentrate on the propagation of light and its interaction with matter. it is convenient to divide optics into two major parts based on the size of objects that light encounters. when light interacts with an object that is several times as large as the light ’ s wavelength, its observable behavio... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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