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21. 2 electromotive force : terminal voltage • all voltage sources have two fundamental parts — a source of electrical energy that has a characteristic electromotive force ( emf ), and an internal resistance. • the emf is the potential difference of a source when no current is flowing. • the numerical value of the emf ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 3 kirchhoff ’ s rules • kirchhoff ’ s rules can be used to analyze any circuit, simple or complex. • kirchhoff ’ s first rule — the junction rule : the sum of all currents entering a junction must equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction. • kirchhoff ’ s second rule — the loop rule : the algebraic sum of ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 6 dc circuits containing resistors and capacitors • an circuit is one that has both a resistor and a capacitor. • the time constant for an circuit is. • when an initially uncharged ( at ) 21 • section summary 941 capacitor in series with a resistor is charged by a dc voltage source, the voltage rises, asymptoticall... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 1 resistors in series and parallel 1. a switch has a variable resistance that is nearly zero when closed and extremely large when open, and it is placed in series with the device it controls. explain the effect the switch in figure 21. 41 has on current when open and when closed. figure 21. 41 a switch is ordinaril... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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strings of holiday lights are wired in series to save wiring costs. an old version utilized bulbs that break the electrical connection, like an open switch, when they burn out. if one such bulb burns out, what happens to the others? if such a string operates on 120 v and has 40 identical bulbs, what is the normal opera... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 2 electromotive force : terminal voltage 13. is every emf a potential difference? is every potential difference an emf? explain. 14. explain which battery is doing the charging and which is being charged in figure 21. 43. figure 21. 43 15. given a battery, an assortment of resistors, and a variety of voltage and cu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 3 kirchhoff ’ s rules 19. can all of the currents going into the junction in figure 21. 44 be positive? explain. figure 21. 44 20. apply the junction rule to junction b in figure 21. 45. is any new information gained by applying the junction rule at e? ( in the figure, each emf is represented by script e. ) figure ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 4 dc voltmeters and ammeters 24. why should you not connect an ammeter directly across a voltage source as shown in figure 21. 46? ( note that script e in the figure stands for emf. ) figure 21. 46 21 • conceptual questions 943 25. suppose you are using a multimeter ( one designed to measure a range of voltages, cu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 6 dc circuits containing resistors and capacitors 30. regarding the units involved in the relationship, verify that the units of resistance times capacitance are time, that is,. 31. the time constant in heart defibrillation is crucial to limiting the time the current flows. if the capacitance in the defibrillation ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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connected from inside the house to a refrigerator outside. the refrigerator doesn ’ t run as it should. what might be the problem? 38. in figure 21. 40, does the graph indicate the time constant is shorter for discharging than for charging? would you expect ionized gas to have low resistance? how would you adjust to ge... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 1 resistors in series and parallel note : data taken from figures can be assumed to be accurate to three significant digits. 1. ( a ) what is the resistance of ten resistors connected in series? ( b ) in parallel? 2. ( a ) what is the resistance of a, a, and a resistor connected in series? ( b ) in parallel? 3. wha... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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it compares with found in the first two example problems in this module. ( b ) find the total power supplied by the source and compare it with the sum of the powers dissipated by the resistors. 9. refer to figure 21. 7 and the discussion of lights dimming when a heavy appliance comes on. ( a ) given the voltage source ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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75. 0 w, what power will the bulb dissipate if a total of 15. 0 a passes through the wires when the motor comes on? assume negligible change in bulb resistance. ( b ) what power is consumed by the motor? 21 • problems & exercises 945 10. a 240 - kv power transmission line carrying is hung from grounded metal towers by ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 2 electromotive force : terminal voltage 14. standard automobile batteries have six lead - acid cells in series, creating a total emf of 12. 0 v. what is the emf of an individual lead - acid cell? 15. carbon - zinc dry cells ( sometimes referred to as non - alkaline cells ) have an emf of 1. 54 v, and they are prod... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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10. 0 a. ( b ) what is the output voltage of the battery charger? 20. a car battery with a 12 - v emf and an internal resistance of is being charged with a current of 60 a. note that in this process the battery is being charged. ( a ) what is the potential difference across its terminals? ( b ) at what rate is thermal ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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to it? ( c ) what power is supplied to the motor? ( d ) repeat these calculations for when the battery connections are corroded and add to the circuit. ( significant problems are caused by even small amounts of unwanted resistance in low - voltage, high - current applications. ) 24. a child ’ s electronic toy is suppli... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##plaques in the south american eel are arranged in 140 rows, each row stretching horizontally along the body and each containing 5000 electroplaques. each electroplaque has an emf of 0. 15 v and internal resistance of. if the water surrounding the fish has resistance of, how much current can the eel produce in water f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 3 kirchhoff ’ s rules 31. apply the loop rule to loop abcdefgha in figure 21. 25. 32. apply the loop rule to loop aedcba in figure 21. 25. 33. verify the second equation in example 21. 5 by substituting the values found for the currents and. 34. verify the third equation in example 21. 5 by substituting the values ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 4 dc voltmeters and ammeters 42. what is the sensitivity of the galvanometer ( that is, what current gives a full - scale deflection ) inside a voltmeter that has a resistance on its 30. 0 - v scale? 43. what is the sensitivity of the galvanometer ( that is, what current gives a full - scale deflection ) inside a v... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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with a galvanometer having a sensitivity to allow it to be used as an ammeter with : ( a ) a 20. 0 - a full - scale reading, and ( b ) a 100 - ma full - scale reading. 948 21 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 50. suppose you measure the terminal voltage of a 1. 585 - v alkaline cell having an inte... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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draw a circuit diagram of the connection. ( b ) calculate the resistance of the combination. ( c ) if the voltage is kept the same across the combination as it was through the resistor alone, what is the percent decrease in current? ( d ) if the current is kept the same through the combination as it was through the res... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 600 v requires to balance the potentiometer. 59. when an unknown resistance is placed in a wheatstone bridge, it is possible to balance the bridge by adjusting to be. what is if? 60. to what value must you adjust to balance a wheatstone bridge, if the unknown resistance is, is, and is? 61. ( a ) what is the unknown ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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21. 6 dc circuits containing resistors and capacitors 63. the timing device in an automobile ’ s intermittent wiper system is based on an time constant and utilizes a capacitor and a variable resistor. over what range must be made to vary to achieve time constants from 2. 00 to 15. 0 s? 21 • problems & exercises 949 64... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##acitance of the defibrillator. ( a ) if the defibrillator has an capacitance, what is the resistance of the path through the patient? ( you may neglect the capacitance of the patient and the resistance of the defibrillator. ) ( b ) if the initial voltage is 12. 0 kv, how long does it take to decline to? 70. an ecg mo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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500 m / s, then a very brief flash of light produced by an discharge through a flash tube can limit blurring. assuming 1. 00 mm of motion during one constant is acceptable, and given that the flash is driven by a capacitor, what is the resistance in the flash tube? 75. integrated concepts a flashing lamp in a christmas... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0. 500 w from an average 3. 00 v. ( a ) what energy does it dissipate? ( b ) how much charge moves through the lamp? ( c ) find the capacitance. ( d ) what is the resistance of the lamp? 950 21 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 76. integrated concepts a capacitor charged to 450 v is discharged thr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##der. 80. critical thinking a circuit has a voltage source producing and a resistor. ( a ) if the circuit contains nothing else, how much power is dissipated by the resistor? ( b ) a second resistor is added in parallel to the first resistor. now how much power is dissipated by the resistors? ( c ) now place the two r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 11 more applications of magnetism one evening, an alaskan sticks a note to his refrigerator with a small magnet. through the kitchen window, the aurora borealis glows in the night sky. this grand spectacle is shaped by the same force that holds the note to the refrigerator. people have been aware of magnets and mag... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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giant magnetoresistance and its applications to computer memory. all electric motors, with uses as diverse as powering refrigerators, starting cars, and moving elevators, contain magnets. generators, whether producing hydroelectric power or running bicycle lights, use magnetic fields. recycling facilities employ magnet... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 1 magnets learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the difference between the north and south poles of a magnet. • describe how magnetic poles interact with each other. figure 22. 3 magnets come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths. all have both a north pole and a south p... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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come to be used ( incorrectly ) for the magnetic pole that is near the north pole. thus, “ north magnetic pole ” is actually a misnomer — it should be called the south magnetic pole. 22. 1 • magnets 955 figure 22. 6 north and south poles always occur in pairs. attempts to separate them result in more pairs of poles. if... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 2 ferromagnets and electromagnets learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define ferromagnet. • describe the role of magnetic domains in magnetization. • explain the significance of the curie temperature. • describe the relationship between electricity and magnetism. ferromagnets onl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the original magnet. note that there are attractive forces between the magnets. when a magnet is brought near a previously unmagnetized ferromagnetic material, it causes local magnetization of the material with unlike poles closest, as in figure 22. 7. ( this results in the attraction of the previously unmagnetized mat... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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temperatures. electromagnets early in the 19th century, it was discovered that electrical currents cause magnetic effects. the first significant observation was by the danish scientist hans christian oersted ( 1777 – 1851 ), who found that a compass needle was deflected by a current - carrying wire. this was the first ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 2 • ferromagnets and electromagnets 957 figure 22. 9 instrument for magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). the device uses a superconducting cylindrical coil for the main magnetic field. the patient goes into this “ tunnel ” on the gurney. ( credit : bill mcchesney, flickr ) figure 22. 10 shows that the response of ir... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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org figure 22. 12 shows a few uses of combinations of electromagnets and ferromagnets. ferromagnetic materials can act as memory devices, because the orientation of the magnetic fields of small domains can be reversed or erased. magnetic information storage on videotapes and computer hard drives are among the most comm... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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negative charges, which are easily separated. ) a current loop always produces a magnetic dipole — that is, a magnetic field that acts like a north pole and south pole pair. since isolated north and south magnetic poles, called magnetic monopoles, are not observed, currents are used to explain all magnetic effects. if ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 2 • ferromagnets and electromagnets 959 figure 22. 13 ( a ) in the planetary model of the atom, an electron orbits a nucleus, forming a closed - current loop and producing a magnetic field with a north pole and a south pole. ( b ) electrons have spin and can be crudely pictured as rotating charge, forming a current... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 3 magnetic fields and magnetic field lines learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define magnetic field and describe the magnetic field lines of various magnetic fields. einstein is said to have been fascinated by a compass as a child, perhaps musing on how the needle felt a force w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a small test charge. in both cases, the fields represent only the object creating them and not the probe testing them. ) figure 22. 15 shows how the magnetic field appears for a current loop and a long straight wire, as could be explored with small compasses. a small compass placed in these fields will align itself par... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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to the fact that the north and south poles cannot be separated. it is a distinct difference from electric field lines, which begin and end on the positive and negative charges. if magnetic monopoles existed, then magnetic field lines would begin and end on them. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 4 magnetic field strength : force on a moving charge in a magnetic field learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the effects of magnetic fields on moving charges. • use the right hand rule 1 to determine the velocity of a charge, the direction of the magnetic field, and the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 4 • magnetic field strength : force on a moving charge in a magnetic field 961 exert forces on other magnets, all of which have moving charges. right hand rule 1 the magnetic force on a moving charge is one of the most fundamental known. magnetic force is as important as the electrostatic or coulomb force. yet the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is that there is one velocity, and so the thumb represents it. there are many field lines, and so the fingers represent them. the force is in the direction you would push with your palm. the force on a negative charge is in exactly the opposite direction to that on a positive charge. figure 22. 16 magnetic fields exert... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 3 962 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org example 22. 1 calculating magnetic force : earth ’ s magnetic field on a charged glass rod with the exception of compasses, you seldom see or personally experience forces due to the earth ’ s small magnetic field. to illustrate this, suppose that in a physics la... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##ert forces on other magnets. when there is relative motion, a connection between electric and magnetic fields emerges — each affects the other. 22. 4 22. 5 22. 4 • magnetic field strength : force on a moving charge in a magnetic field 963 in force on a moving charge in a magnetic field : examples and applications. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 5 force on a moving charge in a magnetic field : examples and applications learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the effects of a magnetic field on a moving charge. • calculate the radius of curvature of the path of a charge that is moving in a magnetic field. magnetic for... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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openstax. org figure 22. 19 a negatively charged particle moves in the plane of the page in a region where the magnetic field is perpendicular into the page ( represented by the small circles with x ’ s — like the tails of arrows ). the magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity, and so velocity changes in directi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 5 • force on a moving charge in a magnetic field : examples and applications 965 figure 22. 20 side view showing what happens when a magnet comes in contact with a computer monitor or tv screen. electrons moving toward the screen spiral about magnetic field lines, maintaining the component of their velocity paralle... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 9 966 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org reverses it, forming a “ magnetic mirror. ” the properties of charged particles in magnetic fields are related to such different things as the aurora australis or aurora borealis and particle accelerators. charged particles approaching magnetic field lines may g... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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which energetic charged particles are trapped in the earth ’ s magnetic field. one belt lies about 300 km above the earth ’ s surface, the other about 16, 000 km. charged particles in these belts migrate along magnetic field lines and are partially reflected away from the poles by the stronger fields there. the charged... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 5 • force on a moving charge in a magnetic field : examples and applications 967 not only control the direction of the charged particles, they also are used to focus particles into beams and overcome the repulsion of like charges in these beams. figure 22. 24 the fermilab facility in illinois has a large particle a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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biological molecules. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 6 the hall effect learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the hall effect. • calculate the hall emf across a current - carrying conductor. 968 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org we have seen effects of a magnetic field on free - moving charges. the magnetic fiel... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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is to determine whether positive or negative charges carries the current. note that in figure 22. 26 ( b ), where positive charges carry the current, the hall emf has the sign opposite to when negative charges carry the current. historically, the hall effect was used to show that electrons carry current in metals and i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 6 • the hall effect 969 where is the hall effect voltage across a conductor of width through which charges move at a speed. figure 22. 27 the hall emf produces an electric force that balances the magnetic force on the moving charges. the magnetic force produces charge separation, which builds up until it is balance... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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20. 0 cm / s? strategy because,, and are mutually perpendicular, the equation can be used to find. 970 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org solution entering the given values for,, and gives discussion this is the average voltage output. instantaneous voltage varies with pulsating blood flow. the voltage is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 7 magnetic force on a current - carrying conductor learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the effects of a magnetic force on a current - carrying conductor. • calculate the magnetic force on a current - carrying conductor. because charges ordinarily cannot escape a conducto... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 7 • magnetic force on a current - carrying conductor 971 the current. then, with the fingers in the direction of, a perpendicular to the palm points in the direction of, as in figure 22. 30. figure 22. 30 the force on a current - carrying wire in a magnetic field is. its direction is given by rhr - 1. example 22. 4... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 18 972 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org figure 22. 31 magnetohydrodynamics. the magnetic force on the current passed through this fluid can be used as a nonmechanical pump. a strong magnetic field is applied across a tube and a current is passed through the fluid at right angles to the field, resulti... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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loops of wire in a magnetic field. when current is passed through the loops, the magnetic field exerts torque on the loops, which rotates a shaft. electrical energy is converted to mechanical work in the process. ( see figure 22. 33. ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 8 • torque on a current loop : motors and meters 973 figure 22. 33 torque on a current loop. a current - carrying loop of wire attached to a vertically rotating shaft feels magnetic forces that produce a clockwise torque as viewed from above. let us examine the force on each segment of the loop in figure 22. 33 to ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 19 974 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org figure 22. 34 top views of a current - carrying loop in a magnetic field. ( a ) the equation for torque is derived using this view. note that the perpendicular to the loop makes an angle with the field that is the same as the angle between and. ( b ) the maximu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 8 • torque on a current loop : motors and meters 975 strategy torque on the loop can be found using. maximum torque occurs when and. solution for, the maximum torque is entering known values yields discussion this torque is large enough to be useful in a motor. the torque found in the preceding example is the maxim... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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resistance coils. 22. 22 22. 23 976 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org figure 22. 36 meters are very similar to motors but only rotate through a part of a revolution. the magnetic poles of this meter are shaped to keep the component of perpendicular to the loop constant, so that the torque does not depend ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 9 magnetic fields produced by currents : ampere ’ s law learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • calculate current that produces a magnetic field. • use the right hand rule 2 to determine the direction of current or the direction of magnetic field loops. how much current is needed to ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 9 • magnetic fields produced by currents : ampere ’ s law 977 figure 22. 37 ( a ) compasses placed near a long straight current - carrying wire indicate that field lines form circular loops centered on the wire. ( b ) right hand rule 2 states that, if the right hand thumb points in the direction of the current, the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 24 978 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org discussion so a moderately large current produces a significant magnetic field at a distance of 5. 0 cm from a long straight wire. note that the answer is stated to only two digits, since the earth ’ s field is specified to only two digits in this example. ampe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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- carrying loop of wire is shown in figure 22. 38. both the direction and the magnitude of the magnetic field produced by a current - carrying loop are complex. rhr - 2 can be used to give the direction of the field near the loop, but mapping with compasses and the rules about field lines given in magnetic fields and m... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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figure | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 39 shows how the field looks and how its direction is given by rhr - 2. figure 22. 39 ( a ) because of its shape, the field inside a solenoid of length is remarkably uniform in magnitude and direction, as indicated by the straight and uniformly spaced field lines. the field outside the coils is nearly zero. ( b ) t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 27 980 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org example 22. 7 calculating field strength inside a solenoid what is the field inside a 2. 00 - m - long solenoid that has 2000 loops and carries a 1600 - a current? strategy to find the field strength inside a solenoid, we use. first, we note the number of loops... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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field. phet explorations generator generate electricity with a bar magnet! discover the physics behind the phenomena by exploring magnets and how you can use them to make a bulb light. click to view content ( https : / / openstax. org / l / 28gen ). 22. 10 magnetic force between two parallel conductors learning objecti... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 10 • magnetic force between two parallel conductors 981 the force between two long straight and parallel conductors separated by a distance can be found by applying what we have developed in preceding sections. figure 22. 40 shows the wires, their currents, the fields they create, and the subsequent forces they exe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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breakers, like those used in neighborhood power distribution systems, the pinch effect can concentrate an arc between plates of a switch trying to break a large current, burn holes, and even ignite the equipment. another example of the pinch effect is found in the solar plasma, where jets of ionized material, such as s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 11 more applications of magnetism learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe some applications of magnetism. mass spectrometry the curved paths followed by charged particles in magnetic fields can be put to use. a charged particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic field travel... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 11 • more applications of magnetism 983 figure 22. 41 this mass spectrometer uses a velocity selector to fix so that the radius of the path is proportional to mass. the velocity selector has both an electric field and a magnetic field, perpendicular to one another, producing forces in opposite directions on the ion... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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use magnetic fields to steer the accelerated electrons. figure 22. 42 shows the construction of the type of cathode ray tube ( crt ) found in some tvs, oscilloscopes, and old computer monitors. two pairs of coils are used to steer the electrons, one vertically and the other horizontally, to their desired destination. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 35 984 22 • magnetism access for free at openstax. org figure 22. 42 the cathode ray tube ( crt ) is so named because rays of electrons originate at the cathode in the electron gun. magnetic coils are used to steer the beam in many crts. in this case, the beam is moved down. another pair of horizontal coils would s... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and waves ) that absorb and reemit only certain frequencies. hence, the phenomenon is named nuclear magnetic resonance ( nmr ). nmr has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. it was formulated in 1946 by f. bloch and e. purcell, with the 1952 nobel prize in physics going to them for their work. over th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##d, the resonant frequency of the protons is made to vary with position. broadcast radio frequencies are swept over an appropriate range and nuclei absorb and reemit them only if the nuclei are in a magnetic field with the correct strength. the imaging receiver gathers information through the body almost point by poin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 11 • more applications of magnetism 985 available for enhancing contrast in images and for obtaining more information. scans called t1, t2, or proton density scans rely on different relaxation mechanisms of nuclei. relaxation refers to the time it takes for the protons to return to equilibrium after the external fi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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other currents. these can be measured but with some difficulty since their strengths are about to less than the earth ’ s magnetic field. recording of the heart ’ s magnetic field as it beats is called a magnetocardiogram ( mcg ), while measurements of the brain ’ s magnetic field is called a magnetoencephalogram ( meg... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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broad spectrum of benefits from cleansing the blood to giving the patient more energy, but clinical studies have not verified these claims, nor is there an identifiable mechanism by which such benefits might occur. phet explorations magnet and compass ever wonder how a compass worked to point you to the arctic? explore... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 11 • more applications of magnetism 987 glossary ampere ’ s law the physical law that states that the magnetic field around an electric current is proportional to the current ; each segment of current produces a magnetic field like that of a long straight wire, and the total field of any shape current is the vector... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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on a charge produced by its motion through a magnetic field ; the lorentz force magnetic monopoles an isolated magnetic pole ; a south pole without a north pole, or vice versa ( no magnetic monopole has ever been observed ) magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) a medical imaging technique that uses magnetic fields create ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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determine the direction of the magnetic field induced by a current - carrying wire : point the thumb of the right hand in the direction of current, and the fingers curl in the direction of the magnetic field loops solenoid a thin wire wound into a coil that produces a magnetic field when an electric current is passed t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 2 ferromagnets and electromagnets • magnetic poles always occur in pairs of north and south — it is not possible to isolate north and south poles. • all magnetism is created by electric current. • ferromagnetic materials, such as iron, are those that exhibit strong magnetic effects. • the atoms in ferromagnetic mat... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 4 magnetic field strength : force on a moving charge in a magnetic field • magnetic fields exert a force on a moving charge q, the magnitude of which is where is the angle between the directions of and. • the si unit for magnetic field strength is the tesla ( t ), which is related to other units by • the direction ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, and is the angle between the perpendicular to the loop and the magnetic field. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 9 magnetic fields produced by currents : ampere ’ s law • the strength of the magnetic field created by current in a long straight wire is given by where is the current, is the shortest distance to the wire, and the constant is the permeability of free space. • the direction of the magnetic field created by a long ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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with continental drift. the magnetization of rocks is found to reverse in a coordinated manner with distance from the ridge. what does this imply about the earth ’ s magnetic field and how could the knowledge of the spreading rate be used to give its historical record? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 3 magnetic fields and magnetic field lines 2. explain why the magnetic field would not be unique ( that is, not have a single value ) at a point in space where magnetic field lines might cross. ( consider the direction of the field at such a point. ) 3. list the ways in which magnetic field lines and electric field... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 5 force on a moving charge in a magnetic field : examples and applications 7. how can the motion of a charged particle be used to distinguish between a magnetic and an electric field? 8. high - velocity charged particles can damage biological cells and are a component of radiation exposure in a variety of locations... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 7 magnetic force on a current - carrying conductor 15. draw a sketch of the situation in figure 22. 29 showing the direction of electrons carrying the current, and use rhr - 1 to verify the direction of the force on the wire. 16. verify that the direction of the force in an mhd drive, such as that in figure 22. 31,... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 10 magnetic force between two parallel conductors 21. is the force attractive or repulsive between the hot and neutral lines hung from power poles? why? 22. if you have three parallel wires in the same plane, as in figure 22. 45, with currents in the outer two running in opposite directions, is it possible for the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 11 more applications of magnetism 27. measurements of the weak and fluctuating magnetic fields associated with brain activity are called magnetoencephalograms ( megs ). do the brain ’ s magnetic fields imply coordinated or uncoordinated nerve impulses? explain. 28. discuss the possibility that a hall voltage would ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 4 magnetic field strength : force on a moving charge in a magnetic field 1. what is the direction of the magnetic force on a positive charge that moves as shown in each of the six cases shown in figure 22. 47? figure 22. 47 2. repeat the previous exercise for a negative charge. 3. what is the direction of the veloc... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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##3 10. an electron moving at in a 1. 25 - t magnetic field experiences a magnetic force of. what angle does the velocity of the electron make with the magnetic field? there are two answers. 11. ( a ) a physicist performing a sensitive measurement wants to limit the magnetic force on a moving charge in her equipment to... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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22. 5 force on a moving charge in a magnetic field : examples and applications if you need additional support for these problems, see more applications of magnetism. 12. a cosmic ray electron moves at perpendicular to the earth ’ s magnetic field at an altitude where field strength is. what is the radius of the circula... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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