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Galen's unambiguous and informed testimony that Asclepiades was a void theorist in the Epicurean vein is thus corroborated implicitly by Calcidius, and indirectly by two further independent sources. That Asclepiades posited void is also presupposed by his use of an atomist argument for the existence of void, and by the... |
In this way we say that Asclepiades used three hypotheses for establishing the obstruction which produces fever: the first, that there are certain theoretical pores in us, differing from each other in size;... S.E. M 3.5 [pp. Like the onkoi, the pores fall below the level of sense perception, and their existence has to... |
But Lonie isolates a different usage, of which he finds examples first in the ps.-Aristotelian Problemata, referring not 'to the normal channels of the body,' but 'to the interstices of bodily substances which are regarded as porous.' Although Lonie sees the origins of this latter usage in the Stratonic conception of d... |
travel, but the second as implying primarily the mere absence of a physical obstacle to the passage of matter. Modern analyses of Asclepiades' doctrine of pores sometimes translate πόρος in ways which seem to presuppose the former usage, for example with terms such as 'canaux,' 41 or 'canali.' 42 But we must be clear a... |
44 ἀραίωματα is also used by Sextus Empiricus, who wrote on Asclepiades' doctrine, 45 and by the ps.-Galenic 41) E.g. Pigeaud (1981). 42) E.g. Casadei (1997). 43) On the possibility that the even more suggestive term κενώματα was used by the ps. author of the Introductio sive Medicus. 46 We may note, too, that πόροι an... |
47 ἀραίωμα, of course, cannot mean 'channel' or'vessel,' etc., or refer to a physical structure of this sort, but it certainly can, or rather does, mean 'gap' or 'interstice.' Our understanding of the pores should thus be informed by the meaning of both terms used to describe them: ἀραίωμα effectively rules out the for... |
49 He is not suggesting that the eidola have a specially conforming channel or duct through which they pass, but merely 46) Sextus uses both terms, once each: M. 3.5 (quoted above), and M. 8.220: Ἀσκληπιάδῃ δὲ ὡς ἐνστάσεως νοητῶν ὄγκων ἐν νοητοῖς ἀραιώμασιν. The ps.-Galenic author of Int. likewise uses both terms, once... |
49) On the passage of eidola through a πόρος, see also Epic. fr. 24.46.13-16 Arr. According to Sedley's convincing reconstruction, there is no reference to πόρος at fr. 31.4.1-4 Arr. = fr. 8 col. iv Sedley (1973). that, given their size, they have free passage, without physical obstacle. These passages or routes clearl... |
Cel. Pass. 1.15.128, p. 94 Bendz This ubiquitous permeability clearly describes the complete porosity of the human body, in a way which is prima facie much more suggestive of a conception of the pores as gaps between onkoi, rather than their conception as channels or vessels, which would seem to imply that some parts w... |
53 Given this interpretation, we can also better understand how the differences in size and shape of the pores come about. There is an exact parallelism between Caelius' descriptions of the pores and the onkoi. At On Acute Diseases 1.14.105 and 106 respectively, he describes the corpuscula as'magnitudine atque schemate... |
Accordingly, the Asclepiadean pore is an imperceptible gap or opening between onkoi within the solid structure of the human body through which other onkoi may pass. These gaps vary in shape and size depending on the shape and size of the delimiting onkoi. We may also assume that temporal variation in the size and shape... |
It is of course a central tenet of atomism that the atoms of which all perceptible objects are composed are separated from each other by void. This entails that all apparently solid objects in the visible realm are in fact permeable. At a general level in his explication of Epicurean physics, empirical observation of t... |
The existence of openings or interstices in solid objects, as we have seen, is a consequence of the intervals of void which must exist between individual atoms. In the context of his explanation of how various living things have differing tastes, Lucretius comes to analyse the relationship between the interstices and a... |
In its basic features, then, this account precisely parallels the descriptions of Asclepiades' pores: in both theories, primary particles in perpetual motion, when they come together to form solid, perceptible objects, nevertheless have empty gaps or interstices between them which differ in their size and shape dependi... |
An answer can also be given to the question why the sources consistently refer to the pores in discussing his theory, rather than void per se, despite the fact that void must have been what they represent. I suggest that, in the principally medical contexts with which our sources are concerned, Asclepiades was for the ... |
As a brief epilogue, some comment may be thought necessary on the possibility that Asclepiades instead posited a form of Stratonic disseminate 59) Leith (2009) ; see above n. 4. microvoid. 60 The ancient sources, it will be noted firstly, point to no such link. The idea rests on the assumptions firstly that Asclepiades... |
Galen, our only direct source on the subject, informs us that Asclepiades posited the existence of Epicurean-style void. As I hope to have shown, we have no reason to doubt Galen, and several different reasons to believe him. I conclude that Asclepiades' pores contained large-scale void, and that it was in virtue of vo... |
In the 5 years between 1962 and 1967, an empirical foundation was laid for clinical organ transplantation, using chemical immunosuppression based on azathioprine and prednisone, with or without ALG. This was at first a time of wild and frequently unwarranted enthusiasm, which was then succeeded by a dozen years of deep... |
At the darkest and most unexpected moment, a mounted torch-bearer appeared in the distance. The torch was cyclosporine; the bearer was Jean Sore\. and the horse was the Sandoz Corporation. How the next steps were taken by Roy Caine and his English colleagues is the material of legends. Suffice it to say, both the patie... |
The journey started with the purification of erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone produced by the fetal liver and then by adult kidneys. The protein was purified in 1977 1 and the gene was cloned in 1985. 2 At that time, it was known that EPO was produced in response to a low blood oxygen concentration. However... |
Kaelin's group at Harvard made major contributions to deciphering this regulatory mechanism. Based on his clinical experience as an oncologist, Kaelin was aware that most kidney tumors that lose expression of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor are highly vascularized. When he and his group found that VHL form... |
This modification turned out to be prolyl hydroxylation on the proline 564 residue, which is essential for the recognition of HIF-1a by the VHL complex. Recognition of the modification leads to the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of HIF-1a. This breakthrough demonstrated that oxygen-dependent prol... |
Importantly, their work opened up the important field of research focused on mammalian oxygen sensing. At present, there are close to 70 enzyme family members that may depend on oxygen for their functions besides prolyl hydroxylases. 25 In fact, some of the enzymes involved in epigenetic regulation, including KDM5A (al... |
The forms and meanings of early modern teaching diagrams have remained largely unexamined by cultural historians. This situation, however, is slowly changing, especially in light of work that treats scientiic diagrams as pictures. 5 In addition to this, the growth of digital culture in recent years has slowly begun to ... |
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