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1. 3 • computer science and the future of society 31 to address social problems and advance social good, recall that human - centered computing emphasizes people rather than technologies in the design of computer solutions. a human - centered approach to fair housing might begin by centering local communities directly ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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( hci ) subfield of computer science that emphasizes the social aspects of computation image recognition problem of identifying objects in an image information science interdisciplinary field studying information technologies and systems as they relate to people, organizations, and societies memory means of addressing ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 1 computer science • computer science is pervasive in our daily lives, business and industry, scientific research and development, and social change. • computer science ( cs ) is the study of computing, which includes all phenomena related to computers, 1 • chapter review 33 such as the internet. with foundations in... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 2 computer science across the disciplines • by contributing tools and resources to handle tasks and improve operations, computer science enables many other fields and areas of research or development. • data science is an interdisciplinary field that applies computing to managing data and extracting information from... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 3 computer science and the future of society • computer science is shaping the future of society. there are three ways in which computer science can shape the future of society : developing foundational technologies, evaluating negative consequences of technologies, and designing technologies for social good. • as o... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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eniac and modern computers have memory. b. both the eniac and modern computers share the same hardware. c. both the eniac and modern computers are considered turing - complete. d. both the eniac and modern computers run the same software. 5. what invention was credited as the first calculator? a. punch cards b. abacus ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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various areas of computer science are synergistic? 14. what term is defined as an approach that emphasizes people rather than technologies in the design of computer solutions? a. human - centered computing b. neural network c. social determination of technology d. technological fix 15. a software application takes an i... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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of a larger system to automate decisions at scale. practice exercises 1. research where the term debugging originated from and why it refers to finding problems in our programs today. 2. research some examples of computational models and how they are a part of everyday life. 3. research how computational models relate ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a real - life public policy problem involving a computer technology or dataset and use it to illustrate differences between the fields of data science, information science, and computer science. 4. mathematics is one of three perspectives that computer scientists use to design, analyze, and evaluate computational struc... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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openai “ that creates images from text captions for a wide range of concepts expressible in natural language. ” if the neural network is learning from english language images and captions on the internet, what are some of the social risks of this system? how might it encode problematic ideas about marginalized people i... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 evolving architectures into useable products introduction in the rapidly evolving landscape of technology and innovation in various domains, computational thinking promotes design reusability and is a fundamental skill set essential for problem - solving. this chapter illustrates how computational thinking, throug... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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these projects have become the foundation for their own innovation. with minimal adjustments, they seamlessly integrate these building blocks into comprehensive solutions such as self - driven cars that can smoothly navigate the city, drones that can monitor public spaces, and robotics that automate tasks. the company ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 computational thinking learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define computational thinking • discuss computational thinking examples this chapter presents key aspects of computational thinking, including logical thinking, assessment, decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##ry that helps us read complex problems, formulate solutions, and then express those solutions in a manner that computers, humans, or a collaboration of both 40 2 • computational thinking and design reusability access for free at openstax. org can implement. read this article for a good introduction to computational t... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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comparable to foundational abilities like reading, writing, and arithmetic. | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 • computational thinking 41 computational thinking concepts the description provided by the international society for technology in education ( iste ) outlines the key components and dispositions of computational thinking. let ’ s explore each characteristic in more detail : • decomposition : the analytical proces... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##usability access for free at openstax. org figure 2. 3 the three as — abstraction, automation, analysis — illustrate the power of computational thinking. ( credit photo : modification of “ avalanche on everest ” by chagai / wikimedia commons, public domain ; credit graph : modification of “ slope stability calculatio... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 • computational thinking 43 figure 2. 4 users can explore the essence of computational thinking through decomposition, logical thinking, abstraction, and algorithms. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) in addition to the four techniques, computational thinking involves e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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in the case of the jam sandwich example, decomposition involves identifying all the required ingredients and the steps the robot must take to successfully create a jam sandwich. logical thinking and pattern recognition pattern recognition makes it possible to group all the different features considered in decomposition... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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mortal ” and “ socrates is a man ” lead to the deductively correct conclusion that “ socrates is mortal. ” technology in everyday life computational thinking in our life computational thinking is a method of problem - solving that is extremely useful in everyday life. it involves breaking down complex issues into manag... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 • computational thinking 45 4. algorithmic thinking : develop a systematic approach to allocate monthly income. by using computational thinking, you can manage your finances more effectively, ensuring they cover essential costs while maximizing their savings. abstraction abstraction makes it possible to pull out t... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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on the back end. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) algorithm an algorithm is a sequence of steps / instructions that must be followed in a specific order to solve a problem. algorithms make it possible to describe a solution to a problem by writing down the instructions tha... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 • computational thinking 47 1. ask whether there should be butter on the bread. 2. either spread butter on the bread, 3. or, do not use butter. these steps can be added as actions in the table previously shown and expressed as steps in the pseudocode using programming keywords such as input, output, if, then, else... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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on the differences between concurrency and parallelism will be provided in chapter 4 linguistic realization of algorithms : low - level programming languages. recursive models of execution provide another elegant and effective alternative to the traditional sequential model of execution. the problem - solving technique... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##nts. this method tackles these subcomponents individually to address the overarching issue. when these smaller parts represent scaled - down versions of the original problem, recursion becomes a valuable tool. in practical scenarios, recursion often manifests as a function, which is a set of commands that can be repe... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 • computational thinking 49 / / base case if ( x = = 0 ) { return 0 ; } else { / / recursive step return x + recursivesum ( x - 1 ) ; } } int main ( ) { cout < < recursivesum ( 10 ) ; / / output will be the sum = 55. return 0 ; } while it looks like recursion amounts to calling the same function repeatedly, it is ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the strategic gameplay involved in chess. to excel in a chess match, a player must : • understand the unique movements and strategic values of each piece, recognizing how each can be maneuvered to control the board. • visualize the board ’ s layout, identifying potential threats and opportunities, and planning moves se... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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identify the mistake and work out how to overcome it. there are those who feel that the deepest learning takes place when mistakes are made. in the jam sandwich algorithm, testing can be facilitated by taking turns to play the role of the programmer who gives instructions as well as the robot. if you are a programmer, ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 • computational thinking 51 test case input problem expected outcomes observed outcomes improvement responsible user 1. 2. table 2. 2 sample table for recording test problems and improvements industry spotlight dna sequencing computational thinking is important in every industry today. in dna sequencing, computati... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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efficient paths for collection trucks, considering factors like distance and traffic patterns. • planning the layout of a community garden to optimize space and sunlight exposure for different plant types. how do you decide where to plant each type of vegetable or flower? • solution : employ a simulation algorithm that... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe how business solutions design heuristics and how patterns are used • discuss the role of enterprise architecture ( ea ) and related architecture domains • differentiate between... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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these architectural models is at the level of subsystems, they are referred to as system family architectures or architectural patterns. an architectural pattern is a reusable solution to a recurring problem in software architecture design. chapter 10 enterprise and solution architectures management provides more detai... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 53 the design of business solutions by providing a comprehensive set of methods for developing software solutions to business problems — for example, gathering solutions needs, building, and deploying turnkey solutions. these solutions will be discussed i... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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use smart design tricks to fix their website and make it super easy to shop. here ’ s how they did it : • user interface ( ui ) design patterns : breadcrumb navigation : swiftshop added breadcrumb trails so shoppers could easily see where they were on the website and find their way back if they got lost. • progress ind... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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heuristics are inherent to the design of business solutions and the creation of business solution architectures. these heuristics are known as layering and componentization and can be thought of as design approaches followed with an intent of architectural concerns. componentization has already been introduced as a com... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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lead to tightly connected layers in software, making it difficult to change one part without affecting others. this tight connection can also make it harder to update or expand the software. a monolithic structure is a type of system or application where all the parts are closely combined into one single unit. this set... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 55 figure 2. 10 the different layered architectures include tiered architectures, service - oriented architectures ( soa ), and microservices architectures. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) detailed coverage ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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one such framework. according to togaf, an ea domain represents business, data, application, and technology architectures. while specific frameworks may vary, table 2. 3 illustrates the common enterprise - level architecture domains. 56 2 • computational thinking and design reusability access for free at openstax. org ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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them. adaptive design reuse becomes valuable in this context, involving understanding enterprise architectures and adapting preexisting models and implementations. detailed management of ea, solution architectures, and leveraging eafs is explored further in chapter 10 enterprise and solution architectures management. e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 57 componentization heuristics play an important role in structuring capability models. figure 2. 11 the eba framework categories, including product, sales, and service, support the business organizations. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openst... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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multiple roles. the process / role matrix delineates which business roles are accountable for particular business processes. typically structured at the elementary business process level, this matrix can also be extended to more overarching levels when beneficial. role title responsibilities reporting dba ( database ad... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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and strategic direction of the business. on the other hand, systems management is dedicated to the routine functioning of the trading system. this includes positions like site manager, systems maintenance manager, content manager, and help desk personnel, all of which collaborate daily to ensure the trading system is o... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 59 breaking down complex processes, a method known as process decomposition. this decomposition is carried out until it reaches the elementary business process ( ebp ), which is a fundamental and indivisible activity within a business that is not further ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2 • computational thinking and design reusability access for free at openstax. org figure 2. 13 the trading business process hierarchy includes activities such as customer management, product development, quality control, order fulfillment, and customer payments. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, und... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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taken from nature, like wood, oil, or metals, which are used in making everything from buildings to clothes and food. the type of raw material used affects how products are made, their quality, and how much they cost. it includes : ▪ 2. 3. 1. managing materials : managing materials well is important for businesses to m... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 61 have enough to meet demand, keep production running smoothly, and reduce waste, making the whole process more efficient and sustainable. 2. 4. testing planning : writing detailed instructions for setting up and conducting usability tests, including how... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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payment methods. ▪ 3. 4. 1. invoicing : this step will start if the customer pays with a purchase order ( i. e., the customer may use different payment methods such as credit card or money transfer ). once the order is shipped, an invoice is generated and sent to the customer, detailing the amount paid and / or due for... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2 • computational thinking and design reusability access for free at openstax. org figure 2. 14 the order to cash business process flows from order management through product fulfillment and payment. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) figure 2. 15 illustrates the process of ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 63 enterprise technical architecture the enterprise technology architecture ( eta ) is a comprehensive framework that defines the structure, components, and interrelationships of an organization ’ s technology systems to support its business processes and... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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concepts in practice manufacturing industry business operations are commonly articulated through a value chain framework, a concept originating from manufacturing practices. analogous to the manufacturing industry where raw materials like steel are transformed into various components, each step in the value chain plays... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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architecture moves through various levels, including users, functions, enterprise services, and third - party systems. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) figure 2. 17 takes the conceptual trading application architecture a bit further and describes what one of the alternativ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 65 figure 2. 17 the logical trading application architecture illustrates each function block for the processing of customer orders. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) think it through enterprise business archit... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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manages its data assets. data architecture forms a component of the broader enterprise solution architecture. it encompasses the design process for both information and actual data architecture models, representing the content within the data architecture. this framework aids organizations in strategically planning inv... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 67 figure 2. 19 examining and learning from data is integral to an organization ’ s success, as outlined in this role of information modeling figure. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) in the collaborative proc... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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• computational thinking and design reusability access for free at openstax. org industry spotlight design reuse adaptive design reuse plays a crucial role across various industries today, including the health - care sector, where its impact is profoundly significant. understanding and leveraging adaptive design reuse ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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of the enterprise infrastructure and the way they are laid out at a high level. global issues in technology design reuse broader impacts focusing on reusing existing designs and technologies can save time and money, but it might also limit new ideas and innovations because designers could stick too closely to what ’ s ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 69 while reusing designs has its benefits, it ’ s important to also think about these broader impacts and strive for a balance between recycling old ideas and creating new ones to make sure technology keeps improving in a way that ’ s good for everyone. f... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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architect designs different aspects of a building, such as wiring diagrams for electricians, floor plans for owners, and elevations for planners to address their unique needs, the architecture of an information system is similarly broken down into various views for effective communication among its stakeholders. in the... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 • architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind 71 accompanying diagrams, and related patterns. these architecture domains align with the togaf standard, as discussed earlier. the diagram also illustrates the levels of abstraction to characterize various architectural models. additionally, it introduce... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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for example, wooden beams from an old barn become part of the living room in a new house, adding a cool, old - time feel to a modern design. windows from an old office building let in lots of sunlight, cutting down on the need for electric lights. ecohomes is a hit because it shows how reusing building materials can sa... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 evolving architectures into useable products learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • analyze similarities between architectures and apply patterns • discuss how to accelerate the creation of applications the combination of top - down, adaptive design reuse, and bottom - up, computat... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to concentrate on crafting the specific logic relevant to the website rather than reinventing the wheel. the beauty of this approach lies in the ability to swiftly piece together solutions by extending and adapting the available frameworks. by doing so, developers streamline the development process, enhance efficiency,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 • evolving architectures into useable products 73 frameworks, thereby fostering innovation in a more focused and resource - efficient manner. leveraging architectural similarities and applying patterns the adaptive design reuse approach is a strategy in software development that emphasizes the efficient reuse of e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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able to focus on one aspect at a time. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) accelerating the creation of mainstream business solutions to illustrate the power of architectural design and adaptive design reuse, various designs used in mainstream business solutions are surveyed,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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characterized by advanced technologies. most modern websites rely on the web 2. 0 architectural model set forth by w3c. a sample logical application architecture model is illustrated in figure 2. 26. | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 • evolving architectures into useable products 75 figure 2. 26 the logical application architecture of microsoft azure - hosted web applications allows for responsive web and mobile solutions for users. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) in this case, the model leverage... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a web application ( web app ) is a software application that is accessed and interacted with through a web browser over the internet. many web - based solutions leverage the inherent capabilities of mobile devices, offering web apps tailored for various types of phones in addition to responsive websites. numerous frame... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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optimal performance and a seamless user experience. • whatsapp : whatsapp is a native mobile app designed specifically for ios and android platforms. it directly accesses the hardware of the device, such as the gps, camera, and microphone, which allows for features like real - time location sharing, voice and video cal... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 • evolving architectures into useable products 77 encrypted transactions is called blockchain. once a block is full, it is linked to the previous one, forming a chain. blockchain technology decentralizes processing to ensure the integrity of transactions across multiple computer nodes. this ensures that no single ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, and chapter 13 hybrid multicloud digital solutions development. 78 2 • computational thinking and design reusability access for free at openstax. org cloud - native business solutions a way of building software by breaking it into small, independent pieces where each piece, or service, does a specific job and works o... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 29 illustrates how secure, managed, and monetized apis that are critical for a digital enterprise can be created by leveraging a combination of api - led integration frameworks and cloud - native technologies. the use of such frameworks and technologies helps streamline the migration of legacy business solutions. th... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 • evolving architectures into useable products 79 global issues in technology scale transformations the approach that consists of reinventing, rethinking, and rewiring solutions in various industries seems to favor countries that have the means to perform broadscale transformations. this may have ethical, social, ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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bans ), emotions monitoring, and social media applications. in addition to the capabilities provided by the big clouds, the adaptive design reuse approach may be used to create the custom part of these hybrid solutions. google maps and zillow are prime examples of applications that utilize location - based data to deli... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 • evolving architectures into useable products 81 driving more efficient business models and creating value in ways that were not possible with earlier web technologies. 82 2 • computational thinking and design reusability access for free at openstax. org chapter review key terms abstraction simplified representat... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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fixing of issues in code decomposition solving of a complex problem by breaking it up into smaller, more manageable tasks design component reusable element within a larger system that serves a specific purpose ea domain represents business, data, application, and technology architectures elementary business process ( e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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process hierarchies, highlighting their connection to the roles responsible for executing them pseudocode outline of the logic of algorithms using a combination of language and high - level programming concepts recursion programming and mathematical concept where a function calls itself during its execution smart contr... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 1 computational thinking • complex problems are situations that are difficult because they involve many different parts or factors. • computational thinking means breaking these problems into smaller parts, understanding how these parts relate to each other, and then coming up with effective strategies or steps to s... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 2 architecting solutions with adaptive design reuse in mind • computational thinking commonly employs a bottom - up strategy for crafting well - structured components. • a business solution architecture is a structural design that is meant to address the needs of prospective solution users. • business solutions are ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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set of rules used to analyze and make decisions related to the positioning of entities, activities, or resources. • the enterprise technology architecture ( eta ) is a comprehensive framework that defines the structure, components, and interrelationships of an organization ’ s technology systems to support its business... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2. 3 evolving architectures into useable products • the combination of top - down, adaptive design reuse and bottom - up, computational thinking optimizes modern software development. • model - view - controller ( mvc ) is a software architectural pattern commonly used in the design of interactive applications, providi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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decision point? a. oval b. parallelogram c. rectangle d. diamond 3. what does pseudocode spell out in natural language? a. an algorithm b. a test case to debug c. a flowchart d. the programming language of choice 4. after a test case fails, what is the next step to determine the cause of the failure? 5. what are the ke... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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identified between the architecture of a new problem and existing architectural solutions, what is required to apply these patterns effectively? a. a comprehensive understanding of the new problem ’ s requirements and constraints b. the ability to modify existing patterns to fit the new problem ’ s unique context c. bo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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can be broken into many layers of smaller problems. explain how computational thinking could help you develop a solution to your complex problem. 2. look at the following pseudocode that describes an algorithm to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich : a. get the peanut butter. b. get the jelly. c. get the bread. d. ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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free at openstax. org task decomposition pattern recognition abstraction algorithm crossing the road vehicles, actions, decision identify the different considerations you can group together to form a pattern of what needs to be done. act out crossing the road. do you do something differently from someone else? write yo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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someone. what strategies do you use in order to win? write your instructions in either pseudocode or a flowchart. 3. perform some research on the internet to piece together enterprise architectures for as many industries as you can think of. 2 • chapter review 89 4. draw a cloud - native application architecture diagra... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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its number of customers )? hint : the company may decide to sell reusable design models and their implementation from a proprietary catalog ; it may also focus on providing consulting services to derive complete solutions from its proprietary models. 3. consider our start - up company that is 100 % committed to leverag... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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navigation directions. the right combination of data structures to manage collections of places, locations, and map data along with efficient search and navigation algorithms will help optimize the experience of users trying to find their way through the map and will also make optimal use of computing resources. ( attr... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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3. 1 introduction to data structures and algorithms learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • understand the difference between algorithms and programs • relate data structures and abstract data types • select the data structure that is appropriate to solve a given problem practically data... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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of characters within the two strings. in this section, we will learn how to solve problems by choosing abstractions for complex data. we will see that just as our data grows more complex, so do our algorithms. introduction to algorithms an algorithm is a sequence of precise instructions that operate on data. we can thi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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as adding, retrieving, and removing elements. in our previous example, a string is a data structure for representing sentences as a sequence of characters. it has specific functionality such as character insertion or deletion, string concatenation, and string comparison. 92 3 • data structures and algorithms access for... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##eving, and removing elements from the set. sets typically offer less functionality than lists, but this reduction in functionality allows for more efficient data structure representations. for example, a set can be used to represent the names of all the places that you want to visit in the future. • a map represents ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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3. 1 • introduction to data structures and algorithms 93 string data. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) selecting a data structure since data representation is a fundamental task in designing algorithms that solve problems, how do we select data structures for a particular ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the list. both array lists and linked lists are linear data structures because their elements are organized in a line, one after the other. an advantage of array lists is that they allow ( random ) access to every element in the list in a single step. this is in sharp contrast with linked lists, which only supports “ s... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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roads in an online map of the entire world. linear data structures ultimately organize elements in a line, which is necessary for implementing lists but not necessary for other abstract data types. other data structures specialize in implementing sets, maps, and priority queues by organizing elements in a hierarchy rat... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to - right in a search tree, we will get the elements in sorted order. for numbers, we can compare and sort numbers by their numeric values. for more complex data like words or sentences, we can compare and sort them in dictionary order. binary search trees use these intrinsic properties of data to organize elements in... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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3. 1 • introduction to data structures and algorithms 95 figure 3. 6 a binary search tree organizes elements least to greatest from left to right. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) the tree illustrated satisfies the binary tree property based on the natural alphabetical ord... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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consider every word until the end of the list since there is no underlying ordering structure to the elements. balanced binary search trees binary search trees are not as effective as we have described. the dictionary example represents a best - case scenario for binary search trees. we can only rule out half of the re... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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balanced binary search trees such as avl trees represent just one approach for ensuring that the tree never enters a worst - case situation. there are many other balanced binary search tree data structures in addition to avl trees. balanced binary search trees can also be used to implement the priority queue abstract d... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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3. 1 • introduction to data structures and algorithms 97 figure 3. 8 a binary heap is the most common implementation of the priority queue abstract data type. the priority value of each node in the binary heap is greater than or equal to the priority values of the children. note that the value stored in the root node o... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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structure for implementing the priority queue, we can ensure that the earthquake - tracking program is able to keep up with the thousands of posts made every minute during an earthquake. graph data structures both binary search trees and binary heap data structures represent more efficient ways to implement sets, maps,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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