article_title stringlengths 1 1.44k | abstract stringlengths 10 22.8k | contributor stringlengths 29 38.3k | journal stringlengths 3 246 | full_text stringlengths 22 2.53M |
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Comparison of written reports of mammography, sonography and magnetic resonance mammography for preoperative evaluation of breast lesions, with special emphasis on magnetic resonance mammography | <p>Patients with abnormal breast findings (<italic>n</italic> = 413) were examined by mammography, sonography and magnetic resonance (MR) mammography; 185 invasive cancers, 38 carcinoma <italic>in situ</italic> and 254 benign tumours were confirmed histologically. Sensitivity for mammography was 83.7%, for sonography i... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malur</surname><given-names>Sabine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wurdinger</surname><given-names>Susanne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib><... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Mammography and sonography are the standard imaging techniques for detection and evaluation of breast disease [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Mammography is the most established screening modality [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Especially in young women and wome... |
BRCA1 and BRCA2 protein expressions in an ovotestis of a 46, XX true hermaphrodite | <p><italic>BRCA1</italic> and <italic>BRCA2</italic> breast cancer susceptibility genes encode proteins, the normal cellular functions of which are complex and multiple, and germ-line mutations in individuals predispose both to breast and to ovarian cancer. There is nevertheless substantial evidence linking BRCA1 and B... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bernard-Gallon</surname><given-names>Dominique J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Déchelotte</surname><given-names>Pierre</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Hereditary predisposition to breast cancer can be attributed to germline mutations in the <italic>BRCA1</italic> or <italic>BRCA2</italic> breast cancer susceptibility genes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Germline mutations in the <italic>BRCA1</italic> and <italic>BRCA2</... |
Transforming growth factors-β are not good biomarkers of chemopreventive efficacy in a preclinical breast cancer model system | <p>Using a carcinogen-initiated rat model of mammary tumorigenesis, we tested the hypothesis that transforming growth factor (TGF)-βs are useful biomarkers of chemopreventive efficacy in the breast. The chemopreventive agents tested were tamoxifen and the retinoids 9-<italic>cis</italic>-retinoic acid (9cRA) an... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zujewski</surname><given-names>JoAnne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Vaughn-Cooke</surname><given-names>Anika</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contr... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Synopsis</title><sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Chemoprevention has been defined as the use of noncytotoxic nutrients or pharmacologic agents to enhance intrinsic physiologic mechanisms that protect the organism against the development of mutant clones and their progression to malignant cancer. In a rec... |
Smoking and high-risk mammographic parenchymal patterns: a
case-control study | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Overall, epidemiological studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>] have
reported no substantial association between cigarette smoking and the risk of
... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Sala</surname><given-names>Evis</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>evis.sala@srl.cam.ac.uk</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Warren</surname><given-names>Ruth</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff"... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Overall, epidemiological studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>] have
reported no substantial association between cigarette smoking and the risk of
... |
Altered expression of estrogen receptor-α variant messenger RNAs
between adjacent normal breast and breast tumor tissues | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Estrogen receptor (ER)-α and ER-β are believed to
mediate the action of estradiol in target tissues. Several ER-α and
ER-β variant messenger RNAs have been identified in both normal and
neoplastic human tissues. Most of these variants conta... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Leygue</surname><given-names>Etienne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>eleygue@cc.umanitoba.ca</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dotzlaw</surname><given-names>Helmut</given-names></name><xref ref-ty... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Estrogen receptor (ER)-α and ER-β are believed to mediate
the action of estradiol in target tissues [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. These two receptors, which belong to the steroid/retinoic
acid/thyroid recepto... |
The Million Women Study: design and characteristics of the study population | <sec><title>Objectives:</title><p>To describe the design of the Million Women Study and the characteristics of the study population.</p></sec><sec><title>Study design:</title><p>Population-based cohort study of women aged 50-64 in the UK.</p></sec><sec><title>Setting:</title><p>Women are asked to join the Million Women... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><collab>The Million Women Study Collaborative Group</collab><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib> | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The Million Women Study is a nationwide collaborative research project in the UK, the chief aim of which is to describe the relationship between use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the risk of various conditions, particularly breast cancer. The study began in May 1996 and the... |
Glutathione S-transferase M1 null genotype: lack of association with tumour characteristics and survival in advanced breast cancer | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Glutathione S-transferase (GST)M1, a member of the μ class GST gene family, has been shown to be polymorphic because of a partial gene deletion. This results in a failure to express the <italic>GSTM1</italic> gene in 50-60% of individuals. Several studies have demonstrated a po... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lizard-Nacol</surname><given-names>Sarab</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>Slizard@dijon.fnclcc.fr</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Coudert</surname><given-names>Bruno</given-names></name><xref ref... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The human glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a multigene, isoenzyme family. Cytosolic GST isoenzymes can be classified by their substrate specificities, isoelectric points and amino acid sequence homologies into major classes termed α, μ, π and θ, wh... |
Cyclin D<sub>1</sub> expression during rat mammary tumor development
and its potential role in the resistance of the Copenhagen rat | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Resistance to mammary tumorigenesis in Copenhagen rats is
associated with loss of early preneoplastic lesions known as intraductal
proliferations. The cause of this disappearance, however, is unknown.</p></sec><sec><title>Results:</title><p>There were no differences in the numb... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Korkola</surname><given-names>James E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wood</surname><given-names>Geoffrey A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib>... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Most strains of rats develop multiple mammary tumors when initiated
with chemicals or radiation. Several strains, however, are resistant to mammary
tumorigenesis induced by both of these means. The Copenhagen rat is the best
characterized of these strains [<xref ref-type="... |
Increased cell survival by inhibition of BRCA1 using an antisense approach in an estrogen responsive ovarian carcinoma cell line |
<sec>
<title>Introduction:</title>
<p>Germline mutations in the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene <italic>BRCA1</italic>, which is located on chromosome 17q21, are associated with a predisposition to the development of cancer in these organs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xr... |
<contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Annab</surname>
<given-names>Lois A</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref>
<email>Annab@NIEHS.NIH.GOV</email>
</contrib>
<contrib id="A2" contrib-type="a... | Breast Cancer Research |
<sec>
<title>Introduction</title>
<p>Germline mutations in the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene <italic>BRCA1</italic>, which is located on chromosome 17q21, are associated with a predisposition to the development of cancer in these organs [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref... |
A novel cell culture model for studying differentiation and apoptosis in the mouse mammary gland | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>This paper describes the derivation and characterization of a novel, conditionally immortal mammary epithelial cell line named KIM-2. These cells were derived from mid-pregnant mammary glands of a mouse harbouring one to two copies of a transgene comprised of the ovine β-lactog... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gordon</surname><given-names>Katrina E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Binas</surname><given-names>Bert</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib><con... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>With each successive pregnancy, the mammary gland completes a cycle of growth, functional differentiation and involution. These processes are of great importance in biology in their own right, but they also provide an example of how proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis are int... |
<italic>BRCA1</italic> and <italic>BRCA2</italic> mutations in central and southern
Italian patients | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Germline <italic>BRCA1</italic> and <italic>BRCA2</italic> mutations account for
most hereditary breast/ovarian cancers and are associated with male breast
cancer. Furthermore, constitutional mutations in these genes may occur in
breast/ovarian cancer patients that do not... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Ottini</surname><given-names>Laura</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>D'Amico</surname><given-names>Cristina</given-names></name><xref ref-ty... | Breast Cancer Research : BCR | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The proportion of breast cancers that are attributable to
autosomal-dominant susceptibility genes is estimated to be approximately 7% in
the general population [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xr... |
Characterization of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 overexpression
in the human breast cancer cell line SUM-52PE | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>The FGFR family of receptor tyrosine kinases includes four
members, all of which are highly alternatively spliced and glycosylated. For
FGFR2, alternative splicing of the second half of the third Ig-like domain,
involving exons IIIb and IIIc, is a mutually exclusive choic... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tannheimer</surname><given-names>Stacey L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rehemtulla</surname><given-names>Alnawaz</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></c... | Breast Cancer Research : BCR | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The FGFs are a family of polypeptides consisting of 18 different
growth factors that bind with varying specificity and affinity to four
different FGFRs. FGFs stimulate proliferation of a wide variety of cells of
mesenchymal, neuronal, and epithelial origins [<xref ref-type... |
Polymorphic repeat in <italic>AIB1</italic> does not alter breast cancer risk | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>A causal association between endogenous and exogenous estrogens and breast cancer has been established. Steroid hormones regulate the expression of proteins that are involved in breast cell proliferation and development after binding to their respective steroid hormone receptors. Coa... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haiman</surname><given-names>Christopher A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hankinson</surname><given-names>Susan E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></c... | Breast Cancer Research : BCR | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>A causal association between endogenous and exogenous estrogens and breast cancer development has been established [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>]. Variant alleles of candidate genes involved in ... |
P53 autoantibodies in 1006 patients followed up for breast cancer | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Dysfunction of the tumour-suppressor protein, p53, may be due to either mutational or epigenetic factors, each of which may lead to accumulation of cytoplasmic p53. Abnormal accumulation of p53 in breast cancer tissue is predictive of poor prognosis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1<... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Metcalfe</surname><given-names>Su</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>smm1001@cam.ac.uk</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wheeler</surname><given-names>Terence K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="af... | Breast Cancer Research : BCR | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The tumour-suppressor protein p53 is a nuclear transcription factor that is autoregulatory in terms of expression, this being low in normal cells. Loss of p53 function is often associated with high accumulation of p53 and its retention in the cytoplasm. Abnormal accumulation of p53 in... |
Estrogen receptor of primary breast cancers: evidence for intracellular proteolysis | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>We previously reported that about two-thirds of [<sup>125</sup>I]oestradiol-labelled cytosolic ERs from breast cancer samples eluted as low-molecular-weight isoforms (≤ 37 kDa, size-exclusion fast pressure liquid chromatography [FPLC]). These isoforms failed to adsorb strongl... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maaroufi</surname><given-names>Younes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>lcanmamm@ulb.ac.be</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lacroix</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name><xref ref-type="af... | Breast Cancer Research : BCR | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Assessment of the ER status in breast cancer samples is currently used to select patients for endocrine (tamoxifen) therapy [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. Biochemical determinations of receptor... |
Mechanisms of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid inhibition of mammary cell growth | <p>The mechanism of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid in cell growth inhibition involved induction of pRb-2/p130 interaction and nuclear translocation with E2F-4, followed by significant repression in E2F-1 and PCNA nuclear levels, which led to inhibition in DNA synthesis in mammary epithelial cell lines.</p> | <contrib id="A1" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Said</surname><given-names>Thenaa K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>tsaid@bcm.tmc.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moraes</surname><given-names>Ricardo CB</given-names></name><x... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Synopsis</title><sec><title>Background:</title><p>Hybrid polar compounds (HPCs) have induced cell growth arrest, terminal differentiation and/or apoptosis in various transformed cell lines. We have previously reported that the prototype HPC (hexamethylene bisacetamide [HMBA]) was able to arrest the growth o... |
An investigation of soy intake and mammographic characteristics in Hawaii | <p>This cross-sectional investigation in Hawaii explored the relation between soy foods and mammographic characteristics using two food frequency questionnaires and a computer-assisted density assessment method. Japanese and Chinese women reported significantly greater soy food intake than Caucasian women. Whereas soy ... | <contrib id="A1" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maskarinec</surname><given-names>Gertraud</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>gertraud@crch.hawaii.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Meng</surname><given-names>Lixin</given-names></n... | Breast Cancer Research | <sec><title>Synopsis</title><sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Based on ethnic [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>] and international [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>] differences in breast cancer risk, and on results from cell and animal studies [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>], a role for soy f... |
Regulation of Mitotic Inhibitor Mik1 Helps to Enforce the DNA Damage Checkpoint | <p>The protein kinase Chk1 enforces the DNA damage checkpoint. This checkpoint delays mitosis until damaged DNA is repaired. Chk1 regulates the activity and localization of Cdc25, the tyrosine phosphatase that activates the cdk Cdc2. Here we report that Mik1, a tyrosine kinase that inhibits Cdc2, is positively regulate... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Baber-Furnari</surname><given-names>Beth A.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rhind</surname><given-names>Nick</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boddy</surname><given-names>Michael N.</given... | Molecular Biology of the Cell | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>In response to DNA damage or incomplete DNA synthesis, eukaryotic cells delay the onset of mitosis by activation of mitotic checkpoints (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Hartwell and Weinert, 1989</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Elledge, 1996</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="... |
'Gene shaving' as a method for identifying distinct sets of genes with similar expression patterns | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Large gene expression studies, such as those conducted using DNA arrays, often provide millions of different pieces of data. To address the problem of analyzing such data, we describe a statistical method, which we have called 'gene shaving'. The method identifies subsets of genes with... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hastie</surname><given-names>Trevor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>tibs@stat.stanford.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tibshirani</surname><given-names>... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Through the use of recently developed DNA arrays, it is now possible to obtain accurate, quantitative (relative) measurements of a large proportion of the mRNA species present in a biological sample. DNA arrays have been used to monitor changes in gene expression during important biolog... |
Exclusion of <italic>EDNRB</italic> and <italic>KIT</italic> as the basis for white spotting in Border Collies | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>White spotting patterns in mammals can be caused by mutations in the genes for the endothelin B receptor and c-Kit, whose protein products are necessary for proper migration, differentiation or survival of the melanoblast population of cells. Although there are many different dog breed... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Metallinos</surname><given-names>Danika</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rine</surname><given-names>Jasper</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib> | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>The genetics of coat color has been studied for many years in a variety of mammals, and the inheritance patterns of many of the relevant genes have been determined. Both scientists and breeders have studied the range of color and pattern that can be found in mammals. Dogs are uniquely s... |
Gene expression changes during murine postnatal brain development | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>For most vertebrate organs and tissues, the majority of development occurs during embryogenesis, and postnatal changes are primarily concerned with growth. The central nervous system is unusual in that a considerable amount of morphological development, cell differentiation and acquisi... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Clinton</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Manson</surname><given-names>J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib><contrib id="... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>For most vertebrate organs and tissues, the majority of development occurs during embryogenesis, and postnatal changes are primarily concerned with growth. The central nervous system (CNS) is unusual in that a considerable amount of morphological development, cell differentiation and ac... |
Genomic structure of the gene for mouse germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>The germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF, also known as retinoid acid receptor-related testis-associated receptor, neuronal cell nuclear receptor or NR6A1) is an orphan receptor in the nuclear receptor superfamily found in mammals, amphibians and fish. The mouse <italic>Gcnf</italic> gene is... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Süsens</surname><given-names>Ute</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Borgmeyer</surname><given-names>Uwe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>The germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF, NR6A1) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Originally isolated from mouse cDNA libraries, homologs of GCNF have been identified in humans, frogs and fish [<... |
The alpha/beta fold uracil DNA glycosylases: a common origin with diverse fates | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Uracil DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are major repair enzymes that protect DNA from mutational damage caused by uracil incorporated as a result of a polymerase error or deamination of cytosine. Four distinct families of UDGs have been identified, which show very limited sequence similarity t... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Aravind</surname><given-names>L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Koonin</surname><given-names>Eugene V</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib> | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Mutagenic uracil appears in DNA opposite to guanine as a result of misincorporation or of deamination of cytosine. Similarly, the deamination process generates thymine opposite guanine in those organisms that undergo cytosine methylation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref re... |
Analysis of prolactin-modulated gene expression profiles during the Nb2 cell cycle using differential screening techniques | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Rat Nb2-11C lymphoma cells are dependent on prolactin for proliferation and are widely used to study prolactin signaling pathways. To investigate the role of this hormone in the transcriptional mechanisms that underlie prolactin-stimulated mitogenesis, five different techniques were us... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bole-Feysot</surname><given-names>Christine</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Perret</surname><given-names>Eric</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contri... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Prolactin is a pleiotropic hormone whose numerous actions are associated with reproduction, growth and development, water and electrolyte balance, metabolism, behavior and immunoregulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. The prolactin-dependent rat Nb2 lymphoma (Nb2-11C) is... |
Towards understanding the first genome sequence of a crenarchaeon by genome annotation using clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COGs) | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Standard archival sequence databases have not been designed as tools for genome annotation and are far from being optimal for this purpose. We used the database of Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COGs) to reannotate the genomes of two archaea, <italic>Aeropyrum pernix</ital... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Natale</surname><given-names>Darren A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shankavaram</surname><given-names>Uma T</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contri... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Functional annotation of genomes is a critical aspect of the genomics enterprise. Without reliable assignment of gene function at the appropriate level of specificity, new genome sequences are plainly useless. The primary methodology used for genome annotation is the sequence database s... |
Accessing and distributing EMBL data using CORBA (common object request broker architecture) | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>The EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database is a comprehensive database of DNA and RNA sequences and related information traditionally made available in flat-file format. Queries through tools such as SRS (Sequence Retrieval System) also return data in flat-file format. Flat files have a num... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surname><given-names>Lichun</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rodriguez-Tomé</surname><given-names>Patricia</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xre... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>The EMBL (European Molecular Biology Laboratory) Nucleotide Sequence Database (often referred to as the EMBL database) [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>] is hosted at the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI). It is a comprehensive database of DNA and RNA sequences that are dir... |
Evidence for symmetric chromosomal inversions around the replication origin in bacteria | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Whole-genome comparisons can provide great insight into many aspects of biology. Until recently, however, comparisons were mainly possible only between distantly related species. Complete genome sequences are now becoming available from multiple sets of closely related strains or speci... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Eisen</surname><given-names>Jonathan A</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Heidelberg</surname><given-names>John F</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contr... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Large-scale genomic rearrangements and duplications are important in the evolution of species. Previously, these large-scale genome-changing events were studied through genetic or cytological studies. With the availability of many complete genome sequences it is now possible to study su... |
A search for reverse transcriptase-coding sequences reveals new non-LTR retrotransposons in the genome of <italic>Drosophila melanogaster</italic> | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons are eukaryotic mobile genetic elements that transpose by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. We have performed a systematic search for sequences matching the characteristic reverse transcriptase domain of non-LTR retrotransp... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berezikov</surname><given-names>Eugene</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bucheton</surname><given-names>Alain</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib>... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons, also known as LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements), make up a very large class of transposable elements that are present in most eukaryotes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. They ... |
Interkingdom gene fusions | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>Genome comparisons have revealed major lateral gene transfer between the three primary kingdoms of life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Another important evolutionary phenomenon involves the evolutionary mobility of protein domains that form versatile multidomain architectures. We we... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wolf</surname><given-names>Yuri I</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kondrashov</surname><given-names>Alexey S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib>... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Comparative genome analysis has revealed major lateral gene transfer between the three primary kingdoms of life, Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" ... |
Genetic snapshots of the <italic>Rhizobium</italic> species NGR234 genome | <sec><title>Background:</title><p>In nitrate-poor soils, many leguminous plants form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with members of the bacterial family Rhizobiaceae. We selected <italic>Rhizobium</italic> sp. NGR234 for its exceptionally broad host range, which includes more than I 12 genera of legumes. Unlike the genome o... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Viprey</surname><given-names>Virginie</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I3">3</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosenthal</surname><given-names>André</given-names></name><x... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Many different Gram-negative bacteria colonize the nutrient-rich rhizospheres of plant roots. Some bacteria are pathogenic, whereas others form beneficial associations. In nitrate-poor soils, strains of <italic>Azorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, Mesorhizobium</italic> and <italic>Rhizobium</... |
Expression profiles during honeybee caste determination | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Depending on their larval environment, female honeybees develop into either queens or workers. As in other polyphenisms, this developmental switch depends not on genomic differences between queens and workers but on the differential expression of entire suites of genes involved with lar... | <contrib id="A1" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>Jay D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wheeler</surname><given-names>Diana E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref>... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Social insect colonies are defined in part by reproductive division of labor, whereby some colony members are considerably more fecund than others. The reproductive roles of colony members often are fixed by events that occur during larval development. An understanding of the mechanisms... |
Effectiveness of specific RNA-mediated interference through ingested double-stranded RNA in <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> | <sec><title>Background</title><p>In <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans,</italic> injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) results in the specific inactivation of genes containing homologous sequences, a technique termed RNA-mediated interference (RNAi). It has previously been shown that RNAi can also be achieved by feeding... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kamath</surname><given-names>Ravi S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Martinez-Campos</surname><given-names>Maruxa</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></con... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is the phenomenon first described in the nematode <italic>Caenorhabditis elegans</italic> in which introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) results in potent and specific inactivation of the corresponding gene through the degradation of endogenous mRN... |
Supervised harvesting of expression trees | <sec><title>Background</title><p>We propose a new method for supervised learning from gene expression data. We call it 'tree harvesting'. This technique starts with a hierarchical clustering of genes, then models the outcome variable as a sum of the average expression profiles of chosen clusters and their products. It ... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hastie</surname><given-names>Trevor</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tibshirani</surname><given-names>Robert</given-names></n... | Genome Biology | <sec><title>Background</title><p>In this paper we introduce 'tree harvesting' - a general method for supervised learning from gene expression data. The scenario is as follows. We have real-valued expression measurements for thousands of genes, measured over a set of samples. The number of samples is typically 50 or 100... |
The effects of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> on matrix metalloproteinase and prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> production by cells of the rheumatoid lesion | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub> [1α,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>], the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, acts through an intracellular vitamin D receptor (VDR) and has several immunostimulatory effects. Animal studies have shown that pro... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tetlow</surname><given-names>Lynne C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>lynne.c.tetlow@man.ac.uk</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woolley</surname><given-names>David E</given-names></name><xref ref-... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The biologically active metabolite of vitamin D<sub>3</sub>, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitaminD<sub>3</sub> [1α,25(OH)<sub>2</sub>D<sub>3</sub>], acts through an intracellular receptor [vitamin D receptor (VDR)] and has a main role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus meta... |
Kinesin-like protein CENP-E is upregulated in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Articular destruction by invading synovial fibroblasts is a typical feature in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent data support the hypothesis that key players in this scenario are transformed-appearing synovial fibroblasts at the site of invasion into articular cartilage and bone. The... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kullmann </surname><given-names>Frank</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Judex </surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><c... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Inflammation, altered cellular and humoral immune response, and synovial hyperplasia are typical findings in rheumatoid synovium pathophysiology [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that T-cell independent pathways, such as upregul... |
Protection against cartilage and bone destruction by systemic
interleukin-4 treatment in established murine type II collagen-induced
arthritis | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with an increased
production of a range of cytokines including tumour necrosis factor
(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1, which display potent proinflammatory
actions that are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of the dis... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Joosten</surname><given-names>Leo AB</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>l.joosten@reuma.azn.nl</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lubberts</surname><given-names>Erik</given-names></name><xref ref-type... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Interleukin (IL)-4 is a pleiotropic T-cell-derived cytokine that can
exert either suppressive or stimulatory effects on different cell types. It was
originally identified as a B-cell growth factor and regulator of humoral immune
pathways [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</... |
Clonal expansion is a characteristic feature of the B-cell repertoire
of patients with rheumatoid arthritis | <p>The present study was designed to analyze the level of B-cell clonal
diversity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by using HCDR3 (third
complementarity determining region of the rearranged heavy chain variable
region gene) length as a marker. A modified immunoglobulin V<sub>H</sub> gene
fingerprin... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Itoh</surname><given-names>Kenji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patki</surname><given-names>Varsha</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic debilitating autoimmune disease of
unknown etiology. Although the disease is characterized by synovitis of the
joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae, manifestations that do not involve the
synovium are not infrequent [<xref ref-type="bibr" ri... |
Activation of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis: lack of
expression of the tumour suppressor PTEN at sites of invasive growth and
destruction | <sec><title>Aims:</title><p>PTEN is a novel tumour suppressor which exhibits
tyrosine phosphatase activity as well as homology to the cytoskeletal proteins
tensin and auxilin. Mutations of PTEN have been described in several human
cancers and associated with their invasiveness and metastatic properties.
... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pap</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Franz</surname><given-names>Juliane K</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><cont... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>PTEN is a novel tumour suppressor that exhibits tyrosine phosphatase
activity as well as homology to the cytoskeletal proteins tensin and auxilin
[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Mutations in <italic>PTEN</italic>
have been... |
Mast cell activation and its relation to proinflammatory cytokine
production in the rheumatoid lesion | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Increased numbers of mast cells (MCs) are found in the synovial
tissues and fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and at sites of
cartilage erosion. MC activation has been reported for a significant proportion
of rheumatoid specimens. Because the MC contains ... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Woolley</surname><given-names>David E</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>david.woolley@mri.cmht.nwest.nhs.uk</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tetlow</surname><given-names>Lynne C</given-names></name... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic inflammation,
cartilage destruction and joint deformity. Histopathological observations of
the 'rheumatoid lesion' — a term used to describe cartilage-pannus
junctions and cartilage erosion sites [<xref ref-type... |
IFN-γ production in response to <italic>in vitro</italic> stimulation with collagen type II in rheumatoid arthritis is associated with HLA-DRB1<sup>*</sup>0401 and HLA-DQ8 | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Despite much work over past decades, whether antigen-specific immune reactions occur in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to what extent such reactions are directed towards joint-specific autoantigens is still questionable. One strong indicator for antigenic involvement in RA is the fact... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Berg</surname><given-names>Louise</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>louise.berg@cmm.ki.se</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rönnelid</surname><given-names>Johan</given-names></name><xref ref... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Despite much work over past decades, whether antigen-specific immune reactions occur in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to what extent such reactions are directed towards joint-specific autoantigens is still questionable. The fact that certain major histocompatibility complex (MHC) clas... |
Acute-phase serum amyloid A production by rheumatoid arthritis
synovial tissue | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Serum amyloid A (SAA) is the circulating precursor of amyloid A
protein, the fibrillar component of amyloid deposits. In humans, four SAA genes
have been described. Two genes (<italic>SAA1</italic> and <italic>SAA2</italic>) encode A-SAA
and are coordinately induced in re... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O'Hara</surname><given-names>Rosemary</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Murphy</surname><given-names>Evelyn P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib>... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>SAA is the circulating precursor of amyloid A protein, the fibrillar
component of amyloid deposits [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. Four human SAA genes have been described. Two genes
(<italic>SAA1</italic> and <italic>SAA2</it... |
Active synovial matrix metalloproteinase-2 is associated with radiographic erosions in patients with early synovitis | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>In cancer the gelatinases [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9] have been shown to be associated with tissue invasion and metastatic disease. In patients with inflammatory arthritis the gelatinases are expressed in the synovial membrane, and have been implicated in synovial ti... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goldbach-Mansky</surname><given-names>Raphaela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Jennifer M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Radiographic erosions are characteristic of a number of chronic inflammatory arthropathies, and are associated with articular destruction leading to functional loss and disability [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>]. The prevention or reta... |
Specificity of T cells in synovial fluid: high frequencies of
CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells that are specific for certain viral epitopes | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is transmitted orally, replicates in the
oropharynx and establishes life-long latency in human B lymphocytes. T-cell
responses to latent and lytic/replicative cycle proteins are readily detectable
in peripheral blood from healthy EBV-seropositive individuals.... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tan</surname><given-names>Linda C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Mowat</surname><given-names>Alastair G</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contrib><co... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common gammaherpesvirus that infects
over 90% of individuals worldwide [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. The virus is
transmitted orally, replicates in the oropharynx and subsequently establishes
life-long latent infection of B lympho... |
Apoptosis and p53 expression in rat adjuvant arthritis | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>RA is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is characterized by
inflammation and proliferation of synovial tissue. The amount of DNA
fragmentation is significantly increased in rheumatoid synovium. Only low
numbers of apoptotic cells are present in rheumatoid synovial tiss... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tak</surname><given-names>Paul P</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref><email>P.P.Tak@amc.uva.nl</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Klapwijk</surname><given-names>Maartje S... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>RA is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is characterized by
inflammation and proliferation of synovial tissue. The disease is still
associated with long-term morbidity and early mortality, despite treatment with
antirheumatic drugs. Inadequate apoptosis appears to contr... |
Rheumatoid arthritis associated autoantibodies in patients with synovitis of recent onset | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>A spectrum of autoantibodies is now known to be specifically associated with RA. There continues to be uncertainty as to what stage of the disease each of these autoantibodies develop, and whether they are associated with unique clinical features.</p></sec><sec><title>Aims:</title><p... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Goldbach-Mansky</surname><given-names>Raphaela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lee</surname><given-names>Jennifer</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></co... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Autoantibodies can be detected in a spectrum of rheumatic diseases where they may be highly associated with distinct clinical syndromes. These are often helpful for diagnosis, and to some extent, prognosis. In RA, RF is detected in 70-80% of patients with established disease, and is a... |
Gene therapy for established murine collagen-induced arthritis by
local and systemic adenovirus-mediated delivery of interleukin-4 | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease
that is characterized by joint inflammation, and progressive cartilage and bone
erosion. Recent research has identified certain biologic agents that appear
more able than conventional therapies to halt eff... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kim</surname><given-names>Seon Hee</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Evans</surname><given-names>Christopher H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>RA is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that is characterized by
joint inflammation, and progressive cartilage and bone erosion. Currently the
symptoms of arthritis are managed using pharmacologic agents, including both
steroidal and nonsteroidal drugs, and disease-mod... |
IgVH genes from different anatomical regions, with different
histopathological patterns, of a rheumatoid arthritis patient suggest cyclic
re-entry of mature synovial B-cells in the hypermutation process | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Although IgV genes in rheumatoid B cells have been intensively
analyzed, many questions concerning antigen driven B-cell maturation and
recirculation remain unanswered. It would be interesting to know whether B-cell
maturation in rheumatoid tissue is different from that i... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Souto-Carneiro</surname><given-names>Maria M</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>path119@mail.uni-wuerzburg.de</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Krenn</surname><given-names>Veit</given-names></name><x... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Molecular analysis of synovial tissue and B-cell hybrido-mas [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>] has demonstrated that synovial B cells, which are a
char... |
T cells that are naturally tolerant to cartilage-derived type II collagen are involved in the development of collagen-induced arthritis | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>A discussion is ongoing regarding the possible role of cartilage-directed autoimmunity as a part of the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). One possibility is that the association of RA with shared epitope-expressing DR molecules reflects a role for major histocompatibility co... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Malmström</surname><given-names>Vivianne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>rikard.holmdahi@inflam.lu.se</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Bäcklund</surname><given-names>Johan</given-... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>T cells originate from multipotent cells in the bone marrow, but mature in the thymus. They are educated in the thymus both by positive selection (ie in which only the thymocytes that are capable of interacting with self-MHC survive [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>]) and by ... |
Autologous stem-cell transplantation in refractory autoimmune diseases after <italic>in vivo</italic> immunoablation and <italic>ex vivo</italic> depletion of mononuclear cells | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Patients with persistently active autoimmune diseases are considered to be candidates for autologous SCT. We performed a phase 1/2 study in a limited number of patients who were refractory to conventional immunosuppressive treatment. Following a period of uncontrolled disease activit... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rosen</surname><given-names>Oliver</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>oliver.rosen@rz.hu-berlin.de</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thiel</surname><given-names>Andreas</given-names></name><xref ref-... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Refractory autoimmune diseases cause a high degree of morbidity and even mortality, although they are not considered to be malignant diseases. During treatment with conventional and experimental immunosuppression, patients can experience treatment-related morbidity without significant... |
The role of X-chromosome inactivation in female predisposition to autoimmunity | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>A reduction in the sex ratio (male : female) is characteristic of most autoimmune disorders. The increased prevalence in females ranges from a modest 2:1 for multiple sclerosis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>], to approximately 10:1 for systemic lupus erythematosus [<xref re... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Chitnis</surname><given-names>Smita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>peterg@nshs.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Monteiro</surname><given-names>Joanita</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>A reduction in the sex ratio (male : female) is characteristic of most autoimmune disorders. The increased prevalence in females ranges from a modest 2:1 for multiple sclerosis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>], to approximately 10:1 for systemic lupus erythematosus [<xref ref... |
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins C1/C2 identified as autoantigens by biochemical and mass spectrometric methods | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>The classification of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) is important for diagnosis and prognosis and for understanding the molecular pathology of autoimmune disease. Many of the proteins that associate with RNA in the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of the spliceosome have been found t... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>HH Heegaard</surname><given-names>Niels</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>R Larsen</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I2">2</xref></contri... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The determination of the molecular and submolecular specificity of ANAs is important for diagnosis and prognosis in clinical medicine and for understanding the molecular pathology of autoimmune disease. Different antigenic specificities of ANA are associated with different diseases an... |
Cytokine, activation marker, and chemokine receptor expression by individual CD4<sup>+</sup> memory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis synovium | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>In RA large numbers of CD4<sup>+</sup> memory T cells infiltrate the inflamed synovium [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. The accumulated CD4<sup>+</sup> memory T cells in the RA synovium appear t... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nanki</surname><given-names>Toshihiro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>lipskyp@mail.nih.gov</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>E Lipsky</surname><given-names>Peter</given-names></name><xref ref-type... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>In RA large numbers of CD4<sup>+</sup> memory T cells infiltrate the inflamed synovium [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. The accumulated CD4<sup>+</sup> memory T cells in the RA synovium appear to... |
Monoarticular antigen-induced arthritis leads to pronounced bilateral upregulation of the expression of neurokinin 1 and bradykinin 2 receptors in dorsal root ganglion neurons of rats | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Ongoing pain and hyperalgesia (enhanced pain response to stimulation of the tissue) are major symptoms of arthritis. Arthritic pain results from the activation and sensitization of primary afferent nociceptive nerve fibres ('pain fibres') supplying the tissue (peripheral sensitizatio... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Segond von Banchet</surname><given-names>Gisela</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>schailbe@mti-n.uni-jena.de</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Petrow</surname><given-names>Peter K</given-names></nam... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Persistent pain is a major symptom of arthritis such as human rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammatory pain is caused by the activation and sensitization of primary afferent nociceptive neurons ('pain fibres') supplying the tissue (peripheral sensitization), and from the activation and sens... |
Mesenchymal precursor cells in the blood of normal individuals | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Adult human bone marrow contains a minority population of MSCs that contribute to the regeneration of tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, ligaments, tendons, fat, and stroma. Evidence that these MSCs are pluripotent, rather than being a mixture of committed progenitor cells each... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zvaifler</surname><given-names>Nathan J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>nzfaifler@ucsd.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Marinova-Mutafchieva</surname><given-names>Lilla</given-names></name><x... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Bone marrow is a complex tissue containing hematopoietic cell progenitors and their progeny and a connective-tissue network of mesenchymally derived cells known as stroma. Marrow stroma includes a subpopulation of undifferentiated cells that are capable of becoming one of a number of ... |
FcgammaR expression on macrophages is related to severity and chronicity of synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction during experimental immune-complex-mediated arthritis (ICA) | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) present on cells of the haematopoietic lineage communicate with IgG-containing immune complexes that are abundant in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In mice, three classes of FcγR (RI, RII, and RIII) have b... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blom</surname><given-names>Arjen B</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>A.Blom@reuma.azn.nl</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Lent</surname><given-names>Peter L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterised by chronic joint inflammation eventually leading to irreversible cartilage destruction. IgG-containing immune complexes, such as rheumatoid factors, are abundant in the synovial tissue of patients with RA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xr... |
Enhanced expression of genes involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis in murine arthritis | <sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Accumulation of fibrin in the joints remains one of the most striking histopathological features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recently, we have provided evidence of the deleterious role of synovial fibrin deposition in arthritic joints in antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), a well-esta... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Salvi</surname><given-names>Roberto</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>Nathalie.Busso@chuv.hospvd.ch</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Péclat</surname><given-names>Veronique</given-names></na... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterized by chronic synovial inflammation that leads to progressive destruction of cartilage and bone [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. Immunological mechanisms are thought to initiate synovial... |
Role of IL-12 in <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>-triggered arthritis and sepsis | <p>The present study demonstrates that endogenous production of IL-12 is crucial for survival in <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>-induced arthritis in mice. Staphylococcal load is enhanced in several organs, because of lack of IL-12. This might be due to decreased production of IFN-γ in IL-12-deficient mi... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hultgren</surname><given-names>Olof H</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>olof.hultgren@immuno.gu.se</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stenson</surname><given-names>Martin</given-names></name><xref re... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Synopsis</title><sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Septic arthritis is a severe disease, which is associated with high mortality and rapid destruction of affected joints. The most common bacterial agent in this condition is <italic>S aureus</italic>, which is the responsible pathogen in 37–56% of a... |
Synovial cytokine mRNA expression during arthritis triggered by CpG motifs of bacterial DNA | <p>Our results show that cytokines derived from macrophages play an important role in pathogenesis of arthritis triggered by CpG oligodinucleotide (CpG ODN). IL-12 is in this respect an important immunomodulator during the development of joint inflammation.</p> | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Deng</surname><given-names>Guo-Min</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>guo-min@immuno.gu.se</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Tarkowski</surname><given-names>Andrej</given-names></name><xref ref-type=... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Synopsis</title><sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Bacterial infections can be localized to the joints, causing septic arthritis, the most rapidly progressing joint disease. We have recently shown that unmethylated CpG motifs of bacterial DNA give rise to arthritis characterized by an influx of monocytic, ... |
Rheumatoid synovial CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells exhibit a reduced capacity to differentiate into IL-4-producing T-helper-2 effector cells | <p>CD4<sup>+</sup> memory T cells (Tm) from rheumatoid arthritis peripheral blood (RAPB) or peripheral blood from normal donors produced IL-2, whereas fewer cells secreted IFN-γ or IL-4 after a brief stimulation. RAPB Tm contained significantly more IFN-γ producers than normal cells. Many rheumatoid art... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Davis</surname><given-names>Laurie S</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>laurie.davis@UTSouthwestern.edu</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cush</surname><given-names>John J</given-names></name><xref r... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>RA is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by persistent local and systemic inflammation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>]. Aggressive forms of RA are thought to be driven by T-lymphocyte ac... |
The development of clinical signs of rheumatoid synovial inflammation is associated with increased synthesis of the chemokine CXCL8 (interleukin-8) | <p>Paired synovial tissue samples were obtained from both clinically uninvolved (CU) and clinically involved (CI) knee joints of eight rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. In addition, biopsies were taken from five control subjects. We observed the expression of the chemokines CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL2 and CCL4 in CI a... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kraan</surname><given-names>Maarten C</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>m.c.kraan@amc.uva.nl</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Patel</surname><given-names>Dhavalkumar D</given-names></name><xref ref... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology affecting diarthrodial joints. Macrophages are major components in the inflammatory cascade [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>] and are also believed to be imp... |
Isolation and characterization of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts from primary culture — primary culture cells markedly differ from fourth-passage cells | <p>To reduce culture artifacts by conventional repeated passaging and long-term culture <italic>in vitro</italic>, the isolation of synovial fibroblasts (SFB) was attempted from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial membranes by trypsin/collagenase digest, short-term <italic>in vitro</italic> adherence (7 days), and negat... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zimmermann</surname><given-names>Thomas</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kunisch</surname><given-names>Elke</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Synopsis</title><sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Activated SFB in the invasive pannus tissue appear to play a major role in the crippling destruction of cartilage and bone in the joints of patients with RA [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bi... |
Synovial stromal cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients attract monocytes by producing MCP-1 and IL-8 | <p>Macrophages that accumulate in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis patients play an important role in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory disease. However, the mechanism by which macrophages are attracted into the inflamed synovium and accumulate there has not been completely delineated. The results of this study... | <contrib id="A1" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hayashida</surname><given-names>Kenji</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Nanki</surname><given-names>Toshihiro</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref></contrib>... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contains synovial fibroblasts and stromal cells as well as macrophages. Synovial stromal cells and fibroblasts are thought to proliferate <italic>in situ</italic> [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]. On the contrary, macrophages d... |
Phenotypic characteristics of human monocytes undergoing transendothelial migration | <p>In our study we characterised the immunophenotype of monocytes that migrated through an endothelial cell (EC) monolayer <italic>in vitro</italic>. We found that monocyte migration led to an enhanced expression of CD11a, CD33, CD45RO, CD54 [intercellular cell-adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1] and human leucocyte antigen-DR... | <contrib id="A1" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Grisar</surname><given-names>Johannes</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>johannes.grisar@akh-wien.ac.at</email></contrib><contrib id="A2" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hahn</surname><given-names>Philipp</given-names... | Arthritis Research | <sec><title>Synopsis</title><sec><title>Introduction:</title><p>Acute and chronic inflammation are characterised by the enhanced migration of leucocytes from the blood vessels through the endothelium into the extravascular tissue. There are ample data on the transendothelial migration of lymphocytes [<xref ref-type="bi... |
On the typology and the worship status of sacred trees with a special reference to the Middle East | <p>This article contains the reasons for the establishment of sacred trees in Israel based on a field study. It includes 97 interviews with Muslim and Druze informants. While Muslims (Arabs and Bedouins) consider sacred trees especially as an abode of righteous figures' (Wellis') souls or as having a connection to thei... | <contrib id="A1" corresp="yes" contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dafni</surname><given-names>Amots</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="I1">1</xref><email>adafni@research.haifa.ac.il</email></contrib> | Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Frese and Gray [[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>]: 26] write: "Trees are a form of nature that represent life and the sacred continuity of the spiritual, cosmic, and physical worlds. A tree is often used to symbolize a deity or other sacred beings, or it may stand for what is sa... |
Carrageenan Is a Potent Inhibitor of Papillomavirus Infection | <p>Certain sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) types are causally associated with the development of cervical cancer. Our recent development of high-titer HPV pseudoviruses has made it possible to perform high-throughput in vitro screens to identify HPV infection inhibitors. Comparison of a variety of compo... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Buck</surname><given-names>Christopher B</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Thompson</surname><given-names>Cynthia D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contr... | PLoS Pathogens | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Papillomaviruses are a diverse group of nonenveloped DNA viruses that infect the skin and mucosal tissues of a range of vertebrate species, including humans. A group of genital mucosotropic human papillomavirus (HPV) types are etiologic agents responsible for virtually all cas... |
DC-SIGN on B Lymphocytes Is Required For Transmission of HIV-1 to T Lymphocytes | <p>Infection of T cells by HIV-1 can occur through binding of virus to dendritic cell (DC)-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) on dendritic cells and transfer of virus to CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells. Here we show that a subset of B cells in the blood and tonsils of normal donors expressed DC-SIGN, and th... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rappocciolo</surname><given-names>Giovanna</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Piazza</surname><given-names>Paolo</given-names></name><xref re... | PLoS Pathogens | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>HIV-1 can bind to the type II C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell (DC)-specific ICAM-3 grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN; CD209), on myeloid DC and be transferred to CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells [<xref rid="ppat-0020070-b001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="ppat-0020070-... |
<named-content content-type="genus-species">E. coli</named-content> Microcosms Indicate a Tight Link between Predictability of Ecosystem Dynamics and Diversity | <p>The diversity-stability hypothesis proposes that ecosystem diversity is positively correlated with stability. The impact of ecosystem diversity is, however, still debated. In a microcosm experiment using diverged <named-content content-type="genus-species">Escherichia coli</named-content> cells, we show that the fit... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Imhof</surname><given-names>Marianne</given-names></name><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n110">¤</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Schlötterer</surname><given-names>Christian</given-names></name... | PLoS Genetics | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>As early as 1872 Darwin [<xref rid="pgen-0020103-b001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>] had envisioned the critical impact that species diversity has on ecosystem dynamics. Elton [<xref rid="pgen-0020103-b002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>] explicitly formulated this thought with the dive... |
Modeling Chromosomes in Mouse to Explore the Function of Genes, Genomic Disorders, and Chromosomal Organization | <p>One of the challenges of genomic research after the completion of the human genome project is to assign a function to all the genes and to understand their interactions and organizations. Among the various techniques, the emergence of chromosome engineering tools with the aim to manipulate large genomic regions in t... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brault</surname><given-names>Véronique</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Pereira</surname><given-names>Patricia</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Duchon</surname><given-names>Arnaud<... | PLoS Genetics | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Recent strategies to produce mouse lines that contain large genomic rearrangements represent a major advance to accelerate functional genomics and to provide animal models for developmental processes and human diseases such as contiguous gene and gene dosage effect syndromes. ... |
Genetic Regulation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition in <named-content content-type="genus-species">C. elegans</named-content>
| <p>Delta-9 desaturases, also known as stearoyl-CoA desaturases, are lipogenic enzymes responsible for the generation of vital components of membranes and energy storage molecules. We have identified a novel nuclear hormone receptor, NHR-80, that regulates delta-9 desaturase gene expression in <named-content content-typ... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Brock</surname><given-names>Trisha J</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Browse</surname><given-names>John</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author">... | PLoS Genetics | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) are key components of membrane phospholipids and triglycerides that play important roles in diverse cellular processes such as membrane function, energy storage, and signaling. MUFAs are synthesized from saturated fatty acids by delta-9 (&#x... |
Neofunctionalization in Vertebrates: The Example of Retinoic Acid Receptors | <p>Understanding the role of gene duplications in establishing vertebrate innovations is one of the main challenges of Evo-Devo (evolution of development) studies. Data on evolutionary changes in gene expression (i.e., evolution of transcription factor-<italic>cis</italic>-regulatory elements relationships) tell only p... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Escriva</surname><given-names>Hector</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n105">¤a</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" equal-contrib="yes"><name><surname>Bertrand</surname><given-names>Stép... | PLoS Genetics | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>The origin of organismal complexity is generally thought to be tightly linked to the evolution of new gene functions. Susumu Ohno proposed in 1970 that, in contrast to mutations, gene duplications can create evolutionary novelties [<xref rid="pgen-0020102-b001" ref-type="bibr"... |
In Vivo Robustness Analysis of Cell Division Cycle Genes in <named-content content-type="genus-species">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</named-content>
| <p>Intracellular biochemical parameters, such as the expression level of gene products, are considered to be optimized so that a biological system, including the parameters, works effectively. Those parameters should have some permissible range so that the systems have robustness against perturbations, such as noise in... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Moriya</surname><given-names>Hisao</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shimizu-Yoshida</surname><given-names>Y... | PLoS Genetics | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Intracellular biochemical parameters, such as gene expression level, are considered to have become optimized through the long history of evolution so that cells can precisely perform their biological activity. These parameters must have permissible ranges against internal pert... |
<italic>Drosophila</italic> CENP-A Mutations Cause a BubR1- Dependent Early Mitotic Delay without Normal Localization of Kinetochore Components | <p>The centromere/kinetochore complex plays an essential role in cell and organismal viability by ensuring chromosome movements during mitosis and meiosis. The kinetochore also mediates the spindle attachment checkpoint (SAC), which delays anaphase initiation until all chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment of ki... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Blower</surname><given-names>Michael D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Daigle</surname><given-names>Tanya</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref></contrib><contrib contr... | PLoS Genetics | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Proper kinetochore assembly and function is essential for the faithful transmission of chromosomes during both mitosis and meiosis. One critical function of the kinetochore is to serve as the site of the mitotic spindle attachment checkpoint (SAC), which monitors kinetochore m... |
Operational Challenges in Large Clinical Trials: Examples and Lessons Learned from the Gambia Pneumococcal Vaccine Trial | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Cutts</surname><given-names>Felicity T</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref><xref ref-type="author-notes" rid="n105"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Enwere</surname><given-names>Godwin</given-names></name><xref ref-type="a... | PLoS Clinical Trials | <p>The requirements for Good Clinical Practice (GCP) in clinical trials are well documented [<xref rid="pctr-0010016-b001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>], and ethical issues are hotly debated [<xref rid="pctr-0010016-b002" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>]. Operational aspects of trials, however, have received far less attention [<... |
Intronic Alternative Splicing Regulators Identified by Comparative Genomics in Nematodes | <p>Many alternative splicing events are regulated by pentameric and hexameric intronic sequences that serve as binding sites for splicing regulatory factors. We hypothesized that intronic elements that regulate alternative splicing are under selective pressure for evolutionary conservation. Using a Wobble Aware Bulk Al... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kabat</surname><given-names>Jennifer L</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barberan-Soler</surname><given-names>Sergio</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref></contrib><cont... | PLoS Computational Biology | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>One of the interesting lessons learned from the analysis of the human genome is that we may possess fewer than 25,000 genes [<xref rid="pcbi-0020086-b001" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>]. One mechanism to dramatically increase the complexity of the human proteome from this lower-tha... |
Evolutionary and Physiological Importance of Hub Proteins | <p>It has been claimed that proteins with more interaction partners (hubs) are both physiologically more important (i.e., less dispensable) and, owing to an assumed high density of binding sites, slow evolving. Not all analyses, however, support these results, probably because of biased and less-than reliable global pr... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Batada</surname><given-names>Nizar N</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hurst</surname><given-names>Laurence D</given-names></name><xref ref-type="af... | PLoS Computational Biology | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Protein-interaction networks may be scale-free networks [but see 1]. Unlike random networks in which the number of connections between entities follows a Poisson distribution, in a scale-free network the distribution of the number of connections follows a power law, such that ... |
Wiggle—Predicting Functionally Flexible Regions from Primary Sequence | <p>The Wiggle series are support vector machine–based predictors that identify regions of functional flexibility using only protein sequence information. Functionally flexible regions are defined as regions that can adopt different conformational states and are assumed to be necessary for bioactivity. Many adva... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gu</surname><given-names>Jenny</given-names></name><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">1</xref><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">2</xref><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Gribskov</surname><given-names>Michael</giv... | PLoS Computational Biology | <sec id="s1"><title>Introduction</title><p>Protein structures are not rigid bodies, as suggested by time-independent solid-state crystal structures. Rather, proteins are selected by nature to balance between stability and flexibility in order to traverse the funnels of the protein energy landscape that characterize the... |
Comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of 3′ double-nucleotide overhangs neighboring Watson–Crick terminal base pairs | <p>Thermodynamic parameters are reported for duplex formation of 48 self-complementary RNA duplexes containing Watson–Crick terminal base pairs (GC, AU and UA) with all 16 possible 3′ double-nucleotide overhangs; mimicking the structures of short interfering RNAs (siRNA) and microRNAs (miRNA). Based on ... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>O'Toole</surname><given-names>Amanda S.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Miller</surname><given-names>Stacy</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Haines</surname><given-names>Nathan</given-name... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Single and double-nucleotide overhangs on the 3′ end of RNA duplexes have previously been shown to contribute to the stability of a duplex in a sequence dependent manner (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>–<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b5">5</xref>). The increase in ... |
SAP30L interacts with members of the Sin3A corepressor complex and targets Sin3A to the nucleolus | <p>Histone acetylation plays a key role in the regulation of gene expression. The chromatin structure and accessibility of genes to transcription factors is regulated by enzymes that acetylate and deacetylate histones. The Sin3A corepressor complex recruits histone deacetylases and in many cases represses transcription... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Viiri</surname><given-names>K. M.</given-names></name><xref rid="au1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Korkeamäki</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><xref rid="au1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib con... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>It is well established that gene expression is influenced by chromatin structure. The compacted chromatin is a sterically hindered environment for transcription factors to bind and assemble the transcription initiation complex, and is subject to active remodeling. Histone acetylation ... |
Mutagenic nucleotide incorporation and hindered translocation by a food carcinogen C8-dG adduct in <italic>Sulfolobus solfataricus</italic> P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4): modeling and dynamics studies | <p>Bulky carcinogen-DNA adducts commonly cause replicative polymerases to stall, leading to a switch to bypass polymerases. We have investigated nucleotide incorporation opposite the major adduct of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-<italic>b</italic>]pyridine (PhIP) in the DinB family polymerase, Dpo4, using molecu... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zhang</surname><given-names>Ling</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rechkoblit</surname><given-names>Olga</given-names></name><xref rid="au1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Wang</surnam... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>DNA polymerases of the Y-family have in recent years been shown to play a predominant role in synthesis past DNA bulky lesions, such as those derived from polycyclic aromatic chemicals present in tobacco smoke, automobile exhaust, and broiled meat and fish (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="... |
Recombination R-triplex: H-bonds contribution to stability as revealed with minor base substitutions for adenine | <p>Several cellular processes involve alignment of three nucleic acids strands, in which the third strand (DNA or RNA) is identical and in a parallel orientation to one of the DNA duplex strands. Earlier, using 2-aminopurine as a fluorescent reporter base, we demonstrated that a self-folding oligonucleotide forms a rec... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Shchyolkina</surname><given-names>Anna K.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Kaluzhny</surname><given-names>Dmitry N.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Arndt-Jovin</surname><given-names>Donna... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The alignment of three strands of nucleic acids, in which the third strand is identical and oriented parallel to one of the DNA duplex strands, occurs in recombination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>), at telomeres during t-loop formation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xr... |
Information-driven protein–DNA docking using HADDOCK: it is a matter of flexibility | <p>Intrinsic flexibility of DNA has hampered the development of efficient protein−DNA docking methods. In this study we extend HADDOCK (High Ambiguity Driven DOCKing) [C. Dominguez, R. Boelens and A. M. J. J. Bonvin (2003) <italic>J. Am. Chem. Soc.</italic> <bold>125</bold>, 1731–1737] to explicitly dea... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Dijk</surname><given-names>Marc</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>van Dijk</surname><given-names>Aalt D. J.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Hsu</surname><given-names>Victor</given-name... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>Computational docking has proven to be a valuable tool in the study of biomolecular complexes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b2">2</xref>). In particular, the field of ‘<italic>ab initio</italic>’ protein−protein docking has... |
Metabolic regulation of <italic>ApoB</italic> mRNA editing is associated with phosphorylation of APOBEC-1 complementation factor | <p>Apolipoprotein B (<italic>apoB</italic>) mRNA editing is a nuclear event that minimally requires the RNA substrate, APOBEC-1 and APOBEC-1 Complementation Factor (ACF). The co-localization of these macro-molecules within the nucleus and the modulation of hepatic <italic>apoB</italic> mRNA editing activity have been d... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Lehmann</surname><given-names>David M.</given-names></name><xref rid="au3" ref-type="aff">3</xref><xref rid="au4" ref-type="aff">4</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Galloway</surname><given-names>Chad A.</given-names></name><xref rid="au1" ref-ty... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p><italic>ApoB</italic> mRNA editing involves the site-specific deamination of cytidine 6666 to uridine within a glutamine codon (CAA) thereby creating an in-frame translation stop codon (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>). Consequently, two apoB protein variants are expressed, fu... |
Detecting non-orthology in the COGs database and other approaches grouping orthologs using genome-specific best hits | <p>Correct orthology assignment is a critical prerequisite of numerous comparative genomics procedures, such as function prediction, construction of phylogenetic species trees and genome rearrangement analysis. We present an algorithm for the detection of non-orthologs that arise by mistake in current orthology classif... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Dessimoz</surname><given-names>Christophe</given-names></name><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="cor1">*</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boeckmann</surname><given-names>Brigitte</given-names></name><xref rid="au1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><c... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The identification of orthologous genes is a central problem in bioinformatics. Orthologs are genes that evolve from a common ancestor through speciation events, as opposed to paralogs, that result from gene duplication (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b1">1</xref>). Discriminating ortholo... |
Cytoplasmic expression systems triggered by mRNA yield increased gene expression in post-mitotic neurons | <p>Non-viral vectors are promising vehicles for gene therapy but delivery of plasmid DNA to post-mitotic cells is challenging as nuclear entry is particularly inefficient. We have developed and evaluated a hybrid mRNA/DNA system designed to bypass the nuclear barrier to transfection and facilitate cytoplasmic gene expr... | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Farrow</surname><given-names>Paul J.</given-names></name></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Barrett</surname><given-names>Lee B.</given-names></name><xref rid="au1" ref-type="aff">1</xref></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Stevenson... | Nucleic Acids Research | <sec><title>INTRODUCTION</title><p>The concept of gene therapy is attractive and nearly two decades of research have demonstrated its potential as either a standalone treatment or an adjuvant therapy for inheritable and acquired diseases. Despite the significant advances made, there has been limited success in the clin... |
Race, Ethnicity, and Linguistic Isolation as Determinants of Participation in Public Health Surveillance Surveys | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Link</surname><given-names>Michael W</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><aff>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</aff><address><email>mlink@cdc.gov</email><addr-line>4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mail Stop K-66, Atlanta, GA 30341</addr-line><phone>770-488-... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Reducing racial and ethnic disparities in health is an overarching goal of <italic>Healthy People 2010</italic> (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). To reach this goal, however, public health officials require valid and reliable data from health surveillance to plan, implement, ... |
The Annual African American Conference on Diabetes: Evolving Program Evaluation With Evolving Program Implementation | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Houston</surname><given-names>Jacquelyn M</given-names></name><degrees>MPH, APRN, BC</degrees><aff>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</aff><address><email>houstojm@dhec.sc.gov</email><addr-line>2600 Bull St, Columbia, SC 29201</addr-line><phone>803-545... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Diabetes is a significant public health problem that affects approximately 18 million people (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>). The prevalence among adults is expected to double by 2025 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>). Diabetes is more prevalent among older people, and... |
The Common Threads in Program Evaluation | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Shadish</surname><given-names>William R</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><role>Professor, Founding Faculty, and Chair</role><aff>School of Social Sciences, Humanities, and Arts, University of California at Merced</aff><address><email>wshadish@ucmerced... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <p>A well-known evaluator once said, "Evaluation — more than any science — is what people say it is, and people currently are saying it is many different things" (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). Ask an economist what program evaluation is, and you will get a very different answer than if you a... |
Solution for Survey Discrepancies in Washington State Smoking Prevalence | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Boysun</surname><given-names>Michael J</given-names></name><degrees>MPH</degrees><aff>Tobacco Prevention and Control Program, Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Wash</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Maher</surname><given-names>Julie ... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>To the Editor:</title><p>Consistent with the findings of Ramsey et al (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>), we found that the Washington State smoking prevalence data from the Adult Tobacco Survey (ATS) were lower than the prevalence data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). In ... |
A Cost Evaluation of the Georgia Stroke and Heart Attack Prevention Program | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Rein</surname><given-names>David B</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><aff>Research Triangle Institute International, Waltham, Mass</aff></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Orenstein</surname><given-names>Diane</given-names></name><d... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Hypertension is a leading cause of stroke, coronary artery disease, heart attack, and heart and kidney failure in the United States. Currently, 50 million Americans have hypertension and another 45 million have prehypertension (blood pressure of 120–139 mm Hg [systolic] or 80&... |
The REACH 2010 Logic Model: An Illustration of Expected Performance | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Tucker</surname><given-names>Pattie</given-names></name><degrees>DrPH, MPH</degrees><aff>Division of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</aff><address... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Established in 1999, Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH 2010) is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) cornerstone initiative aimed at eliminating disparities in the health status of African Americans, Alaska Natives, American Indians, Asian Ame... |
Using the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Clearance Process in Program Planning and Evaluation | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Martin</surname><given-names>Maurice</given-names></name><degrees>PhD, MEd, CHES</degrees><aff>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of Diabetes Translation (DDT)</aff><address><email>beq2@cdc.gov</email><addr-line>4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atla... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Program Evaluation and Data Collection</title><p>Through well-planned health promotion and education programming, federally funded projects are often leaders in the development and implementation of sound public health practices. In public health practice, program evaluations are used to 1) determine whethe... |
Provision of School-based Preventive Oral Health Services to Medicaid Beneficiaries | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Redmond</surname><given-names>Anne R</given-names></name><degrees>MPH, CHES</degrees><aff>Bureau of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Augusta, Me</aff><aff>At the time this work was completed, Ms Redmond was affiliated with the Public Health Prevention Servic... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>To the Editor:</title><p>Children from families who qualify for Medicaid, although more likely to receive dental care than uninsured children (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>), are less likely to receive dental care than children from middle-income and upper-income families (<xref rid="B2" ref-type=... |
The Challenge of Preventing Cardiovascular Disease in Tunisia | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Ghannem</surname><given-names>Hassen</given-names></name><degrees>MD, MSc</degrees><aff>Department of Epidemiology, University Hospital Farhat Hached</aff><address><email>Hassen.Ghannem@rns.tn</email><addr-line>4000 Sousse, Tunisia1</addr-line><phone>+216-73-2... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Chronic disease, particularly cardiovascular disease (CVD), is the major cause of death in most developed countries (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>,<xref rid="B2" ref-type="bibr">2</xref>), despite the downward trend observed during the last three decades (<xref rid="B3" ref-... |
Transforming a Master of Public Health Program to Address Public Health Practice Needs | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Woodhouse</surname><given-names>Lynn D</given-names></name><degrees>EdD, MEd, MPH, CHES</degrees><role>Professor and MPH Program Director</role><aff>East Stroudsburg University</aff><address><email>cwoodhouse@po-box.esu.edu or woodhouseld@comcast.net</email><a... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Public health is an interdisciplinary profession undergoing dynamic but sometimes conflicting changes. The future of public health can be enhanced by emphasizing the development of practice skills (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>-<xref rid="B5" ref-type="bibr">5</xref>).</p><p... |
Response to “Old Black Water” | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author"><name><surname>Zanca</surname><given-names>Jane A</given-names></name><degrees>MPH, CHES</degrees><role>Technical Writer and Editor</role><aff>Office of Enterprise Communications, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga</aff></contrib> | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>To the Editor:</title><p>Thanks for the wonderful item on the 1927 Mississippi River flood (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). I grew up in New Orleans and on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi, hearing of storms and wading through floods all of my life, but no one had ever talked about the 1927 events, a... |
The Behavioral and Clinical Effects of Therapeutic Lifestyle Change on Middle-aged Adults | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Aldana</surname><given-names>Steven G</given-names></name><degrees>PhD</degrees><aff>College of Health and Human Performance, Brigham Young University</aff><address><email>steve_aldana@byu.edu</email><addr-line>274 SFH, College of Health and Human Performance,... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes are responsible for most deaths in the United States (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). Between 70% and 90% of these deaths are believed to be caused by poor nutrition, sedentary living, and tobacco ... |
Process, Rationale, and Interventions of Pakistan’s National Action Plan on Chronic Diseases | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Nishtar</surname><given-names>Sania</given-names></name><degrees>FRCP, PhD</degrees><role>President</role><aff>Heartfile</aff><address><email>sania@heartfile.org</email><addr-line>1 Park Rd; Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan</addr-line><phone>+0092-51-224-3580... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are estimated to have caused 33.4 million deaths worldwide in 2002; of these, 72% occurred in developing countries (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). In Pakistan, chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic lung diseases, a... |
The Nutrition and Physical Activity Program to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases: Monitoring Progress in Funded States | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Yee</surname><given-names>Sue Lin</given-names></name><degrees>MA, MPH</degrees><aff>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</aff><address><email>sby9@cdc.gov</email><addr-line>4770 Buford Hwy, NE, Mail Stop K-24, Atlanta, GA 30341</addr-line><phone>7... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>In the past decade, the United States has experienced a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and overweight. According to self-reported weights and heights, all states had obesity rates of less than 20% for adults in 1991 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>). In 2003, t... |
Using Concept Mapping to Develop a Logic Model for the Prevention Research Centers Program | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Sundra</surname><given-names>Demia L</given-names></name><degrees>MPH</degrees><aff>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prevention Research Centers Program</aff><address><email>dsundra@cdc.gov</email><addr-line>4770 Buford Hwy, Mail Stop K-45, Atlanta,... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Introduction</title><p>The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) <italic>Framework for Program Evaluation in Public Health</italic> provides public health practitioners and evaluators with a practical, six-step approach for effective evaluation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>). The f... |
Barriers to Diabetes Self-management Education Programs in Underserved Rural Arkansas: Implications for Program Evaluation | Could not extract abstract | <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name><surname>Balamurugan</surname><given-names>Appathurai</given-names></name><degrees>MD, MPH</degrees><role>Senior Epidemiologist</role><aff>Arkansas Department of Health and Human Services</aff><aff>Dr Balamarugan is also an assistant professor in the Fay W. Boozman Col... | Preventing Chronic Disease | <sec><title>Background</title><p>Diabetes prevalence has reached epidemic proportions in the United States. In 2002, 18 million people were estimated to have diabetes (<xref rid="B1" ref-type="bibr">1</xref>). The direct medical and indirect expenditures attributable to diabetes were estimated at $132 billion in 2002 (... |