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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 877 generate many random inputs and see if the program fails. typically, it involves many inputs. there are various possible kinds of fuzzing : ▪ black - box : the tool knows nothing about the program or its input ; it is easy to use and get started, but it will explore only shallow stat... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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… | radamsa - - seed 12 - n 4 | bc - 1 another example is blab, which generates inputs according to grammar ( i. e., it is grammar - based ), specified as regexps and cfgs37 : % blab - e'( ( [ wrstp ] [ aeiouy ] { 1, 2 } ) { 1, 4 } 32 } { 5 } 10'soty wypisi tisyro to patu network - based fuzzing can act as half of a co... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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sorts of error checkers for testing ( e. g., valgrind memcheck ). • automated black - box testing uses fuzzing components as explained to generate test cases, execute the 35 see https : / / gitlab. com / akihe / radamsa 36 code reproduced with permission from dave levin 37 code reproduced with permission from dave levi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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digital millennium contract act ( dmca ) governs reverse engineering in the united states. you “ may circumvent a technological measure... solely for the purpose of enabling interoperability of an independently created computer program. ” there are two techniques used for re, and a combination of the two works best in ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##3 scanning, timing, vm - detection, pop ss trick ). anti - anti - debugging can be tedious. a common way of evasion is to detect evidence of monitoring systems ( e. g., fingerprint a machine / look for fingerprints ) or hide real malicious intents if necessary as follows : if vm _ present ( ) or debugger _ present ( ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 879 difficulty layer of abstraction examples easiest application installation, execution easy hardware device name, driver somewhat difficult environment memory, execution artifacts more difficult behavior timing table 14. 5 malware evasion taxonomy in general, there is a prevalence of e... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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tcp / ip network stack have been critical to making an internet that can evolve with changing needs ( at least for the most part ), but the the details really matter. in the following, we will dig into specific protocols to understand the kinds of attacks that can happen at the networking layer and how to protect again... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, nyu. edu ) to delegate responsibility to another ( e. g., cs. nyu. edu ). the name server is the piece of code that answers queries of the form “ what is the ip address for cs. nyu. edu? ” every zone must run at least two name servers. caching is central to the success of the dns service. unfortunately, it is also ce... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 881 the query id, it must guess the source port number, which is typically constant for a given server ( often always 53 ). note that if the answer is already in the cache, the attacker will avoid issuing a query in the first place. the same cache poisoning approach may be used to poison... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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internet connectivity between nodes, and provides global addressing ( ip addresses ). note that if the transport layer uses the tcp protocol, it will only result in best - effort delivery of data ( i. e., no retransmissions ). the ipv4 packet header used by the ip protocol is 20 b long, and one of the header fields is ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, then it is likely that the source was not spoofed. the problem with this approach is that you have to do this for every packet ( i. e., every packet should have something difficult to guess ). this is analogous to the easily predicted query ids in the dns query poisoning attacks that facilitated kaminsky ’ s attack. ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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an untrusted network. for example, you could use a vpn to connect to your | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 883 company ’ s network for payroll file access while visiting a competitor ’ s office. in that case, a vpn client and server would create an end - to - end encrypted / authenticated channel, as illustrated in figure 14. 39. a predominant way of achieving this is to use internet protocol... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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and the headers the corresponding packet formats are illustrated in figure 14. 40. figure 14. 40 ipsec uses specific packet formats for transport mode and tunnel mode. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) for routing to wor... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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tcp ’ s second job is flow and congestion control. the idea is to try to use as much of the network as is safe ( not adversely affecting others ’ performance ) and efficient ( using network capacity ). the tcp solution is to dynamically adapt how quickly it sends packets based on the network path ’ s capacity. furtherm... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the attacker “ c ” likes ). a possible problem is that the host who owns that spoofed ip address may respond to the syn + ack with a rst, deleting the local state at the victim. therefore, an attacker should spoof an ip address of a host that it knows will not respond. | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 885 figure 14. 43 this ip address spoofing example illustrates how to detect many incomplete handshakes from a single ip address and then spoof the source ip address. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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0 license ; credit : reproduced with permission from dave levin ) a typical defense is to ensure that the initial sequence number is difficult to predict. opt - ack attacks take advantage of the fact that tcp uses acks not only for reliability but also for congestion control ( i. e., the more acks come back, the faster... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 887 figure 14. 49 the opt - ack attack scheme results in packets getting dropped while tcp is fooled into thinking that packets were acknowledged. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) the big deal with this attack is its amplification factor. an... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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a way that is still compatible with existing implementations of tcp. also, note that an essential goal in networking is incremental deployment. ideally, we should be able to benefit from a system / modification when even a subset of hosts deploy it. now, let us focus on the application layer of the tcp / ip stack and s... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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1. 0 protocol was the first standardized version of ssl with some improvements for key derivation ( refer to ietf. org rfc 2246 ). tls 1. 1 ( rfc 4346 ) addressed some security flaws, and tls 1. 2 ( rfc 5246 ) added more flexibility in using hash functions. tls 1. 3 brought significant changes ( e. g., no rsa key excha... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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protection against these types of attacks needs to be at a lower layer and is provided by datagram tls ( rfc 4347 ). dtls is a slight modification of tls that provides reliability for the handshake and ensures that data records are independent. tatu ylonen originally designed the secure shell ( ssh ) protocol, which is... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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illustrates how an x11 remote connection can be established using ssh. | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 889 figure 14. 52 with an x11 remote ssh connection, the server simply has to “ setenv display localhost : xxxx ” and the applications just automatically work. ( attribution : copyright rice university, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) finally, ssh is backward and compatible with rsh... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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warnings is inconsistent and the warnings are often ignored. ui interface - based attacks exploit invalid certs ( i. e., expired, misidentified url, unknown ca such as a self - signed certificate ). the defense is to issue browser warnings and require users to go through an anti - usability page to continue. another ty... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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attacker is now a ca! • make a cert for any site, browsers will accept it md5 ca certificates still exist, but cas have stopped signing certificates with them. sha - 1 should not be used either. there are numerous other types of attacks : • goto fail ( feb. 2014 ) was an apple ssl bug that resulted in skipping certific... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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browsers ) against : • risk 1 : we want data stored on a web server to be protected from unauthorized access. • risk 2 : we do not want malicious ( or compromised ) sites to be able to trash files / programs on user computers. • risk 3 : we do not want a malicious site to be able to spy on or tamper with information or... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 891 • nist cybersecurity standards ( in particular nist sp 800 - 53, sp 800 - 171, csf, sp 1800 series ) • other global it security frameworks and standards : iso 27000 series, cobit, cis controls, hitrust common security framework, gdpr, coso • industry it security standards : pci, hipa... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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access, modify, or destroy information stored on the cloud platform. they can also leverage privileged credentials or positions to modify the cloud platform to gain access to networks connected to or consuming cloud resources. • cyber criminals and / or nation - state - sponsored actors : they can leverage a cloud arch... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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key management as well as isolation and containment, robust log management, and an audit infrastructure. the security architecture provides the isolation, confidentiality, and access control required to protect end users ’ data and applications. • trustworthy cybersecurity assurance requires that the end users have con... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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types such as infrastructure as a service ( iaas ) vs. platform as a service ( paas ) to create solutions in the cloud, csps and cloud end users share unique and overlapping responsibilities to ensure the security of services and sensitive data stored in public clouds. shared responsibility considerations include threa... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 893 concerns with big data analytics. hacking and various attacks to cloud infrastructure do happen and may affect multiple clients even if only one site is attacked. to optimize making sense from the big data, organizations need to integrate parts of their sensitive data into the bigger... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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). traditional database management systems / frameworks are easier to migrate to the cloud. for example, traditional database management systems such as mysql, postgressql, or sql server, can be migrated to google cloud sql. google also provides cloud - based nosql database systems ( e. g. firestone document database, ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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user. the possibility, or even likelihood, of data being stored in other regions and countries, also requires meeting those region ’ s legal and regulatory requirements for data protection. all this makes it more challenging to create trustworthy controls for the monitoring, governance, and auditing of the csp environm... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the houses in neighborhoods. as part of the new software, you are required to provide one - click access to this information from the mapping software. while creating these new features, you realize that the database of information contains fields such as social security number, mother ’ s maiden name, and primary emai... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 895 industry 4. 0 metaverse smart ecosystems cybersecurity while the metaverse and web3 offer organizations new frontiers for customer engagement and business growth, these also create the potential for new cybersecurity risks that could lead to financial losses, brand and reputational d... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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suspicious activity in the system. in addition, ai can be used in testing, such as simulating system attacks to help cybersecurity professionals identify areas of risk and vulnerabilities that should be addressed. according to ibm, ai can help protect data in hybrid cloud environments with tools such as shadow data ide... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, openstax, under cc by 4. 0 license ) industry 5. 0 supersociety solutions cybersecurity in addition to the smart ecosystem services mentioned in the previous subsection, industry 5. 0 supersociety solutions combine various platforms and technologies such as autonomous systems platforms, advanced robotics platforms, n... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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not always be possible to simply rely on the establishment of cloud security / trust architectures and cloud governance processes. using third - party tools to address the lack of scalability of a csp ’ s cloud platform may | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 • cybersecurity deep dive 897 introduce vulnerabilities and requires additional defense mechanisms. the deployment of autonomous systems is also subject to various regulations and standards that are not typically covered by cloud security / trust architectures and governance processes. therefore additional securi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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could also enable the creation of tiny sensors that could detect unauthorized access to networks or data. the use of nanotechnology in cybersecurity could provide users with a greater level of privacy and security. for example, nanomaterials could be used to create encryption keys that are much more difficult to crack ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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continues to develop, it is important that the security industry works to ensure that the benefits of nanotechnology are maximized while minimizing the risks. this appears to be the only way to implement supersociety nanotechnology platforms assurance. supersociety supercompute platform assurance supercompute is yet an... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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this appears to be the only way to implement supersociety supercompute platform assurance. supersociety autonomous supersystems platform assurance the technical challenges associated with securing autonomous supersystems are analogous to those of securing autonomous systems platforms, which were covered in supersociety... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 3 governing the use of cyber resources learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • understand cyber economics • relate to responsible computing • understand how cyber economics and responsible computing apply to internet web / mobile solutions • understand how cyber economics and respons... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 3 • governing the use of cyber resources 899 in cyber economics, at least three crucial aspects of cybersecurity require policy and legislation to help mitigate risks. the first is online identity theft, which refers to the illegal possession and use of an individual ’ s pii. identity theft is the primary way cyber... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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and territories with strategies in all areas is a short list that includes china, france, germany, and russia. the united states does not have digital content regulations, but all other areas are covered to some extent. responsible computing basics despite the lack of guidance from governments and other institutions, o... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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manifesto. the manifesto — the first outcome and deliverable — includes the six values of technologies and innovations, exclusive systems, data, conscious code, efficient use, and data centers. it also includes the principles of sustainability, circularity, openness, inclusivity, authenticity, and accountability. respo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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the third pillar of responsible computing, organizations make conscious code choices that optimize environmental, social and economic impacts over time. this includes practices such as ensuring that code is efficient and results in fewer http requests and smaller page sizes. technology in everyday life dealing with eth... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 3 • governing the use of cyber resources 901 assurance team and test the software of functional performance and are given the test plan. you are told that there are four levels of bug reporting : • bug level 1 : critical functionality is missing or not present in the software • bug level 2 : critical functionality ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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language models regulation, and human - centered computing in the metaverse, which strive to ensure that algorithms are based on trustworthy data. this includes efforts by the world economic forum to transform from society | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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4. 0 to society 5. 0 ( figure 14. 54 ). 902 14 • cyber resources qualities and cyber computing governance access for free at openstax. org figure 14. 54 the world economic forum ’ s goals are to create a society that enables anyone from any background to use their abilities to create value. ( attribution : modification... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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particularly affected by organizations taking shortcuts in the various layers of their solutions to limit costs or other quality enforcement measures at the infrastructure, application frameworks, applications, and | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 3 • governing the use of cyber resources 903 information levels. in addition, responsible computing requires that when organizations use the internet, they should do things like verify information before they post it and make every effort to protect users ’ privacy. cyber economics and responsible computing for clo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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food insecurity, and new treatments for diseases. unlocking the full potential of these computing technologies requires global collaboration among public and private institutions with responsible use at the center of their development and deployment. the recently launched open quantum institute or oqi is an example of ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 3 • governing the use of cyber resources 905 chapter review key terms access control process of regulating the people and devices that can use a computer system ’ s resources adaptability ability to change or modify the current system to meet the needs of a different industry requirement advanced persistent threat ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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are no longer needed identity and access management ( iam ) roles and access privileges for each user, as well as the conditions under which they are granted or denied their privileges identity theft illegal possession and use of an individual ’ s pii ilities “ abilities ” of architectural properties industrial espiona... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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posing as legitimate companies privacy process of keeping your actions online concealed from the public, such as messages intended only for certain individuals ransomware malware that encrypts data and demands a ransom to unlock or prevent data exposure reliability ability of the system to perform as needed and to spec... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 1 cyber resources management frameworks • cyber refers to anything relating to computers or information technology. at the same time, cyber resources are cyber tools, platforms, and solutions that store, process, and manage data and other assets electronically and make them available via networks, including the pol... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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standard, details different software quality models and provides a strong definition for the “ ilities. ” • the oma rm, oma guide ( omg ), and togaf trm help guide functional and non - functional requirements by creating a taxonomy of service qualities. togaf recommends a combination of quantitative and qualitative met... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 2 cybersecurity deep dive • cybersecurity refers to the policies, procedures, technology, and other tools, including people, on which organizations rely to protect their computer systems and technological environments from digital threats. cybersecurity focuses on five categories of security : network, application,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##security breaches result from malicious insiders working for themselves or in concert with outside hackers. • the cybersecurity risk surface is expanding, with thousands of new vulnerabilities reported in old and new applications and devices. the opportunities for human error ( specifically by negligent employees or ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##ography can help ensure properties such as confidentiality ( i. e., secrecy, privacy ), integrity ( i. e., tamper resilience ), authenticity, availability, and nonreputability ( or deniability ). • authentication, passwords, and access control are critical tools in cybersecurity. the three most common access control ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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14. 3 governing the use of cyber resources • cyber economics refers to the sectors of the economy driven by digital information and the need for cybersecurity. this includes the risks of online economic transactions and the need for regulatory oversight to govern cybersecurity and cyber economics. • in cyber economics,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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b. evolvability c. extensibility d. scalability 6. what ability is also referred to as the learning curve? a. nomadicity b. performance c. adaptability d. understandability 7. the togaf model is designed to provide several techniques for what process? a. quality assessment b. requirements gathering c. modeling d. compl... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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availability d. anonymity, authenticity, and assurance 16. what cybersecurity domain focuses on protecting the data and digital files maintained in a system? a. network security b. application security c. information security d. infrastructure security 17. as a hacker, you have decided that the best way to achieve your... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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compare the areas of responsible infrastructure and responsible systems. give at least three differences or three similarities. 2. cyber resource quality requirements are a theme all throughout the chapter. summarize what you have learned and apply it to the trm. 3. the togaf reference model is a resource that can be u... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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apply the concepts of responsible computing to help with risks of identity theft when using the internet? 15. explain why responsible impact is important to cloud computing? practice exercises 1. your supervisor has asked you to lead a team to adopt a technical reference model ( trm ) framework for your organization ’ ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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when applying responsible computing to smart ecosystems solutions? 13. you share files in the cloud with colleagues in multiple countries. as you do this, which of the pillars of responsible computing are you most concerned about and why? 14 • chapter review 913 problem set a 1. your company is receiving bad press beca... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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in other divisions, can adapt as new standards and practices are implemented, and will be able to survive if the system experiences an attack or disruption of service. which qualities is your company most concerned about? 2. your company does business with several customers who access the company ’ s system using iot d... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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to respect japan ’ s efforts to develop a super - society. thought provokers 1. you have been tasked with developing the architecture for a small company that provides landscaping services to about 1, 000 customers. what are the company ’ s activities that must be considered, and what inputs are required to develop thi... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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for government organizations to oversee and ensure proper governance of such cybersecurity measures. focus on the impact some of the incidents have had on the local communities that depend on these types of infrastructure. 14 • chapter review 915 916 14 • chapter review access for free at openstax. org a appendix a : n... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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networks need architecture to ensure the component parts are arranged and structured appropriately to ensure the network functions as needed ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / foundation / architecture. html ). computer networks cannot function without software, which refers to the programs that instruct comput... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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information ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / scaling / global. html ). the internet is a good example of a network of networks, since it actually is comprised of many smaller networks that are interconnected ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / internetworking / basic - ip. html ). a • appendix a : netw... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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/ trend. html ). hosts as clients and servers to enable communication, networks rely on the client, which sends a request to gain access to a network ’ s file, and the server, which makes a file available by providing access ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / foundation / requirements. html # support - for - co... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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for data packets to travel as they move through the network ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / internetworking / routing. html and https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / internetworking / switching. html # source - routing ). routers ensure that data actually reaches its destination. network performance perfo... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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- host connectivity and supporting application programs. one of the first layering protocols was the osi model, which uses seven layers in its architecture ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / foundation / architecture. html # osi - model ). encapsulation is an important part of this process. with encapsulation, ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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# bit - oriented - protocols - hdlc ), and clock - based framing ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / direct / framing. html # clock - based - framing - sonet ). for host - to - host delivery services, the simple demultiplexor ( udp ) is useful ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / e2e / udp. html ). routers... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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this can impact network functionality. to deal with this issue, the internet relies on a companion protocol for ip called internet control message protocol ( icmp ) ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / internetworking / basic - ip. html # error - reporting - icmp ). icmp defines a collection of error messages and... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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. org / data / multimedia. html # video - encoding - standards ). wireless and mobile networks wireless networks function similarly to wired networks, except all wireless links use the same medium. to ensure this medium is shared efficiently, it is divided using the dimension of frequency and space. government agencies... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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technique for packet switching ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / internetworking / switching. html # virtual - circuit - switching ). asynchronous transfer mode ( atm ) is a well - known example of networking technology that relies on virtual circuit switching ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / interne... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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arpanet provided the testing ground to develop approaches for link - cost calculations ( https : / / book. systemsapproach. org / internetworking / routing. html # metrics ). the ethernet was developed in the mid - 1970s and eventually dominated technology for local area networking. the basis for ethernet was in aloha,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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102 algorithm design pattern 104 algorithmic paradigm 113 algorithmic problem - solving 100, 104 allocated memory 160 allocation 246, 250, 253, 261, 272, 275, 278, 279 amazon elastic compute cloud ( ec2 ) 731 amazon simple storage service 764 amazon web service 708 amazon web service ( aws ) 730 american standard code ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, consistency, isolation, and durability ( acid ) 378 attribute 369, 379, 398, 405 augmented reality ( ar ) 786 authentication 243, 245, 284, 285, 286, 840, 845, 846, 850, 851, 889, 891, 892, 893, 898 authorization 243, 250, 284, 285, 286 autocomplete 104 automated testing 480 automation 42 autonomous system 836 autono... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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53, 534, 538, 541, 552 boolean 318 bottom - tested loop 329 breadth - first search 124 bring your own cloud ( byoc ) solution 766 brute - force algorithm 115 bug 438, 440, 456, 477 bug tracking system 484 bus 199, 216, 223 business intelligence ( bi ) 408, 444 business logic layer 55 business model 58, 82 business proc... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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411, 689, 702, 712, 725, 733, 734 code block 326, 340, 351 code coverage 477 code generation 348 code relocation 167 code review 457 coercion 318 cognitive computing 416 cognitive robotics 797 collection 103 collision 123 column - oriented database 376, 400 combinatorial explosion 115, 127 combinatorial problem 115 com... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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339 contact tracing 99 container 263, 289, 665, 667, 674, 675, 678, 680, 681, 686, 688, 689, 702, 706, 708, 827, 894 container as a service ( caas ) 702 container image 680, 702 container management services 772 container registry ( cr ) 773 containerization 665, 673, 680, 688, 706, 731 containerized 457 containers 827... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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67 data as a service ( daas ) 402 data completeness 369 data compliance 370, 411 data consistency 369, 378, 399 data consolidation 409 data control language ( dcl ) 374 data description language ( ddl ) compiler 375 data dictionary 368, 373 data federation 409 data governance 370 data integration 405, 409 data lake 406... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##rement operator ( - - ) 323 deep learning network 417 deep machine learning 776 demand paging 272, 278 denial of service attacks ( dos ) 395 denial - of - service attack 840 dennard scaling 231 denormalizing 412 deployment 440, 457, 488 depth - first search 123 descriptive analytics 413 design component 53 design pat... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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else 48 embedded script 345 embedded software 440 enabler 522 encapsulation 306, 338 encryption 281, 282 eniac 13, 14 enterprise architecture ( ea ) 509, 516 enterprise architecture framework ( eaf ) 525 enterprise architecture management ( eam ) 516 enterprise or solution portfolio architect 438 enterprise search 416 ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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fragmentation 250, 274 frame buffer 254 framework 508, 514, 516, 517, 523, 530, 549, 551 free and open - source software ( foss ) 474 freed memory 160 front end 345, 347 full node 578 full virtualization 274 full - text search 416 function 49, 55, 64, 79, 153, 160, 166, 169, 179, 306, 311, 314, 337, 342, 346, 349 funct... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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data 263, 276 heap property 97 heapsort algorithm 121 heterogeneous 230, 233 heuristic 55 heuristics optimization 389 hierarchical dbms 376 hierarchical model 396 high availability 685, 704 high - level design ( hld ) 453 high - level language ( hll ) 202 high - level programming language 146, 151 high - order function... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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information security 818, 821, 822, 829, 838, 842, 904 infrastructure as a service 690, 692 infrastructure as a service ( iaas ) 766 infrastructure as a service ( iaas ) 692 infrastructure security 841 infrastructure security 846 inheritance 306, 339, 347 initialization 321 inner join 382 inode 280, 282, 286 input 103,... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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247, 249, 254, 257, 260, 266, 268, 286, 288 key constraint 379, 384 key - value store 376, 400 keyword 306, 320, 339, 342 kruskal ’ s algorithm 118, 120, 125 kuard 730 kuard ( kubernetes up and running demo ) 738 kubectl 726 kubelet 688, 688 kubernetes 665, 681, 687, 688, 689, 689, 702, 708, 711, 712, 721, 730, 733, 73... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, 870, 871, 879 man - in - the - middle 844, 878 managed code 316, 347 manual testing 480 map 93, 99 mapreduce 402, 413, 418 mashup 765 master data management ( mdm ) 410 matching 101 mechanism 247, 251, 265, 271, 275, 278, 284, 286, 288 member 339 memory 13, 14, 26 memory allocation 253, 274, 276 memory deallocation 2... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##h 667, 671, 682 monolithic architecture 667, 671 monolithic design 257 monolithic structure 55 moore ’ s law 231, 567 multicloud solution 764 multicore 175 multifile relational database 396 multimedia dbms 378 multiple inheritance 340 multitask 341 multitasking 246, 266, 273 multiuser dbms 377 multivalued dependency ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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) 900 object persistence 391, 397 object storage 767 object - oriented dbms 376 object - oriented programming 157 object - relational mapping ( orm ) 715 objectivity problem 369 octant 731, 738 one ’ s complement 209 online analytical processing ( olap ) 378, 408 online mapping 105 online transaction processing ( oltp ... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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pattern recognition 42 patterns management 514 pcb 268 peer - to - peer ( p2p ) 567, 762 perfectly balanced 96 performance 443, 449, 476, 483, 488 performance engineer 108 persistence independence 397 persistence orthogonality 397 phishing 844, 846, 891 physical data independence 374 physical database design 388 physic... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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, 285 process control block ( pcb ) 264 process id 268 process id ( pid ) 263 process map 60 process synchronization 252 processor 13, 17, 200, 214 product owners 438 profiler 108, 483 program 92 program counter 248 program counter ( pc ) 217 programming 127 programming language 14, 15, 149, 152, 158, 179, 187 programm... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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##1, 839, 885, 887, 889, 893 remote procedure call 671 remote procedure call ( rpc ) 672 repetition 109 replication 283 repository 174 representation 92 representational state transfer 681 representational state transfer ( rest ) 681 requirements model 552 requirements modeling 451 resiliency 679, 685 resource group 71... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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399 sentinel 329 separate compilation 349 sequelize 715, 717 sequential execution 326 sequential file organization 388 sequential search 103, 114, 120 sequential search algorithm 120 serializer 592 server - side script 345 serverless computing 691, 698, 702, 702 service - oriented architecture ( soa ) 672 set 93, 94 sh... | openstax_introduction_to_computer_science_-_web | [
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