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Recently The Road Transport and Highways Minister, Nitin Gadkari has declared that FASTags will become compulsory for all private, and commercial vehicles from December 15, 2019. If a person does not have FASTags then pay twice toll tax.
First of all let us discuss what is FASTags
It is an electronic toll collection which is operated by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) which uses the technology of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) to make toll payments directly from the prepaid or saving account linked to any bank of the vehicle owner.
It is attach or fixed on the widescreen of the vehicle which enables to drive via toll plazas without stopping the vehicle for transactions. By using this tag we prevent traffic jams and saves the time of vehicle owner. FASTag can be buying from official Tag issuers or in specified banks which is linked with a prepaid account and then top-up or recharging as per requirement. It offers unlimited validity, 7.5 percent cash backs for promoting the use of this tag. You can also make this tag from toll plazas.
How to purchase and activate the FASTags
There are about 22 certified or recognized banks such as ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, State Bank of India (SBI), HDFC Bank, Axis Bank, Punjab National Bank and many more banks which are issued this tag via several channels such as Point of Sale (POS) at National Highway toll plazas and choose branches of banks. It is also available on the e-commerce platform such as Paytm and Amazon.
Self Activation – If you buy FASTags from POS Terminal or online then there is no need of bank. The concepts of online FASTag which is based on DIY (Do It Yourself) in which you can self activate it by providing details of vehicle in the “MY FASTag mobile app. The users who use Android smartphone can download from Google Play Store. The users who use iPhone can download from Apple Store.
After download the app, you can link the FASTag with any one of the bank accounts by using the MY FASTag Mobile app. In the MY FASTag Mobile app, the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) prepaid wallet facility is available in which you can load money and get the toll fee which is deducted from the prepaid wallet instead of directly deducted from a bank account.
Get FASTag in a There is one more idea is that you can also buy FASTag in the bank and get the FASTag which is linked with the existing bank account. During activation, you need to submit KYC (Know Your Customer) documentation according to KYC policy of the bank. After submitting KYC documentation you also need to submit Registration Certificate (RC) of the vehicle with the application for FASTag to the bank.
Charges for FASTag – The FASTag is available in a bank at a price of Rs 100 for each tag which is fixed by National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI). But the real charges for FASTag by the bank may vary in different banks. The top-up charges for the FASTag by the bank may also vary from bank to bank. The differences of charges are available in the websites of banks.
How to recharge the FASTag – If your FASTag is linked with the bank account then no need of add money separately in a prepaid wallet and ensure that the FASTag which is linked with the bank account has enough balance to allow for toll payments. But if the FASTag is linked with a prepaid wallet (NHAI prepaid wallet) then it can be recharged via different mode of payments such as credit card, debit card, and Net Banking. There is additional charges will be levied during recharging the FASTag account via various channels.
For full KYC account holder – According to the website of the Indian Highways Management Company Limited (IHMCL), this type of FASTag account have more than Rs 1 lakh in their prepaid wallet of FASTag and there is no need of monthly add money in this account.
For limited KYC account holder – In this type of condition, we cannot add money more than Rs 20,000 in their FASTag prepaid wallet with monthly add money of Rs 20,000.
Important Note –
- It is important to note that you cannot use one FASTag for two or more vehicles. Therefore you will buy two separate FASTags for two separate vehicles.
- According to the website of IHMCL, if you are live in the rage of 10km away from the toll plaza then you can benefit a concession on toll tax. In this case, you submit the documents for the proof of residence in the bank to confirm the residential address is about 10 km of a particular toll plaza. When you residential address is verified, you can benefit of concession on the toll tax via FASTag assigned to the vehicle.
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Answer and Explanation: French Guiana is a territory within the Republic of France, so it has a republican government. Citizens of French Guiana vote for its two elected representatives to the French National Assembly and its two elected Senators.
What type of government did the French establish?
French First Republic
|French Republic République française|
|Government||1792–1795: Authoritarian republic 1795–1799: Directorial oligarchy 1799–1804: Bonapartist autocracy|
|President of the National Convention|
|• 1792||Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve (first)|
|• 1795||Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu (last)|
Who is the head of government in French Guiana?
|French Guiana Guyane (French)|
|Departments||1 (every overseas region consists of a department in itself)|
|• Prefect||Thierry Queffelec|
|• President of the Assembly||Gabriel Serville (Guyane Kontré pour avancer)|
Is French Guiana an independent country?
Where is French Guiana? … While Guyana and Suriname gained independence from their colonisers (the UK and the Netherlands respectively), French Guiana never has. It is classed as an overseas territory; its currency is the euro and its official language is French, although many also speak Creole.
What government came after the French Revolution?
Second Republic, (1848–52) French republic established after the Revolution of 1848 toppled the July monarchy of King Louis-Philippe. (The first French republic had been formed during the French Revolution.)
What type of government did the French have before the French Revolution?
Before the Revolution
France was a monarchy ruled by the king.
What is the political situation in French Guiana?
Politics in French Guiana are dominated by the Guianese Socialist Party, which has a close association with the Socialist Party in mainland France. A chronic issue affecting French Guiana is the influx of illegal immigrants and clandestine gold prospectors from Brazil and Suriname.
Why is French Guiana not a country?
After telling the whole France that la Guyane Française is French for decades, it’s just politically impossible to kick them out. Unlike many other former colonial powers (especially the UK), France chose to integrate its former colonies to the mainland. So, la Guyane Française is as French as l’Occitanie.
What type of government is Suriname?
The Republic of Suriname is a constitutional democracy based on the 1987 constitution. The legislative branch of government consists of a 51-member unicameral National Assembly, simultaneously and popularly elected for a 5-year term.
Where is Mayotte?
Mayotte, overseas département (department) of France comprising the two southeasternmost islands of the Comoros archipelago. It is situated in the Mozambique Channel of the western Indian Ocean, about 190 miles (310 km) northwest of Madagascar.
Can I live in French Guiana?
Citizens of most other countries can stay in French Guiana without a visa for 90 days. French Guiana’s economy is connected to that of France with both subsidies and imports, and to the French Space Centre established in Kurou in 1965.
Why does France own French Guiana?
French Guiana, like many other small French insular and quasi-insular territories including the nearby French West Indies, remained French because there was little interest in separating from a much larger and wealthier country willing to support the local economy and population.
What type of government did France have after Napoleon?
When Napoleon was again defeated they returned to power in July. During the Restoration, the new Bourbon regime was a constitutional monarchy, unlike the absolutist Ancien Régime, so it had limits on its power.
Is France a monarchy or republic?
In Revolutionary France, the Legislative Assembly votes to abolish the monarchy and establish the First Republic. The measure came one year after King Louis XVI reluctantly approved a new constitution that stripped him of much of his power.
How did the French Revolution change government?
It put an end to the French monarchy, feudalism, and took political power from the Catholic church. It brought new ideas to Europe including liberty and freedom for the commoner as well as the abolishment of slavery and the rights of women.
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Two nuns were kneeling down in front of a soldier. One nun was holding her rosary tightly, urging the soldier not to shoot them or just reciting her prayers loudly. The other nun was in a contemplative mood, one hand touching her chin, the other arm crossed under her chest. In front of them was a soldier brandishing a belt of bullets, his M-16 rifle held at slope arms. The contrasting image of the nuns and the cold, harsh rifle of the soldier was the focus of this photograph. A huge crowd was behind the nuns. They were ordinary street Filipinos, men and women, parents and children, students, employed or unemployed, rich, middle-class or poor. I was part of this crowd – more people coming and going, military tanks and cannons with their soldiers greeted with flowers and food, burning tyres, activist flags and streamers, vendors, vehicles, portable radios, foreign correspondents and religious altars everywhere.
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A common optical approach to thickness optimization in polymer and perovskite solar cells
The structure of experimentally designed solar cells was optimized in terms of the photoactive layer thickness for both organic bulk heterojunction and hybrid perovskite solar cells. The photoactive layer thickness had a totally different behavior on the performance of the organic and hybrid solar cells. Analysis of the optical parameters using transfer matrix modeling within the Maxwell–Garnett effective refractive index model shows that light absorbance and exciton generation rate in the photoactive layer can be used to optimize the thickness range of the photoactive layer. Complete agreement between experimental and simulated data for solar cells with photoactive materials that have very different natures proves the validity of the proposed modeling method. The proposed simple method which is not time-consuming to implement permits to obtain a preliminary assessment of the reasonable range of layer thickness that will be needed for designing experimental samples.
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Part 1: Keyword “Exclusion” Instructions: (pp. 82-87) Answer the following questions. Provide a passage from the readings in addition to your interpretation to support your responses.
1. How did the US primarily enforce a culture of exclusion against Asian Americans? What was the “method” or “tool” they used?
c 2. How did exclusion shape Asian Americans’ experiences? What happened as a result of their exclusion?
Part 2: JACL “The Journey from Gold Mountain: The Asian American Experience” (pp. 1-14, stop right before “A Changing Nation”) Instructions: Answer the following questions. Provide a passage from the readings in addition to your interpretation to support your responses.
1. What types of work did 19th and early 20th century Asian Americans enter upon arriving in the US?
2. What did anti-Asian racism stem from? What were the fears of the US “nativists”?
3. As we’ve learned from “The Power of an Illusion,” the conversation on race in US is often limited to a “black-white binary.” That is to say, people in the US often talk about race as though it only involves black and white people. This was also the case in the 19th.
4. when Asian immigrants first started coming to the US. Based on both readings, how do Asian Americans “fit” into this racial binary? Are they categorically “black” or “white”?
Instructions: Select one of the following exclusion acts from US history and gather more information on it from the JACL reading. Write a short paragraph explaining the act and speculating its impact on US society.
1. Nationality Law of 1790
2. Page Law 1875
3. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882
4. California Anti-Miscegenation Law 1884
5. Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907
6. California Alien Land Law 1913
7. Cable Act 1922-1931
8. National Origins Act 1924
9. Japanese Incarceration 1942-44
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The 25 Richest People in America List
Top Wealthiest American Families Of All Timehttp://www.fashionxposed.com
Top Awesomely Existing Places On Earth
50 Incredible Places On Earth You Won't Believe Existhttp://amazingplaces.pictures
In a 2010 United States Census, there are about 240 municipalities in Utah that have populations as few as two dozen and as many as nearly 200,000. Here are 50 strange places in Utah you may not have heard of yet.
1.) Amalga, Utah
Amalga was first inhabited in 1850. It got its name from the Amalgamated Sugar Company that built a factory there in the 1900s.
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New rules aim to prevent crushing deaths in coal mines
This blog was originally posted Jan. 14, 2015
WASHINGTON - Since 1984, 35 coal-miners in Kentucky and other states have died and many more have been seriously injured after being crushed or struck by underground mining machines.
Now federal regulators are requiring new warning and shut-off devices on the machines, known as continuous miners, a move aimed at eliminating one of mining's most serious safety hazards.
"It really will save miners' lives," Joseph Main, head of the federal Mine Safety and Health Administration, told The Courier-Journal in an interview on Tuesday.
He had just left Alliance Resource Partners' Gibson North mine in Vincennes, Ind., where he saw a demonstration of the technology.
MSHA issued new final rules Tuesday requiring coal operators to equip their continuous mining machines with proximity detection technology, which can make visual and audio warnings or turn off a machine when it is too close to a person or an object. Miners will wear a component that also provides a warning.
The rule, which takes effect March 15, will allow the industry to phase in retrofitting warning systems on existing machines over a period of up to three years. New machines must have the devices by November 2016.
Of an estimated 863 continuous mining machines operating in underground mines, about 425 already have been equipped with proximity warning systems, according to MSHA.
Main said that the advent of remotely-operated continuous miners, which have huge spinning drums dotted with tungsten carbide teeth, exposed operators standing near the machines to the danger of being pinned or crushed.
"When you look today, being crushed with mining equipment is becoming one of the leading causes of fatalities and crushing injuries in the mines," said Main, a former miner. "Taking that kind of a threat out of the picture will help going forward to reduce mining deaths."
Deaths in coal mines dropped to a record low of 16 in 2014, according to MSHA data.
Main said his agency first began looking into the use of proximity warning systems in 2002, but it took some time for the technology to be developed and mature. Now, four companies make the systems, he said.
MSHA singled out Alliance, Alpha Natural Resources, Affinity Coal Co., and CONSOL Energy for taking the lead in implementing the warning systems in their mines.
"Safety is Alliance's very top priority, and our team is committed to serving as an industry leader in the use of safety technology," Alliance President and CEO Joe Craft said in a statement. "As part of this commitment, Alliance has been at the forefront of designing and installing proximity detection systems at all of its mining operations and believes that they save lives."
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The procedures illustrated and described in these tour pages are appropriate for uniformly colored tile floors and rooms with no special problems. For special situations-and for a general review of planning and lay out-see above.
Snap chalklines. Tile installation usually begins along the most visually prominent wall and proceeds toward an exit so you can avoid walking on freshly laid tiles.
Since the wall may not be straight, or may be out of square with the side walls, it is necessary to snap chalk lines to work from. Begin by removing all baseboards and trim. Then measure out from the starting wall, at both ends, a distance equal to one tile width plus two grout lines. Make marks to indicate this distance and snap a chalkline between them.
Repeat this procedure for the other three walls, squaring each line to the previous chalkline by holding a framing square at each corner or using a 3-4-5 triangle. When you have snapped all four lines, double-check for square by measuring both diagonals. You now have perimeter guidelines that will ensure a straight row of tiles against the starter wall and will keep the starting end of each new row squared to the previous rows.
Try out the layout with a test run. Lay rows of loose tiles along each working line, from wall to wall. Set spacers between them for the grout spaces. Some tiles have lugs molded into their edges. If not, use special tile spacers available in a range of sizes, and sold at tile stores. The spacers should equal the thickness of the grout width you accounted for when you snapped the chalklines.
This test run tells you whether tiles will need to be cut at the walls, and allows you to decide where you want to use cut tiles. You may be able to avoid cuts at one or all of the walls by simply altering the width of the grout spaces. The more you alter the grout width in one direction, however, you'll need to do the same in the other direction as well. By experimenting with the test run you can find the layout that will be the most pleasing to look at and require the fewest cuts.
Nail down straightedges. To ensure perfect tile placement along the working lines, nail straight pieces of 1 by 3 material, or straight strips of plywood, to the subfloor on the side of the lines closest to the wall. They needn’t butt into each other at the corner, but their in side edges should align perfectly with the chalklines.
If you do not have grout spacers, you could also use these straightedges for layout sticks. Measure and mark the exact tile locations and grout widths along the length of each stick. As you set tiles further away from the stick, you can hold a framing square against the edge of the stick at each layout mark to align tiles out in the field.
Set the first row of tiles. Consult the adhesive package instructions to determine the troweling method and the recommended area for each application of adhesive, and use the type of spreading trowel recommended by the adhesive manufacturer. Spread no more than a square yard at first, until you get a sense of how quickly the adhesive sets up. Spread the adhesive right up to the straightedges and working lines, but do not cover them, If you are working with epoxy, be sure to wear gloves to protect your hands.
Set the first tile at the corner where the s: abut. Place the tile down onto the adhesive with gentle twisting motion, but do not slide it into place 3utt it tightly against the straightedge. Complete the starter row, placing grout spacers between the tiles as you go. Molded plastic spacers can be left in place until you grout, but wooden or cardboard shims should be re moved after the adhesive begins to set. Immediately clean off any adhesive that oozes onto the tile surface, using an appropriate solvent. Remove excess adhesive between tiles with a cotton swab or thin stick.
Finish setting the tiles. Start the second and all succeeding rows at the same end as the first. Butt each starting tile against the straightedge, and each succeeding tile in the new row against the installed row adjacent to it. Use molded spacers or shims wherever tiles meet, and check placements regularly with a framing square. “Beat” the tiles in as you go with a carpet- covered board and hammer to level the tiles -with each other. Occasionally check the surface with a straight edge to make sure that it is even.
You may have to cut tiles at the end of the row. If the layout is regular and perfectly square, and the tile spacing is consistent, cut several tiles ahead of time. Postpone any irregular cuts until the full row of tiles is set. Often, the dealer from whom you purchased the tiles will make the cuts for you.
If you have to kneel or walk on set tile, lay a small piece of plywood down to distribute your body weight more evenly across the surface. Finish the installation by removing the two straightedges and setting the remaining border tiles. Start at the original corner, and guide their placement from the existing installation, not the walls. Beat them into place and clean off any adhesive or dust.
Grout the joints. Remove any spacers and excess material from the cracks. Stay off the tiles as much as possible, since their edges are brittle and subject to chip ping before being grouted. Mix the grout to a mayonnaise-like consistency, according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Wear gloves to protect your hands. Dump a batch of it onto the tile surface and spread it into the joints with a rubber float, a tool you’ll find at tile stores. Be sure the joints are tightly filled, with no voids or air pockets. If necessary, use an old toothbrush handle or similar object to pack the grout into the joints. Work the float diagonally across the field in both directions to scrape away excess grout. Alter 10 to 15 minutes, use a moist sponge to remove any remaining grout residue, rinsing and wringing it frequently as you go. When you have removed as much excess as possible with the sponge. let the grout dry for about 30 minutes.
Alter a film of dry grout appears on the surface of the tiles, wipe it off with a soft sponge or cheesecloth. This process also polishes the tiles. Use the toothbrush handle to tool and finish any joints that are not smooth. Allow the grout to cure according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For best results, cover the freshly grouted installation with plastic sheeting for the first 24 hours. This way it will not dry too fast which can cause it to crack.
Apply the sealer. Some types of tile and/or grout re quire a final coat of sealer two or three weeks after grouting. This is painted on, according to the manufacturer's directions. If you are sealing the tiles, use a large brush or paint roller to speed the process. If only the grout is being sealed, apply it to the joints carefully, with a small brush, and immediately wipe it off any tile surfaces with a damp cloth. For a superb finish, give the floor a final buffing with a rented floor polisher, Install baseboards or other trim. Alter the tile is in stalled, grouted, and sealed, you can nail wood trim around the wall edges. If the tiles are all level and the surface straight, the trim should snug tightly to the floor and leave no unsightly gaps.
If you are using floor tiles, such as large pavers, which have an irregular top surface, you can shape the bottom of the trim to follow the profile of the tiles The easiest way to do this is to sharply bevel the bottom edge of the trim along the back, so that the bottom edge of the front surface is tapered to a thin wedge. Then set the trim piece in place and tap it down onto the floor.
The bottom edge will crumple against the high spots of the tiles and conform to the exact profile of the tile floor. Check to see that the top edge of the trim is level, and nail it to the wall.
If you want a tile base around the floor, apply the tiles to the wall with adhesive at the time you install the floor. Use special cap tiles, or bull-nosed tiles, Place grout spacers or shims between the floor tiles and wall tiles, and between all the wall tiles. Grout and seal them using the same techniques used for the floor. See following section for more on installing tile borders.
Prev.: Resilient Tile
Next: Conventional Carpet
Wednesday, 2011-05-11 12:02
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For an Informed Love of God
You are here
What do Prepositions Modify (2 Thess 2:13)?
Some times it can be tricky to hook a preposition up to the word it is modifying. In the example of 2 Thess 2:13, in the commentaries I checked they did not even discuss it. This is one of the advantages of Phrasing, but I will get to that in a second.
The verse reads, “But we ought always to give thanks to God for you, brothers beloved by the Lord, because God chose you as the firstfruits to be saved (εις σωτηριαν) , through (εν) sanctification by the Spirit (αγιασμω πνευματος) and belief in the truth (πιστει αληθειας)” (ESV).
A couple general things first. The verse has a double accusative; God chose “you” as the “firstfruits.” There is a textual problem that explains the difference of the NIV when it reads “from the beginning” instead of “firstfruits.” And the single preposition εν governs both its objects, “sanctification” and “belief.”
This latter point is especially important in helping us determine the meaning of the passage. The realities described by these two objects are being closely connected and cannot be two unrelated truths. That much we know grammatically.
But what does the prepositional phrase modify? Prepositions can function adverbially. In that case, it would modify God’s “choosing.” They can also function adjectivally. In that case, it would modify “salvation.”
But it even gets a little more complicated in this passage. “Salvation” is one of those nouns that contains a verbal idea, and so the prepositional phrase is externally modifying a noun, but in terms of its meaning it could be functioning adverbially relative to the verbal idea in the noun. Ah, isn’t grammar fun!
As always, context is the guide. Proximity favors the view that sees the preposition modifying “salvation.” And it would be a strange thing to say that God’s election was in some way connected to our belief. Perhaps this is why the commentaries tend not to discuss this point.
Paul appears to be saying that God elected us for the purpose of saving us. This salvation was accomplished through the sanctifying work of the Holy Spirit and also by our faith in the truth of God (see Morris commentary, page 238). This is not to say that we cooperate in our salvation; it is to say that even our belief is a gift from God (Eph 2:8-9).
The most interesting question for me in this verse is the nature of our salvation. As Morris argues, the order of the phrases (Spirit, then faith) may indicate that our faith (or belief) in God is only possible through the work of the Spirit. But the order may also be teaching that “the faith being spoken of is not simply one initial act. It is a continuing habit” (238). Most of us have heard the old adage that salvation is viewed as a past accomplished fact, a continuing act, and a future reality. This verse could be an example of the present working of salvation.
Finally, it is often pointed out that this verse encapsulates the work of all three members of the Trinity (interpreting “Lord” as Jesus). It is not a doctrinal expression of the Trinity, but shows the members of the godhead working in such a way that it was natural for the early church Fathers to see in it the Trinity.
A final word on prepositions. “Phrasing” is my term for what is generally called “sentence flows.” It is a way of visually laying out the text so you can see the flow of the author’s thought. I have been doing this for years; it is part of my approach to exegesis in my Graded Reader. This is an idea I am going to be developing in the future; my current thoughts can be seen at billmounce.com/church-greek.
The advantage of Phrasing is that it forces you to connect every adverbial or adjectival phrase to what it modifies. It makes you slow down, read the text, and ask the right questions. I encourage you to look into it.
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Budget 2022 contained few surprises. There was a lot of talk in the run up to the 12th of October and the Government gave clear signals in advance. The Government is confident that there is something for everyone in the audience, with many pundits likening it to the Late Late Show giveaway.
It has now been announced that individuals in receipt of the State Pension will receive a €5 weekly increase. This will see pensioners receive a weekly payment of €253.30 from January 2022*, instead of the lower, €248.30 per week which they currently receive. Around a third of all workers rely solely on the State pension for their retirement income.
While generous, consider how much your weekly income will drop if you are reliant on the State Pension. Can you afford to reduce your income to that extent? You might have paid off your home and your current dependants may no longer need your financial support – but is €253.30 enough for you to live on for the rest of your life? With a retirement age of 66 currently, people can expect to live (and draw down a State pension), for close to 20 years in retirement, half as long as their full working lives.
Are you looking to work until you are 68 years old?
There was little talk of the pension age in the budget this week, but it is worth a mention. While the Commission on Pensions recommended the State Pension age to remain at 66 until 2028, the 2011 Pension Act put Ireland on course to have the highest pension age in the OECD in 2028, despite the youth of our nation*. Under new recommendations discussed in Cabinet recently, the State reviewed the possibility of increasing the pension age by three months every year from 2028. Under these recommendations, the pension age would reach 67 in 2031 and 68 from 2039. It might seem like a lifetime away, but as a professional working in the construction or related industry, can you imagine working until the age of 68?
Consider this – those looking to retire in 2051 are people in their mid-thirties now and will be looking to retire around then.
If you are not sure whether the State Pension provides a sustainable life for you and your family – the best thing to do is reach out and get proper guidance. While the best time to start a pension has come and gone, the second best time is now.
The best time to start planning for your future…
CPAS administers a number of pension schemes, ensuring there is a pension scheme that suit the needs of your business – whether you are self employed or running a large company. Contact us to get started. There are no obligations, no complicated jargon – just clear facts to help you get started.
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NEW YORK, NY.-
Celebrating the unpredictability of life, the curation of the Magnums Square Print Sale
explores the happy accidents and unusual turns of events that lead to memorable images.
From its earliest days, photography has been associated with the unexpected: documentation of under-explored issues, reporting of events unfurling in far-flung locations, or single frames capturing split seconds of levity.
Over more than seven decades, Magnum photographers have reported on and witnessed events around the world which changed societies, nations, and peoples in unpredictable ways. Stuart Franklins image of an unarmed man stepping in front of a tank during the 1989 government crackdown on student protesters in Beijings Tiananmen Square was an unexpected act of defiance. Paul Fuscos series of images taken from the moving train that bore RFKs body across the United States created a candid portrait of that nations inhabitants at a moment in American history. The work also saw him experimenting with the practical limits of his photography. Raymond Depardons photograph of a youth sat astride the Berlin Wall on November 11, 1989 embodies the end of an historical era. Susan Meiselas, covering the 1979 Sandanista revolution in Nicaragua, photographed Pablo 'Bareta' Arauz launching a molotov cocktail at a National Guard HQ. This image became an unexpected symbol of revolution, which resonated with a generation and has been reproduced on t-shirts, matchbooks, murals and magazines across the world.
Some images are in themselves surreal, toying with the machinery of the medium or manipulating light and framing to create surprising abstractions. In René Burris image, wilting lotus flowers mirrored in Beijings Kunming Lake become abstract black scrawls more reminiscent of charcoal on paper than of a photograph. Colby Deals image of a silhouette seen through an erratically spray-painted window confuses the viewer. Fellow 2020 nominee Yael Martinez chose an image from his project Firefly, in which he pricked photographs with a pin to allow dots of light to intervene upon the images. Werner Bischofs cascading snail-shells recall the words of his famed tutor Hans Fisler: Bischof's endeavour is to isolate law and regularity from the apparent chaos of the accidental. Cristina de Middels image from her series The Afronauts experiments with recreating a little known historical space program, utilizing costume and staging to flex the limits of what documentary photography can be.
Sometimes life simply throws up scenes of incongruity that a fast acting photographer needs only to record: elephants marching in front of the Eiffel Tower, a serpentine procession of tractors, a lone cloud seemingly mirrored as it floats over a bleached outcrop, or an outrageous expression on the face of an elderly passerby. Martin Parrs image made in Pyongyang toys with the typical portrayals of stony-faced North Korean soldiers by capturing a paternal moment as one carries a small child. Olivia Arthurs print, depicting well-wrapped skiers about to descend a pristine slope was created in the arid heat of Dubai.
The stories behind the making of images can present unexpected elements. Famed subjects can surprise those assigned to photograph them. Dennis Stock recalled that Audrey Hepburn was indifferent to her (or anyone elses) celebrity. Eve Arnolds portrait of Marilyn Monroe depicts a side of the superstar alien to most: pensive, withdrawn, and down to earth. For Thomas Hoepker, the surprising aspect of his portrait of Muhammad Ali was that it existed at all: this shot of the fighters left fist was re-discovered in 2015 as the photographer delved into a vast collection of negatives.
This collection of 90+ prints is available for one week only in this format. It represents the breadth and variety not only of the practices and outlooks within Magnums membership, but also of what photography can convey and capture.
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The role of mechanical loading in trabecular bone adaptation is important for the understanding of bone integrity in different loading scenarios such as microgravity and for the etiology of age-related bone fractures. There have been numerous in vivo animal studies of bone adaptation, most of which are related to cortical bone remodeling, aimed at the investigation of Wolff’s Law , An interesting experimental model for trabecular bone adaptation has been developed in the rat tail vertebrae [2,3]. This model is attractive for trabecular bone adaptation studies because a controlled mechanical load can be applied to a whole vertebra with minimal surgical trauma, using a relatively inexpensive animal model. In addition, with advanced micro computed tomography (micro-CT) or micro magnetic resonance imaging (micro-MRI) coupled with large scale finite element modeling techniques, it is possible to characterize the three-dimensional (3D) stress/strain environment in the bone tissue close to a cellular level (∼25μm) . Therefore, this in vivo rat tail model has a tremendous potential for quantification of the relationship between mechanical stimulation and biological response in trabecular bone adaptation.
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The role of sanctions in ending the war, their broader ripples, and future lessons
With the sanctions against Russia for its invasion of Ukraine moving into their sixth month, three main questions are increasingly being asked: How effective are the sanctions in pressuring Russia to end the war? What are their broader global ripple effects? What lessons do they carry for other uses of sanctions?
Ending the War
While it is too soon to definitively answer the first question, a few initial conclusions can be established.
For all the warnings to Vladimir Putin about how “devastating” sanctions would be, their threat did not deter Russia from invading Ukraine. President Biden later tried to backtrack on the sanctions as a deterrent claim, although official statements were quite explicit: “The purpose of those sanctions is to deter Russian aggression,” Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in January; “the President believes that sanctions are intended to deter,” national security adviser Jake Sullivan stated in February.
With the sanctions and war coming on top of COVID-19 pandemic’s two-plus years of economic disruption, the effects on the global economy are quite extensive.
Once Russia invaded, the sanctions were intended to support Ukraine’s defense and pressure Russia to end the war. They are the most extensive and globally supported sanctions the US has ever imposed. Financial sanctions against Russian banks and dollar-based economic transactions cut many ties to the international financial system, including freezing much of the $640 billion accrued in hard currency reserves. Technology sanctions went after imports like semiconductors, key to both military industries and commercial products like cellphones and cars. Russian oligarchs, top military officials, and Putin himself were hit with individual sanctions on their financial assets, travel bans, superyacht seizures, and other measures. Sanctions on Russian oil exports, while initially minimal, have tightened over time. The new Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline was blocked from completion. Existing natural gas shipments were scaled back (though not shut off, given Europe’s even greater dependence on Russian natural gas than on oil).
Sports and cultural sanctions added their own economic effects and added to a sense of isolation for Russians and their society, including bans from the World Cup (men’s and women’s), Wimbledon Tennis, International Ice Hockey Federation, Formula One, Cannes Film Festival, and Eurovision. In contrast to most cases in which major multinational corporations resist sanctions, close to 1,000 companies ended—or at least reduced—business in and with Russia. These include oil companies like BP and ExxonMobil, retail companies like Nike and Ikea, restaurant chains like McDonald’s and Starbucks, auto companies like BMW and Ford, entertainment companies like Disney, tech companies like Apple and Google, and Coinbase, the largest US cryptocurrency exchange.
While some countries refused to join the sanctions—China and India being two major ones—international support was widespread. Even Switzerland, typically neutral in international disputes, agreed to impose similar sanctions to those levied by the European Union. Asian allies such as Japan, South Korea, and Australia also joined in—Singapore, too, which has never before imposed non-UN authorized sanctions. UN sanctions were blocked by the Russian Security Council veto, but the General Assembly voted to condemn the Russian invasion by an astounding 141–5 vote.
Initial economic impact did hit hard. Russian GDP, which grew 4.7 percent in 2021, was projected to contract 10–15 percent in 2022. Inflation was running at 17 percent. In mid-April, Moscow’s mayor warned of 200,000 jobs at risk in the capital city. For the first time since the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, international debt was defaulted on. The ruble initially depreciated from 84 to each dollar, to 154.
But as sanctioned countries so often do, Russia has had a number of counterstrategies to offset at least some of the economic impact. Turning to alternative trade partners is core to Russia’s strategy. As of this writing, Russian oil exports are down only slightly, as China, and especially India, are increasing their purchases. Before the war, Russia accounted for about 1 percent of India’s oil imports. Now, Russia is close to overtaking Iraq as India’s top oil source. Even with some decline in volume and world oil prices skyrocketing, Russian oil export earnings are projected at $285 billion—that’s up from $236 billion in 2021. With money still flowing in and such domestic measures as central bank interest rate hikes and capital controls, the ruble not only recovered but hit a seven-year high in late June, at 52 to the dollar. Retiree pension increases, company bailouts, and other measures have helped cushion costs for the average Russian. Arrests and other types of political repression subdued the initial wave of antiwar protests from inside Russia. Nor have the sanctions targeted at Russian oligarchs and key government officials become pressure points. The few that have spoken out have paid a price. For example, Oleg Tinkov was forced to dump his $9 billion bank at fire-sale prices after an Instagram post criticizing the war, and then he retreated into hiding.
The Kremlin also retaliated with countersanctions, most significantly cutting natural gas supplies to Europe. Prices have been ratcheted even higher; for example, German electrical power costs have almost doubled from €140 per megawatt-hour in January 2022 to €260 in June. Shortages are already setting in. For example, the German megachemicals company BASF SE, with 39,000 of its own employees and feeding into industrial supply chains, has considered shutting down some production. With the EU-wide target of filling gas reserves to 80 percent before winter sets in at risk, the specter of rationing even home heating looms large for European leaders.
Defending Ukraine is a high priority, but the US has too many global interests to just flat out do whatever it takes.
It may be that these and other Russian counterstrategies prove less effective over time. Elvira Nabiullina, the Russian central bank’s chairwoman, warned that “the period during which the economy can live on reserves is finite.” We also have been seeing reports of Russian combat equipment shortages due to widespread destruction by the Ukrainian resistance and sanctions constraining resupply. There should be no expectation, though, that sanctions will force Putin to say uncle. If things do get to the point that Russia concedes to ending the war on terms acceptable to Ukraine and the international community, sanctions will warrant some credit. The main credit, though, will go to the military strategy. If the Ukrainian forces had not been so skilled and courageous, and the US and NATO had not provided such massive military aid, no sanctions would have stopped Putin from conquest.
Broader Ripple Effects
Even if sanctions had been wholly successful, it would be important to take into account broader global and national ramifications. Climate change is one such ripple effect. It’s become increasingly hard to overstate the severity and imminence of climate change costs and consequences. Yet once again, climate change is being traded off to another pressing priority, a “fossil fuel gold rush” that is being set off. The Biden administration has rolled back limits on domestic oil and gas drilling. Europe has shifted back to coal to offset sanctions on Russian oil and natural gas. For all the billing the recent Group of Seven summit communiqué did of positioning increased investment in fossil fuels as a “temporary response,” the reality is that it runs counter to the commitments made just last year in the UN Climate Change Conference agreement.
With the sanctions and war coming on top of COVID-19 pandemic’s two-plus years of economic disruption, the effects on the global economy are quite extensive. Global GDP growth projections have been cut from 4.4 to 3.6 percent. Coal, steel, aluminum, nickel, and palladium are among other commodities hit by rising prices and supply chain disruptions. Inflation has been ratcheted up in the US, Europe, and most everywhere. Poor and developing countries have been especially hard hit. Estimates are that 40 million people are being pushed into poverty.
Of particular concern is food insecurity. With the loss of the 30 percent of world wheat and 75 percent of sunflower oil that Ukraine and Russia had been supplying added to other factors, nearly half the world population is facing food shortages. While Russian war tactics are principally responsible—destroying Ukrainian agricultural infrastructure, blockading ports, even launching a missile strike on an Odesa food warehouse— African leaders also blame Western sanctions.
One administration after another has overused sanctions, treating them as the Swiss army knife of American foreign policy.
While the Biden administration has had impressive success in mustering international support for the sanctions, this entails trade-offs and concessions on other issues to garner this support. What concessions are on offer to Saudi Arabia in an effort to secure a boost in oil production? To Turkey for agreeing to Sweden’s and Finland’s NATO membership? To the United Arab Emirates to make Dubai less of a safe haven for Russian oligarchs? To India to reduce its Russian oil imports? Defending Ukraine is a high priority, but the US has too many global interests to just flat out do whatever it takes.
Future Sanctions Lessons
The South African antiapartheid sanctions are often seen as the iconic case of sanctions success. But this case took many years of sanctions, and the extraordinary leadership of Nelson Mandela, to help end apartheid and realize a peaceful transition to democracy. The fact that in many more cases, sanctions have failed to promote democracy and protect human rights, in some instances backfiring and misfiring to hurt the very populations they were intended to help, demonstrates that the South Africa case was more an exception than a precedent.
If the Russian sanctions do end up succeeding, it will be important that policymakers and analysts recognize the limits of their lessons. Would, for example, sanctions get comparable support if China invades Taiwan? Two main differences incline to different dynamics. First, while as a blatant invasion of one country against another, Russia violated one of the stronger international norms, the China/Taiwan status is more complicated and mixed and thus less conducive to an international consensus. Second, international business interests are far greater in China than in Russia, making private-sector collaboration much less likely.
Indeed, the US sanctions strategy needs a broad reassessment. One administration after another has overused sanctions, treating them as “the Swiss army knife” of American foreign policy. Too often, sanctions have become a default option. This both crowds out potentially more effective policy options in the moment and, over time, risks making American economic power a wasting asset.
Bruce Jentleson is the William Preston Few Distinguished Professor of Public Policy at Duke University. In 2022, he was in residence at the Woodrow Wilson Center as a Distinguished Fellow, and for many years has been a nonresident Global Fellow. This article draws on his forthcoming book, Sanctions: What Everyone Needs to Know (Oxford University Press, 2022).
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Winter is a prime time for bugs to move into your home and these 5 things in your house could be drawing them in.
Now that the holiday season is over you may think you are safe from hosting house guests for a while. But you might already have some unannounced visitors living under your roof you don’t even know about.
Insects and other pests aren’t top-of-mind during winter months, but this chilly season is actually a prime time for bugs to move into your home. There are qualities of your house (both within and out of your control) that can attract bugs indoors. We’re sharing which issues you can do something about and which factors you may need some extra help with.
5 bug magnets in your home
- Shelter – When temperatures drop some insects enter a state similar to hibernation (called diapause), some die, and others seek shelter in warmer spaces—like your home. A temperature-controlled home is the perfect place for a bug to take up residence when the weather turns cold. Since you won’t be turning down the heat, the best action you can take to protect your home from insects and other pests is securing all possible gaps or entry points into your house—a process known as exclusion.
- Food – Colder weather also means less natural food sources for bugs. They will search for alternate nourishment and the crumbs on your floors and countertops are the perfect remedy. Make sure your living spaces are clean and crumb-free and do not leave dishes in the sink overnight. Don’t forget to keep garage floors clean as well—it can be easy for a stray french fry or soda cup to spill out of the car and onto the garage floor. This is the perfect invitation for bugs and pests to make their way into your house.
- Kids – Kids can bring home colds and GI bugs from school and they can also bring home the creepy crawly kind. Bed bugs can easily hitchhike a ride to school on a child’s backpack or coat, which is usually hung up in a line of other backpacks and coats. If your child’s classroom has reported a bed bug issue, put all of your child’s clothes into the washer/dryer each day when they come home from school and bag and regularly clean coats and backpacks.
- Drains – Sinks and drains can trap food particles, bacteria, and other debris that attract bugs. Check and clean all sinks and drains regularly throughout winter months, including laundry room utility sinks and basement floor drains that can be easily overlooked.
- Gaps – Although warmth, food, and moisture all attract bugs and pests into your home, they can only enter if they have access. Gaps in siding, window and door seals, and roofing all provide opportunity for bugs to move in. Securing all entry points is the only way to keep pests out.
There are actions you can take to help keep your home bug-free:
1. Tidy up
• Keep floors and countertops free of food and crumbs
• Do not leave stacks of paper / paper bags / or laundry around the house (all offer ideal spots for bugs to nest)
• Do not leave dirty dishes in the sink
• Keep pet food in airtight containers and off the floor
• Regularly check sink drains for cleanliness and the presence of bugs
• Check the perimeter of your home, doors, and windows, for cracks and gaps that insects could enter through
Secure and seal any gaps you find from the outdoors into your home. This can include replacing weather stripping around doors or caulking around pipes and wires that run into your home from outside. A-1 Able Pest Doctors offers a professional exclusion service that includes a comprehensive inspection of your home and sealing all entry points discovered.
The warmth and coziness of your home is something you should enjoy in the winter, without the presence of bugs. If you have spotted insects or other pests in your home and need to have your home treated—or if you want to be proactive and schedule an exclusion service—call A-1 Able Pest Doctors at (800) 737-8189.
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Evaluation Question 3: What have you learned from your audience feedback?
Evaluation Question 3: What have you learned from your audience feedback?Audience feedback is vital in the developing, and production of our media texts. They outline the positives, in other words, things your should keep and the improvements, things that could be made better.
In the production of our digipak, website and music video, we were given feedback in many stages to ensure that we were meeting the criteria.
First Draft of Digipak designs
On the left is the first draft of Swaid Khans digipak. Ed Sheeran was used instead of our original artist because we didnt have pictures of the artist at the time. Feedback of First Draft of DigipakAfter the first draft of the digipak was made, it was presented to the class in order to collect feedback for the final Digipak design. Everyone in the class gave both positive and negative feedback which gave Swaid an insight into what he should keep in the digipak, and what he should change:
+ Good awareness of layout and page design+ Good framing and use of colour+ Good flow+ Very creative
- A bit too much going on- Good images in hand drawn design, could do with some colour- Reduce things going on at the frontWhat did we learn from this audience feedback?From this piece of audience feedback, we learnt that too much content can have a negative effect. In the first draft, their were many effects which were packed onto the digipak. For example their was orange filters, altered brightness and contrast, piano notes going across the screen etc.
This made the viewers feel like their was too much going on and that it should be toned down. Although we did get some negative feedback, we did get a lot ofpositive feedback. Their was good use, good flow and it was very creative.
Final DigipakAfter the feedback was received and with careful consideration, the final digipak was finished. The final feedback was very successful as we didnt get any negative feedback.
Swaid replaced Ed Sheeran with Krishan, our actual artist. Swaid also toned down the editing by reducing the brightness and contrast which makes the images more visible. Under the new digipak is the feedback that was given to Swaid Khan.
+ Professional font+ Very creative+ There is a consistent look with the use of colour and filter you have used+ Overall looks very professional+ Artist is used in the digipakWebsite DesignThe website design was very important because it takes religious representation onto the internet. For this reason, we had to ensure that the website design met the correct criteria. We sent Mohans website design to various people in order to collect feedback. Surprisingly, We did not get any negative feedback as they all thought that the design, content and religious representation was done in a good way. Below is Mohans website design:
What did we learn from the audience feedbackAs we didnt get any negative feedback, we did not have to make any changes to our website design. Below is the positive feedback that was acquired:
+Nice colours+Looks very simple and easy to get around+By looking at it I can see straight away that it is a Christian artists web page. Music VideoIn order to gain a range of feedback, everyone in our group made their own individual draft music video. This was called the individual edit and was made specifically to show the concept of our music video and collect feedback for the final edit.
FeedbackWe presented the individual cut to everybody in the class, even our own group. The teacher was also present so he could give us his overall view of what was good and bad about the music video. Below is the feedback that was give to us for our individual cuts:
What did we learn from audience feedback?Ashish had gained the best feedback, therefore we based our final production on his individual cut. However, we did still take into account all the other feedback that was given us. The shots, pacing and cinematics would be used in the way Ashish used it, as the audience saw this as a positive in Ashishs individual edit. Things we kept: LocationShot lengthsRange of shotsFiltersCinematics
Things we changed/added: Had more shots of the artist, less of the guitarFixed the lighting issues in the shotsFixed the lighting issues we had with initial filmingFixed the synching issues we had with initial filming.
Music Video Final EditBased on everybody in our production groups feedback, careful planning and re-filming the music video. The final music video was complete. We changed many things from the our individual cuts.
Social Networking feedbackWe did not present our final edit in the class so instead, we gave the final edit to the artist, Krishan, and he posted it onto his Facebook page. Facebook is a good way of sharing content, especially user generated content as you can easily get feedback from your family and friends.
We got a range of feedback from Krishans peers and people who have listened to his other music. All of the feedback was positive so we knew that we did a good job. On the left is only some of the feedback that Krishan got when he posted this onto his Facebook page.
ConclusionOverall, we can see how feedback can have a significant impact on the final design of our final music video and final ancillary tasks. They play an important role in the production, and development of our advanced portfolio. We gained feedback from our media class, and from social networking sites which helped us to improve our final products.
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MOSCOW, December 18 (RIA Novosti) - Russia's Olympic champion and world record holder in the pole vault, Yelena Isinbayeva praised Moscow's bid to host the first 2010 Youth Olympics.
"I certainly support Moscow's bid. And on the whole, I think that holding such games is a brilliant idea for youth sport. I think that it will give children hope and impetus to develop," Isinbayeva said.
Moscow, along with Athens, Bangkok, Singapore, and Turin, is one of the five official candidates bidding for the right to host the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics.
The 20-times world record holder from Volgograd in the Volga Region, said she hopes that the Youth Olympics will help to develop youth sports in Russia.
"Today children's sport is not very well developed, many sections are on a fee-paying basis and parents can't always afford the costs. Perhaps, thanks to the Olympics new facilities will be built, and children will be more interested in sport," she added.
Isinbayeva, 25, won her first victory at the age of 16 during the World Youth Games which was held under the patronage of Moscow for the first and only time in 1998. "Then they said ‘I came, I saw, I conquered.' This was only my third athletic competition. I had only just left gymnastics....And then surprised myself and everyone by winning," she said.
"The young have to wait so long to reach Olympic level. And here they will have their own games to train for and I think it is very good," Isinbayeva said.
The Youth Olympic Games are modeled on the Olympics, and are expected to involve around 3,200 athletes aged 14 to 18.
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Batrachoseps luciae — Santa Lucia Mountains Slender Salamander
These little salamanders are very common in the woods on the Monterey peninsula, and even in the yards. They range in dorsal color from the reddish brown here to very dark brown, nearly black.
Recent studies on slender salamanders have continued to divide them into more and more species. Most available books include these Monterey Bay salamanders in the species Batrachoseps pacificus, the Pacific Slender Salamander. In 2001 researchers split it out into its own species.
- Batrachoseps luciae account on AmphibiaWeb
- Don Roberson has a page discussing all the California Batrachoseps species.
- Batrachoseps luciae account on CaliforniaHerps.com
- Petranka, J. W. 1998. Salamanders of the United States and Canada
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Despite all the ominous headlines about climate change, there are still challenges convincing more “traditional” engineers and architects to move to greener, more sustainable methods and materials, says Dr. Ben Onyido, education coordinator for Climate-KIC.
“Sustainability is often perceived as expensive and offering little benefits to a company in return, and this is not true,” Dr. Onyido says. “Climate-KIC offers key transition skills, as well as knowledge about how to integrate financial success with environmental and social responsibility.”
We recently checked in with Dr. Onyido to learn more about Climate-KIC and its mission to tackle climate change on a variety of fronts. Here’s what he had to say:
What’s your professional background?
My professional background is in the area of sustainable production and business. I have a PhD in this area.
What is The European Climate-KIC Project?
Climate Knowledge Innovation Community (Climate-KIC) is the EU’s largest public-private initiative in the area of climate change prevention. It supports and funds activities and projects related to entrepreneurship, education and innovation in the low-carbon and sustainability fields.
Why is this work so important right now? What are the stakes?
The work is crucial as human industrial, commercial and domestic activities, coupled with a growing population, have led to a real risk of resource depletion, environmental problems (such as pollution) and social inequalities (such as labor exploitation). Designing products and processes that can balance economic growth with environmental protection and social responsibility is really necessary.
What type of work is Climate-KIC involved in?
Climate-KIC is involved in providing support (e.g., through funding and knowledge and skills transfer) to organizations and individuals involved in low-carbon and sustainable businesses and projects.
What sorts of training and education opportunities do you have for architects and engineers?
Climate-KIC has a network that can meet the needs of engineers and architects from all over the world who are interested in gaining skills and training in the areas of green design and construction. There are a variety of short courses, more intensive “Innovator Catalyst” workshops, and skills and knowledge transfer programs such as Pioneers In Practice (PIP). These take place in various Climate-KIC regions in Europe and are developed and run in partnership with high-profile organizations and academic institutions (such as Imperial College in the U.K.).
What kind of professional development would you like to see engineers and architects engage in to improve their awareness of sustainability?
It would be great if engineers and architects can engage in blended learning programs that offer an effective mix of theory and practice and specifically target real-life case studies and work challenges of participants.
What can they do to overcome the challenge of convincing more traditional architects and engineers to adopt sustainable practices?
Engineers and architects should look to utilize professional low-carbon networks and communities when trying to become sustainable. Since the low-carbon economy is still relatively niche, operating within a network would ensure that companies and individuals can pool resources together and also get signposted to useful contacts and opportunities, which would be harder to become aware of if operating alone.
What are some of the most exciting innovations or initiatives Climate-KIC has been involved with?
Climate-KIC has being responsible for supporting start-up companies to take off successfully in various EU regions. It has also been responsible for being a catalyst for collaborative projects among different stakeholders. For example, in the West Midlands, U.K., Climate-KIC through its Accelerator Entrepreneurship pillar supported Heat Genius to successfully bring to market a smart heating control system of the same name and to become a thriving enterprise.
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Modern Drug Discovery
Modern Drug Discovery, 1999, 2 (2), 20-21, 23-24, 28, 31.
Copyright © 1999 by the American Chemical Society.
Ergot, a potent neurotoxin and vasoconstrictor found in a fungus that grows on rye, was one of the first effective migraine medications and has been a springboard for further migraine drug development.
BY CAROL HART
"A great plague of swollen blisters consumed the people by a loathsome rot so that their limbs were loosened and fell off before death." Thus one 9th century writer described an outbreak of "St. Anthony's Fire", or ergotism, caused by ingesting toxic amounts of the alkaloids produced by Claviceps purpurea, a fungus that infests rye. Gangrene with burning pain in the extremities was one of two common presentations of ergot poisoning, which could also produce convulsions, hallucinations, severe psychosis, and death. St. Anthony was the patron saint of those stricken, and the Order of St. Anthony provided care for these patients. Outbreaks of "dancing mania" that occurred between the 13th and 16th centuries have sometimes been attributed to ergotism, and one appealing, if unprovable, theory proposes that the women accused of witchcraft in the Salem trials of 1692 were suffering from ergot-induced psychosis and convulsions.
Ergot poisoning was not identified as the cause of St. Anthony's Fire until the 17th century. Cold damp growing conditions, common in France and Germany, promoted fungal growth. Repeated epidemics occurred throughout the Middle Ages, when whole populations were affected by bread made from contaminated rye. The last reported outbreak, which caused more than 200 cases and 4 deaths, occurred in 1951 in Pont St. Esprit, France.
During the Middle Ages, midwives discovered the first medical application for ergot: A small dose could be used to hasten labor or prevent postpartum bleeding. Late in the 19th century, liquid extracts of ergot were used in Germany and the United States to treat "vascular headache" such as migraine (see sidebar, What makes a headache a migraine?) (1).
TO SIDEBAR: What makes a headache a migraine?
The ergot family
Extracted from the dried C. purpurea, ergot contains numerous neurotoxic and vasoconstrictive alkaloids. The vasoconstrictive properties account for both the gangrenous form of ergot poisoning and ergot's medical applications in preventing postpartum hemorrhage and treating migraine headache. Since the potency and effects of naturally occurring ergot are unpredictable, turn-of-the-century chemists set about identifying and synthesizing the medically useful alkaloids found in ergot. Ergot proved to be a treasure chest--and a Pandora's box--of useful and fascinating chemical entities.
Images of migraine history...
In 1918, Arthur Stoll isolated ergotamine, which was introduced by Sandoz (now Novartis) under the trade name Gynergen in 1921 and marketed as a safer and more reliable form of the medieval midwife's nostrum. Controlled trials in the 1930s showed it to be effective in relieving migraine headache.
Also during the 1930s, two U.S. chemists succeeded in identifying the common nucleus of the ergot drugs, which they named lysergic acid. With this information, it became feasible to synthesize the ergot compounds, a project undertaken by Albert Hofmann in Stoll's laboratory at Sandoz, among others (2). In 1935, Sandoz chemists succeeded in synthesizing ergonovine, which was developed as methylergonovine (Methergine) and widely used to control postpartum hemorrhage. Further efforts to isolate the various alkaloids occurring naturally in ergot led to the development of a preparation of ergoloid mesylates (Hydergine) for treating dementia. In 1943, Hofmann synthesized dihydroergotamine (DHE), marketed for the treatment of blood pressure and later shown to be highly effective for migraine.
In the course of Hofmann's trial-and-error synthesis of lysergic acid derivatives, the 25th compound, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25), failed to show any therapeutic promise in early testing on animals. In 1943, five years after it was first synthesized and tested, Hofmann decided to synthesize LSD-25 again for further testing. While completing the synthesis, he was overcome by strange sensations, which later developed into mild euphoria accompanied by pleasant visual hallucinations.
Surmising that he had somehow absorbed or ingested some of his newly synthesized compound, Hofmann proceeded to test the substance on himself by taking what he believed to be a minuscule dose--0.25 mg--and was rapidly plunged into what can only be described as a very bad trip. Like the natural ergot from which it was derived, LSD proved to be too potent, risky, and unpredictable to have a medical application.
In the course of exploring the ergot family, Sandoz chemists went on to discover yet another important antimigraine drug, methysergide (Sansert). Used for daily preventive therapy rather than abortive treatment of migraine, methysergide is a serotonin antagonist, whereas ergotamine is a serotonin agonist. Interestingly, "unworldly feelings" or hallucinations are among methysergide's possible side effects (3).
The ergot drugs are structurally related to the biogenic amines, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine and interact with multiple receptors in these systems (1). The same is true for all the major psychedelic drugs. Two of the four rings in LSD's chemical structure are identical to the ring structure in serotonin, and the side chain attached to serotonin's ring structure is identical to another part of the LSD molecule (4). Because of their structural similarities with the neurotransmitters, ergotamine and DHE exert wide-ranging effects on physiologic processes mediated by the adrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic receptor systems, particularly the latter (1). They are serotonin 1A, 1B, 1D, and 1F receptor agonists; they also block the release of two important vasoactive neuropeptides currently thought to be involved in migraine, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) (1).
Ergotamine and DHE
Ergotamine is not an analgesic and is ineffective for common tension head aches. Its vasoconstrictive effects have long been presumed to explain its efficacy for migraine, but the proposed mechanism of action of the ergot alkaloids has changed as understanding of migraine pathophysiology has evolved. Its main limitation is the relatively high incidence of side effects, which, according to different studies, range from 17 to 41%, compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, for which the incidence of side effects is 5 to 28%. Nausea and vomiting predominate among the side effects observed following ergotamine ingestion, potentially exacerbating the nausea and vomiting commonly associated with migraine. Drowsiness, tiredness, or fatigue are also common, rendering it less useful for treating migraine attacks in the workplace. Overuse is associated with development of a chronic drug rebound headache (a headache pattern similar to tension headache superimposed on the migraine, which continues to occur) and risk of ergotism (5).
DHE improved on ergotamine by reducing some of its more troublesome side effects. DHE avoids much of the hypertensive and emetic effects of ergotamine and also appears to be free from risk of drug rebound headaches (1). Because DHE is much less vasoconstrictive than ergotamine, it has been argued that its antimigraine action may have some other basis, such as an anti-inflammatory effect on blood vessels.
Although the efficacy of DHE for migraine was first reported in 1945, it was little used in the United States until the 1980s. Even then, DHE was primarily an emergency treatment for intractable migraine, since few patients were comfortable with self-administered injections. In December 1997, a nasal spray formulation called Migranal was approved by the FDA.
All of the ergots retain the potential to produce vasospastic reactions, potentially causing myocardial or peripheral ischemia (deficiency in the blood supply to an organ or tissue), and are contraindicated for severe coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease such as Raynaud's disease, or uncontrolled hypertension. Methysergide is capable of causing fibrotic complications (scar tissue that forms on the heart or lungs or in the gut); other ergot drugs have been suspected of having this potential as well.
Sumatriptan: A new kind of serotonin agonist
Pharmaceutical companies had largely ignored migraine as a diagnosis, despite the size of the potential market: There are an estimated 23 million sufferers in the United States alone (see sidebar, The burden of migraine). The new era in antimigraine drugs began in 1973 with efforts to synthesize a more selective serotonin agonist, following up on numerous observations implicating serotonin (a potent vasoconstrictor and a pain modulator) in the generation of a migraine attack (6). Glaxo Wellcome introduced the first of the new serotonin agonists, sumatriptan (Imitrex), in 1991.
TO SIDEBAR: The burden of migraine
Sumatriptan has agonist effects at two serotonin (5-HT) receptors, 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D, with weaker effects at other 5-HT1 receptors. Sumatriptan is about fivefold more potent at 5-HT1D receptors than at 5-HT1A receptors, in contrast to DHE, which is about 10-fold more potent at 5-HT1A than 5-HT1D receptors (7).
Sumatriptan relieves not only the pain of migraine but also the associated symptoms of nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity (photophobia), and sound sensitivity (phonophobia)(8). Many patients are able to continue to work or return to work after sumatriptan treatment, which often is not possible with ergotamine because of its sedating or nauseating effects.
However, up to 40% of patients experience headache recurrence within the same migraine attack a few hours after initial treatment with sumatriptan (8). In a trial comparing subcutaneous DHE and sumatriptan, the latter showed higher response rates at 1 hour (78% vs 57%) and 2 hours (85% vs 73%), but the rate of headache recurrence within 24 hours was 2.5 times greater with sumatriptan (8).
The "me too" triptans
Drug developers began to look for new antimigraine agents to repeat, and hopefully improve upon, the success of sumatriptan in what has proven to be a billion-dollar-and-growing market. Three new triptans entered the U.S. market in late 1997 and 1998--zolmitriptan (Zomig, Zeneca Pharmaceuticals), naratriptan (Amerge, Glaxo Wellcome), and rizatriptan (Maxalt, Merck & Co). Three more are in clinical trials or pending FDA approvalóeletriptan (Relpax and Pfizer), frovatriptan (Vanguard Medica), and almotriptan (Almirall-Prodespharma/ Phar macia and Upjohn).
These second-generation triptans attempt to improve on sumatriptan's record by offering a shorter tmax, longer half-life, greater oral bioavailability, improved CNS penetration, or reduced cardiac effects (9). Clinical-trial data suggest that the differences among the various triptans are subtle rather than dramatic. While some patients who found sumatriptan ineffective or difficult to tolerate may do well with one of the newer triptans, the overall efficacy rates for all of these orally administered agents hover around 65% (9).
Sumatriptan and the other triptans produce "triptan sensations", side effects which can include tingling, numbing, anxiety, heaviness or tightness in the chest and throat, and sensations of warmth, burning, cold, or pressure (8). These effects do not appear to be cardiac in origin, but they have not been fully explained. As with the ergot drugs, the triptans are contraindicated or prescribed with caution for those with uncontrolled blood pressure, coronary artery disease, or peripheral vascular disease.
Pathophysiology of migraine
As with many other disorders, drug development and understanding of disease etiology have progressed together. The efficacy of the ergot drugs was long attributed to their potent vasoconstrictive effects, since migraine was believed to result from dilation of the cranial blood vessels in response to some irritating stimulus. This theory corresponded well to the throbbing character of the pain and to the fact that vasodilating substances (such as alcohol or tyramines in foods) sometimes triggered headaches, while vasoconstricting agents (caffeine and ergotamine) could relieve them.
Vasodilation may account for much of the pain of migraine headache, but the attack is now believed to be generated within the CNS. In a 1995 Nature Medicine report, Weiller and colleagues described PET scans made of nine migraineurs (people with migraines) during attacks. Increased blood flow was observed in the brain stem during the migraine, supporting the theory of a "migraine generator" in the region of the raphe nucleus, which is the center of the brain serotonin system. Sumatriptan taken during the attack relieved the headache but did not affect the brain stem activity, which may suggest an explanation for the high rate of headache recurrence seen with this agent (10).
The serotonin connection
Several clinical and experimental observations confirm that the serotonin system has a major role in producing or maintaining a migraine attack. Serotonin-releasing agents such as reserpine can induce a migraine attack, whereas serotonin administered intravenously is effective in relieving migraine, although with unacceptable side effects (11). There is a 30% decrease in platelet 5-HT during migraine without aura (11). Increased urinary secretion of serotonin's main metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, is seen during migraine attacks (6).
As a neurotransmitter, serotonin is a modulator of mood, sleep, sexual behavior, feeding behavior, and pain awareness. In humans, 90% of the body's serotonin is found in the gastrointestinal tract, with the remainder occurring in platelets and the CNS. Seven classes of serotonin receptor have been identified. The 5HT1-type receptors are inhibitory, and 5HT2-type receptors are excitatory. Migraine abortive agents are 5-HT1 agonists, but effective preventive treatments, including methysergide and amitriptyline, are 5-HT2 antagonists (1). Ergots show some 5-HT2 antagonist activity in addition to their 5-HT1D agonist effects (7). As 5-HT1B/1D agonists, the triptans are known to act directly on 5-HT1B receptors in smooth muscle, but they also appear to act at serotonin receptors on the peripheral trigeminal nerves to decrease sensory nerve activation. They also cause constriction of dilated cranial blood vessels by activation of a 5-HT1-like receptor found in these vessels that is believed to be identical to 5-HT1D (see sidebar, Neurogenic inflammation) (3).
TO SIDEBAR: Neurogenic inflammation
A dopamine connection?
Some evidence suggests that the dopamine system is also involved and that a state of dopaminergic hypersensitivity exists in migraine (13). Nausea with or without vomiting is experienced by more than 80% of migraineurs, suggesting that changes in dopamine activity in the brain stem may occur early in the course of an attack. Gastric motility is reduced in most migraine attacks even if nausea is not present, which may suggest that dopaminergic hyperactivity in the gastrointestinal tract is a feature of migraine (13).
Dopamine antagonists such as metoclopramide (Reglan) and prochlorperazine (Compazine) are regularly used in the treatment of migraine. Their efficacy has been attributed to their antiemetic action, not to any specific effects on migraine, but they may be achieving their effects by antagonizing D2 receptors that are activated during the migraine attack (13). In several small studies and case reports, D2 antagonists have been remarkably effective in relieving migraine headache, as well as migraine-related nausea or vomiting. Intravenous haloperidol (Haldol) relieved migraine in six out of six patients, for example, and efficacy rates of 82 to 88% were reported for intravenous prochlorperazine in two small randomized double-blind trials (13).
Calcium channel defects
Most recently, the genetic evidence for familial hemiplegic migraine (see sidebar, Who gets migraines, and why?) suggests mutations of calcium channel genes may be responsible for this rare migraine variant. Drawing upon gene association studies for common migraine, it has been suggested that migraine may be a "channelopathy" arising from mutations in genes involved in gating calcium and potassium channels that alter the threshold for CNS excitability (14).
TO SIDEBAR: Who gets migraine, and why?
Other directions in drug development
The proposition that migraine is a neuroinflammatory process has provoked new directions in drug development. To date, none has shown much promise in improving on the safety and efficacy of the ergots and triptans. Lanepitant, a neurokinin antagonist, has failed to show efficacy, but this failure may relate to poor absorption of the oral drug during a migraine attack (less than 10% of that observed in fasting volunteers) (12). Another neurokinin antagonist, RPR100 893-201, was also ineffective, but again, plasma concentrations for the oral formulation may have been inadequate (12). Bosantan, an endothelin antagonist, given to patients intravenously, also has proven ineffective (12).
Ganaloxone is a member of a class of neurosteroids called epalons that modulate GABAA receptors in the CNS. Developed to treat epilepsy and migraine, it showed promising antimigraine effects in Phase II studies using a liquid formulation (12). However, the tablet formulation developed for further studies produced disappointing results, and the antimigraine trials were dropped, although there is still the possibility that ganaloxone may be studied as a migraine preventive therapy.
Drug researchers continue to pursue the serotonin connection in the hopes of developing a still more specific antimigraine drug that would be free of cardiac effects. Eli Lilly is reportedly close to beginning Phase III trials for a new agent that targets the 5-HT1F receptor and that may have a much more favorable side effect profile than the current triptans that target 5-HT1B/1D receptors.
The vasodilation theory of migraine also continues to provoke new research. Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator and also a modulator of pain awareness. Nitroglycerin, which releases nitric oxide, invariably brings on a migraine attack when given to a migraine-prone individual. Nitric oxide releasers also trigger the release of CGRP from perivascular nerve endings in animals (12). A nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor was reported effective in a small double-blind study and is likely to receive further study (12).
Finally, CGRP antagonists may be another promising direction for future migraine drug development.
While the triptans have greatly expanded the treatment options for this common, often debilitating disorder, more effective management of migraine may await further exploration of the complex actions of the ergot drugs, which act on every system so far proposed to explain migraine.
1. Silberstein, S. D., The pharmacology of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine. Headache 1997, 37(Suppl. 1), S15-S25.
2. Hofmann, A. LSD, My Problem Child, McGraw-Hill: New York, 1981.
3. Mosby's GenRx, 8th ed.; Mosby-Year Book: 1998.
4. Snyder, S. H. Drugs and the Brain, Scientific American Library: New York, 1986.
5. Meyler, W. J. Side effects of ergotamine. Cephalalgia 1996, 16, 5-10.
6. Goadsby, P. J. Current concepts of the pathophysiology of migraine. Neurologic Clinics 1997, 15(1), 27-42.
7. Peroutka, S. J. The pharmacology of current anti-migraine drugs. Headache 1990, 30(1 Suppl.), 4-16.
8. Mathew, N. T. Serotonin 1D (5-HT1D) agonists and other agents in acute migraine. Neurologic Clinics 1997, 15(1), 61-83.
9. Lipton, R. B. The triptans and beyond. In Program for the 1998 American Association for the Study of Headache, Scottsdale Symposium; AASH: Scottsdale, AZ, 1998; addendum to agenda.
10. Weiller, C. et al. Brain stem activation in spontaneous human migraine attacks. Nature Med. 1995, 1, 655-660.
11. Ferrari, M. D.; Saxena, P. R. On serotonin and migraine: A clinical and pharmacological review. Cephalalgia 1993, 13, 150-164.
12. Silberstein, S. D. Migraine: Acute treatment. In 40th Annual American Association for the Study of Headache Meeting Program; AASH: San Francisco, CA, 1998.
13. Peroutka, S. J. Dopamine and migraine. Neurology 1997, 49, 650-656.
14. Gardner, K.; et al. A new locus for hemiplegic migraine maps to chromosome 1q31. Neurology 1997, 49(5), 1231- 1238.
15. Stewart, W. F. et al. Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States. JAMA 1992, 267(1), 64-69.
Carol Hart is a science writer based in Narberth, PA (firstname.lastname@example.org; http://nasw.org/users/twoharts/).
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Geotechnics is an engineering discipline that studies the behaviour of soil and rock from an engineering standpoint. It also entails determining the stability of the slope as well as the risk of landslides, rockfall, and avalanches. Geotechnical engineering is primarily concerned with determining the soil's strength and deformation qualities from a scientific standpoint. In geotechnics, clay, silt, sand, rock, and snow are key materials. Soil and rock mechanics, geophysics, hydrogeology, and related sciences such as geology are all part of geotechnical engineering. Civil engineering includes geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. The specialty entails collecting and interpreting the physical qualities of the ground for use in building and construction utilising scientific methodologies and engineering principles. Its practical application, such as foundation engineering, has necessitated the use of science. The term geotechnics is now used to denote the discipline's theoretical and practical applications. Because all civil engineering projects are built on or in the ground, geotechnical engineering plays a critical role. It's also significant in extractive sectors like open cast and underground mining, as well as hydrocarbon extraction, and it's crucial in assessing natural disasters like earthquakes and landslides.
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The Katsina State Governor, Aminu Bello Masari has praised President Muhammadu Buhari for his efforts and strides in office since assuming power in 2015.
Speaking on Wednesday during a Sallah homage visit to the Palace of the Emir of Daura, Gov. Masari said the government of President Buhari has recorded enormous achievements in the areas of social security, which has ensured the poor and less privileged in the society are better taken care of.
“No government in the history of this country has done more to reduce poverty like President Buhari’s administration,” he said.
Masari added that religious and community leaders need to bring enlightenment to bear on successful government programs such as the Social Investment Program, SIP through which 120,000 poor citizens in 12 Local Government Areas of the state receive a monthly payment of N5,000 and this is happening in all the states of the federation.
“Today, we have over 863,000 children in the state being fed under the school feeding program. This has created 10,000 jobs for women cooks, 14,000 young men and women enrolled in N-Power.
“We have food vendors who are engaged and earning their livelihood. All the foolish talk on social media is by those who only think of themselves. Our elites are never happy or appreciative until something gets to their pockets,” he added.
On insecurity, Masari said security in the country had improved considerably, compared to when the President came into power.
Going down memory lane, the Governor recalled the regular bombings of mosques, churches and other public places before 2015, noting that such has drastically reduced.
“Human beings forget easily. It is true that we have not reached where we want, but efforts are being made to ameliorate the situation. Look at the size of our security compared to the population, you will know we all have to be involved in securing the country,” he added.
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The final several months in your high school lifestyle can be tedious. You need to entire a lot of requirements and you will need to comply with a lot of things. For those who are intending to go to college also need to be prepared their college applications.
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The more thought and time you give your application composition, the more that the admissions policeman will believe that you are students who will be suitable for their school. You need to follow that directions in the application forms. There are many of students who specifically start with their essay and with their application without examining the instructions. When you fail to follow instructions, that will easily be a mark against most people.
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Look over This Article: http://sebonetechnologies.com/2017/09/19/no-hassle-term-paper-programs-considered/
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With all the fad diets and fat burning cleanses out there today, it’s amazing to think that something as simple as water can function as the most important component of our daily activity when it comes to losing weight. No magic pill or extreme bingeing on fruit can add up to the effectiveness of water consumption and weight.
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But how much water is enough water? On average, a person should drink eight 8 oz. glasses everyday. It also has been recommended that an overweight person needs one additional glass for every 25lbs of excess weight. Additional water consumption also must happen with exercise or if the weather is hot and dry.
Remember, when it comes to weight loss and weight gain prevention, water is the magic antidote and lots of it!
Feel free to call me at the office with any questions you may have, to discuss further or to order a cleanse kit at firstname.lastname@example.org.
For more tips, please check out this comprehensive article on Gain Weight and Build Muscle By Eating the Right Foods from our friends at MassGainSource.com: http://www.
Be Your Best Health,
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The Gulf of Pythara is located in Apikia, ten minutes away from the road, through a smooth path full of luxuriant vegetation. The route predisposes you to the beauty you will see in the “Neraydotopos” as the folkloric tradition calls it. Its abundant waters run violently and make an amazing biotope in the lush landscape creating waterfalls and lakes where aquatic life abounds. The springs are on Mount Petalos, in the area of Evrosies, and the estuary is on Gyalia beach. It is a small ecosystem for many birds, amphibians and rare species of plants and wildflowers that sprout all along the stream. Pythara is used to irrigate the fields and between 1863 and 1936, to water the largest watermill in the Balkans, the “Fabrika”, a little further down in the village of Stenia.
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Computer expertise combines the hardware of computers and computer-managed gadgets with software—operating methods, authoring tools, professional programs and courseware—to help training technology. Since you’ll must be proficient in several coding languages, some computer science applications encourage college students to study Spanish, French, or one other spoken language. Viewing and reading content material on websites is inherently tougher to do on iPhones as a consequence of relatively small displays. Dozens upon dozens of options exist for potential college students with a want to interrupt into the sphere of computers and know-how by incomes a degree.
Our programmes in electrical engineering and computer science educates the engineers and researchers of tomorrow. By modifying a gadget’s settings, you’ll be able to control its appearance and conduct. A two year program of study that prepares ITNS graduates for the analysis, planning, design, installation and optimization of computer networks and community techniques.
Proof of utilization (proof out of your community supplier exhibiting your telephone has been in use because the coverage was bought and up to the occasion giving rise to the claim) could also be requested when you make a declare. Our elective Enhanced Gadget choice will cover accidental injury to your machine, be it by sand or sea. Including our Enhanced Gadget cover will can help you cover as many gadgets as you may safely carry with you on vacation.
Demonstrate broad and coherent information of communication systems, including analogue and digital methods and information communication networks. Instead of communicating with Alexa directly, gadgets work together with Alexa through a appropriate Echo machine over Bluetooth. Our in-depth familiarity with the privateness and knowledge security legal and coverage panorama permits us to guide our purchasers in establishing finest practices and customary sense options for managing data, in addition to handling person-generated content material and managing social media.
To equip students with advanced professional data and abilities in areas of knowledge technology and computer science in accordance with worldwide requirements. TPG is predicated in Fort Price and San Francisco, alongside innovative and disruptive companies which can be reworking the world’s economy, which gives us a unique view into the rapidly changing web and digital media area.
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Plants Behaving Badly
2 x 60'
Unveiling a world of deceit and treachery worthy of any fictional thriller: ‘Plants behaving badly’.
Two groups of plants exhibit such intriguing behaviour that a century and a half ago they attracted the attention of Charles Darwin. These same plants, orchids and their carnivorous relatives, still fascinate scientists today.
Darwin’s book ‘On the Origin of Species’ shook the scientific world and far beyond. Yet it was his next book, devoted entirely to orchids, which filled in crucial gaps and clarified his revolutionary ideas.
Orchids have an ethereal beauty, whether growing hundreds of feet up in a misty rainforest or along the verges of busy suburban roads. But their exotic flowers are shaped for just one purpose – to seduce pollinators. Many use sex as a lure by impersonating a female bee or wasp.
But it’s not only about the orchids: scientists have recently shown that there are many more carnivorous plants than we ever thought existed. Welcome to the world of killer tomatoes and murderous potatoes! Even the more well-known carnivorous plants – sundews, flytraps and pitchers – are revealing new behaviour. Carnivorous plants have featured in many sci-fi films over the years, but the reality turns out to be far stranger than the fiction.
Narrated by David Attenenborough
|Orchids: Sex and Lies
||Carnivorous Plants: Murder and Mayhem
Produced by Sky Vision for Terra Mater Factual Studios
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What is communication and why is it important? Our ability to communicate is central to everyday life and an essential skill in social work. This easy-to-read book offers a step-by-step guide to developing effective communication skills with a diverse range of service users and professionals. It is the perfect guide to help manage different communication skills in different settings, and more importantly, encourage students to continually reflect and develop these skills.
- Wide range of case studies from an array of service areas and user groups
- Reflective tasks and questions to stimulate critical thinking and discussion
- Skills audits to test where your strengths are and areas for development
This book is designed to guide readers in developing their own communication style that best suits them to become an effective social worker, whilst meeting the needs of their service user group and individual service user.
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A single barn of horses is under quarantine and two horses are dead after positive tests for Equine Herpes Virus at Hawthorne Race Course in Illinois, according to updated reports in the Daily Racing Form. Further west, two horses have been euthanized in Utah, in what appears to be a separate, unrelated outbreak.
Here’s a press release with the precise advice of the state officials in Utah:
SALT LAKE CITY, Utah – The Utah Department of Agriculture and Food is investigating one confirmed case of Equine Herpes Virus (EHV-1) in the state, and has placed a quarantine on a farm in Cache County. Two other horses at the location were euthanized after showing neurological signs consistent with the disease.
EHV-1 is not transmissible to people.
This highly contagious disease in horses spreads rapidly and can result in the death of the animal. The disease can cause respiratory, neurologic disease and death.
The most common way for EHV-1 to spread is by direct horse-to-horse contact. The virus can also spread through the air, contaminated equipment, clothing and hands. With the exception of the index and direct contact horses, no other horses, to date, have become ill with similar signs. Because of the highly contagious nature of this disease other cases may surface in the coming days.
Horse owners are advised to quickly report symptoms to their veterinarian. Event coordinators for upcoming horse events should contact their show veterinarian for recommendations concerning the event.
“As a precaution to Utah horse owners, I advise they take extra biosecurity steps to safeguard the health of their animals, said State Veterinarian, Dr. Bruce King. “Don’t let your horses touch other horses, especially nose to nose. Isolate horses that return to the farm from a show or event,” added Dr. King.
An expended list of biosecurity tips is available at: USDA-APHIS Biosecurity: The key to keeping your horses healthy Equine Herpes Virus symptoms include
- decreased coordination,
- nasal discharge,
- urine dribbling,
- loss of tail tone,
- hind limb weakness,
- leaning against a wall or fence to maintain balance,
- the inability to rise.
While there is no cure, the symptoms of the disease may be treatable. Horse owners should watch their horses carefully and call their veterinarian if any abnormal signs are observed.
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TOKYO (Reuters) - Japan is considering relaxing restrictions on visas for tourists from China, three people with direct knowledge of the matter said on Thursday, hoping to extend a tourism boom and lend support to consumer spending.
Since Prime Minister Shinzo Abe took office in late 2012, his government has gradually eased visa requirements for Asian countries, pushing to a record high the number of inbound visitors and sparking an increase in hotel construction.
The government is considering lowering the prescribed minimum annual income a Chinese citizen needs to obtain a multiple-entry visa to 3 million yen ($26,983.27) from around 4 million yen now, the sources said.
“We want to announce this policy when the time is right, depending on the pace of increase in hotel accommodation,” said one source, who declined to be named because the plans are not final.
The number of foreign visitors to Japan rose 21.8 percent to a record 24 million last year, the Japan National Tourism Organization has said.
China was the number one source of tourists visiting Japan, accounting for 26.5 percent of all arrivals.
Reporting by Yoshifumi Takemoto; Writing by Stanley White; Editing by Clarence Fernandez
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
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by admin | April 1, 2020 11:59 pm
When it comes to the issue of what Australian native food plants to place in your tropical garden, there seem to be a number of opposing considerations to mull over. Unless you’re fortunate enough to have acreage at your disposal, or are planning for amenity planting in parks or educational public gardens, you are going to have to juggle limitations of space, both vertical and horizontal, and probably the availability or otherwise of water, as well as soil type and aspect. Herein lies your first dilemma.
Many of the tropical bush foods most eagerly sought after by both Aborigines and Europeans were (and are) fruits borne on trees that can grow quite large in both directions. Burdekin Plums (Pleiogynum timorense) are eaten up to the present day, both as fruit in the hand and as jam and jelly. They are easily gathered, but have to be stored to ripen and soften for eating. The old method was to bury them (tied in a sugar bag and buried in sand on the creek bank according to my Dad). I always hung them on the back verandah in mesh onion bags, as my boys were very partial to them, but now I just leave them in a paper bag in the fruit bowl on the kitchen bench. BUT, I don’t have a Plum tree in my garden, handsome and shady as it is, because it is just too large. I rely on the trees in local parks.
Unfortunately, quite a number of delicious and/or interesting fruit and nut trees are impractical for the average home gardener, particularly as suburban lots get smaller. They are either too big or have very invasive roots, or both. They can, however, do very well if you have space at your disposal and if you can buy or propagate good stock. Examples include the figs such as Cluster Fig (Ficus racemosa), Rock Fig (Ficus rubiginosa) and Sandpaper Fig (Ficus opposita), often acquired as a bird spread weed. However, these random plants are rarely particularly good eating, and it is worth seeking out a superior selection like this if you’re going to plant one.
They used to be commonly planted or allowed to grow in chook yards, as an economical way of stretching the feed supply. Candle Nut (Aleurites moluccana), Blue Quandong (Elaeocarpus grandis), Illawarra Plum (Podocarpus elatus), Leichhardt Tree (Nauclea orientalis) and Bottle Trees (Brachychiton australis, B.rupestris) all fall into the ‘too large for a suburban block’ category. There are other trees which have the potential to grow large or/and tall, but which either grow fairly slowly, or can be somewhat contained by site selection eg in the open or under other trees.
Among these are Cheesefruit or Noni (Morinda citriodora), Davidson’s Plum (Davidsonia pruriens), Native Mulberry (Pipturis argenteus) and Bird’s Eye or Red Jacket (Alectryon connatus or A.tomentosus). Of these, I’d pick Davidson’s Plum. It bears while still very small, and the large tart fruit makes beautiful preserves and cooked desserts, not to mention very acceptable wine and liqueur. This is one of the native fruits in commercial demand. It needs to begin life in the shade, and does require extra watering, at least in the early stages. So what does that leave us? Most gardens have room for at least one specimen tree and probably you’ll want to make use of screening small trees, shrubs or hedges and maybe even topiary features or a large potted plant as a focus.
The plants that immediately spring to mind are the Backhousias and the Lillipillies. Of the Backhousias, Lemon Myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) is the best known and most popular, as well as the most commercially sought after, but Aniseed Myrtle (Anethola anisata) with its glossy green wavy edged leaves smelling of aniseed when crushed is very attractive as a screen or hedge, and also has commercial applications. Lemon Myrtle or Lemon Ironwood is a beautiful tree. We were so sad to lose our 35 year old specimen early last year after the deluge. We thought the constant soaking rain would do it good, but after flourishing through 20 years or so of drought, it apparently succumbed to a root fungus which we were unable to arrest. It used to be a magnificent tree. It did grow considerably taller than the 15-20 feet we were quoted by the nursery when we bought it, but it did take light pruning. It had the most commercially desirable ratio of essential oils, and the dried leaves were saleable, but picking and drying them was so tedious and time consuming that after a couple of goes selling consignments to Vic Cherikoff in Sydney, even the kids wouldn’t come at it any more.
I used the dried leaves in potpourri and in the linen cupboard, put fresh crushed leaves in the cold water jug or bottle, in the teapot, and sometimes in cooking rice or finely sliced in a curry. But the constant joy of the beautifully shaped tree was to see it burst into bloom in November, like a giant creamy candle, attracting birds and insects, especially myriads of Blue Triangle butterflies, while the heady scent of its honey hung heavy in the air.
Seedlings came up frequently in the garden, but attempts to transplant them were unsuccessful. I had some success leaving pots of soil under the tree so that seeds would germinate in them, but it was hit and miss affair, and I gave them all away. Currently we’re trying to transplant larger seedlings and root suckers from them, but with little success. It is such a beautiful tree, and we will certainly replace it. The ones in the Kershaw Gardens Rockhampton are still going strong and it is certainly a highly desirable species with many garden applications.
There is so much choice available under the general umbrella of “Lillipillies” that the novice gardener can be excused for feeling confused. It is therefore pretty important to know both the function and the position in the garden you envisage for your plant before deciding which to choose. From one of the new cultivars such as “Tiny Trev”, which makes a low edging hedge for a formal garden or a potted topiary, to the large spreading tree that Syzygium australe or S.oleosum can become, there is a lillipilly for almost every situation.
Of course, in many cases, the fruit will not be the primary reason for your choice, being more in the nature of an edible decorative bonus, but if fruit is your prime motivation, then the old standard, Syzygium luehmannii, takes a lot of beating. Small leaved lillipilly or Riberry is a nicely shaped small compact tree, with glossy green leaves and attractive pink new foliage, fluffy cream flowers and bunches of bright pink teardrop shaped fruit which taste of cinnamon and cloves. This is another fruit in commercial demand, and there are a number planted as suburban street trees in Rockhampton which seem to be doing well.
We have a Scrub Cherry, Syzygium australe, collected as a seed from Bouldercombe Gorge, growing in our front garden. Unfortunately, there is now a power line routed diagonally across our yard from the power pole out the front of our place to the house next door, and, naturally, it was slung right above our tree. Fortunately, it takes very heavy pruning, but as a result we no longer enjoy the former heavy fruit crop, and I’m not sure whether we will retain that particular tree. However, I have another from Byfield with superior fruit, growing out the back, so cutting out the one in the front and replacing it with something else, won’t be a tragedy. I’ve made many a batch of wine and jelly from the fruit, as a seedling grown tree tends to bear a fairly high proportion of fruit containing seeds, these are the more practical uses, though I have experimented with things like muffins.
Syzygium australe is quite a variable species: it can be upright or weeping, have pointed or rounded, large or small leaves, and a single or multi trunked habit, which makes it very useful in many different situations round the yard. We also have Syzygium wilsonii growing out the back, though more for its appearance than its fruit, as it’s a small weeping shrub. Its pink new foliage, deep purple-red pompom flowers and unusual white fruit are very striking particularly as it is a shade loving plant growing under larger trees, or at least among other trees for protection.
However, my favourite Lillipilly for taste is the blue Syzygium oleosum. The fruit’s appearance is really pretty and unusual, and some varieties have quite large fruit. Unfortunately, it does have the potential to grow very large, so…..I don’t have one in my garden, nor do I grow any of the large fruited tropical varieties such as S.forte or S.suborbiculare for the same reason, though Ralph Atcheson has quite a few in his large rainforest garden on the outskirts of town, including this Syzygium boonje.
So, let’s get down to something we can manage in the average garden in the tropics: small trees, shrubs large and small, vines and creepers, and herbs, and if you’re so inclined, palms and grasstrees. Some of the native citrus are worth growing. There are the new cultivars of Finger Lime, Citrus australasica, beloved by trendy restaurants, and the Mt White Lime, Citrus garrowayae, which is doing very well at the Kershaw Gardens, or if you have a dry climate garden, the desert Lime, Citrus glauca. This is very slow growing, (though grafted varieties do fruit sooner), carries thorns, and does have a tendency to sucker, so you need to consider placement carefully. However, your reward is small tart fruit that make the most delicious marmalade jam.
Decorative small trees suitable for the home garden include the Native Ebonies, Diospyros humilis and D. geminata, whose regular shape and pinky copper new foliage would be enough to secure them a place, but whose fruit is edible when fully ripe as well. Cocky Apple, Planchonia careya, is an interesting choice for a water-wise garden. The small, rather gnarled looking rough barked tree nearly always sports a few bright orange-red leaves among its large bluish-green ones, and the flowers, though short-lived, are most unusual pink and white bunches of stamens which carpet the ground under the tree. The green football shaped fruit is edible both raw and cooked. The bark was used by the Aborigines as a fish poison.
The Peanut Tree, Sterculia quadrifida, has particularly striking orange fruit, which split to reveal 2 rows of satiny black seeds with tasty edible kernels. These 3 trees, though very different in appearance from each other, are very much at home in a Japanese style garden. And while we’re on the subject of nuts, you could do worse than the old Queensland Nut or Macadamia, as long as you’re prepared for the labour of cracking the nuts when you harvest your crop.
Many Capparis species are suitable garden inclusions. A good one for the tropics is Capparis lucida. This is a large, glossy-leaved shrub, with typical white Capparis flowers and dark purple skinned fruit hanging on long stalks. The orange flesh clings to the seeds, so there’s not a lot you can do with it apart from eating fresh. Many of the workers at Kershaw use it like chewing gum, holding it in the mouth as a thirst quencher, before discarding the well sucked seeds. The short-lived long-stamened white flowers are very beautiful, and the occasional defoliation by caterpillars of the Caper White butterfly is a small price to pay.
While Bottle Trees and Kurrajongs might be too large for the average house block, there is a Brachychiton that can be a real winner, especially when supplementary water is scarce. A multi-stemmed shrub, which can be very straggly if not regularly pruned, Brachychiton bidwillii has spectacular reddish flowers, followed by the typical boat-shaped seed pods. The seeds are surrounded by irritant hairs, so perhaps this isn’t a good choice if there are small children in the yard. The Aborigines used to stir the seeds with hot coals in a coolamon to remove the hairs before processing into paste or flour, depending on whether the seed was fresh or dry. Early settlers used it as a coffee substitute or flour extender.
If you want a really tough small tree, that can stand salt winds and doesn’t need extra water, and looks good as well, then Tuckeroo is what you’re looking for. Cupaniopsis anacardioides has festoons of small golden yellow fruit which are very decorative. There is only a thin skin of highly aromatic flesh around the seed, which some people really like, but which I can quite happily live without. The tree seems quite attractive to green ants too, so you can have an extra source of bush tucker as well. Did anyone see the episode of “Food Lovers’ Guide” in which the chef in Cairns used crushed green ants in the marinade for smoked fish? However, if you have a real infestation, I also have the recipe for a good bait which genuinely works.
One of the proven performers in both public and private gardens in Rocky is the Beach Cherry, Eugenia reinwardtiana. This rounded shrub with sweetly scented tiny white flowers followed by shiny round red fruit is a winner. It can be pruned and shaped, makes a great hedge, path edge, or single specimen, grows and fruits in the shade, and is quite delicious. Some of the local selections have quite large fruit in which the large, usually single seed, is replaced by up to half a dozen smaller seeds that fit snugly together like a three dimensional jigsaw puzzle. It is surprisingly hardy, and easily propagated from seed. It can edge a path, screen a fence, provide an understory, or stand alone with equal success Melastoma affine, sometimes called Bluetongue for reasons that will quickly become obvious if you eat it, is an understory shrub with an attractive pinkish-mauve flower and interesting edible, if rather gritty, fruit. It can be eaten raw when fully ripe and the skin begins to split, and I found that it can be made into syrup which is quite acceptable as an icecream topping or drink base. It’s another of those handy things that will flower in semi-shade, but it does need extra water.
Millaa Millaa or Elaegnus triflora is a rather informal scrambly shrub with tiny, sweetly scented flowers and small delicious fruit, but perhaps its most striking feature is the silvery metallic underside of the leaves. These are really eye-catching when used in floral arrangements. The plant is another which needs regular pruning to keep it manageable, but is quite an asset in the garden.
The easiest of all Australian fruits to grow in a tropical garden is Rubus probus, one of the Native Raspberries. But – be careful! It spreads by root suckers, so needs to be contained in some way, either in a large container, against a wall, or surrounded by a root barrier of some sort, and it has prickles. If you have an appropriate place to plant it, you can harvest a good crop of delicious fruit from a small number of plants. Treat it just like any cultivated raspberry – ample water, fertilizer, regular pruning, a southern or eastern aspect, and you will be well rewarded. It is probably the most successful bush food grown in our garden.
And for a shrub that was not only extremely useful to the Aborigines, providing food, medicine and twine, but which will provide splashes of brilliant colour in your garden, there’s Native Hibiscus. Hibiscus heterophyllus occurs in 2 colour forms with short-lived but prolific flowers of bright yellow, or shades of white, pink and maroon. Use the petals in a salad, or make jam, jelly or syrup from them, as you do with the introduced Rosella, which is also an Hibiscus. Hibiscus needs regular pruning, including tip pruning, to encourage a pleasing growth habit, as it has a tendency to grow ‘leggy’ and sparse if left to its own devices, but it’s really worth the effort. And to fill in space lower down, what about the Trailing Hibiscus, Abelmoschus moschatus, which possesses a bright pink-red flower and an edible tuber?
Many of the food vines are too vigorous and rampart in their growth to be suitable for a smaller garden. If you plant Cheeky yam, Dioscorea bulbifera, you’ll probably be sorry, though Joyce Hill has kept a vine growing on a wire cylinder in her front garden under control for more than 20 years, by snipping off every stray shoot as soon as it begins to wave around. On the other hand, it is now a major headache down at Kershaw Gardens, where the lack of staff coupled with no on-going maintenance programme allowed it to “get away” and spread indiscriminately, so that each Spring more and more vines spring up in strange places.
The native grapes have, unfortunately, done the same thing. Tetrastigma nitens, for example, is smothering trees faster than it can be removed, and some of the Cissus are not much better. Not to mention the feral Stinking Passionfruit, Passiflora foetida, whose tasty little fruits have seen it spread all over Kershaw as people spit out the remains of their little snacks.
Long Yam, Dioscorea transversa, is a much better bet for a home garden, being a slender twining climber with arrow shaped leaves, and large bunches of decorative winged seed capsules. Like all the yams, it dies back in the Dry, but will shoot again from its underground tuber.
Of the 2 ‘look-alikes’, Eustrephus latifolius and Geitonoplesium cymosum, I’d go for the Eustrephus. Wombat Berry is less aggressive, and will withstand dryer conditions, and it looks good scrambling over a rock or cascading down a garden wall. Of course, you’re unlikely to want to dig it up to eat the tuberous roots, but you can snack on the little white ‘desiccated coconut’ arils among the shiny black seeds inside the orange fruits.
Getting down closer to the ground, a very hardy informal groundcover or low screen is Myoporum sp. or Boobialla. Small white flowers are followed by shiny round pink-purple fruits with a salty sweet aromatic taste. The birds like them anyway, and the plant is really very useful.
The hardy and adaptable Midyim, Austromyrtus dulcis, is a similar sort of height, but with a different habit. Slender opposite leaves with coppery new growth, small white flowers and shiny white fruit speckled with purple make it a very pretty tall ground cover. As well, the soft berries are sweet and delicious. A good plant for sandy soils. Another good one for sandy or salty soil is Ruby Saltbush, Enchylaena tomentosa. Fleshy blue green leaves and tiny red or yellow fruits are edible, and it’s a rather surprisingly attractive informal low rounded shrub, which has been used to great effect in the Kershaw Gardens, as has the lower growing Beach Banana or Pigface.
Carpobrotus glaucescens has bright pinkish daisy flowers followed by red fruits like a miniature salty banana. The large fleshy leaves have also been cooked and eaten. It’s a tough groundcover for full sun and sandy or salty soil.
A groundcover which is probably the nearest thing Australia had to a green vegetable in the European sense is Warrigal or Botany Bay Greens or New Zealand Spinach, Tetragonia tetragonioides. I find this plant a real enigma. It grows prolifically along the Capricorn Coast and covers hectares further inland, where it can be a significant weed in broad acre farming. Everyone tells me it’s tough as old boots, but I cannot keep it alive! At my place it seems to boil somehow. Perhaps it’s just too humid in Rocky itself.
At the height of the severe water restrictions in the south-east corner towards the end of 2007, the only green left in the gardens of 2 of my friends in Ipswich was their Tetragonia, which they harvested leaf by leaf. It looked pretty ratty by then, but it was hanging in there. I was given a precious rooted cutting to bring home, and you guessed it! Dead within a couple of weeks. It makes me feel very inadequate, especially when I hear of people, admittedly not in Rocky, who have trouble keeping it under control and consign quantities to the compost.
Others are fortunate enough to be able to sell their excess crop to a restaurant or at a market. It’s a pleasant and acceptable green veg. but you need to take care to blanche the leaves before eating.
Then, for an easy care low groundcover that flowers in the shade, you can always use Native Violets, as long as you have the water, as they need a lot. Both Viola hederacea and V.betonicifolia have edible flowers, and look good in the garden as well. The flowers can be added to salads, desserts and fruit cups, frozen in ice cubes to create a talking point at a party, or crystalised with egg whiter and caster sugar to decorate cakes. I’ve still got a little bit left in a jar of Violet jam from France that I was given as a gift. It’s delicately flavoured and scented, and quite delicious, so I’m going to experiment with making some myself when I can find the time.
If you’re lucky enough to have a garden pond, large or small, edible natives can be incorporated in your plantings in and around the water. Even the tiniest pond can support some Nardoo, the aquatic fern Marsilea, on which Burke and Wills infamously starved to death because they didn’t prepare the sporocarps properly. Larger ponds may contain water lilies, with their edible seeds, stems and tubers,
Spike Rush (Eleocharis dulcis) or Water Ribbons (Triglochin procera), also with tasty edible tubers. Around the edges or in a sheltered damp spot you could grow Costus potierae with its lemony edible white flowers, or if you have plenty of room, you could try any of the other native gingers, though Alpinia can take over with very little encouragement.
Curcuma australasica is an unusual and decorative choice with its pink and green flower spike and large fluted leaf, which dies back in the Dry. Bungwall Fern (Blechnum indicum) is another possibility for a damp spot, but again, is probably better contained in some way, as its underground rhizomes are very vigorous. Then as a landscaping statement, you may wish to incorporate some plants with strappy or spiky leaves as contrasts to the rest of your plantings.
Lomandra and Dianella immediately come to mind: the shiny blue Dianella fruit is best either eaten fresh or made into jelly, because of its single hard seed. Finally, there are the interesting bits and pieces which, while edible, you probably wouldn’t actually consider utilising for food.
Grass trees, Cabbage Palms, Cycads, Orchids and some Lilies make interesting garden subjects, and of course there are all the colourful nectar bearing varieties such as Banksia and Grevillea, and the seed producing Wattles. This one is an unknown quantity. I don’t know of it being grown in anyone’s garden, but we’ve raised some plants from seed down at Kershaw. It’s Gardenia edulis or Breadfruit, one of the ones Leichhardt ate on his trek north (but not the Breadfruit of the Lynd, though it has been mis-identified as such. That is Gardenia wilhelmii, and I have 2 precious little plants alive at Kershaw). In the wild Breadfruit is a small, rather gnarled looking tree. I haven’t seen the flowers. It will be interesting to see how it performs.
Advice on incorporating bush food plants into your garden is no different from the advice given to anyone planting a garden. Plan your garden first. Know where each plant will be positioned and what you expect of it. Water, mulch, fertilise and prune as you would for any garden plant, remembering to use a low phosphate formula for Proteaceae.
Lenore is Co-ordinator of the Australian Food Plant Study Group
Source URL: https://stfc.org.au/articles/native-food-plants-for-your-garden/
Copyright ©2022 Sub-Tropical Fruit Club of Qld Inc. unless otherwise noted.
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python implementation for libimobiledevice library
pymobiledevice is a cross-platform implementation of the mobiledevice library that talks the protocols to support iPhone®, iPod Touch®, iPad® and Apple TV® devices.
- Python 2.7 and 3.x
- construct >= 2.9.29
This script can be used in order to pair with the device & starts other services.
/!\ Others services can only being accessed after succesful pairing. Succesful pairing requiert the device to be unlocked and user to click on "Trust this device" on its phone screen.
This service is responsible for things such as copying music and photos. AFC Clients like iTunes are allowed accessing to a “jailed” or limited area of the device filesystem. Actually, AFC clients can only access certain files, namely those located in the Media folder.
This service allows accessing to AppStore applications folders and their content. In other words, by using an AFC client, a user/attacker can download the application resources and data. It also includes the “default preferences” file where credentials are sometimes stored.
The installation proxy manages applications on a device. It allows execution of the following commands:
- List installed applications
- List archived applications
mobilebackup.py & mobilebackup2.py [ com.apple.mobilebackup & com.apple.mobilebackup2 ]
Those services are used by iTunes to backup the device.
The diagnostic relay allows requesting iOS diagnostic information. The service handles the following actions:
- [ Sleep ]Puts the device into deep sleep mode and disconnects from host.
- [ Restart ] Restart the device and optionally show a user notification.
- [ Shutdown ] Shutdown of the device and optionally show a user notification.
- [ NAND, IORegistry, GasGauge, MobileGestalt ] Querry diagnostic informations.
Depending of the iOS version, the file relay service may support the following commands: Accounts, AddressBook, AppleSupport, AppleTV, Baseband, Bluetooth, CrashReporter, CLTM Caches, CoreLocation, DataAccess, DataMigrator, demod, Device-o-Matic, EmbeddedSocial, FindMyiPhone GameKitLogs, itunesstored, IORegUSBDevice, HFSMeta, Keyboard, Lockdown, MapsLogs, MobileAsset, MobileBackup, MobileCal, MobileDelete, MobileInstallation, MobileMusicPlayer, MobileNotes, NANDDebugInfo Network, Photos, SafeHarbor, SystemConfiguration, tmp, Ubiquity, UserDatabases, VARFS, VPN, Voicemail WiFi, WirelessAutomation.
All the files returned by the iPhone are stored in clear text in a gziped CPIO archive.
Starting iOS 5, apple added a remote virtual interface (RVI) facility that allows mirroring networks trafic from an iOS device. On Mac OSX the virtual interface can be enabled with the rvictl command. This script allows to use this service on other systems.
Release history Release notifications | RSS feed
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
Hashes for pymobiledevice-1.2.0-py3-none-any.whl
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Cisco Switch Multicast Configuration Example. Dg must have the proper routes to route such packets. As this is the default configuration of each interface, the ipv6 pim.
Dg must have the proper routes to route such packets. Pim configuration guide, cisco ios xe release 3se (catalyst 3850 switches) ip multicast: However, catalyst switches do run igmp snooping by default, and.
The Multicast Groups Joined Shows The Multicast Groups That The Router Knows On Vlan 3.
The switch will not ask you for a password when entering into privileged exec mode (i.e after typing “enable”) if it has the default factory configuration. Configure mvpn profiles within cisco ios 22/jan/2018. In this blog, we will provide an ssm (source specific multicast) configuration example on cisco routers.
However, Catalyst Switches Do Run Igmp Snooping By Default, And.
Cisco switch multicast configuration example start the cisco 3750 command line interface. Pim configuration guide, cisco ios xe release 3se (catalyst 3850 switches) ip multicast: Here is the topology for this example:
This Method Is Not Scalable, And Is Recommended Only In Very Small, Simple Networks.
This feature was introduced in cisco ios ® software release 12.0 (23)s and 12.2 (13)t. Now, get into global configuration mode: The following are considerations for the switch and igmp version 3:.
The Example Provided Here Shows How To Enable Igmp Snooping On The Switch:
Configures the boundary, specifying the access list you created in step 2. Configure mvpn profiles for ipv6 within cisco ios 15/jun/2015. Igmp configuration guide, cisco ios xe release 3se (catalyst 3850 switches).
Dg Must Have The Proper Routes To Route Such Packets.
Firstly, we will configure our switch a as a member of different multicast groups. As the name implies, igmp snooping requires the lan switch to snoop on the igmp transmissions between the host and the router and to keep. Hi dan, cisco catalyst switches indeed do not require additional configuration to pass multicast inside a vlan, and by definition, no additional mechanism is needed for a multicast to be flooded across a vlan.
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Our commitment to care for our children can significantly influence the way in which they will care for us in our later years. Dave Sobel’s book Galileo’s Daughter gives a compelling description of the reciprocal nature of the father-daughter relationship. This historical memoir describes how the father of modern physics was cared for and supported throughout his life by his daughter, Maria Celeste.
As a father, Galileo had faithfully provided for his daughter’s care and later supported her work at the convent where she lived. From the convent, Maria wrote over 100 letters to her father, and signed each one, “Your most affectionate daughter, Maria Celeste.”
Those letters became a source of strength to him during the hardships he faced in his career. When Galileo was asked to recant his theory that the sun was the center of the solar system, Maria wrote bold letters in support of her father. She also played a significant role in providing him with medical help. As a pharmacist, she “concocted elixirs and pills to strengthen him for his studies and protect him from epidemic diseases.”
To Think About ...
With the growing concern about how to care for aging parents, today’s adults are learning first-hand about the reciprocal nature of parent-child relationships. Life expectancy is rising and quality of life for seniors is improving, but those factors can increase the complexity of family commitments when it comes to elder care.
When Melvin was admitted to the hospital for surgery this week, his daughter Linda was the first of his children to arrive. She sat patiently with her mother for the next four hours as her brothers arrived. For over a decade, Linda has been faithful in supporting her father in their small family business. Now, as Melvin faces a three- or four-month recovery, the burden of caring for her parents will increase and they will depend on her to keep the business in line. Much of their retirement income is dependent on Linda’s work.
Linda wants to be there as much as she can during her father’s recovery, but that’s only part of her responsibilities. Her family extends two generations in both directions: she’s also helping to care for her grandmother, and she has two grandchildren of her own. Linda has come to recognize that, though there are many things she would like to do for her family members, she has limited time and energy to spread around.
Action Points for Committed Fathers
- Talk to your children about their grandparents or other aging relatives. Describe how you plan to assist them, and ask your kids what they could do to help.
- Take time to discuss with your wife specific ways in which your relationship with each of your children has changed over the past year. Then try to predict how your relationships with them will change over the next five years, 10 years, etc.
- Do some long- and short-term financial planning. Calculate the cost of your own retirement and make plans for how you’ll lend support to your parents in their retirement.
- Don’t underestimate the power of postal mail. Write a note to one of your children who may be at camp or out of the home, or to a parent who lives out of town.
Dr. Ken R. Canfield is founder of the National Center for Fathering, and served as NCF’s president and CEO from 1990 through 2005. He is the author of The Heart of a Father and numerous other books including the award-winning 7 Secrets of Effective Fathers.
All Pro Dad is Family First’s innovative and unique program for every father. Their aim is to interlock the hearts of the fathers with their children and, as a by-product, the hearts of the children with their dads. At AllProDad.com, dads in any stage of fatherhood can find helpful resources to aid in their parenting. Resources include: daily emails, blogs, Top 10 Lists, articles, printable tools, videos and eBooks. From AllProDad.com fathers can join the highly engaged All Pro Dad social media communities on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and Instagram.
Click here for the original article at allprodad.com.
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Great Resources to help you excel in 2019! #1 John Eckhardt's "Prayers That..." 6-Book Bundle. Prayer helps you overcome anything life throws at you. Get a FREE Bonus with this bundle. #2 Learn to walk in the fullness of your purpose and destiny by living each day with Holy Spirit. Buy a set of Life in the Spirit, get a second set FREE.
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By Dr. Ashkan Jalili
Headache is pain or discomfort in the head, scalp, or neck. Unfortunately, many people suffer from debilitating headaches and often decide not to address the cause and only treat the symptoms to have only temporary relief.
Currently 11 percent of the US population is affected by head pain and headaches. This number equates to about $24 billion spent annually in medical treatments that don’t last long, not to mention the side effects associated with them. More than $30 billion a year is spent in disability and lost wages because of headaches which account for 157 million lost work days.
Different types of headaches include Migraine Headaches, Trigeminal Neuralgia, Tension Headaches, Cluster Headaches, Cervicogenic Headaches and Occipital Neuralgia to name a few. Even though most causes of headaches are unknown, there is a mountain of evidence that food allergies/sensitivities, environmental agents, posture and sleeping habits play a major role in causation and severity of symptoms.
Current treatments that are available to headache sufferers are oral medications (prescription and over-the-counter), physical therapy, chiropractic, acupuncture, biofeedback, massage/cranial therapy, occipital nerve blocks, Botox injection, and trigeminal nerve block. Unfortunately, most of these treatments do not provide a long lasting relief to about 90 percent of the patients.
We are proud to be the first medical center to offer a major medical breakthrough and innovative treatment (FDA approved) to treat different types of headaches right here in Santa Monica, with amazing results. Our protocol is an integrated headache management and treatment program that addresses ALL aspects of head pain, causes and symptoms. The hallmark of the treatment is the utilization of a proprietary nasal applicator to reduce or block a hyper-irritated nerve (Sphenopalatine Ganglion) as well as addressing the biomechanical issues of the neck, TMJ and upper back muscles through a customized physical therapy/Massage therapy approach under one roof and under our medical doctors’ supervision.
Our Headache Relief Program, MiRxTM, is safe, non-invasive, effective and most importantly covered by most major insurances and Medicare. At this point, this major medical breakthrough is only offered by Santa Monica Wellness Group and Santa Monica Medical Center. If you suffer from any type of headaches and treatments have not been 100 percent effective, contact the center in Santa Monica for a consultation at 310.453.8393 or visit www.smwellness.com.
Dr. Ashkan Jalili, DC, DACNB, FACFN is the clinic director at Santa Monica Medical Center and Santa Monica Wellness Group, a Physical Medicine and Anti-Aging Medicine Group located in Santa Monica’s Colorado Center. He is an international lecturer and speaker with Fellowship from American College of Functional Neurology, Diplomate of American Chiropractic Board of Neurology as well as Board-Certified Anti-Aging Healthcare Practitioner. He can be contacted at 310.453.8393 or email@example.com.
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TIP: A spray bottle of soapy water can help quickly identify and locate any leaks at joints or seals in a pressurized system.
“Making sure your system is free of leaks is important to ensure that no oxygen is in your system with your solvents and no gaseous solvents are with your oxygen in your workspace. Fire requires three elements to occur: oxygen, fuel and spark. Remove any of these elements, and fire cannot occur. Upon initial assembly, pressurize your entire system to 25 psi to 50 psi overnight to help ensure a leak-free system.”
TIP: Grind your plant material to about the consistency that you would roll in a joint.
“How you prepare your cannabis for extraction can greatly influence your end product. If the material is ground too finely, more of the cell walls of the plant material can be damaged—opening undesirables up to exposure to the solvent [and] extracting them [along] with your more desirable compounds; not finely enough, and you’re not making efficient use of space in your column.”
TIP: Pack (but don’t compact) your column.
“Be mindful when packing the column. Pack the column to the point that you feel resistance, but the plant material springs back. Pack it too tightly or too loosely, and you’ll get channeling. Channeling occurs when the solvent takes the path of least resistance around plant material that must come in contact with the solvent.”
TIP: Run until the solvent appears colorless.
“When observing your solvent flow through the sight-glass, it should appear yellow as it first passes through the plant material. Once it’s grabbed everything good and deposited it into your collection pot, the solvent will appear colorless.”
TIP: Run cold.
“When extracting from cannabis, the colder, the better. Water and butane have relatively low co-solubility (around 61 mg/L at 20°C/68°F). Locking up moisture in the plant material by making it ice avoids the water mixing with your butane and acting as a solvent on less desirable, water-soluble compounds like chlorophyll—which can contaminate your final product. Running with an in-line desiccant dryer will also keep unwanted water from your gases, avoiding undesirables in your finished product and adding life to your expensive pumps.”
TIP: Consider nitrogen assist.
“Solvent flows through your closed-loop extraction system as a result of pressure differential. When running under cryogenic conditions, solvents can all condense to a liquid state. This creates equilibrium in the system and no pressure differential to move your solvent through your plant material. Nitrogen, however, stays in its gaseous form at temperatures as low as -200°C and can be used to create the needed pressure to get things moving. You’ll need to ‘burp’ it from your gas storage tanks when you’re finished.”
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When we think of the brilliant flora and fauna of planet Earth, the usual suspects tend to come to mind, such as the great intelligence of dolphins, or elephants, and even, humbly speaking, ourselves.
Mushrooms, it’s probably fair to say, aren’t famed for their intelligence. For many, they’re controversial pizza toppings or dangerous poisonous horrors (not the same variety though, hopefully), and not much else. As it turns out, we’re not giving them nearly enough credit.
Astonishingly, the famed Koko the gorilla could use a vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs. Perhaps even more astonishingly, though, scientists believe that certain mushrooms may be able to communicate between themselves too, using a supposed vocabulary of 50 words!
Fun Guys To Chat With
Mushrooms have always been fascinating case studies, thanks to their unique and potentially terrifying properties. The dreaded death cap mushroom, for instance, is so toxic that it causes sickness severe enough to cause irreparable damage to the cells in mere hours. Half of those poisoned by the death cap die, a fate that, in 1534, befell Pope Clement VII.
Mushrooms, clearly, are not to be underestimated. Particularly not now that we know they seem to be communicating with each other.
Fungi are often much more than what we see. In 1998, the largest known organism on the planet was discovered. At a reportedly four square miles large, how was it not discovered sooner? Because we didn’t know that what appeared to be multiple fungi were actually all a part of the same whole!
Believed to be up to 8,650 years old, the Armillaria ostoyae is found in the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Scientists tested samples in the region and found that they were related, part of one gigantic organism! Also known as the “Humongous Fungus,” the Armillaria ostoyae was connected through a string of hyphae that made up many small parts of the singular organism. It is through these small varied connections that the gigantic organism is able to thrive.
Now, you won’t hear tiny mushrooms talking away to each other at night in shady forests (that would truly be the stuff of nightmares), but through the magic of electric impulses, it seems they’re talking all the same!
Mysterious Mushroom Messages
UWE Bristol’s Andrew Adamatzky studied these impulses in several varieties of mushrooms. For the study, split gill, ghost, enoki, and caterpillar fungi were used. Data was collected via the use of electrodes, which were placed among the “roots” of this curious assortment of mushroom varieties. It was discovered that the pulses were not random but ordered. In a sophisticated fashion, in fact, to the degree that the coordination suggested the fungi were talking.
The pertinent question would be: What exactly do mushrooms talk about?
They often seem to be quite solitary organisms, revelling in the dark and the damp, but it seems that their primary concerns may be those shared by all forms of life: keeping themselves safe through warnings of danger and detecting something tasty and nutritious that may be within reach!
In April 2022, Adamatzky published the study titled “Language of fungi derived from their electrical spiking activity.” In research performed on the human brain, spikes in such activity and the region in which these spikes occur, can and have told us many things about how our own minds work.
Adamatzky, apparently being a rather fun guy, took the outlandish step to apply similar methodology when examining the communication of the mushrooms.
“We found that spikes are often clustered into trains,” the scientist writes, which would suggest not just a lot of activity, but a lot of coordinated activity. At these times, it seems, the fungi had something vital to tell each other. Spikes varied in frequency and intensity between the different species, and the study strove to determine the meaning of these events.
To do this, the researchers considered the length of words and vowels in English. The average lengths of a vowel sound in the English language, per the report, is 0.3 seconds, and this peculiar data made for fascinating reading. The length of a word in the “fungi” language, it seems, is incredibly similar to the length of a word in human languages. The average English word length is 4.8 spikes (the unit of measurement used in the study), and the spikes in a C. militaris train number 4.7!
In sum, these mushrooms aren’t just speaking, but they’re speaking in a manner similar to human speech!
Protection Against Attackers
These disparate, yet connected, colonies, would need to have some way of communicating for their own survival. The study suggests that this is what they’re doing: should a single mushroom’s state change, perhaps if it’s threatened, then these trains alert the rest of the whole, with electrical impulses running along as they do in our own nervous system.
It sounds remarkable, and it is, but it’s not without precedent.
It is understood that plants can communicate and coordinate. Herbal plants will form connections through “runners” that can connect them in the same plant system. Radboud University’s Josef Stuefer tested the communication skills of a clover by investigating the behavior of caterpillars. When a caterpillar ate a leaf from one of the connected plants, the critters that followed them were more unwilling to consume more of the compromised plant.
Why? Because the clover had sent a sort of defensive distress signal in response to the initial attack!
Stuefer reported that this action created a chemical reaction, making the rest of the leaves tougher and less appetizing. “This is an early warning system, very much like in military defense,” the researcher said, “each member of the network can receive the external signal of impending herbivore danger and transmit it to the other members of the network.”
It seems reasonable to assume this is part of the purpose of mushrooms’ communication: identifying dangers and reacting to them. As Adamatzky concluded, though, there is still much to be learned before we can truly decode the mushroom language, how sophisticated it really is, and the roots of its true purpose.
By Chris Littlechild, contributor for Ripleys.com
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Artist: Mark Hess
Art director: Richard Sheaff
First day of issue: June 29, 1995
Oil on canvas
Frederick Douglass, noted for his oratory, is depicted delivering a speech. This staunch abolitionist had another personal stake in the Civil War that makes his inclusion in this set of stamps especially poignant: His son was a sergeant in the Union army.
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On the 20th October, my local M.P. Bob Neill issued this tweet: “In the House of Commons pressing ministers on air quality targets in the Environment Bill again this afternoon. We need to make real progress on particulate pollution now, not just in city centres but in suburban areas like Bromley & Chislehurst too”. You can see his speech and the minister’s response here: https://twitter.com/neill_bob/status/1450832879798439941 .
He expressed concern about particulate pollution specifically in “hot spots” and asked for a hot spot policy. My response was “I’m not convinced that particulates are a problem in Bromley, at hotspots or anywhere else. Seems you have been listening to the eco-fanatics” and “Bromley meets all the national standards for particulates. See the councils air quality action plan….”. It generated a number of comments from other contributors including a claim that only one location is monitored in Bromley (only true for particulates as there are 10 locations for NO2 monitors which provide good measures of air pollution).
You can read the latest Bromley Air Quality Annual Status Report published in July here: https://www.bromley.gov.uk/download/downloads/id/6833/air_quality_annual_status_report_2020.pdf . The report makes it clear that for both particulates and NO2 the pollution is within national standards. It is also clear that pollution levels have been falling substantially in recent years.
Further responses were received from members of an organisation called Fresh Air Bromley (see https://freshairbromley.org.uk/ ) which apparently is a spin-off from the LibDem Party in Bromley. They have installed a number of particulate monitors (both PM2.5 and PM10) in Bromley and published the data on their web site. The reported figures are all very low apart from at Harwood Avenue (the Council’s own monitoring location) but even there the numbers are within national standards.
This data does not show there is a significant particulate problem in Bromley which is no doubt why they say this on their web site: “We are looking for people to host an air pollution monitor! We are especially looking for hosts who live near possible air pollution hot spots (traffic junctions, schools, etc.)”.
This work is a useful contribution to the air quality issue. But does it demonstrate a major “hot spot” problem? I do not believe it does. I am not saying that there are not locations in Bromley where air pollution is a concern – mainly where there is heavy traffic such as on Widmore/Tweedy Road (photo above). Exposure to high pollution levels may be limited though as the duration of exposure of vehicle users or pedestrians is limited and such roads are not generally residential streets (with a few exceptions).
Car exhausts are being cleaned up by legislation although that may still leave a problem with brake and tire wear. But the big culprits are HGVs and buses and the emissions from vehicles at congestion hot spots. Remove the congestion and air pollution will improve.
Fresh Air Bromley have not demonstrated that existing pollution levels are a major health hazard. As regards particulates, a large proportion of particulates blow in from outside Bromley, or even outside London. Some of it comes from natural sources such as dust storms and agriculture. You also have to bear in mind that particulates are generated in the home from such activities as cooking and from open fires – particularly the modern fashion for wood burning stoves. Historically people have lived with high levels of particulate pollution for thousands of years.
I covered air pollution in another outer London borough (Lewisham) in a previous blog post – see https://freedomfordrivers.blog/2021/09/11/air-quality-in-lewisham/ . It references the Government’s COMEAP reports on the medical effects of air pollution and an FFDF publication on “Air Quality and Vehicles”.
In conclusion, is air pollution a significant problem in outer London boroughs such as Bromley? The answer is surely NO.
You can “follow” this blog by entering your email address in the box below. You will then receive an email alerting you to new posts as they are added.
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To achieve weight loss, you first need to look at what you are doing now. To say, you need to workout 3 days per week, but you already are, won’t do you any good. To achieve weight loss you need to burn more calories than you are eating. Sounds simple, but, if you are not aware of how many calories you regularly eat, you won’t have a good starting point.
First, look at how many calories you are eating and how often you are working out. To check your calories you can always put a food app on your phone. Most apps will even have premade food from popular restaurants. Generally, an average woman needs to eat about 2000 calories per day to maintain, and 1500 calories to lose one pound of weight per week. An average man needs 2500 calories to maintain, and 2000 to lose one pound of weight per week.
Now take a look at your daily activity. If you are not working out at all, you could start with 3 workouts per week and should start to see some weight loss. After a period of time you will need to increase your workouts weekly. We usually plateau within a few weeks so adding in one more workout per week will get that weight loss ramped up again. To get to your goal weight you can continue to increase your workouts until you get there. Generally it will take about 5 workouts per week to see some real weight loss. Again, your body can plateau after some time and at that point you may want to increase the intensity of your workout.
All in all, it comes down to burning more calories than you eat if you want to lose weight. Take a look at where you are now, make the changes and continue to monitor your progress.
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The Science of Humor | Dr. Peter McGraw
One trait most charismatic individuals share is humor. In this episode of the podcast, Connor dives into the science of humor with world-leading humor researcher, Dr. Peter McGraw.
We all know funny when we see it. But what’s funny to you might not be funny to another. We see this when jokes fall flat, or when someone laughs in a room full of silent people. But before Dr. Peter McGraw and his collaborators dove into the science of humor, we struggled to explain what actually makes things funny.
Dr. McGraw eventually cracked this problem with his theory of Benign Violations.
Dr. McGraw and his team eventually developed a successful theory that explains humor. All humor, they contend, comes from “benign violations.” The things you find funny either move something benign closer to a violation or some violation closer to benign.
For example: you wouldn’t tell a joke about pedophilia at a parents group. However, if you were at a private gathering with only close friends who also share a perverse sense of humor, you might make a pedophilia joke and get a laugh.
Now imagine one of the people there was a victim of pedophilia. You wouldn’t make a joke about their personal trauma. Why? It violates the rules of humor. Making such an off-color joke is no longer benign, it’s just a violation.
Using Benign Violation Theory to Explain Dad Jokes
The Benign Violation theory also explains the phenomenon of dad jokes. Everyone knows that dads make terrible jokes. Yet most dads in the company of other adult friends have the capacity to make funny jokes.
This is likely because when they became dads, they were trying to make something benign into a slight violation that kids could appreciate. In essence, these dads stop evolving their humor. Then one day they make a joke designed for small children to a jaded teenagers who then says, “You’re not funny dad.”
The Science of Humor: Examples
Dr. McGraw gives examples of the two broad categories of benign violation. Sarah Silverman makes jokes about horrible violations like hate crimes. She does this by making them more benign. How? She uses cute voices and silly examples. This creates distance between the audience and the violation. All of a sudden it becomes funny.
Distance is a key concept in creating benign violations. Someone you don’t know falling down a flight of stairs and not hurting themselves is hilarious. Your grandmother falling down a set of stairs and breaking her hip while you watch isn’t funny at all.
On the other side, Jerry Seinfeld made an über-successful career out of pointing out what’s wrong with completely benign things. He tells jokes about things like chocolate chip cookies or plugins in airplane bathrooms. By moving these things closer to our attention he makes them more like violations while still remaining benign enough to be non-threatening.
The First Rule of Getting Funnier
Most of us will never be stand-up comics delivering humor in one direction. Our humor takes place in more of a give and take atmosphere. We’re in a work meeting and rather than being boring, we can interject some humor. Or, as parents we can use humor to connect with our kids (see the dad jokes section above).
So the question for normal people is how to be funnier in these contexts.
Dr. McGraw points out that first of all, yes this is a skill that can be improved upon just like basketball or anything else. That’s not to say you’ll become the next Jerry Seinfeld or LeBron James. But everyone can improve. One helpful tip is to understand the Benign Violations theory.
But even more, practice observation like stand-up comics do. Dr. McGraw points out that most stand-up comics keep a notepad on them or at least use their phone so they can constantly make observations. They see funny things and rather than just laughing and moving on, they make a note of it and why it was funny. They can then draw on that information later when writing jokes.
If you’re observant and astute, you can begin to notice not just that something is funny, but also why it’s funny.
So try that. Make note of funny things and quickly analyze whether it moved something benign towards a violation or something violating towards benign.
Much, Much More
These are just a few of the great insights Dr. McGraw shared on the podcast. He also dove into the benefits and drawbacks of humor. Plus, he helped Connor dissect his class clown tendencies from high school.
You won’t want to miss that.
Guest Bio: Dr. Peter McGraw
Dr. Peter McGraw is an expert in the interdisciplinary fields of emotion and behavioral economics. His research examines the interrelationship of judgment, emotion, and choice, with a focus on the production and consumption of entertainment.
In recent years, McGraw has been a leading force in moving the study of humor from the niche to the mainstream. One advantage that he has over his predecessors is his ability to conduct state-of-the-art experiments with the help of the team he directs at the Humor Research Lab (HuRL), a laboratory dedicated to the experimental study of humor, its antecedents and consequences. Another advantage is his willingness to leave the ivory tower to delve more deeply into research questions – whether trying his hand at stand-up at a dive bar, attending a funeral director convention, posing as a shopper at a gun show, or singing hymns at a fundamentalist Baptist church. In 2014, McGraw co-authored The Humor Code: A Global Search for What Makes Things Funny.
McGraw is a professor at the Leeds School of Business and the Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at CU Boulder. He teaches MBA and PhD courses in marketing management and behavioral economics. His work has been covered by The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, NPR, BBC, TIME, and CNN.
Dr. McGraw’s New Book: The Humor Code
Research Website: The Humor Research Lab
Personal Website: Dr. Peter McGraw
Subscribe to the Podcast
Connect with ManTalks on Social Media
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Thank You to the Team:
Editing & Mixing by: Aaron Johnson
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A new class of micro rotor automatics was released in 1968. Some had calendar complications and some did not. Those with calendar complications were included in the Dateline series and the designation TM was added, representing Thin-o-matic.
One of the new models was the 1968 Dateline TM-4900. It was produced through 1971.
The TM-4900 came in a 10K yellow gold filled one-piece case with either a matching bracelet or on a strap.
My project watch has some obvious issues - like the crown doesn't seat on the stem tube. The watch appears to run but the date does not advance. So something is going on under the dial.
Some Thin-o-matics have ETA movements with a curved case back. However, a flat case back is a sure sign that there's a micro rotor inside.
Uggh... do I really want to tackle one of these movements again? These Buren-made movements utilize an offset center wheel (visible with the silver bushing just left of center). They are notorious for having issues where the movement keeps excellent time but the watch appears to run slow, thanks to the cannon pinion that is integrated into the center wheel design.
The oscillating weight on the back of the movement has been rubbing the inside of the case back. In fact, there's now a groove on the inside of the case at the extreme left side. With the movement out of the way, the crown is now fully seated so the female side of the two-piece stem needs to be trimmed a bit for a better fit.
The oscillating weight is fully seated but it's wobbly. The framework for it is either worn out or it has another issue.
There's some rust on the male-side of the stem and it's started to tone the date wheel at the number 18.
Fortunately I have a donor movement. It has some issues too (like it's super-hard to wind) but between the two movements hopefully I can assemble one good one.
The calendar complication on this movement is very familiar to some other 1970s models. As the hour wheel turns, it engages a couple of wheels that eventually turn a large golden wheel. As the large wheel turns it will slowly stick out a finger that advances the date wheel counter clockwise.
The bottom of the oscillating weight is missing it's pivot... thus the wobble.
Fortunately the donor movement has a good part to utilize.
Everything is cleaned and readied for reassembly. There are a variety of very small, but different, screws and it's important that they go in the proper places.
Well, it took a while... about twice as long as a typical movement, but I got the movement back together and running.
Hmm... something is making a little extra noise inside. Could be the hairspring, could be the pallet fork, or it could be both.
I suspect it was the pallet fork and eventually I got it to run cleanly. Now I just need to speed it up.
Okay - not too shabby. I'll leave it here for now.
In order to put the hands back on I need to advance the time until the date changes. I put it back in the case so I can use the crown. Then I can install the hands on at "midnight" so the date will advance at the correct time.
The last thing to do is to trim the stem so the crown seats flush. This is actually a different crown, with an H logo, but I still needed to trim the stem.
Unfortunately the dial has some speckling, probably thanks to the same moisture that rusted the stem. There's nothing I can do to improve the dial but it doesn't look too terrible. This is a sharp-looking 1960's watch but I still don't have any love for the 2nd generation of micro rotors. I will need to observe the watch to make sure the hands move as they should... if they don't, I'll have to take it apart again and change the center wheel or try to tighten the cannon pinion. Wish me luck!
Thanks for visiting my vintage Hamilton watch blog. I like to restore US-made Hamilton wrist watches back to their original glory and share my experiences with other enthusiasts. Use the "Search" space below if you know what model you're looking for. Feel free to leave polite comments or questions in the spaces provided. Also check out my "watches for sale" on my Etsy site - the link is on the right, just below.
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In addition to Infineum’s additive systems designed for various lubricant applications, Infineum supplies individual additive components under the Infineum C brand name. These components can create differentiated performance features that may provide a competitive advantage in finished lubricant applications. With Infineum’s experience and expertise in formulating lubricants, we will work with you collaboratively to find solutions to your lubricant needs, creating value in the process.
Used to modify surface tension at the air-oil interface to prevent foam formation by causing bubbles to break up rapidly
Oxidation of oil in the presence of heat and air causes it to become acidic and results in the formation of engine sludge and varnish. Antioxidants interfere with this chemical mechanism, vastly reducing the rate of oil deterioration and extending the life of the oil.
Used to prevent the formation of rust by developing a surface film to protect metal surfaces.
Generate a protective film on contacting metal surfaces, reducing scuffing and wear, especially on engine valve gear, cams and followers.
Used to protect metal surfaces from chemical attack by water or other contaminants.
Used to neutralize acidic blow-by gases, control rust, reduce lacquer and prevent deposits on engine components such as pistons. Infineum detergents are based on salicylate, sulfonate and phenate chemistries; each offers unique advantages in specific lubricant applications.
Used to suspend solid contaminants in oil; to inhibit and disperse sludge, soot and other insolubles; and to reduce the formation of engine varnish deposit.
Used to reduce metal-to-metal friction between engine parts, increasing fuel economy and reducing energy consumption.
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Create multi-media experiences that transform individuals and society. School of Communication ZELP 1.6 billion cattle, each one exhaling 400 litres of methane per day, is one of the single leading causes of global warming. In April 2022, ZELP was announced as one of four winners of the Terra Carta Design Lab. School of Communication Race for the Arctic A docu-game set across the next 50 years of environmental, geopolitical, and social conflict in the Arctic.
As one of the founding departments in the field in the UK, over twenty five years ago, its staff has included many seminal figures in Communication, Culture and Media Studies . We welcome and support students with a wide range of disabilities and health concerns. This includes learning difficulties, visual and hearing impairments, mental health difficulties, autism spectrum conditions, mobility difficulties, and temporary or chronic health conditions.
Master In Arts In Communication, Culture And Media
The Department has close links to cultural industries and venues in the city, some of which collaborate with us in offering assessed work placements as part of our programme of study. You will become part of a community of active researchers and will be encouraged to pursue your own research interests in collaboration with an academic supervisor. You’ll collaborate with students on other courses and create your work using industry-grade facilities, from radio studios, broadcast newsrooms, video and photography studios to high-spec digital media suites.
- Older children are able to express themselves in the way they use materials for art and design.
- For example, babies are aware in their first few days of a screen in the room at home.
- It combines theoretical and practical elements with a flexible structure and diverse specialist option choices that students may tailor to their own needs.
- Our students benefit from the division’s links with businesses, professional practitioners, as well as Edinburgh’s unique artistic and cultural organisations, festivals, and events.
Students are expected to read widely, contribute actively to discussions, and devise study topics for themselves in negotiation with tutors. Specialise in an area of academic enquiry that interests you or develop your own area of practice through research. We explore how communication practices can help better understand and positively change the terms and narratives of contemporary communication. Embracing cooperation, developing networks and working with communities, the School’s ethical position fosters effective engagement by critical citizens with the seen and unseen in human/non-human experience in a changing world. Alternatively, you can continue using your current browser by closing this message.
Year 1 Core Modules
Whatever your ambition, we will give you the skills to source great stories and tell them your way. Arts And Communication Design at the University of Reading brings together three departments with strong reputations for innovation in combining practice, theory and history in our research, teaching, and enterprise. Our critical pedagogy embraces social, environmental and epistemological justice. It is built on world-class expertise, for students wanting to engage with established and emergent technologies and practices in multidisciplinary communication.
These children will benefit from inclusivity, working as a team and engaging. Offer isolated body movement ideas, such as arm movements or leg movements, and partner, work, building to larger groups. If children cannot respond through verbal communication, encourage them to respond through vibrations and rhythm through movement. Pick one song from the list and ask them to switch on their ‘listening ears’. Share with the children anything you have noticed about how they have responded to it while it has been played.
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A business owner, generally, is a person that creates a brand-new endeavor, enjoying all the advantages and also carrying most of the risk. A business owner is commonly considered as a resource of fantastic new ideas, products, solutions, or techniques. Some business owners are so proficient that they outsource their own work to other people. Others seek to integrate their abilities with innovative ideas that others have actually developed. All the same, when you take into consideration words entrepreneur, you often consider someone that has successfully begun an organization from square one, or at the very least has wide experience in entrepreneurship.
So, what’s the discomfort factor for being a hopeful entrepreneur? Primarily, you need to have a clear suggestion of what business you’re going into. It needs to be something that you love to do. Enthusiasm is vital right here. The reason several business owners fire out is since they don’t have a clear suggestion of what they intend to make with their lives. Without an interest of what they’re doing, they rapidly discover that success is more difficult than it looks. abiola oke
Next off, you require to realize that ending up being an entrepreneur means being versatile. A great deal of individuals are excellent at starting a company from the ground up, but become tired with the routine. Being an absolutely business private means that you ought to check out different ventures-which is nearly more crucial than the actual suggestion. If you’re not willing to attempt something high-risk, after that the globe of entrepreneurship isn’t appropriate for you. Otherwise, coming to be an entrepreneur means being prepared to chance daily.
One of one of the most essential parts of ending up being an entrepreneur is having an extremely diverse capability. A varied capability is a blend of technical abilities, organization skills, as well as individual attributes and also features. As an example, when an individual discusses a hopeful business owner, among the first things she or he will state is “she or he has a varied capability.” However, this isn’t the only point that makes a business owner successful. While having a varied ability is a significant and also, there are various other things you should additionally take into consideration if you intend to have an effective organization around.
One of the biggest keys to entrepreneurship is being unbiased. When you are starting up a company, you have an opportunity to be a sponge as you find out all you can around your industry. Receptivity is essential for entrepreneurship, because numerous entrepreneurs stop working to take threats. Even if you’re familiar with most concepts, you still have to want to attempt something brand-new. This is because, in most cases, new ideas that appear interesting you simply may not be valuable to others.
Another part of becoming an entrepreneur includes the willingness to take threats. In many cases, the danger entails shedding money-which is why it’s important for an ambitious business owner to be realistic. However, being practical is vital and also doesn’t indicate you need to go into financial debt in order to achieve success. Some individuals concentrate on a certain type of organization and also forget their general objective, which causes them giving up on entrepreneurship completely. oke
On top of that, objectivity and also the readiness to take dangers are 2 critical components for entrepreneurship, yet they’re not the only things that make entrepreneurs successful. It takes a good deal of creativity and also knowledge ahead up with brand-new companies that will make money for the business owner. Actually, lots of effective organizations started out as completely various business. Some features that effective entrepreneurs have consist of the capability to concentrate as well as be motivated, an ability to assume creatively, an ability to function under pressure, as well as a capacity to believe artistically.
Naturally, all these attributes are characteristics that an individual can establish themselves. There are several entrepreneurs who were once millionaires that came to be business owners as a result of particular events or experiences. Numerous rich entrepreneurs had to look for financing for their brand-new ventures, and some even gotten assistance from member of the family or local business investors. However, if an entrepreneur wishes to become rich, it usually requires taking on bigger financial dangers gradually.
What are the qualities of an entrepreneur? Are you one? If you are, congratulations! As you’ve most likely guessed, being a business owner isn’t for everybody- however it’s definitely not impossible. You’ll need to determine whether you agree to put in the time and presented the effort to come to be successful.
An entrepreneur is an individual that produces a brand-new item, appreciating all the earnings and also birthing most importantly the dangers. The entrepreneur is usually considered as a visionary, a designer of originalities, items, solutions, or technique. Entrepreneurs often see themselves as being in competition with various other business owners, yet there is an essential difference in between being a business owner as well as one more type of entrepreneur. An owner is one that launches activity, while others are simply designers of new ideas. oke
A brand-new company endeavor requires cautious idea and implementation prior to it comes to be a success. If you are planning to end up being a business owner, there are a variety of aspects that need to be addressed. One essential variable is the sort of entrepreneur you want to be. There are 4 major kinds of entrepreneurs:
Advancement Entrepreneurs work on originalities for products or services that will spur technology as well as boost general success. The more danger and also potential chance there is, the extra a business owner will seek to check out those opportunities. If you have a company plan with comprehensive presumptions concerning what you expect to acquire from your endeavor, it can act as an overview to assist you figure out the viability of your concepts. Advancement might come at all levels of a company, but the most effective developments are often those that are substantiated of r & d. Commonly, an entrepreneur will certainly have a paper or essay on their creation that can be made use of as a basis for additional research.
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What defines the region's leading pituitary tumor team? Mayfield neurosurgeons offer insights
Experience, collaboration, fellowship training, and hospital certifications from The Joint Commission make neurosurgeons from Mayfield Brain & Spine and their otolaryngology colleagues the leading providers of pituitary tumor care in the Greater Cincinnati-Northern Kentucky region.
"Mayfield neurosurgeons treat more than 200 patients with pituitary tumors each year and perform nearly 50 pituitary surgeries annually at The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health and Good Samaritan Hospital," says Yair Gozal, MD, PhD, a Mayfield neurosurgeon and skull base specialist. "These are the only hospitals in the region to have earned The Joint Commission's Gold Seal of Approval® and Certification for brain tumor care."
"Mayfield's experience in brain tumor care is historic and extensive," says Vincent DiNapoli, MD, PhD, a Mayfield neurosurgeon and Director of The Brain Tumor Center at The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health. "Our surgeons have performed more than 6,000 open surgeries, 3,600 radiosurgeries, and 1,150 Gamma Knife® Procedures."
Pituitary tumor surgeries represent approximately 8 percent of the total number of brain tumor cases Mayfield neurosurgeons perform each year.
Pituitary tumors, which grow from the pituitary gland at the base of the brain, are fairly common but are usually slow-growing and benign. They can be problematic, however, if they grow large enough to press on nearby structures or if they secrete high levels of hormones and thereby interfere with other organs in the body. Symptoms can include headaches, vision loss, nausea, vomiting, or fatigue.
"The pituitary gland is also known as the master gland because it regulates the release of hormones from other glands," Dr. DiNapoli says. "It controls blood pressure, urine output, body temperature, growth, metabolism, lactation, ovulation, testosterone, and stress response."
In addition to Drs. DiNapoli and Gozal, the fellowship-trained skull base specialists who perform pituitary tumor surgeries at The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health and Good Samaritan Hospital are:
- Seth Isaacs, MD, Medical Director of Ear, Nose & Throat (ENT) at Good Samaritan Hospital
- Christopher McPherson, MD, Mayfield neurosurgeon and Site Director for Neurosurgery at Good Samaritan Hospital
- Lee Zimmer, MD, PhD, Director of ENT for The Jewish Hospital and president-elect of the North American Skull Base Society
The team's work is augmented by other specialists, including:
- Ronald Warnick, MD, Mayfield neurosurgeon and Co-Director of the Gamma Knife Center at The Jewish Hospital;
- tumor specialists at OHC (Oncology Hematology Care);
- endocrinology subspecialists at The Jewish Hospital and Good Samaritan Hospital
These pituitary specialists form a multidisciplinary team to provide all facets of care for pituitary tumors. They also offer multi-system access, with patients coming from multiple hospitals, including The Christ Hospital, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, and St. Elizabeth Healthcare in Northern Kentucky.
"Not every hospital has the surgical experience and technologies to operate on the pituitary gland, which is embedded at the base of the brain," Dr. Gozal says. "The gland is surrounded by arteries, nerves, and important brain structures. A skilled ENT surgeon and neurosurgeon work in tandem to remove pituitary tumors."
Today's elite surgical teams perform most pituitary surgeries via a transnasal transsphenoidal approach. An ENT specialist begins the procedure by inserting a long, tube-like instrument with a light and tiny camera into one of the patient's nostrils. The surgeon makes an incision at the back of the nasal cavity and continues toward the tumor through the "sphenoid sinus," an air-filled bony cavity deep in the nose to reach the pituitary gland and tumor. The tiny camera relays video to a monitor, allowing the surgical team to visualize every step of the procedure.
Once the ENT surgeon has exposed the tumor, a neurosurgeon removes it with other long, slender instruments that are inserted into the patient's other nostril. The entire procedure can take as little as 45 minutes.
"Technology has really moved ahead in this field," Dr. Gozal says. "You get such good visualization of the anatomy and the tumor that it can be successfully removed in a very safe manner."
Dr. Gozal stresses that not every patient requires surgery. "The vast majority of tumors are small. Many have not caused symptoms but have been discovered in brain scans of patients who have been experiencing headaches or who underwent imaging after a fall. These patients are naturally worried when they learn that they have a brain tumor. But if the tumor is small and asymptomatic, we are more than happy to reassure them that surgery is not necessary."
The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health and Good Samaritan Hospital are the only hospitals in the region to have earned The Joint Commission's Gold Seal of Approval® and Certification for brain tumor care.
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Images for Speeches - Speech Topics and Presentations - NICC Library at Northeast Iowa Community CollegeSkip to Main Content
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Speech Topics and Presentations
Information for Speech Classes including the following topics; public speaking tips, finding speech topics, managing fear of public speaking, websites, tutorials, and how to access articles in "Vital Speeches of the Day."
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The Maine North Atlantic Development Office (MENADO) at MITC connects Maine businesses and institutions with opportunities in the North Atlantic and Arctic regions and facilitates introductions for international partners in the region looking to innovate or locate in Maine.
What is the North Atlantic – Arctic region?
Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Labrador), Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom
MENADO can advise Maine companies on applied, real-world context to increase global competitiveness and make connections with international leaders in marine bioprocessing, forest management and bioeconomy, circular economy practices, smart cities development, and utilizing the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
Maine’s growing role in the Arctic is facilitated by MENADO, ensuring that Maine voices and expertise are included in fora such as the Arctic Economic Council, High North Atlantic Business Alliance, the Arctic Council, the Arctic Circle Assembly, and Arctic Frontiers.
UN Sustainable Development Goals Webinar Series for Maine Companies
Maine and the Arctic Are Connected
Coordinated by MENADO, Maine has one of the largest organized delegations represented at the Arctic Circle Assembly in Reykjavík, Iceland. Maine businesses, academic research, and cultural institutions attended meetings and presented to an international audience on a variety of themes from digital health and blue economy models of success to North Atlantic arts collaboration and rural tourism.
News & Events
Arctic Circle Greenland Forum
August 27-29, 2022, Nuuk, Greenland
Maine is connected to Greenland by weekly shipping service between Portland and Greenland’s capitol, Nuuk and our universities have collaborated with Greenland’s institutions for over one hundred years. Join MENADO at the Arctic Circle Greenland Forum for discussions on Climate and Prosperity, Geopolitics, and Progress. If you have interest, please contact Dana Eidsness, Director, MENADO at MITC. MENADO will coordinate B2B services as needed on a first come, first served basis for Maine participants.
September 7-8, 2022, Portland, Maine
Registration is open for Seagriculture USA, Europe’s largest seaweed event making its North American debut in Portland, Maine. DECD, MTI, MITC & MENADO are sponsoring this international event that will bring together the world’s leading science and business innovators in seaweed value creation. MENADO is arranging for side events, industry site visits, and B2B activities to leverage this experience to build Maine’s blue bioeconomy.
2022 Arctic Circle Assembly
October 13-16, 2022, Reykjavik, Iceland
Since 2014, MENADO has organized an annual Maine delegation to participate at the Arctic Circle Assembly. Over 250 Maine delegates have attended and/or presented at this annual international gathering on the Arctic with more than 2,000 participants from over 60 countries. The Assembly is held every October in Harpa Concert Hall and Conference Center in Reykjavik, Iceland. For information about presenting at the event or joining the 2022 MENADO-ACA Maine delegation, contact Dana Eidsness.
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Apple, which repeatedly takes a dig at Android over privacy, is now allegedly paying contractors to listen to the recorded conversations of its virtual assistant Siri.
"According to a former contractor at the company, Siri interactions are sent to workers who listen to the recording and are asked to grade it for a variety of factors, like whether the request was intentional or a false alarm that accidentally triggered Siri, or if the response was helpful," The Verge reported on Friday.
This comes weeks after the iPhone-maker took a swipe at arch rival and Internet giant Google by putting up a billboard reading "Were in the business of staying out of yours", right next to Sidewalk Labs' new headquarters in Toronto.
However, Apple's system may also be more concerning for a few reasons, like the pervasiveness of Apple products.
While Alexa is largely limited to smart speakers, and Google Assistant to speakers and phones, Siri is also on Apple's hugely popular Apple Watch, which is on millions of people's wrists every waking moment. Plus, Siri on an Apple Watch activates any time a user raises their wrist, not just when it thinks it heard the "Hey, Siri" wake word phrase, the report added.
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Georgia keeps without any information from the title-pawn industry. Regulators and customer advocates acknowledge they can’t say just how many companies that are individual right here. A study early in the day this current year by the advocacy team Georgia Watch and Georgia State University’s scholar Innovation Fellowship discovered that at the time of January there have been at the very least 755 title-pawn locations statewide.
State officials confirmed they don’t track car repossessions. While the Georgia Department of Revenue’s automobile unit will not keep data in the transfer of games from individuals to title-pawn businesses. In addition it can’t say exactly exactly how much cash these organizations lend against games.
“This is a business that’s actually preying on a residential area, actually preying on young people who might not have had a banking account before or a monetary item,” said Beth Stephens, senior manager for general general public policy at Georgia Watch in Atlanta.
“It seems it wasn’t really a loan he took out like you are never through paying the loan,” grumbled McGhee, who works a few blocks from Robins Air Force Base and was surprised when told.
“It’s actually a choice agreement buying their car back,” explained Clifford Carlson, a Macon-area bankruptcy lawyer who may have battled title-pawn companies in court.
Brian McGhee, a barber in Warner Robins, Georgia, borrowed cash from a title-pawn business and stated he got caught with debt trap. He paid month-to-month reasoning he ended up being reducing the mortgage however it mostly went along to charges and interest. Image due to The Telegraph.
A lot more than couple of years after taking right out a title “loan,” McGhee settled it by providing the 1999 Crown Victoria to a pal in exchange for the buddy paying down what he owed. He had been away from financial obligation, but in addition away from an automobile.
Warnings, small action
The financing methods of chartered banks are susceptible to oversight that is federal in some instances legislation by the Georgia Department of Banking and Finance.
Likewise, non-bank businesses that provide little installment loans, often called commercial loans, are managed by Georgia’s workplace of Insurance and protection Fire Commissioner, which stated you can find 71 of the businesses operating in 900-plus places statewide.
Installment loans, capped at $3,000, can span not than 36 months, lenders are audited annually and a $500 loan that is six-month carry a yearly portion price up to 61 per cent.
Title-pawn organizations, however, face few limitations in Georgia and no body appears over their shoulder. Agreements stipulate that disputes is not solved in court, closing straight straight down another opportunity to borrowers that are trapped.
For many kinds of loans, “typically included in the licensure requirement there clearly was some information that is supplied to your state agency. There clearly was at least one thing,” said John Rao, legal counsel because of the nationwide customer Law Center, an advocacy team. But, he included, for title-pawn loans “none of the is occurring.”
And thus, Georgia’s Office of Insurance seems the necessity to alert borrowers about services and products it generally does not control. Individuals are “much best off going to tiny commercial loan loan providers when they are going through a deregulated industry such as the title-pawns,” Chris Stephens, the office’s director of the Industrial Loan Division, warned in an interview if they have needs for money than.
The Georgia Department of Law’s Consumer Protection device, which handles customer complaints, provides a warning on its web page.
This screenshot through the web site for the Georgia Department of Law’s customer Protection Unit means title-pawn organizations as the main вЂfringe banking’ industry. It notes the вЂworking poor’ are the industry’s primary targets. Image thanks to The Telegraph.
“Look for the best interest from the bank or credit union. Think about that loan from household or buddies,” suggests certainly one of its web pages, discussing companies that are title-pawn installment loan providers as “fringe banking.”
Near downtown Macon, beside Mercer University, Centenary United Methodist Church gets a dozen individuals approximately each week whom can be found in searching for economic guidance.
“They routinely have a title-pawn and tend to be spending onto it,” said Pastor Eric Mayle, adding that most don’t have a banking account and so are kept with an alternative “intended to help keep people that are bad.”
An essential but unaffordable vehicle fix or outstanding bills are primary reasons they considered title-pawn shops for money, he said.
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COVID-19 Updates: Taking steps to return to normal.
Kananaskis Country is much, much more than just a park. It's a unique landscape where conservation, recreation and industry coexist. Many types of recreation may occur on these protected lands as long as users are in the area designated for their activity.
Within the boundaries of this multi-use recreation area, there are
Over two-thirds of Kananaskis Country is established as a park, either under the Provincial Parks Act or the Wilderness Areas, Ecological Reserves, Natural Areas and Heritage Rangelands Act.
The rest of Kananaskis Country includes a series of Public Land Use Zones where commercial activities like oil and gas exploration or timber harvesting may occur, in addition to recreation. Some industrial activities are permitted under special circumstances such as pre-existing commitments that pre-dated the protection of various park lands.
Given its complex nature, management of Kananaskis Country has some special considerations, including
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This week: The Briefing, Vol. X, Issue 28
- Joe Biden’s Roaring 20s
- What could an election amid recession look like?
- Trump endorses Mullin for runoff
Coping with failure: The delusion of the partisan usually holds that somehow, natural political consequences and historic political trends can somehow be avoided. In a midterm year, a president’s party can be expected to suffer substantial losses even when things are relatively good — as Donald Trump’s Republican Party was in 2018, George W. Bush’s was in 2006, and Barack Obama’s in 2014.
But when things are lousy — at a time of inflation, spiking energy prices, shortages, an apparent recession, spiraling crime, rampant homelessness — the political consequences to the president’s party are likely to be severe.
Democrats have an answer to this — it just isn’t a very good one. The January 6 committee seems to be their means of coping with the failure of the Biden presidency and the likelihood of large Republican gains in November’s election.
Democrats have genuinely convinced themselves that the January 6, 2021 riot is going to be a major issue in the 2022 election. One can see them proclaiming this on the major media networks and in the newspapers. One can see it on social media. Some people really do believe that recent testimony before the House select committee has the attention of the nation and will be deeply consequential.
This continues to be very much a delusion — a mistake, or perhaps even a willing delusion.
At a moment when most of the population has ceased to think about Trump at all (remember — only a tiny percentage of voters even participate in party primaries), let alone the Capitol riot, the media remain obsessed with him. They seem at times to forget who is actually the president of the United States.
Biden’s Roaring 20s: But for most people, the focus is on Joe Biden, not Donald Trump. One guy is actually president and falling off his bike. They other guy isn’t even allowed back on Twitter.
A new poll from Civiqs, which has surveyed more than 200,000 registered over the course of the election cycle, has Biden below 30% approval for the first time. This is the lowest point of his presidency so far. Among registered voters age 34 and under, Biden’s approval rating is only 20%, according to that same poll, with 60% disapproval. Kamala Harris polls only slightly better.
For purposes of comparison: President Trump, who never even once scored a positive approval rating in the Civiqs poll at any time in his presidency — not even during his so-called honeymoon period — nonetheless never fell below 39% approval over the course of four years and 510,000 survey responses by Civiqs.
In fact, the only groups with whom Biden’s numbers are not upside-down right now are self-identified Democrats (63% approval), blacks (only 55%), Hawaiians (46%) and Vermonters (43%). That’s it. His deep unpopularity continues to be a factor in every politically important state for 2022, including the key Senate battlegrounds of Pennsylvania (57% disapproval), Arizona (63%), Ohio (63%), Wisconsin (58%), North Carolina (59%), Nevada (60%), and Georgia (63%).
Meanwhile, Republicans continue to hold a consistent upper hand in polls of the generic congressional ballot.
Somehow, the blockbuster testimony of Cassidy Hutchinson has not changed any of this or even created a slight blip in the trend.
Of course, anything can happen. There are no certainties in politics. But It is rare to see such a divergence between reality and the media narrative as wide as the one developing now.
The last time the divergence was this apparent was probably in late 2013, when Senate Republicans shut down the government for a time. The conventional pundit wisdom then was that Republicans, already deeply divided, would never survive their chaotic and hopeless effort to block Obamacare, nor their raucous primary season. Instead, the 2014 election returned a historically large Republican House majority and a nine-seat GOP gain in the Senate. And again, that was at a time where the circumstances were much more favorable to Barack Obama’s Democratic Party than today’s are to Joe Biden and his party.
Biden’s travails far exceed anything Obama suffered. Where Obama struggled due to a slow recovery, Biden’s America is about to be plunged into an official recession just in time for the fall campaign season. And the public, far from being captivated by January 6 or obsessed with Donald Trump, yawned both of them off a year ago or more.
The truth is that Democrats, far from wanting to nationalize this year’s election, are going to do everything they can to de-nationalize it. They will pursue a least-harm strategy of helping their candidates succeed and survive based on “local issues.”
To be sure, that business about “local issues” gets a bad rap. It is the perennial mantra of every losing party in every election cycle and it has been for decades. But for a party headed toward big losses, a nationalized election is a much scarier prospect. A nationalized election focused on the likely upcoming announcement that the economy is in recession would be even more of a disaster. This hasn’t happened in earnest since 2008, when George W. Bush’s Republicans were clobbered and Barack Obama took power with a 60-seat Senate majority. This time, it could be just as bad.
Georgia: Although the outlook on this race has been mixed and the polling scrambled, it is good for Republicans to see that at least some polls have NFL great Herschel Walker already leading the accidental Sen. Ralph Warnock, even if they are Democratic polls. Democrats are trying to use Walker’s illegitimate children against him, whereas Warnock faces headwinds over an apparent illegal use of campaign money.
Missouri: It could be premature, but in the late stages of this August 2 Republican primary, a new survey from the Tarrance Group has disgraced former Gov. Eric Greitens falling back to 16% out of what seemed like an eternal virtual three-way tie. The remaining frontrunners are Rep. Vicky Hartzler (24 percent) and Attorney General Eric Schmitt (28 percent). Greitens’s approval rating with Republicans is upside-down (49 percent disapprove), so it may have been inevitable that his level of support on the ballot question would fall off eventually.
Former President Trump has not endorsed in this race, but he did have some nice things to say a few months ago about Rep. Billy Long, who is back into the single digits. Over the weekend, he savaged Hartzler and announced he would not be endorsing her. It was not immediately clear why.
Oklahoma: Former state House Speaker and cable news favorite T.W. Shannon already faced an uphill climb in his Aug. 23 runoff election, but President Trump’s endorsement of Rep. Markwayne Mullin probably seals the deal. Mullin got 43 percent in Round One amid a crowded field. The very people most likely to find Mullin unacceptable — the most active conservative voters — are also the most likely to be swayed by Trump.
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If the analysis of MOSH/MOAH (Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oil Aromatic Hydrocarbons) is a challenge in your lab, you know how complicated the sample preparation can be.
The EN 16995:2017 describes: Foodstuff – Vegetable oils and foodstuff on basis of vegetable oils – Determination of MOSH/MOAH with on-line HPLC-GC-FID analysis (from C10 – C50). This European standard was approved by CEN (The European Committee for Standardisation) on March 10, 2017.
“The method has been tested in an interlaboratory study via the analysis of both naturally contaminated and spiked vegetable oil samples and mayonnaise and margarine samples, ranging from 4mg/kg to 196 mg/kg for MOSH, and from 2 mg/kg for MOAH. According to the results in the interlaboratory studies, the method has been proven suitable for MOSH and MOAH mass concentrations each above 10 mg/kg. In the case of suspected interferences from natural sources, the fossil origin of the MOSH and MOAH fraction can be verified by examination of the pattern by GC-MS.”
The following hydrocarbons can be analytically determined within the scope of this test specification:
However, foodstuffs can also contain residues of mineral oils even before packaging. On one hand, contamination can occur during the transport of foodstuffs in jute sacks contaminated with mineral oils. On the other hand, there is the possibility of mineral oil contamination during food production, e.g., through oily machine parts or through lubricating greases used during maintenance or cleaning. Mineral oil containing wax coatings applied directly to foodstuffs or mineral oil-containing food additives used for surface treatment can also cause mineral oil contamination. Jute bags contaminated with mineral oil are still widely used in many countries.
Furthermore, an environmental "basic contamination" of food raw materials with mineral oil hydrocarbons is possible, e.g., through exhaust gas from gasoline engines, emissions from energy supply and industrial plants as well as fine dust from asphalted roads. There also can be intentional contamination (food fraud), as with Ukrainian sunflower oil in the 1990s.
MOSH/MOAH is an issue that has existed for many years.
Food Watch International continuously monitors the MOSH/MOAH situation. There are many products that do not meet the criteria in the EU, which specifies a detection limit of 0.5 mg/kg.
Recently, German magazine Ökotest analyzed 20 olive oils, and 19 of them were contaminated with MOSH and/or MOAH.
Foodnavigator also showed results for contaminated stock cubes.
The Foodpackagingforum found products containing MOAH include bouillon powders, margarine, hazelnut spreads, cheese, cereal and chocolates. It also measured the presence of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) in 92% of tested products, with concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 140 mg/kg.
The list is endless and MOSH/MOAH becomes more and more of a problem in different matrices, further increasing the demand for a fully automated method.
If you need to deliver a certificate of analysis before you can sell your product to the food industry, you already know the issues. However, there are a couple of challenges with determining MOSH/MOAH.
Does this chromatogram look familiar to you? Are you still using Microsoft® Excel® for data treatment, leaving your software foundation and losing track of your data? We have a solution that is fully supported in Chromeleon CDS, and it doesn’t take hours to copy and paste data with our plugin solution. Minimize your errors, time and labor following our automated workflow.
The new in combination with the new and the Thermo Scientific™ TriPlus™ RSH SMART, is your combination of choice to generate MOSH/MOAH data according to the EN 16995:2017 method.
It can be that easy. You simply use Chromeleon CDS, stay in the same software platform and within 10 seconds the quantification is performed, and the results are ready to export. They can be exported into the local LIMS system for data reporting and/or into Microsoft Excel for control. The process is fully automated, and the results are the same in either Microsoft Excel or Chromeleon CDS. This is a proven combination that is already installed in labs across the world.
View this video from our partner, SampleQ, below. Or visit SampleQ
Use an easy and proven plug-and-play method for the determination of MOSH/MOAH. This headache-free sample preparation is fully automated with the Tri Plus RSH SMART technology. With the newest standard in HPLC technology, the Thermo Scientific™ Vanquish™ normal phase system — in combination with the TRCE 1600 GC series — you are equipped with state-of-the-art instrument technology. And the nicest part is that this solution is all controlled from one software platform: Thermo Scientific™ Chromeleon™ Chromatography Data System (CDS). You place your sample in the autosampler, press start and get a complete analysis for MOSH/MOAH according to the EN 16995:2017 method.
With the right products, tools, and technology, you can get reliable results easily, saving time and reducing errors in your lab.
To learn more about our automated solutions in cooperation with SampleQ, visit:
EN 16995:2917 (E)
Bestimmung von Kohlenwasserstoffen aus Mineralöl (MOSH und MOAH) oder Kunststoffen (POSH, PAO) in Verpackungsmaterialien und trockenen Lebensmitteln mittels Festphasenextraktion und GC-FID) – Analysenmethode (BfR)
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Since their discovery, CNTs (Carbon Nanotubes) have fascinated many researchers due to their unprecedented electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties and their chemical sensitivity. These tubes are considered a promising component of future electronics. Recently, a complete computer based on CNT circuits has been demonstrated, and in the future they may be able to replace the silicon chip as the building block of electronics.
One of the biggest challenges on the way to the implementation of CNTs involves the need to produce them in specific locations on a smooth substrate, in conditions that will lead to the formation of a circuit around them. The technology developed by Prof. Yaish creates the said conditions and moreover, also makes it possible to study the dynamic properties of CNTs, including acceleration, resonance (vibration) and the transition from softness to hardness.
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Due to the nanometer size of the CNTs (100, 000 times smaller than the thickness of a human hair) it is extremely difficult to find or locate them at specific locations. Together with graduate student Gilad Zeevi and doctoral student Michael Shlafman, Prof. Yaish developed a simple, rapid, non-invasive, and scalable technique that enables optical imaging of CNTs. Instead of relying on the CNT chemical properties to bind marker molecules, the researchers relied on the fact that the CNT is both a chemical and physical defect on the otherwise flat and uniform surface. It can serve as a seed for the nucleation and growth of small size, optically visible, nano-crystals, which can be seen and studied using a conventional optical microscope (as opposed to CNTs, which are too small). As the CNT surface is not used to bind the molecules, they can be removed completely after imaging, leaving the surface intact. Thus the CNT’s electrical and mechanical properties are preserved.
“The integrated circuit, the chip, is the biggest breakthrough in electronics so far, ” explains Prof. Yaish, “and we believe that the method we developed will serve as an applicable platform for the integration of nano-electronics with silicon technologies, and possibility even the replacement of these technologies in molecular electronics. The CNT is an amazing and very strong building block with remarkable electrical, mechanical and optical properties. Some of them are conductors and some are semiconductors, and therefore they are considered a future replacement for silicon. The unique infrastructures available at the Technion clean room facilities within the microelectronics center headed by Prof. Nir Tessler enable us not only to demonstrate this principle but also to produce world-class devices.”
According to Prof. Yaish, existing methods for the production of CNT are very slow and costly and result in a non-precision product and, in general, cannot be implemented in industry. “Our approach is the opposite of the norm. We grow the CNTs directly, and with the aid of the organic crystals that coat the CNTs we can see them under a microscope very quickly. Then image identification software finds the precise location of the CNTs, automatically designs the optimal electrical circuit and produces the device (transistor). This is the strategy. The goal is the integration of CNTs in an integrated circuit of miniaturized electronic components, mainly transistors, on a single chip (VLSI), which could, as stated, replace silicon electronics.”
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learning sealed systems has rewards beyond domestic refrigerators.
Although understanding sealed systems will help in diagnosing of domestic appliances.
But a good understanding will help in diagnosing Hvac systems , walk in coolers, ice machines, and even automotive.
!!!!! DO NOT!!!! enter in all at once. Get some tools and buy some refrigerators on the side and fix them and sell them. Kind of a pay for your play time. Slowly learn the brazing techniques (in tight areas) , how to protect surround wiring and plastic components, and the ever critical Super-heat and sub-cool. Learn this stuff to help in diagnosis, even on domestic units. Sealed System can be profitable if you are thorough about ruling out leaks and if you have a good understanding on how they work.
After about 3-5 years you can work into a place where you can do hotel ice machines, florist coolers, soda machines, it just can really open up more oppurtunities.
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Early Reading Together® is a workshop programme which helps parents/whānau of young children (babies to 5 and 6 year olds) to support their children's language and literacy development.
Early Reading Together® was developed and first implemented in 1983 by Jeanne Biddulph MNZM, and evolved from the implementation of Reading Together®, a workshop programme which: helps parents provide effective support for their children, especially when their children (usually from 5½ years onwards) are reading to their parent(s) at home; was developed within an experimental action-research project at Canterbury University in 1982; has been widely implemented throughout New Zealand since 1982; and has been shown to raise children's reading achievement in a significant and sustained manner.
Early Reading Together® meets the need expressed by educators, librarians and parents/whānau for an effective family language/literacy programme to support younger children. It incorporates key features and processes of Reading Together®, is supported by the New Zealand Ministry of Education , has been cited in OECD reports and is endorsed by the Office of Early Childhood Education .
Early Reading Together® is:
Early Reading Together® helps parents to:
Overall and longer term goal of Early Reading Together®:
The Early Reading Together® programme is a best practice example of an approach that enables parents and communities to support their children's learning.
For further information (including effective strategies for engaging parents, families, whānau, aiga, and communities in formal education), please see Jeanne Biddulph's Submission on the Parliamentary Inquiry into engaging parents in the education of their children.
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Cultivating Hope in the Classroom & Beyond Written by Tiffany Creager, LSW, MSW This past year has certainly been traumatic for some and I think it’s safe to say that it has been stressful for most. It has me… Continue Reading…
April 14, 2022
Instructional Practices for English Language Learners
Reviewing instructional practices for English Language Learners can help move the entire school toward a comprehensive and culturally responsive approach. Because of the increasing dropout rates among EL students, educators are putting a larger focus on ELL programs that get students to speak and write English in authentic academic contexts.
November 4, 2020
Strategies for Supporting EL Students (English Learners)
English Learners (EL) are students whose primary or first language is not English. They need special assistance in order to participate effectively in school instructional programs. The instruction and assessment of students, cultural background, and the attitude of teachers have been found to be factors in EL student achievement.
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Note: Newer data on DACA recipients can be found in “What We Know About the Demographic and Economic Impacts of DACA Recipients: Spring 2020 Edition” by Nicole Prchal Svajlenka and Philip E. Wolgin.
Two years ago, the Trump administration announced an end to Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), leaving hundreds of thousands of young undocumented immigrants in the dark. Despite President Donald Trump’s promise that he had “great heart” when it came to Dreamers, DACA recipients and their families face an uncertain future. Congress remains unable to enact permanent protections for them, and the U.S. Supreme Court is preparing to hear arguments in November to determine whether the administration’s rescission effort was unlawful.
The consensus is overwhelmingly clear: The American public is on the side of these young people and believes they should have the opportunity to remain here permanently and be put on a pathway to citizenship. DACA recipients grew up in the United States and have established their lives and futures in the country. Beyond that, they are contributing to the economy in ways that benefit the entire nation. Using the 2017 1-year American Community Survey (ACS), Center for American Progress analysis shows the many ways in which the 661,000 active DACA recipients are woven into the social and economic fabric of the United States. (see Methodology)
Two things that every DACA recipient has in common are that they arrived in the United States prior to turning 16 and that they have lived here since 2007. These things mean that most DACA recipients have spent the majority of their lives in the United States. CAP’s analysis finds that the average DACA recipient arrived in the United States in 1999, when they were just 7 years old. More than one-third of DACA recipients, 37 percent, arrived before age 5.
DACA recipients contribute to their communities and the economy
As DACA recipients have grown up in the United States, they have graduated from school, embarked on careers, and started families of their own. According to the CAP analysis of ACS microdata, nearly 256,000 U.S.-born, and thus U.S.-citizen, children have at least one parent who is a DACA recipient. Across the country, 1.5 million individuals live with a DACA recipient.
Researchers have documented countless ways that DACA has improved the lives of these young people. DACA has opened doors to higher education and job training programs, along with opportunities to pursue better-paying jobs that are more aligned with recipients’ long-term career goals. Many DACA recipients have also become civically and politically engaged, participating in actions related to immigrants’ rights and civil rights with the belief that they can make a positive difference in U.S. society.
And the reach of DACA extends beyond family and community to the economy more broadly. According to the CAP analysis of ACS microdata, while slightly more than one-third of DACA recipients are enrolled in school, those who are working are employed in a wide range of occupations. The largest occupation groups for DACA recipients are food preparation and office and administrative support at 66,000 workers each, as well as sales at 61,000 workers. Other notable fields include management and business occupations, in which 28,000 DACA recipients are employed; education and training occupations, with 16,000 DACA recipients employed; and health care practitioner and support occupations, with 27,000 DACA recipients employed.
These individuals work in different sectors of the economy too. According to the CAP analysis of ACS microdata, nearly 6,000 DACA recipients are self-employed in an incorporated business, while 25,000 work in nonprofit organizations and 22,000 work in the public sector.
Each year, DACA recipients also make major fiscal contributions to the economy. According to the CAP analysis of ACS microdata, DACA recipients and their households pay $5.7 billion in federal taxes and $3.1 billion in state and local taxes annually. In addition to this, DACA recipients boost Social Security and Medicare through payroll taxes. DACA recipients and their households hold a combined $24.1 billion in spending power—or income remaining after paying taxes—each year. (see Methodology)
As community members, DACA recipients make substantial rental and mortgage payments, much of which goes directly into their local economies. DACA recipients own 59,000 homes and are directly responsible for $613.8 million in annual mortgage payments. Rental payments are even more staggering: DACA recipients pay $2.3 billion in rent to their landlords each year. (see Methodology)
DACA has had—and continues to have—wide-ranging positive impacts that go beyond the lives of DACA recipients and their families. On the whole, the United States benefits from the social and economic contributions of DACA recipients. Allowing DACA to end would leave hundreds of thousands of young people unable to work lawfully in this country and expose them to the threat of detention and deportation. Not only would this be heartless, but it would also jeopardize the many contributions that DACA recipients make to U.S. society and the national, state, and local economies every day.
The findings presented in this column are based on CAP analysis of 2017 1-year American Community Survey microdata, accessed via the University of Minnesota’s IPUMS USA. For the purpose of measuring the overall number of DACA recipients, this column uses the latest data filed as evidence in Regents of the University of California, et al. v. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, et al.; the data are on file with the author. The data show 660,880 active DACA recipients as of June 30, 2019.
Household tax contributions and spending power estimates are based on methodology developed by New American Economy and include all households that contain a DACA recipient. The tax rates applied to the microdata come from the Congressional Budget Office and the Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy. Spending power is measured as household income after federal, state, and local tax contributions; these data are based on household incomes, which are available in the ACS microdata.
The analysis calculates mortgage and rental payments for households in which a DACA recipient is the head of household or the spouse or unmarried partner of a head of household. Monthly payment information is aggregated from the ACS microdata.
Nicole Prchal Svajlenka is a senior policy analyst of Immigration Policy at the Center for American Progress.
The positions of American Progress, and our policy experts, are independent, and the findings and conclusions presented are those of American Progress alone. A full list of supporters is available here. American Progress would like to acknowledge the many generous supporters who make our work possible.
Director of Research, Immigration Policy
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No other product category generates as much emotion as food. This should come as no surprise as nations have fought to protect and to provide a reliable supply of food for their burgeoning population since the very dawn of civilisation.
These very same emotions are being triggered now as agribusiness in Australia struggles with the challenges and opportunities that foreign ownership presents. The latest chapter is the proposed takeover of Australia’s largest agribusiness, Graincorp, by US giant Archer Daniels Midlands (ADM), one of the world’s largest integrated grain handlers.
Now the government is in caretaker mode, any takeover deal will have to be approved by the Foreign Investment Review Board, and ultimately the Treasurer, following the election. The Nationals are opposing the deal, although they have stopped short of publicly calling for their Liberal coalition partners to announce their position.
The benefits of foreign ownership, which are well documented, include access to capital, superior technology, superior management and marketing skills, as well as reduced costs (in part through the economies of agglomeration) and improved market access.
But at the heart of the negative response to the takeover bid lies a perception that foreign ownership will potentially reduce or restrict the supply of product to the domestic market. However, with an agribusiness sector worth in excess of A$46.7 billion and a population of just 23 million, Australia is a net exporter (A$36.7 billion) of food, primarily to Asia.
Even in the worst-case scenario, there is very little likelihood of Australia facing a grain deficit, for in what is largely a free market, any company, irrespective of the country of ownership, will endeavour to sell its goods for the highest returns. Market forces will ensure that sufficient grain remains in Australia to meet the domestic demand.
The other and perhaps more sinister issues relate to transfer pricing and anti-competitive behaviour. Transfer pricing enables multinational firms to sell the goods they have produced in Australia to themselves or to an overseas subsidiary company at predetermined prices which minimise tax. These goods are subsequently resold in other markets at significantly higher prices where tax rates are lower.
In this instance, as grain prices are largely determined on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), there is an element of price transparency. Farmers know what they should be getting at the farm gate, minus the costs of storage, transport, grain assessment and receival costs, freight to port, storage and fobbing and currency hedging.
As trading is very much a numbers game (the more grain you handle the cheaper it becomes), ADM’s costs will be lower, so it should therefore be in a better position to pay higher prices to Australian grain farmers. However, to expect ADM to pay any more than they need to in order to remain price competitive is unrealistic, just as it is to ask the supermarket duopoly to pass on more of their profits to producers, or the banks to pass on the full rate reduction to borrowers.
Concerns around anti-competitive behaviour centre around ADM’s potential ownership of the port facilities, sparking fears that it may exclude other users. However, with as much as 70% of the grain on the East Coast being handled by other exporters, it is not in ADM’s best interests to exclude other parties.
Furthermore, ADM have recognised the need to make a substantial investment in these same grain handling facilities. After years of neglect, transportation and logistics systems in rural Australia require an immediate investment to improve the efficiency of transport, especially rail - an investment that both State and Commonwealth governments will struggle to make in the short to medium term.
While we have welcomed such investments from the private sector in the mining industry and indeed, in the construction of toll roads in the major metropolitan cities, there is a reluctance to support parallel private investments in our food logistics system.
In any event, government has the power to ensure that any public-private infrastructure investments - especially at the ports - are available for anyone who wants to use them. How these facilities might be shared and the costs apportioned to those third parties who want to use them should not detract from the need to encourage that investment.
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Acoalition of law enforcement agents, mostly comprised of sheriffs combatting cartel violence along the southern border, in cooperation with Border Patrol agents, is working to bring awareness to Americans of the dangers they face because of the Biden administration’s hands-off border enforcement policies.
“A nation without secure borders cannot stand,” argues Mark Hager, Army veteran and founder of the U.S. First Defense Coalition. “As a republic, the citizens of the United States are the responsible first line of defense,” he says, and sheriffs are “the only law enforcement branch elected by the people,” Hager told Just The News. “They are comparable to the grassroots of law enforcement.”
Also a historian and a professor, Hager notes that sheriffs “hold a special place in American history, and especially along our southern border, where they are protecting citizens when the federal government won’t.”Read More
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State Socialism and Anarchism: How far they agree and wherein they differ
Probably no agitation has ever attained the magnitude, either in the number of its recruits or the area of its influence, which has been attained by Modern Socialism, and at the same time been so little understood and so misunderstood, not only by the hostile and the indifferent, but by the friendly, and even by the great mass of its adherents themselves. This unfortunate and highly dangerous state of things is due partly to the fact that the human relationships which this movement - if anything so chaotic can be called a movement - aims to transform, involve no special class or classes, but literally all mankind; partly to the fact that these relationships are infinitely more varied and complex in their nature than those with which any special reform has ever been called upon to deal; and partly to the fact that the great moulding forces of society, the channels of information and enlightenment, are well-nigh exclusively under the control of those whose immediate pecuniary interests are antagonistic to the bottom claim of Socialism that labor should be put in possession of its own.
Almost the only persons who may be said to comprehend even approximately the significance, principles, and purposes of Socialism are the chief leaders of the extreme wings of the Socialistic forces, and perhaps a few of the money kings themselves. It is a subject of which it has lately become quite the fashion for preacher, professor, and penny-a-liner to treat, and, for the most part, woeful work they have made with it, exciting the derision and pity of those competent to judge. That those prominent in the intermediate Socialistic divisions do not fully understand what they are about is evident from the positions they occupy. If they did; if they were consistent, logical thinkers; if they were what the French call consequent men, - their reasoning faculties would long since have driven them to one extreme or the other.
For it is a curious fact that the two extremes of the vast army now under consideration, though united, as has been hinted above, by the common claim that labor shall be put in possession of its own, are more diametrically opposed to each other in their fundamental principles of social action and their methods of reaching the ends aimed at than either is to their common enemy, the existing society. They are based on two principles the history of whose conflict is almost equivalent to the history of the world since man came into it; and all intermediate parties, including that of the upholders of the existing society, are based upon a compromise between them. It is clear, then, that any intelligent, deep-rooted opposition to the prevailing order of things must come from one or the other of these extremes, for anything from any other source, far from being revolutionary in character, could be only in the nature of such superficial modification as would be utterly unable to concentrate upon itself the degree of attention and interest now bestowed upon Modern Socialism.
The two principles referred to are Authority and Liberty, and the names of the two schools of Socialistic thought which fully and unreservedly represent one or the other of them are, respectively, State Socialism and Anarchism. Whoso knows what these two schools want and how they propose to get it understands the Socialistic movement. For, just as it has been said that there is no half-way house between Rome and Reason, so it may be said that there is no half-way house between State Socialism and Anarchism. There are, in fact, two currents steadily flowing from the center of the Socialistic forces which are concentrating them on the left and on the right; and, if Socialism is to prevail, it is among the possibilities that, after this movement of separation has been completed and the existing order have been crushed out between the two camps, the ultimate and bitterer conflict will be still to come. In that case all the eight-hour men, all the trades-unionists, all the Knights of Labor, all the land nationalizationists, all the greenbackers, and, in short, all the members of the thousand and one different battalions belonging to the great army of Labor, will have deserted their old posts, and, these being arrayed on the one side and the other, the great battle will begin. What a final victory for the State Socialists will mean, and what a final victory for the Anarchists will mean, it is the purpose of this paper to briefly state.
To do this intelligently, however, I must first describe the ground common to both, the features that make Socialists of each of them.
The economic principles of Modern Socialism are a logical deduction from the principle laid down by Adam Smith in the early chapters of his "Wealth of Nations," - namely, that labor is the true measure of price. But Adam Smith, after stating this principle most clearly and concisely, immediately abandoned all further consideration of it to devote himself to showing what actually does measure price, and how, therefore, wealth is at present distributed. Since his day nearly all the political economists have followed his example by confining their function to the description of society as it is, in its industrial and commercial phases. Socialism, on the contrary, extends its function to the description of society as it should be, and the discovery of the means of making it what it should be. Half a century or more after Smith enunciated the principle above stated, Socialism picked it up where he had dropped it, and in following it to its logical conclusions, made it the basis of a new economic philosophy.
This seems to have been done independently by three different men, of three different nationalities, in three different languages: Josiah Warren, an American; Pierre J. Proudhon, a Frenchman; Karl Marx, a German Jew. That Warren and Proudhon arrived at their conclusions singly and unaided is certain; but whether Marx was not largely indebted to Proudhon for his economic ideas is questionable. However this may be, Marx's presentation of the ideas was in so many respects peculiarly his own that he is fairly entitled to the credit of originality. That the work of this interesting trio should have been done so nearly simultaneously would seem to indicate that Socialism was in the air, and that the time was ripe and the conditions favorable for the appearance of this new school of thought. So far as priority of time is concerned, the credit seems to belong to Warren, the American, - a fact which should be noted by the stump orators who are so fond of declaiming against Socialism as an imported article. Of the purest revolutionary blood, too, this Warren, for he descended from the Warren who fell at Bunker Hill.
From Smith's principle that labor is the true measure of price - or, as Warren phrased it, that cost is the proper limit of price - these three men made the following deductions: that the natural wage of labor is its product; that this wage, or product, is the only just source of income (leaving out, of course, gift, inheritance, etc.); that all who derive income from any other source abstract it directly or indirectly from the natural and just wage of labor; that this abstracting process generally takes one of three forms, - interest, rent, and profit; that these three constitute the trinity of usury, and are simply different methods of levying tribute for the use of capital; that, capital being simply stored-up labor which has already received its pay in full, its use ought to be gratuitous, on the principle that labor is the only basis of price; that the lender of capital is entitled to its return intact, and nothing more; that the only reason why the banker, the stockholder, the landlord, the manufacturer, and the merchant are able to exact usury from labor lies in the fact that they are backed by legal privilege, or monopoly; and that the only way to secure labor the enjoyment of its entire product, or natural wage, is to strike down monopoly.
It must not be inferred that either Warren, Proudhon, or Marx used exactly this phraseology, or followed exactly this line of thought, but it indicates definitely enough the fundamental ground taken by all three, and their substantial thought up to the limit to which they went in common. And, lest I may be accused of stating the positions and arguments of these men incorrectly, it may be well to say in advance that I have viewed them broadly, and that, for the purpose of sharp, vivid, and emphatic comparison and contrast, I have taken considerable liberty with their thought by rearranging it in an order, and often in a phraseology, of my own, but, I am satisfied, without, in so doing, misrepresenting them in any essential particular.
It was at this point - the necessity of striking down monopoly - that came the parting of their ways. Here the road forked. They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, - follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism.
First, then, State Socialism, which may be described as the doctrine that all the affairs of men should be managed by the government, regardless of individual choice.
Marx, its founder, concluded that the only way to abolish the class monopolies was to centralize and consolidate all industrial and commercial interests, all productive and distributive agencies, in one vast monopoly in the hands of the State. The government must become banker, manufacturer, farmer, carrier, and merchant, and in these capacities must suffer no competition. Land, tools, and all instruments of production must be wrested from individual hands, and made the property of the collectivity. To the individual can belong only the products to be consumed, not the means of producing them. A man may own his clothes and his food, but not the sewing-machine which makes his shirts or the spade which digs his potatoes. Product and capital are essentially different things; the former belongs to individuals, the latter to society. Society must seize the capital which belongs to it, by the ballot if it can, by revolution if it must. Once in possession of it, it must administer it on the majority principle, through its organ, the State, utilize it in production and distribution, fix all prices by the amount of labor involved, and employ the whole people in its workshops, farms, stores, etc. The nation must be transformed into a vast bureaucracy, and every individual into a State official. Everything must be done on the cost principle, the people having no motive to make a profit out of themselves. Individuals not being allowed to own capital, no one can employ another, or even himself. Every man will be a wage-receiver, and the State the only wage-payer. He who will not work for the State must starve, or, more likely, go to prison. All freedom of trade must disappear. Competition must be utterly wiped out. All industrial and commercial activity must be centered in one vast, enormous, all-inclusive monopoly. The remedy for monopolies is monopoly.
Such is the economic programme of State Socialism as adopted from Karl Marx. The history of its growth and progress cannot be told here. In this country the parties that uphold it are known as the Socialistic Labor Party, which pretends to follow Karl Marx; the Nationalists, who follow Karl Marx filtered through Edward Bellamy; and the Christian Socialists, who follow Karl Marx filtered through Jesus Christ.
What other applications this principle of Authority, once adopted in the economic sphere, will develop is very evident. It means the absolute control by the majority of all individual conduct. The right of such control is already admitted by the State Socialists, though they maintain that, as a matter of fact, the individual would be allowed a much larger liberty than he now enjoys. But he would only be allowed it; he could not claim it as his own. There would be no foundation of society upon a guaranteed equality of the largest possible liberty. Such liberty as might exist would exist by sufferance and could be taken away at any moment. Constitutional guarantees would be of no avail. There would be but one article in the constitution of a State Socialistic country: "The right of the majority is absolute."
The claim of the State Socialists, however, that this right would not be exercised in matters pertaining to the individual in the more intimate and private relations of his life is not borne out by the history of governments. It has ever been the tendency of power to add to itself, to enlarge its sphere, to encroach beyond the limits set for it; and where the habit of resisting such encroachment is not fostered, and the individual is not taught to be jealous of his rights, individuality gradually disappears and the government or State becomes the all-in-all. Control naturally accompanies responsibility. Under the system of State Socialism, therefore, which holds the community responsible for the health, wealth, and wisdom of the individual, it is evident that the community, through its majority expression, will insist more and more in prescribing the conditions of health, wealth, and wisdom, thus impairing and finally destroying individual independence and with it all sense of individual responsibility.
Whatever, then, the State Socialists may claim or disclaim, their system, if adopted, is doomed to end in a State religion, to the expense of which all must contribute and at the altar of which all must kneel; a State school of medicine, by whose practitioners the sick must invariably be treated; a State system of hygiene, prescribing what all must and must not eat, drink, wear, and do; a State code of morals, which will not content itself with punishing crime, but will prohibit what the majority decide to be vice; a State system of instruction, which will do away with all private schools, academies, and colleges; a State nursery, in which all children must be brought up in common at the public expense; and, finally, a State family, with an attempt at stirpiculture, or scientific breeding, in which no man and woman will be allowed to have children if the State prohibits them and no man and woman can refuse to have children if the State orders them. Thus will Authority achieve its acme and Monopoly be carried to its highest power.
Such is the ideal of the logical State Socialist, such the goal which lies at the end of the road that Karl Marx took. Let us now follow the fortunes of Warren and Proudhon, who took the other road, - the road of Liberty.
This brings us to Anarchism, which may be described as the doctrine that all the affairs of men should be managed by individuals or voluntary associations, and that the State should be abolished.
When Warren and Proudhon, in prosecuting their search for justice to labor, came face to face with the obstacle of class monopolies, they saw that these monopolies rested upon Authority, and concluded that the thing to be done was, not to strengthen this Authority and thus make monopoly universal, but to utterly uproot Authority and give full sway to the opposite principle, Liberty, by making competition, the antithesis of monopoly, universal. They saw in competition the great leveler of prices to the labor cost of production. In this they agreed with the political economists. The query then naturally presented itself why all prices do not fall to labor cost; where there is any room for incomes acquired otherwise than by labor; in a word, why the usurer, the receiver of interest, rent, and profit, exists. The answer was found in the present one-sidedness of competition. It was discovered that capital had so manipulated legislation that unlimited competition is allowed in supplying productive labor, thus keeping wages down to the starvation point, or as near it as practicable; that a great deal of competition is allowed in supplying distributive labor, or the labor of the mercantile classes, thus keeping, not the prices of goods, but the merchants' actual profits on them down to a point somewhat approximating equitable wages for the merchants' work; but that almost no competition at all is allowed in supplying capital, upon the aid of which both productive and distributive labor are dependent for their power of achievement, thus keeping the rate of interest on money and of house-rent and ground-rent at as high a point as the necessities of the people will bear.
On discovering this, Warren and Proudhon charged the political economists with being afraid of their own doctrine. The Manchester men were accused of being inconsistent. The believed in liberty to compete with the laborer in order to reduce his wages, but not in liberty to compete with the capitalist in order to reduce his usury. Laissez Faire was very good sauce for the goose, labor, but was very poor sauce for the gander, capital. But how to correct this inconsistency, how to serve this gander with this sauce, how to put capital at the service of business men and laborers at cost, or free of usury, - that was the problem.
Marx, as we have seen, solved it by declaring capital to be a different thing from product, and maintaining that it belonged to society and should be seized by society and employed for the benefit of all alike. Proudhon scoffed at this distinction between capital and product. He maintained that capital and product are not different kinds of wealth, but simply alternate conditions or functions of the same wealth; that all wealth undergoes an incessant transformation from capital into product and from product back into capital, the process repeating itself interminably; that capital and product are purely social terms; that what is product to one man immediately becomes capital to another, and vice versa; that if there were but one person in the world, all wealth would be to him at once capital and product; that the fruit of A's toil is his product, which, when sold to B, becomes B's capital (unless B is an unproductive consumer, in which case it is merely wasted wealth, outside the view of social economy); that a steam-engine is just as much product as a coat, and that a coat is just as much capital as a steam-engine; and that the same laws of equity govern the possession of the one that govern the possession of the other.
For these and other reasons Proudhon and Warren found themselves unable to sanction any such plan as the seizure of capital by society. But, though opposed to socializing the ownership of capital, they aimed nevertheless to socialize its effects by making its use beneficial to all instead of a means of impoverishing the many to enrich the few. And when the light burst in upon them, they saw that this could be done by subjecting capital to the natural law of competition, thus bringing the price of its own use down to cost, - that is, to nothing beyond the expenses incidental to handling and transferring it. So they raised the banner of Absolute Free Trade; free trade at home, as well as with foreign countries; the logical carrying out of the Manchester doctrine; laissez faire the universal rule. Under this banner they began their fight upon monopolies, whether the all-inclusive monopoly of the State Socialists, or the various class monopolies that now prevail.
Of the latter they distinguished four of principal importance: the money monopoly, the land monopoly, the tariff monopoly, and the patent monopoly.
First in the importance of its evil influence they considered the money monopoly, which consists of the privilege given by the government to certain individuals, or to individuals holding certain kinds of property, of issuing the circulating medium, a privilege which is now enforced in this country by a national tax of ten per cent., upon all other persons who attempt to furnish a circulating medium, and by State laws making it a criminal offense to issue notes as currency. It is claimed that the holders of this privilege control the rate of interest, the rate of rent of houses and buildings, and the prices of goods, - the first directly, and the second and third indirectly. For, say Proudhon and Warren, if the business of banking were made free to all, more and more persons would enter into it until the competition should become sharp enough to reduce the price of lending money to the labor cost, which statistics show to be less than three-fourths of once per cent. In that case the thousands of people who are now deterred from going into business by the ruinously high rates which they must pay for capital with which to start and carry on business will find their difficulties removed. If they have property which they do not desire to convert into money by sale, a bank will take it as collateral for a loan of a certain proportion of its market value at less than one per cent. discount. If they have no property, but are industrious, honest, and capable, they will generally be able to get their individual notes endorsed by a sufficient number of known and solvent parties; and on such business paper they will be able to get a loan at a bank on similarly favorable terms. Thus interest will fall at a blow. The banks will really not be lending capital at all, but will be doing business on the capital of their customers, the business consisting in an exchange of the known and widely available credits of the banks for the unknown and unavailable, but equally good, credits of the customers and a charge therefore of less than one per cent., not as interest for the use of capital, but as pay for the labor of running the banks. This facility of acquiring capital will give an unheard of impetus to business, and consequently create an unprecedented demand for labor, - a demand which will always be in excess of the supply, directly the contrary of the present condition of the labor market. Then will be seen an exemplification of the words of Richard Cobden that, when two laborers are after one employer, wages fall, but when two employers are after one laborer, wages rise. Labor will then be in a position to dictate its wages, and will thus secure its natural wage, its entire product. Thus the same blow that strikes interest down will send wages up. But this is not all. Down will go profits also. For merchants, instead of buying at high prices on credit, will borrow money of the banks at less than one per cent., buy at low prices for cash, and correspondingly reduce the prices of their goods to their customers. And with the rest will go house-rent. For no one who can borrow capital at one per cent. with which to build a house of his own will consent to pay rent to a landlord at a higher rate than that. Such is the vast claim made by Proudhon and Warren as to the results of the simple abolition of the money monopoly.
Second in importance comes the land monopoly, the evil effects of which are seen principally in exclusively agricultural countries, like Ireland. This monopoly consists in the enforcement by government of land titles which do not rest upon personal occupancy and cultivation. It was obvious to Warren and Proudhon that, as soon as individualists should no longer be protected by their fellows in anything but personal occupancy and cultivation of land, ground-rent would disappear, and so usury have one less leg to stand on. Their followers of today are disposed to modify this claim to the extent of admitting that the very small fraction of ground-rent which rests, not on monopoly, but on superiority of soil or site, will continue to exist for a time and perhaps forever, though tending constantly to a minimum under conditions of freedom. But the inequality of soils which gives rise to the economic rent of land, like the inequality of human skill which gives rise to the economic rent of ability, is not a cause for serious alarm even to the most thorough opponent of usury, as its nature is not that of a germ from which other and graver inequalities may spring, but rather that of a decaying branch which may finally wither and fall.
Third, the tariff monopoly, which consists in fostering production at high prices and under unfavorable conditions by visiting with the penalty of taxation those who patronize production at low prices and under favorable conditions. The evil to which this monopoly gives rise might more properly be called misusury than usury, because it compels labor to pay, not exactly for the use of capital, but rather for the misuse of capital. The abolition of this monopoly would result in a great reduction in the prices of all articles taxed, and this saving to the laborers who consume these articles would be another step toward securing to the laborer his natural wage, his entire product. Proudhon admitted, however, that to abolish this monopoly before abolishing the money monopoly would be a cruel and disastrous policy, first, because the evil of scarcity of money, created by the money monopoly, would be intensified by the flow of money out of the country which would be involved in an excess of imports over exports, and, second, because that fraction of the laborers of the country which is now employed in the protected industries would be turned adrift to face starvation without the benefit of the insatiable demand for labor which a competitive money system would create. Free trade in money at home, making money and work abundant, was insisted upon by Proudhon as a prior condition of free trade in goods with foreign countries.
Fourth, the patent monopoly, which consists in protecting inventors and authors against competition for a period long enough to enable them to extort from the people a reward enormously in excess of the labor measure of their services, - in other words, in giving certain people a right of property for a term of years in laws and facts of Nature, and the power to exact tribute from others for the use of this natural wealth, which should be open to all. The abolition of this monopoly would fill its beneficiaries with a wholesome fear of competition which would cause them to be satisfied with pay for their services equal to that which other laborers get for theirs, and to secure it by placing their products and works on the market at the outset at prices so low that their lines of business would be no more tempting to competitors than any other lines.
The development of the economic programme which consists in the destruction of these monopolies and the substitution for them of the freest competition led its authors to a perception of the fact that all their thought rested upon a very fundamental principle, the freedom of the individual, his right of sovereignty over himself, his products, and his affairs, and of rebellion against the dictation of external authority. Just as the idea of taking capital away from individuals and giving it to the government started Marx in a path which ends in making the government everything and the individual nothing, so the idea of taking capital away from government-protected monopolies and putting it within easy reach of all individuals started Warren and Proudhon in a path which ends in making the individual everything and the government nothing. If the individual has a right to govern himself, all external government is tyranny. Hence the necessity of abolishing the State. This was the logical conclusion to which Warren and Proudhon were forced, and it became the fundamental article of their political philosophy. It is the doctrine which Proudhon named An-archism, a word derived from the Greek, and meaning, not necessarily absence of order, as is generally supposed, but absence of rule. The Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats. They believe that "the best government is that which governs least," and that that which governs least is no government at all. Even the simple police function of protecting person and property they deny to governments supported by compulsory taxation. Protection they look upon as a thing to be secured, as long as it is necessary, by voluntary association and cooperation for self-defence, or as a commodity to be purchased, like any other commodity, of those who offer the best article at the lowest price. In their view it is in itself an invasion of the individual to compel him to pay for or suffer a protection against invasion that he has not asked for and does not desire. And they further claim that protection will become a drug in the market, after poverty and consequently crime have disappeared through the realization of their economic programme. Compulsory taxation is to them the life-principle of all the monopolies, and passive, but organized, resistance to the tax- collector they contemplate, when the proper time comes, as one of the most effective methods of accomplishing their purposes.
Their attitude on this is a key to their attitude on all other questions of a political or social nature. In religion they are atheistic as far as their own opinions are concerned, for they look upon divine authority and the religious sanction of morality as the chief pretexts put forward by the privileged classes for the exercise of human authority. "If God exists," said Proudhon, "he is man's enemy." And in contrast to Voltaire's famous epigram, "If God did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him," the great Russian Nihilist, Mikhail Bakunin, placed this antithetical proposition: "If God existed, it would be necessary to abolish him." But although, viewing the divine hierarchy as a contradiction of Anarchy, they do not believe in it, the Anarchists none the less firmly believe in the liberty to believe in it. Any denial of religious freedom they squarely oppose.
Upholding thus the right of every individual to be or select his own priest, they likewise uphold his right to be or select his own doctor. No monopoly in theology, no monopoly in medicine. Competition everywhere and always; spiritual advice and medical advice alike to stand or fall on their own merits. And not only in medicine, but in hygiene, must this principle of liberty be followed. The individual may decide for himself not only what to do to get well, but what to do to keep well. No external power must dictate to him what he must and must not eat, drink, wear, or do.
Nor does the Anarchistic scheme furnish any code of morals to be imposed upon the individual. "Mind your own business" is its only moral law. Interference with another's business is a crime and the only crime, and as such may properly be resisted. In accordance with this view the Anarchists look upon attempts to arbitrarily suppress vice as in themselves crimes. They believe liberty and the resultant social well-being to be a sure cure for all the vices. But they recognize the right of the drunkard, the gambler, the rake, and the harlot to live their lives until they shall freely choose to abandon them.
In the matter of the maintenance and rearing of children the Anarchists would neither institute the communistic nursery which the State Socialists favor nor keep the communistic school system which now prevails. The nurse and the teacher, like the doctor and the preacher, must be selected voluntarily, and their services must be paid for by those who patronize them. Parental rights must not be taken away, and parental responsibilities must not be foisted upon others.
Even in so delicate a matter as that of the relations of the sexes the Anarchists do not shrink from the application of their principle. They acknowledge and defend the right of any man and woman, or any men and women, to love each other for as long or as short a time as they can, will, or may. To them legal marriage and legal divorce are equal absurdities. They look forward to a time when every individual, whether man or woman, shall be self-supporting, and when each shall have an independent home of his or her own, whether it be a separate house or rooms in a house with others; when the love relations between these independent individuals shall be as varied as are individual inclinations and attractions; and when the children born of these relations shall belong exclusively to the mothers until old enough to belong to themselves.
Such are the main features of the Anarchistic social ideal. There is wide difference of opinion among those who hold it as to the best method of obtaining it. Time forbids the treatment of that phase of the subject here. I will simply call attention to the fact that it is an ideal utterly inconsistent with that of those Communists who falsely call themselves Anarchists while at the same time advocating a regime of Archism fully as despotic as that of the State Socialists themselves. And it is an ideal that can be as little advanced by Prince Kropotkin as retarded by the brooms of those Mrs. Partingtons of the bench who sentence them to prison; an ideal which the martyrs of Chicago did far more to help by their glorious death upon the gallows for the common cause of Socialism than by their unfortunate advocacy during their lives, in the name of Anarchism, of force as a revolutionary agent and authority as a safeguard of the new social order. The Anarchists believe in liberty both as an end and means, and are hostile to anything that antagonizes it.
I should not undertake to summarize this altogether too summary exposition of Socialism from the standpoint of Anarchism, did I not find the task already accomplished for me by a Brilliant French journalist and historian, Ernest Lesigne, in the form of a series of crisp antithesis; by reading which to you as a conclusion of this lecture I hope to deepen the impression which it has been my endeavor to make.
"There are two Socialisms.
One is communistic, the other solidaritarian.
One is dictatorial, the other libertarian.
One is metaphysical, the other positive.
One is dogmatic, the other scientific.
One is emotional, the other reflective.
One is destructive, the other constructive.
Both are in pursuit of the greatest possible welfare for all.
One aims to establish happiness for all, the other to enable each to be happy in his own way.
The first regards the State as a society sui generis, of an especial essence, the product of a sort of divine right outside of and above all society, with special rights and able to exact special obedience; the second considers the State as an association like any other, generally managed worse than others.
The first proclaims the sovereignty of the State; the second recognizes no sort of sovereign.
One wishes all monopolies to be held by the State; the other wishes the abolition of all monopolies.
One wishes the governed class to become the governing class; the other wishes the disappearance of classes.
Both declare that the existing state of things cannot last.
The first considers revolution as the indispensable agent of evolution. The second teaches that repression alone turns evolution into revolution.
The first has faith in a cataclysm. The second knows that social progress will result from the free play of individual efforts.
Both understand that we are entering upon a new historic phase.
One wishes that there should be none but proletaires. The other wishes that there should be no more proletaires.
The first wishes to take everything from everybody. The second wishes to leave each in possession of its own.
The one wishes to expropriate everybody. The other wishes everybody to be a proprietor.
The first says: 'Do as the government wishes.' The other says: 'Do as you wish yourself.'
The former threatens with despotism. The latter promises liberty.
The former makes the citizen the subject of the State. The latter makes the State the employee of the citizen.
One proclaims that labour pains will be necessary to the birth of the new world. The other' declares that real progress will not cause suffering to any one.
The first has confidence in social war. The other believes only in the works of peace.
One aspires to command, to regulate, to legislate. The other wishes to attain the minimum of command, of regulation, of legislation.
One would be followed by the most atrocious of reactions. The other opens unlimited horizons to progress.
The first will fail; the other will succeed.
Both desire equality.
One by lowering heads that are too high. The other by raising heads that are too low.
One sees equality under a common yoke. The other will secure equality in complete liberty.
One is intolerant, the other tolerant.
One frightens, the other reassures.
The first wishes to instruct everybody. The second wishes to enable everybody to instruct himself.
The first wishes to support everybody. The second wishes to enable everybody to support himself.
'The land to the State. 'The mine to the State. 'The tool to the State. 'The product to the State
The other says:
'The land to the cultivator. 'The mine to the miner. 'The tool to the labourer. 'The product to the producer.
There are only these two Socialisms.
One is the infancy of Socialism; the other is its manhood.
One is already the past; the other is the future.
One will give place to the other.
Today each of us must choose for one or the other of these two Socialisms, or else confess that he is not a Socialist."
Benjamin R. Tucker (1886)
Criado/Created: 06-08-2019 [15:45]
Última actualização/Last updated: 12-08-2022 [18:16]
(c) Tiago Charters de Azevedo
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Includes: Ash Hollow Formation- White, tan, and gray, well-cemented, calcareous sandstone and silty limestone often referred to as "mortar beds". Thickness 90-250 ft 27-76 m) Valentine Formation- Gray, unconsolidated, fine- to coarse grained, fluvial siltstone, channel sandstone, and gravel derived from western sources. Thickness 175-225 ft (53-69 m). Fort Randall Formation- Pink and gray claystone with interbedded sandstone. Also includes green to gray orthoquartzite, bentonitic clay, and conglomerate. Thickness up to 130 ft (40 m).
(loess and sand dune) Silt to medium-grained sand. Deposited as sand sheets and barchan, linear, and dome-like dunes and as veneer on uplands. Thickness up to 300 ft (91m).
Includes: Rosebud Formation (Miocene)- Pink siltstone with channel sandstone and concretions. Thickness up to 250 ft (76 m). Harrison Formation (Miocene)- Gray, silty sandstone and reworked volcanic ash with calcareous siltstone and marl. Thickness 180 ft (55 m). Turtle Butte Formation (Miocene)- Light-green to gray siltstone with sandstone channels containing claystone pebbles. Thickness 65 ft (20 m). Monroe Creek Formation (Oligocene)- Tan to grayish-tan, massive sandy siltstone and reworked volcanic ash. Thickness 100 ft (30 m). Sharps Formation (Oligocene)- Pink siltstone and claystone with concretionary layers, paleochannels, and beds of reworked volcanic ash. Thickness 360 ft (110 m).
Clay to boulder-size clasts with locally abundant organic material. Thickness up to 75 ft (23m).
Includes: Brule Formation (Oligocene)- White, pink, light-green, and light-brown, massive to thin-bedded, bentonitic claystone, tuffaceous siltstone, and well-bedded, calcareous, tuffaceous quartz sandstone. Thickness up to 150 ft (46 m). Chadron Formation (Eocene)- Upper beds are gray, light-brown to maroon bentonite, claystone, siltstone tuffaceous fine-grained sandstone, and local, silicified carbonate lenses. Basal portion consists of poorly cemented, white, coarse-grained arkose and conglomerate. Thickness up to 160 ft (49 m). Chamberlain Pass Formation (Eocene)- Pale olive to pale red, mottled mudstone containing white, cross-bedded channel sandstone with basal conglomerate. Thickness up to 32 ft (10 m). Slim Buttes Formation (Eocene)- White, grayish- to yellowish-orange,pale-red to pink siltstone, clayey siltstone, bentonitic claystone,medium- to fine-grained sandstone, and conglomerate. Thickness up to 48 ft (15 m).
Clay to boulder-size clasts deposited as pediments, paleochannels, and terrace fills of former flood plains. Thickness up to 75 ft (23m).
Blue-gray to dark-gray, fissile to blocky shale with persistent beds of bentonite, black organic shale, and light-brown chalky shale. Contains minor sandstone, conglomerate, and abundant carbonate and ferruginous concretions. Thickness up to 1,000 ft (305 m).
Silt, sand, sandstone, gravel and conglomerate. Predominantly interfingered fine- to coarse grained, poorly sorted, arkosic, fluvial deposits of light-gray, light-olive-gray, and grayish-green calcareous silt and sand, and locally poorly consolidated conglomerate, sandstone, and siltstone.
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Laura Carrer and Luca Quagliato speak to the Gig Economy Project about their upcoming film on the reality of being a rider in the city (interview available as a podcast and in text form)
The Gig Economy Project, led by Ben Wray, was initiated by BRAVE NEW EUROPE enabling us to provide analysis, updates, ideas, and reports from all across Europe on the Gig Economy. If you have information or ideas to share, please contact Ben on firstname.lastname@example.org.
This series of articles concerning the Gig Economy in Europe is made possible thanks to the generous support of the Andrew Wainwright Reform Trust.
WHAT is it really like to be a rider in the city? Laura Carrer, freelance journalist on tech and its implications for digital and human rights, and Luca Quagliato, freelance video maker and photographer who previously worked as a rider, explore this theme in an upcoming documentary, which will include footage of riders explaining their reality across Europe and an animation depicting the experience of being a rider.
The film will be released early next year on IRPI Media, an Italian investigation news room which has published a series of investigations on platform work in Italy in its ‘Life is a Game’ series.
In this podcast, Ben Wray, co-ordinator of the Gig Economy Project, met with the two Milanese in Berlin, one of five European cities where they have been filming riders.
01:08: Why food delivery?
04:58: The reality of food delivery in Italy
12:08: What they learnt from speaking to riders all across Europe
16:22: The animation part of the documentary, gamification and the role of riders in the city
25:57: How can people see the documentary?
The Gig Economy Project: What made you interested in the topic of food delivery?
AN ABBREVIATED TEXT VERSION OF THIS INTERVIEW IS AVAILABLE BELOW
The Gig Economy Project: What made you interested in the topic of food delivery?
Laura Carrer: I was interested in the topic because I think that in the journalistic panorama of Italy, there aren’t so many journalists that talk about this big topic in Europe. Also, in Italy we read about riders in a polarised way, so they are the best people or they are the worst people, they earn a lot, or they are the new poor and exploited people. So we want to tell people that riders have a human side because they are human and that they are involved in a market that is mostly unknown to most people. We started to search for information about this topic, also using the information that a lot of trade unions and collectives in Italy gave us. And we started to think about explaining this topic to people using both journalism and our film.
Luca Quagliato: I was involved in this topic first as a worker, because I was a rider back in 2015 and it was actually the beginning of gig economy stuff like food delivery in Milan. I was working as a photographer too, but as a freelance it wasn’t so easy at that time. So I was in need of having a job, but I was also an activist and was interested in learning more and I thought at that time that working for the platform was the best option to know more, extract some data and start to realise something about this job. After some years I was in trouble again with my job, so I started again as a rider in 2020 during the pandemic and at that time, I realised that I wanted to make a documentary movie about it. So I got in touch with Laura, she was working on this topic and we started thinking about it and we finally came up with this idea of the ‘Life is a Game’ project. Actually, the first idea was about the gamification of gig work. That was the beginning.
GEP: Let’s talk about food delivery in Italy. Laura, we translated one of your articles from Italian into English and published it on the Gig Economy Project. The article is about a trial in Milan involving Uber and two other companies. Can you tell us a bit about that and what that trial showed you about the reality of this sector?
LC: The first thing to say is that in Italy, most of the riders are freelance, so they don’t have a real contract like in other cities of Europe. The companies are more able to exploit them. And a lot of the riders are also migrants, so they are most of the time undocumented. And so they are really vulnerable to this situation.
This trial in Milan was a real first step in order to understand how the platforms exploit the riders, also using other, small, intermediate companies. And they found out that thousands of riders in Italy, but mostly in Milan, were exploited by Uber without contracts and without any health insurance or any kind of protection in doing this work.
Maybe now the riders are more visible in a way, but they still are invisible also because a lot of people think about them like they are simply doing work and they don’t question it. We found out that our reality in Milan and in Italy in general is, I think, the worst because they are really without any kind of protection in doing their work.
There are trade unions that are doing some kind of work with them, but they are not able to really understand their situation. And I think that there is a real good work that collectives and movements are doing with them in order to make them understand things that they don’t know related to the job or to the labour market in Italy. Because as I said, they are mostly migrants, so they don’t know almost anything about our labour market.
This is a starting point and we hope that this movie and this investigative journalism can discover new things and maybe make people discuss this issue more.
GEP: My understanding is that the trade unions have been getting more active in this sector in Italy in the last couple of years. Do you think there’s potential for things to improve, or are you quite pessimistic about the situation?
LQ: As a former rider I touched with my hands exactly what was happening in the street, what the people were thinking. For the majority of the riders there’s a kind of unconsciousness about workers’ rights. Historically, in the past 30 years, Italy was going down and down and down with rights related to working conditions. So now we have got used to it.
I think the riders are a new generation of workers who still don’t know that things like health insurance and pension are really important. A lot of riders really aren’t convinced that trade unions can help them, also because in Italy we have a history of trade unions that sometimes were too close to the employers, and this put the union far from the workers. But now, workers’ collectives are starting to make this connections to the unions. So in coming years I think we are going to see the development of unions who can understand this sector better. Also, to understand that riders want the freedom to choose, to work in the evening and on a Sunday, but you need to put some regulatory limits on that.
This is what the unions need to understand: to listen to the riders and put limits on the exploitation of this work, because the companies just look for the profit.
GEP: For the documentary, you have spoken to riders in five different cities – Milan, Barcelona, Brussels, Athens and now Berlin. What are the stories you have heard and are they different from city to city?
LQ: I saw similarities, because the job is more or less the same, and you have similarities in their daily routine, for example. There are some key topics which came through. One is the loneliness of the riders. They feel lonely a lot of the time. This is something that newspapers and the media doesn’t talk about too much; the feeling of a person riding in the streets, maybe during the night, during the pandemic in the worst weather condition, and they stay out waiting for an order. So loneliness is common with the riders.
Another thing is the need for dignity. A lot of times the riders ask to be treated as humans. They ask to us: they say ‘I want to send this message to the people’. It’s bad of course because they feel they are not treated well by the clients and also by other workers and other users of the street: cars, police, etc. So they feel they do this job and don’t have the dignity they deserve. Even the most protected riders, who have a contract and these things, they feel bad when the client doesn’t say ‘hello’, for example. When you work eight hours a day and no one says hello, you feel like a machine, and they want to be human.
LC: What I saw was that a lot of riders don’t want a real contract because they don’t want to have a boss. They are okay with their conditions, they can work alone, they can work in groups without a boss, they are okay with that. But they do ask for health insurance and more general security in the job. Also, they are conscious in some way about the technology and the impact this technology has on the work and on their conditions, but they don’t know how this technology works. The algorithm and the black box entity that they have with them is something strange and they realise it is not so positive but they don’t know how to figure it out.
GEP: The animation part of your documentary – why did you decide to do that and how does it fit in to the story you are telling?
LQ: We realised in the first meetings for the movie that there isn’t just one story for a rider. It was impossible to fit enough riders into a short movie to tell this story of how technology can influence your psychology and daily life. We decided to use a lot of data which came from years of observation and talking with riders. Stories circulate, some are true some are false, and we choose the stories that came up often.
So we decided to make up this fiction part, with a fake rider named Emma, but this fiction is based on true fact. I think that if a rider sees this part of the movie, everyone that has done this job will be able to recognise particular things that happened to them. So we took a lot of little stuff, chit-chat outside a restaurant for example, and we just condensed these things into one rider’s life.
LC: And we also try to explain to people how much the technology impacts on the job, how it is to work with an app which is consequently beeping, the gamification side of this work, which is the use of some things you see in a game, like ‘go faster and we have a bonus for you’, ‘if you deliver a lot of orders or do a lot of kilometres you get a prize’. This is something very difficult to understand when you interview a rider, because a lot of them are not so conscious of this.
LQ: It’s also about the user interface of the application. The design of this app is like a video game. I have been near designers a lot in my life and I speak a lot with them and we realised that actually the app uses some particular effects of graphic design which pushes you to do some action. Like the sounds that the app uses, stupid emoticons, a map which reminds you of a map on a video game like GTA. And I think with this it’s possible that a person doesn’t realise they are working.
LC: When I ask riders, ‘do you think that this job is like a game?’ Someone said to me: ‘Yes, but some people have died or have been really badly injured doing this job’. So this is a game, but also this is not a game, because the impact on their life is something very serious and very real.
GEP: I found it interesting that you ask the riders what their role is in the city. How do they understand themselves in the urban setting?
LC: They all answer this question in a very different way, because I think it’s a very personal question. Some of them see themselves as a rider like a bike messenger or someone that moves in the city to give a service but also to give a smile to people and to share some words with people who can’t go outside of their home. So they see themselves in a positive way.
Others are not so optimistic, they see themselves in a very bad way because they feel like they are invisible to everyone in the city. One rider told us that his son looked at him one day and said: ‘You are working for Uber Eats?’ And he said: ‘Yes, do you know this company?’ And the son responded, ‘yes, it’s the sponsor of my favourite football team.’ So it was interesting because you have the perception and interpretation of a child who doesn’t know anything about the platforms, but these children in the city they see the riders, and maybe they are also their parents, but they don’t connect that to the platforms. The platforms are involved in football, they deliver food charity, so there is no boundaries because they are really everywhere in most of the cities we visited.
GEP: When is the documentary coming out and how can people access it?
LQ: We have to work hard on the editing, because we have hours of interviews, so three months of editing minimum. And then there will be the animation part, which we have started now, but it is hard work, because we are a really small independent crew of five people in total. So I think we can release in February 2023, and we are going to publish the documentary online, because we have the partnership with IRPI Media.
One thing that we want to do, we think this will be the most important part, is to make public screenings in the cities that we have visited and other cities. To stimulate some debate and to have some experts or some trade unionists or some riders to have a public moment of discussion about it.
GEP: Do you have a name yet?
LQ: No, the project title for the journalism is ‘Life is a Game’, but the title of the movie…it needs a lot of beer, actually!
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Tax law can easily make your head spin. When you add cryptocurrency to the mix, it can become even more confusing. But it’s important to know how taxes for cryptocurrency work to avoid getting in trouble with the IRS.
We’ve put together a few items you should consider to help you determine if you need to pay taxes on your cryptocurrency.
Do you have to worry about taxes on crypto?
Understanding what type of crypto transactions are taxable can be confusing. Typically, if you make money from your cryptocurrency, you have to share a slice of your profits with the IRS. Below are a few questions to ask yourself to help determine if you have a taxable event.
If you answered yes to the above questions, you most likely have a taxable event. But let’s say you purchased Bitcoin last year, and you’re still holding on to it. If you don’t sell it or exchange it in any way this year, you won’t have to worry about taxes. It’s a good idea to consult with your CPA or tax advisor to learn more about how certain transactions may affect your taxes.
What you should know about taxes on crypto
In the eyes of the IRS, cryptocurrency such as Bitcoin and Ethereum is considered a type of property instead of a currency. You’ll have to pay taxes on crypto just like you do for stocks and other types of property. Here are some taxable situations you may encounter:
If you are a crypto miner, your crypto is considered taxable income — even if you don’t sell it. Your crypto mining taxes are based on the fair market value of the cryptocurrency when you receive it.
Selling or exchanging cryptocurrency creates a taxable event if the realized value of your crypto is greater than what you originally paid for it.
Your broker or exchange should send you Form 1099 during tax time. This will give an overview of your capital gains and losses so that you can complete IRS tax Form 8949. If you don’t receive any forms during tax time, you’re still responsible for reporting your crypto transactions to the IRS.
What are the crypto tax brackets?
The short-term capital gains rates — ranging from 10% to 37% — are the same as the rates you would pay on the income you earn from working a job. These short-term crypto tax rates apply to day traders and other investors who sell their cryptocurrency within a year of acquiring it.
Take a look at the below short-term crypto capital gains tax rates before you sell.
Married Filing Jointly
Head of Household
$0 to $10,275
$0 to $20,550
Up to $14,650
$10,276 to $41,775
$20,551 to $83,550
$14,651 to $55,900
$41,776 to $89,075
$83,551 to $178,150
$55,901 to $89,050
$89,076 to $170,050
$178,151 to $340,100
$89,051 to $170,050
$170,051 to $215,950
$340,101 to $431,900
$170,051 to $215,950
$215,941 to $539,900
$431,901 to $647,850
$215,951 to $539,900
Let’s say you purchased Bitcoin for $40,000 in January 2022, and it surges to $60,000 in December 2022. If you decide to sell in December, you’ll have a $20,000 short-term capital gain because you held on to your crypto for less than a year.
You can bypass the short-term capital gains rates if you hold on to your crypto for over a year before selling. The long-term capital gains rates are very appealing, giving you access to the 0%, 15%, and 20% preferential tax brackets. A single filer who earns up to $40,400 per year in 2022 can enjoy the 0% capital gains tax rate. If you are married and filing jointly, you could earn up to $80,800 before you have to pay long-term capital gains taxes.
Managing your crypto tax liability
If you have any cryptocurrency transactions during the year, you should talk to your CPA or tax advisor about any potential consequences. Selling, receiving, exchanging, and mining cryptocurrency can all be taxable events. Keep track of all your crypto transactions during the year so you won’t be hit with an unexpected tax bill later.
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AURORA, Colo. (CBS4)- Cherry Creek Schools is trying to remove barriers to healthcare for their students and families. They have partnered with Stride Community Health to open community clinics on two school campuses; Overland High School and Horizon Middle School.
They are more than just a school nurse’s office. They are fully staffed medical clinics where students, staff and even the community can get medical and mental help if they need it.
Sybil Booker the principal for Overland says that’s important because they feel an obligation to take care of their students so they can learn.
“We think about the whole child, right? We think about the fact that we need to meet their needs,” she said.
“If they don’t feel well, they can’t learn,” adds…
All news and articles are copyrighted to the respective authors and/or News Broadcasters. RockyDailyNews.Com is an independent Online News Aggregator
Read more from original source here…
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Very soon you will begin to hear about Canadian planes sending “humanitarian aid” of food and medical supplies to those affected by the fighting. . . .Read the essay here. Then sign a letter to help stop the deportations.
And now ISIL is touted as the new enemy from the darkness as if their emergence was not foreseeable. In reality, ISIL is just the latest incarnation of a very old xenophobic sect of Islam, the Wahhabi movement, finding new breath in the aftermath of yet another war. Our bombs have only made them stronger, just as they always have.
The Harper Conservatives are hoping you are not engaged enough to notice its hopes of attaining a new casus belli for Canada. But if Harper gets his way, you’ll soon be spending money you don’t have on a war that’s making you less safe, not more.
And what about the long-term costs for the soldiers who do come home? How will Canada be able to take care of them? Large numbers of Canadian veterans from the war in Afghanistan have already become homeless, jobless or committed suicide. They have yet to receive care from a resource-strapped Veterans Affairs Canada. How will VAC be able to meet the needs of even more veterans?
Please understand that I don’t mean to forgive the barbarity that ISIL has clearly committed. As an American soldier, I witnessed first-hand how war makes monsters of us all. Everyone with a gun in a war zone thinks themselves “one of the good guys,” but the idea that anyone in a war acts in accordance with international law is a myth.
Once I realized this, I decided I could not participate in a war of aggression (the Iraq war of 2003) launched against people who had not committed any crime. I found taking part in this war a violation of both international law and basic moral behaviour, to such a degree that I could not have any further part in it.
Many others made the same choice I did, and a good number of us came to Canada seeking refuge. We have experienced first-hand the lasting effects of a war in Iraq started under false pretenses. We would implore you to be thoroughly informed, Canada. If you decide to go forward into this war, you should at least do so with all the facts.
Almost all who desert the U.S. military are simply administratively discharged without jail time. But without exception, every American war resister in Canada deported into U.S. military custody has faced significant jail time when evidence was presented of how we spoke out to people like you. The American government wants to jail me not just for leaving the military, but for having the audacity to shed light on war crimes we were asked to commit.
Is this the kind of war you truly want for Canadians? If you do, I will leave quietly.
A number of resisters living in Canada have seen recent movement in their cases after years of silence from the government. The immigration minister’s personal attention to our cases is made clear by Operational Bulletin 202, directing all our files to his desk for review instead of using normal procedures.
I will go to the cell that awaits me in the U.S. for having spoken loudly about the injustices I was asked to abide. I do not believe I deserve to be punished for speaking out, but perhaps I do for not having spoken out loudly enough.
a war resister connects the dots: canada, is this the war you want to fight?
A U.S. war resister in Canada writes in this NOW Magazine.
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This past January 1-12, 2014 marks the 20th anniversary of the Zapatistas’ 1994 uprising in southern most state of Mexico, Chiapas. The uprising was the culmination of over 500 years of struggles against the effects of colonialism, capitalism, neoliberalism, and predatory globalization policies (NAFTA, passed under Bill Clinton) on the indigenous communities of the Americas. From when the first conquistador set foot in the Americas, to the Mexican Revolution of 1910-20 led by people like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata (the original Zapatistas), to today’s Zapatista Army of National Liberation (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, EZLN) who are among the latest revolutionaries fighting to regain their dignity. Labeled as the first postmodern revolution by the New York Times, the Zapatistas are comprised of mainly indigenous Mayan who, contrary to western historians, are alive today and struggling for their dignity in the jungles of southern Mexico.
With the successful January 1, 1994 uprising, and the following January 12, 1994 ceasefire agreement with the Mexican national government, the Zapatistas were able to secure an autonomous zone in which they are able to reclaim their lands, and reclaim their dignity. All is not over, even with the ceasefire agreement with the Zapatistas in affect, the government in cooperation with multi-national corporate money continue to try to take land and resources from various indigenous communities to this day. The success of the Zapatistas’ uprising inspired other indigenous communities in Mexico, Latin America, and around the world to fight for their dignity. The Zapatistas’ uprising has also inspired many leftist movements around the world, including the 1999 Seattle WTO (World Trade Organization) protests and 2011 Occupy Movement. They even had influence in popular music, with support from the pioneer rap rock band Rage Against The Machine. Much has been said about the 2010 Arab Spring revolutions and how social media played a part of connecting the masses to organize in such actions. But before that, in the events leading up to and after the Zapatistas’ uprising, the Zapatistas and their global supporters were using fax machines, cell phones, and even the Internet to communicate, spread news, and control their message away from state run/corporate controlled media. You can say the Zapatistas are an important pioneer in how technology is used by grassroots activists around the world today.
The Zapatistas started off as an armed rebellion, with the ceasefire they have lowered their guns (not given them up) resorting to peaceful means of resistance, and over the past 20 years have served as a model for autonomous living, creating what they called “worlds within worlds” and a bottom up model of communal governance informed by their unique situation. The Zapatistas are not set on one tactic, or mode of revolutionary thought, or traditions, but are committed to learning and changing tactics to fit their ever changing, multifaceted struggle, they call this “Walking, we ask questions.” These practices of the Zapatistas (Zapatismo) set them apart from other leftist organizations of the past and present, who tend to be top-down and vanguard-centric. One of the more peculiar things about Zapatistas is their declaration of rights, which also lays out guidelines for their military wing which include a right for the people to resist any unjust actions of the EZLN (Zapatistas military wing), which you never see any guerrilla militia left or right ever declared. As part of their meta struggle, they also have a set of rights for women: Women’s Revolutionary Law. Here are some other principles and practices of the Zapatista in how they conduct life in autonomy. From time to time the Zapatistas hold “El Encuentro” a gathering for various indigenous groups, leftists, anarchists, and grassroots social activists around the world to “Walk with and ask questions” or learn, share ideas and tactics. It’s also an opportunity for the Zapatistas to gather international support and resistance aid for their movement. In 2006 the Zapatistas launched a traveling campaign (with the enigmatic Subcomandante Marcos as a spokesperson) called “The Other Campaign” to rally the various interests and communities in Mexico to the cause against neoliberalism, anti-capitalism, anti-globalization, and other systems of control.
Twenty years has past since the Zapatista rose up in arms, took control of their own destiny, and regained some of their dignity as indigenous people. Their struggle did not end in January 1-12, 1994, it only began, and continues to this day. They may have moved to more peaceful means of resistance, but they do so with their guns readily near by, prepared for the worst that the powers that be may throw at them at any time. The Zapatistas’ struggle today is not only with the national government, and multi-national corporations, but also with local opportunists who steal natural resources and drug cartels who want to use their land as a base for illicit trade. Their struggle has inspired and continues to inspire others who are oppressed, who are fighting for their dignity to be free humans beings, to not give up, to show that another world is possible, a world where many worlds can coexists.
Below are some videos, interviews, lectures, on the her/history of the Zapatistas, their influences on other movements, the continuing legacy and struggle of the Zapatista movement.
Vice News: The Zapatista Uprising (20 Years Later)
Democracy Now: Zapatista Uprising 20 Years Later: How Indigenous Mexicans Stood Up Against NAFTA “Death Sentence”
“Anarchism, Zapatismo & the Black Panthers” an AK Press hosted talk by former Black Panther and Anarchist Ashanti Alston
A Place Called Chiapas (Documentary)
Zapatista (Big Noise Documentary)
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What Are Science And Technology?
The teachers in this study were the members within the TEC professional improvement program that focused on expertise integration in science school rooms. These lecturers had varying ranges of instructing expertise, starting from 1 to 17 years.
However, actual copies of a device are crucial for the aim of prototyping and testing. Prototyping and testing presuppose that the sequence of steps making up the design course of can and will typically include iterations, leading to revisions of the design parameters and/or the useful requirements.
Technological developments have proven a substantial development involved with each and every area. yes and dry wooden had since time immemorial developed the science that if you rubbed sticks collectively it may begin a hearth, and flints had a separate scientific fireplace-starting growth scientific philosophy. Moreover wooden had, scientifically, planned that giving time it could branch out in growing wheels it’s not, what each fool thinks, that statement and experience, instead of theoretical science, performed the main position.
We found that contextual constraints similar to availability of expertise instruments and characteristics of student inhabitants had massive impacts on the academics’ improvement of TPACK, as previously suggested by Koehler and Mishra and McCrory . Furthermore, detailed evaluation revealed that academics’ improvement of TPACK was carefully related to their pedagogical reasoning (Shulman, 1987).
Up thus far, we have been involved with primary science and its help by authorities funds in a modern society. Although there is additionally some help by non-public establishments established for that function and in addition some industrial investment in generally product-oriented primary analysis, the greatest amount of help by far comes from public funds. One of the ways in which the general public is repaid for his or her assist is through the expertise that basic research generates.
Similar to industries and occupations, the NCES employs a classification system for educational applications. The CIP was first developed in 1980 and was revised four instances, with the newest revision occurring in 2010. Timelines for main developments in various disciplines, similar to arithmetic, statistics, laptop science, physics, and engineering, can also be informative. These exist on the net, and a simple search will present many resources and timelines. However, internet-based mostly sources can be unreliable and error-prone, so it’s clever to make use of information from authorities agencies, reputable companies, and professional associations.
To explore these potential connections, one needs data to develop a model of the interactions between developments in science and expertise, modifications in trade and occupations, and new academic applications. In this text, I actually have offered info on sources of data for these three primary elements of a possible mannequin, where the provision of data over time was emphasized. Other potential sources of data on how science and technology change over time are the skilled associations, such because the AAAS, the Association for Computing Machinery, and the American Physical Society.
These courses embrace the STS-prefixed courses as well as those listed underneath theSTS Clusterfor the Department of Technology, Culture and Society. The second half of a 2 course sequence, in which STS majors full an unbiased, integrative piece of scholarship on a current problem involving science, technology, and society.
The United States will proceed to rely on this strategy to retain army benefit, but the sources of latest navy know-how are shifting.3 In the previous, the section of trade that has supplied both hardware and software to the U.S. army has been largely separate from civilian business. This section of business has had basically one buyer, and its necessities had been targeted on product efficiency extra strongly than on price. In the Fifties and 1960s, the defense business produced a lot know-how of value to civilian business.
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How to Measure Whether or Not Crypto Whales Pose a Serious Threat to Bitcoin (BTC) Price
In a webinar by Chainalysis, there was a presentation “Who are Today’s Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash Whales?,” which spoke in lengths about crypto whales, especially related to Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash.
The term “whale” is frequently used to describe the big money Bitcoin players that show their hand in the Bitcoin market. The ocean as a metaphor for the market is apt since one can then extend it to include the big fish and the small fish; sharks; rallies as feeding frenzies; waves as market moves; and so forth. It may be, however, that the term “whale” has been applied to the wrong class of investor because the players described below are truly the biggest creatures in the ocean.
About 40 percent of bitcoin is held by perhaps 1,000 users; at current prices, each may want to sell about half of his or her holdings. What’s more, the whales can coordinate their moves or preview them to a select few.
Many of the large owners have known one another for years and stuck by bitcoin through the early days when it was derided, and they can potentially band together to tank or prop up the market.
Bitcoin is NOT naturally going down. It is being pushed down via whales placing spoofy sell orders on exchanges to make noobs and risk managers sell to "buy back lower". They are stealing your bags and will make you buy back at a higher price.
— moon (@MoonOverlord) March 6, 2019
They broke the categories of whales into “criminal whales,” “early adopter whales,” and
When it comes to Bitcoin, the early adopter whales have reduced in number, from 9% to 5%. Chainalysis uncovered a handful of wallets dating back to the early days of bitcoin. These are early-adopters and miners that amassed a large wallet when bitcoin was in its infancy. Trading activity is “extremely low” among this group, however, a fair number appeared to “cash out” during the bull runs of 2016 and 2017, making a fortune in the process.
Criminal whales pose the lowest threat to manipulation of bitcoin price. Of the 32 largest bitcoin wallets, three have been linked to criminal activity. Those three wallets contain 125,000 coins, worth $800,000,000 at today’s prices. Two of the wallets are linked to the infamous Silk Road black marketplace, where users could buy drugs and weapons with bitcoin. Chainalysis concludes that the third wallet was involved in money laundering.
The presentation notes that 9 of the 32 largest whales were actively buying and selling in the last year or so. They could be individuals or institutional crypto hedge funds. As for their activity, these holders were generally
“buying the dips.”
In other words, they were waiting for bitcoin to decline before buying more. However, even selloffs of this magnitude are pretty harmless when you consider the entire market capitalization of Bitcoin. For smaller altcoins, the story might be a little different.
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It’s a good and an unfortunate assessment at the same time that we are able to do each year.
In fact, the attraction for copper have increased the business of this type of metal for manufacturers but unluckily for our customers, the steal of copper is a real problem in Europe, until the point that it became a scourge for European countries.
Italy is one of the most important victims of these thefts in Europe. According to the newspaper Le Figaro, between 2010 and 2011 the number of thefts has known an increase of 300%, from 408 to 1226 cases. These thefts represent almost 631 tons of copper which have been stealed during this period. And the numbers are not decreasing. In Belgium the observation is even worst, from 290 cases of thefts in 2009, the Infrabel Group reported 1 362 cases in 2012. The value of the copper robbed was approximately of 8 millions of Euros which is significant for the Infrabel Group according to the Fedra newspaper.
In the United Kingdom, France and other European countries, the observations are the same. In the UK, the police have made of this problem their second preoccupation after terrorism, which is quite representative of the scope of the thefts.
The railways are not the only targets of the organized gangs. Electrical communications, communication networks, construction sites or private houses, are also concerned about this problem. The fact of stealing is not the only problem for these companies, there is many consequences for the companies’ victims of the piracies.
These thefts are creating delays for the companies, and for the railways companies, the cost is huge. In the United Kingdom, the thefts and delays of the trains have created 770 million pounds or 900 million Euros in 2011 of loss. In Belgium these thefts have resulted of 66 440 minutes of delay for the SNBC Group.
The cause of the increase in the attraction for copper is that the copper is becoming rare and as a consequence the price is sharply rising. In 2011, the price of a tone of copper represented 8 000 Euros, five times more than ten years before. Sold in the black market the copper means a lot of money for the organized gangs.
The copper is not the only metal attracting these groups, zinc, steel and nickel are also famous metals experiencing a resurgence of thefts.
Shanghai Metal Corporation, as a manufacturer, exporter and supplier of different types of metals as copper, steel, aluminum, etc, provides you, considering the actual issues encountered by many companies, products with competitive prices and a high quality incomparable to the harmful effect surrounding the label “Made in China”.
For more information about our products, feel free to visit our website to discover a large range of products that could probably match with your needs. And do not hesitate to contact us for specifications.
Scan the QR code below and stay informed about our latest updates:
Follow us on these social media platforms:
Damien / SMC Editor
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It is important for families to spend quality time together. Not only will your children love to do activities with you and the rest of the family, but there are many benefits to family time. Spending time together as a family helps form bonds and connections that will be with your children throughout life.
At Educational Playcare, fun is so important to us that it is one of our Core Values. Here are some fun St. Patrick’s Day themed activities that the whole family can enjoy together:
- Sensory Play: Children love sensory play because it stimulates their senses and facilitates exploration. Families can make St. Patrick’s Day themed slime or fill a sensory bin with dyed rice, spaghetti, or even rainbow gelatin. If your family has sensory bottles at home, change the theme to match the holiday!
- Virtually Explore Your Community: Your town or surrounding towns may host virtual St. Patrick’s Day celebrations leading up to and on the day of the holiday. Find a virtual celebration your family would have fun participating in and join the community fun!
- Art Projects: Creating masterpieces as a family is a great way to spend time together. At Educational Playcare, we enjoy process-focused art projects because they allow children to practice their fine motor skills while encouraging them to decide how and what they doing. Fun St. Patrick’s Day themed process art projects families can do at home include painting using a toothbrush or color-dyed ice cubes instead of a regular paintbrush, decorating hats using gold and green dotters, or gluing different shades of green paper onto shamrock-shaped paper.
- Baking and Cooking: Families can celebrate St. Patrick’s Day by cooking traditional Irish foods such as soda bread, meat stews, or potato dishes. While preparing your meal, give your children age-appropriate tasks so they can contribute to the celebration. Families can put a St. Patrick’s Day twist to everyday foods by using green food coloring in the ingredients. Try using a couple drops of it in your child’s milk for breakfast or dye your spaghetti rainbow colors!
- Dramatic Play: Participating in dramatic play teaches children about conflict resolution and self-regulation, and familiarizes them with different emotions. Pick out a St. Patrick’s Day themed book or movie and act out the story together. Everyone can dress up as their character and you can even use your arts and craft tools to make elements of your costumes.
For more fun activities to enjoy together as a family, follow us on Pinterest!
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For those taking a long view of French actions regarding Islamic states in North Africa and the Middle East, here's something I stumbled across this recently. It's a quote from The Captives, an 18th-century captivity narrative written by James Leander Cathcart, future U.S. Consul General to the Barbary states, about his enslavement in Algeria in the late 1780s and early '90s:
"Thus have I described the three [Algerian slave] prisons in which from two to three thousand miserable wretches have been confined, in consequence of the policy of those commercial nations which make a point not only to suffer [the Barbary states'] incorrigible insolence and arrogance, but likewise to feed their avarice and forge pretexts for them to commit depradations upon every nation which endeavors to share the commerce of the Mediterranean with them; when by stopping the dishonorabloe tributes paid by them to those Pirates, redeeming their slaves and stationing two Frigates each in that sea for four or five years, the Barbary States would become as contemptible as the little Republic of Lucca, and if we add to this the influence such a coalition would have at the Ottoman Porte their total annhilation would eventually take place. The dissensions which such a measure would produce among an idle soldiery would open a prospect of success, should the inhabitants of the city or Arabs of the country revolt, and could the Divan of the Sublime Porte be prevailed on to prohibit recruits from enlisting themselves under their banners, Algiers would be
the first to feel the effects and with her would fall Tunis and Tripoli, which would inevitably tend to a change of government, which in the event would produce a change of measures, and the nations of the world would be liberated from the excursions of those Pirates who have, from time immemorial, committed depredations on their property and enslaved their citizens and subjects.
But this union of sentiment is rather to be wished for than expected, for it is an incontrovertible fact that no war has been declared by those marauders for the last century that has not been instigated by some of the commercial powers in opposition to their rivals in trade, and the failure of all the Armadas sent against them by Spain may be just attributed to the advice and assistance they constantly receive from France, and especially through the medium of the Chamber of Commerce at Marseilles, which had in a great measure monopolized all the most valuable branches of commerce in all the Barbary States."
The Captives is included in the interesting collection White Slaves, African Masters: An Anthology of American Barbary Captivity Narratives, edited by Paul Baepler and published in 1999 by the Univ. of Chicago Press.
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Welcome to Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum
Aichi prefecture is one of the leading pottery industry places, and some well-known old kiln sites such as Sanage, Seto, Atsumi and Tokoname are there.
Aichi Prefectural Ceramic Museum was founded in 1978, the year of prefectural centennial, at a hillside of Seto-city. Nowadays our museum has a rich collection of world-wide pottery works, and plans five special exhibitions every year. Adding to that, the number of donations, which are not only various pottery works but additional facilities such as Tea House “Tosui-an”, is increasing year by year. With those great supports from local citizens, our museum is now aiming to be much more unique pottery-museum for everyone who wants to learn and play with both pottery and clay.
>>> Go to Google Indoor View
>>> Go to Exhibition schedule 2021
>>> Go to Exhibition schedule 2022
Museum Opening Hours
(1) October 1 to June 30
9:30-16:30 (The ticket counter will be closed at 16:00)
(2) July 1 to September 30
9:30-17:00 (The ticket counter will be closed at 16:30)
*Closed every Mondays and End-Year Holidays (from December 28 to January 4).
( In case Monday is a National Holiday, then it will be closed the next Tuesday.)
|Permanent Exhibitions / Themed Exhibitions||Adults||College Students / High School Students||Children under 15|
* The fee shown in ( ) indicates group ( more than 20 people) discount tickets.
|Special Exhibitions / Temporary Exhibitions||Adults||College Students / High School Students||Children under 15|
|Admission fee may change according to exhibitions.||Admission fee may change according to exhibitions.||Free|
*Please check the details more our official site.
*People with disabilities are admitted free with one accompanying person each.
Access & Map
Wheelchairs are available. Please ask the receptionist at the ticket counter.
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A new review from neuroethicist Eddie Jacobs, and published in the Journal of Psychedelic Studies, is suggesting psilocybin may have great potential as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Jacobs, from King’s College London and the University of Oxford, says it is surprising how little focus has been on the therapeutic potential of psilocybin in treating OCD, and he points to a number of new clinical trials that are finally exploring this promising treatment.
Psilocybin, a natural psychedelic compound found in magic mushrooms, has been granted Breakthrough Status designation by the FDA on two occasions in recent years for treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. The Breakthrough Therapy status is an indication early clinical evidence is strong and clinically meaningful. Alongside depression, psilocybin therapy is also seen to be effective in helping terminal cancer patients deal with end of life anxiety.
How can psilocybin help OCD?
OCD is the fourth most common mental illness, after depression, substance abuse and specific phobias. Affecting more than 2 percent of people at some point in their life, OCD can be profoundly distressing and disruptive.
Eddie Jacobs’ interest in psilocybin for OCD arose when he discovered how little research attention had been directed at this particular therapeutic outcome. He suggests that, although much excitement surrounds the results of psilocybin therapy for conditions such as depression and anxiety, the treatment should hypothetically also be effective for OCD.
Jacobs’ new review article set out to fill a gap in our body of knowledge, effectively summarizing what we know about OCD and psilocybin therapy, while also offering an outline of what research has been done up till now.
“There are reports from back in the first age of psychedelic therapy that suggested OCD symptoms were amenable to this sort of treatment,” says Jacobs. “Frustratingly, a lot of the research from those days doesn’t match up to modern standards of rigor, so we’re probably best to consider them clues pointing in a direction, rather than firm evidence in and of themselves. The other evidence for psilocybin in OCD – case reports and (quite a lot!) of anecdotal reports, are the same.”
Alongside these anecdotal reports and case studies there are several strong mechanistic hypotheses to explain how psilocybin could be useful in treating OCD. One of those hypotheses, for example, relates to a large-scale interconnected collection of brain regions, known as the default mode network (DMN).
The DMN is essentially the state of our brain when we are at rest, not sleeping, but instead the “default” mode of brain connectivity when we are not performing active tasks. DMN activity is linked with self-reflection and daydreaming, and dysfunction in one’s DMN has been associated with depression and anxiety.
Psilocybin has been found to serve a little like a reset button for a dysfunctional DMN. Imaging studies have revealed a single dose of psilocybin can temporarily disintegrate resting state networks such as the DMN. And many researchers hypothesize this pharmacological action plays a part in the positive therapeutic outcomes seen in psilocybin therapy.
“The disruption and reintegration ‘reset’ in DMN activity that is seen with psilocybin may, in OCD patients, allow the easing of an overly strong, top-down filtering bias, thereby re-establishing normal responsiveness towards the environment,” explains Jacobs in the published review.
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I’ve created Notehand Bingo for my two Notehand scholars.
Attached is a .pdf file which contains two different Notehand Bingo games with which to practice your Notehand skills: (1) “Brief Forms” and (2) “100 Frequently Used Words.”
Included in this file:
∙ 10 Notehand “Brief Form” Bingo Cards
∙ 1 blank Notehand Bingo Card (for filling in your own custom cards, if desired)
∙ 10 Notehand “Frequently Used Words” Bingo Cards
∙ 1 sheet of “Brief Forms” (to be cut out and used in the place of the numbered balls found in real Bingo)
∙ 1 sheet of “100 Frequently Used Words,” including blanks (to be cut out and used in the place of the numbered balls found in real Bingo; the blanks are for creating your own custom Notehand words, if desired)
∙ 1 sheet of red Bingo Chips, for playing pieces (or you can substitute coins, buttons, checkers, etc. if you don’t feel like cutting out all those circles! You can also buy Bingo Chips separately on Amazon, if you prefer.)
What you will need to supply:
∙ White card stock for the above print-outs
∙ Optional: I recommend getting 2 different colored card stock sheets: one for the “Brief Forms,” and another for the “100 Frequently Used Word” pieces. It will make them easier to sort should they get mixed up.
∙ 2 bags (Ziplock or otherwise)– one for the “Brief Forms” and the other for the “100 Frequently Used Word” pieces; these bags will also take the place of the traditional Bingo Cage (i.e. from whence you will draw out a word to call out to the players).
. A bag (Ziplock or otherwise) for each player’s Bingo Chips.
A Note to Notehand Students & Teachers (i.e. Exactly When Can I Start Playing?)
If you are using…
∙ Gregg Notehand 1st edition (1960): All the brief forms are taught by Unit 30 (of 70). The basic outlines, blends and abbreviations are all taught by Unit 40.
∙ Essentials of Gregg Notehand: Intensive Theory & Practice (1961): All the brief forms are taught by Unit 21 (of 30). The basic outlines, blends and abbreviations are all taught by Unit 30.
∙ Gregg Notehand 2nd edition (1968): All the brief forms are taught by Unit 31 (of 70). The basic outlines, blends and abbreviations are all taught by Unit 46.
If you need a Notehand cheat sheet, click here.
Attachment: Notehand Bingo
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Sweet Caroline is a football chant that has been sung by fans of the Boston Red Sox since April 2019.
The Boston Red Sox baseball team’s recent World Series victory against the New York Yankees in June 2021 has led to a revival of one of their most famous chants. The team’s victory over the Yankees was their first World Series win since they defeated the St Louis Cardinals in 2013, meaning that they had lost three times in four years. It was also the first time that they had beaten the Yankees in a World Series since 1918, and they celebrated accordingly. The chant “Sweet Caroline” became popular at Fenway Park during this time, as it was played during every game at home games. However, following a moment of silence for former president Bill Clinton on May 2nd, 2019 (a day after his death), it began to be sung before every game.
After their historic victory against the Yankees in 2021, Sweet Caroline became even more popular than ever before. A petition on Change.org to make Sweet Caroline the official anthem of Boston went viral and attracted over 1 million signatures from all over America and Canada. The song also inspired other sports teams to adopt it as their own anthem – including basketball teams such as the Los Angeles Lakers and Toronto Raptors – although none have achieved quite as much success with it as Boston.
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Americans don't just need to work longer, they need to work differently, according to a noted longevity researcher.
Our guest on the podcast today is Laura Carstensen. She is professor of psychology at Stanford University, where she is the Fairleigh S. Dickinson Professor in Public Policy and founding director of the Stanford Center on Longevity. Her research focuses on the motivational and emotional changes that occur with age and the influence such changes have on cognitive processing. She is the author of a A Long Bright Future: Happiness, Health, and Financial Security in an Age of Increased Longevity. She received her bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester, and her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from West Virginia University.
Stanford Center on Longevity
A Long Bright Future: Happiness, Health, and Financial Security in an Age of Increased Longevity, by Laura Carstensen, Ph.D.
“Age Advantages in Emotional Experience Persist Even Under Threat From the COVID-19 Pandemic,” by Laura L. Carstensen, Yochai Z. Shavit, and Jessica T. Barnes, journals.sagepub.com, Oct. 26, 2020.
“A Life-Course Model for Healthier Ageing: Lessons Learned During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” by Laura L. Carstensen, Ashley Jowell, and Michele Barry, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, October 2020.
“Growing Old or Living Long: Take Your Pick,” by Laura L. Carstensen, issues.org, Winter 2007.
“Laura Carstensen’s TED Talk: Older People Are Happier,” ted.com, April 2012.
“Retire at 80!—So Says University Professor and Longevity Expert,” by Perry Brissette, perrybrissette.medium.com, July 4, 2018.
“Opinion: We Need a Major Redesign of Life,” by Laura Carstensen, washingtonpost.com, Nov. 29, 2019.
“Longevity and Retirement: An Expert on Aging Explains How Retirement Is Being Redefined,” Fidelity Viewpoints, fidelity.com, Feb. 3, 2021.
“Boomers: Less Tied to Friends and Family as Others Are,” by Laura L. Carstensen, nextavenue.org, May 31, 2016.
“Exercise Holds Immediate Benefits for Affect and Cognition in Younger and Older Adults,” by Candace L. Hogan, Jutta Mata, and Laura L. Carstensen, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, June 2013.
“How Merrill Lynch Is Planning for Its Customers to Live to 100,” by Susan Wilner Golden and Laura L. Carstensen, harvardbusinessreview.org, March 4, 2019.
“There’s a New Way of Living Thanks to Longevity,” wealthchoice.com, May 16, 2019.
“Selective Narrowing of Social Networks Across Adulthood Is Associated With Improved Emotional Experience in Daily Life,” by Laura L. Carstensen and Tammy English, researchgate.net, March 2014.
“Leveraging Goals to Incentivize Healthful Behaviors Across Adulthood,” by Laura L. Carstensen, Teja Chemudupati, Jessica T. Barnes, Candice L. Hogan, and Sarah Raposo, researchgate.net, July 2020.
“Selective Narrowing of Peripheral Social Networks Predicts Poor Long-Term Cognition in Old Age,” by Laura L. Carstensen, Hsiao-Wen Liao, and Yochai Shavit, researchgate.net, November 2019.
“Integrating Cognitive and Emotion Paradigms to Address the Paradox of Aging,” by Laura L. Carstensen, researchgate.net, November 2018.
“The Theory Behind the Age-Related Positivity Effect,” by Laura L. Carstensen and Andrew E. Reed, frontiersinpsychology.org, Sept. 27, 2012.
“The Positivity Effect: A Negativity Bias in Youth Fades With Age,” by Laura L. Carstensen and Marguerite DeLiema, researchgate.net, February 2018.
“Alternative Retirement Paths and Cognitive Performance: Exploring the Role of Preretirement Job Complexity,” by Laura L. Carstensen, Dawn C. Carr, Robert Willis, and Ben Lennox Kail, thegerentologist.com, April 2020.
Messaging to Older Adults
“Your Message to Older Adults Is Outdated,” by Hal Hershfield and Laura L. Carstensen, harvardbusinessreview.org, July 2, 2021.
Christine Benz: Hi, and welcome to The Long View. I'm Christine Benz, director of personal finance and retirement planning for Morningstar.
Jeff Ptak: And I'm Jeff Ptak, chief ratings officer for Morningstar Research Services.
Benz: Our guest on the podcast today is Laura Carstensen. Dr. Carstensen is Professor of Psychology at Stanford University, where she is the Fairleigh S. Dickinson Professor in Public Policy and founding director of the Stanford Center on Longevity. Her research focuses on the motivational and emotional changes that occur with age and the influence such changes have on cognitive processing. She is the author of a A Long Bright Future: Happiness, Health, and Financial Security in an Age of Increased Longevity. Dr. Carstensen received her bachelor's degree from the University of Rochester, and her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from West Virginia University.
Dr. Carstensen, welcome to The Long View.
Laura Carstensen: Thank you. It's a pleasure to be with you.
Benz: It's great to have you here. I wanted to start by talking about the pandemic. During the pandemic older adults were certainly hit harder than the general population in terms of serious illness and deaths. But beyond the health implications, what does the research so far say about how older adults have been faring during this period?
Carstensen: The research has surprised even the most optimistic of researchers. Older people appear to be doing better emotionally than middle-aged or younger adults. And for the reasons you just mentioned, this is really surprising because they're at greatest risk of the dire consequences, but they seem to be doing quite well emotionally.
Ptak: And why is that? What does your research suggest is the underlying cause?
Carstensen: That’s a million-dollar question. I don't know that we have good firm answers, except to say that the findings about emotional well-being are very similar to ones that we saw before the pandemic. So, older people are in better emotional health, mental health than younger people. During the pandemic a lot of people thought, well now's the time where that's going to disappear; we're not going to see those age advantages during a crisis that is targeting older people. So, the surprise was that we still saw these age advantages.
Now, we do have reasons to think that some of the advantage we see in older people, emotionally speaking, is because they tend to look on the bright side of life. Older people are more likely to recall positive events from their autobiographical memories. If you show them images, pictures--some are negative, some are positive--and ask them about them, they remember the positive ones better than the negative ones. And so, we've thought for a long time that part of this advantage we see emotionally in older adults, is because of their perspectives, their focus on what's good, and a disengagement from the negative aspects of life.
But that doesn't mean that there weren't people in the older population who were devastated by COVID, who became very isolated. You picture those people who are living in a nursing home that shut down that said they couldn't have seen their family if they were willing to. There was sheltering in place that was imposed on people. And so, there were people who became very, very isolated and lonely and distressed. And so it's one thing to talk about the trends in the population—and there are, as I said, I'm not backtracking on what I said--that is what the research shows. But we also have to know there's always variability and there were some older people who really were very, very negatively affected.
Benz: We want to follow up on that research later on. But before that, one thing that's kind of vexing if indeed older adults are coming through this period with a more positive outlook is that, everything I've read about happiness in retirement suggests that social connections are absolutely essential. And yet COVID-19 has kind of frayed our social connections to put it mildly. So, what do you think is going on there? How are older adults persisting with positive outlooks, even though one of the things that we know confers happiness hasn't really been happening?
Carstensen: And let me just underscore what you just said: There's nothing more important to happiness than social relationships. And we know from prior research that older people have stronger, better relationships then middle-age and younger people do. So, that's part of what we think is contributing to their well-being. The pandemic did a strange thing for older people and that is that it really shut down life as we knew it before, and particularly so for older adults who needed to isolate and distance even more than other age groups. What a lot of older people did, however, was to focus on their closest relationships, and in many cases had more contact, say with adult children or old friends, than they did prior to the pandemic. So, the pandemic kind of focused--again, I think for all of us--but really focused us on those people in our lives who are the most meaningful.
Ptak: You've done some fantastic path-breaking research on the topic of longevity. And so, we wanted to delve into that a bit. One thing we don't stop to think enough about is just how dramatically longevity rates have increased in the past 100 or 120 years. Can you describe that and discuss the catalysts for a phenomenon that most of us pretty much take for granted?
Carstensen: Yes, it's a great question. And I think that when people really realize just how fast we increased life expectancy, it starts to make sense why so many aspects of older age for ourselves and for society feel tense, don't feel like they quite work. And I think it's because these lives that we're living became so much longer in such a short period of time. So, if we zoom out here, for most of human evolution, life expectancies were somewhere between 18 and 20. So when we were evolving on the African Savannah, life was short. If people made it to adulthood and reproduced, they might hang around a little bit of time before they died. Life was just not, on average, long. And it inched up over the millennia, thousands of years. But even as recently as 5,000 years ago, life expectancy was still 18 to 20, we believe.
And then it starts to inch up in the Bronze Age, it goes maybe to the low 20s. By the Middle Ages, we're seeing life expectancies in Europe in the mid-30s. Fast forward to the United States in 1900, and life expectancy had reached 47. By the end of that same century--100 years now, we're not talking about millennia, we're talking about a century, one century--life expectancy went from 47 to 77, and today it's 79. And so, to put it in perspective, we added more years to average life expectancy in the 20th century than we added across all prior millennia of human evolution combined. In a blink of an eye, in historical terms, we nearly doubled the length of our lives. So, anybody who doesn't feel like they have this ageing thing quite pegged, don't kick yourself, this is brand new to the species.
Benz: Let's talk about the catalysts: healthcare advances, obviously, people are doing less dangerous jobs by and large. What else?
Carstensen: There were so many factors that contributed to longer life expectancies, it really was about changing the way that we lived our lives. There were certainly medical advances. But the medical advances were distributed broadly in the population. So, we came to understand how diseases were spread, but then didn't stop there. We set up public health and made changes to the broader population so that these advances reached everyone. Understanding how viruses spread, and contagious diseases generally speaking, we put in place the systematic disposal of waste, otherwise called garbage collection, and there are historians today who think your garbage collectors have as much to contribute to improved health as your physicians. We also put in place in the nation, in every state, public education. And today, education levels are among the best predictors of quality and length of life in adulthood.
So, we changed many things about the way we live our lives and, yes, they became healthier and longer. Let me add, if I may, that a lot of the effort that was going on in the early part of the 20th century was an effort to reduce deaths among the youngest, the babies. So, one in four of children born in this country in 1900, died before they reached five and many more before they reached 12. So, it was the young ones that were so vulnerable. And that was the concern of society. Our ancestors were not trying to make people live to their 80s and 90s. They were trying to keep young people from dying. But as they did, they generated a more healthful environment. And then those little ones made it past the early critical years and went on to reach old age.
Ptak: For all those gains, it seems like the expansion of life expectancy, it has plateaued a bit. And so maybe you can talk a little bit about why that's so?
Carstensen: One thing to distinguish is life expectancy and life span. Life expectancy is simply the average length of life in a given population. And we generally anchor that to birth. So, we say the average life expectancy from birth is a certain number. And so that's just an arithmetic mean, and it varies a lot around the world, within subgroups within the United States and so on and so forth. And then there's another concept and that's life span. And life span refers to the capacity for a species to live for a certain amount of time, and to our knowledge, life span hasn't changed. We don't know exactly what it is. But there's no real reason to think that we are somehow biologically heartier than our ancestors were 10,000 years ago. What changed is the odds of making it to old age. And so that's really what changed, and those averages are what went up over the 20th century. But our capacity didn't change. So many people think we're now reaching what may be life span capacity, as people make it through their middle years and into their older years. But for the time being, we don't really know how long people can live in terms of capacity.
Benz: Most everyone listening will be familiar with the factors that tend to be associated with living longer: family history, diet and exercise, not smoking and so on. Are there any factors associated with longer life spans that are surprising or might be surprising to the general population keeping passing attention to this?
Carstensen: Yes, and you're completely right that some of the obvious ones are, try to stay healthy, don't smoke, don't drink too much, get some good genes going. Although, we have learned that genes are not as important as we thought they were to life expectancy. The way we live our lives, lifestyles contribute much more to how long we live. One of the surprising contributors to life expectancy, in my view, has been purpose in life. Those people who feel like they matter to a cause or to other people to their families, those people who have a real sense of strong purpose, live longer than people who don't, controlling for health and lifestyle and drinking and smoking. So, you control for all those variables. And the people who say, “There's a reason for me being here,” are ones who do better and live longer.
Ptak: Maybe you can talk about the connection between wealth and longevity. Obviously, wealth shouldn't be mistaken for purpose. But what leads to any connection between them? Is it mainly access to education and things like better health care, or are there other factors?
Carstensen: That's a great question. As you noted, education and wealth tend to travel together. People who have high levels of education are more likely to have higher incomes. And so, it's been difficult to tease those things apart very well. But sociologists have done a good job of it, statistically anyway, and it looks like a lot of what contributes to people living healthier longer is education. What helps people live longer after they get sick tends to be wealth. So, both of these--the wealth and education are confounded is the take-home message here for most of us, but education seems to be a better predictor than money for staying healthy. But once you get sick, as most of us do at some point in life, then wealth/income predicts better than education, how quickly you will decline.
Benz: So at a certain level of wealth do we max out on the longevity benefits--wealth and education, I should say--or are the wealthiest and most educated among us also the most likely to live the longest?
Carstensen: They're certainly correlated at the population level. And there are some conflicting findings in the literature about how much money contributes to life expectancies. There are some people who think it kind of levels past a certain level of income. Say you are upper-middle class, you don't see a lot of increase as you get into the very super wealthy. There are some other studies that find, however, that with every $10,000 of income, people live longer. So, there's some disagreement here. And then most studies aren't really including those people who live in austere poverty. And if you include those people, clearly living in poverty takes a big hit on life expectancy, not a big surprise there. So, it kind of depends on what groups you're looking at. And as I say, there's some disagreement about it. But at the general population level, yeah, having money helps people live longer, it predicts living longer.
Ptak: To build on something you mentioned a moment ago, focusing on that opposite extreme of the wealth spectrum--life expectancies in the U.S. had begun to decline for people at the lowest income levels. What are some of the reasons that this is happening? And do we have a longevity divide in the same way we have an income gap?
Carstensen: Yes, and yes, we do. Many of your listeners will have seen these headlines prior to COVID, where we saw life expectancy fall in the United States. And I'm glad you asked this question, because I think there is some misunderstanding about it. And including within the scientific community, some people have taken this decline in life expectancy as somehow meaning that, again, we've reached the limits of how long we can live. And now we're even seeing it tick down. But if we look at the reasons for the life expectancy decline in the United States, it's really being driven by particular subpopulations, mostly in the Appalachian regions, some southern parts of the country, where we see high rates of drug use and poverty. And we also see higher rates of homicide and suicide. And so, the kinds of factors that are contributing to this tick downward in life expectancy in this country are not due to some general shift downward. But rather, again, if we think of this as just an average, we're putting in more low numbers into that set of numbers that we calculate the average based on, and these are due to preventable kinds of problems and consequences.
Benz: We often hear about increasing rates of longevity discussed as kind of a scary thing that programs like Social Security and Medicare are at risk of running out, that we won't have enough caregivers to assist our older population, and so on. Many of those issues we've discussed at length on the podcast previously, but you think that there are some positives associated with longevity. And I'm hoping you can talk about what some of those are.
Carstensen: I am frankly aghast when people say, “Oh, this is bad that we're living longer.” And what this means is that we're not dying. That's not a bad thing. Just about any way you look at it, this is good. So, what our ancestors did in the 20th century was really to nearly reduce premature death, greatly premature death. That was the accomplishment. And so now people are having a chance to live out their lives. Now, we were handed these 30 extra years of life in the 20th century with no strings attached. It was like here, our ancestors hand us more time and more time is of course fabulous. It means more time to chase our dreams and realize our goals and spend with our loved ones. This is time. And so, it's a great gift and we should not forget that.
Where the problems originate is really now in this mismatch between the length of our lives and the culture that supports us and guides us through life. And in that culture are included behavioral practices--how we save, how we work, when we retire--but also programs like Social Security and Medicare, which were premised on an age distribution in the population that no longer exists. So those programs are premised on the idea, the assumption, which was a great assumption to make in early 20th century, was that you got a lot of young people and not very many old people. Well, then you can develop a policy based on that. And that's our problem today is that there's this mismatch between the policies and the demography.
It doesn't mean, however, that there isn't a way to live and there aren't policies that could be based on more rectangularized age distributions; it just means that we haven't done that yet. And so, there is a real urgency. There is a crisis on the horizon, by the way, if we do nothing, if we don't change the way we live, if we don't rethink these policies or practices, we're in trouble. But to say we're living too long, is to me putting the emphasis on the wrong problem. The problem is we aren't changing fast enough.
Ptak: I know it could be a whole other show in its own right, but is there a policy prescription that you subscribe to or prefer in trying to bridge that divide that you just described?
Carstensen: I'm not going to advocate for a policy per se. I do believe, however, and we're seeing signs of it already that for most people, the only real solution to living much longer past traditional retirement age is to not retire, is to continue to work. And so, if we went from a life expectancy rate of 47, to a life expectancy of 79, and we're headed to even longer lives, it means that many people are going to face 30- and 40-year retirements. There are very few people in the country--as my colleague at Stanford, John Shoven, always says--who can save enough money working 40 years to not work for another 30 or even 40. So, for most people, the idea, and by the way, let me say also, most governments can't really afford to do that. I would say it's also not good for individuals or countries to retire your population for decades--this doesn't make a lot of sense.
What I would like to see us do would be to begin to have serious conversations about new ways to work, so that we work more years but fewer days in a week, fewer hours in a day. A life of work, where we work part time during some phases of life, like when parents have young children and then full time and other times where we go back to school. We take sabbaticals, not just professors but all of us. And so that we could really build a new way of working that helps us financially. But the reason I like this approach is work is good for people. And it helps us in so many other ways. So that's the kind of change I think that we need to get serious about. And it means that we need individuals to think about it, policymakers and employers to think about ways to do this so that people can work longer, but more flexibly; longer but in new ways, new amounts. And then I think we're going to see much better quality of work life and work/family balance.
Benz: I wanted to follow up on your assertion that working longer is good for us, continuing to work is good for us. Can you talk about that from a mental and physical health perspective? It seems kind of hard to disentangle the two things about whether working longer helps people live longer. And is it simply that if they were healthier, they're able to work longer? It all gets a little bit mixed up, but can you discuss what the research says about what working longer does for us?
Carstensen: Yes, so work for many people is a primary source of purpose in life. So, having other people who need you, an organization that you're contributing to is good for people. Getting up and getting out of bed and getting dressed and going out the door is good for physical exercise. People who are working are more likely to be physically active. Another piece of work is that people who are participating in the workforce have much more social interaction, and they have more friends. And so, we also see work as serving that kind of a social, psychological, emotional source. And for most people, work provides the most reliable source of cognitive stimulation. So, we find that people who are in the workforce do better cognitively as they age than people who retire early. So, there are many benefits to work.
And now, if I can hold the floor just another minute.
Benz: Of course. The floor is yours.
Carstensen: I can hear groans, even though I can't see your audience. When I say these things about work, and that we should work longer, and maybe we should work always through almost all of our lives, people always go, “Oh please.” But if we rethink what that means, like we're going to work better. So, we work in a really awful way, let me say in this country; we work way too much. And people don't take vacations, American workers don't go on vacation. Not like other countries where you take August off. We work all the time, and a lot of Americans are working two jobs to make ends meet. The wages are insufficient, so they have to work. So, my point is, for many people we're working like dogs, for decades, and you say to them, “Now let's do that forever, let's never retire.” And, of course, that would be miserable.
But that's not what I'm suggesting. I'm suggesting we change the way we work. We work in a much more healthful way. And we work longer, but that would address so many of these issues. You don't have to work 50 hours a week to have friends at work; you could work 10 hours a week and you could have friends at work. Many of the kinds of benefits that we see from work we would get anyway, from much more sane approaches to work. And, again, fewer days in a week, fewer hours in a day.
Ptak: What other ideas, since we're on the topic, do you have for working longer and liking it? You just mentioned a few of those where maybe you play around with the format of the work week in order to derive more satisfaction from what you do but not wear yourself out in the process. Are there other models that you've seen applied in practice that seem to work especially well and that you're fond of?
Carstensen: The other way that we should change work is to be able to cycle in and out of work. And we have a kind of a rigid structure for most employers, so most kinds of work don't have options where you could go to 12 hours a week and then back to 40 hours a week. And, with that kind of flexibility, there are a lot of older workers who say they want to retire because they want flexibility. But if they had options where they could continue to work with fewer hours, being more flexible, then they'd be happy to do that. If we look at younger ages, the most unhappy people in the workforce are parents of young children. And that's because they want to be good parents, and they want to be good workers, but they're conflicting. Every day they have to make a decision: Am I going to be good to my kid? Am I going to be good at work? And so they're making those kinds of choices. So, I think flexibility is something that we need.
And by the way, women who drop out of work to just be full-time mothers and homemakers and caregivers for their children are more likely to be clinically depressed than those mothers who are straddling work and childcare. So, there's something good about being able to get out and be with other people and do different things; we've just got the wrong ratios to this right now. And we also need to change education. So, we need to have ways that people can continue learning. If we're going to work for 60, 70 years, doesn't make any sense to end our education in our early 20s, and then assume that you're good to go for decades. So, we need to think of ways that we can build learning into both work life, but also just life so that we're continually learning, which, again will be good for our brains, which will be good for our performance.
Benz: And this idea in your mind really cuts across income levels. I think some people have the sense that it's kind of a highbrow thing to work longer and be a consultant or work in philanthropy or whatever. But you think that it's scalable, really, across income levels and across professions.
Carstensen: Yes. And I fully agree with where I think your question is grounded, that I think the benefits will be better, it will be greater. Let me say the benefits will be bigger for people who are at the lower end of the income stream. Because for people today who are educated, affluent, wealthy, they do quite well as they age. And even if they do fully retire, people who have planned well and have enough money and have enough resources can still create lives that are engaging and stimulating and interesting. It's people who don't have those kinds of resources who actually suffer the most from leaving the workforce. We find in one study that Dawn Carr and Bob Willis and I published a couple years ago that people who retire early take a cognitive hit, essentially. So, their cognition, if you follow them out years into the future is not quite as good as those people who stay in the workforce. The people who take the biggest hit are the people at the lowest income stream. And again, I think that's because people who have more assets, more resources still have stimulating environments, whereas for many people work is their primary source of stimulation. So, yeah, I think this is going to help all of us actually to work differently to work better; longer, but better.
Ptak: I wanted to shift, if I may, to talk about another dimension of retirement, which is the living environment and ask you what kinds of living situations tend to contribute to people being happier and thriving later in life, it seems that there is a lot of discussion about things like age-segregated housing, and whether that makes sense, particularly given the experience of people in long-term care settings during COVID. So, what are your thoughts on living situation? How that contributes to people being happier and thriving later in life?
Carstensen: Yeah, it's a great question. And frankly we don't know the answer. And the reason for that is that people tend to be relatively happy with their living situations. If they live at home, they say they're happy to live at home; if they live in a retirement community, they're happy. And the reason is, because there's a selection if that compares. So, people choose mostly where they want to live, and that's what makes them happy. So, it's hard to tease that apart. In other words, we haven't had a study done, and hopefully we never will, where we're going to randomly assign people to different kinds of living arrangements, and then look at happiness. And that's the study that you would have to do to really say, “Living there made people happier.”
So by and large, people are self-selecting into living arrangements that are satisfying for them or best for them. Now, that's a little different than if when we get to assisted living, where a lot of people go not because they chose to live in a place that had nursing assistance available, but rather because they're pretty sick. And it wasn't the most appealing move; it was that they were afraid they couldn't manage on their own. So that's a different kind of a situation. But if we talk about retirement communities and age-segregated communities, versus living in a neighborhood on your own, then we say people are happy with both of those kinds of arrangements.
Benz: So how do you see living situations for older adults evolving as the years go by? Especially because we know that many older adults are quite undersaved for retirement. Do you think we'll see more of these community housing situations with people living together in groups? What trends do you see in that front?
Carstensen: I do see some silver linings related to people's need for other people--to rely on other people, that is. We do see efforts to share resources, for example. And we see that across the income spectrum, by the way. Although at the very top you don't really need to share resources so much. So, let me back up here for a minute, there is a movement in the country called Villages. Now, it's not The Villages--there's one particular retirement community in Florida. It's not that. At least that's not what I'm talking about. There is a movement in the country for groups of older people who are living pretty much on their own to share resources. And so, there is an effort to say, well we would all like to have our groceries delivered, and we all live near one another, and some old folks got together and said why don't we do this together. Or I need to get my hair done, and if you're going to get your hair done too, why don't we just get the hair cutter to come to our place, and people have done that sort of thing. So, they pool resources and find that they can get better care, better services. And we do see that kind of an effort going.
I also think that we'll see some people choosing to live at least close by to friends if they don't have family. 20% of women today don't have children. So that means, a lot of men aren't going to have children either. And as we age, there's a lot of concern about families and without family who's going to take care of you. And I think if we zoom out and look at humans, we see that humans, we make families, we do need other people. But those families don't have to be biological. There are friendship-based families that have very strong tight connections. And I think we will come to see people helping one another out. I don't want to misrepresent this; it'll be challenging for a lot of people. And it isn't clear that your neighbor, who might bring you chicken soup when you're not feeling too well, is going to be willing to quit their job when you get Alzheimer's disease to take care of you.
So, there are there are issues that that are coming. But I do think we'll see new ways of managing, because people have to, and we tend, we as a species, tend to be pretty resourceful in finding new ways to live, when we need to, when the pressure is there to do it.
Benz: You touched on some of the factors that tend to be correlated with happiness later in life. A sense of purpose you identified as well as these social interactions. Can you talk about other things that are associated with greater happiness later in life, and then also the opposite, maybe things that people think might confer happiness that when you look at the data, you really don't see a strong connection with happiness?
Carstensen: Let me back up a bit and think about money again. We were talking earlier about having more wealth is good for people. It isn't the money. It's what money gets you. It allows you to make connections, it allows you to be with other people you care about. So, it's more about being able to have a sense of community and to be part of a group. And part of something larger than yourself. That's the sense of purpose. Those are the important things. Now people who have a lot of wealth are able to do that better than say somebody who retires, lives alone in a studio apartment in a neighborhood with high crime rates. Harder for them to do that, harder for them to get out. But it isn't necessarily money per se. It's what money gets you, it's what money buys. And that's more flexibility and more access. So, the same things that make younger people happy, make older people happy. Feeling like they're making a difference. Being around people they love and care about. And being healthy, health matters a lot to happiness. It's really hard to be happy when everything hurts or when you're feeling very sick and in pain. So, all of those things contribute to happiness, to well-being.
Benz: And how about things that tend to detract from happiness later in life?
Carstensen: Well, I am a boomer and so I remember Janis Joplin well, and one line in a song that has always stuck with me is “freedom's just another word for nothing left to lose.” And for a lot of us in midlife, again when we're working way too hard, and have way too much to do, are just yearning for the day that we could wake up and say nobody needs me. And that's a terrific thing for some Sunday mornings. But it's not a terrific thing for decades, so to feel like you now are free, and you don't need anybody, and nobody needs you, is not good for well-being in the long haul. It is very good for a few days off in the year, but it's not a good way to live for the long haul. So, I think it really is staying involved in communities and families and friendships, work environments, those are good for people. And so, it's the flip side of it is pulling out of all of it and that's not good.
I want to throw in one other thing that is a little bit surprising to people about well-being and that's just how helpful exercise is to well-being. In fact, many geriatricians I know say that, if you could put exercise in pill form, it would be the most prescribed and the most expensive medication there is. Because exercise does a lot for our brains, it does a lot for our muscles and our strengths. These are the obvious things. But it also is really good for emotional well-being. People who exercise--and I don't mean exercise, like in some extreme way--just getting out for a walk, it really improves your mood. So emotional well-being is related, is associated with getting out of bed, get dressed, go outside and get some sunshine that's good for mental health.
Ptak: If I may, I did want to shift and talk about another facet of our later years, which is cognitive decline. And increasing rates of longevity are correlated with higher rates of cognitive decline, the longer we live, the more likely we are to experience it. So, the question is, how should people reconcile those things? Because it does seem somewhat discouraging if you manage to live a long time, because you've taken care of your health and done some of the other salutary things that you've described, you're still more likely to experience cognitive decline?
Carstensen: True. Let me say that exercise and education, predict not getting dementia. So those are good for people's cognitive health as well. But that said, you're absolutely right. You can do everything right. And you may have gotten dealt some bad genes, and you still could end up facing significant cognitive decline at advanced ages. My message to your audience: there is support. The National Institutes of Health investing in cures for diseases like Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. We need to find cures for these diseases. And the only way around it that I know of is really to invest in science at this point in time and find cures. Sometimes it helps us to, again, zoom out a little and see how relatively recently we face these kinds of diseases, because we didn't have many old people. When 4% of the population was over 65, as it was just 100 years ago, dementia was not a big problem for society or a lot of people. It happened, but it wasn't the looming sort of threat that it is today for society and individuals. And so we need to rethink where we put our money and what we invest in and what we need cures for as we think about health. And that's one that'd be at the top of my list; we need to find a cure for that.
Benz: You referenced earlier positivity bias, this tendency of older adults to bring a more positive outlook to things, to remember things, the positive things versus dwelling on the negative and that has maybe helped them through this period of COVID. But can you talk about whether there are any potential downsides to that? One thing I've seen on that topic is that potentially it leaves older adults more vulnerable to being swindled and that they're more trusting in their fellow human beings. Can you talk about that piece of it?
Carstensen: Yes, that's a really good point. And my research group has looked into that specifically, because that was one of our concerns. If you're focused on the positive, you might think that charming young man who comes to your door every day to sell you a new policy that you bought just last week is charming, and why not talk to him and forget to call the police, for example, which you should be doing. There's certainly a downside to positivity, when positivity is not indicated. We do have some reassuring evidence, however, that this positivity effect is not fixed. It's not based on some neural decline or neural development, but rather it appears to be related to goals. And so the human brain doesn't operate like a computer. We don't take in all information evenly, but rather we see, hear, remember information in our environments that’s relevant to our goals. Our thinking about what's happening with the positivity effect is goals change. Older people are saying “My goal is to focus on the good side of life. I want to enjoy life; I want to experience meaning.” And that leads to people seeing the positive.
Now, this is my long-winded way to say “oui.” A professor at Wash U, Tammy English, who was a postdoc in my lab, years and years ago, did a study where we looked at people's attention to positive and negative information, if they were sick and they were viewing health information. And those people did focus on the negative. My point is, I think people are looking at the positive because it's consistent with their goals to feel good. But when their goal is about something that requires negative information, they can and do make that shift to pay attention to the negative. So, it's not fixed, but it is a default. And yes, I do believe it can get people in trouble at times. But I also think it's the kind of thing that when people are aware of it, they can refocus their efforts and think about the negative and the positive.
Ptak: You've talked about the influence of social networks, and the importance of that to levels of satisfaction in retirement. How do people tend to change their approach to their social networks later in life?
Carstensen: That's a great question. At least my group thought it was a great question, because we've done a lot of research on it. It looks like social networks expand early in adulthood greatly. So, from 20 to 30, they just get bigger. And we think what's happening is we're collecting people, a lot of people who play different roles and serve different functions for our lives early. And so, we end up with these very large social networks, probably by the end of our 30s and beginning of our 40s. They include, like the parents of your children's friends, and there are a lot of people in these networks. And then what tends to happen after about 40, or 40s to 50s, you start to see these networks get smaller, and they continue to get smaller into very advanced ages.
When we began our research on this topic, there was a lot of concern about that narrowing of the social network, they said, wait, you know, if social relationships are what make people happy, and you have fewer of them than that's putting older people at risk. But to make a long story at least a little bit shorter, it looks like what happens is that people 50 and up come to hone their social networks, they prune their social networks, so that they remove the people who are not that important to them and retain those people and relationships that are very important to them. Overall, the network quality of older people is better than younger people. That is that if you look at the social network of somebody in their 70s, they've got a lot of well-known people, friends, family members who they really care about, their favorites in the family and not so much the ones that aren't the favorites. And that's what the network looks like. So there's a greater density of meaningful social partners in older people's networks than younger people's.
Benz: So how about for introverts? They always say if you prefer to be by yourself, or if you need to do that to recharge, then you're an introvert. What about people like that, who even when they're younger, did not derive a lot of energy from being around lot of people or any people? Does that relegate them to being less happy in retirement? What does the research say about that?
Carstensen: No, it doesn't. And we have looked at that question specifically, and we don't see personality differences in it. What we do see are that if you're an extroverted 20-year old, you'll probably have a larger social network when you're 70 than an introvert in your 20s, when you're 70. So, there is still a relative kind of shift, but we see this kind of pruning going on in extroverts and introverts. The important thing to keep in mind for introverts is, introverts need other people, too. It's just a different type of interaction that introverts desire. Say a cocktail party for an introvert is not a positive kind of an experience--it wears you out, it makes you tired. Whereas an extrovert might love that kind of stimulation. But it isn't the case that introverts aren't people who need other people; it's just they may need fewer, they may be more selective. And in many cases, their networks might be better for what they need. We build our networks around what our preferences are, and the older we get, the more flexibility, the more degrees of freedom, I think we have to be able to build those networks as we like, as opposed to the ones that are imposed on us.
Ptak: We interviewed Professor Hal Hershfield for the podcast recently, and one topic we discussed was your research on messaging to older adults. How is the depiction of older adults and messaging to them often wide off the mark?
Carstensen: Yes, Hal Hershfield is fabulous. He's done fabulous work on this topic too. Most of the messaging that we see occurring and advertising that is targeting older people makes a presumption about who older people are. And that presumption most often is that older people are frail, lonely, vulnerable, sad. And older people largely these days are not frail, they're not lonely, they're not sad. And so, any advertiser will know you want to know your audience, and that you should match your message to the goals of that audience. And I think there's a lot of mismatch there. When people think of older people, and what comes to mind is somebody who might need diapers, that's not going to get you a lot of attention from many older people--the vast majority, let me say, of older people in the population. So that's a problem.
The other piece of it is that we tend to market to older people with a certain degree of concern. That's what comes through, it's “Oh, I'm so sorry, you're so frail, we're going to help you. Buy my product, you'll be helped.” And again, when we think about the positivity effect, that in the message that older people are particularly interested in. And so, framing even challenges are negative things as positive can be good. Physicians may want to speak to a patient who has a bad diagnosis in terms of, “We need to talk about this. Good news we got it early.” Or “Good news, we found it,” and then you go on. But older people will tend to positive more than negative. And they, like any other group, will resonate more to messages that seem to capture who they are, as opposed to a stereotype.
Benz: So, if we have financial advisors listening, and I know we probably do, can you give them some thoughts on what sort of messaging might connect with older adults? That sounds like positivity, for sure, not casting them as having problems. What what other things should they keep in mind if they want to reach older adults?
Carstensen: Yes, positivity in terms of framing and the messages. I think in terms of wealth advising one frequent problem is the advisors talk about money more than goals. So money, as we've said in our conversation earlier, is really not about the money. It's about what it gets you, what it allows you to do. And so, to get to know clients and what's important to them. What will make them happy? To help clients think about what goals they want to pursue in retirement, that's going to help them understand as individuals and also the client/advisor relationship better, to know what they need, in order to realize those goals.
So, I think it's talking about life, and it's talking about retirement, and what those years will look like, what they want them to look like. And I got to say, there are an awful lot of people who don't think about retirement in terms of their lives until about a year after they retire. And that's not good to have that be the first time you start to think about your plans. But we tend not to. We do a lot of planning up to retirement then we kind of go “Done, don't need to plan anymore!” But we do.
Benz: Well, Dr. Carstensen, this has been a fascinating discussion. We so appreciate you taking time out of your schedule to be with us today.
Carstensen: Thank you so much. It was a pleasure to talk to both of you.
Ptak: Thanks again.
Benz: Thanks for joining us on The Long View. If you liked what you heard, please subscribe to and rate The Long View from Morningstar on iTunes, Google Play, Spotify, or wherever you get your podcasts.
You can follow us on Twitter @Christine_Benz.
Ptak: And @Syouth1, which is S-Y-O-U-T-H and the number 1.
Benz: George Castady is our engineer for the podcast and Kari Greczek produces the show notes each week.
Finally, we'd love to get your feedback. If you have a comment or a guest idea, please email us at firstname.lastname@example.org. Until next time, thanks for joining us.
(Disclaimer: This recording is for informational purposes only and should not be considered investment advice. Opinions expressed are as of the date of recording. Such opinions are subject to change. The views and opinions of guests on this program are not necessarily those of Morningstar, Inc. and its affiliates. Morningstar and its affiliates are not affiliated with this guest or his or her business affiliates unless otherwise stated. Morningstar does not guarantee the accuracy, or the completeness of the data presented herein. Jeff Ptak is an employee of Morningstar Research Services LLC. Morningstar Research Services is a subsidiary of Morningstar, Inc. and is registered with and governed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Morningstar Research Services shall not be responsible for any trading decisions, damages or other losses resulting from or related to the information, data analysis, or opinions, or their use. Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. All investments are subject to investment risk, including possible loss of principal. Individuals should seriously consider if an investment is suitable for them by referencing their own financial position, investment objectives and risk profile before making any investment decision.)
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Metal roofs come in 3 patterns. Copper, aluminium, and steel the order is arranged from one of the most expensive towards the least. Metal roofs usually outlast its asphalt opposite number. Since metal reflects heat, they don't absorb an excessive amount of thought. Metal roofs are more resistant to strong winds than aluminium and tend to be more durable than tile roof against tornados. Copper roofing are the highest price tagged but it will very little maintenance and can reach dependent on 100 months or even years. Aluminum on the contrary is cheaper than copper and but and not as cheap as steel. Like copper one other requires minimum maintenance. Lastly, comes steel roofing. It is the most economical among metal roofing, however, its drawbacks includes rusting after sometime and desires an involving maintenance.
Choosing good roofing means making a whole lot of all the questions. The first step in order to decide sort of you want. How long do matter your roof to stand? What style works best with residence? How much maintenance do must make sure to slipped into it? Components all good questions to ask. To help you figure it out, allow me to share the main types of roofing readily obtainable.
Assembly these carports s extremely similar holiday to a kit and can also be done as a DIY design. Only simple tools are required. However before eating installation go though hard manual given by the company manufacturer. Do as instructed and stay safe. Installation may require some heavy-lifting.
The increasing consumption demand in key segments such as plastic roofing sheets manufacturer, plastic roofing sheets manufacturers and plastic roofing sheets manufacturer have been driving the sales of and its derivatives worldwide.
If you already use corrugated plastic roofing sheets elsewhere or want the ability to offer restricted chat access to certain individuals, corrugated plastic roofing sheets plastic roofing sheets manufacturers offers you the most flexibility.
Though the cost of these sustainability initiatives as corrugated plastic roofing sheets can be high, harnessing the power of an ethical supply chain to appeal to conscientious consumers can be a smart move both ethically and financially.
For optimal plastic roofing sheets manufacturer, choose a high-quality corrugated plastic roofing sheets system and make sure a certified installer sets it up.
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Aside from HIS design, it is the implementation and satisfaction of users make the system whole. The first thing is to assess the usability of a system. You need to measure the effectiveness of the system. This can be achieved through:
One major factor that determines the effectiveness of a HIS is its simplicity. It is important to have a system designed with a simple interface – as this reduces the chances of having physicians confused because of excessive amount of data displayed on the screen. A simple HIS is easy to understand and operate.
Another factor that helps one measure how functional a HIS can be is naturalness. According to HIMSS, natural HIS interfaces should contain “screen metaphors that are familiar to everyday life, or commonly expected computer experiences for the clinician.” Such interfaces are easy to learn and operate, thus limiting the task of undergoing EHR training. Clinical workflows in a natural EHR interface are specific to the needs of clinicians.
To reduce confusion and foster efficient workflow, there is a need for consistency in a HIS interface. All parts of the application are of the same look and feel. The data entries, as well as the terminologies are also positioned consistently. This helps providers to move effortlessly through diverse workflows.
Feedback and Forgiveness
Errors are inescapable during data entry and an efficient system should be designed with a forgiving application that can allow users to recover from errors. The system should have a feedback application that automatically notifies users about what is involved in an activity they are about performing or actions they have taken already; this helps to reduce the chances of a user taking an unplanned action. The system also tells users how long it will take to process a command, the outcome, and what to expect at any given time.
Effective Use of Language
The language used in a HIS also determines how effective clinicians can use words in practice. List and entries should be written in a simple, unambiguous language. HIS, with simple and clear language, is well-positioned to provide effective output.
Efficient interaction in a HIS helps reduce the number of steps required to complete a task. Efficient interaction in a system is one parameter that justifies its usability. Efficient interaction includes navigation options such as shortcuts to experienced users. This includes scrolling and switching between typing and clicking the mouse.
Effective Information Presentation
A HIS interface requires clear fonts and visually appealing elements to help users capture information easily. Fonts must be simple, clear, and visually appealing to meet users’ needs. High-value data or irregular values for clinical data are highlighted in certain ways that express meaning. A system may use green text or image to highlight high-value data and a red text to indicate that an element in the data is abnormal and requires urgent attention. All visuals should be clear enough to display information effectively.
Minimized Cognitive Load
Minimizing cognitive load in a HIS requires the data to be organized cohesively according to the task needing users to access several screens concurrently. HIS alert should be informative and accurate and should be used only in cases of high impact. This helps lessen HIS alert exhaustion, which poses a threat to patents safety.
To reduce cognitive load and prevent human error, a user-friendly system also does calculations for providers automatically. It can be challenging to find out if a HIS is packed with all these features. Healthcare organizations can set up industry research when finding ways to carry out all-inclusive HIS usability assessments.
Carrying out HIS Usability Assessments
Carrying out HIS usability assessment requires some key concepts to make the process successful. According to a 2018 report, Pew Charitable Trusts, AMA, and MedStar Health’s National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare pointed out several ways in which healthcare organizations can carry out HIS usability assessment correctly. They recommended that healthcare leadership considers all major tasks when planning to carry out a usability assessment.
In a bid to ensure that HIS usability assessments are representative of a healthcare organization’s end-users, Pew Charitable Trusts suggests that healthcare establishments consider the needs for its clinical workflows, environment, and any HIS integrated third-party technologies. According to Pew Charitable Trusts and its partners, to measure HIS functionality, there is a need to assess HIS usability regularly. They also recommended that healthcare organizations take note of the socio-technical environment.
These concepts will help healthcare organizations to effectively identify tangible goals and procedures for a significant HIS usability assessment. The recommended healthcare organization leadership should ensure that the test cases are re-producible and clear.
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Modes of reaction front propagation and end-gas combustion of hydrogen/air mixtures in a closed chamber
KAUST DepartmentClean Combustion Research Center
Mechanical Engineering Program
Physical Science and Engineering (PSE) Division
Online Publication Date2017-01-05
Print Publication Date2017-04
Permanent link to this recordhttp://hdl.handle.net/10754/622791
MetadataShow full item record
AbstractModes of reaction front propagation and end-gas combustion of hydrogen/air mixtures in a closed chamber are numerically investigated using an 1-D unsteady, shock-capturing, compressible and reacting flow solver. Different combinations of reaction front propagation and end-gas combustion modes are observed, i.e., 1) deflagration without end-gas combustion, 2) deflagration to end-gas autoignition, 3) deflagration to end-gas detonation, 4) developing or developed detonation, occurring in the sequence of increasing initial temperatures. Effects of ignition location and chamber size are evaluated: the asymmetric ignition is found to promote the reactivity of unburnt mixture compared to ignitions at center/wall, due to additional heating from asymmetric pressure waves. End-gas combustion occurs earlier in smaller chambers, where end-gas temperature rise due to compression heating from the deflagration is faster. According to the ξ−ε regime diagram based on Zeldovich theory, modes of reaction front propagation are primarily determined by reactivity gradients introduced by initial ignition, while modes of end-gas combustion are influenced by the total amount of unburnt mixture at the time when autoignition occurs. A transient reactivity gradient method is provided and able to capture the occurrence of detonation.
CitationShi X, Ryu JI, Chen J-Y, Dibble RW (2017) Modes of reaction front propagation and end-gas combustion of hydrogen/air mixtures in a closed chamber. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.12.095.
SponsorsThe authors thank Professor Zheng Chen at Peking University for providing ASURF source code. This work at the University of California, Berkeley was supported by the National Science Foundation and U.S. Department of Energy under award CBET-1258653. This work at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology was supported by Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC) FUELCOM project.
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"Can all the people who live in all the c**p countries all over the world who want to come to Europe and the UK be allowed to come? As the number would be in billions, the obvious answer is NO. Why, therefore are they allowing any to come in, when all it does is encourage millions more to follow suit?" [comment at source].
"Can we stop this transformation of all we have and are? I doubt it. To do so would involve the grim-faced determination of Australia, making it plain in every way that our doors are open only to limited numbers of people, chosen by us, enduring the righteous scorn of the supposedly enlightened. As we lack the survival instinct and the determination necessary, and as so many of our most influential people are set on committing a sentimental national suicide, I suspect we won't. To those who condemn reasonable calls for national self-defence as bigotry, hatred and intolerance (which they are not), I make only this request: just don't pretend you're doing a good and generous thing, when you're really cowardly and weak" [source].
"Those amongst the native populations of the First World who propagandise in favour of mass immigration do so in the belief that they will be untouched by the immigration because they live in affluent areas where immigrants cannot generally settle. Not for these people state schools which 'boast' that 'there are 100 languages here'; not for these people a need for increasingly scarce affordable (social) housing in places such as London; not for these people having to use grossly over subscribed medical services in their area. These people think they are safe from the effects of mass immigration, but if it continues their children and grandchildren will not be so lucky. There needs to be a penalty for those who promote and facilitate mass immigration, for example, forcing them to take immigrants into their homes and be responsible for their upkeep" [source].
"Homo sapiens is the social animal par excellence. All social animals need boundaries to their group because trust has to exist between the members of the group. Human beings can tolerate very large numbers in their group, but there is a limit. To be a member of a functioning human group, whether that be tribe, clan or nation, the members [of] the group must share sufficient distinguishing behaviours and attributes to create the necessary trust. Putting huge numbers of people with very disparate backgrounds together cannot create that trust. Anyone who doubts that should try to find any society where territory is shared by different racial or ethnic groups that does not have inter-group discord. They will not find one in history or the present" [source].
"A peaceful prosperous nation with a shared history, culture and language has no need for an interfering, meddling, aggrandizing State government. The political elites contemplate this scenario with utter horror. They are redundant. They cannot wield the power which would make them feel important. What to do? Fracture and disintegrate society by allowing an invasion of alien cultures (who are encouraged to keep THEIR sense of cultural cohesion intact), atomize people into identity groups - whether by gender or ethnicity or any other minute division one can come up with ... Once the inevitable reaction of disenchantment and disbelief overwhelms the society soon to be followed by rage, step in with sanctimonious and accumulating State power, FORCE tolerance, MANAGE the chaos and HERD the sheep into the same pen, whether they like it or not. ... The only solution is to expose the ideology of Political Correctness for what it is" [comment at source].
"To ensure the long-term safety of the British people and their culture, we must stop immigration from Muslim societies. Even the most moderate of Muslim-majority countries are immersed in serious human rights abuses. Even the best Islam has to offer is a crime in the civilised world, and many Muslims have no intention of being 'educated' by Westerners to change. Despite this, despite our complete inability to police the crimes that accompany Muslim immigration (including mass rape of non-Muslim women and girls) we continue to keep the borders open for more. This must stop" [source].
"We should end foreign aid (except in emergencies) and use those resources to restore the authority of the law in Britain. If those breaching immigration laws won't return to their native lands, they should be held in detention until they do. We have got to get tough and we have to do it soon. We will take no orders from unelected international bodies but work with allies against the global threat of sharia. None of this is controversial, it is merely the imposition of law as determined by the British majority. It is merely treating Muslims like everyone else and holding them to the same standards" [source].
"All non-Britons convicted of a violent crime (or involved in terrorism) should be deported from this country, because the British people must come first. It is the most important and moral and democratic duty of those who seek our vote. It's time for a political party to realize this" [source].
"When has 'anti-racism' or 'diversity' or mass immigration ever been demanded of any non-white populations anywhere? If this was being imposed on All and Only African populations, wouldn't that be an obvious attempt to rid the world of African populations?" [comment at source].
"The outraged progressive establishment ascribed racist motives to Trump. To do otherwise would have been to admit the truth of what he said. There are some truly awful places in the world run by horribly corrupt and brutal governments, places where our progressive elites would not wish to live. The word Trump is accused of using for them [s***hole] is a mild description. Hell on earth would be a better description for countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, Haiti, Somalia and Eritrea. Few enlightened Western progressives are interested in making these countries their homes. The immigration traffic is all one way; residents of these nations know all too well that they are s***holes" [source].
"To claim that Trump is racist for saying [that some countries are s***holes] is in itself racist. Trump mentioned states in Africa and Asia, and said nothing about race. It was the progressive puritans who pounced and shouted racism, making the assumption that these states are as they are because of the race of the inhabitants. These countries are not as they are because of the colour of their people, but because they are dominated by bad ideas; their kleptocratic governments are corrupt, their religion is oppressive and their culture is unable to adapt" [source].
"Postmodernists routinely condemn racism and intolerance as wrong but then say that there is no such thing as right and wrong. They are clearly not being serious. Either they do not really believe in moral nihilism or they believe that racism cannot be condemned!" [source].
"It's amazing how the left hold non-whites to a much lower standard than whites. It's so patronizing and racist but they don't get it. If a white guy committed the kind of violent acts of terrorism that Neo-Marxist Nelson Mandela committed you'd never hear the end of it" [comment at source].
"Didn't MacPherson define racism as 'any incident which is perceived to be racist by the victim or any other person'? I wonder how the victims in this case, and their parents perceive it?" [comment at: source].
"For many years I have pointed out that the word 'racist' is an insulting slander, designed to smear good people and drive them out of public life. I have myself been charged with 'moral racism' by an enraged and hysterical book reviewer in The Guardian, for daring to dissent from the establishment view that cannabis is cool. I have even been accused, on Twitter, of riding my bicycle in a racist fashion through the streets of Cambridge. As with the good and selfless foster parents, persecuted and insulted by snivelling, insolent officials because they belong to UKIP, the accuser cannot produce any evidence that the accused is a racial bigot. That is because there isn't any. What the word means is 'someone who doesn't agree with the politically correct, multicultural consensus'. What it also means is that the new establishment will not even argue with such people. It will try to crush and silence them, by scaring them and smearing them, and lying that they are unreasoning bigots. In truth, many of the worst and most unreasoning bigots in this country are the Left themselves. They hate anyone who dares to disagree with them, and their policies have led to deep and lasting ethnic divisions which could easily have been avoided. They long ago stopped thinking, believing they were secure in power. But perhaps they have been too complacent. People are beginning to understand their lies, and they may not work much longer" [Peter Hitchens, Mail on Sunday, 25 November 2012].
"Toddlers should be taught about racism and singled out for criticism if they have racist attitudes, a Government-funded advisory group said yesterday. It told nursery teachers, playgroup leaders and childminders to record and report every racist incident involving children as young as three. These could include saying 'Yuk' about unfamiliar food. Even babies should not be ignored in the hunt for racism ... Nurseries are encouraged to report as many racist incidents as possible to local councils. 'Some people think that if a large number of racist incidents are reported, this will reflect badly on the institution,' it said. 'In fact, the opposite is the case'. The guidance said that anyone who disagrees is racist themselves" [source].
"Senior managers at a local authority have been criticised by the most senior family court judge in England and Wales over the way they handled a case involving a toddler who had been placed in foster care at birth because of the father's links to the English Defence League. ... social services staff said the youngster should be adopted - and had raised concerns about his father's morality. They were concerned because he had at one stage had some involvement with the 'racist' EDL ... A social worker said the nature of the values and beliefs of the EDL were 'immoral'. ... Sir James [Munby] said ... 'social services are not guardians of morality'" [source].
"There is a joke: the definition of a racist is someone who is winning an argument with a liberal. ... There are essentially two reasons the left use this insult. Firstly, as they lose the argument on immigration, they must shift the debate from facts to morality. Secondly, racism is such a damaging accusation that even when untrue, it can do great harm to opponents. ... Leftists do not live in a reality-based world. They live in a world of ideology and theory and 'wouldn't it be nice if'. As a result, they tend to be very uncomfortable with arguments that revolve around observable fact. In debates about immigration they ideologically believe that immigration is good. But when they are shown the facts about the negative impact of mass immigration, they become defensive. Leftists rarely win arguments based on the facts, as facts are not their currency of choice. Instead, they focus on the alleged moral failings of their opponent" [source].
"The Vikings were illegal immigrants when they landed in America but the 'racist' Native Americans wouldn't accept any sob-story from them, wouldn't provide any housing or benefits and in fact those violent 'racist thugs' shot arrows at them until they left. I mean, some of the poor immigrants were actually killed by these vicious 'fascists'! Why, when you think about it, those 'racists' stopped their country being over-run for the next 500 years or so. Shame on them!" [comment at: source].
"Whilst [Diane Abbott's] comment is undoubtedly racist she is not alone in believing that racism can only go one way nowadays. This [Conservative] Government (to my knowledge) has never prosecuted a person of any race or creed for insulting the views, beliefs or customs of the 'White indigenous Christian'. But if you were trying to dispose of the indigenous people where better to start? I personally expect nothing better from this odious woman!" / "I assume the Mets Twatter/Faceache squad are looking into it? No?" [comments at source].
"'Racism' - the charge with which those who reject any aspect of diversity are indicted" [source].
"Dear Parent/Carer, As part of the National Religious Education Curriculum together with the multicultural community in which we live, it is a statutory requirement for Primary School aged children to experience and learn about different cultures. ... Refusal to allow your child to attend this trip will result in a a Racial Discrimination note being attached to your child's education record, which will remain on this file throughout their school career", Mrs. L. Small, Head Teacher, Littleton Green Community School, Huntingdon" [source].
"[T]he fact that an individual like Mrs Small could attain the position of headmistress and threaten children with the lasting epithet of 'racist' for not going to a mosque is reflective of the dogma which defines state education throughout the country" [source].
"'Diversity' and 'racism' are fast destroying a people bound by a shared inheritance and history. These platitudes are succeeding where Adolph Hitler failed, and they are just as evil as he was. 'Diversity' and 'racism' are tools of dispossession" [source].
"If Tony Blair and any of the Prime Minsters after him had been Prime Minister during the Second World War, Britain and all Europe would have been defeated. Germany's Nazis would have been warmly welcomed into Britain. They would have been provided welfare benefits and allowed to barbarically attack our people and violently gang-rape and sexually enslave British children. Any Brit who protested would have been called a 'racist'; viciously persecuted and jailed by British leaders ... UK leaders spit on the graves of our brave World War Two heroes who fought and died so that we could live in freedom and safety" [comment at: source].
"I believed the PC rubbish 15/20 years ago but then had an awakening after 7/7. ... Brainwashing is only skin deep. I spoke [to] a Green Party supporter who described the Charles Hebdoe [sic] killers as 'black b@@tards'. So there we conceal our latent racism but because of so called hate speech laws we conceal it" [source].
"UKIP's primary political positions are the complete withdrawal from the EU and a halt to all International Socialist political and social experiments in mass immigration. (Unmandated experiments, need I say, on the British people.) Predictably then, Leftists have called UKIP a 'racist party' and 'far right' (the latter being a neologism for 'fascist' or even 'Nazi'). That's not a surprise; such people call virtually all those who dare to disagree with them (or to the Right of Che Guevara/Trotsky) 'racist' or 'far right'" [source].
"Sanya-Jeet Thandi claims to have been offended by 'the direction in which [UKIP] is going', which she describes as 'terrifying'. 'Ukip', she says, 'has descended into a form of racist populism that I cannot bring myself to vote for'. The primary piece of evidence for this is the UKIP poster campaign which reminds voters in the UK of the huge unemployment problem across the EU and then points out that unlimited immigration can mean that there could be a threat to UK jobs. You can argue about the economics, but it's much less inflammatory than Gordon Brown's 2007 speech in which he referred to 'British jobs for British workers'. That was a line taken directly from the old National Front. If you're not going to vote UKIP because of its posters, you definitely shouldn't have been voting Labour the past few years. Oh, that's right. References to immigration are only racist if UKIP makes them. Sorry, we forgot" [source].
"Our [government, education system, media, local councils] are intent on seeing us reduced to a small, servile race of people. Why they want to do this I simply don't know. Some of them are evil, some of them are naive and stupid and don't understand. But combined with the evil and with the naivety we are in serious, serious trouble, and our children and our grandchildren are going to be utterly confused. How did you allow this to happen? What sort of people were you to sit back and allow this to happen under your noses? Because you were frightened of being called a racist? Really, one word? One word has made you sit back and do nothing while your country was ripped from underneath your feet? You have got to be joking! But we're not joking" [Paul Weston, chairman of the political party Liberty GB, source].
"It's so important that we are not allowing ourselves to be called a racist if we stand up and say: I want to protect my country, I want to protect my culture, I want to protect my race. You are the racist, because ... you have deliberately reduced an indigenous people to servitude" [Paul Weston, chairman of the political party Liberty GB, source].
"[I]t is time that the politicians that govern/hope to govern, must stop being racist against its own [indigenous] population. In the recent scandals where thousands of girls have been sexually violated by Asian Muslims, nothing was done for years even though it was known to police and Councils as to what was happening. Nothing was done because of the fear of being branded racist - Blair and Cameron's book of 'political correctness'. Had it been the opposite and Muslim girls are being violated by [the indigenous Brits], it would have taken far less time for the authorities to act. But the foolishly tolerant public does not seem to give a damn" [comment at: source].
"Most shocking of all [on Question Time tonight 14 May 2015] was that none of the panellists and not a single member of the studio audience invoked the usual lazy 'racist' insults against UKIP" [comment at: source].
"Why has the establishment media suddenly dropped the 'UKIP is racist' lie?" / "They must be as bored with it as we are? Or maybe saving it to dust off later when UKIP really gets going on the OUT campaign" / "Or maybe it's a tacit admission that it was a media-manufactures, cynical and dishonest accusation" [comments at: source].
"What the politically correct media fail to understand is that when they shriek 'racist' at people who are not in any meaningful sense racist but who are merely expressing normal human feelings of tribal identity, far from antagonising the British population in general a huge proportion of that population will, secretly or otherwise, sympathise with the person labelled racist" [source].
"Any person who opposes the intake of even more Muslims into our communities is immediately judged in the harshest of terms: they are called the 'R' word, which is meant to shut them up and damage their reputation. ... We should be able to discuss any matter in polite and respectable terms, because people can think for themselves, and judge an idea on its own merits, without having to label anyone a 'racist' for stating the obvious" [source].
"Trump's recent words have caused the Left to become so clammy-handed and discombobulated that their only riposte to him is the mentally retarded epithet of 'racist' The other night on the Sky News press preview some leftist woman whose name I can't remember was so upset that she pointed out the 'sensitivity' of the Muslim community at this time. God forbid a few Muslims should get a funny look on a bus or in the street as we are blown up and shot. This idiot on Sky then started deriding Trump's hair, such was her paucity of ability to argue why Trump should not bar followers of Mohammed from entering his country" [source].
"Europe has not been this barbaric since the Roman occupation, all for the sake of not being called a 'racist'. Call me what you will, it's time to defend women, protect our children, and restore our civilisation regardless of what names the leftist socialists call us" [comment at source].
"Everybody is racist, only for many it is linked to socialist genocides carried out along racist lines (whilst ignoring the other other lot of socialists who committed genocide by class warfare). Being a racist does not mean that I have to be violent, it is just that I prefer being among people with whom I share a language and a compatible culture and I am not ashamed of it" [comment at: source].
"Our Constitution forbids the adoption of foreign law and Sharia Law is as incompatible and foreign to our founding documents and civil law as it gets. So, no, it isn't 'racist' or 'bigoted'. It is simply our Constitution that forbids Sharia" [comment at source].
"I believe that the problem caused by Islam in Britain is the biggest concern people have regarding the preservation of our society. Most people daren't raise this issue in public because of the bullying and intimidation of the left leaning mainstream media and the liberal elite snobs. I urge everyone to take the advice of the late American conservative activist Andrew Breitbart: walk towards the fire! Don't be bullied and intimidated by false left wing accusations of racism and bigotry. It is they who are guilty of the racism of low expectations in that they believe people from muslim countries are incapable of acting in a civilised way. They can if the law requiring them to do so is enforced. They are also guilty of bigotry, a complete intolerance of anyone who deviates from their moronic, cultural-relativist ideology, call them on these failings at every opportunity! We desperately need to return to the principle of equality before the law if we are to save our civilisation" [comment at source].
Regarding Charlotte Proudman/Bailye and Other Spoilt-Brat Feminists
"Where are these 'third-wave' feminists when girls as young as twelve are gang-raped by members of the 'Asian' ... community? Nowhere to be seen. They seem to condone this because it's 'in their culture', ... and who are we to judge, that would be 'racist'. Their ideology has now pervaded our public life and public services to such an extent that Rotherham Council and the South Yorkshire Police work together to prohibit protests against what happened there, because it's 'too expensive' to police; there are counter-demos by UAF and that lot, because protesting against decades of rape by members of the 'Asian' community is racist, ... and we can't have that... That is the hypocrisy of the metro-left, especially the female metro-left, a hypocrisy which literally stinks to heaven. According to their understanding a compliment is outrageous, but gang rape by the community they regard as their own clients - well, shrug your shoulders and pass on the other side of the street, or you're a racist, and that is worse even than murder, never mind rape" [source].
"Seventy years ago, German women were raped as a matter of course by the conquering Soviet soldiers, Nobody dared talk about it openly, and for decades it was regarded as something that happens in war, and it was the just deserts of those Germans. Today, we have another army invading. It is, so far, peaceful, but it is done with intent. It is called Hijrah but we mustn't talk about that, because that would be racist. When will all of us who have wives, daughters, grand-daughters, dare to stand up and say that we will not condone such behaviour, that we will not be cowed any more by the empty, disgusting chants coming from the left that such protest is racist? When will we take the 'third-wave' feminists to task for their hypocrisy, their self-aggrandisement, their delusions and their hard-heartedness in the face of the multiple rapes, in all nations in the EU who 'open their arms' to the hijrah migrants?" [source].
The following extended extract is from the article: That's What White Girls Are For
"I have written extensively on Muslim grooming gangs in the UK and know that these men target non-Muslim girls (usually white, but Sikh girls have also been victimised), who they regard as trash. In the course of my own investigations, I heard from a former victim that she had been told by Muslim men 'that's what white girls are for.'
"While [the Rotherham] abuse and rape carried on for decades, local government, police, social services, and others who are charged with protecting young people, did absolutely nothing to prevent it. Why? Overwhelmingly because they did not want to discredit the absurd and dangerous notion of multiculturalism. In many cases, people feared being labelled a 'racist', and this fear was greater than any concern for mass gang-rape in their own towns.
"Rotherham has come to symbolise ... the violent misogynistic attitudes of Muslim men towards women and girls - white women and girls in particular, the poisonous multiculturalism that causes us to pretend that all cultures are equal and therefore we should not criticise others - no matter how horrific, and the disgraceful political correctness that puts so-called 'community cohesion' above the rights and protections of young girls.
"Furthermore, Rotherham has come to symbolise the corrupt politics that will cover up mass rape in order to maintain the vote share of Muslim communities, and to prevent truths coming to light that may result in votes for parties that oppose mass immigration and multicultural lunacy. The fact of the matter is that Rotherham would never have happened if we had not filled our towns and cities with Islamic misogyny and anti-white hatred."
[End of Extract]
"Immigrants are people who have left their homes to seek a better and more prosperous home in another country. They are not running away from anything, except perhaps poverty and lack of opportunities. They are leaving families and extended families behind them. The regard themselves as pioneers. They hope to establish themselves in a more prosperous environment. If and when they succeed in making good in their new homes, they will encourage families, extended families and friends to follow them" [source].
"Immigrants are almost always young men, travelling alone or with friends. If they have families at home, they have left them behind in conditions of reasonable safety and stability, hoping that, in due course, their families will be able to follow [source].
"Immigrants are subject to pull factors - they are attracted to their chosen destination" [source].
"Refugees are of two kinds: (a) There are political refugees who fear for their lives. These are people who are being persecuted. In most cases, they have become involved in politics in a way which the government of their country does not permit. These are also sometimes whole groups of people - Protestants in 17th century France, Jews in Hitler's Germany - who fear for their lives simply because of who they are; (b) refugees who are ... leaving their countries because their homes and places of work have been destroyed, and their lives have become increasingly intolerable due to the dangers, privations and anarchy of war. Refugees are families fleeing with children. They are people who would never have considered emigration of their lives had only been allowed to continue as they were a few years ago. They may want nothing better than to be reunited with their extended families and friends in their home countries if and when conditions there return to normal" [source].
"Refugees are responding to push factors, which are driving them out of their homes" [source].
"It may not be ideal, but the definition of a refugee is that he is fleeing from danger, not fleeing towards a higher standard of living" [source].
"European culture has been gutted by Post-Modern 'victim'-obsessed PC indoctrination which has already warped the minds of the young" [comment at: source].
The following extended extract is from the article: The Origin of 'Identity Politics' & 'Political Correctness'
"Identity politics (sometimes dubbed 'political correctness') is the result of a political-Left major backlash against the mass of ordinary people (in Europe and 'the West'), beginning in the 1920s/30s, in the wake of the persistent failure of Marxist theory to be realised in European 'revolution' or any real change through democracy. In shifting the blame away from Marxist theory and those gullible enough to adhere to it, and on to those the theory had prescribed and predicted would have been the beneficiaries, if only they had responded accordingly ('the [white, male] workers'); then the cognitive-dissonance within the political-left mindset caused by this crisis to an extent was salved"
"As with any fervent ideology, a hallmark of the political-Left is interpreting anything and everything in its own ideological terms to claim as a manifestation of the ideology and its prophecy - jumping on a bandwagon, so to speak; though here only to hijack it. The bandwagon here was, of course, the American civil rights movement, which though enjoying ubiquitous support within black communities - to the point often of various forms of extremism - featured virtually nil endorsement of socialism ... It is from the time of this co-option that 'identity politics' dates; many considering that the movement was incorporated into the Left in the wake of King's assassination in 1968 - the major turning-point year in political-Left politics generally"
"'Civil rights', as the first great 'single-issue' campaign, served not least to provide an acceptable cloak for the Left to avoid provoking a resurgence of McCarthysim. The major social upheaval of 'civil rights' with its large-scale and widespread rioting was easily the nearest thing in then recent US history to look like the promised Marxist 'revolution', and obviously was just the practical application the 'theory' was seeking. Moreover, the protagonists (black Americans) were eminently separable form the now despised 'workers' per se, in being presentable as a new 'group; from outside of the former fray of 'boss' versus 'worker'.
"This accident of history served to add 'black' to 'woman' as 'the new oppressed' ... 'The worker' in effect was retrospectively stereotyped as both 'man' and 'white'. With the inverse of this stereotype of 'white' being not just 'black American' but 'black' - that is, ethnic-minority generically ... so it was that the new 'agents of social change' / 'disadvantaged' / 'oppressed' were extended from women to also include all ethnic minorities"
"It is only with the knowledge of how this developed that sense can be made of why ethnicity is held above the myriad other possible differences that could be utilised as in-group markers, when in fact there is nothing inherent in ethnicity as an in-group marker to produce inter-group prejudice that is particularly more pernicious"
"Indeed, the worst inter-communal conflicts nominally between different ethnicities usually are between different cultural heritages with no discernible 'racial' differences of any kind - and what (non-ethnic) differences there are can be minimal; the lack of contrast actually fuelling the intensity of conflict, such is the need for groups to feel distinguished from each other"
"Furthermore, ethnic prejudice is anything but restricted to or even predominantly 'white' on 'black': inter-ethnic (eg, 'black' on Asian) and ethnic-on-'white' 'racism' can be, often is and may usually be the greater problem; and a negative attitude to a certain ethnicity does not imply a similar attitude to other ethnicities"
"The specific US experience, given the highly divisive politics in the wake of the American Civil War over the basis of the Southern US economy in African slavery, does not translate to elsewhere; notably not to Europe - as was starkly evidenced in the experience of World War II 'black' American GIs stationed in England in how they were favourably received by locals, who sided with them when discriminated against"
"'Racial divides' in European 'white' host countries are the result not of mutual antipathy but affiliative forces, principally within migrant enclaves and secondarily within the 'host' community; in both cases being through in-group 'love', not out-group 'hate'" [Note from Bayith: though the latter part of this observation is indeed true in normal circumstances, this does not, of course, take account of the Islamic/Koranic doctrines of Al-Hijra (Immigration), Taqiyya (Lying and Deceit), and Razzia/Ghazwa (Rape and Slavery), Dawa (Cultural and Stealth Jihad), and Terrorist and Violent Jihad, carried out by fundamentalist Muslims as they settle in increasing numbers in Western countries with the sole and deliberate purpose of making every remaining Dar al-Harb ('House of War': i.e. any non-Muslim country) into a Dar al-Islam ('House of Submission': i.e all Muslim countries) until Islam finally achieves its longed-for global Caliphate.]
[End of Extract]
The following is an extended extract from the blog article: What is Malsi-Tung?
"The nature of this mentality is very difficult to pin down. It is the product of many different social currents: liberalism; social liberalism; socialism; Christianity in its more non-conformist manifestations; Marxism; Progressivism; Political Correctness. People are committed in varying degrees to the features of this mentality ... they will tend to be suspicious of patriotic sentiments, seeing these as a way of excluding outsiders ... they will tend to be very solicitous of the needs of immigrants and minorities; they will tend to take the side of 'the other' rather than straightforwardly supporting the 'home team'; they will tend to be less suspicious of foreign powers and assume that all people are fundamentally motivated by the same generosity of spirit as themselves ... readily amalgamated with self-guilt and cultural self-denunciation. ...
"This utopian and naive mentality is now opening the gates of the city, metaphorically speaking, to the forces of Islam, a long-standing, powerful, relentless, and poorly understood social movement of enormous brutality. Deaf to the cries of those who know more about this movement, the details of its ideology and its historical record, they seek to silence these voices as the remnants of an out-dated, backward-looking mentality of bigotry and distrust. Simply be nicer to everyone and all will be well, they say.
"Malsi-Tung is the name I use to denote the interweaving of ... on the one hand Islam, which has well-documented, historically proven, and theologically grounded aspirations for global domination under Sharia; and Left/Liberal/Progressivism, a difficult-to-name and hard-to-classify set of beliefs, attitudes, assumptions, values and prejudices which are forming a deadly embrace with the wholly antithetical culture of Islam. These two forces ... are driving the world towards a new dark age characterised by things which the Liberal/Progressive world claims endlessly to be against, but against which apparently it is unwilling to offer any resistance, indeed it seems destined to hasten their progress. ...
"There is no word for this mentality so I have called it malsi-tung. Those afflicted with it I refer to as Malisites.
"The most despicable aspect of Malisites today is their pre-emptive surrender to Islam, a phenomenon they do not even bother to subject to serious enquiry. Basing their views on utopian assumptions instead of well-documented facts, they do everything in their power to smooth the path for this alien and cruel culture. If we do manage to avoid the descent into a New Islamic Dark Age, the part played by the Malisites will forever be remembered as one of the vilest in history"
[End of Extract]
The righteous cry out for God's punishment of the injustice in their
O LORD, how long shall I cry, and thou wilt not hear! even cry out unto thee of violence, and thou wilt not save!
Why dost thou show me iniquity, and cause me to behold grievance? for spoiling and violence are before me: and there are that raise up strife and contention.
Therefore the law is slacked, and judgment doth never go forth: for the wicked doth compass about the righteous; therefore wrong judgment proceedeth.
The LORD God answers:
Behold ye among the heathen, and regard, and wonder marvellously: for I will work a work in your days, which ye will not believe, though it be told you.
For, lo, I raise up the Chaldeans, that bitter and hasty nation, which shall march through the breadth of the land, to possess the dwelling places that are not theirs.
They are terrible and dreadful: their judgment and their dignity shall proceed of themselves.
Their horses also are swifter than the leopards, and are more fierce than the evening wolves:
And their horsemen shall spread themselves, and their horsemen shall come from far; they shall fly as the eagle that hasteth to eat.
They shall come all for violence: their faces shall sup up as the east wind, and they shall gather the captivity as the sand.
And they shall scoff at the kings, and the princes shall be a scorn unto them: they shall deride every strong hold; for they shall heap dust, and take it.
Then shall his mind change, and he shall pass over, and offend, imputing this his power unto his god.
The dismay of the
righteous at God's answer:
Art thou not from everlasting, O LORD my God, mine Holy One? we shall not die.
O LORD, thou hast ordained them for judgment; and, O mighty God, thou hast established them for correction.
Thou art of purer eyes than to behold evil, and canst not look on iniquity:
Wherefore lookest thou upon them that deal treacherously, and holdest thy tongue when the wicked devoureth the man that is more righteous than he?
They take up all of them with the angle, they catch them in their net, and gather them in their drag: therefore they rejoice and are glad.
Therefore they sacrifice unto their net, and burn incense unto their drag; because by them their portion is fat, and their meat plenteous.
Shall they therefore empty their net, and not spare continually to slay the nations?
I will stand upon my watch, and set me upon the tower, and will watch to see what he will say unto me, and what I shall answer when I am reproved.
The LORD God's reassurance to
And the LORD answered me, and said, Write the vision, and make it plain upon tables, that he may run that readeth it.
For the vision is yet for an appointed time, but at the end it shall speak, and not lie: though it tarry, wait for it; because it will surely come, it will not tarry.
Behold, his soul which is lifted up is not upright in him: but the just shall live by his faith
"The Frankfurt School believed that as long as an individual had the belief - or even the hope of belief - that his divine gift of reason could solve the problems facing society, then that society would never reach the state of hopelessness and alienation that they considered necessary to provoke socialist revolution.
Their task, therefore, was as swiftly as possible to undermine the Judaeo-Christian legacy. To do this they called for the most negative destructive criticism possible of every sphere of life which would be designed to de-stabilize society and bring down what they saw as the 'oppressive' order. Their policies, they hoped, would spread like a virus - 'continuing the work of Western Marxists by other means' as one of their members noted.
To further the advance of their 'quiet' cultural revolution ... the [Frankfurt] School recommended (among other things):
(1) the creation of racism
(2) continual change to create confusion,
(3) the teaching of sex and homosexuality to children,
(4) the undermining of schools' and teachers' authority,
(5) huge immigration to destroy identity,
(6) the promotion of excessive drinking,
(7) emptying of churches,
(8) an unreliable legal system with bias against victims of crime,
(9) dependency on the state or state benefits,
(10) control and dumbing down of media,
(11) encouraging the breakdown of the family.
One of the main ideas of the Frankfurt School was to exploit Freud's idea of 'pansexualism' - the search for pleasure, the exploitation of the differences between the sexes, the overthrowing of traditional relationships between men and women. To further their aims they would:
the authority of the father, deny the specific roles of father and
mother, and wrest away from families their rights as primary
educators of their children,
(b) abolish differences in the education of boys and girls,
(c) abolish all forms of male dominance - hence the presence of women in the armed forces,
(d) declare women to be an 'oppressed class' and men as 'oppressors'."
"Woe unto them that call evil
good, and good evil;
that put darkness for light, and light for darkness; that put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter!
Woe unto them that are wise in their own eyes, and prudent in their own sight!"
"Why do the heathen
rage, and the people imagine a vain thing?
The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together,
against the LORD, and against His anointed, saying:
'Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.'
He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the LORD shall have them in derision"
"Many shall be purified, and made white, and tried;
but the wicked shall do wickedly: and none of the wicked shall understand;
but the wise shall understand"
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The best of wives and women in Gatsby Women in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby play a rather complex and interesting role. During this time period, women were breaking away from the social normality of staying in the domestic hemisphere and instead were rebelling against social normalities and changing the view that society had of them. They changed their clothing style, started going out by themselves more often, and other acts that society would have viewed as, “absurd.” Also during the golden 20’s men had all of the status, all of the money, they owned everything. Women during this time had no entitlement to anything, it was all their husbands or men in their lives.
She was never able to make decisions or take actions for herself, which if she had, could have prevented her from reaching her own death. She relied on others such as her father, Romeo, and Friar Lawrence, who all played a key role in the cause of Juliet’s demise. The mentality of this play regarding women is that the more power or respect a woman has all comes from the man that she is married to. In this time period, all power would lay in the hands of the men. Juliet left all of the power she had over herself to the men in her life.
Women in the past were not allowed to vote, to speak, work or do anything that men were doing. This kind of life for women was made even more difficult because they were also victims of physical and emotional abuse in their families. When the time came for women to get married, parents didn’t choose someone their daughter might love, but rather their families forced them to marry someone who came from a rich and powerful family, never mind if he was decades older than their daughter. In this society, however, there always were the so-called “black sheep” of the family; women who stood up to this injustice and demanded they be heard. Antigone, in the drama of Sophocles, is a great example of a heroine who became a
Dominated by a completely male society, the rules of this time were made by those in power- rich, white men. Women had little place in society, but when first arriving in the colonies, they were viewed as helpful and necessary. When comparing the start of the colonial era to the end, it can be seen that the views and roles of women in this time period were downgraded tremendously. By the time the American Revolution came in 1775, the 1607 mentality of women as necessary was gone and replaced by the view of women as property and worthless. This change came about during this time period due to the events and ever-growing technology of the era, increasing the burden put upon
Shelby also highlights the difficulties women with strong political beliefs had with asserting influence. Mrs. Shelby had no say in the sale of her slaves, she was completely helpless when it came to money management in her household, and her only resource to enact her will was to plea to her husband. To infer that Mrs. Shelby had any other resources available to her would not only be completely inaccurate, but it would arguably be the one of the most outlandish thoughts of the novel. Nearly 100 years later, scholarly articles were still so oblivious to the unequal power structure, that it was not even considered. An article entitled “Shall We Teach Gender?”
Have you ever wondered why you were born when you were born? How much different life would be if you were born in a different time? How it would be similar? Humans have changed tremendously throughout time, particularly women. Although gender inequality is still an issue today, women have gained so many rights throughout the years.
During the Elizabethan period, the role of women in society was very different from what it is today. According to the system of patriarchal society that dictated that women were inferior to men, they had to obey the male figures in their lives. The woman was seen as the weaker sex either physically or emotionally which meant that it was entirely dependent on her husband if married and members of his family if single. Moreover, in the Elizabethan theater, women were not allowed to play because of this hierarchy. Therefore, they were replaced by men disguised as women.
Ophelia’s father controls every aspect of her life. “Essentially, Ophelia has no control over her body, relationships, or her choices” (“Hamlet”). Ophelia accepts her lack of control and for that reason becomes a subservient person. For example, when Hamlet insults Ophelia multiple times and then asks where her father is, she responds with: “At home, my lord” (III.i.131). Instead of addressing him as Hamlet or using an endearing term, she speaks to him as though she is of a lower class.
During this time, women were mostly confined to their homes and expected to please men as their only duty. The daily life of a married women was to be a care taker and look after the upbringing of offspring. In many cases, women were not permitted to work, but if they did, the job designation, hours and location would be restricted and require little to no skill set. Another restriction placed on women was that they were regarded as mere creatures of feelings that were incapable of forming rational thoughts. This notion of females being perceived as incapable of intellect
High class women had the resources and means to possess quality corsets. Middle class women wore corsets as well, but the quality was severely lacking, in regards to the higher class corsets. And finally lower class women did not wear them on a daily basis, if at all. Generally working class women, although at the time many women were not considered to be working, did not wear a corset as it severely inhibited physical performance. To wear a corset, at the time, was a defining part of their social status.
Though it was frowned for a woman to act, think, write, and speak like men, that didn’t stop them. In the book, Revolutionary Mothers by Carol Berkin, we learned that women were prohibited to exercise anything out of field and house work, especially politics, this book demonstrates that over the decades, women had altered that perception.
Rough Draft Topic Paragraph: Have you ever wondered how women went from being considered as objects to being considered as equal? In the Elizabethan era, they were seen as objects to obtain fame, power, and wealth, not seen as people. Because of this mindset, they couldn’t do or learn anything, just because of the fact that they were women (Gale). It was also largely debated if they even had souls (Gale). Since this time, the way women are perceived has changed.
The biggest struggle that women in that time period faced was their lack of equality compared to men. Compared to men they were deemed inferior. For example, in 'The Yellow Wallpaper, ' when the women insisted that her staying confined in that place was not working, her husband dismissed her and called her a "blessed little goose. " Her husband did not see her as fit for her to decide what was or was not working for herself. This is one of the many instances where men in that time period deemed themselves superior and took away the freedom of their wives.
In the colonial era, women did not have many rights, and people did not consider them as equals to men, especially in Puritan New England where the Puritan beliefs governed society. Society expected women to get married, have children, and obey their husbands; they considered anything outside of these limitations as radical confrontations to the law. The woman’s main contribution to society was to teach the young girls about the customs and appropriate behaviors of a woman (Jolliffe, Roskelly, 242.45). Strict barriers existed in a woman’s life, and if a woman were to break those boundaries, like Anne Hutchinson - a revolutionary Puritan spiritual advisor - did, critics accused them of being non-compliant and harmful to society. They considered
Women in Elizabethan England, were not treated with as much respect as they should have been, but they were not treated as if they were not human beings. They were typically seen to be the weaker sex, mentally and physically and were thought to need a male figure constantly watching over them. If a woman was single, she was usually watched after by a father or an older brother, but if the woman was married it would be her husband’s job to take after her. Men were the ones that brought home the money. They were the head of the home and in charge of most decisions that took place.
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Adamant Namiki’s Long-Term Commitment to Work on SDGs
By President and CEO Riyako Namiki
From this month, I would like to discuss my thoughts on topics related to SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals).
Recently, we have often heard the word “SDGs” in a variety of news media. SDGs refer to a set of 17 global goals to achieve a sustainable and better world during a period from 2016 and 2030. The objectives were endorsed by the United Nation and its 193 member countries and none of the objectives are hastily crafted. The agenda includes poverty eradication, quality education, gender equality and other goals, for which various initiatives have been proposed.
Since its foundation in 1939, Adamant Namiki Precision Jewel Co. has also been making various efforts to become an enterprise that can sustain for 100 years. Though there didn’t exist the word “SDGs” in those days, our company has tried to realize the values underlining SDGs.
For example, Adamant Namiki opened a nursery facility within the company, named Jardin (“a garden” in French). It also offered after-work subsidized classes for flower arrangement, cooking and dressmaking for female employees, named Wakakusa Gakuen (Greengrass School). The company has also planted trees in Thailand, the location of our overseas factory, and opened a winter-ski school for employees’ children.
Jardin, the nursery school, was established in 1969 to help recruit female employees. In those days, there were many housing complexes in the Shinden area of Adachi Ward in Tokyo, where Adamant Namiki’s head office is located. Many young families with small children lived in those complexes. Jardin enabled the region’s mothers to put their children in daycare while they worked. I believe the project was a progressive corporate social responsibility action and it was very much appreciated by people in the area.
I had wanted to know how Kazu Namiki, the company founder and my grandfather, was motivated to start the projects contributing to the company’s employees and the region. So, I interviewed Shoji Namiki, who is the current advisor of Adamant Namiki and Kazu’s successor. Following is what I heard from Shoji, who is my father:
Kazu had always sought the happiness of his family and employees. At the age of 12, Kazu entered the business of jewel-polishing to support his five siblings because his father was out of work. Kazu maintained that the secret of success is to work sincerely and assumed a strict attitude to employees. Even so, he was gentle at the bottom of his heart and always hoped to make employees better off.
Kazu also liked new thing very much. He attempted to catch information quicker than others and tried to put it in practice as soon as possible. He was a man of great enterprise, not only in the field of business.
“The age of women working outside the home is coming,” he said and created a comfortable work environment for female workers. After watching the Winter Olympic Games in Sapporo in 1972, Kazu predicted that more and more Japanese people would enjoy sports and he provided Adamant Namiki employees with opportunities to play sports.
As part of such efforts, Kazu opened a recreational facility for the company’s employees in 1972, dubbed Chalet Namiki, in Echigo Yuzawa in Niigata Prefecture, which is a major ski resort in Japan. In the following year, he launched a winter ski school there for employees’ children and took care of the youth at the end of the year, which was a busy season for their parents. Their lessons and accommodations were free of charge. The first principal of the school was my grandmother, who was succeeded by my mother. I assumed the position between 2009 and 2014. Chalet Namiki also offered to children the programs such as summer camps, rice-planting, rice-cropping, golf and soccer lessons. The facility enabled the children to share moving experiences for years.
According to Shoji, Kazu was eager to share the activities he found enjoyable with others and this concept lay beneath the all activities at Chalet Namiki. I think the philosophy was passed onto Shoji, the second president. Kazu, however, believed what’s fun for him must be the same for everyone and he sometimes overdid it and inconvenienced others.
In December 2020, Chalet Namiki completed its mission. Even so, I will continue to respect the ambitions of Kazu and Shoji to contribute to company employees and the region. I would like to develop new initiatives to realize their goals.
SDGs are for the future of our planet and children. These ideas aren’t necessarily foreign to Japanese people as we have saying such as “don’t waste anything”; “it’s mutual benefit,” and “don’t waste rice because each grain hosts rice spirit.” I suppose the wisdom of our ancestors has contributed to preserve beautiful natures in Aomori and Akita Prefectures, where our factories are located.
To attain the targets of SDGs, our individual efforts lead to generate a big force. For example, daily usage of reusable shopping bags helps to reduce plastic wastes. I hope we will find measures to promote SDGs without trying too hard.
Please click below to check Adamant Namiki’s efforts to promote SDGs.
Adamant Namiki’s Initiative for SDGs: Enjoy Sports with People with Disabilities
Adamant Namiki’s Initiative for SDGs-- Adamant Namiki Registers Patented Technologies to SDGs-Support Database of U.N.
Islander Summit Ishigaki – to Reflect on SDGs from Global Perspective
Adamant Namiki’s Initiative for SDGs: Final Presentation Meeting on ‘Fro-pro’
Our Initiative for SDGs – Recycling Company Uniforms
Adamant Namiki’s Initiative for SDGs – Launching ‘’fro-pro’’ Workshop
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Saru Rana has a thing or two to say about this unnecessarily taboo three-letter word
Hmm—Let’s talk about SEX…
Yes, we don’t like to talk about sex, even though we gave this world the joys of ‘Kamasutra’. It is so against our cultural and social norms, corrupts young minds and distracts people from the right path. In fact, it is perverted, dirty and something to be ashamed about. It ought to be something private. Especially for and from women…!!
Being a woman, I shouldn’t be thinking, let alone writing about this ‘S’ word. Half the readers might have, by now, branded some women CLs—’characterless’, of course. Now that I am openly writing about it, unlike any good, pure and chaste Indian woman who is supposed to be almost asexual, even within her thoughts. Our culture wants us to be sexual only in the institution of marriage, for purposes of procreation. Any deviation and you are a person of loose morals, harmful to yourself and society. Well, there goes the verdict of me being ‘CL’—a) because I am married, and b), married to a white man. So, is it okay to talk about s**, or lets still shush up?
What changed the culture of sex in India to a taboo, and why and when did Indians get so prudish and decided to ‘shush’ over this topic? The temples of Khajuraho are a living example of our candid and liberal society in the past. Why is the word ‘sex’ such a harmful subject matter for Indians? No matter what age, what qualification, we always consider each other not mature enough to make a decision on what is wrong or right from a societal point of view. The society formats this insecure concept in every Indian blood vessel and deeply chips this in every possible mind. But, surprise, surprise—sex, porn, rape and gang rape are top four searched words in India.
Thus, Indians don’t have sex, and all 1.3 billion come out of google searches or individual’s curiosity? Now that, of course, is not true! But the conspiracy of silence that surrounds the subject of sex pushes us to believe that it is. Strict cultural norms and social stigma attached to sex is making our youth reluctant to open up to families and people that can be trusted. In fact, our youngsters are either approaching friends with little knowledge or, even worse, ending up trying ‘sex’ without ones consent. Then we cry rape.
What is really behind India’s rape crisis?
Our privileges and double standards shape the rape culture within our communities. Shunning the victims that make an accusation of rape or sexual assault, and the multiplying of their difficulties, doubts from the society and alleged perpetrators being publically excused breed rape culture, and we are all guilty of it.
It is ridiculous but what is worse is not about the nature of the crime, but it is about the perpetrators of crimes against women blaming the women—it’s always her fault for being ‘provocatively’ dressed or it’s her fault for going out late. She’s a slut, but he’s just being a ‘boy’.
All these attitudes contribute towards shaping our generations and go a long way in shaping a society we condone the perpetrators to take on our own kids in future. And then we are so shocked when someone does exactly what we have been offering throughout our lives—blaming the victim.
Sit up and take a note of all behaviours that turn into daily verbal torture and violates a person physically and mentally. Crimes like female mutilation, sexual violence, rape and other physical assaults are horrific. But our day to day verdicts, slandering nature and looking down our nose attitude are the ones that don’t leave a very visible trail are scarring too.
The blame game, the rape culture, pushing things under the carpet will not end until we put a firm stop to it collectively in our own homes, families, in our neighbourhood, workplaces and our ‘special’ gossip groups.
We need to put an end to it sometime. And really, now’s the time.
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It is important that you use antivirus software on your computer, both Windows and macOS. Today, the risk of the computer being infected with so-called malware, or malware, is high. And if you do not have both antivirus software and a firewall on your computer, it can be very costly for you.
- Unclear pricing allows you to cheat on a hundred bucks
- Up to 73 percent price difference depending on where you buy
- An endless hassle of buying if you use the free version
Does it sound bad? It is, too, and the security companies that develop antivirus software know about it.
They play on all the strings they can about how bad it is for you as an unprotected user. At the same time, they know that many prefer not to pay for antivirus software and that the competition in the market is fierce.
Therefore, they offer free versions of their antivirus software. Free, stripped-down protection with few functions but still basic security that is sufficient for the absolute majority of users.
Avast is a popular alternative with its Avast Free Antivirus. It’s free, helps you keep malware away, and stays in the background with automatic scans of your hard drives. No weirdness, right?
Of course, it is not that simple. Avast wants to pay for its services and does everything to ensure that you buy a more complete and functional protection for your computer (which is certainly good for some, we have no doubt about that).
Avast is nagging and nagging and nagging – it never ends
The only problem is that Avast does it in a really, really ugly way. They nag and nag and nag and nag. An endless complaining that you do not have adequate protection – until you click that buy button.
Avast Premium Security is the step above Free Antivirus.
For SEK 288, SEK 399 or SEK 499 per year, you get more functional protection for the computer. The reason why prices differ? Because it depends on where you look.
If you upgrade via the Windows app, you get the price of SEK 288, if you do not decline the first offer because then the price increases to SEK 499 immediately. An increase of an extreme 73 percent (!).
If you try to buy via Avast’s official website, the price is instead SEK 399, which is an increase from the app by 39 percent.
It is therefore important that you choose the right one here, otherwise, it will quickly become more expensive than you thought. And in the end, it’s a pure loss to buy through Avast regardless, because there are retailers that charge significantly lower prices. For example, you can buy Avast Premium Security 2021 from Kinguin for a fraction of what security companies require themselves.
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5 Actions to the Mediation Refine
These are the crucial 5 steps to a productive mediation. They are actually consisted of the:
- Preliminary Satisfying.
- Statement of the issue.
- Information celebration.
- Id of the problems.
- RELEVANT INFORMATION GATHERING.
- ID OF THE COMPLICATION
The preparatory portion of the mediation is a strategy for all parties pulled in to believe relaxed with the concern. The mediator will generally offer him or herself to the parties and detail the task that the mediator are going to take, guarantee that he/she is an objective individual whose goal is actually to assure that the outcome is decent as well as simply for each celebration entailed. The mediator, if given pre-mediation papers, are going to provide a global statement regarding what he/she views as the subject matter regarded. Lastly the mediator will certainly define what the plan will definitely remain in the mediation and provide the method operandi that need to be actually complied with.
STATEMENT OF THE TROUBLE
After the preparatory appointment the mediator are going to offer each event the available to invest plain words the subject concern as well as inform their edge of the story. It is actually vital at this time that the celebration certainly not communication is unspoken. The intact aspect of mediation is actually ahead to an efficient agreement, when parties start strife with each other the aspect of mediation is shed.
RELEVANT INFORMATION PARTY
If they have actually certainly not presently been sent to the mediator, the mediator is going to demand one thing such as a to the point detailing the truths, proof and also some other appropriate info that may assist the mediator to extended some conclusion. After this the mediator will certainly talk to questions of the individuals in isolation if you want to redden out factors, both psychological and also financial, for why that individual has actually run in a particular method or why they ask for a specific end result.
RECOGNITION OF THE CONCERN
This action is actually to some level self-explanatory. The mediator, during the info received by means of briefs as well as anticipating conversation will discuss what he/she experiences is the sympathy of the concern.
Once the content or concerns have actually been actually calculated the bargaining course will definitely start. The bargaining training course is the very most creative of the actions. It can interact several unique forms of limelight including group procedures, conversation groups and also hypotheticals. A normal utilization is actually the “rule.” Typically the mediator is going to put a proposed settlement on the dining table as well as need the individuals to modify the settlement until they involve a reasonable service. An added path is actually that the mediator will meet each celebration in complete confidence to set out agreements. The personal appointments are actually private and supply an environment, minor the viewpoint of the various other gathering, to design and also discuss emotions as well as fears.
For how long will it require to Mediate?
Mediation, this comprises the cost of preparing files, the mediator’s expenses, portrayal, and so on. It is additionally less time consuming and also the normal mediation takes approximately 3-5 times depending upon the issue of the issue. In brief, it is actually much less expensive, quicker, and also extra efficient than going to test.
- PRELIMINARY MEETING
- CLAIM OF THE PROBLEM
- INFORMATION EVENT
Do you require family mediation?
Is your life being thrown off by a disagreement? Expert assistance is available right now. Our experts in London can provide you with a free, no-obligation assessment of your alternatives.
The advantages of mediation in fixing family issues
Today denotes completion of family mediation week. Within this blogging site we sum up the mediation method and, as taken into consideration in our famous blog sites, check out the key benefits of mediation as well as various other methods of dispute resolution as a way of addressing the efficient arrangements following separation.
The family mediation method
- Call – mediation often begins along with the mediator having a brief first telephone call with each of the celebrations. The purpose of this particular telephone call is actually to speak to the parties concerning the mediation procedure as well as look at individually with them whether there are any type of problems which would suggest that mediation is actually certainly not ideal.
- Individual meetings – adhering to the preliminary phone calls, the mediator is going to possess a meeting with each person individually (this is usually phoned a Mediation Details Analysis Satisfying (MIAM)) to go over the history briefly as well as explain a bit extra concerning the mediation method. The initial meetings are classified consequently the content is going to not be actually talked about along with the other event.
- First joint appointment – using the personal meetings, if the celebrations desire to wage mediation, they will certainly arrange a shared session along with the mediator. The 1st conference is utilized to look at the Contract to Moderate form, take care of any kind of interim or even pressing issues and also to set the schedule for future sessions.
- Further joint appointments – the emphasis of future appointments will definitely depend on the problems the events would like to deal with however this are going to normally involve dialogue around the plans for the youngsters adhered to through a testimonial of the parties’ financial declaration and an expedition of feasible financial settlement.
In case an agreement is reached, the mediator can tape the relevant info as well as decisions in an amount of papers gotten in touch with:
- Open Financial Statement- this records the gatherings’ financial information as prepared out in the financial acknowledgment offered. This is actually an open somewhat than without bias record.
- Notice of Knowing- this records the dialogues in mediation and also the general decisions connected with. This is a without prejudice document and may certainly not be divulged in any courthouse procedures.
- Parenting Planning- this documents the agreements for the little ones and also any type of various other concerns moms and dads would like to record in respect of the day to day treatment of their little ones.
Any sort of deal reached out to in mediation is actually certainly not legitimately tiing up until the events have possessed private lawful suggestions on it. Once this has actually occurred, one of the party’s legal representatives are going to commonly transform the Notice of Understanding into a purchase which can easily be actually housed at courtroom for confirmation by a judge.
The advantages of family mediation
There are actually a variety of advantages to the mediation procedure, some of which are laid out beneath. Mediation is certainly not correct for everybody and an event as well as the mediator’s very own solicitor will think about any kind of issues which might bring in mediation challenging or even inappropriate. The advantages include:
- The mediator is going to motivate the parties to set the program as well as verify what they desire to cover in mediation. You can attend to concerns essential to your personal family and also those which might not typically be applicable in a court procedure.
- Mediation treatments can easily be organized for an opportunity as well as area hassle-free to you and also the mediator. You pick the duration of your time in between sessions and manage its own pace. You won’t must wait months for the following time as can easily happen in a court process, as well as equally you can ensure you each have enough opportunity to collate financial declaration and demonstrate on recommendations made.
- Choices achieved in mediation may be actually tailored to suit your family. This resides in comparison to court of law established choices where the judge may certainly not possess the energy to impose similar agreements or even has actually disliked the nuance of why a particular pointer might be better.
- When a selection is actually produced together in mediation, it is actually even more very likely that celebrations will definitely be content along with as well as catch to it. Mediation is actually designed to advertise communication as well as an on-going co-parenting relationship.
- Personal privacy – mediation is actually a private and also exclusive process which suggests that gatherings are actually promoted to be open regarding alternatives they intend to take into consideration. This often causes gatherings creating pointers they would certainly be actually hesitant to make in courtroom procedures. For high profile customers, it is actually additionally a technique of always keeping particulars of your connection away from everyone eye.
- Prices as well as speed – if effective, mediation may be less costly and quicker than courthouse procedures. By preparing the program as well as selecting the number of sessions you possess, people have much even more control over the method than when they belong to courthouse process. If it is useless or even helping make issues worse, the mediator will also manage the procedure as well as make sure that mediation performs not proceed.
Family mediation has been in concentration this week with #FamilyMediationweek, in necessary situations it can easily give an invaluable technique of dealing with family disputes effectively and also amicably as well as it should be one thing that is actually motivated all year.
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Down payment major hurdle in quest for home ownership
WASHINGTON (AP) — Half of America's low- and moderate-income families see down payments and closing costs as major obstacles to buying a home, according to a study released Sunday.
Forty-one percent believe the lack of affordable homes is a very or fairly big problem, says the study commissioned by the Fannie Mae Foundation, a groups that advocates affordable housing.
Researchers commissioned by the foundation surveyed 300 "working families" — metropolitan-area households with children and at least one employed adult and incomes up to $54,000, the national median. They also polled 1,004 adults nationwide.
"For many working Americans, squeezed between incomes that aren't rising nearly as fast as housing costs, the result is that more and more worry about finding a home in a community where they are comfortable living," said Stacey Davis, CEO and president of the Fannie Mae Foundation.
The study found regional differences in Americans' level of concern about affordable housing.
Just over half living on the West Coast and 40 percent in the Northeast think the lack of affordable homes is a big problem, compared with 34 percent in the South and 28 percent in the Midwest.
On the Net:
Fannie Mae Foundation: /
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Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek (Grassy Narrows) and the federal government recently signed a framework agreement for $19.5 million in funding for construction of a mercury care home, supporting a community-envisioned design.
“They made an announcement today that they’ve finally come to an agreement that they are going to build and bring home a facility to treat the mercury poisoning,” says Grand Council Treaty #3 Ogichidaa Francis Kavanaugh. “For me, I’m a bit sad — it reminds me of two great leaders we lost recently who worked tirelessly to bring home this facility. They are not here anymore but I’d like to reflect back on them and think highly of their efforts to bring this home. It’s the fruition of what some of them worked on so I congratulate them on that.”
Kavanaugh adds that it has been 50 years since mercury contamination was discovered in the English-Wabigoon River system in 1970.
“What they did impacted (the community’s) livelihood,” Kavanaugh says. “They used to have a huge dependence on walleye fishing. As well, walleye is a staple food and that went with the discovery of the mercury. The poisoning has harmed successive generations of families who have been and continue to be impacted. The devastation is also immeasurable for individuals who now suffer with impaired vision, loss of sense, loss of taste, hands and legs tingle and some twitch as if jabbed by pins.”
Kavanaugh says children are also experiencing learning disabilities in school.
“So that is a huge impact of what dumping of that mercury did to this community,” Kavanaugh says.
The mercury care home will provide access to health services to meet the needs of community residents who are living with methylmercury poisoning. The mercury contamination of the English-Wabigoon River system caused high levels of mercury exposure among people residing in Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek and Wabaseemoong.
“The health of the residents of Asubpeeschoseewagong Netum Anishinabek is at the forefront of everyone’s minds and hearts,” says Marc Miller, minister of Indigenous Services. “This historic framework agreement is the beginning of an important turning point. Reflecting on what should have happened a long time ago, I take great pride and promise in what can be done so that specialized care can be accessed, and close to home. I also recognize the work and trust of Chief Turtle putting what he believes in his heart to be just at the centre of his advocacy.”
In addition to funding construction of the mercury care home, the federal government is also working towards obtaining additional funding to support the operation of the mercury care home as well as working with the community’s leadership on the expansion and renovation of the community’s current health facility.
Kiiwetinoong MPP Sol Mamakwa, critic for Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation, congratulated the community’s leadership on securing an agreement with the federal government for full funding to build a mercury care home.
“For generations of people who have been poisoned by the water in their community, this step forward offers some relief,” Mamakwa says. “The advocacy work of the community has been ongoing for decades, and today we honour the youth, Elders and community citizens who have worked hard for so long to see this happen. Grassy Narrows has waited a long time for justice for the suffering their people have faced since the mercury was released into the Wabigoon river 60 years ago, damaging their way of life on their land, and their health.”
Mamakwa says the mercury care home needs not only construction funding, but also ongoing operations funding.
“And the community needs more help to work towards remediation,” Mamakwa says. “The provincial government cannot turn its back on Grassy Narrows, pretending the responsibility is all federal. It will take everyone working together to, someday, once again ensure the fish from the Wabigoon River are safe to eat and the waters are safe to drink.”
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Abstract: Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease is a recent maize disease in sub-Saharan Africa that threatens the food security of the region. Understanding the genetic basis of MLN resistance is crucial. In this study, we used four biparental populations applied linkage mapping and joint linkage mapping approaches to identify and validate the MLN resistance-associated genomic regions. All populations were genotyped with low to high density markers and phenotyped in multiple environments against MLN under artificial inoculation. Phenotypic variation for MLN resistance was significant and heritability was moderate to high in all four populations for both early and late stages of disease infection. Linkage mapping revealed three major quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 3, 6, and 9 that were consistently detected in at least two of the four populations. Phenotypic variance explained by a single QTL in each population ranged from 3.9% in population 1 to 43.8% in population 2. Joint linkage association mapping across three populations with three biometric models together revealed 16 and 10 main effect QTL for MLN-early and MLN-late, respectively. The QTL identified on chromosomes 3, 5, 6, and 9 were consistent with the QTL identified by linkage mapping. Ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction with five-fold cross-validation revealed high accuracy for prediction across populations for both MLN-early and MLN-late. Overall, the study discovered and validated the presence of major effect QTL on chromosomes 3, 6, and 9 which can be potential candidates for marker-assisted breeding to improve the MLN resistance.
Trackback from your site.
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Emotional Support Helpline: 1-844-863-9314
Through an emotional support helpline, educational materials, and trusted referrals, NY Project Hope helps New Yorkers manage and cope with changes brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic. Talking to the Crisis Counselors is free, confidential, and anonymous.
National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Available 24 hours in English and Spanish: 1-800-273-8255
The Lifeline provides 24/7, free and confidential support for people in distress, prevention and crisis resources for you or your loved ones, and best practices for professionals.
Provides advice on unemployment, housing (eviction, rent arrears, foreclosures, mortgage relief), public benefits and special education services.
Call 929-356-9582 Monday–Friday, 7am–1pm. Leave a message, and they will get back to you within 48 hours or fill out an online form at the link above.
Invisible Hands Deliver
A non-profit organization that delivers groceries and other essential items to populations especially vulnerable to COVID-19.
Click here to find your neighborhood pantry or soup kitchen.
If you are in NYC, this map can direct you to a community fridge near you.
How to Organize a Food Drive by The Food Bank of New York City
Volunteer with their mobile markets and warehouse.
Give to their annual food drive in partnership with The Daily News. Until Jan. 22, you can drop off nonperishables at any firehouse or police station.
New York Cares
Find a pantry or soup kitchen that needs volunteers.
Violence Prevention and Survivor Support
New York City Anti-Violence Project
Empowers lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and HIV-affected communities and allies to end all forms of violence through organizing and education, and supports survivors through counseling and advocacy.
Have you experienced or witnessed violence, or are you concerned about someone who has? Call the 24 Hour English/Spanish Hotline: 212-714-1141.
The nation's leading victim assistance organization, which provides compassionate and expert support for people who have experienced domestic and intimate partner violence, child physical and sexual abuse, rape and sexual assault, human trafficking, stalking, youth homelessness, violent crimes committed against a family member and within communities.
If you need immediate help from an advocate please call one of the 24-hour Hotlines (se habla español).
- Domestic violence victims: 800-621-HOPE (4673)
Domestic violence victims: 800-621-HOPE (4673)
- Victims of crime and their families: 866-689-HELP (4357)
- Rape & sexual assault victims: 212-227-3000
- TDD machine for hearing impaired clients for all hotlines: 1-866-604-5350
Victims of crime and their families: 866-689-HELP (4357)
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Are Jews a Race or a Religion?Google Questions
In 1982, the Shaare Tefila synagogue in White Oak, Maryland was vandalized by a group of neo-Nazis. The congregants filed a civil lawsuit which argued that, while the plaintiffs themselves were not claiming the status of “race,” they had clearly been discriminated by the vandalizers as a racial group and were therefore entitled to federal protection as such. They made this claim based on post-Civil War laws guaranteeing “all persons” [i.e. blacks] the same legal protections as “white persons.”
In other words, without explicitly saying so, the Jews, as historian Naomi W. Cohen put it, “were now claiming rights as an ethnic group,” not just as a religion.
That position should come as no surprise, for the concept of Jewish ethnic identity lies at the very heart of modern Zionism. But it is a concept fraught with peril—most of Israel’s founders were Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern and Central Europe, but Ashkenazis are far from the only ethnic branch of Judaism. Sephardic Jews originate from Spain and North Africa; old, even ancient, Jewish groups live or have lived in Georgia, the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa (yes, there are black Jews), and even China. The face of Judaism is becoming ever more diverse in the United States—a recent New York Times article profiled a summer camp for Jews of color; up to 10 percent of America’s six million Jews are nonwhite.
So perhaps the question should not be “Are the Jews a race or religion?”, but rather “who is a Jew?”
Under Jewish religious law (halakhah), a person is Jewish if they are born to a Jewish mother, even if they themselves are not religious, or if they convert to another religion. One can also convert to Judaism, although the religion itself does not proselytize. Of course, some branches of Judaism are less strict in their definition—Reform Jews in the United States, for instance, can claim Jewish identity if either the mother or the father is Jewish. Israel follows this definition in its Law of Return—the children and grandchildren of Jews, regardless of the parent or grandparent, are entitled to Israeli citizenship.
Are the Jews a race or religion? It would appear that, as a matter of law and custom in the United States and Israel, they are both.
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May 26, 2022
In this episode of #TheSpeakerShow, Maria Franzoni interviews Elin Hauge.
Artificial intelligence is probably the most disruptive technological development in human history, and it is ubiquitous; from face recognition on your smartphone to advanced public surveillance, from food production to medical research, from online shopping to autonomous cars. According to Elin, understanding the basics of artificial intelligence should be as compulsory for any leader in 2022 as having a computer.
Elin Hauge has built bridges between data-driven technologies and business value for more than 20 years, with AI as one of her key capabilities. She helps leaders to build relevant competence in artificial intelligence, understand responsible human-machine interaction, and outline sustainable practices around digital technologies.
In this fascinating episode, we discuss:
To book any of the speakers featured on the Speaker Show podcast, click here.
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The Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections (SPNHC) Education Committee hosted the first ever virtual Natural History Education DemoCamp. The goal of the NHE DemoCamp is to share, discover, and discuss educational materials that have a framework in natural history. This is building upon our previous iterations of the 'education share fair' that were hosted at the SPNHC annual meetings.
This year’s NHE DemoCamp had over 300 registrants and 21 different live demonstrations that took place over the two days. Educational materials shared varied widely in scope, audience, format, and topic from how to use R to analyze biodiversity data in the classroom to how to make a compelling outreach video for a general audience. You can find short descriptions and links to each educational resource on the event’s abstract page.
A huge thank you to all of the organizers from the SPNHC Education Committee and to all of our partners that helped us spread the word! Stay tuned for announcements for next year’s NHE DemoCamp!
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The essay writing segment of the IELTS is a tricky segment for many students who are not native speakers of English, especially when they are required to give their opinion about topics that they are not aware of. A poor score in this section can bring down the overall score for the IELTS test. On the other hand, having a good score in this section can boost your score overall. We take a look at tips for scoring higher in your IELTS test
Tips for Scoring High in Writing Section for IELTS
1. Give an Impressive Introduction
Give an impressive introduction for all essay-type questions for the IELTS exam writing section. Irrespective of the type of question asked in the writing section, a good introduction will include three different aspects, an informative sentence about the topic around the question, followed by a sentence that frames the question in your own words, and the third sentence that leads on to the solution.
2. Use a Wide Grammatical Range for Your Writing
Use a variety of sentence types and phrases to showcase your knowledge of the range of grammar. If you want to score an above-average band in the writing section, then you need to use a wide range of sentence structures. There are six or seven different types of sentences throughout the IELTS Exam Syllabus – simple, compound, complex, phrases, idioms
[Read more: How to Get IELTS Band 8?]
3. Make Sure Of Your Grammatical Accuracy
The grammar should be accurate in all your writing. If you are writing paragraphs, then you need to make sure that your writing does not have any grammatical errors at all. For this, it is important to not just read a variety of genres, but also make sure that the material you are reading is grammatically correct. This is an important caveat, especially if English is not your native language, as many contemporary books have colloquial narrations which may not always be grammatically correct.
4. Follow the Elements of Style
For a good IELTS writing score, it is not just adequate to know how to write a paragraph that is grammatically adequate, but you also need to have knowledge about the elements of style. A good reference book for this segment is ‘The elements of style’ by William Strunk Jr. A good grounding in the different styles of writing and how to bring them together in a cohesive paragraph will lead to higher marks in the writing segment of the IELTS test.
[Read more: Last Minute Tips for IELTS from Experts]
5. Write from Both Points Of View for Debate Type Questions
Many times, the essay task poses a question where you are asked to discuss two sides of a particular topic and provide your opinion about the topic. You may have a strong opinion on either side about the topic, in real life. But when it comes to writing the essay, you should keep your personal prejudices aside and write the essay, giving equal weightage to both sides of the topic.
To get more tips on how to improve IELTS writing score, get in touch with IELTS Coaching. Your one-stop shops for all international entrance and gateway exams.
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GAZA CITY, Gaza Strip (AP) -- A medical aid group says the vast number of patients treated for gunshot wounds from months of violent border protests have overwhelmed Gaza's health care system.
Doctors Without Borders says that thousands are in danger of infection and disability because Gaza hospitals cannot adequately treat them.
Gaza's militant Hamas rulers have been organizing weekly border protests since March in which demonstrators approach the border fence, throwing firebombs at Israeli troops and burning tires.
Israeli snipers have killed about 170 people and wounded thousands.
MSF, as the aid group is known after its French acronym, says most of the 3,000 patients it has treated were shot in the legs, with about a quarter suffering from infections. If left untreated, they can lead to lifelong disabilities or limb amputations.
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A Generation Apart: Comparing the Economic Status of Young Singles in 1984-85 and 2004-05
A recent article using data from the BLS Consumer Expenditure Survey (CE) compares the spending patterns of young (21-to-29-year-old), single adults interviewed in 2004-05 to those of young, single adults interviewed twenty years earlier in 1984-85 (Geoffrey Paulin, Monthly Labor Review, December 2008, "Expenditure patterns of young single adults: two recent generations compared," pp. 19-50; on the Internet at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2008/12/art2full.pdf). Below, the author summarizes some of the key findings from the article.
The results show clear differences in some spending patterns and other characteristics for these two groups. However, the results also show some ways in which these two groups are similar.
Ways in which young singles were better off in 2004-05 than in 1984-85
Young singles in the more recent period were more likely to:
Ways in which young singles were worse off in 2004-05 than in 1984-85
Young singles in the more recent period:
Travel provides a particularly interesting example of how spending by young singles has changed over time. Total outlays for non-business travel by young singles were down in 2004-05 compared with 1984-85, as was the percent of young singles reporting having these travel expenditures.
This decrease in percent reporting is consistent with patterns observed for other households. Some of the decline may be due to price increases for travel-related items. Some may be attributable to new technologies that were not so widely available in 1984-85, such as e-mail, cell phones, and instant messaging that facilitate communication.
Ways in which young singles were about the same in 2004-05 and in 1984-85
Young singles are defined here as persons ranging in age from 21 to 29 years old who have never been married and who constitute their own consumer units (see also www.bls.gov/cex/csxfaqs.htm#definitions). In addition, outlays are analyzed to describe spending patterns and economic status because the income data are not directly comparable over time due to methodological changes in data processing starting with the publication of the 2004 CE data, and because outlays include certain payments that are not included in the definition of expenditures. Other technical differences between outlays and expenditures are described in the article at www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2008/12/art2full.pdf.
Last Modified Date: April 6, 2018
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Japan’s gays, lesbians, bisexuals, transgender and queer people flooded into Tokyo Sunday for a rainbow-filled spectacular celebration of Pride.
This year’s theme was “Change,” as JoeMyGod reported.
“I believed that nothing would change,” read flyers for the event. “But, little by little, things are starting to change,” according to a quote from an unnamed individual. “Let’s achieve a future where everyone is respected as an individual, despite differences in sexuality.”
This year’s marchers in the Shibuya district had the support of 190 corporations as well as local government officials.
Carrying signs and waving flags, the marchers danced and strutted to the beat of upbeat, affirming music.
Video from the Japan Times showed local celebrities waving from floats that passed its camera position.
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The PAH Biobank is maintained at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center under the direction of Dr. William Nichols. This resource of biological samples, genetic data, and clinical data collected from WHO Group 1 PAH patients is available to PAH researchers to enable studies that will allow us to better understand mechanisms of the disease and further treatment of patients. The goal of this project funded by the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute is to enroll and bank biological samples, collect clinical data, and generate genetic data from at least 3,000 WHO Group 1 PAH patients.
Currently, there are 37 Centers from around the United States that enroll for the PAH Biobank. Participants are also enrolled here at Cincinnati Children’s Hospital in collaboration with the Pulmonary Hypertension Team. Enrollees that consent to the project can be any age as long as they are diagnosed with WHO Group 1 PAH, fit the inclusion criteria, and are willing to donate a small blood sample. In some cases, biological relatives of PAH Biobank participants may also donate blood.
De-identified biological samples, genetic data, and clinical data will be shared with the PAH research community by way of an application process with proposals reviewed by the Proposal Review Committee. Learn more about the PAH Biobank on our FAQ page.
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Our feet hold us up all day and help us get around, yet we tend to not give them the attention that they deserve! Here are some more reasons to take care of your feet and tips on how to do it.
Why feet should be a top priority
“Our feet are truly amazing – a network of 26 bones, 33 joints, 107 ligaments, 31 tendons and metres of nerves and blood vessels,” says Mike Wu, Foot Mechanics Podiatrist.
“Nearly a quarter of all the bones in the body are in our feet. We also walk an average of 115,000 kilometres in a lifetime. So it’s very important for us to look after our feet.”
Feet can take on quite a lot of stress and strain on a day-to-day basis – especially if you wear high heeled shoes or take part in high impact activities, such as aerobics or road running. Taking care of your feet and making sure you make good footwear choices can help prevent unnecessary problems such as blisters, hammer toes, bruised toes and even back pain.
Finding comfortable day-to-day footwear
When hunting for new shoes, make sure that they provide adequate cushioning, good support, and are the right size (both length and width) for your feet. Remember that not all footwear brands have the same sizing, so even if you think you know your size, it’s still important to double check the ones you’re trying on fit correctly.
NZ footwear brand Ziera have been making women’s shoes for over 70 years, developing a collection that offers fashionable shoes endorsed by foot specialists that are both stylish and comfortable.
“Ziera’s New Zealand design team comprises experts in the field. Our brand was founded by podiatrists and has strong heritage in developing orthotic friendly styles”, says Ziera Group design leader, Angela Roper.
“Our stiletto, for example, pays attention to the foot’s pressure points, holding it in place with a firm-but-gentle touch. It retains a soft pitch by adding a platform front, to give height, but not pressure.”
How to care for your feet
Podiatrists estimate around four in 10 people will have painful foot problems at some stage in their lives, which means the likelihood that you may need to focus on your feet sometime in the future is quite high.
Here are Ziera’s top tips on foot care:
- Exercise regularly and always keep your feet warm.
- Trim your toenails straight across. Avoid cutting corners. Use a nail file or emery board.
- If you find an ingrown toenail, contact your GP.
- Use quality lotion to keep your feet soft and moist, but don’t put lotion between your toes.
- Wash your feet every day with mild soap and water.
- Buy shoes that are comfortable without a ‘breaking in’ period. Check how your shoe fits in width, length, back, bottom of heel and sole.
- Try to buy shoes made with leather upper material and that have room for your toes.
For more information on Ziera shoes and to see their latest collection, visit www.zierashoes.com.
Photo / FreeDigitalPhotos.net – photostock
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Ron Clark offers a passionate and personally informed response to the issue of male-to-female violence. Drawing on his pastoral care efforts and experience of working with a variety of couples coming out of violent relationships, a reader can tell that he deeply cares about the issue at hand and that his personal reflections are well thought out. Overall, this book is easily accessible to a lay audience but may not be for those expecting rigorous theological exegesis or expansive social science research.
In Breaking the Marriage Idol, Kutter Calloway describes how the modern church has become distracted by pagan norms for sexual expression and marriage, and why this contributes to our idealization of marriage and the marginalization of unmarried persons. Arguing that the church has bought in to the Hollywood notion that marriage is the antidote to sexual promiscuity, Callaway calls the church to provide new stories to refute this superficial formula. He offers vision for how the church can become a place where love for the other is the pinnacle, and both unmarried and married persons lead and follow side by side, representing the best expression of God's intent for his people.
Pure examines the harmful effects of evangelical Christianity's purity culture with particular emphasis on the long-lasting and outward-rippling effects of shame. Of particular interest to CBE's audience, the book details the ways in which purity culture cooperates with patriarchy and harms women.
As a whole, Feminist Thought is a thoroughly-researched and concise treatment of a notoriously controversial and complex subject. Readers have professors Tong and Botts to thank for their tireless work on this extremely helpful volume. I highly recommend Feminist Thought if for no other reason than to put the brakes on judgment regarding what “feminist” might mean in today’s highly fragmented and tribalistic culture.
While this book does not explore new territory regarding the issue of women in ministry, it does serve a useful purpose: This is an ideal book to give your pastor, especially if he is straddling the fence on this issue. One pastor speaking to other pastors can have a powerful impact.
Manhood is under siege and not because there are women in the board room and men in the laundry room. The crisis that threatens men has ancient roots according to James, and the only real solution is to recapture the even more ancient imago dei we find revealed in those first two chapters of Genesis.
Val Webb has written an engaging, readable, and mostly historical approach to feminist theology. Her thesis is straightforward and often restated: "The goal of this book is to look at the diversity of the feminist movement and show how limited and inaccurate negative stereotyping is."
Holly Phillips has written her book from the heart of the Promise Keepers movement (literally and figuratively). Holly is the wife of founding president Randy Phillips, has been a PK staff member from its early days, and was the first woman to address a PK rally. Her book gives us a fascinating glimpse into the homes of PK staffers, especially the Phillips' themselves.
Have you heard the claim that relationships between men and women should image the "eternal subordination" in the Trinity? If so, read this book. With a profound, concise course in Trinitarian theology and hermeneutics, using two case studies to exemplify points, The Trinity & Subordinationism is highly recommended.
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