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Heisenberg, who at that time was my assistant, brought this period to a sudden end 5. He cut the Gordian knot by means of a philosophical principle and replaced guess-work by a mathematical rule. The principle states that concepts and representations that do not correspond to physically observable facts are not to be u...
The significance of the idea was at once clear to me and I sent the manuscript to the Zeitschrift für Physik. I could not take my mind off Heisenberg's multiplication rule, and after a week of intensive thought and trial I suddenly remembered an algebraic theory which I had learned from my teacher, Professor Rosanes, i...
I was as excited by this result as a sailor would be who, after a long voyage, sees from afar, the longed-for land, and I felt regret that Heisenberg was not there. I was convinced from the start that we had stumbled on the right path. Even so, a great part was only guess-work, in particular, the disappearance of the n...
What this formalism really signified was, however, by no means clear. Mathematics, as often happens, was cleverer than interpretative thought. While we were still discussing this point there came the second dramatic surprise, the appearance of Schrödinger's famous papers 10. He took up quite a different line of thought...
Wave mechanics enjoyed a very great deal more popularity than the Göttingen or Cambridge version of quantum mechanics. It operates with a wave function ψ, which in the case of one particle at least, can be pictured in space, and it uses the mathematical methods of partial differential equations which are in current use...
It appeared to me that it was not possible to obtain a clear interpretation of the ψ-function, by considering bound electrons. I had therefore, as early as the end of 1925, made an attempt to extend the matrix method, which obviously only covered oscillatory processes, in such a way as to be applicable to aperiodic pro...
The atomic collision processes suggested themselves at this point. A swarm of electrons coming from infinity, represented by an incident wave of known intensity (i.e., i@), impinges upon an obstacle, say a heavy atom. In the same way that a water wave produced by a steamer causes secondary circular waves in striking a ...
However, a paper by Heisenberg 19, containing his celebrated uncertainty relationship, contributed more than the above-mentioned successes to the swift acceptance of the statistical interpretation of the ψ-function. It was through this paper that the revolutionary character of the new conception became clear. It showed...
The mathematical approximation methods which I used were quite primitive and soon improved upon. From the literature, which has grown to a point where I cannot cope with, I would like to mention only a few of the first authors to whom the theory owes great progress: Faxén in Sweden, Holtsmark in Norway 20, Bethe in Ger...
I should also like to mention that in 1926 and 1927 I tried another way of supporting the statistical concept of quantum mechanics, partly in collaboration with the Russian physicist Fock 23. In the above-mentioned threeauthor paper there is a chapter which anticipates the Schrödinger function, except that it is not th...
Much more difficult is the objection based on reality. The concept of a particle, e.g. a grain of sand, implicitly contains the idea that it is in a definite position and has definite motion. But according to quantum mechanics it is impossible to determine simultaneously with any desired accuracy both position and velo...
Referring to the first question, it is clear that if the theory is correct -and we have ample grounds for believing this -the obstacle to simultaneous measurement of position and motion (and of other such pairs of so-called conjugate quantities) must lie in the laws of quantum mechanics themselves. In fact, this is so....
The answer to this is no longer physics, but philosophy, and to deal with it thoroughly would mean going far beyond the bounds of this lecture. I have given my views on it elsewhere 26. Here I will only say that I am emphatically in favour of the retention of the particle idea. Naturally, it is necessary to redefine wh...
I am pleased to report that, as Shawn Carlson has noted, "astrology failed to perform at a level better than chance" (Nature 318, 419-425; 1985). The results from my classes are: 8.0% (n = 163 students), 8.4% (n = 155), 7.0% (n = 143), 8.0% (n = 138) and 8.0% (n = 100). In other words, as John Maddox has commented "ast...
Scientists involved in creating the huge mutant-mouse population need to recognize this need and help find a solution. The governments funding the mice and their databases are failing to create the necessary human resources. One potential solution could be a partnership among academic institutions, industry and governm...
Certainly, many problems are likely to occur when translating old languages into English. This is especially true of those languages that are no longer currently in use and especially true of those that have been completely forgotten. Some aspects of translation, such as accuracy or the effort to preserve the originali...
So, absence of vowel signs in Arabic, Persian and old Turkic languages, more precisely, writing them without vowel signs in the professional form of the language using just one vowel sign to suggest several vowel signs and make people guess which vowel sign belongs to which vowels amplify the problem. For example, the ...
When it comes to old languages which are completely in old or forgotten language, the difficulties and contradictions are increased exponentially for some reasons. Considering that both Dresden and Berlin manuscripts of the book of Dede Korkut were written in PersoArabic script, for that reason translators are not able...
Copies of the manuscripts or copies of the copies may leave some difficulties or ambiguity behind, and finally cause translation of such copies to be a waste of time. In the event the original is not discovered, translators who intend to translate the old language should try to get all available copies of the original....
'excellent','smooth' etc. For example: 'She is totally cool and easygoing', 'This is a really cool setup!', 'This stuff is so cool. I am just floating'(Spears, 1975: 87) etc. Similar changes or innovations exist for other languages too. For instance, once the word for 'uchmaq'in old Shikhbabayev, N. (2013). Sociolingui...
Turkic languages was a noun meaning 'paradise', but now it is only used as a verb meaning 'to fly somewhere'. As for the words like 'aytmaq' -(narrate),'esen' -(healthy), 'tanuq' -(witness), 'yom' -(good tidings), they are no longer used in the modern Turkic languages now. (Dəәmirçizadəә, 1959: 143) In old Arabic langu...
Besides, 'knowledge of the old language', of course, includes familiarity with the idiomatic phrases. There are some mistranslated idioms that we would like to share. For example, this proverb which is mentioned in the book of Dede Korkut was lost from the text during its translation into English and was used instead a...
Fortunately, in later translations (Lewis, 1974; Mirabile, 1991) Some translators behave as though some sentences or words in old manuscripts are unnecessary and that accordingly, there is no need or advantage to translating them. Besides, we consider that translators are required to give it in a note when a word or ph...
(Paul Mirabile) Shikhbabayev, N. (2013). Sociolinguistic Approach to Translation Problems: In The Example of Dede Korkut and the Quran. Ulakbilge, 1 (2), s. (Lewis, 1974) and Paul Mirabile (Mirabile, 1991) based on other three copies (Ergin, 1994; Cəәmşidov, 1999; İsaxanlı, 2002) To sum up the research, we advise a tra...
This thematic issue of the Journal of Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy is dedicated to the Mediterranean bioethics or as the title says to the quest for it. Recently, I came across an article written by a Croatian moral theologian and bioethicist Tonči Matulić entitled ''Researching the Roots of Mediterranean Bioet...
The final fifth contribution of this issue comes from Marseille, France from Espace éthique méditerrenéen. The authors are starting from the presumption that there are distinct ethical features between Anglo-Saxon liberal and Latin (Southern Europe) paternalist ethical traditions. They have decided to measure predomina...
As you can see from the contributions all the authors are coming from the European Mediterranean countries. I also wanted to include in this issue the authors from the Middle Eastern and African part of the Mediterranean. However, these attempts were hampered by language barriers and recent events in the region. I woul...
The older Aldrovandi did not recall this speleological episode to celebrate Rome's visual wealth, however, but to refute the opinion of his close friend Cardinal Gabriele Paleotti that painting was more ancient than script. This was doubtful in Aldrovandi's view. Grotesques after all were no older than the Romans thems...
To my delight, during my last visit to the Aldrovandi archive in Bologna I stumbled upon an unpublished manuscript of his, a Trattato dei colori, which despite its title is written in Latin and is elsewhere referred to as De coloribus (MS 72) (Fig. 2). This treatise fills one of those long and narrow volumes bound in c...
Further digging among Aldrovandi's papers uncovered two related sets of notes in separate volumes. MS 95 contains four pages enumerating ninety-four colors, each listed by its Latin name, or the Latinized version of its Greek appellation, and explained with a phrase in the vernacular, from the white Albus to Ater, the ...
This article provides a first introduction to these works, investigating the reasons behind their composition and their probable uses. Little of a comparable nature has survived among the papers of contemporary naturalists. Yet their value is not limited to this status of textual relic. My contention is that they shoul...
These texts confirm that color had a central place in the identification and classification of naturalia, one it would only lose, according to David Freedberg, when a more streamlined taxonomic system based on morphological characteristics gained ground in the eighteenth century. 15 However, while considered one of the...
14 On ancient color theories, see Maria Michela Sassi, "Entre corps et lumière: Réflexions antiques sur la nature pages of schematic notes that highlighted the links in a field of knowledge, usually via branching diagrams that worked by metodo divisivo (dividing larger categories into smaller units), and were meant to ...
Aldrovandi. To understand these, we need to recall the latter's thoughts on 'art and science', Though historians have pointed out that these pictorial conventions were often breached, the accuracy and accountability they advocated underscored the point that images had to demonstrate and instruct before they delighted t...
. That artists, however, were more often casual hands is showcased by the apology presented to Aldrovandi by a correspondent, the apothecary Ippolito Geniforti, for his inability to send a drawing: his artist was busy applying a fresh coat of paint to the façade of his home. Aldrovandi's insistence on the need to captu...
If of dubious effectiveness in practice, this semantic multiplication displayed an intriguing synergy with the sustained attempts of contemporary painters at replicating luster, shine and tonal variation on canvas by experimenting with new materials. Driven by similar concerns with mimesis, sixteenth-century artists st...
Several classicists, moreover, have recently argued that color terms in antiquity were more qualitative and less connected to a specific hue than we are accustomed to today: for instance caeruleus, usually associated with the sea, was not meant to suggest a 'blue' surface so much as one possessing a quality akin to the...
It is difficult to measure the extent to which such a layered approach to color was 'thinned out' across the centuries; and whether early modern naturalists sought to discard or simply failed to capture these inherent associations, thus 'flattening' the experience of color terminology into that of univocal visual-lingu...
Aldrovandi was experimenting with a language to talk across domains. According to Olmi, he supervised his artists' manufacture of pigments. 113 He certainly could consult his list before instructing his painter on a color choice-particularly when the sketching was not from life but, as was common, from third-party draw...
another physician, Giulio Mancini, would publish his influential Considerazioni sulla pittura, among the first painters," Aldrovandi advised the gentleman to have the drawings assessed by a "persona dell'arte" (an art dealer), so "that he may judge the value of these pictures, given that so much money is being asked." ...
This had a composite grammar that took its rules of composition on one side from the language of close examination and description of naturalia, and on the other from the language of philology and the activation of the textual heritage of ancients and moderns. It was a composite language which most of Aldrovandi's peer...
tion, that is, it would be the negation of all material exristence. And yet it would Dot be absolute nlegation. It might be described as the absence of position. Every past stage of evolution is nega- tive to that which immediately succeeds it, and yet it is positive to that w hich has gone before; so that if we go bac...
Our experience with residency programs and our professional practice and teaching in higher education in healthcare led us to raise some concerns about the role of the preceptor in the professional training for Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS). If the preceptor participates in the health education process, by relat...
Therefore, the preceptor is a mediator in the learning process and, thus, needs to mobilize knowledge and strategies that make it possible for them to perform this process, for The mastery of specialized knowledge of a given practice is not sufficient. Preceptors should be able to teach and make sure the students under...
Over the past three decades, there has been much debate on the training of healthcare professionals regarding the consolidation of the SUS as a model of healthcare and social practice in Brazil. The discussions concern the training model, the pedagogical proposals and the challenges in the educational process, seeking ...
Being a professor is "exercising, in a perspective of personal wholeness, the possible mediations of the relationship of the students with the world, in order to facilitate their perception, apprehen-sion, mastery and, thus, their power to transform reality [...] requires more than mastering specific knowledge" (7:7). ...
In this regard, preceptors should develop what Shulman (1) calls Knowledge Base for teaching, which is composed of seven categories of knowledge, namely: content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, curriculum knowledge; pedagogical content knowledge;, knowledge about the students and their characteristics, of edu...
Naturally, Haltof's survey method has its shortcomings: some films are granted only a few lines of discussion, while others, notably Ostatni etap/The Last Stage (Wanda Jakubowska, Poland, 1948), Ulica Graniczna/Border Street (Aleksander Ford, Poland, 1948), Korczak (Andrzej Wajda, Poland/Germany/UK, 1990) and Wielki ty...
Given that the debates around Jedwabne have generated the'most prolonged and far-reaching of any discussion of the Jewish issue in Poland since the Second World War' (Polonsky and Michlic 2004: xiii), it is somewhat surprising that Haltof himself plays down the recent shifts in Polish memory around the Holocaust. Jedwa...
The essayistic nature of Fredric Jameson's short new book on G. W. F. Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit should not blind us to the fact that the book offers a systematic interpretation of the entire inner structure of Hegel's first masterpiece. Although The Hegel Variations comes from someone for whom reading Hegel is li...
Jameson is right to draw attention to the fact that, "despite his familiarity with Adam Smith and emergent economic doctrine, Hegel's conception of work and labor-I have specifically characterized it as a handicraft ideology-betrays no anticipation of the originalities of industrial production or the factory system"-in...
Second, Hegel could not yet imagine the way abstraction rules in developed capitalism: when Karl Marx describes the mad self-enhancing circulation of capital, whose solipsistic path of self-fecundation reaches its apogee in today's metareflexive speculations on futures, it is far too simplistic to claim that the specte...
Is then capital the true Subject/ Substance? Yes and no. For Marx, this self-engendering circular movement is-to put it in Freudian terms-precisely the capitalist unconscious fantasy that parasitizes the proletariat as pure substanceless subjectivity; for this reason, capital's of real abstraction at its purest and muc...
Capital is money that is no longer merely wealth, its universal embodiment, but value that, through its circulation, generates more value-value that mediates or posits itself, retroactively speculative self-generating dance has a limit and brings about the conditions of its own collapse. Our everyday experience tells u...
What all this means is that the urgent task of the economic analysis today is, again, to repeat Marx's critique of political economy without succumbing to the temptation of the multitude of the ideologies of postindustrial societies. The key change concerns the status of private property: the ultimate element of power ...
The irony is not difficult to miss here: the fact that Marx needed Hegel to formulate the logic of capital (the crucial breakthrough in Marx's work occurred in the mid1850s, when, after the failure of the 1848 revolutions, he started to read Hegel's Logic again) means that what Hegel wasn't able to see was not some pos...
Jameson characterizes Understanding (Verstand), the "common-sense empirical thinking of externality, formed in the experience of solid objects and obedient to the law of non-contradiction" (119), as a kind of spontaneous ideology of our daily lives, of our immediate experience of reality. As such, it is not merely a hi...
Closely linked to this notion of ideology is Jameson's (rarely noticed, but all the more persistent) motif of the unsayable, of things better left unsaid. For example, in his review of my Parallax View (2006) in the London Review of Books, his argument against the notion of parallax is that, as the name for the most el...
Jameson develops this impossibility to break out in his perspicuous reading of the concept of positing as the key to what Hegel means by idealism. His first move is to dialectically mediate the very opposition of positing and presupposing: The core of positing is not the direct production of objects, since such a produ...
Kant's theory-phenomenon and noumenon-looks somewhat different if it is grasped as a specific way of positing the world.... [I]t is no longer a question of belief: of taking the existence of objective reality, of the noumenon, of a world independent of human perceptions, on faith. But it is also not a question of follo...
Rather, that beyond as which the noumenon is characterized now becomes something like a category of thinking.... It is the mind that posits noumena in the sense in which its experience of each phenomenon includes a beyond along with it.... The noumenon is not something separate from the phenomenon, but part and parcel ...
[J]ust as we always posit the anteriority of a nameless object along with the name or idea we have just articulated, so also in the matter of historical temporality we always posit the preexistence of a formless object which is the raw material of our emergent social or historical articulation. (85-86) of these prehist...
This Jamesonian account nonetheless raises a number of critical points. Yes, presuppositions are (retroactively) posited, but the conclusion to be drawn from this is not This formlessness should also be understood as a violent erasure of (previous) forms: whenever a certain act is posited as a founding one, as a histor...
One should add a further qualification here: what escapes our grasp is not the way things were before the arrival of the New, but the very birth of the New, the New as it was "in itself," from the perspective of the Old, before the New managed to posit its presuppositions. This is why fantasy, the phantasmatic narrativ...
The simplest truth about man is that he is a very strange being; almost in the sense of being a stranger on the earth. In all sobriety, he has much more of the external appearance of one bringing alien habits from another land than of a mere growth of this one. He has an unfair the actuality of revolution and in its fi...
The things that might have been are not even present to the imagination. If somebody says that the world would now be better if Napoleon had never fallen, but had established his Imperial dynasty, people have to adjust their minds with a jerk. The very notion is new to them. Yet it would have prevented the Prussian rea...
However, a much more important critical point concerns the way Jameson formulates the dichotomy between Understanding and Reason: Understanding is understood as the elementary form of analyzing, of drawing the lines of fixed differences and identities; that is, of reducing the wealth of reality to an abstract set of fe...
We thereby search the whole world, and outer space, and end up only touching ourselves, only seeing our own face persist through multitudinous differences and forms of otherness. Never truly to encounter the not-I, to come face to face with radical otherness (or, even worse, to find ourselves in an historical dynamic i...
What this also means is that Communism should no longer be conceived as the subjective (re)appropriation of the alienated substantial content-all versions of reconciliation as "subject swallows the substance" should be rejected. So, again, reconciliation is the full acceptance of the abyss of the desubstantialized proc...
Such advances helped meteorologists to forecast the start of the current stratospheric warming about a week in advance. The events typically start towards the end of winter, when mountains or the contrast between warm ocean temperatures and cold land masses generate continental-scale atmospheric disturbances known as R...
Laureates' discovery underpins understanding of diseases such as anaemia and cancer. In 1995, Mayor, at the University of Geneva, Switzerland, and his then-student Queloz made the first discovery of a planet orbiting a Sun-like star (M. Mayor and D. Queloz Nature 378, 355-359; 1995). Their work launched a field that ha...
Peebles, who is at Princeton University in New Jersey, developed a theoretical framework that underpins modern understanding of the Universe's history (P. J. E. Peebles and J. T. Yu Astrophys. J. 162, 815; 1970). In particular, he helped to lay the theoretical foundations for the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the ...
The work has led researchers to develop drugs that target oxygen-sensing processes, including those in cancer. Drugs, called prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, that prevent VHL from binding to HIF and causing its degradation are also being investigated as treatments for anaemia and renal failure. Chinese regulators approve...
The frozen embryo truly is a tiny baby. Even though this baby should not have been brought into being as he or she was, 1 now that this new person exists, he or she-like a baby conceived as a result of The Linacre Quarterly 79(3) (August 2012): 304-315. © 2012 by the Catholic Medical Association. All rights reserved. 0...
Eberl fornication, adultery, rape, or incest-has the same immeasurable worth and deserves the same respect and loving care as every other human being. 2 The question is worth exploring, however, of whether the metaphysical and moral status of a "frozen" embryo is indeed the same as one living in utero. One phrase used ...
According to Aquinas, all human beings are persons. 3 He adopts the definition of personhood developed by Boethius: "An individual substance of a rational nature." 4 The disposition of a human body is determined by its having a rational soul as its "substantial form." 5 As a substantial form, a rational soul is respons...
A human being is not identical to either her rational soul or the matter it informs. Rather, a human being is composed of her informed material body. Aquinas concludes, "A human being is said to be from soul and body just as from two things a third is constituted that is neither of the two, hence a human being is neith...
My argument goes to the nature of chemically anhydrating embryos, replacing water with a cryoprotectant such as glycol, and super freezing at temperatures at which no life has been known to survive. This is a state in which the parts of the embryo are no longer in an integrated relationship: all biological activity is ...
Nevertheless, a cryopreserved embryo is "alive in the sense that it could be thawed so that life development could continue": 19 [A cyropreserved embryo] can be re-integrated through the removal of the cryopreservative, rehydration, and thawing. Dynamism can be restored by that process. He or she is therefore not dead;...
A frozen embryo will not become an adult human being without significant external interference. It is not actively developing towards any future state.... In its frozen state, the embryo will not grow, develop, or change at all over time. It is not dynamic. Its lack of active potential is not merely a matter of its cha...
Admittedly, the claim that a cryopreserved embryo's nature is "restored" when it is thawed, rather than it being "altered" by the freezing process and then changed back, appears question-begging prima facie. However, there are at least two reasons supporting this conclusion. First, the fact that the cryopreservation pr...
Of course, sperm and ova share a similar fate of either becoming a fully actualized human person-if conception occurs-or dying after ejaculation or menstruation. As argued previously, however, we have good reason to regard a human embryo, prior to cryopreservation, as having an intrinsic active potentiality-as opposed ...
We can differentiate the relevant potentialities of the different types of entities under discussion thus: 1) A sperm cell or ovum has merely a passive potentiality to develop into a person because a) each must be changed by an external agent-the other gamete-in order for such development to occur, and b) such change i...
Second, the age-old principle of Ockham's razor applies equally well in metaphysics as it does in empirical science. In this case, on the Thomistic understanding of human nature, an extraordinarily more ontologically complex alternative awaits the denial of the claim in question. This alternative would involve the clai...
It may be objected that such discontinuous existence is not metaphysically problematic at all, and I agree that there is nothing inherently problematic about an embryo ceasing to exist, her parts being preserved, and then those parts coming to compose a numerically distinct embryo. It is, nonetheless, an inelegant pict...
A human embryo's moral status, from the Thomistic perspective, whether it is developing in utero or is frozen, follows from its metaphysical status as a person. A human person has a fundamentally intrinsic value due to being a living, sentient, and rational substance. Rationality, on Aquinas's view, is the highest capa...
Until May, 1924, patient felt better generally-except for frequency of micturition, especially at night (five to seven times). Vision much improved, -can now read newspaper. Slight weakness of right side of tongue and left side of face. Pupils react sluggishly to light and weakly to accommodation. Double extensor respo...
Is passing 60 to 90 oz. (incomplete) of pale urine, specific gravity 1001 to 1002. No albumin, no sugar, no blood. White deposit of phosphates. Blood-sugar curve shows hyperglyc8emia. X-ray shows some thickening of floor of pituitary fossa and of bone below this, around sella turcica. The alteration in the blood-sugar ...
One puzzle, or paradox (Reiss, 2012), concerning highly idealized models is whether and under what conditions they explain. The paradox is that models * I would like to thank audiences at the EIPE 20th Anniversary, INEM 2017, and EPSA 2017 conferences for helpful questions and comments. Special thanks also to James Gra...
seem to misrepresent reality, and yet appear to be explanatory despite the fact that our best theories of scientific explanation (Woodward, 2003; Strevens, 2008) require faithful representation for successful explanation. For some commentators, one way out of this conundrum is to view these models as providing 'how-pos...
This response, however, raises two sets of issues. First, existing views attribute different features to HPEs. There are two important families of accounts, which I call the Dray-type and the Hempel-type. While the Dray-type (Dray, 1968; Forber, 2010) considers HPEs and HAEs to be a different species of explanation, th...
I aim to provide an account of HPEs that clarifies their nature in the context of solving the puzzle of model-based explanation. More precisely, to address the first issue I argue that the modal notions of 'actuality' and 'possibility' provide the relevant dividing lines between HPEs and HAEs. The crucial feature that ...
To address the second issue, I emphasize the need to make a distinction between model and world propositions. According to my account, HPEs are world propositions of the form '♦(p because q)'. What model propositions (e.g., unrealistic assumptions) do is to give reasons to believe in the truth of the possibility claim....
true (Hempel, 1965) potential (Hempel, 1965) pseudo-explanation (Resnik, 1991) how-actually (Dray, 1968) possible explanations how-possibly (Dray, 1968) how-plausibly (Machamer et al., 2000) potential how-actually (Reydon, 2012) global how-possibly (Forber, 2010) genuine explanations in need of explananda (Reydon, 2012...
Hempel rejected the assertion that HPEs were a distinct species of explanation and therefore did not believe it was necessary to characterize them further. Even though some accounts (Salmon, 1989; Brandon, 1990; Craver, 2006 ; see also Bokulich, 2014) Craver maintains that how-possibly models "are purported to explain,...
But is it not only a language problem? What is really at stake if scholars misidentify 'potential' explanations as 'how-possibly' explanations? The problem is that the confusion occurs not only at the semantic level. In many debates on theoretical models, the concept of HPE is mobilized to account for their epistemic c...
It is explanatory and provides understanding, they say, because "the model is still able to answer certain key how-possibly questions (Resnik, 1991; Forber, 2010; Reydon, 2012) " (Rohwer and Rice, 2013, 349). In all fairness, Rohwer and However, what I want to show is that neither the Dray-type nor the Hempel-type are ...
The model is not strictly speaking a Hempel-type potential explanation because it goes beyond meeting the internal conditions. The model does not only tell us how certain consequences can be derived. When considering the model, "we see it is possible that preferences for not living in a minority status bring about segr...
All the preceding quotes suggest that HPEs have something to do with the modality of the explanation. The use of words like'might', 'could', and 'possibility' are all modal terms. It is interesting to see that regardless of one's specific position in the debate over HPEs, a common idea is that HPEs provide modal inform...
The first question we may then ask is whether HPEs and HAEs have the same internal conditions, viz., do they have the same structure or form? In its general form, an explanation "is a set of propositions with a certain structure" (Strevens, 2013, 510 In this formulation, how the modality of the possibility operator sho...

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