text stringlengths 1 3.55k | source stringlengths 24 207 | emb listlengths 1.02k 1.02k |
|---|---|---|
27. 43 1210 27 β’ wave optics access for free at openstax. org discussion if the bubble was illuminated with pure red light, we would see bright and dark bands at very uniform increases in thickness. first would be a dark band at 0 thickness, then bright at 122 nm thickness, then dark at 244 nm, bright at 366 nm, dark a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.019853761419653893,
0.0015327867586165667,
0.05289922654628754,
-0.006599114742130041,
-0.045726701617240906,
0.004380014259368181,
-0.047868724912405014,
-0.01804046891629696,
0.008841732516884804,
0.10820674151182175,
0.058703530579805374,
0.008160586468875408,
0.03160647675395012,
-0... |
use in detail. newton did not discover them ; robert hooke did, and newton did not believe they were due to the wave character of light. ) each successive ring of a given color indicates an increase of only one wavelength in the distance between the lens and the blank, so that great precision can be obtained. once the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.022765427827835083,
0.015385003760457039,
0.03197263926267624,
0.003933920990675688,
-0.01835767552256584,
0.009621481411159039,
-0.0270750280469656,
-0.02634013444185257,
0.020715245977044106,
0.06936097145080566,
0.05972828343510628,
0.0004660130653064698,
0.0462409146130085,
-0.02535... |
27. 7 β’ thin film interference 1211 diffraction grating security feature making the currency difficult to forge. other countries such as new zealand and taiwan are using similar technologies, while the united states currency includes a thin film interference effect. problem - solving strategies for wave optics step 1. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.023944852873682976,
0.018987180665135384,
0.044165950268507004,
0.0005204291082918644,
-0.06196765974164009,
0.010892915539443493,
-0.025607937946915627,
-0.0360424779355526,
-0.013369291089475155,
0.10941486060619354,
0.043262261897325516,
0.010147553868591785,
0.01913471706211567,
0.0... |
patterns cannot be greater than, for example. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.006271581165492535,
0.01176411658525467,
0.03470201417803764,
-0.008466964587569237,
-0.007859976030886173,
-0.015598415397107601,
0.022242166101932526,
0.00442527374252677,
0.010929408483207226,
0.099158875644207,
0.048846349120140076,
0.0234263613820076,
-0.019504040479660034,
-0.02581... |
27. 8 polarization learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ discuss the meaning of polarization. β’ discuss the property of optical activity of certain materials. polaroid sunglasses are familiar to most of us. they have a special ability to cut the glare of light reflected from water or g... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.016612404957413673,
0.01627119816839695,
0.002121511846780777,
-0.027854572981595993,
-0.0479995496571064,
0.019026316702365875,
-0.019941724836826324,
-0.025032809004187584,
-0.02209661900997162,
0.09053238481283188,
0.021486617624759674,
-0.009452509693801403,
0.03195886313915253,
-0.0... |
to the direction of propagation ( see figure 27. 37 ). there are specific directions for the oscillations of the electric and magnetic fields. polarization is the attribute that a wave β s oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave. ( this is not the same type of polariz... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0032438097987324,
0.0034369288478046656,
-0.02966938354074955,
-0.024872733280062675,
-0.032945144921541214,
-0.00033634176361374557,
0.004550393670797348,
-0.012808532454073429,
-0.019363412633538246,
0.0957874208688736,
0.011914348229765892,
0.0320686511695385,
0.003613132983446121,
-0... |
27. 8 β’ polarization 1213 materials, invented by the founder of polaroid corporation, edwin land, act as a polarizing slit for light, allowing only polarization in one direction to pass through. polarizing filters are composed of long molecules aligned in one direction. thinking of the molecules as many slits, analogou... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.016280682757496834,
0.005286466330289841,
0.008495289832353592,
-0.04072918742895126,
-0.025188516825437546,
0.020364653319120407,
-0.03600885719060898,
-0.01841316744685173,
-0.014716532081365585,
0.09550844877958298,
0.007457084953784943,
0.008483218960464,
-0.004509898833930492,
-0.03... |
to its amplitude squared, the intensity of the transmitted wave is related to the incident wave by where is the intensity of the polarized wave before passing through the filter. ( the above equation is known as malus β s law. ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0321294330060482,
0.04356210678815842,
0.029760237783193588,
-0.027344755828380585,
-0.03233193978667259,
0.010341095738112926,
-0.05180523917078972,
-0.03200949355959892,
0.0032513237092643976,
0.07638715952634811,
0.01067370269447565,
0.013702381402254105,
-0.007619454525411129,
-0.02... |
27. 44 1214 27 β’ wave optics access for free at openstax. org figure 27. 41 the effect of rotating two polarizing filters, where the first polarizes the light. ( a ) all of the polarized light is passed by the second polarizing filter, because its axis is parallel to the first. ( b ) as the second is rotated, only part... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004418855998665094,
-0.010297597385942936,
-0.0007940217037685215,
-0.03900478780269623,
-0.0538170225918293,
-0.021344251930713654,
-0.030645985156297684,
0.00906837172806263,
-0.0114510552957654,
0.09688274562358856,
-0.0016522336518391967,
0.01051816251128912,
-0.021834295243024826,
0... |
27. 8 β’ polarization 1215 discussion a fairly large angle between the direction of polarization and the filter axis is needed to reduce the intensity to of its original value. this seems reasonable based on experimenting with polarizing films. it is interesting that, at an angle of, the intensity is reduced to of its o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.003468290902674198,
0.025774914771318436,
0.007393614389002323,
-0.023275090381503105,
-0.045820239931344986,
-0.015081727877259254,
-0.0035611388739198446,
-0.010183879174292088,
-0.03585713356733322,
0.09227197617292404,
0.013088461011648178,
0.00680497707799077,
0.00848614051938057,
... |
a surface, the vertical components are preferentially absorbed or refracted, leaving the reflected light more horizontally polarized. this is akin to arrows striking on their sides bouncing off, whereas arrows striking on their tips go into the surface. since the part of the light that is not reflected is refracted, th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.061861008405685425,
0.018338866531848907,
0.021378429606556892,
-0.06571879982948303,
-0.02588864229619503,
-0.021963251754641533,
0.014088628813624382,
-0.03250497579574585,
-0.02096652239561081,
0.08108867704868317,
0.03003469482064247,
0.008381737396121025,
0.019739827141165733,
-0.0... |
27. 47 1216 27 β’ wave optics access for free at openstax. org things great and small : atomic explanation of polarizing filters polarizing filters have a polarization axis that acts as a slit. this slit passes electromagnetic waves ( often visible light ) that have an electric field parallel to the axis. this is accomp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.008154120296239853,
-0.009812714532017708,
-0.004217436537146568,
-0.004195220768451691,
-0.010458316653966904,
0.02664082497358322,
-0.012528978288173676,
-0.03859306126832962,
0.005574765149503946,
0.08635608106851578,
0.009588141925632954,
0.015603556297719479,
-0.01136382669210434,
... |
27. 8 β’ polarization 1217 example 27. 9 calculating polarization by reflection ( a ) at what angle will light traveling in air be completely polarized horizontally when reflected from water? ( b ) from glass? strategy all we need to solve these problems are the indices of refraction. air has water has and crown glass h... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.00012234841415192932,
0.026300271973013878,
0.0012390842894092202,
-0.05878748744726181,
-0.01976010948419571,
-0.023046577349305153,
0.0042180889286100864,
-0.042678289115428925,
0.009195609949529171,
0.07556534558534622,
0.010398941114544868,
-0.00784700270742178,
0.017930518835783005,
... |
27. 51 1218 27 β’ wave optics access for free at openstax. org discussion light reflected at these angles could be completely blocked by a good polarizing filter held with its axis vertical. brewster β s angle for water and air are similar to those for glass and air, so that sunglasses are equally effective for light re... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.014989471063017845,
-0.02395607717335224,
-0.01058803778141737,
-0.06845113635063171,
-0.028582831844687462,
-0.004614971112459898,
-0.005731900222599506,
-0.0031369379721581936,
0.0006139965262264013,
0.10069455206394196,
0.02024867758154869,
0.00777018815279007,
0.02939617820084095,
-... |
their electrons perpendicular to the direction of the original ray. the scattered light therefore has a polarization perpendicular to the original direction and none parallel to the original direction. photographs of the sky can be darkened by polarizing filters, a trick used by many photographers to make clouds bright... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.02613486722111702,
0.0020992006175220013,
-0.022778669372200966,
-0.026238897815346718,
-0.009508379735052586,
-0.009006738662719727,
-0.04391353577375412,
-0.006450100801885128,
-0.006904694251716137,
0.06092055141925812,
0.013531696982681751,
0.020099172368645668,
0.04457012936472893,
... |
27. 8 β’ polarization 1219 liquid crystals and other polarization effects in materials while you are undoubtedly aware of liquid crystal displays ( lcds ) found in watches, calculators, computer screens, cellphones, flat screen televisions, and other myriad places, you may not be aware that they are based on polarizatio... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0011644375044852495,
-0.01295515988022089,
0.0042427354492247105,
0.006136226933449507,
-0.030510859563946724,
0.026511572301387787,
-0.010845215991139412,
-0.02150343731045723,
-0.007924497127532959,
0.08811764419078827,
0.01525599230080843,
-0.004705942235887051,
-0.021582840010523796,
... |
. such substances are said to be optically active. examples include sugar water, insulin, and collagen ( see figure 27. 48 ). in addition to depending on the type of substance, the amount and direction of rotation depends on a number of factors. among these is the concentration of the substance, the distance the light ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.006835074629634619,
0.007776663638651371,
0.012492918409407139,
0.01824779435992241,
-0.08197299391031265,
0.010495858266949654,
0.006187685765326023,
-0.01299720536917448,
-0.027085568755865097,
0.09655304998159409,
0.008805766701698303,
-0.03147754445672035,
-0.018075106665492058,
-0.... |
phenomenon associated with polarized light is the ability of some crystals to split an unpolarized beam of light into two. such crystals are said to be birefringent ( see figure 27. 50 ). each of the separated rays has a specific polarization. one behaves normally and is called the ordinary ray, whereas the other does ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.026288064196705818,
-0.017485912889242172,
-0.014209140092134476,
-0.02108936756849289,
-0.06258929520845413,
0.04529665410518646,
-0.021271925419569016,
0.01488231960684061,
-0.004446947015821934,
0.07758498936891556,
0.041669636964797974,
0.0020675610285252333,
-0.015297788195312023,
... |
27. 9 * extended topic * microscopy enhanced by the wave characteristics of light learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ discuss the different types of microscopes. physics research underpins the advancement of developments in microscopy. as we gain knowledge of the wave nature of elect... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.029373256489634514,
-0.031743504106998444,
0.0122721241787076,
-0.049969885498285294,
-0.02918773703277111,
0.04448629543185234,
-0.03937636315822601,
-0.013203088194131851,
0.0035586354788392782,
0.0786399394273758,
0.04752349480986595,
-0.027455642819404602,
0.018752804026007652,
0.000... |
27. 9 β’ * extended topic * microscopy enhanced by the wave characteristics of light 1221 about 0. 1 nm in size and visible wavelengths range from 380 to 760 nm. ironically, special techniques used to obtain the best possible resolution with microscopes take advantage of the same wave characteristics of light that ultim... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01995251141488552,
-0.011538607999682426,
0.03904763236641884,
-0.044806379824876785,
-0.018283000215888023,
0.044549256563186646,
-0.02509514056146145,
-0.00563799636438489,
-0.012502708472311497,
0.0907297283411026,
0.04127756878733635,
-0.05349240452051163,
0.038783203810453415,
0.000... |
index of refraction than the background, and so the wavelength decreases as the ray passes through it. superimposing these rays produces interference that varies with path, enhancing contrast between the object and background. interference microscopes enhance contrast between objects and background by superimposing a r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.012259124778211117,
-0.013206242583692074,
0.020642276853322983,
-0.01944771036505699,
-0.027886580675840378,
0.0018534072441980243,
-0.038051895797252655,
0.0023479824885725975,
-0.013157212175428867,
0.09465578943490982,
0.05516107752919197,
-0.02264590747654438,
0.032699596136808395,
... |
of the object, enhancing contrast. another type of microscope utilizing wave interference and differences in phases to enhance contrast is called the phase - contrast microscope. while its principle is the same as the interference microscope, the phase - contrast microscope is simpler to use and construct. its impact (... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.009008612483739853,
-0.004803135525435209,
0.026342416182160378,
-0.03420129045844078,
-0.03629884868860245,
0.04030595347285271,
-0.04001991078257561,
0.008531786501407623,
-0.014255969785153866,
0.03976687043905258,
0.03269451484084129,
-0.02532115764915943,
0.02687556855380535,
-0.000... |
27. 53 shows the basic construction of a phase - contrast microscope. phase differences between light passing through the object and background are produced by passing the rays through different parts of a phase plate ( so called because it shifts the phase of the light passing through it ). these two light rays are su... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0022410131059587,
-0.008470727130770683,
0.01237083226442337,
-0.033821769058704376,
0.0023780795745551586,
0.025660110637545586,
-0.03724488615989685,
0.015039552934467793,
-0.017842795699834824,
0.08005335927009583,
0.01735297031700611,
-0.04282987862825394,
0.01007031835615635,
-0.040... |
27. 9 β’ * extended topic * microscopy enhanced by the wave characteristics of light 1223 apart from the uv microscope, the variations of microscopy discussed so far in this section are available as attachments to fairly standard microscopes or as slight variations. the next level of sophistication is provided by commer... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0363936573266983,
-0.040955957025289536,
0.03393113240599632,
-0.031325776129961014,
-0.027498621493577957,
0.02506112866103649,
-0.03173622116446495,
-0.00814326573163271,
0.014707224443554878,
0.05122874304652214,
0.009963142685592175,
-0.03924979269504547,
0.028098896145820618,
-0.016... |
and spectral analyzers. here, the monochromatic light from a laser is scattered from the specimen. this scattered light shifts up or down as it excites particular energy levels in the sample. the uniqueness of the observed scattered light can give detailed information about the chemical composition of a given spot on t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0059772818349301815,
-0.028256665915250778,
0.03839729726314545,
-0.04375242441892624,
-0.025826269760727882,
0.013383015990257263,
-0.04182783514261246,
-0.02675088495016098,
0.01388298999518156,
0.06427880376577377,
0.002877826103940606,
-0.012262286618351936,
0.04419173672795296,
-0.0... |
that forms the interface that reflects the light coherent waves are in phase or have a definite phase relationship confocal microscopes microscopes that use the extended focal region to obtain three - dimensional images rather than two - dimensional images constructive interference for a diffraction grating occurs when... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.03680386766791344,
-0.006583844311535358,
0.03646981343626976,
-0.028229234740138054,
-0.013100332580506802,
0.020233236253261566,
-0.01769496127963066,
-0.027349276468157768,
-0.007222478743642569,
0.09633632004261017,
0.015383967198431492,
-0.02082723006606102,
0.04673735424876213,
-0... |
wave polarization microscope microscope that enhances contrast by utilizing a wave characteristic of light, useful for objects that are optically active polarized waves having the electric and magnetic field oscillations in a definite direction rayleigh criterion two images are just resolvable when the center of the di... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.04686066508293152,
0.002086571417748928,
0.055019132792949677,
-0.048318490386009216,
-0.045120954513549805,
0.046482790261507034,
0.003958940040320158,
-0.03062414564192295,
-0.004716795403510332,
0.10464895516633987,
0.03311942145228386,
-0.026458458974957466,
0.03360116854310036,
0.0... |
as the wave itself. the new wavefront is a line tangent to all of the wavelets. β’ diffraction is the bending of a wave around the edges of an opening or other obstacle. 27. 3 young β s double slit experiment β’ young β s double slit experiment gave definitive proof of the wave character of light. β’ an interference patte... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.027250539511442184,
-0.006468952167779207,
0.02207278460264206,
-0.009169356897473335,
-0.0519319623708725,
0.006819005589932203,
-0.012183589860796928,
-0.0344463475048542,
-0.0145952757447958,
0.11597959697246552,
0.06302693486213684,
-0.007962727919220924,
0.03915712609887123,
0.0053... |
etc. this equation also gives the angular spreading of a source of light having a diameter. 27. 7 thin film interference β’ thin film interference occurs between the light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of a film. in addition to the path length difference, there can be a phase change. β’ when light reflects f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.05361725389957428,
0.017681924626231194,
0.04116898030042648,
-0.011403847485780716,
-0.02444826439023018,
-0.018400883302092552,
-0.024951796978712082,
-0.03584981709718704,
-0.023877540603280067,
0.11933304369449615,
0.05227343365550041,
0.028981734067201614,
0.018454769626259804,
-0.... |
27. 8 polarization β’ polarization is the attribute that wave oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave. β’ em waves are transverse waves that may be polarized. β’ the direction of polarization is defined to be the direction parallel to the electric field of the em wave. β’... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.011484839022159576,
-0.010247094556689262,
-0.012451423332095146,
-0.06680436432361603,
-0.0324087031185627,
0.01107033621519804,
-0.0027337344363331795,
-0.01957382634282112,
-0.01411454752087593,
0.07651380449533463,
0.017525119706988335,
-0.0023840898647904396,
0.003451414406299591,
... |
27. 2 huygens's principle : diffraction 3. how do wave effects depend on the size of the object with which the wave interacts? for example, why does sound bend around the corner of a building while light does not? 4. under what conditions can light be modeled like a ray? like a wave? 5. go outside in the sunlight and o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.004390578251332045,
0.013337192125618458,
0.01401568204164505,
-0.02960083819925785,
-0.040050532668828964,
0.059146396815776825,
-0.0006185300881043077,
0.008755757473409176,
-0.01820460520684719,
0.1023741289973259,
0.03327147662639618,
-0.006335965357720852,
0.024617740884423256,
-0.... |
27. 3 young β s double slit experiment 8. young β s double slit experiment breaks a single light beam into two sources. would the same pattern be obtained for two independent sources of light, such as the headlights of a distant car? explain. 9. suppose you use the same double slit to perform young β s double slit expe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.003878811839967966,
-0.013940460048615932,
0.009330585598945618,
-0.010470767505466938,
-0.06561877578496933,
-0.0071953777223825455,
-0.05070538446307182,
-0.01810658909380436,
-0.01936274953186512,
0.13549663126468658,
0.06098129227757454,
-0.013594494201242924,
0.032899193465709686,
... |
27. 4 multiple slit diffraction 12. what is the advantage of a diffraction grating over a double slit in dispersing light into a spectrum? 13. what are the advantages of a diffraction grating over a prism in dispersing light for spectral analysis? 14. can the lines in a diffraction grating be too close together to be u... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.014643758535385132,
-0.013799435459077358,
0.0016430133255198598,
-0.013650805689394474,
-0.05377183482050896,
0.04200516268610954,
-0.03802720084786415,
-0.01442798599600792,
-0.016646450385451317,
0.12309200316667557,
0.018837030977010727,
-0.018292732536792755,
0.021648326888680458,
-... |
why can lenses, mirrors, or apertures not be used to correct the spreading? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.030106093734502792,
-0.004160110838711262,
0.012474143877625465,
-0.0018429296324029565,
-0.02826553024351597,
-0.015943307429552078,
-0.008279022760689259,
0.004781291354447603,
-0.011653387919068336,
0.05256378650665283,
0.021613089367747307,
-0.025405677035450935,
0.03538791835308075,
... |
27. 7 thin film interference 21. what effect does increasing the wedge angle have on the spacing of interference fringes? if the wedge angle is too large, fringes are not observed. why? 22. how is the difference in paths taken by two originally in - phase light waves related to whether they interfere constructively or ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.017049508169293404,
-0.0004172084154561162,
0.011255364865064621,
-0.0022500320337712765,
-0.06763273477554321,
-0.007940899580717087,
-0.04162022843956947,
-0.026218825951218605,
-0.036547355353832245,
0.10230200737714767,
0.026762505993247032,
0.009237515740096569,
0.017719225957989693,... |
would it be easier if monochromatic light were used? | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01506628654897213,
-0.028610089793801308,
0.003664684947580099,
-0.013967843726277351,
-0.054205503314733505,
-0.027269629761576653,
-0.015056527219712734,
0.0023935604840517044,
0.01968933455646038,
0.07068552821874619,
-0.006830822676420212,
-0.040246158838272095,
-0.015777193009853363,
... |
27. 8 polarization 30. under what circumstances is the phase of light changed by reflection? is the phase related to polarization? 31. can a sound wave in air be polarized? explain. 32. no light passes through two perfect polarizing filters with perpendicular axes. however, if a third polarizing filter is placed betwee... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02483566291630268,
-0.021328900009393692,
-0.012633475475013256,
-0.05947940796613693,
-0.033207185566425323,
0.014135059900581837,
-0.03290091082453728,
0.010272566229104996,
-0.011800911277532578,
0.11381205916404724,
0.014896148815751076,
0.0017627004999667406,
0.014766556210815907,
-... |
27. 1 the wave aspect of light : interference 1. show that when light passes from air to water, its wavelength decreases to 0. 750 times its original value. 2. find the range of visible wavelengths of light in crown glass. 3. what is the index of refraction of a material for which the wavelength of light is 0. 671 time... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0047680288553237915,
0.002741972217336297,
0.019360749050974846,
-0.047468092292547226,
-0.06181822717189789,
0.012663046829402447,
-0.022635916247963905,
-0.003102628979831934,
-0.006352424621582031,
0.11276453733444214,
0.04574372246861458,
-0.032148610800504684,
0.023200087249279022,
... |
27. 3 young β s double slit experiment 6. at what angle is the first - order maximum for 450 - nm wavelength blue light falling on double slits separated by 0. 0500 mm? 7. calculate the angle for the third - order maximum of 580 - nm wavelength yellow light falling on double slits separated by 0. 100 mm. 8. what is the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.035225387662649155,
-0.021783024072647095,
0.02477356232702732,
0.011495261453092098,
-0.08327474445104599,
-0.0036091189831495285,
-0.02307133749127388,
-0.0014718067832291126,
-0.017467474564909935,
0.115463487803936,
0.036045707762241364,
-0.006008934695273638,
0.005542734172195196,
-... |
located a distance from a screen, with the distance from the center of the screen given by. when the distance between the slits is relatively large, there will be numerous bright spots, called fringes. show that, for small angles ( where, with in radians ), the distance between fringes is given by. figure 27. 56 the di... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.026398593559861183,
-0.011728190816938877,
0.013997070491313934,
0.0027935546822845936,
-0.0672537237405777,
-0.0009965847712010145,
-0.001334384665824473,
-0.026143334805965424,
-0.04225435480475426,
0.08194401115179062,
0.02482949011027813,
0.015176731161773205,
-0.0239395909011364,
-0... |
27. 4 multiple slit diffraction 21. a diffraction grating has 2000 lines per centimeter. at what angle will the first - order maximum be for 520 - nm - wavelength green light? 22. find the angle for the third - order maximum for 580 - nm - wavelength yellow light falling on a diffraction grating having 1500 lines per c... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015110907144844532,
-0.017754103988409042,
0.0007883341750130057,
0.021413654088974,
-0.07683217525482178,
0.015969788655638695,
0.004844647366553545,
-0.013513023033738136,
0.0019617995712906122,
0.11655852943658829,
0.01764475554227829,
-0.022202877327799797,
0.014629283919930458,
0.00... |
a 10, 000 line per centimeter diffraction grating. what are the two wavelengths to an accuracy of 0. 1 nm? 30. what is the spacing between structures in a feather that acts as a reflection grating, given that they produce a first - order maximum for 525 - nm light at a angle? 31. structures on a bird feather act like a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.008781221695244312,
-0.015329924412071705,
0.01752188242971897,
0.009136619046330452,
-0.04995522275567055,
0.00005816642806166783,
0.008494495414197445,
-0.018389709293842316,
-0.010271880775690079,
0.10381905734539032,
0.0027240465860813856,
-0.005388271529227495,
0.017192212864756584,
... |
have and produce a complete second - order spectrum for visible light? 38. a he β ne laser beam is reflected from the surface of a cd onto a wall. the brightest spot is the reflected beam at an angle equal to the angle of incidence. however, fringes are also observed. if the wall is 1. 50 m from the cd, and the first f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.01871858537197113,
-0.026254860684275627,
0.02965819276869297,
-0.0027052704244852066,
-0.06611660867929459,
0.018008971586823463,
-0.025044262409210205,
-0.0305037759244442,
-0.026733197271823883,
0.10701191425323486,
0.0027527541387826204,
-0.010348085314035416,
0.024967476725578308,
... |
the grating to the screen or detector. discuss the practicality of the device in terms of being able to discern between wavelengths of interest. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0013625641586259007,
-0.011087105609476566,
-0.010436811484396458,
-0.006643189582973719,
-0.054893191903829575,
0.00966840423643589,
-0.02891768328845501,
-0.004728261381387711,
0.007687818259000778,
0.08715416491031647,
0.012796767987310886,
-0.015519785694777966,
0.0014967505121603608,... |
27. 5 single slit diffraction 43. ( a ) at what angle is the first minimum for 550 - nm light falling on a single slit of width? ( b ) will there be a second minimum? 44. ( a ) calculate the angle at which a - wide slit produces its first minimum for 410 - nm violet light. ( b ) where is the first minimum for 700 - nm ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0348079539835453,
-0.011384416371583939,
0.009201284497976303,
-0.014091629534959793,
-0.05670413002371788,
-0.0036095099058002234,
-0.029203878715634346,
-0.01198766939342022,
-0.03660151734948158,
0.09986473619937897,
0.045270808041095734,
-0.021075280383229256,
0.017288709059357643,
-... |
the ease or difficulty of measuring such a distance. 52. ( a ) what is the minimum width of a single slit ( in multiples of ) that will produce a first minimum for a wavelength? ( b ) what is its minimum width if it produces 50 minima? ( c ) 1000 minima? 53. ( a ) if a single slit produces a first minimum at, at what a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.04062453284859657,
0.02327893115580082,
0.0181244108825922,
0.015515134669840336,
-0.07192710041999817,
0.001059355097822845,
-0.014596899971365929,
-0.011415025219321251,
-0.05827823653817177,
0.11704797297716141,
0.05490414798259735,
0.00959860160946846,
0.004193105269223452,
-0.006291... |
27. 6 limits of resolution : the rayleigh criterion 57. the 300 - m - diameter arecibo radio telescope pictured in figure 27. 28 detects radio waves with a 4. 00 cm average wavelength. ( a ) what is the angle between two just - resolvable point sources for this telescope? ( b ) how close together could these point sour... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.027917372062802315,
0.006645445246249437,
0.04161260277032852,
-0.009664265438914299,
-0.04477933049201965,
0.047665074467659,
-0.06267105042934418,
0.024023929610848427,
-0.0029522113036364317,
0.07554151117801666,
0.05009499937295914,
-0.03761716187000275,
0.009870212525129318,
0.04135... |
beam's maximum and its first zero )? ( b ) neglecting atmospheric effects, what is the size of the spot this beam would make on the moon, assuming a lunar distance of? 62. the limit to the eye β s acuity is actually related to diffraction by the pupil. ( a ) what is the angle between two just - resolvable points of lig... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.026391521096229553,
0.006144043058156967,
0.02561379037797451,
0.01688329689204693,
-0.0766143873333931,
0.021810926496982574,
-0.0072515858337283134,
0.004870451055467129,
-0.02507145330309868,
0.08127134293317795,
0.0688648447394371,
-0.006139352452009916,
-0.0071215019561350346,
-0.00... |
charon are separate bodies using an earth - based telescope. what are the reasons for this? 66. the headlights of a car are 1. 3 m apart. what is the maximum distance at which the eye can resolve these two headlights? take the pupil diameter to be 0. 40 cm. 67. when dots are placed on a page from a laser printer, they ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.03214455395936966,
-0.00009756180952535942,
0.054169271141290665,
-0.016662484034895897,
-0.06077297031879425,
0.06599217653274536,
-0.02877514809370041,
-0.020603768527507782,
0.005079358816146851,
0.06716319918632507,
0.04800033196806908,
0.004593708086758852,
0.004472366534173489,
-0.... |
27. 7 thin film interference 70. a soap bubble is 100 nm thick and illuminated by white light incident perpendicular to its surface. what wavelength and color of visible light is most constructively reflected, assuming the same index of refraction as water? 71. an oil slick on water is 120 nm thick and illuminated by w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.00813067052513361,
-0.013225379399955273,
0.04139646887779236,
0.002090537454932928,
-0.05626244470477104,
-0.0070889233611524105,
-0.01698938198387623,
-0.0408889576792717,
-0.022814635187387466,
0.10518743097782135,
0.02990764193236828,
-0.006795042660087347,
0.02639756165444851,
-0.0... |
wavelength, what is the thickest the bubble can be and appear dark at all visible wavelengths? assume the same index of refraction as water. ( b ) discuss the fragility of the film considering the thickness found. 27 β’ problems & exercises 1233 78. a film of oil on water will appear dark when it is very thin, because t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.008609163574874401,
-0.014741238206624985,
0.0324598103761673,
0.01696139946579933,
-0.04588876664638519,
-0.013548281043767929,
-0.018984660506248474,
-0.04597485810518265,
-0.026191720739006996,
0.12439882010221481,
0.0366210862994194,
-0.0074712419882416725,
0.00860629417002201,
-0.02... |
, which is between that of air and the surface of the plane. this, he reasons, should be much cheaper than designing stealth bombers. ( a ) what thickness should the coating be to inhibit the reflection of 4. 00 - cm wavelength radar? ( b ) what is unreasonable about this result? ( c ) which assumptions are unreasonabl... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.033863577991724014,
-0.003065042197704315,
0.00865982472896576,
0.009057091549038887,
-0.05054774507880211,
-0.005637803580611944,
-0.02105139195919037,
-0.01420077495276928,
-0.02003554254770279,
0.06021767854690552,
0.052926402539014816,
-0.006189911626279354,
0.03433486446738243,
-0.0... |
27. 8 polarization 84. what angle is needed between the direction of polarized light and the axis of a polarizing filter to cut its intensity in half? 85. the angle between the axes of two polarizing filters is. by how much does the second filter reduce the intensity of the light coming through the first? 86. if you ha... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.028428012505173683,
-0.0016194188501685858,
-0.00013599760131910443,
-0.06121860817074776,
-0.051528651267290115,
-0.02238968014717102,
-0.022249974310398102,
0.012795761227607727,
-0.01451464556157589,
0.10396039485931396,
0.007666653487831354,
-0.017839014530181885,
-0.01353120245039463,... |
crown glass completely polarized when reflected from water, as in a fish tank? 95. light reflected at from a window is completely polarized. what is the window β s index of refraction and the likely substance of which it is made? 96. ( a ) light reflected at from a gemstone in a ring is completely polarized. can the ge... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0018007574835792184,
-0.021741816774010658,
0.007365862838923931,
-0.04769951477646828,
-0.04097529500722885,
-0.03509458899497986,
0.010241526179015636,
-0.010875144973397255,
-0.009450242854654789,
0.08013627678155899,
0.029924137517809868,
-0.01242344081401825,
0.010852744802832603,
... |
lines are etched covering a space of 10. 00 mm. the light is directed directly at the grating. ( a ) what is the angle the light beam diffracts for first order diffraction? ( b ) what is the angle the light beam diffracts for second order diffraction? ( c ) the laser is changed out. the first order angle of diffraction... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.008434612303972244,
-0.018129359930753708,
-0.014306833036243916,
0.002253736602142453,
-0.06330770999193192,
-0.009809250012040138,
-0.025648724287748337,
-0.030551420524716377,
-0.026034658774733543,
0.10238832235336304,
0.012188945896923542,
-0.005678966175764799,
0.013332550413906574,... |
28. 6 relativistic energy have you ever looked up at the night sky and dreamed of traveling to other planets in faraway star systems? would there be other life forms? what would other worlds look like? you might imagine that such an amazing trip would be possible if we could just travel fast enough, but you will read i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.005674377549439669,
0.04598693549633026,
-0.003607462625950575,
0.0007200008258223534,
0.006629606243222952,
0.017171358689665794,
-0.012055030092597008,
-0.00976995937526226,
0.016819555312395096,
0.06974806636571884,
-0.014482992701232433,
-0.014779111370444298,
0.016679173335433006,
-... |
s shape to sufficient precisions to enable the existence of gps. in these calculations, she accounted for the impacts of relativity and other complex principles related to it. relativity. the word relativity might conjure an image of einstein, but the idea did not begin with him. people have been exploring relativity f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0002817623026203364,
0.0025365997571498156,
-0.013411952182650566,
-0.008674710988998413,
0.017403647303581238,
0.024598198011517525,
-0.029661115258932114,
-0.004219618625938892,
0.029219867661595345,
0.01541175413876772,
0.02381218411028385,
-0.027960464358329773,
0.02868518978357315,
... |
28. 1 einstein β s postulates learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ state and explain both of einstein β s postulates. β’ explain what an inertial frame of reference is. β’ describe one way the speed of light can be changed. 1238 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.022548792883753777,
0.014494255185127258,
0.043408170342445374,
-0.030325084924697876,
-0.03257042542099953,
0.007226681802421808,
-0.014356734231114388,
-0.007059198804199696,
0.02525719627737999,
0.06340723484754562,
0.03544403985142708,
-0.013718437403440475,
0.013223891146481037,
-0.... |
that are not accelerated and are not rotating. newton β s first law, the law of inertia, holds exactly in such a frame. the laws of physics seem to be simplest in inertial frames. for example, when you are in a plane flying at a constant altitude and speed, physics seems to work exactly the same as if you were standing... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.010865013115108013,
0.024851825088262558,
0.014096187427639961,
-0.01756487786769867,
-0.003097658511251211,
-0.011479787528514862,
-0.0023686045315116644,
-0.02684425562620163,
0.02152601256966591,
0.053477901965379715,
0.03988834097981453,
0.01208082027733326,
0.039966799318790436,
-0... |
28. 1 β’ einstein β s postulates 1239 einstein β s second postulate the second postulate upon which einstein based his theory of special relativity deals with the speed of light. late in the 19th century, the major tenets of classical physics were well established. two of the most important were the laws of electricity ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004731203895062208,
0.00496020307764411,
0.03544649854302406,
0.011053944937884808,
-0.043842364102602005,
0.00714154215529561,
-0.01164044626057148,
0.012394089251756668,
0.004111175891011953,
0.08037593960762024,
0.01052325963973999,
-0.02545361965894699,
0.02553553320467472,
-0.034165... |
series of direct measurements of the speed of light. the results of their measurements were startling. the eventual conclusion derived from this result is that light, unlike mechanical waves such as sound, does not need a medium to carry it. furthermore, the michelson - morley results implied that the speed of light is... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.012167094275355339,
0.02905389294028282,
-0.004984860774129629,
-0.014680415391921997,
-0.06834710389375687,
0.016397764906287193,
-0.027823615819215775,
0.012276572175323963,
0.023045115172863007,
0.07819029688835144,
0.0076185367070138454,
-0.006534782703965902,
0.01442541740834713,
-... |
check your understanding explain how special relativity differs from general relativity. solution special relativity applies only to unaccelerated motion, but general relativity applies to accelerated motion. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0014553569490090013,
0.028849858790636063,
-0.0030410774052143097,
0.0201595239341259,
-0.019712258130311966,
0.006892107892781496,
-0.03321516513824463,
-0.002248282078653574,
-0.02183053269982338,
0.06524709612131119,
-0.017417630180716515,
0.01864432357251644,
0.030470332130789757,
-... |
28. 2 simultaneity and time dilation learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ describe simultaneity. β’ describe time dilation. β’ calculate Ξ³. β’ compare proper time and the observer β s measured time. β’ explain why the twin paradox is a false paradox. figure 28. 4 elapsed time for a foot r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.021072370931506157,
0.02280251309275627,
0.0016896179877221584,
-0.02987857721745968,
-0.013772787526249886,
-0.003308328799903393,
-0.047505054622888565,
-0.02654958702623844,
-0.006084315478801727,
0.09080883860588074,
-0.0007921822834759951,
-0.01680287905037403,
-0.012910117395222187,
... |
the light is emitted. observer b measures the time interval between the arrival of the light flashes. according to postulate 2, the speed of light is not affected by the motion of the lamps relative to b. therefore, light travels equal distances to him at equal speeds. thus observer b measures the flashes to be simulta... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.005292118061333895,
0.014086938463151455,
0.012913109734654427,
-0.04050927609205246,
-0.03767547011375427,
-0.030851421877741814,
-0.05730783939361572,
0.030743610113859177,
0.034008659422397614,
0.10801353305578232,
-0.016651934012770653,
-0.015714531764388084,
0.01232686173170805,
-0... |
28. 2 β’ simultaneity and time dilation 1241 figure 28. 5 observer b measures the elapsed time between the arrival of light flashes as described in the text. observer a moves with the lamps on a rail car. observer b views the light flashes occurring simultaneously. observer b views the light on the right reaching observ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.006554417312145233,
0.008445147424936295,
0.00243572611361742,
-0.0020500340033322573,
-0.025880150496959686,
-0.031647585332393646,
-0.04020892083644867,
-0.016485663130879402,
-0.016698533669114113,
0.10547377914190292,
-0.005405803211033344,
-0.018004752695560455,
0.002986396197229624,
... |
##sed time measured for the same event by a person on the earth? asking this question ( another thought experiment ) produces a profound result. we find that the elapsed time for a process depends on who is measuring it. in this case, the time measured by the astronaut is smaller than the time measured by the earth - b... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.021439185366034508,
0.020262334495782852,
-0.016128944233059883,
0.0007508918060921133,
-0.020289570093154907,
0.01505643967539072,
-0.042556509375572205,
-0.007245327346026897,
-0.022234247997403145,
0.08203977346420288,
-0.012129350565373898,
-0.007774379104375839,
0.007983295246958733,
... |
light, the astronaut measures proper time. the time measured by the earth - bound observer is to find the relationship between and, consider the triangles formed by and. ( see figure 28. 6 ( c ). ) the third side of these similar triangles is, the distance the astronaut moves as the light goes across her ship. in the f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.03304566070437431,
0.02660255692899227,
0.004709215369075537,
-0.0013958823401480913,
-0.01800714246928692,
0.025887075811624527,
-0.017053654417395592,
-0.005871360190212727,
-0.008114097639918327,
0.04248709976673126,
0.014127874746918678,
-0.0037531040143221617,
-0.016831770539283752,
... |
28. 2 β’ simultaneity and time dilation 1243 substituting into the expression for the time interval gives we square this equation, which yields note that if we square the first expression we had for, we get. this term appears in the preceding equation, giving us a means to relate the two time intervals. thus, gathering ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0219121016561985,
0.030346987769007683,
0.011833949945867062,
0.0025268900208175182,
-0.02222665213048458,
0.01406081486493349,
-0.030943749472498894,
-0.01017221063375473,
-0.0001070745856850408,
0.07738145440816879,
0.024844450876116753,
-0.004666398745030165,
-0.00715020252391696,
-0.... |
28. 11 1244 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org there is considerable experimental evidence that the equation is correct. one example is found in cosmic ray particles that continuously rain down on the earth from deep space. some collisions of these particles with nuclei in the upper atmosphere res... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02510428987443447,
0.01743636094033718,
-0.004575429949909449,
-0.02139374427497387,
-0.020776933059096336,
0.008633308112621307,
0.0028047822415828705,
-0.0028217185754328966,
0.008788528852164745,
0.06000487878918648,
0.03808964788913727,
0.026406532153487206,
0.03172404691576958,
-0.0... |
bound observer measures as given by the equation. since we know the velocity, the calculation is straightforward. solution 1 ) identify the knowns., 2 ) identify the unknown. 3 ) choose the appropriate equation. use, where 28. 12 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004510753322392702,
0.04078449308872223,
-0.03213127702474594,
0.0027784474659711123,
-0.019662639126181602,
-0.006275427993386984,
-0.013336524367332458,
0.028940506279468536,
0.010441587306559086,
0.04170830175280571,
0.028599373996257782,
0.005486178677529097,
-0.0009378600516356528,
... |
28. 2 β’ simultaneity and time dilation 1245 4 ) plug the knowns into the equation. first find. use the calculated value of to determine. discussion one implication of this example is that since at of the speed of light ( ), the relativistic effects are significant. the two time intervals differ by this factor of 3. 20,... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.008512500673532486,
0.027645369991660118,
-0.013803358189761639,
0.000056753102398943156,
-0.03669450432062149,
0.0012176156742498279,
-0.04377374425530434,
-0.018947618082165718,
-0.021891525015234947,
0.07594307512044907,
-0.015070713125169277,
-0.01578192226588726,
-0.007895798422396183... |
different to the astronaut. because motion is relative, the spaceship would seem to be 28. 13 28. 14 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.026500122621655464,
0.02975643239915371,
-0.014678966253995895,
-0.006630344316363335,
0.0028949035331606865,
0.020859915763139725,
-0.01326255314052105,
0.013677166774868965,
0.0025723620783537626,
0.04318277910351753,
0.015182295814156532,
-0.027493787929415703,
0.0003791952913161367,
... |
28. 15 real - world connections it may seem that special relativity has little effect on your life, but it is probably more important than you realize. one of the most common effects is through the global positioning system ( gps ). emergency vehicles, package delivery services, electronic maps, and communications devi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.021106049418449402,
0.051841650158166885,
-0.025048932060599327,
0.01795770600438118,
-0.021744009107351303,
0.01905057765543461,
-0.03691216558218002,
-0.016468895599246025,
-0.015289371833205223,
0.06522476673126221,
0.005111487582325935,
-0.002301350701600313,
0.030364463105797768,
-0... |
that the astronaut will observe the same effects as her earth - bound twin. if you use special relativity to examine the twin paradox, you must keep in mind that the theory is expressly based on inertial frames, which by definition are not accelerated or rotating. einstein developed general relativity to deal with acce... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.03259751573204994,
0.0392039492726326,
0.006802759598940611,
-0.011574449017643929,
-0.03457111865282059,
0.0305287167429924,
-0.047728028148412704,
0.003023772034794092,
-0.02169778011739254,
0.02646152675151825,
-0.0011755182640627027,
-0.019148239865899086,
0.026148397475481033,
-0.03... |
28. 3 length contraction learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ describe proper length. β’ calculate length contraction. β’ explain why we don β t notice these effects at everyday scales. figure 28. 9 people might describe distances differently, but at relativistic speeds, the distances r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.024380268529057503,
0.018480395898222923,
-0.0057312618009746075,
-0.015997475013136864,
-0.022609882056713104,
0.0200596172362566,
-0.012818410992622375,
-0.010563576593995094,
-0.008754923939704895,
0.07885228097438812,
0.05367886275053024,
0.0052672806195914745,
0.006076367571949959,
... |
length, because the points at which the muon is produced and decays are stationary relative to the earth. to the muon, the earth, air, and clouds are moving, and so the distance it sees is not the proper length. 28. 16 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.031104540452361107,
-0.01234323251992464,
-0.004551374819129705,
-0.009332881309092045,
-0.03334151580929756,
0.016377385705709457,
0.012708116322755814,
-0.0015023843152448535,
-0.015578527003526688,
0.07225914299488068,
0.05170264095067978,
0.039646025747060776,
0.02750162035226822,
-0... |
28. 17 proper length proper length is the distance between two points measured by an observer who is at rest relative to both of the points. 1248 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org figure 28. 10 ( a ) the earth - bound observer sees the muon travel 2. 01 km between clouds. ( b ) the muon sees itse... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.029849955812096596,
0.006707574240863323,
0.005961014423519373,
0.004552594386041164,
-0.01807456463575363,
0.02075802907347679,
0.01244593970477581,
-0.010813534259796143,
-0.01256799977272749,
0.05512524023652077,
0.057295557111501694,
0.01448695920407772,
-0.007884250022470951,
-0.039... |
28. 20 28. 21 length contraction length contraction is the shortening of the measured length of an object moving relative to the observer β s frame. 28. 22 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.007439706940203905,
-0.025767521932721138,
-0.006581986788660288,
0.017137782648205757,
0.0020620040595531464,
0.011507953517138958,
0.02798820659518242,
-0.025516856461763382,
0.022856153547763824,
0.05671476945281029,
0.061058059334754944,
-0.009944366291165352,
-0.02963690459728241,
-... |
28. 3 β’ length contraction 1249 ( a ) she travels from the earth to the nearest star system, alpha centauri, 4. 300 light years ( ly ) away as measured by an earth - bound observer. how far apart are the earth and alpha centauri as measured by the astronaut? ( b ) in terms of, what is her velocity relative to the earth... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0347701720893383,
0.036533500999212265,
-0.0022057155147194862,
0.005220090504735708,
-0.03312814235687256,
0.040908634662628174,
-0.023189451545476913,
-0.0006082257023081183,
-0.012112844735383987,
0.051844146102666855,
0.03845317289233208,
0.009929291903972626,
-0.03762226179242134,
-... |
unknown. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0014374515740200877,
-0.01630520261824131,
-0.036553990095853806,
0.011992765590548515,
-0.05122750997543335,
-0.030822746455669403,
0.0060888780280947685,
0.03422001376748085,
0.027901215478777885,
0.019061096012592316,
0.06941506266593933,
-0.011820326559245586,
-0.036559805274009705,
... |
28. 23 1250 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org squaring both sides of the equation and rearranging terms gives so that and taking the square root, we find which is rearranged to produce a value for the velocity discussion first, remember that you should not round off calculations until the final r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0053206696175038815,
0.04541909322142601,
0.00641271285712719,
0.049049198627471924,
-0.026457425206899643,
0.013329342938959599,
-0.01147085428237915,
0.006602968089282513,
-0.025752199813723564,
0.06700344383716583,
0.035680029541254044,
0.006100654602050781,
0.016778940334916115,
-0.... |
figure 28. 12. ) as the electron passes a detector, such as a coil of wire, its field interacts much more briefly, an effect observed at particle accelerators such as the 3 km long stanford linear accelerator ( slac ). in fact, to an electron traveling down the beam pipe at slac, the accelerator and the earth are all m... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0059432461857795715,
0.010756067000329494,
0.009868519380688667,
0.005322458688169718,
-0.030141500756144524,
0.025907395407557487,
-0.007760093547403812,
-0.01695389300584793,
-0.016767287626862526,
0.08016417175531387,
0.058693572878837585,
0.023739973083138466,
0.01682429015636444,
-0... |
28. 4 relativistic addition of velocities learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ calculate relativistic velocity addition. β’ explain when relativistic velocity addition should be used instead of classical addition of velocities. β’ calculate relativistic doppler shift. figure 28. 13 the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004861112218350172,
0.04391225799918175,
-0.014386465772986412,
0.0003183512599207461,
0.012379278428852558,
0.028743481263518333,
-0.011899027973413467,
-0.004430545959621668,
-0.0054137129336595535,
0.0848737508058548,
0.0002709771797526628,
0.005885621532797813,
-0.00006845359166618437,... |
- | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.007537226192653179,
-0.009302297607064247,
-0.014098653569817543,
-0.002984741935506463,
-0.006729819346219301,
0.0009516754071228206,
-0.04177866503596306,
0.04630418121814728,
0.02417304925620556,
0.022236116230487823,
0.059459079056978226,
-0.010271351784467697,
0.014745782129466534,
... |
28. 30 1252 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org bound observer, and the velocity of the snowball relative to the sled. figure 28. 14 classically, velocities add like ordinary numbers in one - dimensional motion. here the girl throws a snowball forward and then backward from a sled. the velocity of ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.016313461586833,
0.021989921107888222,
-0.014775378629565239,
-0.01390113029628992,
-0.007263847626745701,
0.022322868928313255,
-0.016360009089112282,
0.017961539328098297,
-0.03718617558479309,
0.0884883925318718,
0.0030838660895824432,
0.032202742993831635,
0.013328204862773418,
-0.0... |
28. 4 β’ relativistic addition of velocities 1253 figure 28. 15 according to experiment and the second postulate of relativity, light from the car β s headlights moves away from the car at speed and towards the observer on the sidewalk at speed. classical velocity addition is not valid. example 28. 3 showing that the sp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.004617778584361076,
0.030005550011992455,
0.010194643400609493,
-0.019094912335276604,
-0.028607387095689774,
-0.007008243817836046,
-0.014304685406386852,
0.005489174742251635,
-0.008827561512589455,
0.09352532774209976,
0.0005470663891173899,
0.004372363910079002,
-0.01651807874441147,
... |
28. 32 1254 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org figure 28. 16 strategy because the light and the spaceship are moving at relativistic speeds, we cannot use simple velocity addition. instead, we can determine the speed at which the light approaches the earth using relativistic velocity addition. sol... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.012006159871816635,
0.054040130227804184,
-0.020669223740696907,
-0.03022640384733677,
-0.02856036089360714,
0.0058205765672028065,
-0.03908170759677887,
0.02745639532804489,
-0.008099873550236225,
0.07540326565504074,
-0.0016106792027130723,
0.006891160737723112,
-0.006050888914614916,
... |
28. 4 β’ relativistic addition of velocities 1255 figure 28. 17 strategy because the canister and the spaceship are moving at relativistic speeds, we must determine the speed of the canister by an earth - bound observer using relativistic velocity addition instead of simple velocity addition. solution for ( a ) 1. ident... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.020439932122826576,
0.04952453449368477,
-0.012113782577216625,
-0.005558735225349665,
-0.009720641188323498,
0.013682628981769085,
-0.0021869982592761517,
0.014574715867638588,
-0.015498538501560688,
0.06501752138137817,
0.01746308244764805,
0.009537667967379093,
-0.00814954936504364,
-... |
28. 35 1256 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org doppler shift although the speed of light does not change with relative velocity, the frequencies and wavelengths of light do. first discussed for sound waves, a doppler shift occurs in any wave when there is relative motion between source and observe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.002019451931118965,
0.0579296238720417,
-0.029332498088479042,
0.006060553248971701,
-0.019791562110185623,
-0.0023513499181717634,
-0.05028599500656128,
0.014083686284720898,
-0.004774465225636959,
0.09615053981542587,
0.027108127251267433,
-0.019879529252648354,
0.01942586898803711,
-... |
objects. to have a career in astronomy, you need at least an undergraduate degree in either physics or astronomy, but a master β s or doctoral degree is often required. you also need a good background in high - level mathematics. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.017341982573270798,
0.026095852255821228,
0.00689681014046073,
-0.08689029514789581,
0.016216976568102837,
0.017504466697573662,
-0.027452923357486725,
-0.004763089586049318,
0.01717272959649563,
0.032188184559345245,
-0.0011557432590052485,
0.007644606288522482,
0.0207439623773098,
-0.0... |
28. 4 β’ relativistic addition of velocities 1257 discussion because the galaxy is moving away from the earth, we expect the wavelengths of radiation it emits to be redshifted. the wavelength we calculated is 1. 70 m, which is redshifted from the original wavelength of 0. 525 m. the relativistic doppler shift is easy to... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015550129115581512,
0.06612512469291687,
-0.006027092691510916,
0.021684469655156136,
-0.05282141640782356,
0.004919648170471191,
-0.038806457072496414,
0.00966955628246069,
-0.012985561974346638,
0.10237409919500351,
0.0391448475420475,
-0.025544652715325356,
0.00029815195011906326,
-0.... |
28. 5 relativistic momentum learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ calculate relativistic momentum. β’ explain why the only mass it makes sense to talk about is rest mass. figure 28. 18 momentum is an important concept for these football players from the university of california at berke... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0023402515798807144,
0.03704719617962837,
-0.004581531044095755,
-0.007132474333047867,
-0.0025253044441342354,
0.009991868399083614,
0.014399711042642593,
-0.03970107436180115,
-0.024880193173885345,
0.04617558792233467,
-0.004071378149092197,
0.00996874924749136,
0.04021919518709183,
-... |
28. 39 1258 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org the first postulate of relativity states that the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames. does the law of conservation of momentum survive this requirement at high velocities? the answer is yes, provided that the momentum is defined as fo... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.006272145546972752,
0.020383378490805626,
0.014744515530765057,
0.004413386806845665,
-0.00636144308373332,
0.00003168190596625209,
0.003968548960983753,
-0.019130848348140717,
0.0038649332709610462,
0.05811505392193794,
-0.021031871438026428,
0.028450239449739456,
0.010843973606824875,
... |
is the rest mass of the object, is its velocity relative to an observer, and the relativistic factor 28. 40 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.011472807265818119,
0.002073697280138731,
0.0006032513338141143,
0.005565857049077749,
-0.027631768956780434,
0.005556031130254269,
-0.010979266837239265,
0.001984518487006426,
0.016720669344067574,
0.025568678975105286,
0.009647872298955917,
-0.012913655489683151,
-0.009332045912742615,
... |
28. 41 misconception alert : relativistic mass and momentum the relativistically correct definition of momentum as is sometimes taken to imply that mass varies with velocity :, particularly in older textbooks. however, note that is the mass of the object as measured by a person at rest relative to the object. thus, is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.009213270619511604,
0.01618797704577446,
0.003463541157543659,
0.006049640942364931,
-0.0005504841101355851,
0.00020083555136807263,
0.004471159540116787,
-0.014703282155096531,
-0.004224851727485657,
0.024945126846432686,
0.010132807306945324,
0.008742177858948708,
0.004594703204929829,
... |
28. 6 relativistic energy learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : β’ compute total energy of a relativistic object. β’ compute the kinetic energy of a relativistic object. β’ describe rest energy, and explain how it can be converted to other forms. β’ explain why massive particles cannot reach... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.00235779513604939,
0.013567233458161354,
-0.0003705004055518657,
0.020730162039399147,
-0.020913204178214073,
-0.015832452103495598,
0.0008301815250888467,
-0.041525065898895264,
-0.011966243386268616,
0.0530284158885479,
-0.005830260459333658,
0.02207477018237114,
0.04514848813414574,
... |
, if we define energy to include a relativistic factor. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.01661684736609459,
0.035803165286779404,
-0.0017528013559058309,
0.027645230293273926,
-0.05465928837656975,
0.009565234184265137,
0.007385337725281715,
-0.020680703222751617,
-0.01676793396472931,
0.021417705342173576,
-0.006475517060607672,
-0.007448088377714157,
0.035326480865478516,
... |
28. 42 total energy total energy is defined to be 1260 28 β’ special relativity access for free at openstax. org this is the correct form of einstein β s most famous equation, which for the first time showed that energy is related to the mass of an object at rest. for example, if energy is stored in the object, its rest... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.001403637113980949,
0.027193406596779823,
0.03914227709174156,
0.039364349097013474,
-0.06275314092636108,
-0.0038691703230142593,
0.012023195624351501,
-0.02285832166671753,
0.01117259357124567,
0.030825404450297356,
0.0137559799477458,
0.016240838915109634,
-0.009620435535907745,
-0.03... |
then huge amounts of energy can be obtained from the destruction of mass. where is mass, is the speed of light,, and is the velocity of the mass relative to an observer. there are many aspects of the total energy that we will discuss β among them are how kinetic and potential energies are included in, and how is relate... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.024223405867815018,
0.028989912942051888,
0.021828779950737953,
0.021927936002612114,
-0.05641840770840645,
-0.010204996913671494,
-0.01933162845671177,
0.013986721634864807,
-0.014738347381353378,
0.044518787413835526,
-0.012014176696538925,
0.01958129182457924,
0.008195396512746811,
-... |
28. 6 β’ relativistic energy 1261 today, the practical applications of the conversion of mass into another form of energy, such as in nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants, are well known. but examples also existed when einstein first proposed the correct form of relativistic energy, and he did describe some of them.... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0038052082527428865,
0.006943737622350454,
0.0567462183535099,
0.0289970301091671,
-0.05595002323389053,
0.003997513558715582,
-0.03287266939878464,
-0.017832310870289803,
-0.028258882462978363,
0.036459166556596756,
0.01657337136566639,
-0.006078549660742283,
0.024864302948117256,
-0.0... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.