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( how many passwords does an average person have? ), ” june 9, 2024. https : / / colorlib. com / wp / password - statistics / 826 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org crucial with interoperability, scalability, portability, and extensibility. usability is the bi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a third instance of a cloud - centric virtualization and perform the needed hardware upgrades in the first backup system and then the production system. while the backup system is down for hardware upgrades, the virtualized backup covers any necessary security issues. once the servers are upgraded, an entire image is c... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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while this seems like a challenge, it provides security and adaptability. containers are built for specific application purposes. they are often referred to as enterprise solution support containers. kubernetes includes support for load balancing, rollout of patches, configuration management, and storage orchestration.... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 1 • cyber resources management frameworks 827 and the quality of web / mobile platforms include several approaches that help the user and developer manage and build the system. • ease of setup : the management system provides a drag - and - drop system for scheduling, storage maintenance, and system monitoring. • e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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is converted into information on time. while cloud providers do their best to offer 24 / 7 customer service, issues arise when third parties and containers are introduced. the data may not be immediately available from the third - party vendors, or they may not want to share their data. having clear agreements with thi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. the trm aims to prevent issues before they arise. slas are criticized for lacking assurance and privacy protections, as data breaches can put user information at risk. this highlights the importance of trust, which, while not directly mentioned in the trm, is addressed in many different “ ilities ” in implied ways. 8... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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technologies. developing better and stronger ways to secure communications between devices would be an excellent first step. there will always be an issue with hackers capturing data transmitted wirelessly. the next challenge for iot as a paas is storage. where is all the captured data stored? apple devices are stored ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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perform pre - loaded algorithms, making decisions based on predetermined outcomes. however, with cloud robotics platforms, robots use big data analysis to make more informed decisions. leveraging the power of cloud data and rapid processing speeds, they can approach “ thinking ” to analyze a problem or a task. this is ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 1 • cyber resources management frameworks 829 the trm has small applicability to robotics, with key considerations being security and connectivity. robotic cameras and other devices need to transmit their data for processing, making connectivity to cloud platforms essential. reliable high - speed data transmission ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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media and refers to the next generation of the web that will provide an immersive augmented / virtual reality ( ar / vr ) interface and will leverage new technologies including ai / ml, iot, blockchain, 3 - d models, and others. the metaverse will go beyond web 3. 0 that already includes blockchain 2. 0 capabilities on... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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automatically open doors when the vehicle is nearby, posing further security risks. the ecosystem should provide a plug - and - play mentality for all metaverse - associated technology. without this, 7 s. subrahmanyam, “ what is metaverse and how is it changing ar / vr world? ” november 28, 2022. https : / / readwrite.... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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environments, leading to a sensory deprivation effect in the real world that drives them toward ar and vr. this is particularly problematic for adolescents. since the onset of the pandemic, increased ar / vr use has made younger users more susceptible to addictive behavior with these systems. 8 smart ecosystems 3 - d m... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the world is interacting with the metaverse, all software must be interoperable. each country involved in the metaverse will have different data storage and security standards. • location and directory : working with data management, location data, and directory information is always challenging. if two software develo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 1 • cyber resources management frameworks 831 other objects, which is done through transaction processing. • security : the risks and challenges associated with security are some of the most difficult to identify and detect. many companies are creating 3 - d models for other entities to use. these models are not al... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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any platform must be made easy. new technology introduced through the iot presents challenges for ar / vr platform issues. the headsets needed for most ar / vr technology cannot be worn to walk around. they are usually meant to be worn safely away from obstacles the individual might encounter or trip over. this virtual... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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introduces the challenge of central locations to iot. there needs to be enough data centers close enough to each other to have data transmitted quickly and without any transmission issues. network and mobile device security always needs to be addressed. the attack vectors created by the iot 832 14 • cyber resources qua... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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secure than traditional computer systems because most systems are distributed. many are based in the cloud. a distributed and cloud - based platform will always be directly affected by availability and scalability issues. most blockchains have strong cryptographic principles, strengthening the trms assurance and integr... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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challenging to all blockchains. these different modes of transmission and the different cryptography used challenge adaptability and interoperability. smart ecosystems ai / ml platform quality challenges artificial intelligence ( ai ) and machine learning ( ml ) provide a variety of platform and quality challenges. the... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 1 • cyber resources management frameworks 833 a customer base, but that customer base usually wants to talk to a “ real ” person. when used in chatbots and other front - end interfacing devices, users can typically get their answers quickly, but they often lack depth or leave out important facts or features. the ge... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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accurate and complete data. many fields within patient records are left blank, or the administrative assistant cannot read the patient ’ s handwriting. if you have done any research, you will learn the phrase, “ data is dirty. ” when you ask participants to fill in surveys or forms, you have no idea what kind of data t... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the transitioning period for the print. there are 11 p. t. paharia., “ chatgpt : a diagnostic sidekick for doctors? caution advised for non - professionals. ” news medical life sciences, april 27, 2023. https : / / www. news - medical. net / news / 20230427 / chatgpt - a - diagnostic - sidekick - for - doctors - cautio... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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materials. most 4 - d immersive experiences use air or mists of water to generate their effects, but some go as far as to incorporate pheromones. metaverse smart ecosystems platform quality challenges the metaverse is a big world wide web ( www ) addition. the immersive ar / vr culture the platform intends to create is... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a metaverse account, and therefore, a lot of unauthentic information will be provided. alias will be used, and sometimes wrong data will be provided just to gain access. the rate at which the software is being created for metaverse is a definite area of concern in the trm. software engineering skills in web technologie... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 1 • cyber resources management frameworks 835 industry 5. 0 supersociety solutions era industry 5. 0 is a new and emerging phase of industrialization that sees humans working alongside technology and ai - powered robots. it also relates to a transformation of industries from production - based to value - based, foc... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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being in control of a vehicle while it is driving, even when they are behind the wheel. humans, by nature, prefer to be in control of their environments. autonomous vehicles rely on sensory data to function. this data provides perception, decision - making, and execution of real - time data analysis. the vehicles rely ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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2023 road traffic safety must continue to evolve to handle the newest technology. standards cannot be an afterthought for autonomous platforms. supersociety advanced robotics platform quality challenges as previously discussed in the chapter, there are two bases of ai in the world : turing and lovelace forms of ai. rob... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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are developed, will humans become obsolete? science fiction movies have warned about robots taking over the world. if the quality assurance and software engineering skills increase to a point where a robot is created that can truly think, the world will experience a new set of challenges. supersociety nanotechnology pl... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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surfaces is scary and challenging to society. the use of nt to enhance human abilities is also in question. should nt be used to improve the human brain or muscle system? can we use nt to enhance beasts of burden to work harder and longer during the day? this would create a divide between wealthy people who could affor... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 1 • cyber resources management frameworks 837 researchers have tried to enhance the supercomputers through nt and mimic the human nervous system. the neuromorphic systems try to emulate the nervous system and the way the brain works to deliver information. in this area, ibm has done extensive research, creating the... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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perform calculations on data sets that are generally not manageable by regular computers could advance technology and industries in ways that were not previously thought about. the u. s. government, through nasa, has been analyzing the data captured from telescopes to evaluate different areas of the universe. this is s... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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can only hope that the systems will do their needed jobs and do them with the highest ethical standards. concepts in practice industry certificates combined with degree programs professional skills are always needed within the industry, and industry certifications seem to be in demand. cloud technology companies seem t... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 cybersecurity deep dive learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • understand the meaning of cybersecurity • learn how to secure information and communication • learn how cybersecurity can be used to protect software solutions • learn how cybersecurity can be used to protect internet ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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nontechnical countermeasures include laws, policies, procedures, training, auditing, and incentives. indirect costs can be reputation, or future business. ) • what assets do you seek to protect? ( this question relates to security policies that address confidentiality, integrity, service availability, privacy, and auth... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 839 cybersecurity threats include behaviors such as • breaching privacy by revealing confidential information such as corporate secrets, private data, or personally identifiable information ( pii ) ; • damaging integrity / authenticity by destroying records, altering data, or installing ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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journal of cybersecurity. 840 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org why is cybersecurity important? in 2023, the average cost of a data breach was $ 4. 45 million globally, which, in just three years, was a 15 % increase over 2020. 12 these costs cover expenses i... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##reast of technological advances, including cybersecurity measures. they tend to be creative thinkers with excellent analytical skills, which makes them capable of finding innovative ways to circumvent cybersecurity features and hack into a system. they also tend to understand human nature, including our weaknesses an... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##securityventures. com / top - 5 - cybersecurity - facts - figures - predictions - and - statistics - for - 2021 - to - 2025 / | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 841 for data handling and user authentication, called application security. the process of authentication confirms the identity and authorization of people and devices that use a system. many resources support these efforts, including books and online materials on security engineering, “... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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sent, received, and processed. beyond basic securing of information systems, cybersecurity requires creating and governance of processes that protect organizations and individuals against costly breaches. end - user education is a critical part of this process. organizations must promote security awareness to enhance e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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increase the risk of data breaches. 3. attack vectors are limited. cybercriminals constantly discover new attack vectors through various environments. 4. the industry is safe. every industry faces cybersecurity risks, and adversaries exploit communication networks across the governments and private sector. ransomware a... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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as viruses, worms, trojans, spyware, and botnets that allow for unauthorized access or can damage computers is called malware. modern malware attacks often bypass traditional detection methods, such as antivirus scans for malicious files, by being “ fileless. ” types of malware include the following : • viruses contain... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 843 malicious activities. an example is spyware, which can be installed by seemingly legitimate programs and then provides remote access to the computer for activities such as keylogging or sending back documents. • botnets involve a network of compromised machines ( bots ) under ( unifi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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or text messages posing as legitimate companies is called phishing. additional threats included a distributed denial - of - service ( ddos ) attack, which overloads a server with traffic to crash a server, website, or network. multiple coordinated systems often overwhelm enterprise networks by attacking devices such as... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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an it professional with years of experience and have a certificate or degree in cybersecurity, it is hard to start over at the lower end of the job pool. these individuals want 844 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org management or higher - end jobs, but they ha... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to detect and remediate suspicious activities according to the organization ’ s risk management guidelines. siem tools may be integrated with security orchestration, automation, and response ( soar ) platforms designed to fully automate the management of cybersecurity incidents without human intervention. some organiza... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 845 • encryption : handled by an algorithm, and creates ciphertext and an encryption key for plaintext • ciphertext : uses an encryption key to scramble plaintext • decryption : also handled by an algorithm, and uses a decryption key to transform the ciphertext back into plaintext • encr... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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horizontally. transposition ciphers are also known as permutation ciphers. • polygraphic : substitution is performed on two or more blocks of letters simultaneously. cryptography can also be performed using asymmetric encryption ( also known as public - key cryptography ), which uses private and public keys. with publi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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access control a vital part of cybersecurity is access control, which regulates the people and devices that can use a computer system ’ s resources. the three most common access control designs include the following : • mandatory access control ( mac ) is a strict system where security decisions are fully controlled by... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the same as secrecy / confidentiality. as discussed previously, confidentiality is about message contents ( i. e., what was said ). anonymity is about identities ( i. e., who said it and to whom ) and must be preserved to ensure certain civil liberties such as autonomy, free association, free speech, and freedom from c... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 847 figure 14. 9 privacy and anonymity are related concepts that are important to promote cybersecurity. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) internet anonymity is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve for average users, but it seems easy for... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to june 2015 0 – 499 500 – 999 july to december 2014 0 – 499 500 – 999 january to june 2014 500 – 999 500 – 999 july to december 2013 500 – 999 1, 000 – 1, 499 table 14. 4 google transparency report data from google. 848 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org repo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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separate public and private keys ). before sending a message, the message is signed with the signature key, and both the message and its signature are encrypted with the recipient ’ s public encryption key. once the message is received, it is decrypted with the private key to extract it and its signature. the sender ’ ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 849 one can prove what was said, not alice or bob. based on this, desirable communication properties are as follows : • deniability makes it plausible to deny having sent a message. • forward secrecy allows past messages to be safe even if key material if compromised. • mimic off - the -... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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and susceptible to interception by malicious actors ) are x, y, p, and g. none of which are sufficient to recover alice and bob ’ s private keys. it is also not enough information to recover the shared ( symmetric ) secret ( ss ) cryptographic key. ss can then be used by alice and bob to send encrypted messages to each... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##bility, and forward secrecy. however, there are no practical examples of “ deniability. ” otr is built into adium and pidgin ; in that case, some defaults apply. in particular, logging is enabled by default, and etiquette dictates you should disable this, as do past instances where people ’ s activities were discover... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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one of them or the agency that employs them. as they respect each other ’ s right to make an anonymous payment but wonder if their agency will be paying, they carry out the protocol described to achieve sender anonymity. a naive solution to achieve anonymity for browsing is to use vpns. organizations providing these ma... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 851 intercepted, and the included metadata are exposed. to avoid this, tor completely hides the existence of communication ( e. g., web connections ). tor operates at the transport layer and makes it possible to establish transmission control protocol ( tcp ) connections without revealin... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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websites to exit. tor clients learn about other tor peers by downloading a list of them. 17 the list provides information for each one of the tor routers, such as ip address and hostname, the country where it resides, the uptime, the average throughput, websites it is willing to be an exit node for, and the node ’ s pu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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: modification of " accessible " by pham thanh loc / wikimedia commons, cc by 4. 0 ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) tor implements the following trust protocol : • entry node knows that alice is using tor, and also knows the identity of the middle node but does not know the identity of the destin... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 853 figure 14. 13 tor hidden services, also known as onion services, achieve receiver - anonymity using techniques that achieve sender - anonymity. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) note that there are various known onion routing attacks and ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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protect the possibility of leaking traffic info against all but a global passive adversary ( i. e., forward secure, no spam allowed, and messages expire automatically after a week ). 854 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org figure 14. 14 pond is a forward, secur... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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on the pcp theorem, allowing a prover to convince a verifier of the correctness of an arbitrary computation with an exponentially faster efficiency than naive checking of the computation. computational integrity proofs exhibit the following properties : • completeness : a statement is true if an honest prover can convi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 855 figure 14. 15 zkps can be used to prove the correctness of computations. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) the zk - snark acronym stands for zero - knowledge succinct non - interactive... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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in figure 14. 16. 856 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org figure 14. 16 zk - snark ’ s full machinery includes computation, algebraic circuit, r1cs, qap, linear pcp, and linear interactive proof. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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setup requirement ) • argument and knowledge ( related to the security and robustness of the cryptographic scheme ). zero - knowledge starks work by leveraging leaner cryptography, specifically collision - resistant hash functions, to validate the truth of a statement without sharing the details behind it. unlike zk - ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 857 • knowledge of exponent / pairing groups : groth16, sonic, marlin, plonk • groups of unknown order : supersonic • lattice - based cryptography ( quantum secure ) : under development there are myriads of recent applications of zkps to blockchain technology for privacy and scalability ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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apply kerckhoff ’ s principle. do not even implement the underlying crypto, and do not misuse existing crypto. information about a particular implementation could leak ( e. g., power consumption, electromagnetic radiation, timing, errors ). attacks based on this are referred to as “ side - channel attacks. ” as an exam... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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control, it becomes possible for the attacker to look at the memory contents. while memory loses its state without content, it does so much more slowly at very cold temperatures. therefore, an attacker could cool down the memory, shut down the machine, move the memory to a different machine, and boot it into a differen... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##s on encrypted data without first decrypting it with a secret key. it then encrypts the computation results, and only the owner or the private key can decrypt them. 21 partial he systems have been around since the 1970s, and a fully he scheme that makes it possible to apply mathematical operations to encrypted data w... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 859 • identify vulnerabilities. • use the appropriate standards, best practices, and frameworks to guide the development process. • review and analyze the code extensively with an emphasis on cybersecurity. • implement penetration testing, which includes the following steps : planning pr... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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party libraries that are linked to the software • future code updates securing software in this context should result in correct operation despite malicious inputs. in order to study how to secure software, we will focus on what should be done to secure software written using the c programming language and investigate ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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more than ten million machines. in 2009 – 2010, stuxnet exploited several buffer overflows in the windows print spooler service, lnk shortcut display, task scheduler, and the same rpc buffer overflow as conficker, which led to legitimate cyber warfare. between 2010 and 2012, flame exploited the same print spooler and l... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the stack in the order they appear in the code, while function arguments are pushed in the reverse order or their appearance in the code. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) the function func can access variable loc2, usin... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 861 registers accordingly ( e. g., % rbp vs. % ebp ). figure 14. 19 the location of the loc2 variable in the stack frame is always 8 b before the address contained in % ebp. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permissio... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##flow example based on understanding the stack memory layout when calling and returning from functions. buffers are commonly used in c to store sets of values of a given data type. for example, strings are buffers of characters in c. a buffer overflow occurs when more values are put into the buffer than it can hold. l... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 863 levin ) using the gnu debugger ( i. e., gdb ) is useful to debug programs that run into buffer overflows. it enables users to show information about the current frame and registers, examine bytes of memory starting at a given address, set a breakpoint at a given function address, and... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 23 illustrates a different type of buffer overflow that would occur if the function func were to execute the code provided. in that case, the input writes from low to high addresses. figure 14. 23 the execution of the code shown is such that the input writes from low to high addresses. ( attribution : copyright ric... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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that can be launched as a shell ( figure 14. 25 ). there are many examples of such code, and there is a lot of competition to write the smallest amount of code. also, a way to ensure that the injected code will work most effectively is to attempt privilege escalation and go from guest ( or nonuser ) to root. figure 14.... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 865 copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) concerning privileged escalation, the idea is to exploit knowledge of permissions on the targeted operating system. in the case of linux, files have read / write / ex... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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invalid instruction. 3. finding the return address : because the code cannot be accessed, there is no way to know where the buffer starts based on the saved % ebp. one possibility is to try a lot of different values, and the worst - case situation for a 64 - bit memory space involves computing 264 possible answers. if ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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buffer and aborts the program execution if the expected value at that location is changed ( figure 14. 29 ). figure 14. 29 placing a canary at the end of the buffer makes it possible to detect whether the content at the end of the buffer has been changed. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a format string vulnerability occurs when an attacker can provide | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 867 the format string to an ansi c format function in part or as a whole. if the attacker can do so, the behavior of the format function is changed, and the attacker may get control over the target application. for example, by calling the following function using a command line parameter... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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make it executable. an attacker may also chain two functions together. in fact, attackers may not need to limit themselves to functions and cleanup code. an alternative is to encode arbitrary computation, including conditionals and loops, by returning to sequences of code ending in ret. this last approach is referred t... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. figure 14. 31 the code is modified to switch the user ( uid ) that executed the setuid command to the effective user ( euid ) to ensure that proper permissions are used when accessing the document. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 869 common cyber threat defenses common cyber threats were introduced earlier along with various examples of malware. protection against malware involves the use of an intrusion detection system ( ids ) as well as an intrusion prevention system ( ips ). an ids may be host - or network - ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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writers strive to evade human response and avoid detection for as long as possible. in the case of worms, the virus writer wants to spread the worm and hit many machines as quickly as possible to outpace the human response. viruses have been around since the 1970s. they are opportunistic and eventually run as a result ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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or different constants are used ). this can be accomplished by including a code rewriter with a virus or adding some complex code that never runs to evade detection attempts. instead of appending the program to the virus, virus writers surround the program with virus code, or overwrite uncommonly used parts of the prog... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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which provides insight that attackers may use to react. attackers change viruses slowly to make it hard to create a matching behavioral signature or they can start acting differently to avoid detection. in order to detect polymorphic viruses, antivirus writers can record narrow signatures used by virus writers to catch... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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companies provide this type of service. in some cases, when a virus runs with root privileges, it may be necessary to rebuild the entire system. in this case, recompiling the system may not be sufficient. the malware may have infected the compiler and created a backdoor, such that recompiling will simply reintroduce th... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 871 software solutions assurance methodologies as discussed earlier, software security can be compromised as a result of memory safety attacks that include the following : • buffer overflows, which may be used to read / write data on stack / heap or to inject code ( ultimately via a root... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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char digit _ to _ char ( int i ) { char convert [ ] = " 0123456789 " ; if ( i < 0 | | i > 9 ) return '?'; return convert [ i ] ; } enforce rule compliance at runtime. • rule : make use of safe string functions or libraries. string library routines typically included in libraries assume target buffers have sufficient le... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##st char * p _ src ) ; void str _ append _ str ( struct mystr * p _ str, const struct mystr * p _ other ) ; int str _ equal ( const struct mystr * p _ strl, const strct mystr * p _ str2 ) ; int str _ contains _ space ( const struct mystr * p _ str ) ; … struc mystr ; / / impl hidden void str _ alloc _ text ( struct my... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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right units : while (! done ( ) & & buf _ ptr < ( buf + size ) ) { * buf _ ptr + + = getnext ( ) ; / / stays in bounds } • practice : defend against dangling pointers. 28 code reproduced with permission from dave levin 29 code reproduced with permission from dave levin 30 code reproduced with permission from dave levin... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 873 ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) • rule : use null after free ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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+ 11 standard ) limit pointers to only safe operations and manage lifetimes appropriately. networking libraries such as google protocol buffers and apache thrift are good for dealing with network - transmitted data : they are both efficient and also ensure inputs are handled securely ( e. g., validation, parsing ). sec... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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that pre - and post - conditions hold before and after a function is called, respectively. this helps define contracts for using modules ( e. g., a given statement ’ s post - condition needs to correspond to another statement ’ s pre - condition ). pre - and post - conditions help document code and facilitate reasoning... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 875 ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) in this example, the memory access led to the following annotations33 : / * requires : a! = null * / / * requires : ø < = i * / / * requires : i < siz... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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reproduced with permission from dave levin 876 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org figure 14. 33 testing approaches can be either manual or automated and test software using black - box or white - box techniques. ( attribution : copyright rice university, opens... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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and comments. code coverage is a metric used to quantify the extent of program code testing when using a given test suite. function testing coverage focuses on which functions are called. statement testing coverage focuses on which statements are executed, and branch testing coverage focuses on which branches are execu... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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