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12. 2 • intellectual property 465 expanding the definition of what qualifies as a trademark. importantly, the cptpp also establishes a system for registration and protection of geographic marks, which are trademarks that include a geographic location. finally, the agreement establishes a strong legal framework for enfo... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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list that she has curated over the years? customer lists are not original works or designs that you created, but they still meet the criteria to be protected by ip laws. explain how this can happen. • how should priya protect the words she wants to use to name and market the product, ideal is? why? remember that the wo... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 3 ethics of artificial intelligence development and machine learning learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the purpose of ethical governance and regulations for developing and using ai and machine learning products • discuss the impact machines using ai have on fairness, b... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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phishing or identity theft. responsibility should be allocated across the ai value chain, from initial data collection and algorithm design to ongoing monitoring and maintenance. legal regulations and industry standards help clarify where liability lies if harm does occur. for high - risk applications like self - drivi... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##ing algorithms for issues like bias or inaccuracies. guidelines and frameworks have been introduced to provide standards for developing and managing autonomous systems. examples are the ieee global initiative for ethical considerations in ai and autonomous systems and the eu ’ s european commission's standards presen... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 3 • ethics of artificial intelligence development and machine learning 467 unwise decisions or purchases. chatbots can also be biased, which may negatively impact how they interact with humans. to help ensure that chatbots are used ethically, chatbots should identify themselves up front as ai, and not pretend to be... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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ethics. the exponential growth of ai workloads has significant environmental impacts from energy consumption to electronic waste. approaches like energy - efficient model design, low - emission chipsets, and carbon offsetting help mitigate this. 23 artificial intelligence can also be explicitly leveraged for sustainabi... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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. jmlr. org / papers / volume21 / 20 - 312 / 20 - 312. pdf 24 victoria masterson, “ 9 ways ai is helping tackle climate change, ” world economic forum, february 12, 2024, www. weforum. org / stories / 2024 / 02 / ai - combat - climate - change / 468 12 • ethics, sustainability, and social issues in information systems ... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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transparency in how ai systems operate and make decisions is closely related. “ black box ” models like neural networks can render decision logic opaque. however, documentation, logging, monitoring, and auditing capabilities can shed light on system functionality. user interfaces should clearly indicate when users inte... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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ai systems should have clearly defined constraints aligned with ethics and legal compliance. ongoing human evaluation, even if not real - time oversight, is necessary for responsibly developing and deploying ai. 25 anoop krishnan and ajita rattani, “ a novel approach for bias mitigation of gender classification algorit... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 3 • ethics of artificial intelligence development and machine learning 469 advancing ai transparency, explainability, and oversight raises technical challenges. practices such as counterfactual testing and adversarial attacks can uncover limitations and biases of the ai models being used. but these practices requir... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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impacts and advocates for policies that align innovations with human values. ai ethicists are concerned with the various ethical facets of ai development and product implementation, including ethical guidance and standards. they review ai policies and procedures to ensure compliance with ethical requirements. they also... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 4 ethics in health informatics learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the ethical use, governance, and regulation of artificial intelligence and machine learning in health care • identify concepts in data ownership and control of health data • describe the importance of pri... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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used in medical tests to diagnose diseases more accurately and more quickly, helping patients receive earlier treatment that could save lives. artificial intelligence can also be used in datasets that support drug research and development, helping scientists better understand the genetic and biological disparities that... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 4 • ethics in health informatics 471 patient privacy, which provides an individual with freedom from unauthorized access and use of one ’ s personal health information. robust de - identification to remove any personal information included in data, access controls, encryption, and compliance procedures can secure p... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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regulations addressing risks like breached data privacy or biased algorithms in medical devices. international coordination can help harmonize legal standards across global markets. meanwhile, industry collaboration can establish operational best practices and technical standards exceeding legal minimums. this multitie... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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. 2021. 100347 472 12 • ethics, sustainability, and social issues in information systems access for free at openstax. org enable these health - care practitioners to be leaders as health - care facilities implement and use technology, including ai. implementing ai in health care requires a holistic approach that balanc... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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limits benefits to the larger world. alternative models like dynamic permission, where patients can modify access in centralized databases, help balance individual control with broader societal good. in any case, consent and permission require ongoing refinement to truly empower patients. alongside consent, robust data... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 4 • ethics in health informatics 473 privacy and confidentiality of sensitive health information safeguarding the privacy and confidentiality of patient health data is both an ethical obligation and a practical necessity for quality health care. as medical records become digital, ensuring information security and r... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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, control, and privacy at their core. requirements like interoperability, the ability of computer systems and software to exchange and make use of information through standardized formats and communication protocols, strengthens autonomy for individuals. new approaches may be needed for ethically harnessing health data... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 4 • ethics in health informatics 475 key terms adversarial debiasing process to ensure ai is not biased by training examples comprehensive and progressive agreement for trans - pacific partnership ( cptpp ) trade agreement setting intellectual property rights standards for member nations copyright law legal protect... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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loop system system that involves human contributions and feedback when interacting with ai intellectual property law area of law concerned with ideas, including technological concepts ; it covers trademarks, trade secrets, patents, and copyrights interoperability ability of computer systems and software to exchange and... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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a system results from these interactions trade dress unique visual appearance of a product or its packaging trade secret law business information that derives value from being kept confidential, is subject to reasonable efforts to maintain secrecy, and gives a competitive advantage trademark law word, phrase, symbol, d... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 1 ethics, sustainability, and use of information systems • three main normative theories provide frameworks for assessing the ethics of actions : utilitarianism, which focuses on consequences of actions ; deontology, which evaluates the action itself ; and virtue ethics, which concentrates on the character of the a... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 2 intellectual property • the united states recognizes four forms of ip, and each is protected by its own law : copyrights, patents, trade secrets, and trademarks. these forms of ip law provide legal protections for a period of time to incentivize the creation of new information. • each form of ip has different req... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 3 ethics of artificial intelligence development and machine learning • responsible ai development includes ethical governance that addresses considerations such as transparency, accountability, bias prevention, human control, and oversight. regulations and industry standards ensure that technology is aligned with h... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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12. 4 ethics in health informatics • the use of ai and automation in health care requires thoughtful governance that addresses accountability, privacy, security, bias prevention, and human oversight to ensure responsible innovation. regulations and policies must balance emerging technologies with patient rights. • upho... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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patent c. trademark d. trade secret 6. what does the world intellectual property organization ( wipo ) primarily do? a. protects individual copyrights globally b. prosecutes international patent infringements c. promotes the protection of ip rights worldwide d. assigns internet domain names 7. in the context of ip law,... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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identification 16. who should remain ultimately responsible for high - risk clinical decisions informed by artificial intelligence? a. the ai system b. government regulators c. hospital administrators d. human health - care providers 17. what practice helps ensure underserved communities can access health technologies?... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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: / / openstax. org / r / 109aifactsheet ) on its practices. how could supplier declaration of conformity fact sheets help promote ethical ai governance? what limitations might exist? 5. how would you want health - care technologies like artificial intelligence or big data analytics to be used in your own medical care?... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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c chapter 9 review questions 1. a 3. c 5. a 7. a 9. a chapter 10 review questions 1. a 3. b 5. d 7. b 9. a 11. d chapter 11 review questions 1. b 3. c 5. d 7. c 9. a 11. b 13. c 15. b chapter 12 review questions 1. c 3. d 5. c 7. d 9. c 11. d 13. d 15. d 17. d 485 486 access for free at openstax. org index a a / b test... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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##m ) 67 business process outsourcing ( bpo ) 395 business process reengineering ( bpr ) 65 business requirements document ( brd ) 132 c california consumer privacy act ( ccpa ) 182, 220 call to action 324 capital expenditure 267 career opportunities 361 causation 297 cause - and - effect analysis 357 certification bod... | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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11 work breakdown structure ( wbs ) 350 world intellectual property organization ( wipo ) 465 world wide web 13 worm 175 z zachman framework 23 zero trust 173 492 index access for free at openstax. org index 493 | openstax_foundations_of_information_systems_-_web_onlbgyl | [
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introduction to computer science senior contributing author dr. jean - claude franchitti, nyu courant institute openstax rice university 6100 main street ms - 375 houston, texas 77005 to learn more about openstax, visit https : / / openstax. org. individual print copies and bulk orders can be purchased through our webs... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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rice university name, and rice university logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of rice university. kendall hunt and the kendall hunt logo are trademarks of kendall hunt. the kendall hunt mark is registered in the united states, canada, and the europ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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inc. the william and flora hewlett foundation the hewlett - packard company intel inc. rusty and john jaggers the calvin k. kazanjian economics foundation charles koch foundation leon lowenstein foundation, inc. the maxfield foundation burt and deedee mcmurtry michelson 20mm foundation national science foundation the o... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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4. 2 building c programs 158 4. 3 parallel programming models 175 4. 4 applications of programming models 181 chapter review 184 hardware realizations of algorithms : computer systems design 195 5 introduction 195 5. 1 computer systems organization 196 5. 2 computer levels of abstraction 200 5. 3 machine - level inform... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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applications architectures 566 11. 2 sample responsive wad with bootstrap and django 584 11. 3 sample responsive wad with bootstrap / react and node 610 11. 4 sample responsive wad with bootstrap / react and django 625 11. 5 sample native wad with react native and node or django 630 11. 6 sample ethereum blockchain web... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 3 governing the use of cyber resources 899 chapter review 906 appendix a : network design application of algorithms 917 a index 923 access for free at openstax. org preface about openstax openstax is part of rice university, which is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit charitable corporation. as an educational initiative, ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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sometimes occur. in addition, the wide range of evidence, standards, practices, data, and legal circumstances in computer science change frequently, and portions of the text may become out of date. since our books are web - based, we can make updates periodically when deemed pedagogically necessary. if you have a corre... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, problem - solving exercises, and project - based assessments that encourage students to apply what they learn in authentic contexts. features such as embedded coding exercises, industry insights, and explorations of emerging technology trends provide a holistic approach to learning that extends beyond theory. with a ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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for future roles in software development and engineering. • part 4 : building modern end - to - end solutions to business and social problems students apply their knowledge to design and build web and cloud - native applications. this part includes examples of modern web architectures, responsive design techniques, and... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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various industries. the purpose is to inspire students — particularly non - majors — by showing them the value of computer science in solving everyday challenges and to foster a greater appreciation for the discipline. • global issues in technology features help students think globally about the societal impact of tech... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to develop judgment skills that are crucial in business and technology environments. overall, these features are integrated throughout the material to foster active learning, critical thinking, and an appreciation for the practical applications of computer science. by connecting theory to practice and encouraging stude... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a corresponding framework that are patented components of the archemy business evolution platform. he has developed partnerships with many companies at new york university to incubate new methodologies, transition research into business solutions, help recruit skilled graduates, and increase the companies ’ visibility.... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##r, clayton state university kiavash bahreini, florida international university tammie bolling, pellissippi state community college phillip bradford, uconn quiana bradshaw, campbellsville university christopher bunton, austin community college komal chhibber, south mountain community college chen - fu chiang, suny pol... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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resources require a verified instructor account, which you can apply for when you log in or create your account on openstax. org. take advantage of these resources to supplement your openstax book. instructor ’ s answer guide. each component of the instructor ’ s guide is designed to provide maximum guidance for delive... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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course meeting, or create a handout for students. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) at openstax we are also developing resources supporting authentic learning experiences and assessment. please visit this book ’ s page for updates. for an in - depth review of academic integ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 3 computer science and the future of society introduction this textbook will introduce you to the exciting and complex world of computer science. in this chapter, you ’ ll review the history of computer science, learn about its use in different fields, and explore how computer science will impact the future of socie... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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of computer science as a tool that can help them think, build meaningful solutions to complex problems, and motivate their careers in information technology ( it ). you ’ re already familiar with computer science. whenever you use a laptop, tablet, cell phone, credit card reader, and other technology, you interact with... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 1 computer science learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • discuss the history that led to the creation of computer science as a field • define computer science • assess what computer science can do, as well as what it should not do the field of computer science ( cs ) is the study of... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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values that cannot be computed with abaci. the concept of an algorithm was also invented around this time. algorithms use inputs and a finite number of steps to carry out arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and produce outputs used in computing. today ’ s computers still rely... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. scientists continued to explore different ways to speed up or automate calculations. in the 1820s, english mathematician charles babbage invented the difference engine with the goal of preventing human errors in manual calculations. the difference engine provided a means to automate the calculations of polynomial fun... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 1 • computer science 11 richard bellman was a significant contributor to this effort. a mathematics professor at princeton and later at stanford in the 1940s, bellman later went to work for the rand corporation, where he studied the theory of multistage decision processes. in 1953, bellman invented dynamic programmi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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more efficient at running certain kinds of programs. a computer optimized for calculating missile trajectories, for example, won ’ t be optimized for running social media apps. many computing innovations were initially developed for military research and communication purposes, including the predecessor to the internet... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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differences in hardware properties, it shares a fundamental and surprising similarity with modern computers. anything that can be computed on | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 1 • computer science 13 today ’ s computers can also be computed by the eniac given the right circumstances — just trillions of times more slowly. figure 1. 4 this image depicts women programmers holding boards used in computers such as the eniac, many of which were designed expressly for ballistics and ordinance gu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##ness is a foundational concept in theoretical computer science, which considers how computers in general — not just the eniac or today ’ s computers, but even tomorrow ’ s computers that we haven ’ t yet invented — can solve problems. this theoretical perspective expands computer science knowledge by contributing ide... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##et shaped the design of the internet, computer scientists are also learning that the physical aspects of computer hardware determine what can be efficiently computed. for example, many of today ’ s artificial intelligence technologies rely on highly specialized computer hardware that is fundamentally different at the... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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draw them, and physics by constructing their own understandings via reasoning through the physical motion of turtle programs by showing concepts of velocity, repeated commands to move forward the same amount ; acceleration, by making the turtle move forward in increasing amounts ; and even friction, by having the turtl... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 1 • computer science 15 software engineers, designed their computer science curricula to teach the concepts that early computer companies such as ibm desperately needed. these courses had an emphasis on efficiency, performance, and scalability, because a university computer science education was only intended to pro... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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in 1966 ” by nasa / wikimedia commons, public domain ) 16 1 • introduction to computer science access for free at openstax. org in one chapter of black software, charlton mcilwain shares stories from “ the vanguard ” of black men and women who made a mark on computer science in its early years from the 1950s through th... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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that benefited people like me? and the answer every day would be ‘ nothing. ’ ” 7 al - mansour would go on to start a new company, afrolink, finding purpose in creating software that centered on black and african history and culture. this story of computer technologies in service of african american communities is refl... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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benefiting from those tools. 5 j. dreyfuss, “ blacks in silicon valley, ” 2011. https : / / www. theroot. com / blacks - in - silicon - valley - 1790868140 6 ibmers, “ mark dean, ” n. d. https : / / www. ibm. com / history / mark - dean 7 c. d. mcilwain, ( 2019 ). black software : the internet and racial justice, from ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 1 • computer science 17 global issues in technology h - 1b visas address worker shortages according to the u. s. bureau of labor statistics ( bls ), by 2033, the number of jobs available for computer and information research scientists is expected to increase by 26 %. this is much faster job growth than the average ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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sensitive designs to meet their needs. in the 1990s, for instance, consumer access to the internet was primarily based on “ dial - up ” systems that ran on top of public telephone network systems. yet many parts of the world, even today, lack telephone coverage, let alone internet connectivity. research in computers fo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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tab - 6 9 u. s. citizenship and immigration services, “ h - 1b specialty occupations, ” 2024. https : / / www. uscis. gov / working - in - the - united - states / h - 1b - specialty - occupations 10 american immigration council, “ the h - 1b visa program and its impact on the u. s. economy, ” 2024. https : / / www. ame... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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delivering a product. what can we do to mitigate the risks and dangers of online shopping? addressing these risks is not as simple as practicing humility and including communities in the design process. many challenges in computing for global development are sociopolitical or technopolitical rather than purely technica... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 1 • computer science 19 in some cases, underdeveloped countries can quickly catch up without spending the money that was invested to develop the original technologies. for example, we can set up ad hoc networks quickly today and at a portion of the cost in middle eastern and african countries using technology that w... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 2 computer science across the disciplines learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • differentiate between discovery and invention • describe how science, mathematics, and engineering each play a role in computer science • discuss how data science, computational science, and information ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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occurred in october 2020 when public health england failed to report 15, 841 positive cases of covid - 19 in the united kingdom due to mismanaged row limits in the spreadsheet used. this shortcoming attests not only to the technical limit on the number of rows supported by spreadsheets, but also to the design limitatio... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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ml ) is a subset of artificial intelligence that relies on algorithms and data to make it possible for artificial intelligence to learn, actually mimicking the way humans learn. for example, ml is used to identify fraudulent versus legitimate banking transactions. once a computer learns how to distinguish fraudulent tr... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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play a key role in enabling numerical weather prediction ( figure 1. 7 ) or the use of mathematical models to forecast weather based on current conditions in order to assist peoples ’ everyday lives and contribute to our understanding of the climate models, climate changes, and climate catastrophes. these algorithms ma... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 2 • computer science across the disciplines 21 single system, so the work may need to be distributed across many computers. computational science studies methods for realizing these algorithms and computer software. figure 1. 7 meteorologists collect data from a variety of sources and use the data, algorithms, and c... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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emphasizes invention or engineering. however, computer science is today deeply interdisciplinary and involves methods from across science, mathematics, and engineering. computer scientists design, analyze, and evaluate computational structures, systems, and processes. • mathematics plays a key role in theoretical compu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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billions of nucleotides that form a dna sequence, data structures and algorithms to efficiently process and identify dna signatures, and the miniaturization of computer hardware so that this technology is accessible ( both in terms of price and physical size ) in more and more care centers. although information science... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 2 • computer science across the disciplines 23 figure 1. 8 while americans used to primarily get their news from newspapers, as technology has advanced their primary source of news media has shifted. as of 2020, 53 % of american adults surveyed stated they got their news from social media at least some of the time. ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the world in diverse capacities. definitions are about defining boundaries and excluding practices, which may be helpful for understanding the practices of a certain culture or group that is “ doing ” computer science, but it can never truly represent everyone and all the things that people are doing with computer scie... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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that strips away the complexities of the real world? what ideas or information are encoded in the data? and what are the limits of our approaches? ” computer science is a complex field, and its synergistic nature means that when computer science is used in an interdisciplinary manner that shapes other disciplines, its ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 3 • computer science and the future of society 25 as noted earlier, computer science is a powerful tool, and computer scientists have vast technological knowledge that continues transforming society. computer scientists have an obligation to be ethical and good stewards of technology with an emphasis on responsible ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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ai ) is the development of computer functions to perform tasks, such as visual perception and decision - making processes, that usually are performed by human intelligence. ai refers to a subfield of cs that is interested in solving problems that require the application of machine learning to human cognitive processes ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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cnn. com / tech / specials / y2k / 26 1 • introduction to computer science access for free at openstax. org recent approaches to ai for image recognition draw on a family of methods called neural networks instead of having programmers craft rules or instructions by hand to form an algorithm. in humans, the neural netwo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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modification of " neural network example " by wiso / wikipedia, public domain ; credit b : modification of work from psychology 2e. attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) the idea of neural networks, however, is not as new as it might seem. artificial neural networks were first im... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 3 • computer science and the future of society 27 development of foundational computer technologies not only creates opportunities for direct and indirect applications, but also supports the development of other computer technologies. just as we saw how technological fixes embodied a powerful belief about the relati... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##roducing existing patterns rather than imagining radically different futures. as much as neural networks are inspired by the human brain, it would be a stretch to suggest that ai systems have any semblance of general intelligence. though these systems might be quite effective at identifying lettuce plants from weed p... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##identify objects. the 28 1 • introduction to computer science access for free at openstax. org adversary can choose the color of the point in such a way as to almost entirely control the output of some neural networks : changing a single specific point in an image of a dog might cause the system to recognize the obje... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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just learning computer science ), connecting with each other, and enhancing the lives of people all around the world. yet, in each of these examples, we also raised concerns about how these technologies unfolded and affected people ’ s lives in both positive and negative ways. while we can rarely, if ever, paint any on... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 3 • computer science and the future of society 29 computer scientists are interested in studying questions around how technologies are designed to center social values. social scientists are not solely responsible for answering questions about technology, but computer scientists can also contribute important knowled... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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less than a month from the initial sequencing. to ensure the treatments are safe and effective, clinical trials are held at disease transmission “ hot spots ” predicted using data science methods drawing on data aggregated and monitored from across the world. once a treatment is proven safe and effective, it is mass - ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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histories are not only aggravated in medicine and public health, but also reflected in housing. redlining refers to the inequitable access to basic public services based on residents ’ neighborhoods and communities, which includes the practice of withholding financial services from areas with a large underrepresented p... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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step in addressing the larger societal systems and inequities that produce social problems. link to learning review the parable of the polygons ( https : / / openstax. org / r / 76polygons ) by vi hart and nicky case. in it, the authors show how a segregated world where people simply prefer living near other people who... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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