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It happens to almost all of us at some point—we feel that burning sensation in the chest after a glass of wine, a dinner of spaghetti and meatballs, or that late-night bowl of potato chips. It’s heartburn, and you feel it when acid from the stomach spills into the esophagus, which is called acid reflux. It can be quite painful.
“Heartburn can be severe enough to be mistaken for chest pain or a heart attack,” said Emil Graf, MD, a general and bariatric surgery specialist at Banner Health in Arizona.
Heartburn and acid reflux are also both symptoms of gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD). “It’s the same disease process,” Dr. Graf said.
According to the National Institutes of Health, certain foods often trigger symptoms:
- High-acid foods like citrus fruits and tomatoes
- Fatty foods
- Spicy foods
Watch for these signs of GERD
If you have GERD, along with heartburn you may also notice regurgitation at night. “When you lay down after eating a heavier meal or drinking water before bed, you can wake up burping up acid, or feel acid in the back of your throat or mouth. These are classic symptoms of GERD,” Dr. Graf said.
Less often, you might notice a chronic cough, hoarseness, a feeling that your voice gets tired quickly, or difficulty swallowing.
Here’s how to control your symptoms
When your symptoms flare up, there are a few things you can try:
- Avoid foods that trigger your heartburn, especially in the afternoon or evening
- Elevate the head of your bed to enlist gravity to help fight regurgitation
- Take over-the-counter antacids like Tums or Rolaids, or acid suppressors such as Prilosec, Nexium, or Pepcid
When to connect with health care provider
Dr. Graf said if these tips don’t get your symptoms under control, or if you’re experiencing regurgitation, you should talk to your primary care provider or a gastroenterologist. It’s important to get treatment because GERD symptoms aren’t just uncomfortable. Acid can damage the lining of your esophagus. And over time that damage can lead to a condition called Barrett’s esophagus, which makes it more likely that you could develop esophageal cancer.
To put together a treatment plan, your doctor may start with an upper endoscopy. That’s a procedure where you’re sedated, and a surgeon puts a scope through your mouth and into your esophagus and stomach to see if the acid has caused any damage. If there’s no damage, you can likely have follow-up endoscopies when you have your colonoscopies. You can try prescription medications to control your GERD symptoms.
If your esophagus is damaged or inflamed, or if medication doesn’t get your symptoms under control, your doctor may recommend surgery. “Surgical treatments for GERD are very effective. They can give you significant relief and halt the progression of GERD,” Dr. Graf said.
The bottom line
If heartburn strikes once in a while, you can control it with over-the-counter medications and try to figure out which foods trigger your flare-ups. But if medication isn’t working or you’re regurgitating acid, talk to your doctor. Prescription medications or surgery can keep GERD from getting more serious.
A doctor can help you troubleshoot your heartburn triggers and walk through your GERD treatment options. To find a gastroenterologist, visit bannerhealth.com.
For a deeper dive into GERD, check out:
- A Fire in Your Belly: How to Extinguish GERD
- Heartburn Drugs: Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
- Why Am I Having Trouble Swallowing? | <urn:uuid:b74d77db-11d7-4b48-bbd7-5eef01c0bb8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bannerhealth.com/es/healthcareblog/teach-me/heartburn-acid-reflux-and-gerd-when-should-you-worry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.908653 | 867 | 2.578125 | 3 |
How do you solve a crisis? By brushing it far enough away from your gaze that you can pretend that it’s no longer there? That at least appears to be the European Union approach.
For the past year, the refugee crisis has torn at the heart of the EU, creating deep tensions between members, and raising questions about the future of freedom of movement within its borders, and indeed about the future of the EU itself.
Europe’s leaders have been desperately trying to figure out a solution. And this week, after months of negotiation, they stitched together a deal with Turkey – a deal that effectively allows the EU to push the problem far enough away to pretend that it’s not there.
Under the deal, the fine details of which are still being hammered out, all new, irregular migrants crossing from Turkey to Greece will be sent back. A “one-for-one” agreement will allow one Syrian from a Turkish refugee camp to be resettled in the EU, for every Syrian refugee returned to Turkey from Greece. For non-Syrians, the route to Europe is entirely cut off.
In return, the EU has promised to speed up plans for Turks to travel visa-free inside the Schengen area and to actually pay Ankara some of the $3.3bn that was promised in October for Turkish help in closing its borders to migrants.
Turkey has reportedly asked for an extra $3.3bn, which is still under negotiation. Turkey has also demanded that concrete steps be taken to resume its accession negotiations with the EU.
If the arrival in the EU of a million migrants and refugees is an unacceptable imposition and the cause of a major crisis, how does the EU imagine that offloading them to Turkey will be any less of an imposition or crisis?
Some of the poorest countries in the world already bear the greatest burden when it comes to helping refugees. If these countries were to adopt Europe's attitude, there really would be a crisis.
Dimitris Avramopoulos, the EU commissioner for migration, has described the bottleneck of migrants and refugees in Greece, created by the closing of borders further north, as raising “the possibility of a humanitarian crisis of a large scale”. Why should bottling migrants up in Turkey rather than in Greece be any different?
What the deal envisages is the forced collective expulsion of migrants and refugees from Greece to Turkey.
Leave aside the morality, think of the practicalities. Do the EU leaders think that tens of thousands of migrants and refugees will meekly accept their fate and return quietly?
Throughout the past year migrants and refugees have shown their willingness to take enormous risks and put up with great hardships. They have shown also their willingness to stand up to the authorities if pushed too far.
If only a small number of those being forcibly repatriated resist, one can imagine the scenes in the camps or at the train stations or the airports.
The numbers of migrants and refugees coming to Europe are indeed large. But it is worth putting those numbers in context. One million of them constitutes less than 0.2 percent of the EU’s population.
Turkey with a population one seventh that of the EU is already host to 2.7 million Syrian refugees. (Those are the official figures; the real number is likely to be more than three million.)
There are already 1.3 million Syrian refugees in Lebanon – 20 percent of the population. That is the equivalent of Europe playing host to 100 million refugees. Pakistan and Iran each have over one million refugees within their borders.
Some of the poorest countries in the world, in other words, already bear the greatest burden when it comes to helping refugees. If these countries were to adopt Europe’s attitude, there really would be a crisis.
This is perhaps the most immoral aspect of the EU’s policy: at its heart seems to be the idea that dealing with migrants and refugees should be an issue primarily for poor countries.
Turning a blind eye
Far from the Turkey deal being a “historic breakthrough”, as Donald Tusk, the European Council president, described it, it follows the pattern of previous EU migration policies.
Since the 1990s, the EU has adopted a three-pronged strategy: criminalising migrants; militarising border controls; and outsourcing the problem by paying non-EU states – most notoriously Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s Libya (PDF) – huge amounts of money to act as Europe’s immigration police,; in effect, relocating Europe’s borders to beyond Europe. Push the problem outside of Europe and pretend that it’s not there.
The one country that has come out of this whole debacle with honour is Greece. Effectively abandoned by the rest of the Europe – as Macedonia and other countries to the north have closed their borders – and suffering grievously from an economic crisis and from austerity policies imposed primarily at the behest of the EU, the people of Greece have nevertheless shown an admirable moral commitment to migrants.
True, there have been some anti-migrant demonstrations, and the far-right Golden Dawn won 7 percent of the vote in last year’s general election. But mostly Greeks have shown enormous solidarity.
Some 14,000 migrants and refugees are trapped in Idomeni on the Greek side of the Macedonian border, after the Macedonian authorities decided to allow only a handful to enter each day. “I have admiration for these people because they still have hope,” said the local deputy mayor, Evelina Politidou, adding that helping them was a “moral obligation”.
The island of Lesbos, close to the Turkish coast, is at the very centre of the crisis. The number of migrants and refugees who have arrived on the island in the first two months of 2016 alone is about the same as Lesbos’ normal population. Yet, the locals continue to support migrants with food, shelter and solidarity.
Meanwhile the EU, despite commitments to relocate 66,400 refugees from Greece, has provided places for only 325. “It is amazing”, as the UNHCR chief Antonio Guterres told Lesbos Mayor Spyros Galinos recently, “that on a small island you are managing, whereas in a big Europe, with half a billion people, they are finding it so difficult”.
There is a lesson there in morality and solidarity that all Europe could learn.
Kenan Malik is a London-based writer, lecturer and broadcaster. His latest book is The Quest for a Moral Compass: A Global History of Ethics. He writes at Pandaemonium: www.kenanmalik.wordpress.com.
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Al Jazeera’s editorial policy. | <urn:uuid:77cc23d5-a5f9-4707-9dc4-9da8eb1f2ccf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2016/3/9/the-dark-side-of-the-eu-turkey-refugee-deal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952714 | 1,401 | 2.359375 | 2 |
The average life expectancy for a commercial roofing system is about 20 years – which means that every year 5% of the commercial, industrial, and institutional roofs in the United States need replacing. Given the state of the economy at the moment, however, some of those roofs may be patched and repaired (relatively less costly) instead of replaced (relatively more costly). Practically speaking, this can only be done for so long, as the cost of repairs will eventually become prohibitive; for owners and managers of existing buildings, the decision to re-cover– or “retrofit” – a roofing system ultimately becomes inevitable.
Options abound with respect to materials and systems. In some cases (depending on current roof weight and building codes), a new single-ply roofing system can be installed directly over the existing roof without a tear-off. This retrofit situation offers several advantages:
- Re-covering without a tear off usually means that building operations can continue “business as usual” with minimal disruption. Also, installation will be faster than on a project requiring tear-off time.
- If the old underlying roof system and insulation still have good integrity (more about that below), the new retrofit roof will ensure that those qualities remain. Additional R-value can be added with a layer of new insulation between the old deck and new single-ply membrane.
- The predominant roofing system of choice 20 or more years ago was black – built up or EPDM. Since then, the market has shifted significantly toward lighter-colored, reflective thermoplastic single-ply systems made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or thermoplastic polyolefin (TPO) membranes. High solar reflectivity as provided by these white membranes can help meet LEED criteria for the “EB” (Existing Buildings) certification. However, even if LEED certification is not in the plans for a building retrofit project, white roofing systems can help reduce facility energy consumption and preserve other building components. Owners and managers who choose to patch their current, aging systems are delaying the opportunity to reduce their energy bills
- Single-ply systems also deliver other environmental benefits. Because they’re lightweight, less fuel is required to deliver material to the job site. And because five to ten percent of landfill waste is currently made up of roofing materials, no tear-off means less old roofing material ends up in the local dump.
On larger retrofit projects, there could be any number of players involved, including architects and consultants, as well as the owner/manager, roofing contractor, and possibly the manufacturer’s sales representative. The way everyone works together depends on the complexity or size of the roofing installation.
On smaller projects, interaction may be limited to the building owner and contractor, and it’s critical that the two work well together and communicate effectively to ensure the success of the retrofit project. Before hiring a contractor, a building owner or manager should ask several questions:
- Can the contractor provide references from satisfied customers?
- What experience does he or she have with similar installations?
- What is his or her experience with the product being installed?
Many manufacturers have implemented a quality rating system (often administered under what are called “Master” or “Elite” Contractor programs) to ensure that the contractors installing their roofing systems are proficient. These rating systems are intended to give building owners and managers confidence that the roof will be installed to high-quality standards.
Certainly, competence and experience are critical qualities for any roofing project, whether on new construction or in a retrofit application. But if a new roofing membrane is to be installed over an existing roof, the owner/manager should expect the contractor to evaluate the current roof thoroughly to ensure a trouble free installation:
- The contractor should perform core cuts and/or infrared scans to uncover any moisture problems in the deck or insulation. He or she should repair any roof areas that are damaged or saturated.
- Review rooftop drainage and include appropriate water-directing accessories and materials in the installation.
- Ensure that the new membrane is compatible with the old, and if not, that an appropriate separator is installed between.
- Check local codes to ensure that roof overlays are acceptable.
Regardless of the type of retrofit system being installed, owners and managers should check roofing manufacturers’ specifications and the warranties available for the specific installation being considered.
When it comes to the actual retrofit installation itself, the contractor should provide several services to ensure the overall integrity of the project:
- Qualified employees that have appropriate experience. Single-ply roofing membranes are typically either mechanically-attached to the roof deck using fasteners that penetrate, or fully-adhered with an adhesive bonding product. (Single-ply systems can also be ballasted, but this method may be prohibited in some locations.) They require different skill sets.
- “Pull-testing” the existing deck to ensure that the appropriate fastening technique for the new membrane is chosen, whether attached or adhered.
- Repairing wet or otherwise bad areas of the existing deck. This may involve some tear-off and/or “refilling” of gaps or holes.
- Preparation that includes cleaning the roof deck of debris.
- Equipment that will enable the completion of the project at hand, including loading roofing materials on the building and hauling away scraps and other refuse at the end of each day.
- Safety equipment such as guard rails and fall protection harnesses for employees to use while completing a roofing installation.
For owners and managers of existing facilities, obtaining financing for large roofing projects can be challenging in this economy. However, there are retrofit alternatives that can mitigate the cost, providing “no-tear-off” options that don’t disrupt building operations and can reduce energy consumption. Rather than keep investing in short-term fixes such as patching, facility owners and managers should consider a cost-effective retrofit solution that will provide long-term, watertight building integrity. | <urn:uuid:9f332fbc-9d08-4108-bd59-1a4c47b25ff8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bdcnetwork.com/blog/commercial-retrofit-and-reconstruction?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A%20bdcnetwork/news%20%28Building%20Design%20%2B%20Construction%20%7C%20Breaking%20News%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938849 | 1,261 | 2.546875 | 3 |
January 1947 Radio-Craft
[Table of Contents]
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics.
See articles from Radio-Craft,
published 1929 - 1953. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged.
This is another of the articles
written about Lee de Forest that appeared in the January 1947 issue of
Radio-Craft magazine, in celebration of the 40-year anniversary since the industry-changing
Audio vacuum tube was invented. Author
George H. Clark, a member of the first "radio-man" to be graduated from the
Massachusetts of Technology (MIT), was, in addition to working for Marconi Wireless
Telegraph Company, RCA, and the Telegraph and Telephone Company, the U.S. Navy's
"Sub-inspector of Wireless Telegraph Stations." He dealt extensively with de Forest
regarding installation and operation of radio systems both on ships and on shore.
Interestingly, he mentions that the first Audions were used as detectors more so
than as signal amplifiers, which in fact was de Forest's original goal (a more
sensitive detector) in his experimentation. Also, most of the first Audion tubes
were sold to amateur radio operators (Hams) who, as with many aspects of wireless
communications, developed some of the earliest applications for the newfangled detectors
/ amplifiers. Be sure to note the Coral Reef section about the importance of laying
a good ground for the antenna, and the water-wave propagation lesson learned.
Check out this New York Times newspaper article entitled "Jury
Told of Fraud in Radio Telephone" I found regarding de Forest's wireless
sets sold to the U.S. Navy.
de Forest and the Navy
Lt. Weaver using the de Forest radio telephone aboard the U.
S. flagship Connecticut. Courtesy Gerald F. J. Tyne
By George H. Clark
R. Lee De Forest and the wireless companies bearing his name have been associated
with the United States Navy's wireless communication system since its early days,
and in the opinion of the writer have had more direct and indirect influence on
the development of the Navy's wireless than has any other person or company up to
the beginning of the recent war.
One honor is not his, however-that of first introducing the U. S. Navy to wireless
communication. That is reserved for Guglielmo Marconi, who came to the United States
in the fall of 1899 to report the International Yacht Races by wireless. The Navy
Department appointed several officers to observe and report on this work, and the
first wireless message in the Navy's history was sent by Lieutenant Blish, U.S.N.,
on September 30, 1899, from the Marconi-equipped observation vessel, the S.S. Ponce,
via the Lighthouse Service Station at the Highlands of Navesink, N. J., first U.S.
Four years later,- however, de Forest came into the picture, submitting to the
Navy one of his sets for competitive test against those of Slaby-Arco, Braun, Rochefort,
and Ducretet. The Slaby-Arco set worked 70 miles from shore to ship, de Forest's
only 42; the others made no record worth mentioning. On the basis of distance attained,
the contract went to the German concern.
De Forest Equipment Better
As a matter of fact, de Forest's set was in some ways far superior to that of
the Germans, although this was not recognized by the Navy authorities at the time.
Two of the features which he submitted were later adopted as standard: (1) the use
of alternating current as a power source instead of the interrupted direct current
used by Slaby; and (2) the use of a self-restoring detector with telephonic indicator,
as opposed to the Slaby coherer. The Navy considered the use of the coherer, with
its tape register, essential for the relatively untrained Naval operators , of that
time. The message could be read off slowly from the tape at any time after its receipt
if the operator were not sufficiently trained to copy . it directly from the buzzing
sound of the decoherer, Also - an important factor in those days when operators
were few - a bell could be switched into the circuit instead of the recorder, to
call the operator if he were away from the set or if messages came in during his
The advantages of the alternator which became painfully obvious after Navy men
had spent weary hours cleaning the mercury-turbine interrupter of the Slaby system,
were not appreciated (or rather foreseen) in the early experiments.
George H. Clark is one of the earliest of radio pioneers.
He was the first radio-man to be graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(in 1903). Joining the Stone Telegraph and Telephone Co., he remained till 1908,
when he became the Navy's "Sub-inspector of Wireless Telegraph Stations." He remained
with the Navy till after World War I, when he joined the Marconi Wireless Telegraph
Co., .remaining with it and its successor, RCA, till his retirement from active
work in 1946. From the time he started with the Navy, Clark's work led him to value
the importance of the written record. First setting up specifications for apparatus,
then installing a system of type numbers for equipment, he was drawn more and more
toward "a bookish career" till he became the official historian of RCA and the semi-official
historian of radio in the United States. His collection of records amounted to more
than one hundred volumes when he left the Navy, and has been supplemented since
then by purchase and gift. Therefore his article is based on something considerably
more solid than recollection, and as such, has more than usual authority.
One of the early tests of de Forest sets was held between the Naval Academy at
Annapolis and the Washington Navy Yard, and during the work the Secretary of the
Navy visited the former site on an official inspection. The Secretary suffered a
slight accident at the time - some sources say he tripped over a wire, another that
the horses drawing his carriage ran away; but at any rate the de Forest operator,
Harry Mac Horton, sent a little story on the event to de Forest in Washington. The
latter, even then publicity-conscious, rushed up the narrow street to, the Navy
Yard gate, and telephoned the news to the Navy Department, whence it was sent to
the local newspapers. Thus the "first press story" by wireless was in the Navy's
realm, using de Forest apparatus. Nor was it the last!
The Slaby system soon became antiquated, and in time American manufacturers were
given orders for sets. Thus such well-known inventors as Fessenden, John Stone Stone,
and (by no means least) de Forest began equipping Navy ships and stations. Courtesy
Gerald F. J. Tyne As early as 1906, there were 12 de Forest spark sets in use by
the Navy. Three of these, the 25-kw shore stations installed in the Caribbean and
at Puerto Rico, made spectacular records, the last-named being able to communicate
directly with the de Forest commercial station at Manhattan Beach, N. Y., a distance
of 1,600 miles. This was of course (as we used to say in those days) "at night,
in the winter time," but it was a record nevertheless. The U.S.S. West Virginia,
equipped with a de Forest set, while en route to the Canal Zone with President Theodore
Roosevelt on board carried on wireless communication with ships off Key West, about
1,050 miles away. These were remarkable feats for the time and the apparatus. Nor
were these isolated cases; they were repeated many times.
Much of the success of the de Forest spark transmitters was due to three things:
his appreciation of good grounding (at Key West his ground plate was deeply laid,
in water, but the water happened to be a man-made lake, with coral between it and
the ocean; not until a hole was broken through to the latter did the station begin
its record-breaking work); his use of a very large primary condenser and a short
spark, thus lessening the resistance of the latter and making for more sustained
oscillations; the fairly loose coupling obtained, due to the large primary condenser,
between primary and secondary circuits, even with a direct-coupled, set. In addition,
the large condenser gave him multiple discharges and hence a spark note more easily
readable over static and over the lower tones of sets such as those of Slaby.
This was the peak of de Forest's success with spark sets. He soon was surpassed
in technical ways by Stone's loose-coupled sets, with strictly uniwave transmission,
and by the giant Fessenden set installed at the Navy's first high-power station,
NAA, at Arlington, Va., with its 500-cycle supply and a rotary synchronous gap.
Navy Vacuum-Tube Equipment
De Forest, however, was merely biding his time to go forward to greater successes
by a different means. His first crude experiments with a vacuum tube, first as a
detector, then as an amplifier, and finally as an oscillator, in time lifted radio
to a new era, and his little nickel grid proved to be the electrical level which
would move the radio world. There was a gap between the spark era, with its use
of trains of waves, and the later vacuum-tube era, this gap being filled for, a
time by the continuous-wave Poulsen arc system, as developed by the Federal Telegraph
Company. Even this intermediate method owed much of its success to de Forest adjuncts.
In time, also, the arc passed out of the picture, and the vacuum tube reigned supreme
in all fields of radio. Leaving out all matters of controversy, broadly speaking
it was de Forest's invention of vacuum-tube control by means of a grid that caused
the vacuum tube to become the universal tool for radio in transmitting, receiving,
De Forest's first contact with the Navy along these lines was before he had brought
forward the grid, however. He made his first Government sale of vacuum tubes in
1906, to the United States Navy, in the form of a complete receiving set fitted
with audion detectors, with candelabra base. These were, however, of the two-element
type, with plate and filament only. These, as well as the, three-element forms which
soon followed, bore the name "audion," however.
In 1907 he came closer to the final goal, in that he introduced wireless telephony
to the Navy, and with it the three-element audion. In November of that year the
famous voyage of "Fighting Bob" Evans' fleet around the world took place. De Forest
interested the Navy in having a wireless telephone installed on the bridge of the
principal vessels in the squadron, so that officer could speak with officer without
an operator-intermediary. This idea, which was technically and strategically correct,
failed, for several reasons. First, the standard wireless telegraph set and the
new telephone could not operate simultaneously, duplex-diplex operation not having
been provided nor indeed thought of. Second, the "new-fangled" installation required
a technical man to keep it in operation, and in those days such men were operators,
not officers. Other difficulties were present, as might be expected in a pioneer
installation, so that the idea did not work as well as its deviser had hoped, yet
many good results were obtained with it. One of these was the "broadcasting" of
phonograph records by then Chief Electrician H. J. Meneratti from the U.S.S. Ohio
to her sister ships, during many nights of the world voyage. This story alone is
most interesting, but space does not permit further description.
de Forest "Singer Type" tube used by Navy. Courtesy Gerald
F. J. Tyne
The Type H was a 150-watt transmitting tube.
Not long after this world cruise, de Forest presented the audion to the Navy's
attention for use as a detector, and little by little it became more desired; sales
became more frequent. An official accounting made for later court proceedings lists
a sale of 1,000 single plate and grid audions at $2.50 each, sold on contract dated
January 12, 1914; 500 oxide filament tubes, at $12.50, on October 5, 1916; 1,000
ultraudion and amplifying tubes, double plate and grid, at $4.00, on September 25,
1917. These were not the first, nor the last, nor the total of the sales, but are
mentioned to give a general idea of usage and price.
There was, unfortunately, one bone of contention between "Doc" - as de Forest
is called lovingly by his friends-and the Government from the beginning; he contended
that "a little gas in the tube was a good thing," whereas the Navy said it was not.
Both were right! De Forest was in some ways an amateur at heart, and sold his first
tubes to amateurs. These eager lads wanted the greatest sensitiveness possible,
and were perfectly willing to juggle filament current and plate voltage to obtain
it. That such tube conditions did not make for stability bothered them not at all
But it did bother the Navy; each tube had to have the same constants as its mate,
so that if a tube burned out during reception of an important message a second could
be switched in and used immediately without readjustment. The controversy ended
with the Navy specifying such a standard tube, which de Forest either could not
or would not make, and so he lost what might have been a very profitable business
during World War I. It was appreciated by those in charge that Dr. de Forest had
brought audions into the world and to the Navy Department, and that it would have
been only right to reward him in the form of orders; but Navy efficiency of course
All of the foregoing refers to the use of the audion as a detector for reception
of spark signals. Next in line was de Forest's offer of the audion as an amplifier,
destined to become an indispensable element in radio operation. For years previous,
various forms of amplifiers, all of the. carbon-microphone type, had been tested
by the Navy. Not one had proved worth adopting. On November 25, 1912, all this was
changed. On this date de Forest sent to the Navy for test a "breadboard" model of
a three-stage audion amplifier, the result of his experimentation at the laboratory
of the Federal Telegraph Company, Palo Alto, Calif. This was brought to the Arlington
station, NAA, by Charles Logwood, Dr. de Forest's assistant, and others. Chiefs
W. A. Eaton and J. W. Scanlon, and the author, tested it for distance, and also
for degree of amplification. Stations hitherto unheard at NAA, especially some on
the West Coast, came in readably, even in the daytime. Technical measurement s showed
an amplification of 4 for the first stage (in terms of "audibility") and a value
of 10 for two stages. The third stage "squealed" so that it could not be used. This
model, although crude, showed so much promise that de Forest was encouraged to develop
it into practical form, and during the ensuing years many purchases were made. In
December, 1913, the Radio Telegraph and Telephone Company, one of de Forest's companies,
quoted $475 for an amplifier, and that same month a requisition was made by the
Navy for ten amplifiers with four relays and bells and two loud-speaking horns.
(The relays were of the Weston galvanometer type, and the bells showed that de Forest
had at last caught up with Slaby's coherer and bell of 1903!)
The third development of de Forest which came into later major adoption by the
U. S. Navy was his oscillating audion, particularly when associated with a receiver
and used for heterodyne reception. The history of this is indeed involved.
The Navy first became interested in heterodyne reception during 1912, when the
100-kw Fessenden spark set at Arlington and a 30-kw Poulsen arc temporarily installed
at the same station by C. F. Elwell were being given a long-distance test by reception
on the U.S.S. Salem. The spark set, of course, developed discontinuous waves; the
arc was a continuous-wave generator. The Fessenden company installed on the ship
the first heterodyne receiving system known to the Navy. It was used to compare
the distant spark and arc sets.
The Oscillating Detector
Two of the early pre-grid de Forest audions, each with two plates
and filament. Courtesy Clark Historical: Library
Two type 20's and one VT-21, a tube used by the Government during
the first World War. Courtesy Gerald F. J. Tyne
Up to that time the arc had been copied by means of a rotary ticker, a fine wire
pressing on a rotating drum. Such signals were rustling, "shushy." Spark signals,
however, when received on an electrolytic or crystal detector, gave a clear, musical
sound, especially when the sending station was powered by a 500-cycle alternator,
as was the case at NAA. But with the heterodyne method of reception, all was reversed;
the spark signals lost their musical nature, while those from the arc became musical
indeed, and with the added advantage that the note could be varied at will by the
receiving operator to suit his own ear. To this may be added the fact that the heterodyne
signals from the 30-kw arc were heard much farther than any signals from the giant
But all was not perfect, despite these advantages. Heterodyning was performed,
on the Salem, by mixing the incoming signals with continuous waves produced by a
local oscillator. This latter was a small arc, though not so very small, at that!
Moreover, the arc was highly temperamental, and worked only when it wanted to, as
the writer well remembers. With the Navy's insistence on dependability and uninterrupted
communication, such a device was not usable, even though desirable. What, then,
could be substituted for the arc as a generator of c.w.?
As of course everyone knows today, the answer was "an oscillating audion." But,
due to reasons which will not be discussed here, no one had at that time brought
such a device to the Bureau for test. The writer had heard of such a means, through
records shown to him by a company then making tests at Arlington, and he at once
made his own tests. He used home-wound feed-back coils, and even went so far as
to coin a name for these: "tickler coils" - because they "tickled the audion and
made it oscillate." But since no commercial form seemed to be available for
such use, the Navy's work was experimental only.
In April, 1914, the de Forest company wrote to the Navy, stating that it was
about to display a new form of receiver at an exhibition sponsored by the Bureau
of Standards, and asking that a representative of the Navy Department be present.
"This includes the use of the audion as a detector of undamped oscillations," the
letter said. This was enough to cause immediate and thorough inspection, and it
was found that these receivers fitted exactly the Navy's desire for c.w. reception.
It was also said that these receivers "did not include feed-back coils, hence did
not violate existing patents." A number of sets were at once purchased from de Forest,
and these so-called "Ultraudion" receivers - in which, it was learned later, feedback
action did exist, though in a form of capacity coupling - made it possible for the
Navy to make fullest use of its arc transmitters, and in a short time to provide
a world-wide chain of radio communication.
Had some other company brought to the Navy's attention a coil-coupled form of
feedback, the writer can say that as far he was concerned he would certainly have
tested it and recommended its adoption; but no one did. That de Forest, who was
already recognized as the father of the audion and of the amplifier, should now
have brought a third feature of the little tube into play, by using it as an oscillator
and thereby making heterodyne reception practicable, seemed but another logical
development of this versatile inventor.
Audion Transmitting Tubes
But there was yet another offering which he had to make to the U. S. Navy and
to the world. That was the development of the tiny receiving tubes into larger and
larger ones, generators of electric waves which in time became the source of high-frequency
power for all forms of transmitters. De Forest sold sets of this nature to the Government,
particularly for airplane use, but the flood of business arising from the war led
to the advent of many other manufacturers, and de Forest by no means reaped a rich
reward for what was later proven to have been legally his offspring.
Of the later work of de Forest in pioneer broadcasting, of his untiring efforts
along other lines such as motion pictures, television, diathermy, and the like,
this article does not treat. His invention of grid control of the vacuum tube was
the tiny forerunner of a new era of radio communication, replacing other too ponderous
types of continuous-wave production by smaller, more controllable devices, in the
form of small and large vacuum tubes. He was first to produce a successful type
of amplifier, long the goal of inventors. His success in setting up persistent oscillations
by means of the vacuum tube made the heterodyne reception of radio telegraphy possible,
and later these tubes, enlarged, supplied the other end of the chain by becoming
the creative part of the distant transmitters themselves. On the basis of successful
achievement alone, Dr. "Aladdin" de Forest, as he should have been called, deserves
a world's praise in these electronic days, and he in turn undoubtedly will admit
that much of his success in those earlier years was due to the pressure of the needs
of the United States Navy.
The foregoing represents the author's memories of his personal experiences, and
is not intended to refer in any way to the possible viewpoint of any other person
Posted February 26, 2020 | <urn:uuid:1f406631-47db-40c8-b0e4-0df96641cdbd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rfcafe.com/references/radio-craft/de-forest-navy-january-1947-radio-craft.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.970485 | 4,923 | 2.8125 | 3 |
In the latest conflict between Obama and his military commanders, the senior US general in Afghanistan is opposing administration plans for troop withdrawals from the US-occupied country.
General John Allen has given briefings to US Congressional delegations visiting Afghanistan in which he and other officers opposed administration proposals for a continuing drawdown of US troops, up to the formal transfer of security operations to Afghan forces at the end of 2014.
Obama put forward his withdrawal plan last June, announcing that the 33,000 US troops that he had ordered into Afghanistan—as part of a military “surge” aimed at quashing growing resistance to the US-led occupation—would leave the country by next summer. Some 10,000 soldiers and Marines are supposed to be out of Afghanistan by the end of this year, and another 23,000 by the summer of 2012.
In announcing the plan, Obama insisted that the US forces would continue leaving Afghanistan at a “steady pace” between 2012 and 2014, with US-trained Afghan puppet forces taking over operations now conducted by American units.
It is this second phase—the gradual withdrawal of the 68,000 US troops that will remain in Afghanistan after the “surge” force leaves—that has provoked opposition in the military brass. Allen and other commanders insist that the 68,000-strong force remain intact until 2014, when the Afghan National Army and police will supposedly be ready to take over the decade-old war.
According to the Wall Street Journal, this position is supported by an “internal assessment” by NATO’s International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which Allen leads. Citing unnamed officials, the Journal reported that the assessment “warns that cutting US troop levels below 68,000 would make it harder to clear and hold insurgent havens, and would complicate efforts to protect supply lines and bases ahead of the scheduled 2014 handover.”
The US military is preparing for another major offensive in eastern Afghanistan, drawing forces from the southern provinces of Helmand and Kandahar to areas along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border, which have been a focus of resistance. Plans for this new escalation reportedly include stepped-up drone attacks and even cross-border raids into Pakistan by US Special Operations forces.
Allen was tapped by Obama to command US and NATO forces in Afghanistan when his predecessor, Gen. David Petraeus, was named by the White House as CIA director. He is only the latest top military commander to publicly oppose Obama’s decisions.
Gen. Stanley McChrystal was replaced by General Petraeus in 2010 as senior Afghan commander following the appearance of a magazine article quoting him and senior members of his staff making contemptuous remarks relating to President Barack Obama and other senior administration officials. In a speech delivered in London the previous year, he had all but demanded publicly that the Obama administration accept his proposal for a larger “surge”. He also used the speech to deride Vice President Joe Biden’s calls for a “counter-terrorism” strategy that would have cut troop deployments and relied more on drone missile strikes and special forces operations to assassinate opponents of the US-led occupation.
More recently, the outgoing head of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Adm. Mike Mullen, publicly stated his reservations about Obama’s withdrawal plan, saying the White House plans were “more aggressive and incur more risk than I was originally prepared to accept.”
The controversy has a directly political component, with senior military officers reportedly concerned that Obama will push for a significant drawdown of US troops in the period before the November 2012 election. This would be a desperate attempt to rally support in a large section of the electorate who voted for Obama in 2008, based on illusions that he was an antiwar candidate.
The British daily Telegraph cited a senior official in Kabul: “NATO top brass wanted to keep troop levels constant for at least a year, but predicted that Mr. Obama would seek to promise a further withdrawal before November’s US elections.”
According to the Wall Street Journal report, “Some officials in Washington are critical of what they sometimes see as commanders circumventing decision makers back home.” However, the Journal also predicted, with ample justification, that Obama would likely “be wary of a public scrape with top military commanders, which could fuel unified Republican attacks.”
A preview of the kind of press campaign which would be waged against Obama if he overrules his Afghan commander was provided by Frederick Kagan. A leading figure in the right-wing American Enterprise Institute think tank, Kagan advised General Petraeus during the 2007 “surge” in Iraq.
In an article titled “The President & the generals” in the right-wing journal The Weekly Standard, Kagan writes: “The situation has become very dangerous for an administration that has overruled its commanders dramatically and frequently and is reportedly considering doing so again by announcing accelerations of the withdrawal of American forces from Afghanistan beyond what military commanders have recommended.”
Arguing that senior US military officers should have wide autonomy once they are assigned to their command, Kagan continues: “if a president finds himself repeatedly overruling or rejecting the advice of commanders he himself has selected, his own judgment must start to come into question.”
As the US military has been granted unprecedented powers to wage a never-ending and global “war on terrorism,” and the officer corps has become more politicized, it seems likely this conflict over the Afghan war will intensify in the run-up to the elections.
This conflict is unfolding as Washington attempts to negotiate a “strategic partnership” agreement with President Hamid Karzai in Kabul. Such a pact would involve tens of thousands of US troops remaining in Afghanistan after NATO’s 2014 deadline for the withdrawal of “combat forces.” These troops would be rebranded as “trainers” and “advisers,” while continuing to fight. US imperialism is determined to keep permanent bases in Afghanistan, to have a beachhead in strategic, energy-rich Central Asia and a potential launching pad for wars against Iran or China.
In this context, the sectarian bombing attacks that killed at least 60 Shi’ite Muslims—including women and children—and wounded over 100 during religious processions in Kabul and Mazar-i-Sharif Tuesday assume a particularly sinister character.
While the US occupation command tried to blame the killings on the Taliban—with General Allen publicly demanding that Taliban leader Mullah Omar condemn the atrocity—the Taliban denied any involvement, promptly denouncing the bombings.
A statement by Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid read: “We strongly condemn this wild and inhuman act by our enemies, who are trying to blame us and trying to divide Afghans by doing such attacks on Muslims.” It blamed the massacres on the “invading enemy,” suggesting that US-led forces had orchestrated them to create a pretext to continue occupying the country.
Indeed, the Taliban has nothing to gain from such sectarian provocations. While in power in the 1990s, it repressed the Shia population, but in recent years it has presented itself as an Afghan nationalist force. It increasingly organizes resistance to the US-led occupation among populations outside of its strongholds in ethnic-Pashtun areas of southern and eastern Afghanistan.
Meanwhile, a Pakistani Islamist group, Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, claimed responsibility for the mass killing in a call to Radio Free Europe. The group has a history of massacring Shi’a Muslims in Pakistan, but this would be the first time that it carried out an attack in Afghanistan. There are doubts that it could have mounted coordinated operations in separate Afghan cities without help from forces in the country.
From the standpoint of who benefits from these killings, there is cause to question whether the US or sections of Afghan ruling circles favorable to a continued US occupation had a hand in the attacks. Just as sectarian violence in Iraq, prepared by violence unleashed by the US military, provided a pretext for the “surge” in that country, similar conflicts could be used to bolster arguments in favor of keeping large numbers of US troops in Afghanistan.
At the same time, blaming the attacks on Islamist extremists tied to Pakistani military intelligence puts additional pressure on Islamabad. This would be welcome in Washington, as the November 26 US raid that killed two dozen Pakistani soldiers and the resulting boycott by Pakistan of the Bonn conference on Afghanistan, have provoked unprecedented US-Pakistani tensions.
In an Asia Times Online article, former Indian diplomat M.K. Bhadrakumar concludes that “US interests are, paradoxically, very well served in the current scenario if sectarian tensions escalate in Afghanistan and Western troops become the only credible provider of security.” He added that “any number of forces could be interested in indirectly buttressing the US’s regional strategies.”
It is worth recalling that after arresting CIA employee Raymond Davis for gunning down two Pakistani youth in Lahore last January, Pakistani police reviewed the call records of Davis’s cellphone, establishing that he had been in contact with elements within Lashkar-e-Jhangvi, the group that claimed credit for the massacre of Shi’a Muslims in Afghanistan. | <urn:uuid:6a81af20-b94c-4556-baad-68cc00b30301> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/12/afgh-d08.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.965622 | 1,906 | 1.703125 | 2 |
The overwhelming majority of proteins and other functional molecules in our bodies display a striking molecular characteristic: They can exist in two distinct forms that are mirror images of each other, like your right hand and left hand 다운로드. Surprisingly, each of our bodies prefers only one of these molecular forms.
This mirror-image phenomenon — known as chirality or “handedness” — has captured the imagination of a UCLA research group led by Thomas G 위메프 앱 다운로드. Mason, a professor of chemistry and physics and a member of the California NanoSystems Institute at UCLA.
“Objects like our hands are chiral, while objects like regular triangles are achiral, meaning they don’t have a handedness to them,” said Mason, the senior author of the study 다운로드.
Why many of the important functional molecules in our bodies almost always occur in just one chiral form when they could potentially exist in either is a mystery that has confounded researchers for years 영화 클린 다운로드.
Learn more about chirality – UCLA Newsroom
Harnessing the power of supercomputers and their million hours of processing power has allowed some very intriguing physics calculations to take place 영화 모아나 다운로드. One of them is the study of matter in the universe on a subatomic level.
The question, how did we arrive at a universe composed almost exclusively of matter with virtually no antimatter download link 다운로드?
The calculation took 54 million processor hours on the IBM BlueGene/P supercomputer at the Argonne National Laboratory in the U.S.
The new research, reported in the March 30 issue of Physical Review Letters, represents an important milestone in understanding kaon decays — which are a fundamental process in physics 솔리드웍스 뷰어 다운로드. It is also inspiring the development of a new generation of supercomputers that will allow the next step in this research.
“It has taken several decades of theoretical developments and the arrival of very powerful supercomputers to enable physicists to control the interactions of the quarks and gluons, the constituents of the elementary particles, with sufficient precision to explore the limits of the standard model and to test new theories,” says Chris Sachrajda, Professor of Physics at the University of Southampton, one of the members of the research team publishing the new findings ftk imager.
The process by which a kaon decays into two lighter particles known as pions was explored in a 1964 Nobel Prize-winning experiment. This revealed the first experimental evidence of a phenomenon known as charge-parity (CP) violation — a lack of symmetry between particles and their corresponding antiparticles that may explain why the Universe is made of matter, and not antimatter 박효신 야생화.
via Science Daily – continue reading about the next generation of supercomputers, 10-20 times more powerful… | <urn:uuid:410733aa-f536-4bfc-8800-3f6ff541a708> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://1x57.com/tag/phenomenon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938337 | 720 | 3.671875 | 4 |
While many of us may have thought about installing a home sprinkler system, there are some common misconceptions that make the prospect seem undesirable. Let’s examine the data and find out what is true and what is not.
Fire extinguishers are an important part of any fire suppression arsenal, so we thought we would go over a little about their history, classifications, and how you and/or your company can use these tools in safe guarding yourself and others from fire threats.
The 4th of July is a day of celebration, commemorating U.S. Independence from England. It’s a time for reflection about the things that make us proud of the red, white, and blue. Fireworks, at least in Pennsylvania, are always part of the festivities, but if not handled with care, accidents can happen. Taking safety precautions to avoid injuries helps to ensure everyone has a safe holiday.
Fall Protection Stand-down Week sponsored by OSHA gives us an important reminder to implement fall protection standards every day.
In this podcast, Kassie Koser, our Safety Director, discusses how COVID-19 has affected our work at Wm. T. Spaeder, talking about specific precautions we implemented to ensure the safety of both ourselves and our customers.
Early June is Heat Stress Focus Week at Wm. T. Spaeder. In this article, we discuss some of the issues we encounter when dealing with warmer weather and how being cognizant of these issues and taking the necessary precautions can protect us from needless incidences.
If you own or manage a business property, it is vital to educate yourself on what Legionella is, how to test for it, and the best ways to control it. Wm. T. Spaeder’s Water Treatment department is equipped to help you take the proper steps to ensure your water systems are properly maintained and Legionella free.
Although silica has been generated for years in construction and through that time has always been dangerous, only recently have studies been able to confirm that exposure to respirable silica is having effects on our workforce.
As this month’s safety stand-down dealt with confined spaces, we thought we would discuss a little more in depth about confined spaces and what working in them entails. Confined spaces can be found in a variety of industries, during many applications and they can even be created inadvertently during demolition activities if proper pre-planning isn’t performed. Learn what you can do to work safety in these types of environments.
For the Wm. T. Spaeder, technology is a means of our present and our future. We pride ourselves in utilizing cutting edge technologies to develop and create complex, yet, seamless projects for our customers. This technology assists us in project layout, fabrication & pre-fabrication and, in turn, meeting our project budgets.
Every year the National Safety Council puts on a Congress and Expo for safety and related professions to attend and enhance their efforts in their current job roles. For anyone who works in safety, like any job, there are many pros and cons. For many of us, one of the biggest positives about being a safety professional is that it enables us to influence many lives and aspects of the business.
In the U.S., more than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. One of the most dangerous types of construction work is trenching.
After adding more than 50,000 jobs in January alone, the construction industry shows no signs of slowing down. As more people join the workforce, our commitment to worker safety is even more important. Although falls from heights decreased from 2016 to 2017 according to BLS data, falls are still the leading cause of death in the construction industry – they can and should be prevented. | <urn:uuid:58249251-d578-4fbf-a6cf-b347f8ad7a87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wmtspaeder.com/safety-articles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.950337 | 772 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Besides, the revival of demand in rural parts of the county would also have an impact on the overall growth of the industry in the current fiscal.
The ruling Communist Party is enforcing a "zero tolerance" strategy aimed at isolating every infected person.
China’s financial capital and largest city with 26 million people, Shanghai had managed its smaller, past outbreaks with limited lockdowns.
Since the beginning of this year, the epidemic situation in China's neighbouring countries and regions has been increasingly volatile.
China reported another 397 cases of local transmission nationwide on Friday, 98 of them in Jilin province that surrounds Changchun.
Around 1.2 million people in Xiong'an New Area -- a new economic zone 100 kilometres southwest of Beijing -- are no longer allowed to enter or leave their residential compounds.
The lockdowns are part of China's "zero tolerance" measures to fight the pandemic that have been ratcheted-up ahead of the Games.
Officials in Beijing said they would conduct a second round of mass testing of the Fengtai district's 2 million residents.
Xi'an has been a cornerstone of the ruling Communist Party's "zero tolerance" strategy toward COVID-19 that mandates lockdowns, travel restrictions and mass testing whenever a case is discovered.
Citizens are being told only to travel if absolutely necessary, with no guarantee they will be permitted to return if found to have visited a city or region where an outbreak occurred.
Anyang, a city of 5.5 million population in the country's central Henan province, has upgraded its epidemic control measures.
It wasn’t clear how long the lockdown of Anyang, home to 5.5 million people, would last. Mass testing was being enforced, standard procedure whenever outbreaks pop up around the country.
Fears grew about a cluster of infections in the northern city of Tianjin, which was linked to two Omicron cases reported on Monday in the city of Anyang around 400 kilometres away.
The city had already suspended domestic flights and has been in a lockdown since early December. The foreign flight suspension was enforced starting Wednesday.
People are being told to travel in and out of Beijing only if they absolutely need to and hotels have largely stopped taking new reservations.
Of the new local cases of coronavirus, 157 were reported in Shaanxi and one in Guangxi provinces, besides 48 imported cases, the National Health Commission (NHC) said.
State media reported that city officials ordered all residents to stay home unless they had a pressing reason to go out and suspended all transport to and from the city apart from special cases.
The restrictions came as China reported 29 new domestic infections -- including six cases in Lanzhou, the provincial capital of northwestern province Gansu. | <urn:uuid:9aab51a5-04d9-453f-b13d-95616610ce0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newindianexpress.com/topic/China_lockdown | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.958025 | 569 | 1.757813 | 2 |
We have recently completed a set of educational downloads for the StarDisc Trust all about space and the universe.
There are facts, puzzles, games and activities for visitors onsite at Wirksworth StarDisc and to try out at home or school.
Creating this suite of 16 downloads for StarDisc has been a real learning journey. I’ve learned more about space than ever before and been amazed by the scale of it all – picture after picture, humungous fact after inordinate distance, outsize time by limitless space. The night sky has new meaning for me now, as StarDisc trustees hope it will for visitors. And the illustrator’s had fun too.
Check out the StarDisc downloads at https://www.stardisc.org/families–schools.html | <urn:uuid:9bb89d21-9d00-4c08-8c3f-ed919d352520> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inheritage.co.uk/2018/05/11/watch-out-aliens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.946228 | 165 | 2.375 | 2 |
Patrick C. Toomey writes:
Every time you email someone overseas, the NSA copies and searches your message. It makes no difference if you or the person you’re communicating with has done anything wrong. If the NSA believes your message could contain information relating to the foreign affairs of the United States – because of whom you’re talking to, or whom you’re talking about – it may hold on to it for as long as three years and sometimes much longer.
A new ACLU lawsuit filed today challenges this dragnet spying, called “upstream” surveillance, on behalf of Wikimedia and a broad coalition of educational, human rights, legal, and media organizations whose work depends on the privacy of their communications. The plaintiffs include Amnesty International USA, the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, and The Nation magazine, and many other organizations whose work is critical to the functioning of our democracy.
Read more on ACLU. | <urn:uuid:1ca30922-9fe6-42b8-9b2b-7ee425bdda28> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pogowasright.org/aclu-the-nsa-has-taken-over-the-internet-backbone-were-suing-to-get-it-back/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921001 | 191 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Awesome Uniform Circular Motion Worksheet – If you want, you can transfer a quantity of worksheets directly. Just maintain down the Ctrl key, and choose all the worksheets you wish to move or copy. [newline]Right-click the selection, after which choose Move or Copy. As your workbook grows, you’ll often want higher ways to handle the collection of worksheets you’ve accrued. For instance, you may need to briefly cover numerous worksheets, or transfer a much less essential batch of worksheets from the entrance of the worksheet tab holder to the tip . And if a workbook’s got means too many worksheets, you would possibly even want to relocate a quantity of worksheets to a brand new workbook. When you drag a worksheet tab, a tiny page seems beneath the arrow cursor.
The basic worksheet contains 4 to six pairs of columns. By definition, a worksheet is limited to at least one or two pages (that is a single “sheet”, front and back). In English instructing, a worksheet usually concentrates on one particular space of learning and is commonly used to practise a specific topic that has lately been realized or introduced.
It is ready after unadjusted trial steadiness is extracted from the ledgers’ balances. Major purpose of the worksheet is to incorporate changes to the closed accounts in a structured manner following a certain format. Worksheets are prepared in conditions the place adjustments are in large number and it helps in decreasing accounting and arithmetic errors in finalizing accounts. A spreadsheet or worksheet is a file made from rows and columns that help kind, arrange, and organize information effectively, and calculate numerical information.
If the primary match isn’t what you’re on the lookout for, you can keep wanting by clicking Find Next again to move to the subsequent match. Keep clicking Find Next to maneuver through the worksheet. When you attain the end, Excel resumes the search initially of your worksheet, potentially bringing you again to a match you’ve already seen. When you’re completed with the search, click on Close to eliminate the “Find and Replace” window. To help frequent searches, Excel lets you maintain the Find and Replace window hanging round . You can proceed to maneuver from cell to cell and edit your worksheet knowledge even whereas the “Find and Replace” window remains visible.
A worksheet is a set of cells where you retain and manipulate the info. Each Excel workbook can include multiple worksheets. Writing all ledger balances – adjusted and unadjusted in adjusted trial stability totals of debit and credit are ascertained to prove the arithmetical accuracy of the ledger accounts. For getting ready an accounting worksheet one must comply with eight Simple Steps to verify accounting info accuracy earlier than preparation of economic statements. Audit worksheet is used for making ready financial statements and lists for numerous makes use of of enterprise considerations.
However, this does not imply that an accounting worksheet can solely be used to prepare financial statements. The fill deal with is the small daring square within the backside proper corner of a cell that can be used to copy data to adjoining cells in the identical row or column. When you hover over the fill deal with box, the mouse pointer will change to a black plus signal.
Free Uniform Circular Motion Worksheet
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Excel inserts the new worksheet simply before the first sheet. Because the “Create a copy” checkbox isn’t turned on, Excel removes the worksheet from the supply workbook when it completes the transfer. When you select Move or Copy, the “Move or Copy” dialog field seems (as shown in Figure 4-10). Cut and paste operations work the identical means as entering or modifying grouped cells.
Having a worksheet template simply accessible might help with furthering learning at residence. In order to access a worksheet, click the tab that says Sheet#. In a spreadsheet, the row is the horizontal house that’s going across the spreadsheet. The highlighted a half of the following spreadsheet is a row and it is labeled number 5.
Choose Home → Editing → Find & Select → Find, or press Ctrl+F. Make positive that the “Find and Replace” window is exhibiting the superior choices . The search path determines which path Excel follows when it’s looking out. | <urn:uuid:7641087a-4dda-47d8-9e84-b50214039e17> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thazingarden.com/uniform-circular-motion-worksheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.906116 | 1,101 | 1.945313 | 2 |
NASA grant brings space programs into Kenai library's orbit
There isn’t much to see in Alaska’s night sky right now.
But not long from now, the sky will be full of visible stars. And the Kenai Community Library is ready.
“We were able to purchase telescopes and binoculars. So when we get dark again, people can actually go out and they can check out a telescope and they can look at the stars," said Elizabeth Kleweno, program coordinator for the Kenai Community Library.
The library has a grant from NASA that it’s using to promote the new James Webb Telescope. The first images from the telescope were publicized last week and today, the library celebrated the astronomical milestone with a dedicated James Webb Day, including bingo, take-home kits and a space-themed story time.
The two new telescopes are available to library users year round. Kleweno said they're part of a push to engage the community with interactive programming.
“Libraries are really getting into kits and different things that people can take home, so you don’t have to purchase them," she said. "You can check [telescopes] out from the library for 21 days."
The telescopes come in daypacks, along with user manuals and star charts. There’s also a pair of nighttime binoculars available that require less set up.
Kleweno said the Anchorage Public Library was the first in the state to get the grant from NASA. She said they've found the telescopes to be really popular there.
The Kenai library bought the telescopes earlier this spring, as opportunities for night-sky viewing became fewer and further between. And they haven't seen much interest in them, yet.
But Kleweno hopes as the sky becomes darker and there are more opportunities to actually see what’s happening in the night sky — that changes.
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3 essays by AI researcher Douglas Hofstadter exploring cooperation/game theory/‘superrationality’ in the context of the failure of political coordination to prevent global nuclear war
The following 3 essays were prepared from pages 737–780 of an ebook of Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern (1985) by Douglas Hofstadter, an anthology of articles & essays primarily published in Scientific American “between January 1981 and July 1983”. (I omit one entry in “Sanity and Survival”, the essay “The Tumult of Inner Voices, or, What is the Meaning of the Word ‘I’?”, which is unconnected to the other entries on cooperation/decision theory/nuclear war.) All hyperlinks are my insertion.
They are interesting for introducing the idea of ‘superrationality’ in game theory, an attempt to devise a decision theory/algorithm for agents which can reach global utility maxima on problems like the prisoner’s dilemma even in the absence of coercion or communication which has partially inspired later decision theories like UDT or TDT, linking decision theory to cooperation (eg. 2017) & existential risks (specifically, nuclear warfare), and one networking project.
Note: to hide apparatus like the links, you can use reader-mode ().
by Douglas Hofstadter
In the four chapters of this concluding section, themes of the previous section are carried further and brought into contact with common social dilemmas and, eventually, the current world situation. On a small scale, we are constantly faced with dilemmas like the Prisoner’s Dilemma, where personal greed conflicts with social gain. For any two persons, the dilemma is virtually identical. What would be sane behavior in such situations? For true sanity, the key element is that each individual must be able to recognize both that the dilemma is symmetric and that the other individuals facing it are equally able. Such individuals—individuals who will cooperate with one another despite all temptations toward crude egoism—are more than just rational; they are superrational, or for short, sane. But there are dilemmas and “egos” on a suprahuman level as well. We live in a world filled with opposing belief systems so similar as to be nearly interchangeable, yet whose adherents are blind to that symmetry. This description applies not only to myriad small, conflicts in the world but also to the colossally blockheaded opposition of the United States and the Soviet Union. Yet the recognition of symmetry—in short, the sanity—has not yet come. In fact, the insanity seems only to grow, rather than be supplanted by sanity. What has an intelligent species like our own done to get itself into this horrible dilemma? What can it do to get itself out? Are we all helpless as we watch this spectacle unfold, or does the answer lie, for each one of us, in recognition of our own typicality, and in small steps taken on an individual level toward sanity?
And then one fine day, out of the blue, you get a letter from S.N. Platonia, well-known Oklahoma oil trillionaire, mentioning that twenty leading rational thinkers have been selected to participate in a little game. “You are one of them!” it says. “Each of you has a chance at winning one billion dollars, put up by the Platonia Institute for the Study of Human Irrationality. Here’s how. If you wish, you may send a telegram with just your name on it to the Platonia Institute in downtown Frogville, Oklahoma (pop. 2). You may reverse the charges. If you reply within 48 hours, the billion is yours—unless there are two or more replies, in which case the prize is awarded to no one. And if no one replies, nothing will be awarded to anyone.”
You have no way of knowing who the other nineteen participants are; indeed, in its letter, the Platonia Institute states that the entire offer will be rescinded if it is detected that any attempt whatsoever has been made by any participant to discover the identity of, or to establish contact with, any other participant. Moreover, it is a condition that the winner (if there is one) must agree in writing not to share the prize money with any other participant at any time in the future. This is to squelch any thoughts of cooperation, either before or after the prize is given out.
The brutal fact is that no one will know what anyone else is doing. Clearly, everyone will want that billion. Clearly, everyone will realize that if their name is not submitted, they have no chance at all. Does this mean that twenty telegrams will arrive in Frogville, showing that even possessing transcendent levels of rationality—as you of course do—is of no help in such an excruciating situation?
This is the “Platonia Dilemma”, a little scenario I thought up recently in trying to get a better handle on the Prisoner’s Dilemma, of which I wrote
last month. The Prisoner’s Dilemma can be formulated in terms resembling this dilemma, as follows. Imagine that you receive a letter from the Platonia Institute telling you that you and just one other anonymous leading rational thinker have been selected for a modest cash giveaway. As before, both of you are requested to reply by telegram within 48 hours to the Platonia Institute, charges reversed. Your telegram is to contain, aside from your name, just the word “cooperate” or the word “defect”. If two “cooperate”s are received, both of you will get $3. If two “defect”s are received, you both will get $1. If one of each is received, then the cooperator gets nothing and the defector gets $5.
What choice would you make? It would be nice if you both cooperated, so you’d each get $3, but doesn’t it seem a little unlikely? After all, who wants to get suckered by a nasty, low-down, rotten defector who gets $5 for being sneaky? Certainly not you! So you’d probably decide not to cooperate.
It seems a regrettable but necessary choice. Of course, both of you, reasoning alike, come to the same conclusion. So you’ll both defect, and that way get a mere dollar apiece. And yet—if you’d just both been willing to risk a bit, you could have gotten $3 apiece. What a pity!
It was my discomfort with this seemingly logical analysis of the “one-round Prisoner’s Dilemma” that led me to formulate the following letter, which I sent out to twenty friends after having cleared it with Scientific American
I am sending this letter out via Special Delivery to twenty of ‘you’ (namely, various friends of mine around the country). I am proposing to all of you an one-round Prisoner’s Dilemma game, the payoffs to be monetary (provided by Scientific American). It’s very simple. Here is how it goes.
Each of you is to give me a single letter: ‘C’ or ‘D’, standing for ‘cooperate’ or ‘defect’. This will be used as your move in a Prisoner’s Dilemma with each of the nineteen other players. The payoff matrix I am using for the Prisoner’s Dilemma is given in the diagram [see Figure 29-1c].
Thus if everyone sends in ‘C’, everyone will get $57, while if everyone sends in ‘D’, everyone will get $19. You can’t lose! And of course, anyone who sends in ‘D’ will get at least as much as everyone else will. If, for example, 11 people send in ‘C’ and 9 send in ‘D’, then the 11 C-ers will get $3 apiece from each of the other C-ers (making $30), and zero from the D-ers. So C-ers will get $30 each. The D-ers, by contrast, will pick up $5 apiece from each of the C-ers, making $55, and $1 from each of the other D-ers, making $8, for a grand total of $63. No matter what the distribution is, D-ers always do better than C-ers. Of course, the more C-ers there are, the better everyone will do!
By the way, I should make it clear that in making your choice, you should not aim to be the winner, but simply to get as much money for yourself as possible. Thus you should be happier to get $30 (say, as a result of saying ‘C’ along with 10 others, even though the 9 D-sayers get more than you) than to get $19 (by
saying ‘D’ along with everybody else, so nobody ‘beats’ you). Furthermore, you are not supposed to think that at some subsequent time you will meet with and be able to share the goods with your co-participants. You are not aiming at maximizing the total number of dollars Scientific American shells out, only at maximizing the number that come to you!
Of course, your hope is to be the unique defector, thus really cleaning up: with 19 C-ers, you’ll get $95 and they’ll each get 18 times $3, namely $54. But why am I doing the multiplication or any of this figuring for you? You’re very bright. So are all of you! All about equally bright, I’d say, in fact. So all you need to do is tell me your choice. I want all answers by telephone (call collect, please) the day you receive this letter.
It is to be understood (it almost goes without saying, but not quite) that you are not to try to get in touch with and consult with others who you guess have been asked to participate. In fact, please consult with no one at all. The purpose is to see what people will do on their own, in isolation. Finally, I would very much appreciate a short statement to go along with your choice, telling me why you made this particular choice.
P. S.—By the way, it may be helpful for you to imagine a related situation, the same as the present one except that you are told that all the other players have already submitted their choice (say, a week ago), and so you are the last. Now what do you do? Do you submit ‘D’, knowing full well that their answers are already committed to paper? Now suppose that, immediately after having submitted your ‘D’ (or your ‘C’) in that circumstance, you are informed that, in fact, the others really haven’t submitted their answers yet, but that they are all doing it today. Would you retract your answer? Or what if you knew (or at least were told) that you were the first person being asked for an answer? And-one last thing to ponder-what would you do if the payoff matrix looked as shown in Figure 30-la ?
FIGURE 30-1. In (a), a modification of Figure 29-1(c). Here, the incentive to defect seems considerably stronger. In (b), the payoff matrix for a [Bob] Wolf’s Dilemma situation involving just two participants. Compare it to that in Figure 29-1(c).
I wish to stress that this situation is not an iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma (discussed in last month’s column). It is an one-shot, multi-person Prisoner’s Dilemma. There is no possibility of learning, over time, anything about how the others are inclined to play. Therefore all lessons described last month are inapplicable here, since they depend on the situation’s being iterated. All that each recipient of my letter could go on was the thought, “There are nineteen people out there, somewhat like me, all in the same boat, all grappling with the same issues as I am.” In other words, there was nothing to rely on except pure reason.
I had much fun preparing this letter, deciding who to send it out to, anticipating the responses, and then receiving them. It was amusing to me, for instance, to send Special Delivery letters to two friends I was seeing every day, without forewarning them. It was also amusing to send identical letters to a wife and husband at the same address.
Before I reveal the results, I invite you to think how you would play in such a contest. I would particularly like you to take seriously the assertion “everyone is very bright”. In fact, let me expand on that idea, since I felt that people perhaps did not really understand what I meant by it. Thus please consider the letter to contain the following clarifying paragraph:
All of you are very rational people. Therefore, I hardly need to tell you that you are to make what you consider to be your maximally rational choice. In particular, feelings of morality, guilt, vague malaise, and so on, are to be disregarded. Reasoning alone (of course including reasoning about the others’ reasoning) should be the basis of your decision. And please always remember that everyone is being told this (including this!)!
I was hoping for—and expecting—a particular outcome to this experiment. As I received the replies by phone over the next several days, I jotted down notes so that I had a record of what impelled various people to choose as they did. The result was not what I had expected—in fact, my friends “faked me out” considerably. We got into heated arguments about the “rational” thing to do, and everyone expressed much interest in the whole question.
I would like to quote to you some of the feelings expressed by my friends caught in this deliciously tricky situation. David Policansky opened his call tersely by saying, “Okay, Hofstadter, give me the $19!” Then he presented this argument for defecting: “What you’re asking us to do, in effect, is to press one of two buttons, knowing nothing except that if we press button D, we’ll get more than if we press button C. Therefore D is better. That is the essence of my argument. I defect.”
Martin Gardner (yes, I asked Martin to participate) vividly expressed the emotional turmoil he and many others went through. “Horrible dilemma”, he said. “I really don’t know what to do about it. If I wanted to maximize”
“my money, I would choose D and expect that others would also; to maximize my satisfactions, I’d choose C, and hope other people would do the same (by the Kantian imperative). I don’t know, though, how one should behave rationally. You get into endless regresses: ‘If they all do X, then I should do Y, but then they’ll anticipate that and do Z, and so . . .’ You get trapped in an endless whirlpool. It’s like Newcomb’s paradox.” So saying, Martin defected, with a sigh of regret.
In a way echoing Martin’s feelings of confusion, Chris Morgan said, “More by intuition than by anything else, I’m coming to the conclusion that there’s no way to deal with the paradoxes inherent in this situation. So I’ve decided to flip a coin, because I can’t anticipate what the others are going to do. I think—but can’t know—that they’re all going to negate each other.” So, while on the phone, Chris flipped a coin and “chose” to cooperate.
Sidney Nagel was very displeased with his conclusion. He expressed great regret: “I actually couldn’t sleep last night because I was thinking about it. I wanted to be a cooperator, but I couldn’t find any way of justifying it. The way I figured it, what I do isn’t going to affect what anybody else does. I might as well consider that everything else is already fixed, in which case the best I can do for myself is to play a D.”
Bob Axelrod, whose work proves the superiority of cooperative strategies in the iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma, saw no reason whatsoever to cooperate in an one-shot game, and defected without any compunctions.
Dorothy Denning was brief: “I figure, if I defect, then I always do at least as well as I would have if I had cooperated. So I defect.” She was one of the people who faked me out. Her husband, Peter, cooperated. I had predicted the reverse.
By now, you have probably been counting. So far, I’ve mentioned five D’s and two C’s. Suppose you had been me, and you’d gotten roughly a third of the calls, and they were 5-2 in favor of defection. Would you dare to extrapolate these statistics to roughly 14-6? How in the world can seven individuals’ choices have anything to do with thirteen other individuals’ choices? As Sidney Nagel said, certainly one choice can’t influence another (unless you believe in some kind of telepathic transmission, a possibility we shall discount here). So what justification might there be for extrapolating these results?
Clearly, any such justification would rely on the idea that people are “like” each other in some sense. It would rely on the idea that in complex and tricky decisions like this, people will resort to a cluster of reasons, images, prejudices, and vague notions, some of which will tend to push them one way, others the other way, but whose overall impact will be to push a certain percentage of people toward one alternative, and another percentage of people toward the other. In advance, you can’t hope to predict what those percentages will be, but given a sample of people in the situation, you can
hope that their decisions will be “typical”. Thus the notion that early returns running 5-2 in favor of defection can be extrapolated to a final result of 14-6 (or so) would be based on assuming that the seven people are acting “typically” for people confronted with these conflicting mental pressures.
The snag is that the mental pressures are not completely explicit; they are evoked by, but not totally spelled out by, the wording of the letter. Each person brings an unique set of images and associations to each word and concept, and it is the set of those images and associations that will collectively create, in that person’s mind, a set of mental pressures like the set of pressures inside the earth in an earthquake zone. When people decide, you find out how all those pressures pushing in different directions add up, like a set of force vectors pushing in various directions and with strengths influenced by private or unmeasurable factors. The assumption that it is valid to extrapolate has to be based on the idea that everybody is alike inside, only with somewhat different weights attached to certain notions.
This way, each person’s decision can be likened to a “geophysics experiment” whose goal is to predict where an earthquake will appear. You set up a model of the earth’s crust and you put in data representing your best understanding of the internal pressures. You know that there unfortunately are large uncertainties in your knowledge, so you just have to choose what seem to be “reasonable” values for various variables. Therefore no single run of your simulation will have strong predictive power, but that’s all right. You run it and you get a fault line telling you where the simulated earth shifts. Then you go back and choose other values in the ranges of those variables, and rerun the whole thing. If you do this repeatedly, eventually a pattern will emerge revealing where and how the earth is likely to shift and where it is rock-solid.
This kind of simulation depends on an essential principle of statistics: the idea that when you let variables take on a few sample random values in their ranges, the overall outcome determined by a cluster of such variables will start to emerge after a few trials and soon will give you an accurate model. You don’t need to run your simulation millions of times to see valid trends emerging.
This is clearly the kind of assumption that TV networks make when they predict national election results on the basis of early returns from a few select towns in the East. Certainly they don’t think that free will is any “freer” in the East than in the West—that whatever the East chooses to do, the West will follow suit. It is just that the cluster of emotional and intellectual pressures on voters is much the same all over the nation. Obviously, no individual can be taken as representing the whole nation, but a well-selected group of residents of the East Coast can be assumed to be representative of the whole nation in terms of how much they are “pushed” by the various pressures of the election, so that their choices are likely to show general trends of the larger electorate.
Suppose it turned out that New Hampshire’s Belknap County and
California’s Modoc County had produced, over many national elections, very similar results. Would it follow that one of the two counties had been exerting some sort of causal influence on the other? Would they have had to be in some sort of eerie cosmic resonance mediated by “sympathetic magic” for this to happen? Certainly not. All it takes is for the electorates of the two counties to be similar; then the pressures that determine how people vote will take over and automatically make the results come out similar. It is no more mysterious than the observation that a Belknap County schoolgirl and a Modoc County schoolboy will get the same answer when asked to divide 507 by 13: the laws of arithmetic are the same the world over, and they operate the same in remote minds without any need for “sympathetic magic”.
This is all elementary common sense; it should be the kind of thing that any well-educated person should understand clearly. And yet emotionally it cannot help but feel a little peculiar since it flies in the face of free will and regards people’s decisions as caused simply by combinations of pressures with unknown values. On the other hand, perhaps that is a better way to look at decisions than to attribute them to “free will”, a philosophically murky notion at best.
This may have seemed like a digression about statistics and the question of individual actions versus group predictability, but as a matter of fact it has plenty to do with the “correct action” to take in the dilemma of my letter. The question we were considering is: To what extent can what a few people do be taken as an indication of what all the people will do? We can sharpen it: To what extent can what one person does be taken as an indication of what all the people will do? The ultimate version of this question, stated in the first person, has a funny twist to it: To what extent does my choice inform me about the choices of the other participants?
You might feel that each person is completely unique and therefore that no one can be relied on as a predictor of how other people will act, especially in an intensely dilemmatic situation. There is more to the story, however. I tried to engineer the situation so that everyone would have the same image of the situation. In the dead center of that image was supposed to be the notion that everyone in the situation was using reasoning alone—including reasoning about the reasoning—to come to an answer.
Now, if reasoning dictates an answer, then everyone should independently come to that answer (just as the Belknap County schoolgirl and the Modoc County schoolboy would independently get 39 as their answer to the division problem). Seeing this fact is itself the critical step in the reasoning toward the correct answer, but unfortunately it eluded nearly everyone to whom I sent the letter. (That is why I came to wish I had included in the letter a paragraph stressing the rationality of the players.) Once you realize
this fact, then it dawns on you that either all rational players will choose D or all rational players will choose C. This is the crux.
Any number of ideal rational thinkers faced with the same situation and undergoing similar throes of reasoning agony will necessarily come up with the identical answer eventually, so long as reasoning alone is the ultimate justification for their conclusion. Otherwise reasoning would be subjective, not objective as arithmetic is. A conclusion reached by reasoning would be a matter of preference, not of necessity. Now some people may believe this of reasoning, but rational thinkers understand that a valid argument must be universally compelling, otherwise it is simply not a valid argument.
If you’ll grant this, then you are 90%of the way. All you need ask now is, “Since we are all going to submit the same letter, which one would be more logical? That is, which world is better for the individual rational thinker: one with all C’s or one with all D’s?” The answer is immediate: “I get $57 if we all cooperate, $19 if we all defect. Clearly I prefer $57, hence cooperating is preferred by this particular rational thinker. Since I am typical, cooperating must be preferred by all rational thinkers. So I’ll cooperate.” Another way of stating it, making it sound weirder, is this: “If I choose C, then everyone will choose C, so I’ll get $57. If I choose D, then everyone will choose D, so I’ll get $19. I’d rather have $57 than $19, so I’ll choose C. Then everyone will, and I’ll get $57.”
To many people, this sounds like a belief in voodoo or sympathetic magic, a vision of a universe permeated by tenuous threads of synchronicity, conveying thoughts from mind to mind like pneumatic tubes carrying messages across Paris, and making people resonate to a secret harmony. Nothing could be further from the truth. This solution depends in no way on telepathy or bizarre forms of causality. It’s just that the statement “I’ll choose C and then everyone will”, though entirely correct, is somewhat misleadingly phrased. It involves the word “choice”, which is incompatible with the compelling quality of logic. Schoolchildren do not choose what 507 divided by 13 is; they figure it out. Analogously, my letter really did not allow choice; it demanded reasoning. Thus, a better way to phrase the “voodoo” statement would be this: “If reasoning guides me to say C, then, as I am no different from anyone else as far as rational thinking is concerned, it will guide everyone to say C.”
The corresponding foray into the opposite world (“If I choose D, then everyone will choose D”) can be understood more clearly by likening it to a musing done by the Belknap County schoolgirl before she divides: “Hmm, I’d guess that 13 into 507 is about 49—maybe 39. I see I’ll have to calculate it out. But I know in advance that if I find out that it’s 49, then sure as shootin’, that Modoc County kid will write down 49 on his paper as well; and if I get 39 as my answer, then so will he.” No secret transmissions are involved; all that is needed is the universality and uniformity of arithmetic.
Likewise, the argument “Whatever I do, so will everyone else do” is simply a statement of faith that reasoning is universal, at least among rational thinkers, not an endorsement of any mystical kind of causality.
This analysis shows why you should cooperate even when the opaque envelopes containing the other players’ answers are right there on the table in front of you. Faced so concretely with this unalterable set of C’s and D’s, you might think, “Whatever they have done, I am better off playing D than playing C—for certainly what I now choose can have no retroactive effect on .what they chose. So I defect.” Such a thought, however, assumes that the logic that now drives you to playing D has no connection or relation to the logic that earlier drove them to their decisions. But if you accept what was stated in the letter, then you must conclude that the decision you now make will be mirrored by the plays in the envelopes before you. If logic now coerces you to play D, it has already coerced the others to do the same, and for the same reasons; and conversely, if logic coerces you to play C, it has also already coerced the others to do that.
Imagine a pile of envelopes on your desk, all containing other people’s answers to the arithmetic problem, “What is 507 divided by 13?” Having hurriedly calculated your answer, you are about to seal a sheet saying “49” inside your envelope, when at the last moment you decide to check it. You discover your error, and change the ‘4’ to a ‘3’. Do you at that moment envision all the answers inside the other envelopes suddenly pivoting on their heels and switching from “49” to “39”? Of course not! You simply recognize that what is changing is your image of the contents of those envelopes, not the contents themselves. You used to think there were many “49”s. You now think there are many “39”s. However, it doesn’t follow that there was a moment in between, at which you thought, “They’re all switching from ‘49’ to ‘39’!” In fact, you’d be crazy to think that.
It’s similar with D’s and C’s. If at first you’re inclined to play one way but on careful consideration you switch to the other way, the other players obviously won’t retroactively or synchronistically follow you—but if you give them credit for being able to see the logic you’ve seen, you have to assume that their answers are what yours is. In short, you aren’t going to be able to undercut them; you are simply “in cahoots” with them, like it or not! Either all D’s, or all C’s. Take your pick.
Actually, saying “Take your pick” is 100% misleading. It’s not as if you could merely “pick”, and then other people—even in the past—would magically follow suit! The point is that since you are going to be “choosing” by using what you believe to be compelling logic, if you truly respect your logic’s compelling quality, you would have to believe that others would buy it as well, which means that you are certainly not “just picking”. In fact, the more convinced you are of what you are playing, the more certain you should be that others will also play (or have already played) the same way, and for the same reasons. This holds whether you play C or D, and it is the real core of the solution. Instead of being a paradox, it’s a self-reinforcing solution: a benign circle of logic.
If this still sounds like retrograde causality to you, consider this little tale, which may help make it all make more sense. Suppose you and Jane are classical music lovers. Over the years, you have discovered that you have incredibly similar tastes in music—a remarkable coincidence! Now one day you find out that two concerts are being given simultaneously in the town where you live. Both of them sound excellent to you, but Concert A simply cannot be missed, whereas Concert B is a strong temptation that you’ll have to resist. Still, you’re extremely curious about Concert B, because it features Zilenko Buznani, a violinist you’ve always heard amazing things about.
At first, you’re disappointed, but then a flash crosses your mind: “Maybe I can at least get a first-hand report about Zilenko Buznani’s playing from Jane. Since she and I hear everything through virtually the same ears, it would be almost as good as my going if she would go.” This is comforting for a moment, until it occurs to you that something is wrong here. For the same reasons as you do, Jane will insist on hearing Concert A. After all, she loves music in the same way as you do—that’s precisely why you wish she would tell you about Concert B! The more you feel Jane’s taste is the same as yours, the more you wish she would go to the other concert, so that you could know what it was like to have gone to it. But the more her taste is the same is yours, the less she will want to go to it!
The two of you are tied together by a bond of common taste. And if it turns out that you are different enough in taste to disagree about which concert is better, then that will tend to make you lose interest in what she might report, since you no longer can trust her opinion as that of someone who hears music “through your ears”. In other words, hoping she’ll choose Concert B is pointless, since it undermines your reasons for caring which concert she chooses!
The analogy is clear, I hope. Choosing D undermines your reasons for doing so. To the extent that all of you really are rational thinkers, you really will think in the same tracks. And my letter was supposed to establish beyond doubt the notion that you are all “in synch”; that is, to ensure that you can depend on the others’ thoughts to be rational, which is all you need.
Well, not quite. You need to depend not just on their being rational, but on their depending on everyone else to be rational, and on their depending on everyone to depend on everyone to be rational—and so on. A group of reasoners in this relationship to each other I call superrational. Superrational thinkers, by recursive definition, include in their calculations the fact that they are in a group of superrational thinkers. In this way, they resemble elementary particles that are renormalized.
A renormalized electron’s style of interacting with, say, a renormalized photon takes into account that the photon’s quantum-mechanical structure includes “virtual electrons” and that the electron’s quantum-mechanical structure includes “virtual photons”; moreover it takes into account that all
these virtual particles (themselves renormalized) also interact with one another. An infinite cascade of possibilities ensues but is taken into account in one fell swoop by nature. Similarly, superrationality, or renormalized reasoning, involves seeing all the consequences of the fact that other renormalized reasoners are involved in the same situation-and doing so in a finite swoop rather than succumbing to an infinite regress of reasoning about reasoning about reasoning …
‘C’ is the answer I was hoping to receive from everyone. I was not so optimistic as to believe that literally everyone would arrive at this conclusion, but I expected a majority would—thus my dismay when the early returns strongly favored defecting. As more phone calls came in, I did receive some C’s, but for the wrong reasons. Dan Dennett cooperated, saying, “I would rather be the person who bought the Brooklyn Bridge than the person who sold it. Similarly, I’d feel better spending $3 gained by cooperating than $10 gained by defecting.”
Charles Brenner, who I’d figured to be a sure-fire D, took me by surprise and C’d. When I asked him why, he candidly replied, “Because I don’t want to go on record in an international journal as a defector.” Very well. Know, World, that Charles Brenner is a cooperator!
Many people flirted with the idea that everybody would think “about the same”, but did not take it seriously enough. Scott Buresh confided to me: “It was not an easy choice. I found myself in an oscillation mode: back and forth. I made an assumption: that everybody went through the same mental processes I went through. Now I personally found myself wanting to cooperate roughly one third of the time. Based on that figure and the assumption that I was typical, I figured about one third of the people would cooperate. So I computed how much I stood to make in a field where six or seven people cooperate. It came out that if I were a D, I’d get about three times as much as if I were a C. So I’d have to defect. Water seeks out its own level, and I sank to the lower right-hand corner of the matrix.” At this point, I told Scott that so far, a substantial majority had defected. He reacted swiftly: “Those rats—how can they all defect? It makes me so mad! I’m really disappointed in your friends, Doug.” So was I, when the final results were in: Fourteen people had defected and six had cooperated—exactly what the networks would have predicted! Defectors thus received $43 while cooperators got $15. I wonder what Dorothy’s saying to Peter about now? I bet she’s chuckling and saying, “I told you I’d do better this way, didn’t I?” Ah, me … What can you do with people like that?
A striking aspect of Scott Buresh’s answer is that, in effect, he treated his own brain as a simulation of other people’s brains and ran the simulation enough to get a sense of what a “typical person” would do. This is very
much in the spirit of my letter. Having assessed what the statistics are likely to be, Scott then did a cool-headed calculation to maximize his profit, based on the assumption of six or seven cooperators. Of course, it came out in favor of defecting. In fact, it would have, no matter what the number of cooperators was! Any such calculation will always come out in favor of defecting. As long as you feel your decision is independent of others’ decisions, you should defect. What Scott failed to take into account was that cool-headed calculating people should take into account that cool-headed calculating people should take into account that cool-headed calculating people should take into account that …
This sounds awfully hard to take into account in a finite way, but actually it’s the easiest thing in the world. All it means is that all these heavy-duty rational thinkers are going to see that they are in a symmetric situation, so that whatever reason dictates to one, it will dictate to all. From that point on, the process is very simple. Which is better for an individual if it is an universal choice: C or D? That’s all.
Actually, it’s not quite all, for I’ve swept one possibility under the rug: maybe throwing a die could be better than making a deterministic choice. Like Chris Morgan, you might think the best thing to do is to choose C with probability p and D with probability 1 − p. Chris arbitrarily let p be 1⁄2, but it could be any number between 0 and 1, where the two extremes represent Ding and C’ing respectively. What value of p would be chosen by superrational players? It is easy to figure out in a two-person Prisoner’s Dilemma, where you assume that both players use the same value of p. The expected earnings for each, as a function of p, come out to be I + 3_p_ − _p_2, which grows monotonically as p increases from 0 to 1. Therefore, the optimum value of p is 1, meaning certain cooperation. In the case of more players, the computations get more complex but the answer doesn’t change: the expectation is always maximal when p equals 1. Thus this approach confirms the earlier one, which didn’t entertain probabilistic strategies.—Rolling a die to determine what you’ll do didn’t add anything new to the standard Prisoner’s Dilemma, but what about the modified-matrix version I gave in the P. S. to my letter? I’ll let you figure that one out for yourself. And what about the Platonia Dilemma? There, two things are very clear: (1) if you decide not to send a telegram, your chances of winning are zero; (2) if everyone sends a telegram, your chances of winning are zero. If you believe that what you choose will be the same as what everyone else chooses because you are all superrational, then neither of these alternatives is very appealing. With dice, however, a new option presents itself to roll a die with probability p of coming up “good” and then to send in your name if and only if “good” comes up.
Now imagine twenty people all doing this, and figure out what value of
p maximizes the likelihood of exactly one person getting the go-ahead. It turns out that it is p = 1⁄20, or more generally, p = 1⁄N where N is the number of participants. In the limit where N approaches infinity, the chance that exactly one person will get the go-ahead is 1⁄e, which is just under 37%. With twenty superrational players all throwing icosahedral dice, the chance that you will come up the big winner is very close to 1/20_e_, which is a little below 2%. That’s not at all bad! Certainly it’s a lot better than 0%.
The objection many people raise is: “What if my roll comes up bad? Then why shouldn’t I send in my name anyway? After all, if I fail to, I’ll have no chance whatsoever of winning. I’m no better off than if I had never rolled my die and had just voluntarily withdrawn!” This objection seems overwhelming at first, but actually it is fallacious, being based on a misrepresentation of the meaning of “making a decision”. A genuine decision to abide by the throw of a die means that you really must abide by the throw of the die; if under certain circumstances you ignore the die and do something else, then you never made the decision you claimed to have made. Your decision is revealed by your actions, not by your words before acting!
If you like the idea of rolling a die but fear that your will power may not be up to resisting the temptation to defect, imagine a third “Policansky button”: this one says ‘R’ for “Roll”, and if you press it, it rolls a die (perhaps simulated) and then instantly and irrevocably either sends your name or does not, depending on which way the die came up. This way you are never allowed to go back on your decision after the die is cast. Pushing that button is making a genuine decision to abide by the roll of a die. It would be easier on any ordinary human to be thus shielded from the temptation, but any superrational player would have no trouble holding back after a bad roll.
This talk of holding back in the face of strong temptation brings me to the climax of this column: the announcement of a Luring Lottery open to all readers and nonreaders of Scientific American. The prize of this lottery is $1,000,000 / N, where N is the number of entries submitted. Just think: If you are the only entrant (and if you submit only one entry), a cool million is yours! Perhaps, though, you doubt this will come about. It does seem a trifle iffy. If you’d like to increase your chances of winning, you are encouraged to send in multiple entries—no limit! Just send in one postcard per entry. If you send in 100 entries, you’ll have 100 times the chance of some poor slob who sends in just one. Come to think of it, why should you have to send in multiple entries separately? Just send one postcard with your name and address and a positive integer (telling how many entries you’re making) to:
Luring Lottery c/o Scientific American 415 Madison Avenue New York, N.Y. 10017
You will be given the same chance of winning as if you had sent in that number of postcards with ‘1’ written on them. Illegible, incoherent, ill-specified, or incomprehensible entries will be disqualified. Only entries received by midnight June 30, 1983 will be considered. Good luck to you (but certainly not to any-other reader of this column)!
The emotions churned up by the Prisoner’s Dilemma are among the strongest I have ever encountered, and for good reason. Not only is it a wonderful intellectual puzzle, akin to some of the most famous paradoxes of all time, but also it captures in a powerful and pithy way the essence of a myriad deep and disturbing situations that we are familiar with from life. Some are choices we make every day; others are the kind of agonizing choices that we all occasionally muse about but hope the world will never make us face.
My friend Bob Wolf, a mathematician whose specialty is logic, adamantly advocated choosing D in the case of the letters I sent out. To defend his choice, he began by saying that it was clearly “a paradox with no rational solution”, and thus there was no way to know what people would do. Then he said, “Therefore, I will choose D. I do better that way than any other way.” I protested strenuously: “How dare you say ‘therefore’ when you’ve just gotten through describing this situation as a paradox and claiming there is no rational answer? How dare you say logic is forcing an answer down your throat, when the premise of your ‘logic’ is that there is no logical answer?” I never got what I considered a satisfactory answer from Bob, although neither of us could budge the other. However, I did finally get some insight into Bob’s vision when he, pushed hard by my probing, invented a situation with a new twist to it, which I call “Wolf’s Dilemma”.
Imagine that twenty people are selected from your high school graduation class, you among them. You don’t know which others have been selected, and you are told they are scattered all over the country. All you know is that they are all connected to a central computer. Each of you is in a little cubicle, seated on a chair and facing one button on an otherwise blank wall. You are given ten minutes to decide whether or not to push your button. At the end of that time, a light will go on for ten seconds, and while it is on, you may
either push or refrain from pushing. All the responses will then go to the central computer, and one minute later, they will result in consequences. Fortunately, the consequences can only be good. If you pushed your button, you will get $100, no strings attached, emerging from a small slot below the button. If nobody pushed their button, then everybody will get $1,000. But if there was even a single button-pusher, the refrainers will get nothing at all.
Bob asked me what I would do. Unhesitatingly, I said, “Of course I would not push the button. It’s obvious!” To my amazement, though, Bob said he’d push the button with no qualms. I said, “What if you knew your co-players were all logicians?” He said that would make no difference to him. Whereas I gave credit to everybody for being able to see that it was to everyone’s advantage to refrain, Bob did not. Or at least he expected that there is enough “flakiness” in people that he would prefer not to rely on the rationality of nineteen other people. But of course in assuming the flakiness of others, he would be his own best example—ruining everyone else’s chances of getting $1,000.
What bothered me about Wolf’s Dilemma was what I have come to call reverberant doubt. Suppose you are wondering what to do. At first it’s obvious that everybody should avoid pushing their button. But you do realize that among twenty people, there might be one who is slightly hesitant and who might waver a bit. This fact is enough to worry you a tiny bit, and thus to make you waver, ever so slightly. But suddenly you realize that if you are wavering, even just a tiny bit, then most likely everyone is wavering a tiny bit. And that’s considerably worse than what you’d thought at first—namely, that just one person might be wavering. Uh-oh! Now that you can imagine that everybody is at least contemplating pushing their button, the situation seems a lot more serious. In fact, now it seems quite probable that at least one person will push their button. But if that’s the case, then pushing your own button seems the only sensible thing to do. As you catch yourself thinking this thought, you realize it must be the same as everyone else’s thought. At this point, it becomes plausible that the majority of participants—possibly even all—will push their button! This clinches it for you, and so you decide to push yours.
Isn’t this an amazing and disturbing slide from certain restraint to certain pushing? It is a cascade, a stampede, in which the tiniest flicker of a doubt has become amplified into the gravest avalanche of doubt. That’s what I mean by “reverberant doubt”. And one of the annoying things about it is that the brighter you are, the more quickly and clearly you see what there is to fear. A bunch of amiable slowpokes might well be more likely to unanimously refrain and get the big payoff than a bunch of razor-sharp logicians who all think perversely recursively reverberantly. It’s that “smartness” to see that initial flicker of a doubt that triggers the whole avalanche and sends rationality a-tumblin’ into—the abyss. So, dear reader . . . if you push that button in front of you, do you thereby lose $900 or do you thereby gain $100?
Wolf’s Dilemma is not the same as the Prisoner’s Dilemma. In the Prisoner’s Dilemma, pressure towards defection springs from hope for asymmetry (ie. hope that the other player might be dumber than you and thus make the opposite choice) whereas in Wolf’s Dilemma, pressure towards button-pushing springs from fear of asymmetry (ie. fear that the other player might be dumber than you and thus make the opposite choice). This difference shows up clearly in the games’ payoff matrices for the two-person case (compare Figure 30-lb with Figure 29-1c). In the Prisoner’s Dilemma, the temptation T is greater than the reward R (5 > 3), whereas in Wolf’s Dilemma, R is greater than T (1,000 > 100).
Bob Wolf’s choice in his own dilemma revealed to me something about his basic assessment of people and their reliability (or lack thereof). Since his adamant decision to be a button-pusher even in this case stunned me, I decided to explore that cynicism a bit more, and came up with this modified Wolf’s Dilemma.
Imagine, as before, that twenty people have been selected from your high school graduation class, and are escorted to small cubicles with one button on the wall. This time, however, each of you is strapped into a chair, and a device containing a revolver is attached to your head. Like it or not, you are now going to play Russian roulette, the odds of your death to be determined by your choice. For anybody who pushes their button, the odds of survival will be set at 90%—only one chance in ten of dying. Not too bad, but given that there are twenty of you, it means that almost certainly one or two of you will die, possibly more. And what happens to the refrainers? It all depends on how many of them there are. Let’s say there are N refrainers. For each one of them, their chance of being shot will be one in N2. For instance, if five people don’t push, each of them will have only a 1⁄25 chance of dying. If ten people refrain, they will each get a 99% chance of survival. The bad cases are, of course, when nearly everybody pushes their button (“playing it safe”, so to speak), leaving the refrainers in a tiny minority of three, two, or even one. If you’re the sole refrainer, it’s curtains for you—one chance in one of your death. Bye-bye! For two refrainers, it’s one chance in four for each one. That means there’s nearly a 50% chance that at least one of the two will perish.
Clearly the crossover line is between three and four refrainers. If you have a reasonable degree of confidence that at least three other people will hold back, you should definitely do so yourself. The only problem is, they’re all making their decisions on the basis of trying to guess how many people will refrain, too! It’s terribly circular, and you hardly know where to start. Many people, sensing this, just give up, and decide to push their button. (Actually, of course, how do I know? I’ve never seen people in such a situation—but it seems that way from evidence of real-life situations resembling this, and of course from how people respond to a mere description of this situation,
where they aren’t really faced with any dire consequences at all. Still, I tend to believe them, by and large.) Calling such a decision “playing it safe” is quite ironic, because if only everybody “played it dangerous”, they’d have a chance of only one in 400 of dying! So I ask you: Which way is safe, and which way dangerous? It seems to me that this Wolf Trap epitomizes the phrase “We have nothing to fear but fear itself.”
Variations on Wolf’s Dilemma include some even more frightening and unstable scenarios. For instance, suppose the conditions are that each button-pusher has a 50% chance of survival, but if there is unanimous refraining from pushing the button, everyone’s life will be spared—and as before, if anyone pushes their button, all refrainers will die. You can play around with the number of participants, the survival chance, and so on. Each such variation reveals a new facet of grimness. These visions are truly horrific, yet all are just allegorical renditions of ordinary life’s decisions, day in, day out.
I had originally intended to close the column with the following paragraph, but was dissuaded from it by friends and editors:
I am sorry to say that I am simply inundated with letters from well-meaning readers, and I have discovered, to my regret, that I can barely find time to read all those letters, let alone answer them. I have been racking my brains for months trying to come up with some strategy for dealing with all this correspondence, but frankly I have not found a good solution yet. Therefore, I thought I would appeal to the collective genius of you-all out there. If you can think of some way for me to ease the burden of my correspondence, please send your idea to me. I shall be most grateful.
The Luring Lottery, proposed in my June column, created quite a stir. Let me remind you that it was open to anyone; all you had to do was submit a postcard with a clearly specified positive integer on it telling how many entries you wished to make. This integer was to be, in effect, your “weight” in the final drawing, so that if you wrote “100”, your name would be 100 times more likely to be drawn than that of someone who wrote ‘I’. The only catch was that the cash value of the prize was inversely proportional to the sum of all the weights received by June 30. Specifically, the prize to be awarded was $1,000,000 / N, where N is the sum of all the weights sent in.
The Luring Lottery was set up as an exercise in cooperation versus defection. The basic question for each potential entrant was: “Should I restrain myself and submit a small number of entries, or should I ‘go for it’ and submit a large number? That is, should I cooperate, or should I defect?” Whereas in previous examples of cooperation versus defection there was a clear-cut dividing line between cooperators and defectors, here it seems there is a continuum of possible answers, hence of “degree of cooperation”. Clearly one can be an extreme cooperator and voluntarily submit nothing, thus in effect cutting off one’s nose to spite one’s face. Equally clearly, one can be an extreme defector and submit a giant number of entries, hoping to swamp everyone else out but destroying the prize in so doing. However, there remains a lot of middle ground between these two extremes. What about someone who submits two entries, or one? What about someone who throws a six-sided die to decide whether or not to send in a single entry? Or a million-sided die?
Before I go further, it would be good for me to present my generalized and non-mathematical sense of these terms “cooperation” and “defection”. As a child, you undoubtedly often encountered adults who admonished you
for walking on the grass or for making noise, saying “Tut, tut, tut just think if everyone did that!” This is the quintessential argument used against the defector, and serves to define the concept:
A defection is an action such that, if everyone did it, things would clearly be worse (for everyone) than if everyone refrained from doing it, and yet which tempts everyone, since if only one individual (or a sufficiently small number) did it while others refrained, life would be sweeter for that individual (or select group).
Cooperation, of course, is the other side of the coin: the act of resisting temptation. However, it need not be the case that cooperation is passive while defection is active; often it is the exact opposite: The cooperative option may be to participate industriously in some activity, while defection is to lay back and accept the sweet things that result for everybody from the cooperators’ hard work. Typical examples of defection are:
- loudly wafting your music through the entire neighborhood on a fine summer’s day;
- not worrying about speeding through a four-way stop sign, figuring that the people going in the crosswise direction will stop anyway;
- not being concerned about driving a car everywhere, figuring that there’s no point in making a sacrifice when other people will just continue to guzzle gas anyway;
- not worrying about conserving water in a drought, figuring “Everyone else will”;
- not voting in a crucial election and excusing yourself by saying “One vote can’t make any difference”;
- not worrying about having ten children in a period of population explosion, leaving it to other people to curb their reproduction;
- not devoting any time or energy to pressing global issues such as the arms race, famine, pollution, diminishing resources, and so on, saying “Oh, of course I’m very concerned—but there’s nothing one person can do.”
When there are large numbers of people involved, people don’t realize that their own seemingly highly idiosyncratic decisions are likely to be quite typical and are likely to be recreated many times over, on a grand scale; thus, what each couple feels to be their own isolated and private decision (conscious or unconscious) about how many children to have turns into a population explosion. Similarly, “individual” decisions about the futility of working actively toward the good of humanity amount to a giant trend of apathy, and this multiplied apathy translates into insanity at the group level. In a word, apathy at the individual level translates into insanity at the mass level.
Garrett Hardin, an evolutionary biologist, wrote a famous article about this type of phenomenon, called “The Tragedy of the Commons”. His view was that there are two types of rationality: one (I’ll call it the “local” type) that strives for the good of the individual, the other (the “global” type) that strives for the good of the group; and that these two types of rationality are in an inevitable and eternal conflict. I would agree with his assessment, provided the individuals are unaware of their joint plight but are simply blindly carrying out their actions as if in isolation.
However, if they are fully aware of their joint situation, and yet in the face of it they blithely continue to act as if their situation were not a communal one, then I maintain that they are acting totally irrationally. In other words, with an enlightened citizenry, “local” rationality is not rational, period. It is damaging not just to the group, but to the individual. For example, people who defected in the One-Shot Prisoner’s Dilemma situation I described in June did worse than if all had cooperated.
This was the central point of my June column, in which I wrote about renormalized rationality, or superrationality. Once you know you are a typical member of a class of individuals, you must act as if your own individual actions were to be multiplied many-fold, because they inevitably will be. In effect, to sample yourself is to sample the field, and if you fail to do what you wish the rest would do, you will be very disappointed by the rest as well. Thus it pays a lot to reflect carefully about one’s situation in the world before defecting, that is, jumping to do the naively selfish act. You had better be prepared for a lot of other people copping out as well, and offering the same flimsy excuse.
People strongly resist seeing themselves as parts of statistical phenomena, and understandably so, because it seems to undermine their sense of free will and individuality. Yet how true it is that each of our “unique” thoughts is mirrored a million times over in the minds of strangers! Nowhere was this better illustrated than in the response to the Luring Lottery. It is hard to know precisely what constitutes the “field”, in this case. It was declared universally open, to readers and nonreaders alike. However, we would be safe in assuming that few nonreaders ever became aware of it, so let’s start with the circulation of Scientific American, which is about a million. Most of them, however, probably did no more than glance over my June column, if that; and of the ones who did more than that (let’s say 100,000), still only a fraction—maybe one in ten—read it carefully from start to finish. I would thus estimate that there were perhaps 10,000 people motivated enough to read it carefully and to ponder the issues seriously. In any case, I’ll take this figure as the population of the “field”.
In my June column, I spelled out plainly, for all to see, the superrational argument that applies to the Platonia Dilemma, for rolling an N-sided die and entering only if it came up on the proper side. Here, a similar argument goes through. In the Platonia Dilemma, where more than one entry is fatal to all, the ideal die turned out to have N faces, where N is the number of
players—hence, with 10,000 players, a 10,000-sided die. In the Luring Lottery, the consequences aren’t so drastic if more than one entry is submitted. Thus, the ideal number of faces on the die turns out to be about 2⁄3 as many—in the case of 10,000 players, a 6,667-sided die would do admirably. Giving the die fewer than 10,000 sides of course slightly increases each player’s chance of sending in one entry. This is to make it quite likely that at least one entry will arrive!
With 6,667 faces on the die, each superrational player’s chance of winning is not quite 1 in 10,000, but more like 1 in 13,000; this is because there is about a 22% chance that no one’s die will land right, so no one will send in any entry at all, and no one will win. But if you give the die still fewer faces—say 3,000—the expected size of the pot gets considerably smaller, since the expected number of entrants grows. And if you give it more faces—say 20,000—then you run a considerable risk of having no entries at all. So there’s a trade-off whose ideal solution can be calculated without too much trouble, and 6,667 faces turns out to be about optimal. With that many faces, the expected value of the pot is maximal: nearly $520,000—not to be sneered at.
Now this means that had everyone followed my example in the June column, I would probably have received a total of one or two postcards with ‘1’ written on them, and one of those lucky people would have gotten a huge sum of money! But do you think that is what happened? Of course not! Instead, I was inundated with postcards and letters from all over the world—over 2,000 of them. What was the breakdown of entries? I have exhibited part of it in a table, below:
Curiously, many if not most of the people who submitted just one entry patted themselves on the back for being “cooperators”. Hogwash! The real cooperators were those among the 10,000 or so avid readers who calculated the proper number of faces of the die, used a random-number table or something equivalent, and then—most likely—rolled themselves out. A few people wrote to tell me they had rolled themselves out in this way. I appreciated hearing from them. It is conceivable, just barely, that among the thousand-plus entries of ‘1’ there was one that came from a lucky superrational cooperator—but I doubt it. The people who simply withdrew without throwing a die I would characterize as well—meaning but a bit lazy, not true cooperators—something like people who simply contribute money to a political cause but then don’t want to be bothered any longer about it. It’s the lazy way of claiming cooperation.
By the way, I haven’t by any means finished with my score chart. However, it is a bit disheartening to try to relate what happened. Basically, it is this. Dozens and dozens of readers strained their hardest to come up with inconceivably large numbers. Some filled their whole postcard with tiny ’9’s, others filled their card with rows of exclamation points, thus creating iterated factorials of gigantic sizes, and so on. A handful of people carried this game much further, recognizing that the optimal solution avoids all pattern (to see why, read Gregory Chaitin’s article “Randomness and Mathematical Proof”), and consists simply of a “dense pack” of definitions built on definitions, followed by one final line in which the “fanciest” of the definitions is applied to a relatively small number such as 2, or better yet, 9.
I received, as I say, a few such entries. Some of them exploited such powerful concepts of mathematical logic and set theory that to evaluate which one was the largest, became a very serious problem, and in fact it is not even clear that I, or for that matter anyone else, would be able to determine which is the largest integer submitted. I was strongly reminded of the lunacy and pointlessness of the current arms race, in which two sides vie against each other to produce arsenals so huge that not even teams of experts can meaningfully say which one is larger—and meanwhile, all this monumental effort is to the detriment of everyone.
Did I find this amusing? Somewhat, of course. But at the same time, I found it disturbing and disappointing. Not that I hadn’t expected it. Indeed, it was precisely what I had expected, and it was one reason I was so sure the Luring Lottery would be no risk for the magazine.
This short-sighted race for “first place” reveals the way in which people in a huge crowd erroneously consider their own fancies to be totally unique. I suspect that nearly everyone who submitted a number above 1,000,000 actually believed they were going to be the only one to do so. Many of those who submitted numbers such as a googolplex, or a ‘9’ followed by
thousands of factorial signs, explicitly indicated that they were pretty sure that they were going to “win”. And then those people who pulled out all the stops and sent in definitions that would boggle most mathematicians were very sure they were going to win. As it turns out, I don’t know who won, and it doesn’t matter, since the prize is zero to such a good approximation that even God wouldn’t know the difference. Well, what conclusion do I draw from all this? None too serious, but I do hope that it will give my readers pause for thought next time they face a “cooperate-or-defect” decision, which will likely happen within minutes for each of you, since we face such decisions many times each day. Some of them are small, but some will have monumental repercussions. The globe’s future is in your hands—and yes, I mean you (as well as every other reader of this column).
And with this perhaps sobering conclusion, I would like to draw my term as a columnist for Scientific American to a close. It has been a valuable and beneficial opportunity for me. I have enjoyed having a platform from which to express my ideas and concerns, I have—at least sometimes—enjoyed receiving the huge shipments of mail forwarded to me from New York several times a month, and I have certainly been happy to make new friends through this channel. I won’t miss the monthly deadline, but I will undoubtedly come across ideas, from time to time, that would have made perfect “Metamagical Themas”. I will be keeping them in mind, and maybe at some future time will write a similar set of essays.
But for now, it is time for me to move on to other territory: I look forward to a return to my professional work, and to a more private life. Good-bye, and best wishes to you and to all other readers of this magazine, this issue, this copy, this piece, this page, this column, this paragraph, this sentence, and, last but not least, this “this”.
What do you do when in a crushingly cold winter, you hear over the radio that there is a severe natural gas shortage in your part of the country, and everyone is requested to turn their thermostat down to 60 degrees? There’s no way anyone will know if you’ve complied or not. Why shouldn’t you toast in your house and let all the rest of the people cut down their consumption? After all, what you do surely can’t affect what anyone else does.
This is a typical “tragedy of the commons” situation. A common resource has reached the point of saturation or exhaustion, and the questions for each individual now are: “How shall I behave? Am I typical? How does a”
“lone person’s action affect the big picture?” Garrett Hardin’s article “The Tragedy of the Commons” [WP] frames the scene in terms of grazing land shared by a number of herders. Each one is tempted to increase their own number of animals even when the land is being used beyond its optimum capacity, because the individual gain outweighs the individual loss, even though in the long run, that decision, multiplied throughout the population of herders, will destroy the land totally.
The real reason behind Hardin’s article was to talk about the population explosion and to stress the need for rational global planning—in fact, for coercive techniques similar to parking tickets and jail sentences. His idea is that families should be allowed to have many children (and thus to use a large share of the common resources) but that they should be penalized by society in the same way as society “allows” someone to rob a bank and then applies sanctions to those who have made that choice. In an era when resources are running out in a way humanity has never had to face heretofore, new kinds of social arrangements and expectations must be imposed, Hardin feels, by society as a whole. He is a dire pessimist about any kind of superrational cooperation, emphasizing that cooperators in the birth-control game will breed themselves right out of the population. A perfect illustration of why this is so is the man I heard about recently: he secretly had ten wives and by them had sired something like 35 children by the time he was 30. With genes of that sort proliferating wildly, there is little hope for the more modest breeders among us to gain the upper hand. Hardin puts it bluntly: “Conscience is self-eliminating.” He goes even further and says:
The argument has here been stated in the context of the population problem, but it applies equally well to any instance in which society appeals to an individual exploiting a commons to restrain himself for the general good—by means of his conscience. To make such an appeal is to set up a selective system that works toward the elimination of conscience from the race.
An even more pessimistic vision of the future is proffered us by one Walter Bradford Ellis, a hypothetical speaker representing the views of his inventor, Louis Pascal, in a hypothetical speech:
The United States—indeed the whole earth—is fast running out of the resources it depends on for its existence. Well before the last of the world’s supplies of oil and natural gas are exhausted early in the next century, shortages of these and other substances will have brought about the collapse of our whole economy and, indeed, of our whole technology. And without the wonders of modern technology, America will be left a grossly overpopulated, utterly impoverished, helpless, dying land. Thus I foresee a whole world full of wretched, starving people with no hope of escape, for the only countries which could have aided them will soon be no better off than the rest. And thus unless we are saved from this future by the blessing of a nuclear war or a truly lethal
pestilence, I see stretching off into eternity a world of indescribable suffering and hopelessness. It is a vision of truly unspeakable horror mitigated only by the fact that try as I might I could not possibly concoct a creature more deserving of such a fate.
Whew! The circularity of the final thought reminds me of an idea I once had: that it will be just as well if humanity destroys itself in a nuclear holocaust, because civilizations that destroy themselves are barbaric and stupid, and who would want to have one of them around, polluting the universe?
Pascal’s thoughts, expressed in his article “Human Tragedy and Natural Selection” and in his rejoinder to an article by two critics called “The Loving Parent Meets the Selfish Gene” (which is where Ellis’ speech is printed), are strikingly reminiscent of the thoughts of his earlier namesake Blaise, who in an unexpected use of his own calculus of probabilities managed to convince himself that the best possible way to spend his life was in devotion to a God who he wasn’t sure (and couldn’t be sure) existed. In fact, Pascal felt, even if the chances of God’s existence were one in a million, faith in that God would pay off in the end, because the potential rewards (or punishments) if Heaven and Hell exist are infinite, and all earthly rewards and punishments, no matter how great, are still finite. The favored behavior is to be a believer, Pascal “calculated”—regardless of what you do believe. Thus Blaise Pascal devoted his brilliant mind to theology.
Louis Pascal, following in his forebear’s mindsteps, has opted to devote his life to the world’s population problem. And he can produce mathematical arguments to show why you should, too. To my mind, there is no question that such arguments have considerable force. There are always points to nitpick over, but in essence, thinkers like Hardin and Pascal and Anne and Paul Ehrlich and many others have recognized and internalized the novelty of the human situation at this moment in history: the moment when humanity has to grapple with dwindling resources and overwhelmingly huge weapons systems. Not many people are willing to wrestle with this beast, and consequently the burden falls all the more heavily on those few who are.
It has disturbed me how vehemently and staunchly my clear-headed friends have been able to defend their decisions to defect. They seem to be able to digest my argument about superrationality, to mull it over, to begrudge some curious kind of validity to it, but ultimately to feel on a gut level that it is wrong, and to reject it. This has led me to consider the notion that my faith in the superrational argument might be similar to a self-fulfilling prophecy or self-supporting claim, something like being absolutely convinced beyond a shadow of a doubt that the Henkin sentence “This sentence is true” actually must be true—when, of course, it is equally defensible to believe it to be false. The sentence is undecidable; its truth
value is stable, whichever way you wish it to go (in this way, it is the diametric opposite of the Epimenides sentence “This sentence is false”, whose truth value flips faster than the tip of a happy pup’s tail). One difference, though, between the Prisoner’s Dilemma and oddball self-referential sentences is that whereas your beliefs about such sentences’ truth values usually have inconsequential consequences, with the Prisoner’s Dilemma, it’s quite another matter.
I sometimes wonder whether there haven’t been many civilizations Out There, in our galaxy and beyond, that have already dealt with just these types of gigantic social problems—Prisoner’s Dilemmas, Tragedies of the Commons, and so forth. Most likely some would have survived, some would have perished. And it occurs to me that perhaps the ultimate difference in those societies may have been the survival of the meme that, in effect, asserts the logical, rational validity of cooperation in an one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma. In a way, this would be the opposite thesis to Hardin’s. It would say that lack of conscience is self-eliminating—provided you wait long enough that natural selection can act at the level of entire societies.
Perhaps on some planets, Type I societies have evolved, while on others, Type II societies have evolved. By definition, members of Type I societies believe in the rationality of lone, uncoerced, one-shot cooperation (when faced with members of Type I societies), whereas members of Type II societies reject the rationality of lone, uncoerced, one-shot cooperation, irrespective of who they are facing. (Notice the tricky circularity of the definition of Type I societies. Yet it is not a vacuous definition!) Both types of society find their respective answer to be obvious—they just happen to find opposite answers. Who knows—we might even happen to have some Type I societies here on earth. I cannot help but wonder how things would turn out if my little one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma experiment were carried out in Japan instead of the U.S. In any case, the vital question is: Which type of society survives, in the long run?
It could be that the one-shot Prisoner’s Dilemma situations that I have described are undecidable propositions within the logic that we humans have developed so far, and that new axioms can be added, like the parallel postulate in geometry, or Godel sentences (and related ones) in mathematical logic. (Take a look at Figure 31-1, and see what kind of logic will extract those two poor devils from their one-shot dilemma.) Those civilizations to which cooperation appears axiomatic—Type I societies—wind up surviving, I would venture to guess, whereas those to which defection appears axiomatic—Type II societies—wind up perishing. This suggestion may seem all wet to you, but watch those superpowers building those bombs, more and more of them every day, helplessly trapped in a rising spiral, and think about it. Evolution is a merciless pruner of ill logic.
Most philosophers and logicians are convinced that truths of logic are “analytic” and a priori; they do not like to think that such basic ideas are grounded in mundane, arbitrary things like survival. They might admit that
natural selection tends to favor good logic—but they would certainly hate the suggestion that natural selection defines good logic! Yet truth and survival value are all tangled together, and civilizations that survive certainly have glimpsed higher truths than those that perish. When you argue with someone whose ideas you are sure are wrong but who dances an infuriatingly inconsistent yet self-consistent verbal dance in front of you, your one solace is that something in life may yet change this person’s mind, even though your own best logic is helpless to do so. Ultimately, beliefs have to be grounded in experience, whether that experience is the organism’s or its ancestors’ or its peer group’s. (That’s what Chapter 5, particularly its
P.S., was all about.) My feeling is that the concept of superrationality is one whose truth will come to dominate among intelligent beings in the universe simply because its adherents will survive certain kinds of situations where its opponents will perish. Let’s wait a few spins of the galaxy and see. After all, healthy logic is whatever remains after evolution’s merciless pruning.
I was describing the Copycat project (Chapter 24) to physicist Victor Weisskopf, and I gave him our canonical example: “If abc goes to abd, what does xyz go to?” After we had discussed various possible answers and settled on wyz as the most compelling for reasons of symmetry, he surprised me by saying this: “You know, the root of the world’s deepest problems is the tragic inability on the part of the world’s leaders to see such basic symmetries. For instance, that the U.S. is to the S.U. what the S.U. is to the U.S.—that is too much for them to accept.” Oh, but how could Weisskopf be so silly? After all, we’re not trying to export communism to the entire world!
Logician Raymond Smullyan, who first heard about the Prisoner’s Dilemma from me and who was absolutely delighted by it, also surprised me, but in a different way: He vehemently insisted on the correctness of defection in an one-shot situation no matter who might be on the other side, including his twin or his clone! (He did waver about his mirror image.) But just as I was giving up on him as a lost cause, he conceded this much to me: “I suspect, Doug, that this problem is a lot knottier than you or I suspect.” Indeed, I suspect so, Raymond.
Happiton was a happy little town. It had 20,000 inhabitants, give or take 7, and they were productive citizens who mowed their lawns quite regularly. Folks in Happiton were pretty healthy. They had a life expectancy of 75 years or so, and lots of them lived to ripe old ages. Down at the town square, there was a nice big courthouse with all sorts of relics from WW II and monuments to various heroes and whatnot. People were proud, and had the right to be proud, of Happiton.
On the top of the courthouse, there was a big bell that boomed every hour on the hour, and you could hear it far and wide-even as far out as Shady Oaks Drive, way out nearly in the countryside.
One day at noon, a few people standing near the courthouse noticed that right after the noon bell rang, there was a funny little sound coming from up in the belfry. And for the next few days, folks noticed that this scratching sound was occurring after every hour. So on Wednesday, Curt Dempster climbed up into the belfry and took a look. To his surprise, he found a crazy kind of contraption rigged up to the bell. There was this mechanical hand, sort of a robot arm, and next to it were five weird-looking dice that it could throw into a little pan. They all had twenty sides on them, but instead of being numbered 1 through 20, they were just numbered 0 through 9, but with each digit appearing on two opposite sides. There was also a TV camera that pointed at the pan and it seemed to be attached to a microcomputer or something. That’s all Curt could figure out. But then he noticed that on top of the computer, there was a neat little envelope marked “To the friendly folks of Happiton”. Curt decided that he’d take it downstairs and open it in the presence of his friend the mayor, Janice Fleener. He found Janice easily enough, told her about what he’d found, and then they opened the envelope. How neatly it was written! It said this:
Grotto 19, Hades
June 20, 1983
Dear folks of Happiton,
I’ve got some bad news and some good news for you. The bad first. You know your bell that rings every hour on the hour? Well, I’ve set it up so that each time it rings, there is exactly one chance in a hundred thousand-that is, 1/100,000-that a Very Bad Thing will occur. The way I determine if that Bad Thing will occur is, I have this robot arm fling its five dice and see if they all land with ‘7’ on top. Most of the time, they won’t. But if they do-and the odds are exactly 1 in 100,000-then great clouds of an unimaginably revolting smelling yellow-green gas called “Retchgoo” will come oozing up from a dense network of underground pipes that I’ve recently installed underneath Happiton, and everyone will die an awful, writhing, agonizing death. Well, that’s the bad news.
Now the good news! You all can prevent the Bad Thing from happening, if you send me a bunch of postcards. You see, I happen to like postcards a whole lot (especially postcards of Happiton), but to tell the truth, it doesn’t really much matter what they’re of. I just love postcards! Thing is, they have to be written personally-not typed, and especially not computer-printed or anything phony like that. The more cards, the better. So how about sending me some postcards-batches, bunches, boxes of them?
Here’s the deal. I reckon a typical postcard takes you about 4 minutes to write. Now suppose just one person in all of Happiton spends 4 minutes one day writing me, so the next day, I get one postcard. Well, then, I’ll do you all a favor: I’ll slow the courthouse clock down a bit, for a day. (I realize this is an inconvenience, since a lot of you tell time by the clock, but believe me, it’s a lot more inconvenient to die an agonizing, writhing death from the evil-smelling, yellow-green Retchgoo.) As I was saying, I’ll slow the clock down for one day, and by how much? By a factor of 1.000011. Okay, I know that doesn’t sound too exciting, but just think if all 20,000 of you send me a card! For each card I get that day, I’ll toss in a slow-up factor of 1.00001, the next day. That means that by sending me 20,000 postcards a day, you all, working together, can get the clock to slow down by a factor of 1.00001 to the 20,000th power, which is just a shade over 1.2, meaning it will ring every 72 minutes.
All right, I hear you saying, “72 minutes is just barely over an hour!” So I offer you more! Say that one day I get 160,000 postcards (heavenly!). Well then, the very next day I’ll show my gratitude by slowing your clock down, all day long, midnight to midnight, by 1.00001 to the 160,000th power, and that ain’t chickenfeed. In fact, it’s about 5, and that means the clock will ring only every 5 hours, meaning those sinister dice will only get rolled about 5 times (instead of the usual 24). Obviously, it’s better for both of us that way. You have to bear in mind that I don’t have any personal interest in seeing that awful Retchgoo come rushing and gushing up out of those pipes and causing every last one of you to perish in grotesque, mouth-foaming, twitching convulsions. All I care about is getting postcards! And to send me 160,000 a day wouldn’t cost you folks that much effort, being that it’s just 8 postcards a day just about a half hour a day for each of you, the way I reckon it.
So my deal is pretty simple. On any given day, I’ll make the clock go off once every X hours, where X is given by this simple formula:
X = 1.00001N
Here, N is the number of postcards I received the previous day. If N is 20,000, then X will be 1.2, so the bell would ring 20 times per day, instead of 24. If N is 160,000, then X jumps way up to about 5, so the clock would slow way down just under 5 rings per day. If I get no postcards, then the clock will ring once an hour, just as it does now. The formula reflects that, since if N is 0, X will be 1. You can work out other figures yourself. Just think how much safer and securer you’d all feel knowing that your courthouse clock was ticking away so slowly!
I’m looking forward with great enthusiasm to hearing from you all.
The letter was signed with beautiful medieval-looking flourishes, in an unusual shade of deep red … ink?
“Bunch of hogwash!” spluttered Curt. “Let’s go up there and chuck the whole mess down onto the street and see how far it bounces.” While he was saying this, Janice noticed that there was a smaller note clipped onto the back of the last sheet, and turned it over to read it. It said this:
P. S.—It’s really not advisable to try to dismantle my little set-up up there in the belfry: I’ve got a hair trigger linked to the gas pipes, and if anyone tries to dismantle it, pssssst! Sorry.
Janice Fleener and Curt Dempster could hardly believe their eyes. What gall! They got straight on the -phone to the Police Department, and talked to Officer Curran. He sounded poppin’ mad when they told him what they’d found, and said he’d do something about it right quick. So he hightailed it over to the courthouse and ran up those stairs two at a time, and when he reached the top, a-huffin’ and a-puffin’, he swung open the belfry door and took a look. To tell the truth, he was a bit ginger in his inspection, because one thing Officer Curran had learned in his many years of police experience is that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. So he cautiously looked over the strange contraption, and then he turned around and quite carefully shut the door behind him and went down. He called up the town sewer department and asked them if they could check out whether there was anything funny going on with the pipes underground.
Well, the long and the short of it is that they verified everything in the Demon’s letter, and by the time they had done so, the clock had struck five more times and those five dice had rolled five more times. Janice Fleener had in fact had her thirteen-year-old daughter Samantha go up and sit in a
wicker chair right next to the microcomputer and watch the robot arm throw those dice. According to Samantha, an occasional 7 had turned up now and then, but never had two 7’s shown up together, let alone 7’s on all five of the weird-looking dice!
The next day, the Happiton Eagle-Telephone came out with a front-page story telling all about the peculiar goings-on. This caused quite a commotion. People everywhere were talking about it, from Lidden’s Burger Stop to Bixbee’s Druggery. It was truly the talk of the town.
When Doc Hazelthorn, the best pediatrician this side of the Cornyawl River, walked into Ernie’s Barbershop, corner of Cherry and Second, the atmosphere was more somber than usual. “Whatcha gonna do, Doc?” said big Ernie, the jovial barber, as he was clipping the few remaining hairs on old Doc’s pate. Doc (who was also head of the Happiton City Council) said the news had come as quite a shock to him and his family. Red Dulkins, sitting in the next chair over from Doc, said he felt the same way. And then the two gentlemen waiting to get their hair cut both added their words of agreement. Ernie, summing it up, said the whole town seemed quite upset. As Ernie removed the white smock from Doc’s lap and shook the hairs off it, Doc said that he had just decided to bring the matter up first thing at the next City Council meeting, Tuesday evening. “Sounds like a good idea, Doc!” said Ernie. Then Doc told Ernie he couldn’t make the usual golf date this weekend, because some friends of his had invited him to go fishing out at Lazy Lake, and Doc just couldn’t resist.
Two days after the Demon’s note, the Eagle-Telephone ran a feature article in which many residents of Happiton, some prominent, some not so prominent, voiced their opinions. For instance, eleven-year-old Wally Thurston said he’d gone out and bought up the whole supply of picture postcards at the 88-Cent Store, $14.22 worth of postcards, and he’d already started writing a few. Andrea McKenzie, sophomore at Happiton High, said she was really worried and had had nightmares about the gas, but her parents told her not to worry, things had a way of working out. Andrea said maybe her parents weren’t taking it so seriously because they were a generation older and didn’t have as long to look forward to anyway. She said she was spending an hour each day writing postcards. That came to 15 or 16 cards each day. Hank Hoople, a janitor at Happiton High, sounded rather glum: “It’s all fate. If the bullet has your name on it, it’s going to happen, whether you like it or not.” Many other citizens voiced concern and even alarm about the recent developments.
But some voiced rather different feelings. Ned Furdy, who as far as anyone could tell didn’t do much other than hang around Simpson’s bar all day (and most of the night) and buttonhole anyone he could, said, “Yeah, it’s a problem, all right, but I don’t know nothin’ about gas and statistics and such.”
“It should all be left to the mayor and the Town Council, to take care of. They know what they’re doin’. Meanwhile, eat, drink, and be merry!” And Lulu Smyth, 77-year-old. proprietor of Lulu’s Thread ’N Needles Shop, said “I think it’s all a ruckus in a teapot, in my opinion. Far as I’m concerned, I’m gonna keep on sellin’ thread ‘n needles, and playin’ gin rummy every third Wednesday.”
When Doc Hazelthorn came back from his fishing weekend at Lazy Lake, he had some surprising news to report. “Seems there’s a demon left a similar set-up in the church steeple down in Dwaynesville”, he said. (Dwaynesville was the next town down the road, and the arch-rival of Happiton High in football.) “The Dwaynesville demon isn’t threatening them with gas, but with radioactive water. Takes a little longer to die, but it’s just as bad. And I hear tell there’s a demon with a subterranean volcano up at New Athens.” (New Athens was the larger town twenty miles up the Cornyawl from Dwaynesville, and the regional center of commerce.)
A lot of people were clearly quite alarmed by all this, and there was plenty of arguing on the streets about how it had all happened without anyone knowing. One thing that was pretty universally agreed on was that a commission should be set up as soon as possible, charged from here on out with keeping close tabs on all subterranean activity within the city limits, so that this sort of outrage could never happen again. It appeared probable that Curt Dempster, who was the moving force behind this idea, would be appointed its first head.
Ed Thurston (Wally’s father) proposed to the Jaycees (of which he was a member in good standing) that they donate $1,000 to support a postcard-writing campaign by town kids. But Enoch Swale, owner of Swale’s Pharmacy and the Sleepgood Motel, protested. He had never liked Ed much, and said Ed was proposing it simply because his son would gain status that way. (It was true that Wally had recruited a few kids and that they spent an hour each afternoon after school writing cards. There had been a small article in the paper about it once.) After considerable debate, Ed’s motion was narrowly defeated. Enoch had a lot of friends on the City Council.
Nellie Doobar, the math teacher at High, was about the only one who checked out the Demon’s math. “Seems right to me”, she said to the reporter who called her about it. But this set her to thinking about a few things. In an hour or two, she called back the paper and said, “I figured something out. Right now, the clock is still ringing very close to once every hour. Now there are about 720 hours per month, and so that means there are 720 chances each month for the gas to get out. Since each chance is 1 in 100,000, it turns out that each month, there’s a bit less than a 1-in-100 chance that Happiton will get gassed. At that rate, there’s about 11 chances in 12 that Happiton will make it through each year. That may sound pretty”
“good, but the chances we’ll make it through any 8-year period are almost exactly 50-50, exactly the same as tossing a coin. So we can’t really count on very many years …”
This made big headlines in the next afternoon’s Eagle-Telephone—in fact, even bigger than the plans for the County Fair! Some folks started calling up Mrs. Doobar anonymously and telling her she’d better watch out what she was saying if she didn’t want to wind up with a puffy face or a fat lip. Seems like they couldn’t quite keep it straight that Mrs. Doobar wasn’t the one who’d set the thing up in the first place.
After a few days, though, the nasty calls died down pretty much. Then Mrs. Doobar called up the paper again and told the reporter, “I’ve been calculating a bit more here, and I’ve come up with the following, and they’re facts every last one of them. If all 20,000 of us were to spend half an hour a day writing postcards to the Demon, that would amount to 160,000 postcards a day, and just as the Demon said, the bell would ring pretty near every five hours instead of every hour, and that would mean that the chances of us getting wiped out each month would go down considerable. In fact, there would only be about 1 chance in 700 that we’d go down the tubes in any given month, and only about a chance in 60 that we’d get zapped each year. Now I’d say that’s a darn sight better than 1 chance in 12 per year, which is what it is if we don’t write any postcards (as is more or less the case now, except for Wally Thurston and Andrea McKenzie and a few other kids I heard of). And for every 8-year period, we’d only be running a 13% risk instead of a 50% risk.”
“That sounds pretty good”, said the reporter cheerfully.
“Well,” replied Mrs. Doobar, “it’s not too bad, but we can get a whole lot better by doublin’ the number of postcards.”
“How’s that, Mrs. Doobar?” asked the reporter. “Wouldn’t it just get twice as good?”
“No, you see, it’s an exponential curve,” said Mrs. Doobar, “which means that if you double N, you square X.”
“That’s Greek to me”, quipped the reporter.
“N is the number of postcards and X is the time between rings”, she replied quite patiently. “If we all write a half hour a day, X is 5 hours. But that means that if we all write a whole hour a day, like Andrea McKenzie in my algebra class, X jumps up to 25 hours, meaning that the clock would ring only about once a day, and obviously, that would reduce the danger a lot. Chances are, hundreds of years would pass before five 7’s would turn up together on those infernal dice. Seems to me that under those circumstances, we could pretty much live our lives without worrying about the gas at all. And that’s for writing about an hour a day, each one of us.”
The reporter wanted some more figures detailing how much different amounts of postcard-writing by the populace would pay off, so Mrs. Doobar obliged by going back and doing some more figuring. She figured out that if 10,000 people—half the population of Happiton—did 2 hours a day for
the year, they could get the same result—one ring every 25 hours. If only 5,000 people spent 2 hours a day, or if 10,000 people spent one hour a day, then it would go back to one ring every 5 hours (still a lot safer than one every hour). Or, still another way of looking at it, if just 1250 of them worked full-time (8 hours a day), they could achieve the same thing.
“What about if we all pitch in and do 4 minutes a day, Mrs. Doobar?” asked the reporter.
“Fact is, ’twouldn’t be worth a damn thing! (Pardon my French.)” she replied. “N is 20,000 that way, and even though that sounds pretty big, X works out to be just 1.2, meaning one ring every 1.2 hours, or 72 minutes. That way, we still have about a chance of 1 in 166 every month of getting wiped out, and 1 in 14 every year of getting it. Now that’s real scary, in my book. Writing cards only starts making a noticeable difference at about 15 minutes a day per person.”
By this time, several weeks had passed, and summer was getting into full swing. The County Fair was buzzing with activity, and each evening after folks came home, they could see loads of fireflies flickering around the trees in their yards. Evenings were peaceful and relaxed. Doc’ Hazelthorn was playing golf every weekend, and his scores were getting down into the low 90’s. He was feeling pretty good. Once in a while he remembered the Demon, especially when he walked downtown and passed the courthouse tower, and every so often he would shudder. But he wasn’t sure what he and the City Council could do about it.
The Demon and the gas still made for interesting talk, but were no longer such big news. Mrs. Doobar’s latest revelations made the paper, but. were. relegated this time to the second section, two pages before the comics, right next to the daily horoscope column. Andrea McKenzie read the article avidly, and showed it to a lot of her school friends, but to her surprise, it didn’t seem to stir up much interest in them. At first, her best friend, Kathi Hamilton, a very bright girl who had plans to go to State and major in history, enthusiastically joined Andrea and wrote quite a few cards each day. But after a few days, Kathi’s enthusiasm began to wane.
“What’s the point, Andrea?” Kathi asked. “A handful of postcards from me isn’t going to make. the slightest bit of difference. Didn’t you read Mrs. Doobar’s article? There have got to be 160,000 a day to make a big difference.”
“That’s just the point, Kathi!” replied Andrea exasperatedly. “If you and everyone else will just do your part, we’ll reach that number—but you can’t cop out!” Kathi didn’t see the logic, and spent most of her time doing her homework for the summer school course in World History she was taking. After all, how could she get into State if she flunked World History?
Andrea just couldn’t figure out how come Kathi, of all people, so
interested in history and the flow of time and world-events, could not see her own life being touched by such factors, so she asked Kathi, “How do you know there will be any you left to go to State, if you don’t write postcards? Each year, there’s a 1-in-12 chance of you and me and all of us being wiped out! Don’t you even want to work against that? If people would just care, they could change things! An hour a day! Half an hour a day! Fifteen minutes a day!”
“Oh, come on, Andrea!” said Kathi annoyedly, “Be realistic.”
“Darn it all, I’m the one who’s being realistic”, said Andrea. “If you don’t help out, you’re adding to the burden of someone else.”
“For Pete’s sake, Andrea”, Kathi protested angrily, “I’m not adding to anyone else’s burden. Everyone can help out as much as they want, and no one’s obliged to do anything at all. Sure, I’d like it if everyone were helping, but you can see for yourself, practically nobody is. So I’m not going to waste my time. I need to pass World History.”
And sure enough, Andrea had to do no more than listen each hour, right on the hour, to hear that bell ring to realize that nobody was doing much. It once had sounded so pleasant and reassuring, and now it sounded creepy and ominous to her, just like the fireflies and the barbecues. Those fireflies and barbecues really bugged Andrea, because they seemed so normal, so much like any other summer—only this summer was not like any other summer. Yet nobody seemed to realize that. Or, rather, there was an undercurrent that things were not quite as they should be, but nothing was being done …
One Saturday, Mr. Hobbs, the electrician, came around to fix a broken refrigerator at the McKenzies’ house. Andrea talked to him about writing postcards to the Demon. Mr. Hobbs said to her, “No time, no time! Too busy fixin’ air conditioners! In this heat wave, they been breakin’ down all over town. I work a 10-hour day as it is, and now it’s up to 11, 12 hours a day, includin’ weekends. I got no time for postcards, Andrea.” And Andrea .saw that for Mr. Hobbs, it was true. He had a big family and his children went to parochial school, and he had to pay for them all, and …
Andrea’s older sister’s boyfriend, Wayne, was a star halfback at Happiton High. One evening he was over and teased Andrea about her postcards. She asked him, “Why don’t you write any, Wayne?”.
“I’m out lifeguardin’ every day, and the rest of the time I got scrimmages—for the fall season.”
“But you could take some time out just 15 minutes a day—and write a few postcards!” she argued. He just laughed and looked a little fidgety. “I don’t know, Andrea”, he said. “Anyway, me ’n Ellen have got better things to do—huh, Ellen?” Ellen giggled and blushed a little. Then they ran out of the house and jumped into Wayne’s sports car to go bowling at the Happi-Bowl.
Andrea was puzzled by all her friends’ attitudes. She couldn’t understand why everyone had started out so concerned but then their concern had fizzled,, as if the problem had gone away. One day when she was walking home from school, she saw old Granny Sparks out watering her garden. Granny, as everyone called her, lived kitty-corner from the McKenzies and was always chatty, so Andrea stopped and asked Granny Sparks what she thought of all this. “Pshaw! Fiddlesticks!” said Granny indignantly. “Now Andrea, don’t you go around believin’ all that malarkey they print in the newspapers! Things are the same here as they always been. I oughta know—I’ve been livin’ here nigh on 85 years!”
Indeed, that was what bothered Andrea. Everything seemed so annoyingly normal. The teenagers with their cruising cars and loud motorcycles. The usual boring horror movies at the Key Theater down on the square across from the courthouse. The band in the park. The parades. And especially, the damn fireflies! Practically nobody seemed moved or affected by what to her seemed the most overwhelming news she’d ever heard. The only other truly sane person she could think of was little Wally Thurston, that eleven-year-old from across town. What a ridiculous irony, that an eleven-year-old was saner than all the adults!
Long about August 1, there was an editorial in the paper that gave Andrea a real lift. It came from out of the blue. It was written by the paper’s chief editor, “Buttons” Brown. He was an old-time journalist from St. Jo, Missouri. His editorial was real short. It went like this:
The story of the Disobedi-Ant is very short. It refused to believe that its powerful impulses to play instead of work were anything but unique expressions of its very unique self, and it went its merry way, singing, “What I choose to do has nothing to do with what any-ant else chooses to do! What could be more self-evident?”
Coincidentally enough, so went the reasoning of all its colony-mates. In fact, the same refrain was independently invented by every last ant in the colony, and each ant thought it original. It echoed throughout the colony, even with the same melody.
The colony perished.
Andrea thought this was a terrific allegory, and showed it to all her friends. They mostly liked it, but to her surprise, not one of them started writing postcards. All in all, folks were pretty much back to daily life. After all, nothing much—seemed really to have changed. The weather had turned real hot, and folks congregated around the various swimming pools in town. There were lots of barbecues in the evenings, and, every once in a while somebody’d make a joke or two about the Demon and the postcards. Folks would chuckle and
then change the topic. Mostly, people spent their time doing what they’d always done, and enjoying the blue skies. And mowing their lawns regularly, since they wanted the town to look nice.
The atomic bomb has changed everything except our way of thinking. And so we drift helplessly towards unparalleled disaster.
People of every era always feel that their era has the severest problems that people have ever faced. At first this sounds silly. How can every era be the toughest? But it’s not silly. Things can be getting constantly more dangerous and frightful, and that would mean that each new generation truly is facing unprecedentedly serious problems. As for us, we have the problem of extinction on our hands.
Someone once said that our current situation vis-a-vis the Soviet Union is like two people standing knee-deep in a room filled with gasoline. Both hold open matchbooks in their hands. One person is jeering at the other:.. “Ha ha ha! My matchbook is full, and yours is only half full! Ha ha ha!”
The reality of our situation is about that simple. The vast majority of people, however, refuse to let this reality seep into their systems and change their day-to-day behaviors. And thus the validity of Einstein’s gloomy utterance.
I remember many years ago reading an estimate that the famous geneticist George Wald had made about nuclear war. He said he figured there was a 2% chance per year of a nuclear war taking place.1 This amounts to throwing one 50-sided die (or a couple of seven-sided dice) once a year, and hoping that it doesn’t come up on the bad side. How Wald arrived at his figure of 2% per year, I don’t know. But it was vivid. The figure has stuck with me for a couple of decades. I tend to think that the chances are greater nowadays than they were back then: maybe about 5% per year. But who can say?
The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists features a clock on its cover. This clock doesn’t tick, it just hovers. It hovers near midnight, sometimes getting closer, sometimes receding a bit. Right now, it’s at three minutes to midnight. Back at the signing of SALT I, it was at twelve minutes before midnight. The closest it ever came was two minutes before midnight, and I think that was at the time of the Cuban missile crisis.
The purpose of the clock is to symbolize the current danger of a nuclear
holocaust. It’s a little like those “Danger of Fire Today” signs that Smokey the Bear holds up for you as you enter a national forest in the summer. It is a subjective estimate, made by the magazine’s board of directors. Now what is the meaning of “danger”, if not probability of disaster per unit time? Surely, the more dangerous a place or situation, the faster you want to get out of it, for, just that reason. Therefore, it seemed to me that the Bulletin’s number of minutes before midnight, B, was really a coded way of expressing a Wald number, W—a probability of nuclear war per year. And so I decided to make a subjective table, matching up the values of B that I knew about with my own best estimates of W. After a bit of experimentation, I came up with the following table:
|Bulletin Clock (minutes before midnight)||Wald’s percentage (probability per year)|
A fairly accurate summary of this subjective correspondence is given by the following simple equation:
W = 20⁄B
This estimates for you the holocaust danger per orbit of the earth, as a function of the current setting of the Bulletin’s clock.
W and B may not be estimable in any truly scientific way, but there is a definite reality behind them, even if not. so simple as that of N and X in Happiton. Obviously it is not a “random” dice-like process that will determine whether nuclear war erupts in any given year. Nonetheless, it makes good sense to think of it in terms of a probability per year, since what actually does determine history is a lot of things that are in effect random, from the point of view of any less-than-omniscient being. What other people (or countries) do is unpredictable and uncontrollable: it might as well be random.
If tensions get unbearably high in the Middle East or in Central America, that is not something that we could have predicted or forestalled. If some terrorist group manufactures and uses or threatens to use—a nuclear bomb, that is essentially a “random” event. If overpopulation in Asia or starvation
In Africa or crop failures in the Soviet Union or oil gluts or shortages create huge tensions between nations, that is like a random variable, like a throw of dice. Who could have predicted the crazy flareup between Britain and Argentina over the silly Falkland Islands? Who knows where the next hot spot will turn out to be? The global temperature can change as swiftly and capriciously as a bright summer day can turn sultry and menacing—even in Happiton.
It is the vivid imagery behind the Wald number and the Bulletin clock that first got me thinking in terms of the Happiton metaphor. The story was pretty easy to write, once the metaphor had been concocted. I had to work out the mathematics as I went along, but otherwise it flowed easily. It was crucial to me that the numbers in. the allegory seem realistic. The most important numbers were: (1) the chance of devastation per year, which came out about right, as I see it; and (2) the amount of time per day that I think would begin to make a significant difference if devoted by a typical person to some sort of activity geared toward the right ends. In Happiton, that threshold turned out to be about fifteen minutes per day per person. Fifteen minutes a day is just about the amount of time that I think would begin to make a real difference in the real world, but there are two ways that one might draw a distinction between the situation in Happiton and the actual case.
Firstly, some people say that the situation in Happiton is much simpler than that of global competition and potential nuclear war. In Happiton, it’s obvious that writing postcards will do some good, whereas it’s not so obvious (they claim) what kind of action will do any good in the real world. Working hard for a freeze or for a reduction of US-SU tensions might even be harmful, they claim! The situation is so complex that nothing corresponds to the simplistic and sure-fire recipe of writing postcards.
Ah, but there is a big fallacy here. Writing postcards in Happiton is not sure-fire. The gas could still come oozing up at any time. All that changes is the odds. Now in the real world, we must follow our own best estimates, in the absence of perfect information, as to what actions are likely to be positive and what ones to be negative. You can only follow your nose. You can never be sure that any action, no matter how well intended, is going to improve. the situation. That’s just the way life is.
I happen to believe that the odds of a holocaust will be reduced (perhaps by a factor of 1.0000001) by writing to my representatives and senators fairly regularly, by attending local freeze meetings, by contributing to various organizations, by giving lectures here and there on the topic, and by writing articles like this. How can I know that it will do any good? I can’t, of course. And it’s no different in Happiton. The best of intentions can backfire for totally unforeseeable reasons. It might turn out that little Wally Thurston, by moving his pencil in a certain graceful curlicue motion one
afternoon while writing his 1,000th postcard to the Demon, stirs up certain air molecules which, by bouncing and jouncing against other ones helter-skelter, wind up giving that tiny last push to the caroming icosahedral dice atop the belfry, and bang! They all come up ‘7’! Wally, oh Wally, why such folly? Why did you ever write those postcards?
Those who would caution people that it might be counter-productive to work against the arms race—unless they believe one should work for the arms race—are in effect counseling paralysis. But would they do so in other areas of life? You never know if that car trip to the grocery store won’t be the last thing you do in your life. All life is a gamble.
The second distinction between Happiton and reality is this. In Happiton, for fifteen minutes a day to make a noticeable dent, it would have had to be donated by all 20,000 citizens, adults and children. Obviously I do not think that is realistic in our country. The fifteen minutes a day per person that I would like to see spent by real people in this country is limited to adults (or at least people of high-school age), and I don’t even include most adults in this. I cannot realistically hope that everyone will be motivated to become politically active. Perhaps a highly active minority of 5% would be enough. It is amazing how visible and influential an articulate and vocal minority of,that size can be! So, being realistic, I limit ’my desires to an average of fifteen minutes of activity per day for 5% of the adult American population. I sincerely believe that with about this much work, a kind of turning point would be reached—and that at 30 minutes or 60 minutes per day (exactly as in Happiton), truly significant changes in the national mood (and hence in the global danger level) could be effected.
I think I have explained what Happiton was written for. Trigger activity it may not. I’m growing a little more realistic, and I don’t expect much of anything. But I would like to understand human nature. better, to understand what it is that makes us so much like stupid gnats dully buzzing above a freeway, unable to see the onrushing truck, 100 yards down the road, against whose windshield we are about to be smashed.
One last thought: Although to me it seems that nuclear war is the gravest threat before us, I would grant that to other people it might appear otherwise. I don’t care so much what kinds of efforts people invest their time in, as long as they do something. The exact thing that corresponds to the threat to Happiton doesn’t much matter. It could be nuclear weapons, chemical or biological weapons, the population explosion, the U.S.’s ever-deepening involvement in Central America, or even something more contained, like the environmental devastation inside the U.S. What it seems to me is needed is a healthy dose of indignation: a spark, a flame, a fire inside. Until that happens, that courthouse clock’ll be tickin’ away, once every hour, on the hour, until …
Two magazines are devoted to the prevention of nuclear war. They are: the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and Nuclear Times. The Bulletin, founded in 1945, aims to forestall nuclear holocaust by promoting awareness and understanding of the issues involved. It describes itself as “a magazine of science and world affairs”. Its address is: 5801 South Kenwood Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.
Nuclear Times is a more recent arrival, and calls itself “the news magazine of the antinuclear weapons movement”. Its articles are shorter and lighter than those of the Bulletin, but it keeps you up to date on what’s happening all over the country and the world. Its address is: Room 512, 298 Fifth Avenue, New York, New 10001.
The following organizations are effective and important forces in the attempt to slow down the arms race and to reduce global tensions. Most of them put out excellent literature, which is available in, large quantities at low prices (sometimes free) for distribution. Needless to say, they can always use more members and more funding. Many have local chapters.
The Council for a Livable World 11 Beacon Street Boston, Massachusetts 02108 SANE 711 G Street, S.E. Washington, D.C. 20003 Nuclear Weapons Freeze Campaign 4144 Lindell Boulevard, Suite 404 St. Louis, Missouri 63108 The Center for Defense Information 303 Capital Gallery West 600 Maryland Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20024 Physicians for Social Responsibility, 639 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War 225 Longwood Avenue, Room 200 Boston, Massachusetts 02115 Union of Concerned Scientists 1384 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02238
Possibly this refers to Wald’s 1969 speech, “A Generation in Search of a Future”. In it, Wald doesn’t make the estimate himself but attributes it to another Harvard professor:
A few months ago, Senator Richard Russell, of Georgia, ended a speech in the Senate with the words “If we have to start over again with another Adam and Eve, I want them to be Americans; and I want them on this continent and not in Europe.” That was a United States senator making a patriotic speech. Well, here is a Nobel laureate who thinks that those words are criminally insane.
How real is the threat of full-scale nuclear war? I have my own very inexpert idea, but, realizing how little I know, and fearful that I may be a little paranoid on this subject, I take every opportunity to ask reputed experts. I asked that question of a distinguished professor of government at Harvard about a month ago. I asked him what sort of odds he would lay on the possibility of full-scale nuclear war within the foreseeable future. “Oh”, he said comfortably, “I think I can give you a pretty good answer to that question. I estimate the probability of full-scale nuclear war, provided that the situation remains about as it is now, at two per cent per year.” Anybody can do the simple calculation that shows that two per cent per year means that the chance of having that full-scale nuclear war by 1990 is about one in three, and by 2000 it is about fifty-fifty.
I think I know what is bothering the students. I think that what we are up against is a generation that is by no means sure that it has a future. | <urn:uuid:ef997640-1abf-470b-9da6-c28b0eb5e27b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gwern.net/docs/existential-risk/1985-hofstadter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.968226 | 28,103 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Summer intern from France
Jean-Baptiste Sourbets from Polytech Nantes joined our group this summer to investigate the effect of cation doping on TiO2 scaffold properties.
Meet our summer intern Jean-Baptiste
During my engineering studies at Polytech Nantes, I have learnt a lot about about mechanical testing and different materials, such as ceramics and metals, and I had the opportunity to stay at the Department of Biomaterials University of Oslo to work with ceramic TiO2 scaffold. In this internship, I was able to expand my knowledge about ceramics, and especially about all the properties of the TiO2 scaffolds that can use for bone repair. I stayed at the Department of Biomaterials in Oslo from June until end of August 2018 to write an internship report on the effect of changes in the manufacturing protocol for making the TiO2 scaffolds on their microstructural and mechanical properties.
What has he learned during his stay in Oslo?
When I worked in this laboratory, I learnt a lot about the ceramic and how can be used to regenerate the bone in the jaw and around dental implants. Furthermore, the good environment in the laboratory allowed me to learn a lot about biology which is not part of my current engineering studies.
This project was really interesting because I used a lot of different analysis tools that I have previously learned about during my studies, such as scanning electron microscopy and mechanical testing, and that can be very useful for my future research project. In addition, I discovered other techniques that I had never used or studied before such as microCT, which gave me a supplementary knowledge for the rest of my studies.
To conclude, the project that I have been doing for 3 months gathered a lot of different subject and experiences that gave me a lot of motivation to come every day to the lab and explore this interesting project.
Photos by Florian Weber / UiO | <urn:uuid:afe9e891-02ae-402f-85be-3b06bcea6f31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.odont.uio.no/iko/english/about/organization/units/biomaterials/news-and-events/2018-summer-jean-b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.97038 | 396 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Conducted by Francesca Bellino, journalist and writer.
Najwan Darwish was born in Jerusalem in 1978. Since the publication of his first collection of poetry in 2000, his works have been translated into twenty languages. Nothing More to Lose (2022) is his latest collection of poems translated into English and Italian.
One of the ambitions of the Palestinian poet Najwan Darwish is to “shatter the boundaries between identities, grasp their common elements, and combine them” with the lightness and openness of those who have freed themselves from the brand of belonging and embraced the whole world. In his second collection, published in English as Nothing More to Lose, translated into Italian as Più nulla da perdere and edited by Simone Sibilio and with a preface by Franca Mancinelli, the poet immediately declares his renunciation of borders and his incorporation into himself a wide geography. Najwan Darwish, born in Jerusalem in 1978, not only feels Arab, but also Kurdish, Egyptian, Iraqi, Jewish. In the prose poem that opens the collection, Identity Card, we meet the poet free from the burden of identity, who chooses to make visible traces of the past through the present and welcomes the reader with a title that evokes the poem of the same name by Mahmud Darwish (1941-2008), considered the greatest Palestinian poet, whose surname Najwan bears even though he is not related to Mahmud.
Considered one of the most original poetic voices of his generation on an international level, Najwan Darwish, among the contributors the 2022 edition of Portraits of Poetry in Rome, uses different forms, registers and tones. Nothing More to Lose, a collection released in 2015 in the United States, is divided into seven sections and includes texts written between 1998 and 2013 in both verse and prose. His poetry embodies the right balance between tradition and modernity, mixes historical and religious references, both biblical and Koranic, contains the scream of humanity oppressed and trampled by power and is crossed by a lucid and unsettling irony.
Najwan, what does identity represent for you?
Identities are constructed representations. I could say that I am against the idea of identity. One of the problems with identities is that they sometimes turn into cages for their owners or prisons to put others in. One of my ambitions is to cancel the boundaries between identities and cross them. I think that every poet has the task of making it clear that the human experience is unique.
How much has the surname you carry influenced your choices?
It didn’t have a big impact. When I was young I thought I would become much more important than Mahmoud Darwish! Perhaps, if I had realized his importance, I would have chosen a pseudonym. But it didn’t happen that way! While sharing with him the surname and the country of origin, we are part of two different poetic families. Poets are like trees and they grow on their own roots, and we have different roots. We have a different poetic sensibility and we have written very different things. Mahmoud Darwish is not one of my favorite poets and I haven’t read all of his books. I’ve made decisions in life that are the opposite of his. We have a different relationship with power and a different vision of the poet’s role. I don’t like the idea of the national and nationalist poet who stands as champion of national identity. I always look suspiciously at the power of the moment and I often find myself opposing power and, as far as poetry is concerned, I also oppose poetic authorities. I don’t even call myself a poet. I am ashamed. To call oneself a poet is presumptuous. Poets who think they are big stars make me laugh, I joke about it.
When I wrote the poem I did not have Mahmud Darwish in mind, while there is malice in the choice of the title. I remembered his famous poem and mentioned it in the title, but making a comparison between the two poems would not be right because he wrote it when he was very young in another historical situation. I wrote it at a more mature age and in another era. The two poems arise from different needs. Over the years his poetics has evolved and exceeded the limits that can be found in Identity Card. If a narrow view of identity could be found in that text, perhaps in a more mature era he would have written something else. In the same way, I would rewrite my identity card in a different way, ten years after the text was born. Although it still seems to represent a broad identity, it is much more limited than the idea I have of it today.
What are your poetic references?
There have been many. They sink into poems written in many languages and in many cultures and dating back to many historical periods. I loved pre-Islamic poetry very much. I have dealt with many poets and many poetic currents. My challenges have been more about bringing together different poetic traditions and making them communicate with each other. I dedicated myself to discovering the relationships that exist between distinct poetic currents and I was also guided by the rejection of the hegemony of any poetic tradition.
What is the influence in your work of the voices of the singers, such as Umm Kulthum, to whom you dedicate the prose poem The Obelisk?
The influence of the music and the voices of singers like Umm Kulthum and Fairuz was great, very important. The songs represent a point of reference in my poetry. Musicians are poets. From my point of view, a singer when she sings is doing a poetic composition. I think that music is one of the wonders of the Arab culture of the twentieth century. It is the greatest cultural influence of the century and having been able to record certain voices and be able to listen to them again was a gift for humanity. In dark times, when I thought my life wasn’t happy, I listened to a song by Umm Kulthum and thought, “It was worth it to be born anyway.”
You say that the poet is also a historian. What do you mean?
The poet is a historian because poetry is the daughter of historical consciousness. To be a poet one must have a historical conscience. This does not mean knowing only the history of the cultures of civilizations; what matters is to grasp the movement of peoples, the human experience in history. The poet must focus his attention on the experience of life. Of course, the historian deals with the same dynamics, so we can say that the poet is an unofficial historian and that, on some occasions, also has the task of responding to and opposing official history.
When did you discover you had empathy for humanity?
When I was child. I noticed an almost mad love for justice. I think most people share this sensitivity with me, then there are people who develop it and others who annihilate it. There were small episodes that seemed big to my eyes. I was very impressed to see people punished without guilt. Unfortunately, even today I see people punished for sins never committed.
How do you feel today, seeing a new war in Ukraine?
The world has been sick for centuries and wars are the manifestations of the disease. Evil is not war itself. The problem is international relations and the interests on which they are based that will continue to produce more wars. When we see a corrupt leader, oppressor, madman, tyrant, we must remember that so many people have contributed to his rise. No one is innocent in wars.
Ph. Book cover | <urn:uuid:db71233d-e50c-46b1-8fdc-24d378807645> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://confrontiworld.net/2022/07/nothing-more-to-lose-an-interview-with-najwan-darwish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983377 | 1,568 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Oil Industry Profits examines the profitability of the oil industry over the fifteen-year period from 1961 to 1975 using data from accounting reports and stock prices. Sunder’s analysis of accounting data supports the conclusion that the oil industry had been no more profitable than other industrial firms during the past fifteen years. His analysis of the stock market data indicates that the risk-adjusted profits to the investor during this period have been slightly greater than the average profits for all firms listed on the New York Stock Exchange. The small positive abnormal profits realized over the fifteen-year period may be attributed to a small improvement in the prospects of the industry over these years. Because of the competitive nature of the stock market, stock prices reflect the investors’ assessments of an industry’s future prospects, and abnormal profits appear only in periods when those prospects change. | <urn:uuid:d55825d4-7fe2-409a-9218-51adbae70e57> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cowles.yale.edu/publications/books/oil-industry-profits | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.935512 | 215 | 1.664063 | 2 |
ICDIM 2014 : The 9th International Conference on Digital Information Management
Conference Series : International Conference on Digital Information Management
Call For Papers
Call for Papers
The ICDIM intends to bridge the gap between different areas of digital information management, science and technology. This forum will address a large number of themes and issues. The conference will feature original research and industrial papers on the theory, design and implementation of digital information systems, as well as demonstrations, tutorials, workshops and industrial presentations.
The topics in ICDIM 2014 include but are not confined to the following areas.
Data Grids, Data and Information Quality
Temporal and Spatial Databases
Data Warehouses and Data Mining
Web Mining including Web Intelligence and Web 3.0
E-Learning, eCommerce, e-Business and e-Government
Natural Language Processing
XML and other extensible languages
Web Metrics and its applications
Semantic Web, Ontologies and Rules
Artificial Intelligence and Decision Support Systems
Peer to Peer Data Management
Mobile Data Management
Data Models for Production Systems and Services
Data Exchange issues and Supply Chain
Data Life Cycle in Products and Processes
Case Studies on Data Management, Monitoring and Analysis
Security and Access Control
Information Content Security
Mobile, Ad Hoc and Sensor Network Security
Distributed information systems
Quality of Service Issues
Multimedia and Interactive Multimedia
Image Analysis and Image Processing
Video Search and Video Mining
All the accepted papers of ICDIM 2014 will appear in the proceedings published by IEEE.
All paper of ICDIM 2014 will be fully indexed by IEEE Xplore.
All the ICDIM 2014 papers will be indexed by DBLP.
Modified version of the selected papers will appear in the special issues of the following peer reviewed journals.
1. Journal of Digital Information Management (JDIM)
2. International Journal of Web Applications (IJWA)
3. International Journal of Information Technology and Web Engineering (IJITWE)
4. International Journal of Emerging Sciences (IJES)
SUBMISSIONS AT http://www.icdim.org/submission.html | <urn:uuid:0932d3fc-5edb-4ac0-9b49-725b0ec1473a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=36531©ownerid=67390 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.77536 | 514 | 1.773438 | 2 |
7 Streets in Waikīkī and What Their Names Mean
From Kealohilani Avenue to Lemon Road, the streets in Waikīkī on Oʻahu have some connection to the history of Hawaiʻi.
History lives all around us—even in our street signs. Yes, those light green indicators of where you are in the city also happen to be named after significant figures, places or people in Hawaiʻi’s history. And in Waikīkī, once home to Hawaiian royalty, there are dozens of street signs all with their own fascinating tales. Here are a few of our favorites.
1. Nāmāhana Street
Lydia Pīʻia Nāmāhana was a significant wahine in her time. A wife of King Kamehameha I, Nāmāhana was also the daughter of Hawaiian high chief Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi, who played a significant role in putting King Kamehameha I into power. Her status was elevated further when she served as Governor of Oʻahu, before passing in 1829.
2. Keʻalohilani Avenue
When Hawaiian royalty had resided in Waikīkī, Queen Liliʻuokalani had a seaside cottage located across from Kūhio Beach. It was called Keʻalohilani, which in ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi translated to “the royal brightness,’ and it was possibly named after a mythical land told of in Hawaiian moʻolelo (stories), that existed in the heavens and where a house of clouds was built for Keaomelemele, a daughter of the god of war Kū and goddess Hina, to live.
3. Duke’s Lane
Who else could this street be named after than the man himself, Duke Paoa Kahinu Mokoe Hulikohola Kahanamoku. Olympian, sheriff, actor, an ambassador of aloha and just an all-around swell guy, the Duke’s name has become synonymous with Waikīkī—and its beaches—so it’s no wonder he has a lane named after him.
4. Kālakaua Avenue
One of the most prominent thoroughfares in Waikīkī, visitors will likely spend a lot of time walking up and down the perfect stretch of street known as Kālakaua Avenue. It’s got everything: shops, restaurants, hotels and beach views. When you’re there, you’re merry—so it’s no surprise that the avenue was named after the Merrie Monarch himself, King David Kālakaua, the last king of the Hawaiian Islands. His influence in promoting Hawaiian music and culture led to the first Hawaiian Renaissance, and his rule inspired pride and nationalism among many native Hawaiians.
5. Lemon Street
Did you ever think that Lemon Street was just named after … a lemon? Turns out, it is actually named after James Silas Lemon, a Frenchman who came to the Islands in 1849. So how did he get a whole street named after him in Waikīkī of all places? Well, he owned the unimaginatively named Commercial Hotel—which became somewhat notable as it was the first hotel to have a gas lamp lighting in its saloon.
6. Kaʻiulani Avenue
Another significant member of Hawaiian royalty, Princess Kaʻiulani was appointed the last heir apparent to the throne of the Hawaiian Kingdom, however, she had not reached her 18th birthday by the time the Hawaiian Kingdom was overthrown and was not able to take the throne despite much protest. She and Liliʻuokalani boycotted the 1898 annexation ceremony and both mourned the loss of Hawaiian independence, and she went on to make public appearances and speeches in the United States denouncing the overthrow of her government and the injustice toward her people.
7. ʻOlohana Street
The literal translation of ʻolohana can be defined as “all hands,’ something sailors would shout to one another, especially John Young, adviser and aide of Kamehameha the Great. As a boatswain, he must have said it quite a bit as ʻolohana became his given Hawaiian name, and it has now been cemented in history as the name of this street in Waikīkī. | <urn:uuid:f30fdca3-d9bb-4663-8396-d5a403f521a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-streets-in-waikiki-and-what-their-names-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.977016 | 956 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Written by Eric E. Brooks, DVM
It’s that time of year when Spring is in the air. The flowers are blooming and the birds are chirping. But lurking in the shadows is a hungry predator waiting to make a meal of your pet.
Ticks are tiny parasites that hold onto tall blades of grass or low-hanging branches, just waiting for an innocent dog or cat to come strolling by. When your pet brushes against them, the tick grabs a hold of their fur and prepares for the feast. Once the tick finds a tasty spot, they use their mouth parts to puncture a hole through the skin and then release a substance that temporarily glues themselves to your pet. While they are busy feeding, they can also transmit the organism that causes Lyme disease.
The black-legged deer tick is responsible for spreading Lyme disease in the northern United States. This tick was rarely seen in northeast Ohio in the past, but has been found in increasing numbers in recent years. Where the tick goes, Lyme disease soon follows. The black-legged deer tick is one of the smallest ticks, and often goes unnoticed for days after attaching to your pet.
Common questions about Lyme disease include:
What is Lyme disease?
The disease is caused by a bacteria-like organism that lives in the tick’s stomach. When the tick feeds, they inject the organism into your pet’s body. Once inside of the body, the organism can cause a fever, lethargy, joint swelling, limping and potentially life-threatening kidney failure. The disease can take weeks to months to develop from the time of the bite.
What should I do if I find a tick attached to my pet?
Contact your veterinarian for guidance. There are several species of ticks that live in Ohio. It is very important for the veterinarian to see the tick to determine which diseases your pet may have been exposed to.
How can I tell if my pet has Lyme disease?
Your veterinarian can perform a blood test to determine if you your pet was exposed to Lyme disease. It is important to note that it can take up to six weeks before your pet will test positive after exposure.
Is there a treatment for Lyme disease?
If the disease is caught early enough, the pet can be treated with antibiotics. In severe cases, there may be permanent damage to the joints or kidneys.
Can Lyme disease be prevented?
A vaccine is available and recommended for pets that are exposed to ticks. Additionally, there are a variety of tick preventatives available. Contact your veterinarian to discuss the parasite preventative that will best meet your pet’s needs. | <urn:uuid:88136c2b-214e-4543-93b8-0a4feb15d804> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wetreatpets.com/teeny-tiny-creepy-crawlies-the-facts-about-ticks-and-lyme-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952243 | 543 | 3 | 3 |
All collectors like a bit of musical trivia, and “who did it first” is a game that’s often played when the most hardcore of them get together to swap matrix numbers and that sort of thing. Most buyers of Ace CDs will know that many of the biggest hits of the 1960s and 1970s were recycled from earlier 45s that had failed for those who did them originally. And the failure of some of those ‘earlier 45s’ is ‘celebrated’, if you like, by the release of “You Heard It Here First”, featuring two dozen and two excellent tracks – by, in many cases, high-profile talents – that never got to have their day in the sun at the time of their release.
While it would be a lie to say that everything that’s featured here is a can’t-fail, 100% chiselled-in-stone classic, it really is difficult to see why most of our selections did not catch on with the general public in the way that the later hit versions did. Admittedly, some of them were hidden on B-sides or tucked away on albums, waiting to be discovered by artists and managers with a good ear for a potential hit. Others were issued at times when the music that they represented was not in vogue, for one reason or another. But there’s simply no viable explanation for the relative to complete chart failure of tracks like Joe Jones’ ‘California Sun’, Bessie Banks’ ‘Go Now’ or Tommy Hunt’s ‘I Just Don’t Know What To Do With Myself’, especially when the versions that eventually became hits a few years later were, in all honesty, not even half as good. Even though the competition for chart placings was much fiercer when all of these tracks first appeared, there’s no valid reason why any of them should have failed.
Some of these 26 originals are now quite well known, thanks in no small way to the belated publicity that their succesful revivals have brought them. Others will amuse and amaze even the most tightly zipped ‘know it all’ anorak – how many people outside of obsessive record collecting’s inner sanctum will have heard of Diane and Annita’s first cut of ‘A Groovy Kind Of Love’, or the Wild Ones’ ‘Wild Thing’, much less actually heard the records in question? And how many have gone their whole lives enjoying Bill Haley’s earth shattering revival of the song without knowing that there was an original of ‘Rock Around The Clock’, made three years previously? These are just a few of the fascinating ‘first versions’ that “You Heard It Here First” is presenting, in their best ever sound, for your musical pleasure. So confident are we that Ace fans will like it that Rob Finnis and myself are already planning Volume Two, along with a ‘sister volume’ called “You Heard Them Here First” that focuses on early recordings by people who went on to far greater fame and fortune further down the line.
You heard it here first – at last…
By Tony Rounce | <urn:uuid:ad0b89d2-f17b-420b-81b3-4b95a0188d44> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.acerecords.co.uk/you-heard-it-here-first | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.978475 | 685 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Bureaucratic system workers, who work with the database, will soon be replaced by blockchain! With the hundreds of inventions has been evolving every day, the way we live in the world has changed towards better livelihood. A very recent talk of the town is Blockchain, not only the business professionals but also common people have started discussing it. But, what exactly is behind in this kind of permeating? So, we are going to see blockchain, its benefits and the steps to follow to build a blockchain app through this blog.
What is Blockchain?
As said in the beginning, blockchain is going replace the digital database system and instead of that, the information can be stored in the series of blocks. The decentralized database can be linked with previous blocks. The information of every transaction can be updated at all the devices simultaneously. With the risk-free transactions and safe data ledger, the blockchain will be tracking and maintaining data by using the distributed database. Bitcoin is the first decentralized digital currency, which is functioned by using blockchain technology.
Benefits of Blockchain Applications
1. Easy Transactions
Blockchain application is just a matter of a second! When you develop a blockchain android & iOS app as your own, you no need to wait for hours to create bank accounts for transactions. With blockchain application, you need to spend just 5 minutes and you can perform transactions anywhere in the world. In this technology, there are no broker and banks involved. This makes everything easier and safe.
The best traits of using blockchain technology are the decentralized and the transparent transaction. Bitcoin reduces the stress over inflation, as it doesn’t involve in printing money. Moreover, the government is looking to add restrictions of cash circulation. With these moderations are being expected, bitcoin comes as decentralized and provide comfortable transactions despite the distance of countries.
3. Unmatched Safety Level
Another reason that supports the usage of bitcoins is the unmatched safety level it provides. The data is stored in the series of blocks which is highly difficult to tamper. Bitcoin transactions are performed by smart algorithms and cryptography of the highest level so that it is highly protective of scammers. If you still worry about the skilled hackers, you have another way called “Cold Keeping”, which is completely impossible to steal.
4. Public Verifiability
Creating a blockchain mobile app allows anyone to verify correct system working. Each transaction is being confirmed by verifiers in a distributed ledger. Privacy and Integrity
Privacy and integrity are the critical systems in any system. But there is a conflict between keeping privacy and transparency. When the system is centralized, privacy becomes certainly easier, but in a decentralized like blockchain, the transparency becomes prior.
Steps to Develop a Blockchain App for iOS & Android
1. Figure out Strategy
To commence the blockchain application development, first and foremost, figure out the application strategy, which suits your business. Being knowledgeable about the creation of application and the reasons for creating the applications credits you with the successful output. If you want a blockchain android & ios app built as your own, make sure you are aware of primary goals.
2. Understand How You Are Going to Handle
While you are in the developing process, you must decide how you want to handle the blockchain database. It can be either public or private or hybrid. When the database is activated as public, anyone can access the transaction history. Private infrastructure doesn’t require cryptocurrency mining whereas hybrid platform private and public Blockchains.
3. Analyze the Solutions Available
After a deep analysis, we have compiled available solutions in the below section,
For running a public blockchain, you must go with open blockchain like Ethereum/Bitcoin.
If you want to create a private blockchain network, you must install blockchain software and run it privately without third-party access. Additionally, you will have options of creating a private network with partners and trusted peers.
You can go to cloud base solution provider such as IBM, BlueMix, Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure, which provide Blockchain as a Service (BAAS)
Starting a public blockchain network enables anyone to become a node
4. Use a Proof-of-Concept Approach
To create a blockchain android app, you must test your idea with a Proof-of-Concept approach. It offers the easy ways to test the business outcome. Since POC is not so expensive, a thorough follow-through is enough for data migration project to become a success. You must confirm that the success measurement criteria are clearly defined, before starting a Proof-of-Concept approach.
5. Blockchain Software Development
Develop to a specific platform/to a cross-platform framework and which tools you must use are the two critical decisions, which you should make while the initial stage of the development process. Deciding what must be chosen is highly critical that everyone must take care of. Both of them have development advantages and challenges.
6. Launch the Application
The final stage of developing a blockchain ios app is to run it in the production. Now it is ready to be sold on the app store or Google play after successfully testing it with user acceptance. Recap
Along with the plethora of technology emergence, the changes and innovation continue to grow up. The blockchain is one such technology that certainly conquers the future fund transactions.
Having any thoughts to share regarding this blog? Cast your comments in the below comment section!
All Rights Reserved | <urn:uuid:97f32607-1f12-467e-b594-7ed23f8cbe97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://viblo.asia/p/how-to-develop-a-blockchain-application-for-android-ios-Ljy5VWgVKra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931047 | 1,113 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Whether you are using conventional or organic cultivation methods, Germains offers a few different seed treatments for broccoli, cabbage, kale, and cauliflower. When applied, seed treatments for brassicas can not only help your crops overall performance but can protect your seedlings before emergence. The following are a few seed treatment options for you to select from for your next growing season.
Seed Treamtents for Broccoli and other Brassicas
If you have a great variety you are currently growing a variety that has all the right traits but could improve on the speed of emergence and or uniformity; priming may be an affordable option for you to consider. Germains emergis® seed priming enhances the speed of emergence, uniformity, earlier crop development which may increase final field stands. At this time, emergis® is only available as a conventional treatment for broccoli.
Planting always poses its challenges. If you want to overcome duplicate plantings, improve singulation, and or add crop protection to your seed, then you may want to consider applying a seed pellet to your seed. ProPellet® Maxi pellets are available for broccoli, kale, and cabbage. When placing your order, keep in mind that you may combine/stack seed pellets with other treatments such as priming and crop protection. Conventional and organic are available on a species by species basis.
The filmcoating is a seed treatment process that encases the active ingredients within a thin film of binding materials that improves handling and reduces dust off for end users. The filmcoat binders keep the material where it belongs, on the seed. Because the agro-chemicals are placed directly on the seed or pellet, the filmcoat will provide the disease protection it was developed to control. The benefits of the selected agrochemicals begin working at pre-emergence vs. having to wait for spray applications after planting.
Filmcoating may be applied to raw seed; however, specific pesticides do require them to be added as far aways from the seed as possible to limit phytotoxicity. Some chemicals may cause damage when applied directly to the seed. Under these circumstances, Germains will, therefore, apply the agrochemical to the exterior finish of the customer’s selected seed pellet as a filmcoat.
Germains offers the following crop protection seed treatments for brassicas:
|Conventional Crop Protection||Organic Crop Protection|
|Coronet® – fungicide
FarMore® F300 – fungicide
FarMore® FI400 – fungicide/insecticide
Meteor® – fungicide
Maxim® – fungicide
NipsIT® – insecticide (CA/AZ only)
Thiram – fungicide
|Actinovate® – fungicide
Mycostop® – insecticide
T-22® – fungicide
Hot Water Treatment
At this time we do offer hot water treatment for kale, broccoli, and cabbage. However it should be noted that hot water treatments require a minimum of a ½ lb of seed for processing keeping in mind that this treatment may reduce the shelf life of your seed once treated.
Please speak with you preferred seed dealer regarding the seed treatment options that are available for brassicas and or contact us directly for more information. | <urn:uuid:a626e77c-4b9e-4d1b-af8d-c9f657c0be4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://germains.com/us/seed-treatments-broccoli-brassicas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.902432 | 695 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Feb 5, 2021
This week's episode is with artist, actor, peace activist, playwright and pirate radio queen, Margaretta D'Arcy. Margaretta has campaigned for decades on issues related to global peace and civil liberties. In 2014, Margaretta, then aged 80, served two prison sentences resulting from her opposition to the use of Shannon Airport by the US military.
Over the years, her activism has taken many forms. She was a member of Bertrand Russell's Committee of 100 group. She participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations at Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp, and took part in the H-Block women's protests in Armagh. Broadcasting from her kitchen in Galway, she operated a long-running women's pirate radio station, which served to give a platform to lesser-heard and marginalised voices in the community.
She wrote and devised a large body of 'Loose' theatre, often working in collaboration with her late-partner, the radical playwright John Arden. Together, they created the much-celebrated The Non-Stop Connolly Show, the story of James Connolly told in six parts over 24 hours.
In this episode of the podcast, Margaretta talks to us about how she was arrested during a peaceful demonstration in Belfast on International Women's Day 1979, which lead to her taking part in the no-wash protests in Armagh Gaol. She describes the brutality and humiliation of invasive strip searches by male prison guards on women prisoners, and asks questions of whether women are given their proper dues when it comes to acknowledging the place of profound feminist resistance within our complex history of revolutionary struggle.
We look at artistic censorship, political complacency, our complicity in war, and our inability to empathise with strangers in other lands. Is imagination enough to fight back against neoliberal Ireland? And just how is Margaretta D'Arcy still finding ways to resist during these lockdown times? | <urn:uuid:41964525-0252-46f7-8af7-99067ae61b02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rebel.libsyn.com/89-margaretta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.968041 | 399 | 1.820313 | 2 |
We asked Peak Performance’s own Exercise Physiologists about how they have created routine in their lives. From working out, to meal prepping to staying hydrated, read on for their best tips!
Developing a routine with hydration should be as essential as brushing your teeth in the morning or washing your face at night. Too many people don’t hydrate their bodies enough on a day to day basis; this is why it’s one of the very first things we address when beginning an exercise program at Peak. Many times I will ask a client “how many cups on average do you think you have a day?” Many people will answer with “3 bottles a day” and point to the water bottle they have in their hand, whether it be an 8oz Poland spring or a giant Yeti 36oz. Many people will admit they don’t get enough water, but somehow struggle with remembering to drink. Others even claim they don’t want to be burdened with going to the restroom more frequently, but when I pry I find many of them are going to the restroom frequently at night but not during the day. That is due to the body slowing down at night and renal function may to, but what about the waking hours? Those missed opportunities to nourish your body, shouldn’t we focus on that? My general recommendation to new clients starting out is 8 x 8 oz cups per day; this is commonly more than they are used to. However, there are no actual hard and fast guidelines due to the fact that number depends on many factors such as body mass, the rate at which you sweat, heat and humidity, exercise intensity and duration. Regardless of your water intake, since everyone’s is different, developing a routine in order to hit that mark every day is the key piece.
Reminders can be very helpful when developing a new habit. I love setting a reminder in my phone, whether it’s for a meeting, remembering to wish my cousin good luck, and yes, drinking water. Each reminder has its significance in my life. Many times it’s the little things in life we take for granted; our bodies will continue to run even if we neglect it, but how can we increase its efficiency? What we don’t realize is that these unique systems that make up the human body are all integrated by the vast circulation that is dependent upon water. Physiologically nothing would happen without the presence of water; therefore shouldn’t it be a higher priority? Many of us drink a cup of coffee before we even have a cup of water in the morning. Make hydration a priority in your life; add it as a reminder in your phone every hour to drink.
If you are utilizing a reusable water bottle, try this tip for holding yourself accountable: each time you drink your entire water bottle, place a rubber band around it. This is a simple way to track your fluid intake throughout the day. This will also give you an idea of how much water you normally drink on days when you are exercising light or hard and days when you are busy vs. days you are not busy. Find out what’s holding you back from drinking more water because we all can use the extra hydration.
Brandon Ayala, CSCS | <urn:uuid:87fa7b63-a084-4187-ad4c-90a067701ed7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.peakptfitness.com/tips-for-making-a-habit-of-drinking-water/4103 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962336 | 682 | 2.203125 | 2 |
1 edition of Communal life found in the catalog.
|Statement||translated by a Religious of the Sacred Heart. [Edited under the direction of A. Plé].|
|Series||Religious life, 8|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xii, 320 p. ;|
|Number of Pages||320|
Ella Jo Baker Intentional Community Cooperative, Inc. Washington, District of Columbia, United States The mission of the Ella Jo Baker Intentional Community is to build a solid foundation of cooperation and community participation through cooperative. The Moral Sense in the Communal Significance of Life Investigations in Phenomenological Praxeology: Psychiatric Therapeutics, Medical Ethics und Social Praxis Within the Life- and Communal WorldBrand: Springer Netherlands. Nov 21, · A comparative analysis of both secular and religious communal groups in contemporary America, this study, originally published in , shows that contemporary communalists stand in relation to collectivism much the same as early Protestants stood in relation to individualism – as the self-proclaimed pioneers of the new blackgoldstampede.com by: The original impulse for groups to separate from society and establish communities of their own was religious. Though the religious side of this drive toward separation remains strong, the last two centuries have seen the appearance of secular communities with a socialist or anarchist orientation. In The Communal Experience, nominated for a National Book Award in , Laurence Veysey explores.
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A commune (the French word appearing in the 12th century from Medieval Latin communia, meaning a large gathering of people sharing a common life; from Latin communis, things held in common) is an intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, often having common values and beliefs, as well as shared property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work.
“What used to be communal living has become socio-political manipulation on a planetary scale. Everything has become a tool to engineer our consciousness development at every step, ranging from breathing to food to water ” ― Anita B. Sulser PhD, We Are One. Comunilife has 2, units of transitional and permanent, congregate and scatter site housing for adults and families who are low-income and/or have disabilities.
We believe that safe and secure housing is the first and most important step toward independence and stability. Sep 21, · Love Life - A beautiful reminder that that life is a gift to be treasured and shared. [Dan Zadra] on blackgoldstampede.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
Love Life is an inspiring gift book of great quotationsa celebration of everyday life, love/5(29). Dec 11, · Ewan Morrison's top 10 books about communes Novels about communes are very rare and this might be because the ideal of "the communal" is Author: Ewan Morrison.
This remarkable compendium brings together more than eighty scholars from throughout the world to examine the experience of the kibbutz and communal living.
Through careful examination of the ideological, historical, educational, sociological, and economic origins and realities of communal living, the contributors provide strong and positive support for the belief that a cooperative society 4/5(1).
Dec 15, · The Alternative: Communal Life in New America [William Hedgepeth] on blackgoldstampede.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.5/5(1).
A text such as this provides a good opportunity to stop and think about how we ought to apply the book of Acts today. Since this word has the connotation of sharing common, this is likely an allusion to the communal life described in the next verses (Fitzmyer, Acts, ).
At the very least this includes alms and care for the poor. Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books. My library. Define communal. communal synonyms, communal pronunciation, communal translation, English dictionary definition of communal.
adj. Of or relating to a commune. Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study.
The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied. Book Summary His instructor, Moshe the Beadle, returns from a near-death experience and warns that Nazi aggressors will soon threaten the serenity of their lives.
However, even when anti-Semitic measures force the Sighet Jews into supervised ghettos, Elie's family remains calm and compliant. May 10, · Book Review: The roots of a new understanding of religious life lie in an understanding of the paradigm religious have historically followed and the often misunderstood and misrepresented history.
Nineteenth-century Mormonism was deeply communal, drawing not only on New Testament precedent (like other communal groups) but also on its own unique scriptures. The Book of Mormon expresses a vision of a godly society which had “all things common among them” and thus “there were not rich and poor, bond and free.”.
Communalism in the form described above is distinct from the predominant usage in South Asian forms of English: allegiance to a particular ethnic or religious group rather than to a broader society.
As such, this usage is synonymous with sectarianism and associated with communal violence. “How Climate Change Comes to Matter is dense, intelligent, and thoroughly researched. She presents an interesting conversation about climate change, rather than engaging in many of the typical debates one could read anywhere.
Her unique perspective informs the content of the book and makes for an interesting read.”Author: Candis Callison. Communal narcissists do not appear to have a communal self-view.
In his book, such as self-assertion, decisiveness, and competence. Communion refers to community-related aspects of. Get this from a library. A social reading of the Old Testament: prophetic approaches to Israel's communal life. [Walter Brueggemann; Patrick D Miller]. Studies in the Communal Life of the Jews of Spain by Isidore Epstein and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at blackgoldstampede.com This book extends the canonical scope of phenomenological research.
Readers will discover the rich philosophical output of such scholars as Edith Stein, Hedwig Conrad-Martius, and Gerda Walther. It serves as an important contribution to the research into the history of women philosophers.
It is a communicative book for students to acquire the language with an interesting approach to critical thinking" – Mariano Ignagio, Academic Coordinator, CUI, Buenos Aires. Read more. New resources for teachers just added.
A complete guide to Customizing Life to your course hours is now available in Teacher Resources. This chapter shows that during the 17th and 18th centuries, a number of changes influenced the religious lives of Jews and Christians alike. The Reformation enhanced the sense of individuality, and the printing press made knowledge more accessible.
Historians who see Judaism either remaining static or moving uniformly toward the surrounding society fail to discern the complexities and.
If you study history, you’ll discover that there has always been a strong impetus toward communal expressions of the Christian life within the orthodox church.
This tradition has solid biblical roots. It goes all the way back to the early Christian community in Jerusalem (Acts ). Jan 01, · "Communal Aspects of Contemporary Life" published on 01 Jan by blackgoldstampede.com: Shulamit Reinharz.
Communal Life At St Francis we’re looking at some exciting developments to strengthen our discipleship through communal life. We aim to work together to live a life faithful to Christ.
Communal Life and Values among the Mormons In members of the United Order of Orderville, a Mormon com-mune in Utah, were advised by church leaders to abandon their enter-prise. Their clerk later wrote that the leaders' counsel had caused many of the people of the Order to shed tears of sorrow.
Cited by: Aug 11, · Memoir recounts communal life at Loleta’s Lighthouse Ranch Lighthouse Ranch Wednesday August 11, Religion News Blog For those of us who may have forgotten about the commune that was located in Loleta in the ’70s, this book will bring it all back, in minute detail.
Check out this great listen on blackgoldstampede.com You're about to discover crucial information about communal living.
Millions of people have already experienced the amazing benefits that communal life has to offer. It can be overwhelming if you have been thinking about living in a shared arrangement an.
A Communal Tree of Life Western Sephardic Jewry and the Library of the Ets Haim Yesiba in Early Modern Amsterdam David Sclar (bio) Mass production of books in the early modern period broadened the quest for learning, promoted the invention of new educational tools, and generated wider social blackgoldstampede.com: David Sclar.
Jan 30, · After the publication in May of Mr. Wohlleben’s book, a surprise hit titled “The Hidden Life of Trees: What They Feel, How They Communicate — Discoveries From a Secret World,” the German. The Victorian Social-Problem Novel: The Market, the Individual and Communal Life by Guy, Josephine M.
and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at blackgoldstampede.com Jun 10, · The definition for “communal living” is: An intentional community of people living together, sharing common interests, property, possessions, resources, and, in some places, work and income.
We see these already coming up around the world (in America mainly at the moment) with more and more year olds finding this form of living more. Every year for many years the people of Milpa Alta, Mexico, have prepared a feast in the week before Christmas.
Sixty thousand tamales and 15, litres of hot chocolate are made in less than a week, not too much and not too little for the thousands of people who show up for the feast. The feast is called La Rejunta and is made for pilgrims preparing for the long walk to the.
May 01, · The graphics represent astounding creativity. Even as there continue to be rabbis, scholars and Jewish communal professionals who have the standing to write articles and books on the nature of Jewish life, we are living in an age when, increasingly, Jews with no official “standing” are defining for themselves the meaning of being Jewish.
Commemorations for Bashons 14 The Departure of St. Pachomius (Pakhom), the Father of the Spiritual Communal Monastic life (Cenobitic life). On this day, of the year 64 A.M. ( A.D.), Abba Pachomius, the father of the spiritual communal life (Cenobitic life), departed.
He was born in Thebes (Luxor) from pagan parents, who forced him to. The first church became a community of several thousand people who, because love was burning in them, had to stay together.
In all questions regarding communal life, the forms that emerged were in keeping with an understanding of life as one unified whole. The first Christians in Jerusalem held everything in common.
1 Peter — Communal Life in a Hostile World. Here is concluding counsel for a marginalized, victimized group. As exiles and aliens (1 Peter ) within Roman society, Peter calls them to transcend their situation by living as an authentic community, which seeks only good for its surrounding culture.
Communal Life. There are many. Photo Gallery Ways & Means dinner, honoring Rabbi & Alla Fine We celebrated the Fines’ 10th anniversary at TI-JCC with heartfelt presentations, a sumptuous dinner, silent auction, and dancing. May 24, · In his book Rethinking But the communal people who talk about having a “mission” or are “committed to a cause,” and they make it clear that while your life and concerns are petty.
Recommended By. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University, Michigan State University, and University of Minnesota. We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications. Depictions of Synagogue and Communal life.
(Heb. מגילת אסתר, megilat ester) is a manuscript copy of the biblical Book of Esther, which recounts the story of the salvation of the Jews in the Persian Empire, read in synagogues on the Evening and Morning Services of the holiday of Purim.Boyer and Nissenbaum's deft and imaginative look at local records reveals the contours of communal life in colonial New England and provides a model through which to understand the witchcraft accusations as part of a larger pattern of communal strife.
the Salem Village record book, the minister's book, and tax records Boyer and Nissenbaum.Uncanny Valley is Wiener’s account of her short career in tech. When the book begins, she is a flunky in literary New York, one of the “expendable,” “nervous,” and “very broke. | <urn:uuid:25c89010-ab96-42b0-860b-3c81b0396928> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://noruhydecawevo.blackgoldstampede.com/communal-life-book-18853mx.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.926504 | 2,943 | 2.265625 | 2 |
31-45 age group most affected by Covid-19 in federal capital
Report reveals 22,447 people falling in age bracket infected so far
A report drawn up by the Islamabad district health authority (DHA) suggests that people aged between 31 years and 45 years were the most affected by the novel coronavirus in Islamabad. The researchers, however, were unable to reason for the anomaly.
The report said that 22,447 people falling in this age bracket were infected by the coronavirus. The report added that 15,989 people aged between 21 and 30 years while 15,027 persons aged between 46 and 60 years contracted the virus too.
On the other hand, 8,805 children up to 10-year-old have been infected by covid-19 in Islamabad. The least infected patients were those aged between 11 years and 20 years, they numbered only 7,282.
Similarly, 8,180 people aged between 61 and 80 years tested positive for the pathogen while 800 covid-positive patients were those aged 81 or above.
Collectively, the report said that 79,027 people had contracted the virus in the federal capital while 727 fatalities had been recorded to date.
Published in The Express Tribune, May 16th, 2021. | <urn:uuid:fe310471-9f9e-45ca-a84e-04d221053525> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tribune.com.pk/story/2299984/31-45-age-group-most-affected-by-covid-19-in-federal-capital | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983338 | 264 | 2 | 2 |
Watson House Enchancment can deal with residential, industrial and specialty projects. From smaller initiatives akin to alternative windows or including an outbuilding to embarking on a completely self-constructed home; our advice and interactive guides may also help to steer and assist your mission, from the starting stage through to completion.
Do not forget that not all home enchancment tasks enhance the overall worth of your private home, so you should definitely fastidiously contemplate your causes earlier than transferring forward. Business ventures that plan to work on agriculture expertise, renewable vitality, or power efficiency tasks get government funding.
The articles included herein provide information about taxes, tax planning, tax preparation, earnings tax submitting, kinds, deductions, return and extra. Authorities schooling grants are given to college students from low revenue families to help them get a better schooling.
These grants are not to repay credit card debt or private loans and any website which asks you to pay for info regarding government grants for credit card debt is doubtful. Only residential buildings are aided by residence improvement grants and loans. In many instances, sale and purchase of real property, especially houses, becomes a valid floor for tax deductions.
Properly, there are a selection of dwelling improvements that qualify for Qualifying for Tax Deductionstax credits and tax deductions. After all, some residence enchancment projects are already chosen for you, comparable to is the case when one thing wants repairing or updating to fulfill modern standards.
The companies that provide this facility within the United States of America time period it as “an award in the form of a financial help from a federal agency, to a recipient to hold out a public goal of help or stimulation, authorized by a specific regulation, passed in the United States of America.” Some folks discover this description fairly vague, however grants can be defined as ‘financial help given by the government to the people for the betterment of society’.
The Device Time theme music, an early 1960s-model saxophone-dominated instrumental rock tune, was sometimes used because the closing theme music for Residence Improvement, particularly when behind the credits were working the blooper scenes that occurred throughout the taping of a Software Time segment. | <urn:uuid:64911fb3-481b-4e84-a85a-80b0aaf148ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.regishomesnc.com/what-about-dwelling-enchancment.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954681 | 452 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Every Day Without Fail
Post #1699 • May 27, 2014, 10:52 AM
Bouguereau's work routine.
Bouguereau painted every day without fail, conversing [simultaneously] with the friends or of family members who were present. Rising at dawn he would breakfast and then go up to his studio after donning some old clothes reserved for the purpose – a flannel shirt and an old suit, usually a skull cap or aged felt hat, and slippers on his feet. He would deal with serious business as he busied himself at the easel. At noon the painter would eat a frugal meal sent up to him from the pantry on a dumb waiter. Usually this consisted of fried eggs, cheese, and bread, which he would gulp down hastily, wishing to lose as little time as possible. Then he would take up his brush and only lay it down reluctantly when the daylight became insufficient. But that did not mean that his labors were ended. After the evening meal, by lamplight, he would work on new compositions, imaging different arrangements, and trying out new configurations. He drew his his famous little sketches in pen and ink or in pencil, laying out on paper a whole fairy world that was conceived with the contentment of a very full day... | <urn:uuid:8aac3256-c9c3-4915-a133-c6e705c22098> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.artblog.net/post/2014/05/bouguereau/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.991368 | 269 | 1.890625 | 2 |
It’s difficult to say what is avoidable and what is inevitable in the world of food waste.
We like to use the following definition, from the folks over at WRAP (see here).
Essentially, they argue there are 3 types of waste:
When this stuff goes into the trash, it’s a crying shame. Avoidable waste is the disposal of foodstuffs that were meant to be eaten. Think the broccoli head as opposed to the stalk, the orange slice as opposed to the rind, or the avocado meat as opposed to the pit.
This makes up a big portion of food waste. Avoidable waste is the food that some people eat, and some people don’t. Think carrot skins, potato peels, or lemon zest. Now, just because some people don’t eat it doesn’t mean its bad, it usually comes down to personal preference.
While we want to cut down on waste any way we can, sometimes it’s just not practical on an everyday level to reduce waste. This is the stuff often left behind, not edible under normal circumstances. Think pineapple skins, the outer part of melon rinds, or apple stems.
Ethylene is a colorless, sweet-smelling gas that plants use as a hormone to regulate growth and maturity. If you ever wondered why bananas turn brown and broccoli turns yellow, you’ve got ethylene to thank.
While all plants create ethylene, some make more and some are more susceptible to it. For example, bananas are the poster child of ethylene sensitivity, while carrots and oranges barely pay it notice at all.
The rule of thumb is, keep ethylene producers away from ethylene absorbers.
Important note: Most sites are going to suggest you totally remove all ethylene producers and keep them separate from ethylene sensitive produce, us included. That is the best way to keep produce fresh, but we know that’s not all that practical, its one of the reasons we even created Produce Mate, that said, as long as you keep produce well ventilated, you can still prolong their lives.
You may notice many of the tips on prolonging food waste don’t fit into how Produce Mate works. We’ve noticed too. However, these tips are the exact reason why Produce Mate exists.
Most families aren’t going to follow these tips. Its a lot of work maxing on the lifespan of produce. Keeping carrots submerged in water, wrapping lettuce in paper towels, and religiously separating ethylene producers from absorbers just isn’t worth the time investment for a lot of families.
We are not saying we can work better than all these methods combined; we can’t, no product can yet. What we can do, however, is work better than doing nothing, and that’s what most families are doing now. Our goal runs our company, not the other way around. That’s why we still want to show these tips. We want to cut down on food waste, we know different people will do so differently, so we want to provide as many options as possible.
If you think doing these tricks is the best route, we think that’s fantastic! We love that you’re willing to put so much into cutting down on what’s being wasted. If you don’t think you have time to follow all of the methods below, then Produce Mate may be the right direction to go. | <urn:uuid:57c2bcff-1e60-4d94-83ea-6bb035b47e9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.producemate.com/domesticwaste/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952023 | 732 | 3.359375 | 3 |
When it comes to web browsers, basically the names of the three browsers come first; Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Internet Explorer or today’s latest Microsoft Edge browser.
1. Google Chrome
Platforms: Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Android, iOS, and Chrome OS.
Google Chrome is currently the most popular browser. This is a browser known to all of you.
This browser, made by Google, was first released on September 2, 2006. Since then it has quickly become popular. Google Chrome is currently the most widely used web browser and has a market share of more than 70%.
Like all other web browsers, it has all the basic functions like bookmark management, extensions, themes, data synchronization, incognito mode.
2. Mozilla Firefox
Platforms: Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Android, iOS, Chrome OS.
Another great web browser of the present time is Mozilla Firefox. It is also a well-known web browser.
The open-source and free Mozilla Firefox web browser was developed by Mozilla Corporation.
3. Microsoft Edge
Platforms: Windows 10, Xbox One, Android, and iOS.
If you’re using Windows 10 on a PC, you’re probably familiar with Microsoft Edge because it’s their own developed browser.
This is the default browser made by Microsoft Corporation. Microsoft originally released it to regain the lost respect of Internet Explorer.
Undoubtedly it is one of the best browsers in terms of speed and browsing features.
Shah Limon is a Technology Writer and Editor for Techforguru. He has experience writing technology-related articles, providing SEO service, and graphic design.
He specializes in Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, and Linux platforms. This blog is for information about technology and to share your favorite information with you! I have shared my experience on the Techforguru.com Blog.
If you need help with your device, and others problems post it on our blog. For other matters contact me on Facebook. | <urn:uuid:d8e5d7eb-9548-4ac7-bdb2-b583932fcae3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://techforguru.com/free-internet-browsers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.871485 | 426 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Master in Electrical and Computers Engineering
Course Unit: Programming Laboratories
Programmes: MIEEC, 4º
Academic Year: 2013/2014
Credits: 6 ECTS
Hours/Weeks: 1x2T, 3x2P
Coordinator: João Correia Lopes
Suitable for English-speaking students
Within the context of the specification, development and maintenance of software applications with GUI using client/server architectures, this course aims to:
After completing this course, the student will be able to:
Knowledge of Programming languages.
Lectures (2 hours per week) will be used to present the theoretical content, together with practical examples using the methodologies and tools to be used in laboratories. In the laboratory classes (2 hours per week), the students will work in groups of five people in a software project.
Physical sciences > Computer science > Programming
Physical sciences > Computer science > Programming > Software engineering
Distributed evaluation without final exam
|Description||Type||Time (Hours)||Date of conclusion|
|TP1: User Interface Prototype||Laboratory work or fieldwork||10||03/10/2013|
|TP2: Requirements Specification||Laboratory work or fieldwork||14||17/10/2013|
|TP3: High Level Project||Laboratory work or fieldwork||7||24/10/2013|
|TP4: Prototype||Laboratory work or fieldwork||18||14/11/2013|
|TP5: Detailed Project||Laboratory work or fieldwork||10||28/11/2013|
|TP6: Product||Laboratory work or fieldwork||39||19/12/2013|
|TP7: Product presentation||Attendance||2||19/12/2013|
|TP8: Individual Performance||Work|
|FT1: Use Cases Model||Exercise||1,5||17/10/2013|
|FT2: Conceptual Domain Model||Exercise||1,5||24/10/2013|
|FT3: Architectural Model||Exercise||1,5||31/10/2013|
Practical work (TP) will be evaluated through the documentation submitted, the application developed and individual performance in the class (TP1 to TP8).
The theoretical concepts are evaluated through the individual response to CAT sheets (FT1 to FT4).
Minimum required to pass this course: 50% in each of the practical components (TP1 to TP8) and 40% overall mark in the CAT sheets (FT1 to FT4).
This course, due to its laboratory nature, can not be replaced by taking an exam.
Classification = 80% TP + 20% FT
TP = (TP1 + 3* TP2 + 2* TP3 + 2* TP4 + 2* TP5 + 8* TP6 + TP7 + TP8 )/20
FT = (FT1 + FT2 + FT3 + FT4) / 4
The classification of any assessment component may vary from element to element in the same group by plus or minus 2 values, based on the opinion of teachers and the self-evaluation to be conducted internally within each group.
Further to the demonstration of the product, an oral session may be required for some of the students.
Students under special regimes are expected to submit the practical work required for this course as ordinary students.
Students that are not required to be present in the classes, have to present the evolution of their work to the teacher simultaneously with the regular students, and conduct the same theoretical tests.
Improving the classification requires a new enrolment in the course. | <urn:uuid:78ebaace-f2aa-442c-b4ef-740c0794cbd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://web.fe.up.pt/~jlopes/doku.php/teach/lpro/201314/description | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.782517 | 850 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Th e purpose of a leader, in its basic form, is to protect the fishing line against chafing or parting from contact with a fish’s jaws or body. Yet there’s much more to fabricating a leader system than simply tying on a length of heavy monofilament, fluorocarbon or wire.
It’s a skill that takes into account how the fishing outfit will be used and the best leader material for the task. It’s about performance as much as protection.
By the Rules
When fishing for records, or in many tournaments, International Game Fish Association rules stipulate that with lines testing 30 pounds and greater, a maximum of 30 feet of double line or 30 feet of leader is permissible. If both double line and leader are used, the combined length can’t exceed 40 feet.
For lines up to and including 20-pound-class, the allowance is 15 feet of double line or 15 feet of leader. If both are used, the maximum combined length can be no more than 20 feet. A maximum-length leader is especially advantageous in catch-and-release fishing, where winding the leader through the rod tip or having a crew member touch it during the fight constitutes a legal catch. Sailfish and marlin release tournaments are perfect examples. But such leaders aren’t only for targeting billfish; wind-ons are also perfect for besting other large fish the likes of striped bass, snook, tarpon, dolphin and tuna.
Variations of a Theme
For drifting live baits with 20-pound monofilament on both conventional and spin outfits, I rig with a 24-inch Bimini twist on the end of the fishing line and a Bristol knot to join the double line to 40- or 50-pound fluorocarbon leader, for a combined length of 15 feet. For my deep rods, intended for blackfins, kings, wahoo and even sailfish, I stray from IGFA guidelines and opt for a short double line and a 40-foot wind-on leader of 30-pound fluorocarbon, followed by a small barrel swivel and 2 feet of 40-pound fluorocarbon or titanium terminal leader. A removable sinker hangs from an open snap swivel on one leg of the double line, some 40 feet from the bait — where it won’t be noticed or influence the action of the live bait. During the late battle stage, the sinker is removed so the fish can be wound right to the gaff, if desirable table fare, or to gloved hands, if intended for release.
My objective with the mentioned setups is to fashion a leader that’s light enough to coax bites and preserve the action of live baits yet durable enough to withstand abrasion from a rough… | <urn:uuid:fd58c6d7-d3af-4d74-9eee-4eacfe988d2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.finandfield.com/fishing-news/adjusting-leaders-based-fishing-situations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.917935 | 580 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Saudi Arabia on Tuesday announced it would hold municipal elections next month after a two-year delay. According to the AP, electoral commission director Abdul-Rahman al-Dahmash stated the voting will be held on April 23.
The kingdom held its first municipal elections in 2005. The term of the current municipal ends on 9 October. Half the seats are elected while the rest are appointed. The councils have little power and women are not allowed to run or vote.
The government said in 2009 it was delaying the election for two years to explore the possibility of allowing women to vote. But the government ministry in charge of the voting said Tuesday that women would not cast ballots next month. | <urn:uuid:a9015842-6059-46ac-a1d8-301aa89d96d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.albawaba.com/main-headlines/saudi-arabia-hold-municipal-elections-without-participation-women | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.976615 | 139 | 1.945313 | 2 |
From protein bars to avocado, popular health foods could leave you feeling sluggish before a workout.
Step one: turn off all of your electronics.
Number one: snooze alone.
The nutrition plan is more popular than ever.
Easy daily affirmations you can get on board with!
Spoiler alert: It's far from what you imagined.
And why milk supply is not the issue at hand.
They can help you feel rested!
You're not imagining it
Reverse the damage of gel manicures.
Fats are important to include in your diet.
Number one: rise with the sun.
Master the art of meditation.
Can you withstand -250 degree cold? It could help you fight weight gain, aging, and inflammation.
We asked a holistic nutritionist for advice.
Chronic noise is number two on the list. | <urn:uuid:d35e971a-3c0d-4fe6-b185-a6bc50be1f47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://amodrn.com/category/health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.90926 | 179 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Sometimes rather than being drawn closer to Christ at Christmas, in a very real sense people may be drawn away from the Lord Jesus. It seems in the very midst of the celebration — we lose Jesus.
After the Christmas story in Luke 2, the Bible tells of a young, twelve-year-old Jesus going with His parents to celebrate Passover in Jerusalem. As His parents were returning home after the celebration, they realized — Jesus wasn’t with them! They had lost Jesus in the midst of the celebration! Does the same thing happen to us at Christmas? How do we lose Jesus? There are five questions we need to ask ourselves.
In what sense may we lose Jesus?
It was not relationship that Mary and Joseph lost Jesus; it was fellowship. Mary was still His mother, Joseph still His earthly father. If you’re saved, you can never lose your relationship with Christ. In John 10:27, Jesus said, “My sheep hear My voice, and I know them and they follow Me: and I give unto them eternal life; and they shall never perish, neither shall any man pluck them out of My hand.”
When do you receive eternal life? When you die? No, you get it when you believe! If you have eternal life, you can never lose it. If you lose it, then it wasn’t eternal!
Some people have the idea that the devil can take you out of the hand of God. That’s ridiculous! That would be a strange doctrine, wouldn’t it: going to heaven by the goodness of the devil, because he didn’t “pluck you out of God’s hand.” No, the only reason the devil hasn’t is because — he can’t! Is there a power strong enough to open the hand of Jesus, encased in the mighty hand of God the Father, and pluck out one of His own? As it says in the verse from John, you cannot lose your relationship with the Lord Jesus Christ, but you can lose your fellowship.
Who may lose Jesus?
Many times those people we would least expect lose fellowship with the Lord Jesus Christ. It surprises us to see that it was Mary and Joseph who lost Him! But when you study the Bible, you find that even God’s choicest saints got out of fellowship with Him from time to time. Just look back at the accounts of Noah, David, Moses, Samson, Peter ─ all these and others in the Bible got out of fellowship with the Lord.
The Bible says, “Wherefore let him that thinketh he stand take heed lest he fall” (1 Corinthians 10:12). No matter who you are, you’ll never come to a place where you’re not in danger of slipping away from that close fellowship with the Lord.
Where do we lose Jesus?
They didn’t lose Him in a bar, nightclub or in some den of iniquity, but in the midst of a religious ceremony! You see, Passover was all about Jesus. Yet it was in the midst of that celebration that Mary and Joseph lost Jesus.
I'm not opposed to decorations, but have the celebrations, illuminations and decorations become our focus so much so that Jesus is kind of cramping our style a little bit at Christmas?
I wonder if somehow we have let the very celebration of Christmas take us from the Christ of Christmas.
How may we lose Jesus?
They didn’t lose Him by opposing Him or denying Him. They lost Jesus by presumption. Mary and Joseph just assumed He was with them. They went a day’s journey, one step at a time, but every step took them farther from Him!
The Bible says when your eye is single, your body is full of light (Matthew 6:22). That means you have no side issues, nothing you’ve withheld. There is no love that is greater than your love for the Lord Jesus Christ. Sometimes we have to get alone with God and let Him peel us like an onion. I would encourage you to come to the Lord and say, “Look, I’ve come to do business. I’m not going to get up off my knees, off my face, until I know that I know that I know, it’s not a supposition, that Jesus Christ is real to me.” Take a spiritual inventory, so every step doesn’t take you farther away from Him.
How do we find Jesus again?
Mary and Joseph found Him right where they left Him, in the temple, where they first lost Him. That’s what we need to do. If Jesus Christ is not real to you, if you do not have that conscious awareness of His presence, just go back to where you first left Him.
You know where you left Him. You know where you got away from God. I believe if you open your heart to the Lord, He’ll show you where it was. Go back to that disobedience and deal with it. Pray, “Search me, oh God, and know my heart: try me and know my thoughts: and see if there be some wicked way in me.” (Psalm 139:23-24) He will show you the way.How tragic it would be if this Christmas you let the very celebration of His birth draw you away from Him. Take the steps listed and make a conscious decision right now — don’t lose Christ this Christmas!
The times are growing dark, but they are gloriously dark because the light of Christ shines brighter in the darkest of times. Standing For Light & Truth is written to challenge Christians to stand for God's light and His truth. In this book, you will learn the causes of America's moral darkness and the destiny of those who turn away from the light. Pastor Adrian Rogers offers insights and guidance to help us know how to live with godly integrity and to shine His light in a world growing dim. "Praise God! It is growing gloriously dark. Before long our Morning Star will appear. Jesus Christ is on His way." -Adrian Rogers | <urn:uuid:beaac5b0-7ea7-4199-8f28-699b3296224d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lightsource.com/ministry/love-worth-finding/articles/dont-lose-christ-this-christmas-13808.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953655 | 1,290 | 2 | 2 |
I couldn’t go through an entire zucchini season without at least one zucchini recipe, and while I enjoy zucchini in savory dishes, it’s much more fun to hide it in sweets. Healthy Chocolate Zucchini Muffins are rich, moist and naturally sweetened with maple syrup. If you think you don’t like zucchini that’s just because you haven’t yet tried these Healthy Chocolate Zucchini Muffins.
The first question that had to be answered with this recipe is this: Is it a muffin or a cupcake? So, I had to do some research to find out what exactly qualifies as a muffin versus cupcake.
According to stackexchange.com, a network of question and answer websites that’ll help you resolve all of your dinner table disputes, there are guidelines to help distinguish cupcakes from muffins:
- Cupcakes are sweeter than muffins. This is entirely subjective, but I think these are sweet, so that must make them cupcakes.
- Muffins are not frosted, cupcakes are frosted. That would mean these are muffins. Although a chocolate chip and coconut cream frosting would be ahh-mazing on them.
- The top of cupcakes is the same size as the base. They don‘t overflow. My muffins rarely overflow because I don’t overload the muffin cups, so I can’t even get behind that argument.
- Cupcakes are not crispy or crunchy in top. These are not crispy or crunchy, so maybe they’re cupcakes.
- Muffins have texture on top. These have texture on top, so…they’re muffins.
When you get technical, cupcakes are tiny cakes, which are made by creaming butter and sugar together before adding eggs, then dry ingredients are added. In this recipe the wet ingredients are not “creamed” together before adding the dry ingredients. This recipe actually applies the “muffin method”, which I didn’t know was a thing before researching this. In the muffin method all wet ingredients are mixed together at once in one bowl and the dry ingredients in another. The two are then folded together with just enough mixing to.combine. This settles the argument once and for all; these are Healthy Chocolate Zucchini Muffins. My love says “Call them whatever you want. They’re freakin’ delicious!!!”
Health benefits of zucchini
In addition to adding moisture to these muffins, zucchini adds healthy nutrients too:
- Zucchini is a very good source of vitamin C, manganese, potassium, magnesium, phosphorous, folate and fiber.
- Antioxidants in zucchini include lutein and zeaxanthin, which support eye health and protect against cataracts and age-related macular degeneration.
- The soluble fiber in zucchini helps to ease digestion, decrease inflammation and support blood sugar balance.
Fun fact about zucchini
Fun fact for those who love to see how large their zucchini can grow: According to the Guinness World Records, the longest zucchini ever was recorded here in Canada in 2014, at 2.52 meters (8’ 3.3”).
You don’t need a gigantic zucchini for this recipe, but you might want to grate extra to freeze for later, because you’ll want to make Healthy Chocolate Zucchini Muffins again and again.
If you’ve make these Healthy Chocolate Zucchini Muffins or any of the recipes on Lori Moore Holistic Health, I’d love to hear how the recipe turned out for you in the comments below! You can also follow me on Facebook and Instagram.
For additional recipes to satisfy your chocolate craving, also check out Gluten Free Vegan Chocolate Chip Cookies, Chocolate Socca with Vegan Caramel Spread, Chocolate Almond Pulp Bars, or Double Chocolate Quinoa Cookies.
Healthy Chocolate Zucchini Muffins
- 2 tbsp ground flax
- 6 tbsp warm water
- 1 ½ cups almond flour
- ⅓ cup arrowroot flour
- ½ cup cacao powder
- 1 tsp baking soda
- ¼ tsp salt
- 1 ½ cup shredded zucchini
- ¾ cup almond butter
- ½ cup maple syrup
- 1 tsp vanilla
- ½ cup chocolate chips optional
- Preheat oven to 350°.
- Combine flax and warm water and set aside for 5 minutes to thicken.
- Combine almond flour, arrowroot flour, baking soda and salt. Sift cacao and add to dry ingredients. Whisk dry ingredients to incorporate cacao.
- Shred zucchini and strain excess water. This can be done using cheesecloth or a strainer and the back of a wooden spoon.
- In a second bowl, combine zucchini, almond butter, maple syrup and vanilla.
- Gently fold dry ingredients into wet ingredients. Do not over mix.
- Line muffin tin with paper liners.
- Using an ice cream scoop or a 1/3 cup measure, add batter to paper-lined muffin tin cups.
- Bake in center rack of oven for 22-25 minutes, until toothpick or cake tester inserted comes out clean.
- Remove from oven and let cool for 5 minutes. Remove from muffin tin and place on a wire rack to cool.
- Makes 15 muffins. | <urn:uuid:4a196e55-950e-4763-ab7f-a13a51c8958b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lorimoore.ca/2020/08/healthy-chocolate-zucchini-muffins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.901718 | 1,182 | 1.539063 | 2 |
SAN FRANCISCO: Facebook said ON Thursday that it stored millions of its users’ passwords in plain text for years.
The acknowledgement from the social media giant came after a security researcher posted about the issue online.
“Security rule 101 dictates that under no circumstances passwords should be stored in plain text, and at all times must be encrypted,” said cybersecurity expert Andrei Barysevich of Recorded Future. “There is no valid reason why anyone in an organisation, especially the size of Facebook, needs to have access to users’ passwords in plain text.”
Facebook said there is no evidence its employees abused access to this data. But thousands of employees could have searched them. The company said the passwords were stored on internal company servers, where no outsiders could access them. But the incident reveals a huge oversight for the company amid a slew of bruises and stumbles in the last couple of years.
The security blog KrebsOnSecurity said some 600 million Facebook users may have had their passwords stored in plain text.
Published in Dawn, March 22nd, 2019 | <urn:uuid:7ac9228b-7cf4-468f-8017-2dfdc06771f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dawn.com/news/1471182/facebook-says-it-stored-millions-of-passwords-in-plain-text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948678 | 223 | 2.09375 | 2 |
MANILA, Philippines – Setting a floor price or a limit to how much farmgate prices of palay can go down would defeat the purpose of the rice tariffication law, an official of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) said on Tuesday, September 3.
“The rice tariffication law is a 6-month-old law. It’s still too early and I hope we will not go into that direction,” Socioeconomic Planning Assistant Secretary Mercedita Sombilla said on the sidelines of the hearing on the matter.
Sombilla said having a floor price would be contrary to the spirit of the law, which lets market forces drive prices to push down inflation. (READ: What’s inside the IRR of the rice tariffication law?)
The rice tariffication law took out import limits and placed higher tariffs instead, leading to a price drop for rice. However, local farmers are having a hard time competing with the cheap imports.
Farmers’ groups previously appealed to the government to set a limit to rice prices, as farmgate prices in some areas are reportedly as low as P7 per kilo. The average production cost in the country is at P12 per kilo, while some rice-producing regions can produce at P8 per kilo.
“Where are these areas? I want to know so that the National Food Authority and the government can step in and buy it ourselves,” Sombilla said.
The groups said there are farmers in parts of Nueva Ecija and Bataan who sell palay for just P7 to P8 per kilo just to get some cash.
Data from the Philippine Statistics Authority showed that farmgate prices average around P17 to P18 per kilo, much higher than what some farmers claimed.
Senate committee on agriculture chairperson Cynthia Villar said that while she recognizes the concerns of farmers, the drop in buying prices may just be “birthing pains” associated with the law.
For his part, Senator Francis Pangilinan said that the relationship between middlemen, traders, and farmers should be fixed.
“We need to stop the unjust and exploitative transactions between the middlemen and the farmers,” Pangilinan said.
The law also does not include unconditional cash transfers, but provides zero-interest loans for farmers instead.
Sombilla said the government’s economic team is doing away with giving cash and taking a different approach. The law allots funds to reduce the production cost of farmers by investing in farm mechanization and better seeds. – Rappler.com | <urn:uuid:79038e83-78d0-4e31-afa4-29c2ff3a8404> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rappler.com/business/239223-neda-not-keen-setting-floor-price-palay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949745 | 548 | 1.625 | 2 |
The Textbook, ‘Momo’ written by Michael Ende, Was Published in the August Edition of NHK’s Hyappun de Meicho (“100 Minutes on a Famous Book”) Series
Prof. Toshio Kawai’s textbook, ‘Momo’ written by Michael Ende, was published in the August edition of NHK’s Hyappun de Meicho (“100 minutes on a famous book”) Series. In conjunction with the textbook, The TV program on NHK’s E-TV hosts guest speakers to discuss famous books from various genres. In the August broadcast, Prof. Toshio Kawai will discuss Momo, written by Michael Ende, a well-known German writer of fantasy and children’s fiction.
The textbook summarizes the four August broadcasts in which Prof. Kawai discusses the following themes: “Momo is in Everyone’s Heart!,” “The Men in Grey; Thieves of Time,” “Time is Life,” and “From ‘Passive’ to ‘Active’”.
Prof. Kawai first explains his clinical standpoint as one that tries to get down to the depth of the psyche from what is expressed in a “story” as well as in dream or sandplay work. Then, he goes on to discuss the story of Momo and mentions that this work still provides us with a deeper insight into the world and an opportunity to feel a new way of life.
As Prof. Kawai touches upon another theme in which the main character Momo stands up as the subject at the end of the story, he considers that adults can also learn about life from a good fantasy story.
Prof. Kawai will be on the TV broadcast August 3rd, 10th, 17th, and 24th (Mon), from 10: 25 – 10: 50 p.m.
NHK textbook（NHK Publishing）
Program Site Hyappun de Meicho (“100 Minutes on a Famous Book”) (NHK) | <urn:uuid:ca04edc7-8f13-4e42-9b7f-7a8f9c086600> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://kokoro.kyoto-u.ac.jp/20200720_kawai_en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.944577 | 451 | 2.265625 | 2 |
In high school parents and teachers warn students of the dangers of smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol. But few warn of the risks of abusive relationships and dating violence.
A group of girls at Lake Highlands High School has decided to take on this task.
LHHS senior Laura Toler has started the service organization Genesis STAR – Students Tackle Abusive Relationships – to make girls aware of the dangers of abusive relationships.
According to Toler, Genesis STAR’s main goal is to make LHHS’ female students more conscious of abusive relationships and to inform them what to do if they are in a violent situation – to show girls “here are some warning signs and here’s how to get out.”
“We are all about educating girls and getting girls in Lake Highlands to be open, aware and thinking about abusive relationships,” Toler says.
The group is also meant to be a way for girls to come together, make friends and talk freely.
“We want to create an environment where girls can come together to build bonds,” Toler says.
The organization encourages girls to discuss what to do when involved with dating violence, how to avoid abuse and how to get out of a violent relationship.
For its first meeting, Genesis STAR welcomed Genesis Women’s Shelter’s executive director, Jan Langbein, who spoke about signs of dating violence and abuse.
“A lot of girls were inspired with what she had to say,” says Toler. “Some girls were skeptical, but Jan talked about ordinary women, everyday housewives who have been through a lot because they didn’t know how to avoid abusive relationships.”
Toler began Genesis STAR when she talked with her mom about dating violence.
“My mother actually went and heard Jan Langbein speak at Forest Meadow Junior High, and she was inspired by things Jan had to say about abusive relationships,” Toler says. “We realized more girls need to be aware. I got together a few outstanding girls who I knew would do a good job.”
The committee is made up of girls form the 10th, 11th and 12th grades who participate in various activities around school.
Genesis STAR is in the midst of planning fundraisers and service projects for the upcoming year, including a teddy bear drive for kids who’ve escaped an abusive parent.
All girls attending Lake Highlands High School this fall are invited to join the organization. Annual dues are $10.
“It’s a super open thing where anyone can feel free to join,” Toler says. “You don’t have to jump through hoops.”
To join Genesis STAR, contact Laura Toler at 214-343-3133 or email her at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:00564385-41b9-4dda-a1f8-48a2c82016b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lakehighlands.advocatemag.com/2013/09/13/rising-star/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964491 | 593 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Our Pre-Primary class accepts children
2 yrs old to 3 yrs old
Peppertree's Pre-primary class offers a variety schedules.
You may choose 3 days, 4 days or 5 days a week.
Program Hours available:
School day - 8:30 to 3:00
Full day - 7:30 am to 5pm or any time between those hours, depending on your needs.
Peppertree Montessori offer a nurturing and developmentally responsive alternative
to traditional childcare.
Imagine your two-year-old setting a table for lunch;
helping to wipe up a water spill;
sweeping the floor at the end of the day.
We work together with you to master using the toilet successfully.
Children are able to stay in the Pre-Primary class
until they are comfortable with toileting.
Your spirited child will learn to wait patiently for his turn,
walk around his friend’s work rather than trampling all over it
and gain the ability to concentrate on a task
for longer and longer periods of time.
Come visit our Pre-Primary community to see what we do.
About our Pre-Primary Community
Our goal is to provide a home-like, loving environment where children’s abilities and needs are respected and met. “Help me to help myself” is the mantra of the growing toddler, and our teachers closely observe your child in order to best meet this need. The classroom is capped at 12 students who grow together into a close-knit, caring community. Our classrooms have two teachers in the environment at all times, with additional staff assisting at mealtime and transitions. This means a teacher-student ratio of 1 to 6 children at all times.
A Typical Day
Children begin the day outside in the beautiful outdoor environment created especially for them.
They transition into the classroom for a short circle time and morning work time.
Next, the children play and explore on the playground , expending extra energy before coming in and preparing for lunch.
Lunchtime encompasses many learning opportunities; the children share responsibility for setting the table and for cleaning up after meals.
After lunch, they are given the opportunity to nap or rest.
The afternoon portion of the day also provides opportunities for outside play and care of the outdoor environment. | <urn:uuid:29fadd2e-092b-44c8-aa20-64da30d5a687> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.montessoritemecula.com/toddlers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.93584 | 511 | 1.765625 | 2 |
What Is an Unsecured Small Business Loan?
An unsecured loan is usually issued on the basis of the applicant’s creditworthiness. Therefore, an applicant’s payment history and credit score plays a significant role in obtaining this loan.
A collateral is usually not required to obtain an unsecured loan. In most cases, applicants use their primary residence as loan collateral in order to acquire a secured loan. If they default on the loan, the lender can seize their properties. You can use other assets besides your residence as a collateral.
Benefits of an Unsecured Loans
There are lots of benefits to unsecured loans in a small business.Firstly, the financial risk is transferred from business owner to the lender, since there are no collateral involved. Unlike a secured loan, your assets such as a primary residence will be seized
Secondly, another benefit to an unsecured loan is a dischargeable debt. Not only are your assets secure with an unsecured loan, but also you can discharge the debt in bankruptcy proceedings.
How You Can Shop for the Best Unsecured Loans?
You have to search thoroughly for the most favorable terms and conditions in order to find the best-unsecured loan. The most vital variable is the interest rate on the loan, it determines the monthly payment and the overall cost of the loan.
Most lenders try to lower your payment by extending the loan duration. The duration is also called the loan term.
You must ensure that you avoid loans that brings about expensive fees such as application fees or other frivolous charges.
Your credit score also determines the strategy you should adopt when shopping for the best unsecured loans. If you have a low credit score, you may be willing to accept a higher interest rate.
Finally, shopping for the best unsecured loans involves finding the best fit for your business. Each lender has specific requirements that differs from one lender to another.
Some lenders may request that your income be verified. Before starting an application, make sure your business can meet those requirements.
Efunding Experts understand your business needs and provide fast capital solutions to cater for those needs. Contact us today on how to apply for a loan. | <urn:uuid:208dc952-c7ab-4fd3-bb7d-5b126711bbbc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://agm-capital.com/blog/finding-the-best-unsecured-loan-for-your-small-business/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962165 | 451 | 1.59375 | 2 |
The following article is from The Associated Press:
By Ben Neary
CHEYENNE, Wyo. (AP) — Two environmental groups want a federal judge in Washington, D.C., to block the U.S. Bureau of Land Management from proceeding with a plan to round up and castrate hundreds of wild stallions in southwestern Wyoming.
The Western Watersheds Project and American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign filed a federal lawsuit Monday.
The BLM plans to round up nearly 900 wild horses from the White Mountain/Little Colorado herd management areas between Rock Springs and La Barge starting next month. The agency plans to castrate all the stallions it can capture and release 177 of them back to the range as geldings.
The BLM estimates nearly 1,000 wild horses live in the area. It says there should be no more than 400.
A BLM spokeswoman declined comment on the lawsuit Tuesday.
Source: The Associated Press
Posted by Haylie Shipp | <urn:uuid:7ed0cb47-cc0d-473f-a493-675eaad29839> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://northernag.net/wy-horse-roundup-challenged-in-court/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.923142 | 199 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Tending the Fire at the Center of the World engages the central question of Christian formation, that is, what kind of knowing is most likely to awaken and sustain Christian faith? This book seeks to reclaim aesthetics--beauty and creativity--as the church's most native theological way of knowing and being, which participates with God's own glory and creativity. This book traces the prominence of aesthetics up until the dawn of the Enlightenment, including recent theologians who reclaim aesthetics for theology and formation. The book elaborates the aims and techniques of aesthetic approaches to teaching and learning in the church. Finally, this book cautions against overly determined rationalisms and moralisms that do not retain a sense of wonder, delight, and openness in the church's teaching, liturgy, and proclamation. In this view, the church does not simply regurgitate familiar texts, political tropes, or flattened doctrines but breaks into the world as Christ's body, a parable, a song, a flash mob, interrupting business as usual, giving new expression to acts of care, repentance, forgiveness, joy, and communion, awake to the beauty of God's gifts and inviting our worship. | <urn:uuid:53ee300d-cab5-41f4-9c4f-30e0a7fe405b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wipfandstock.com/9781666742565/tending-the-fire-that-burns-at-the-center-of-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.930012 | 233 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Interested in learning Deep Learning with Tensorflow? This free certificate course from IBM is for you. Earn a free IBM badge and advance your career.
About IBM’s Deep Learning with Tensorflow course
The majority of data in the world is unlabeled and unstructured. Shallow neural networks cannot easily capture relevant structure in, for instance, images, sound, and textual data. Deep networks are capable of discovering hidden structures within this type of data. In this TensorFlow course you’ll use Google’s library to apply deep learning to different data types in order to solve real world problems.
Traditional neural networks rely on shallow nets, composed of one input, one hidden layer and one output layer. Deep-learning networks are distinguished from these ordinary neural networks having more hidden layers, or so-called more depth. These kind of nets are capable of discovering hidden structures within unlabeled and unstructured data (i.e. images, sound, and text), which consitutes the vast majority of data in the world.
TensorFlow is one of the best libraries to implement deep learning. TensorFlow is a software library for numerical computation of mathematical expressional, using data flow graphs. Nodes in the graph represent mathematical operations, while the edges represent the multidimensional data arrays (tensors) that flow between them. It was created by Google and tailored for Machine Learning. In fact, it is being widely used to develop solutions with Deep Learning.
In this TensorFlow course, you will be able to learn the basic concepts of TensorFlow, the main functions, operations and the execution pipeline. Starting with a simple “Hello Word” example, throughout the course you will be able to see how TensorFlow can be used in curve fitting, regression, classification and minimization of error functions. This concept is then explored in the Deep Learning world. You will learn how to apply TensorFlow for backpropagation to tune the weights and biases while the Neural Networks are being trained. Finally, the course covers different types of Deep Architectures, such as Convolutional Networks, Recurrent Networks and Autoencoders.
Notice: All the labs in this course are run through CC Labs, however, running deep learning programs usually needs a high performance platform. PowerAI speeds up deep learning and AI using GPU. Built on IBM’s Power Systems, PowerAI is a scalable software platform that accelerates deep learning and AI with blazing performance for individual users or enterprises. The PowerAI platform supports popular machine learning libraries and dependencies including Tensorflow, Caffe, Torch, and Theano.
Deep Learning with Tensorflow Course content
In this free TensorFlow course, you’ll learn:
- Introduction to TensorFlow
- Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
- Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)
- Unsupervised Learning
- Institution: IBM
- Type: Free online course
- Level : Advanced
- Language: English
- Duration: 10 hours, Self-paced
- Provider: Cognitive Class
- Certificate: Free IBM badge
You might also like: | <urn:uuid:290d4bf4-9da8-48e0-a9cf-e140b79149ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.emploidakar.com/deep-learning-with-tensorflow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.889787 | 660 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps regulate mood, sleep and appetite. Reduced levels are associated with depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, aggressive behavior, suicide, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and migraine. Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain and are also used to treat other disorders linked to low serotonin, including migraine.
I assume you’re referring to the “Serotonin Power Diet,” described in a 2006 book by researcher Judith Wurtman, Ph.D., former director of the Program in Women’s Health at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Clinical Research Center, and her co-author Nina T. Frusztajer, M.D. They maintain that their diet can help you lose weight and increase your serotonin levels thus boosting your mood. The general idea is to eat more protein in the morning and wait until later in the day when serotonin levels are lower to eat most of your carbs.
Dr. Wurtman’s research with her husband, Richard Wurtman, M.D., a distinguished professor at MIT, has shown that the brain makes serotonin only after consumption of sweet or starchy carbohydrate foods eaten with very little or no protein.
In a 2017 article, the Wurtmans made the case that depression in adolescence and early adulthood often precedes development of adult obesity, as do such conditions as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual syndrome and seasonal affective disorder. They note that consuming a high-carbohydrate snack or meal when depressed may relieve symptoms through an increase in brain serotonin, and that research has shown that high-carb meals or snacks have the same effect on women experiencing premenstrual depression. They also reported that people suffering from depression are as likely to choose non-sweet starches as sweet ones.
However, the Wurtmans further made the point that if you continue eating high-carbohydrate and high-fat foods until you feel better, you’ll probably end up consuming a lot more than the 25 to 30 grams (about an ounce) of carbohydrate needed to promote serotonin synthesis. And if your snack or meal also contains a protein-rich food, increase in serotonin may be blocked.
I can’t tell you whether or not the Serotonin Power Diet can reliably boost mood and help you lose weight. I can say that both Wurtmans are highly respected researchers who have spent years studying serotonin. Perhaps the best way to determine if a diet to increase serotonin levels will work for you is to examine whether you habitually reach for carbohydrate foods when you’re feeling depressed or anxious. Also note whether your mood deteriorates when you try to lose weight by cutting back on or eliminating carbs.
Andrew Weil, M.D.
Judith Wurtman and Richard Wurtman, “The Trajectory from Mood to Obesity,” Current Obesity Reports, December 7, 2017, doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0291-6 | <urn:uuid:22ff2868-332d-4ff5-8e4e-c8b26ae45af6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.drweil.com/diet-nutrition/nutrition/eating-to-increase-serotonin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.928233 | 633 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Mayor Sadiq Khan orders crackdown on capital’s ‘lethal’ air
London mayor Sadiq Khan has announced plans for an ultra-low emission zone (ULEZ) that would charge the most polluting cars entering the city’s central area.
The worst polluting cars and vans will have to pay a daily charge to drive in central London with the aim of reducing nitrogen dioxide by 50 percent.
From that date, any petrol car manufactured after 2006 or any diesel car manufactured after 2015 will have to pay £12.50. The charge is in addition to the £11.50 daily congestion charge.
The charge area will expand from central London as far as the North and South Circular roads by 2021, the Mayor added.
“The air in London is lethal and I will not stand by and do nothing,” Mr Khan said in a press release on Tuesday.
“I want to expand the ULEZ from 2020 for heavy vehicles such as buses, coaches and trucks so that all of London will benefit from cleaner air.
“Then from 2021, I want to expand it up to the North and South Circular roads for light vehicles, including cars and vans. These measures will help improve the air that millions of Londoners breathe.”
Sadiq Khan also said the government needed to step in and offer drivers an incentive to switch their old, polluting cars for cleaning models.
“Ministers need to deliver a national vehicle scrappage fund, reform fiscal incentives like vehicle excise duty and pass a powerful new Clean Air Act to Act end the toxic smog in London once and for all,” he said.
Friends of the Earth London campaigner Sophie Neuburg said: “The Mayor is absolutely right to announce plans to reduce the use of diesel in London – and call on Government to take stronger action nationwide.
“His proposals to introduce an ULEZ earlier than originally planned, and expand it to the North and South Circular are a good first step. But as things stand, people in inner London will still be breathing in pollution belched out by dirty diesel vehicles for years to come.
“Sadiq Khan must follow the lead of Paris and Madrid, and commit to phase out diesel from London altogether by 2025.”
But the chief executive of the London Chamber of Commerce added: “We have significant concerns about the cost impact on business and would still call for a transitional fund to help those smaller businesses who could possibly go out of business without such support.” | <urn:uuid:5bd49d96-c46a-4f78-a8e5-1200da1ec9b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://habernewspaper.co.uk/20-tax-on-old-cars-planned-for-london/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952772 | 524 | 1.890625 | 2 |
“It’s an anthology of diverse, vibrant and considered reflections, ideas and styles that bear witness to the vitality of trees in our daily existence. […]
But the anthology is more than a sylvan walk. It stems from an urgent necessity to engage with and protect our environment, and this conversation lies at its heart. In the ways of artistry, this necessity is expressed by these poems and those wisdoms they embody, and with which we want to engage via our own, personal landscapes, represented not least by the enduring resilience of the tree, a living thing that can both predate and outlast us all.”
Harriet Griffey, The Ecologist. Read the full review here.
“It’s the editor’s skill to make it more than the sum of its parts, and McKimm succeeds. […] he handles the task of placing poems with tact and delicacy so that they are not competing but complementing each other. At best the poems are not simply ‘about’ trees but suggest the larger world of which trees are a vital part. […] this is a book for readers, offering simultaneously the real trees and woods known to the poets and routes back into our own memories, trees (and people) we have known. It reminds me, yet again, that if I care for trees as I say I do, I should know more about them and their world that parallels ours. This anthology is a good place to start.”
D.A. Prince, London Grip. Read the full review here.
“Anthologies are reflections of their editors and they represent a very particular bringing together of poems which repay being looked at again and again: they are books, like memories, to be carried around with one. This new publication containing some sixty poems is no exception.”
Ian Brinton, Tears in the Fence. Read the full review here. | <urn:uuid:5d5b638b-ecf8-47f3-a390-04b28186716d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.worplepress.com/the-tree-line-poems-for-trees-woods-and-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960154 | 395 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Welcome to 9Muses Art Center!
9Muses Art Center is a drop-in center located in Fort Lauderdale, FL. We are a program of Mental Health America of Southeast Florida providing free peer-driven behavioral health support to adults with mental health and substance abuse disorders. The center has a fully functioning studio for fine arts classes and ceramic art. Participants may choose from a broad array of visual and performing arts.
Classes and personalized instruction along with individual studio time allow members to create according to his/her own personal “muse." Evidenced-based wellness activities and anxiety and depression support groups are held weekly. Members can engage in stimulating activity, free from the stigma of mental illness.
The center has been promoting wellness for over 20 years and functions successfully as a peer-run organization. Members are free to come and go as they please, participate in any art classes, support groups, and wellness activities they wish, or sit and enjoy coffee and conversation with other members. Positive interaction creates a sense of empowerment and promotes mental health. Come join us! See what a Muse can do for you...
9MusesArtCenter would like to invite artists to submit for Chasing Equity; an interrogation of inequality, struggle, and the power dynamics that maintain stratification and inequity.
Chasing Equity’s focus is to address institutional disadvantages for BIPOC populations, but we are particularly interested in engaging topics that are intersectional as well, such as examining Black and Brown experiences that intersect with LGBTQ+, gendered, and/or disability. Artwork can confront how inequity is perpetuated, and/or ways to address inequity that would resort in meaningful, paradigm-shifting change.
Artists are invited to examine institutional and social structures that contribute to and codify racial inequity.
We ask that artists create new visions and imagined spaces that strive for equity. Artists should reflect on their personal relationship to equity and inequity. We would like artwork that inspires a drive for change and progress. While we are not opposed to works that are centered on historical roots of inequity or change, we would like artists to consider how inequity exists in the here and now. We welcome works that have personal examinations on how artists themselves have knowingly or unknowingly perpetuated structural inequity and confront these histories. We would like works that
challenge the self and the viewer in their complicit support of racist structures. Artwork can be celebratory of existing progress but should be critical of its shortcomings. We welcome works that emphasize truth through discomfort over comforting lies of an inevitable march towards equality.
Chasing Equity is about pursuing the personal within the structural, and how those narratives are necessary to challenge the status quo.
Opening exhibit is Friday December 10, 2021 from 6-8PM.
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Create Art to Express Yourself and Maintain Your Mental Health
9Muses members have an opportunity to engage in both arts and wellness classes. Members can learn to create unique works of art through a variety of fine and performance arts classes. Attendees can develop personal skills and techniques through wellness courses.
Art classes, wellness courses, support groups, and social events at 9Muses Art Center are natural supports. These supports can prevent adverse outcomes for those suffering from mental health issues. Natural supports and education create resiliency and create habits and strategies to help prevent hospitalization or behavioral health issues.
As a community staple for more than twenty years, 9Muses Art Center is a trusted voice in mental health matters and advocacy. As a peer-run center, we are advocate on behalf of the community from a consumer’s point of view. MHA and 9Muses Art Center regularly participates in local and state boards and with partner organizations to further the goals and dignity of those with mental health issues.
We are an organization focused on empowering the individual to create, execute, and maintain their mental wellness. Arts classes help members develop a wide range of practical and artistic skills which empowers them to express themselves. Our wellness courses teach members to empower themselves to advocate for their needs and empower them to take control of their mental health. | <urn:uuid:fea38fb0-212b-4fc7-87f3-d3467c3625fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://9musesartcenter.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.950436 | 908 | 1.75 | 2 |
President Trump on Tuesday night nominated the ultraconservative Colorado federal appeals court judge Neil Gorsuch for the Supreme Court to fill the vacancy left by the 2016 death of Justice Antonin Scalia (and kept open by the Republican refusal to consider President Barack Obama’s nominee, Merrick Garland).
The federal appeals court on which he has sat for 10 years has heard a number of education-related cases, including an unusual one in which he was the lone dissent. It was about a 13-year-old seventh grader who was arrested at school after his physical education teacher took exception to fake burps he was generating during class, which disrupted instruction. Gorsuch’s reasoning on the case reveals something about how he thinks about criminal justice issues.
Here are the basic facts of A.M. vs. Holmes, decided in July 2016 by the 10th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals in Denver (and you can see the entire court decision below):
On May 19, 2011, a physical education teacher at Cleveland Middle School (CMS) in Albuquerque named Margaret Mines-Hornbeck sought assistance over her school-issued radio. A student, referred to as F.M. in the case to shield the child’s identity, was a 13-year-old seventh grader who, the court order said, “had generated several fake burps, which made the other students laugh and hampered class proceedings.” He was arrested by a school police officer for disrupting the education process and suspended from school.
The boy’s mother sued two school officials and the police officer, claiming her son had been subject to unlawful arrest and excessive force. The appellate court upheld a decision by district court judges in support of the school officials and the officer. But Gorsuch wrote a dissent. This is what he said:
If a seventh grader starts trading fake burps for laughs in gym class, what’s a teacher to do? Order extra laps? Detention? A trip to the principal’s office? Maybe. But then again, maybe that’s too old school. Maybe today you call a police officer. And maybe today the officer decides that, instead of just escorting the now compliant thirteen year old to the principal’s office, an arrest would be a better idea. So out come the handcuffs and off goes the child to juvenile detention. My colleagues suggest the law permits exactly this option and they offer ninety-four pages explaining why they think that’s so. Respectfully, I remain unpersuaded.The simple fact is the New Mexico Court of Appeals long ago alerted law enforcement that the statutory language on which the officer relied for the arrest in this case does not criminalize “noise[s] or diversion[s]” that merely “disturb the peace or good order” of individual classes. State v. Silva, 525 P.2d 903, 907 (N.M. Ct. App. 1974). Instead, the court explained, the law requires “a more substantial, more physical invasion” of the school’s operations — proof that the student more “substantially interfered” with the “actual functioning” of the school. Id. at 907-08. What’s more, other state courts have interpreted similar statutes similarly. They’ve sustained criminal convictions for students who created substantial disorders across an entire school. See, e.g., State v. Wiggins, 158 S.E.2d 37, 42-44 (N.C. 1967); State v. Midgett, 174 S.E.2d 124, 127-28 (N.C. Ct. App. 1970). But they’ve also refused to hold students criminally liable for classroom antics that “momentarily divert[ed] attention from the planned classroom activity” and “require[d] some intervention by a school official.” In re Jason W., 837 A.2d 168, 174 (Md. 2003). Even when the antics required a teacher to leave her class for several minutes, In re Brown, 562 S.E.2d 583, 586 (N.C. Ct. App. 2002), or otherwise “divert[ed] the teacher or the principal from other duties for a time,” P.J.B. v. State, 999 So. 2d 581, 587 (Ala. Crim. App. 2008) (per curiam). See also, e.g., S.L. v. State, 96 So. 3d 1080, 1083-84 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2012). Respectfully, I would have thought this authority sufficient to alert any reasonable officer in this case that arresting a now compliant class clown for burping was going a step too far.In response, my colleagues suggest that Silva is distinguishable because it interpreted not the state statute addressing misconduct in public schools on which the officer here relied, see N.M. Stat. Ann § 30-20-13(D), but another statute dealing with protests at colleges, see N.M. Stat. Ann. § 40A-20-10(C) (1972). And that much is true enough. But the unobscurable fact remains that the relevant language of the two statutes is identical — requiring the government to prove that the defendant “commit[ed] any act which would disrupt, impair, interfere with or obstruct the lawful mission, processes, procedures or functions” of a school. Silva expressly held that this language does not criminalize conduct that disturbs “merely the peace of the school session” but instead requires proof that the defendant more substantially or materially “interfere[d] with the actual functioning” of the school. 525 P.2d at 907. Neither do my colleagues offer any reason why a reasonable officer could have thought this same language carried an entirely different meaning when applied to public school burps rather than college sit-ins — and the parties supply none. Cf. Smith v. City of Jackson, 544 U.S. 228, 233 (2005) (“[W]hen Congress uses the same language in two statutes having similar purposes, … it is appropriate to presume that Congress intended that text to have the same meaning in both statutes.”).My colleagues likewise dismiss the authority from other states interpreting similar statutes similarly. Maj. Op. at 49-50. But again it’s hard to see why. After all, these cases draw the same distinction suggested by Silva — between childish pranks and more seriously disruptive behaviors — and hold that only the latter are prohibited by statutes like the one before us today. And they draw that distinction, too, because disciplining children who temporarily distract classmates and interrupt lessons “is simply part of [traditional] school activity” and part of its “lawful mission … or function.” In re Jason W., 837 A.2d at 174; see also In re Brown, 562 S.E.2d at 585-86. Given that, I would have thought these cases would have only reinforced the lesson Silva already taught reasonable officers in New Mexico. See Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 617 (1999) (noting law may be clearly established if there is “a consensus of cases of persuasive authority such that a reasonable officer could not have believed that his actions were lawful”).Often enough the law can be “a ass — a idiot,” Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist 520 (Dodd, Mead & Co. 1941) (1838) — and there is little we judges can do about it, for it is (or should be) emphatically our job to apply, not rewrite, the law enacted by the people’s representatives. Indeed, a judge who likes every result he reaches is very likely a bad judge, reaching for results he prefers rather than those the law compels. So it is I admire my colleagues today, for no doubt they reach a result they dislike but believe the law demands — and in that I see the best of our profession and much to admire. It’s only that, in this particular case, I don’t believe the law happens to be quite as much of a ass [sic] as they do. I respectfully dissent.
Here’s the full court order:
14-2066 on Scribd | <urn:uuid:c12bfa32-6bec-4316-9a32-27f95c0cbf2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2017/02/01/judge-gorsuchs-dissent-in-case-of-13-year-old-arrested-for-making-fake-burps-in-physical-education-class/?utm_term=.ba6047a53091 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.95356 | 1,765 | 1.796875 | 2 |
High Fashion Photography – 3 Different genres of Images That Are Used in High Fashion Photography
Fashion photography is a specialized genre of photography that concentrates on showing the latest fashion items and clothing. Fashion photography mostly is usually done for fashion magazines or television commercials for fashion brands like Vogue, Vanity Fair, Elle, or Cheddar. While fashion photography has become quite popular over the years, there is still much more to it than meets the eye. If you are interested in exploring what it takes to be a successful photographer of fashion, here are some of the many different areas of interest covered in a typical fashion portfolio.
Lighting is one of the most important elements of good fashion photography. A lot of lighting concepts have evolved over time. In the past, the photographer would setup studio lights, large walls of lights, and dimmers to adjust the overall lighting and effect. Today, photographers use a variety of lighting techniques. These include light painting, back lit images, silhouette, fog, and point and shoot cameras.
Catalog Photography – Many people associate catalog photography with high fashion and weddings, but this is not the only area of specialization in this category of photographer’s repertoire. Catalog photography covers a broad range of subjects including ballroom dresses, swimsuits, swimwear, casual wear, evening dresses, lingerie, and formal wear. The photographer may take a photo of a model wearing one item and use it to create the basis of a bridal album, while other photographs may be used to create catalogs for lingerie, men’s suits, ladies’ dresses, and children’s apparel. Some fashion photographers even create catalogs of individual pieces of clothing or a particular season’s wardrobe. This type of photo manipulation has grown in popularity among photographers of all kinds.
Feature Photography – American photographers dominate this category of fashion photography because of their subject matter expertise. The topics in this particular genre tend to be highly stylized and are generally intended for magazines and photo books. For example, one might find an image of a beautiful woman lying on a beach with a palm tree beside her, while on the background one would notice a surfboard, a rock, and a wave. This image would then be used as the cover of a swimsuit magazine. While most photographers will never take a photograph like this, others are talented enough to do so on a regular basis.
Editorial Fashion Photography – While most of the images here are intended for ad photography or advertising purposes, they can also be used for editorial fashion images. An example would be a series of black and white photographs showing various pieces of clothing in a variety of sizes and colors. This type of image would look best placed within a glossy magazine and most editorial fashion images are released by major fashion magazines. Some of these images may show very large pieces of clothing, while others would be more small intimate pieces. The use of color in such images is important because the viewer wants to see how the fabric tones match the other colors in the image. It is important that the colors match and are subtle enough not to distract from the image.
Feature Photography – Many fine artists specialize in taking pictures of celebrities and other well-known people. They can capture an image and sell it as a work of high fashion photography. Many of these images may not necessarily be suitable for publication by a fashion magazine, but may be suitable for exhibition purposes at a trade show, art fair, or other similar event.
Guide to Fashion Photography Concepts & Styles
If you’re a professional in the field of fashion photography, then you know just how important it is to learn all the theories and concepts behind the camera. However, there’s no use jumping through hoops just to learn the camera tricks. If you don’t want to just jump through hoops, try to find a guide to fashion photography that will give you the right information that you need in order to capture the perfect photo.
A digital camera is not the only tool you need in order to take beautiful photos. Other equipment such as a tripod, flash, and filters can help to make your photos come out better. A good guide to photography will have all this information together with tips on how to take the most of these tools.
The key to getting great photos from your camera is getting familiar with how the camera works. This is best done by reading a guide like this one which will teach you about light, exposure, and framing. By understanding all of these concepts, you’ll have everything you need inside of you to turn your camera into a digital master. In fact, you can take hundreds of photos with just one simple camera. These are all great reasons to get a guide to photography.
What Are the 4 Types of Fashion Photography?
If you are a newbie photographer and you want to learn more about the different genres of photography, then you should take a look at this article. In this article, I am going to show you the four types of fashion photography. Once you understand the basics of this type of photography, you will be able to broaden your horizons and experiment with different approaches. Here are the four types of fashion photography:
These four types of photography were the first to be discovered by the pioneers in this field. The main difference between these four types is that the style of the photographer alters depending on the type of image that he wants to capture. For instance, portrait photographers have to deal with lots of angles so that the person they are taking the pictures of can be seen from all directions. Portrait photographers also have to use lighting in different manners in order to highlight parts of the body or the face. Landscape photographers don’t have to deal with so many things when they are taking landscape photographs.
These are the most popular types of photography being used by professional photographers all over the world. You can start learning more about the other four types of photography once you finish reading this article. Once you have learned about the different styles and techniques of each type of photography, it is now time for you to apply what you have learned to your own images. In the end, it will not matter which type of photography you use as long as you are able to capture great images. Good luck with your future projects!
Image Result For Fashion Photography
A good fashion photographer should be able to create an image result that can be neither static nor dull, but one which is always alive and moving, showing a real human being in the photographs, with full gusto and energy. It is only in this way that he or she will be able to create an image result that is unique and has a positive effect on his or her subject. It is important that the fashion photographer concentrates on shooting the action in its natural element, such as movement and emotions of the models, and does not try to make his image a macro scene with flat lighting effects and the like. As already mentioned, an image result for fashion photography should be something that the photographers like and enjoys, not something that is forced and contrived.
There are different ways how an image can be taken. Some photographers prefer to have their models posed while they are still unconscious in order to capture the hidden qualities and hidden poses of the models. Other photographers prefer to have their models half-naked and fully clothed, in order to bring out the real figure and natural features of the model. Some photographers prefer to have the models completely nude and just wear some sexy lingerie, and others may also use the models without wearing anything at all. The photographer should be able to determine which way will provide him or her with the best result.
An image result for fashion photography should also be something that will last for its entirety, instead of being shot once and then lost forever. For this, the photographs should be taken over a period of time, instead of using the flash option. The best images are the ones that have been taken over a period of time and have been saved in the digital memory, and not just the snapshot style images. In this way, the photographer will be able to create a series of images, each one having a different look, a different emotion and different quality.
How Do You Become a Fashion Photographer?
If you enjoy taking pictures of people in all types of environments and are extremely creative, you might have considered a career as a fashion photographer. These photos can be used to help individual clients market themselves to the public or to a design company. The most recent trend in fashion photography is taking photos that can be used to enhance a woman’s wardrobe choices or can be used in order to create a portrait that will help her become famous. This kind of photography can even help you make a living.
In order to get started in this business, you will need to decide what type of camera and lighting style you would like to use. After you have a good understanding of what you want to do with the photos you take you can start looking for a fashion agency to represent you. Many small agencies specialize in particular areas of fashion such as wedding photography, glamour photography, photojournalism, fashion marketing, celebrity photography and/or fashion full-time. It is a good idea to research several agencies before deciding on one to represent your interests.
Once you have established yourself with an agency, you will be able to show off your portfolio and show people pictures of the work that you have done. If you have enough experience in this field, you can even open up your own boutique and begin to take photos that people can hire you to do. This can be a great way to combine your love of fashion with photography. Soon you will find out just how easy it can be to become a real fashion guru.
What Are the Types of Fashion Photography?
While fashion photography may seem like it’s an easy job that doesn’t require much more than just showing up, there are actually many different elements that go into being a great fashion photographer. The first thing to understand is that not everyone has the talent or skills to become a professional photographer. In order to become a fashion photographer, you need to have a clear vision of what you want the photographs to show and you need to have some level of skill at creating unique and interesting images. Another important aspect of becoming a professional photographer is that you need to really study your subject matter so that you can capture it in the most flattering light. The more you know about your subject matter, the better you will be able to capture something truly unique and beautiful.
Many people ask what are the types of subje
cts a fashion photographer might work with. The answer to this question is that a fashion photographer will generally work with current celebrities. When you consider fashion photography, you will notice that the most successful photographers tend to work with well-known celebrities as well as popular media personalities.
Another important aspect of becoming a fashion photographer is to understand the business side of things. Many people become photographers because they love to take pictures and people see their passion for photography and automatically assume that they would make a good photographer. It’s important to understand how all of this works so that you can have a clear understanding of what you’re getting yourself into before you ever step foot in a studio. Once you understand how the business side works, you’ll find that working as a street photographer is one of the most lucrative and fun positions available. | <urn:uuid:d38f7a3b-9206-4234-8076-781aceb331d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lukesnyderstudio.com/guide-to-fashion-photography-concepts-styles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964799 | 2,320 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Empower the Next Generation!
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Donate to Kids Soar today to ensure we can continue our work with children throughout the Roanoke Valley. Because of YOU, we are breaking the cycle of poverty through literacy education!
Layla and Maliyah wouldn’t have received 297 hours of teaching focused on literacy to help improve their reading and overall academic performance.
Noah wouldn’t have discovered a love of Dinosaurs through reading, or the support he needed to learn how to deal with his ADHD and his behavioral concerns.
Amanda would never have found a system of support for parents offering skills and training to help her strengthen her family.
Dominique would not have a safe place for her children to go while she works and goes to school herself.
Miranda and her kids would never have found a community offering hope, support, and empowerment for a lifetime. | <urn:uuid:7c8a9e30-4354-4e43-b339-c6aac9c1692e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kidsoar.org/give/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.971968 | 218 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Wainscoting is a type of wood paneling that is typically installed around the lower half of a wall. Door casing is the trim that surrounds a door, and is typically made from wood, vinyl, or metal. In order to transition from wainscoting to door casing, you will need to remove the existing wainscoting, and install the door casing around the door opening.
How To Transition Wainscoting To Door Casing
There is no single, definitive answer to this question. Some possible methods include: – Cutting the wainscoting panels to fit the door casing, then securing them in place with trim nails or adhesive – Trimming the door casing to fit the wainscoting panels, then securing them in place with trim nails or adhesive – Building a frame out of wood trim that fits around the door casing and the wainscoting panels, then securing it all in place with
-Tape measure -Chisel -Hammer -Paint or Stain -Paintbrush or Rag -Ruler or Level
- Cut the wainscoting to the correct height and width. nail the wainscoting to the wall, using
- Measure the height of the door casing
- Measure the width of the door casing
-When transitioning from wainscoting to door casing, it is important to consider the height of the wainscoting and the height of the door casing. -If the wainscoting is taller than the door casing, then a trim piece should be used to cover the gap between the two. -If the door casing is taller than the wainscoting, then the top of the wainscoting should be cut off so that it is even
Frequently Asked Questions
What Is The Trim On Top Of Wainscotting Called?
The trim on top of wainscotting is called a “chair rail.”
What Is A Wainscot Cap?
A wainscot cap is a type of molding that is used to cover the joint between the wainscot and the ceiling.
Do You Put Trim Over Wainscoting?
There is no right or wrong answer to this question as it depends on personal preference. Some people prefer to cover their wainscoting with trim, while others do not.
There are a few different ways to transition wainscoting to door casing. One way is to use a T-shaped trim piece that sits on top of the wainscoting and the door casing. Another way is to use a three-piece trim piece that includes a strip that goes between the wainscoting and the door casing, and two strips that go on top of the wainscoting and the door casing. | <urn:uuid:ce0eeed4-5d2a-4bf4-a298-758f01b7f3fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://empowerusrq.com/how-to-transition-wainscoting-to-door-casing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.93785 | 570 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Eliciting the Coordination of Preservice Secondary Mathematics Teachers’ Concept Images and Definitions of Function
Given the vast experiences pre-service mathematics teachers (PSMTs) have with functions, one may assume that they have existing personal definitions and concept images. The purpose of this paper is to build an understanding of the variety of images that one might associate with a definition of function that includes ‘for each input there is one output’ and how these images are coordinated with the definition to determine whether an object is a function or not. Two cases are presented to describe PSMTs who were working from the same personal definition of function, yet used that definition differently within a task designed around the function concept. The task itself was novel in that it is presented in a non-algebraic context, namely a vending machine. As such, PSMTs were required to coordinate their personal definition and images within the novel context. Attending to PSMTs’ concept images revealed that though they were working from the same personal definition, images they drew upon to determine whether or not an object is a function were varied.
Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology
McCulloch, Allison; Lovett, Jennifer; Dick, Lara; Sherman, Milan F.; and Edgington, Cyndi. "Eliciting the Coordination of Preservice Secondary Mathematics Teachers’ Concept Images and Definitions of Function." (2020) : 1-26. | <urn:uuid:469fd874-f683-4fc6-8d0c-762f0dd47dd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/fac_journ/1788/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.914084 | 357 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Allied soldiers struggled for months to clear veteran German troops dug into the mountains of northern Italy in late 1944 and early 1945.
Editor’s Note: The late Sen. Robert Dole and nearly one million other Allied soldiers continued the fight against Nazi Germany in northern Italy after D-Day in 1944, when the world’s attention turned to France. A team from American Heritage recently traveled to Italy to find the spot where Dole was so badly wounded, and learn more about this dramatic but often-neglected phase of World War II. We thank Gabriele Ronchetti, author of several books on the Italian campaign, and the other historians of the Gothic Line Association for their help in the research for this article.
Churchill called Italy the “soft underbelly” of Europe. It turned out to be anything but that as the Allies faced some of World War II’s most costly battles from the invasion of Sicily on July 10, 1943, to Salerno, Anzio, Monte Cassino, and many other bloody encounters.
“In the year before D-Day, the Italian campaign was the single most important front in the war,” historian Gabrielle Ronchetti recalled. “The Allied plan was to use Italy as a bridge into Nazi Germany, to strike at the heart of the Third Reich. Little by little, over many months, the Allies fought their way up the peninsula, liberating Rome on June 5, 1944.”
Then, one day after Rome was taken, the world’s attention turned away from Italy as the Allies landed at Normandy to open up a second front in Europe. Seven American divisions were transferred out of Italy to help in France. But the Allied would continue heroically to struggle on the Italian peninsula with little notice from the press and public.
As the German armies retreated northward in late 1944, Hitler ordered them to fortify and hold what was known as the Gothic Line – two hundred miles of fortifications dug into the mountains from Pisa on the west coast to Rimini on the east. The Allies would face more than 2,000 bunkers, artillery and machine gun nests. These strongholds overlooked and blocked crucial roads that ran from Florence and Pistoia through the mountains to Bologna and the fertile Po Valley beyond.
The German commander was Albert Kesselring, one of the most decorated Nazi generals, who had led the operations in North Africa was later convicted of war crimes including the massacre of 335 Italian civilians in the Ardeatine caves outside of Rome.
“For the next three hundred days, the Germans held on tenaciously, knowing that if they lost this ground, the Allies would pour through the Po Valley and make for the suddenly vulnerable southern borders of the Reich, and from there, on to total victory,” observed Bob Dole in his memoir, A Soldier’s Story.
The opposing armies fought on a massive scale. The Allies had 21 divisions including six armored, and 2,900 aircraft, for a total of almost a million men. The Germans had the remnants of 23 divisions for a total of about 430,000, but no aircraft. The struggle would keep the Nazis tied down and unable to shift to the north to defend against the advance across France.
In the fall of 1944, Gen. Lucien Truscott, commander of the Fifth Army, assigned the center of the offensive against the Germans – the effort in the highest elevations – to the 10th Mountain Division, elite American troops specially trained in mountain climbing, skiing, and survival in cold weather.
Five years earlier, the president of the National Ski Patrol had written a letter to Franklin Roosevelt proposing that the Army train special units for fighting in mountain terrain, citing the effectiveness of ski troops in Finland’s heroic defense against the Soviets earlier that year. “In this country, there are 2,000,000 skiers, equipped, intelligent, and able,” wrote Charles Minot Dole (no relation to Robert). “I contend that it is more reasonable to make soldiers out of skiers than skiers out of soldiers.”
Gen. George Marshall knew that the Germans had three divisions trained for mountain warfare, and that the Italians had just lost thousands of poorly trained men in the mountains during the Italo-Greek War. Marshall agreed with Dole’s idea and gave the approval.
So the Army had formed the 10th Mountain Division and recruited experienced skiers and university athletes. In addition to normal infantry instruction, these men underwent rigorous training in rock climbing and mountain survival at Camp Hale, Colorado, at an elevation of 9,200 feet above sea level.
“The untrained mountain soldier has two foes – the enemy and the mountain,” noted an Army manual written for the division. “But he can make a friend and ally of the mountain by learning to know it. The mountain can give him cover and concealment, points of vantage and control, even, at times, food, water, and shelter.”
Late in 1944, the 10th Mountain Division left for Italy packed into severely overcrowded troop transports – about 14,000 men in three regiments with additional units of artillery, medics, ambulance drivers and other support. Arriving in Naples, the Americans were shocked by the sight of ships sunk in the harbor and so many buildings bombed to rubble.
The 10th Mountain was assigned to the Fifth Army, commanded by Gen. Lucien Truscott. They were ordered to move north to Florence and Pistoia, and then to dislodge Germans from their strongholds that looked down on and blocked crucial roads that ran through the mountains to Bologna and the Po Valley beyond. At the same time, the British 8th Army would attack along the Adriatic coast in the eastern plains.
Gen. Truscott gave the 10th Mountain the daunting task of capturing 3,800-foot Mount Belvedere and the surrounding peaks in the center of the Apennine mountains, on the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. These peaks were more than double the height of Monte Cassino that months before had been so costly for the Allies to capture. The mountains around Belvedere were covered with enemy bunkers and artillery manned by veteran German troops.
“Do you think you can do it?”, Truscott asked the 10th Mountain’s commander, Gen. George Price Hays, a tough veteran of World War I and Medal of Honor recipient. His men would need to carry 60- and 80-pound packs up steep mountains in the middle of winter in the face of an aggressive defensive.
“I don’t think I will have any division left,” Hayes answered soberly.
By early January, the first units had made their way north by train and foot to the mountains north of Lucca and Florence.
They hiked past burned farms, bombed churches, and villages of mostly rubble. Germans had placed mines and booby traps everywhere, and the Americans were in frequent firefights with enemy patrols.
“War spares nothing,” Sgt. Denis Nunan wrote home. “The isolated hamlets, with walls of stone feet thick, make fortresses for the enemy to gather strength within and strike out to kill.”
At the higher altitudes there was four to five feet of snow. The men were issued four blanket each since the Army trucks didn't have chains yet and couldn't get sleeping bags and other supplies to their positions.
American patrols snuck up Riva Ridge, a series of peaks alongside Mount Belvedere, and came back with dismaying news. German defenses covered a half dozen mountaintops from 3,175 to 6,000 in height. Lt. Col. wrote that he "felt like he was in the bottom of a bowl with the enemy sitting on two-thirds of the rim looking down upon you. There was about as much concealment as a goldfish would have in a bowl."
Advance parties under sniper fire searched for trails up the slopes. The routes were too rugged for jeeps or even mules, with grades of thirty and forty degrees, and some cliffs so steep they would need to be scaled with ropes. More advance teams drove pitons into rock to anchor climbing lines, having wrapped their hammers with cloth to muffle the sound.
The day before the assault, Gen. Hayes addressed a large group of soldiers. The wiry general reminded some of his men of an old cowhand, with a tanned and wrinkled face. He told them to keep pushing forward during the attack. “Never stop. Always forward,” urged Hayes. “If your buddy is wounded, don’t stop to help him. Continue to move forward. Don’t get pinned down. You must get into the enemy’s position as quickly as possible. You must move fast.”
Hayes did not say that headquarters had estimated his men would suffer a 90% casualty rate. At least the Americans had one advantage – some of the Germans had grown overconfident in their well supplied and sheltered positions dug into high ground with panoramic vistas of the valleys below. They would not be expecting an attack up the sheer face of cliffs. But they would wake up soon enough.
The assault on Riva Ridge began in the evening of February 18, 1945. All through the night, soldiers struggled up steep paths in the darkness carrying heavy loads of equipment and ammunition. Some of the men ascended on ropes with heavy packs and machine guns on their backs.
Worried they would be heard by the Germans, the men hiked and pulled themselves up the ropes i silence. No one knew what to expect at the summit.
“Normally we have just one medic with us. And this time, we’ve got about five or six medics,” veteran David Rankine later recalled. “I thought, ‘They’re expecting a lot of us to get wounded and killed.’”
Luckily, early the next morning, the defenders were largely taken by surprise. Gen. Hays later recalled that, “The Germans were back in dugouts sleeping and our troops took the guns over, turned them around and went down and threw hand grenades in their sleeping quarters and that’s the way they woke up. The Germans were awfully surprised at the American soldiers ascending from a side that had been declared ‘unclimbable.’”
But over the next several days, German counterattacks on the ridgelines cost 17 American lives with 51 wounded and 3 missing. “On several instances the Red Cross flag was used by the Krauts in an attempt to get into our positions, but this met with failure,” Lt. Col. Hamilton wrote in his report.
Special porter platoons carried ammo and supplies up the mountain, and Italian-speaking Americans supervised the work of local porters packing tons of equipment up the ridge with small local mules.
“By 21 February, 10 3/4 tons of ammunition alone had been packed on to the ridge and there was never a shortage of ammo, rations, or water,” wrote Hamilton. “The men worked themselves to a point of exhaustion, some making three trips in a 24-hour period.”
Engineers set up an ingenious cable tramway to evacuate the wounded down the mountain and bring supplies up, the first time such a system was used in the war. Time required to get wounded men down the slopes was cut from 6 to 12 hours down to four and sometimes two hours. Lives of the wounded were saved.
Just one day after Riva Ridge was taken, six other battalions of the 10th Mountain began their assault on nearby Mount Belvedere. Over 13,000 men fought their way up the 3,800 foot mountain facing brutal machine gun and mortar fire.
By February 25, the Americans finally took control of the Mount Belvedere ridgeline. In the brutal fights for that mountain and Riva Ridge alone, nearly a thousand men would be killed or wounded in just the 10th Mountain Division.
After sustaining the terrible losses on Mount Belvedere, the men of the 10th Mountain worked their way north another 20 kilometers to Montese and Castel D’Aiano.
Newly minted second lieutenant Bob Dole was assigned to the 10th Mountain in late February because so many of its young officers had been killed. Dole wrote in his memoirs that he thought it was “mighty odd” that “a kid from Kansas who had seen a mountain up close only once in his life would be assigned to lead a platoon of mountain troops.”
“We Kansans don’t ski much,” he continued. But “the army didn’t ask my opinion.” He didn’t mention that, at the University of Kansas, he had played on three varsity teams, and later won track and field events in the Army.
The men in Company I of the 86th Regiment weren’t so sure about young Dole, however, especially Frank Carafa, the sergeant who had temporarily taken command of Company I after the previous lieutenant was killed.
“The very first day they brought him up to the lines and told me that he was taking over my platoon, I didn’t like him,” recalled Carafa about Dole. “I really had no reason, except that I was jealous because I was acting as platoon leader for the past fourteen, sixteen months and we were getting along very well. I was concerned about my men, their safety and what not. And I didn’t know anything about him. I just heard that he was a new lieutenant, and they scared me.”
“Ninety-day wonders” like Dole were civilians trained to become junior officers in a relatively short time – unlike Sgt. Carafa, who had served for years in the army. “Half the lieutenants had been killed during the hellacious attack on Mount Belvedere,” recalled Dole. “No wonder the forty or so men of the 2nd Platoon didn’t go out of their way to get to know me when I arrived. They figured I wouldn’t be around long.”
“I had heard the stories of how the German snipers particularly went after the guys with stripes on the backs of their helmets and the soldiers with the binoculars and map cases,” Dole wrote later, “knowing that if they could pick off the officers and the radio men, they would disrupt the chain of command. Our guys understood that.”
Sgt. Carafa admitted later that, after he spent time with Dole, “I did change my mind real fast.” But even so, he wouldn’t know his new lieutenant’s actual name until many years later. He thought it was “Doyle.”
After the new lieutenant’s 85th Regiment reached Castel D’Aiano in March, 1945, they rested and waited to continue the fight. “As the days passed by, we were more or less taking it easy,” recalled Sgt. Carafa. “He [Dole] fitted in with the fellas; he had his lunch and his breakfast and his dinner with us laying on the floor, on the ground or sitting on a log or something like that. And we would joke around and everything else. He was just one of the guys. The men took to like him.”
Dole led his men on night patrols to watch for enemy incursions and to capture Germans for interrogation. On the night of March 18, he was badly wounded when a tossed grenade hit a tree, bounced back and exploded nearby. “I saw a blast and felt a searing - hot pain in my leg, ripping my flesh open,” Dole recalled. “It was just a surface wound from the grenade fragments, but it hurt like crazy.”
The medics patched up Dole and he and his men pushed on in the darkness on the patrol, but to no avail that night.
In early April, the 85th and two other regiments were ordered to move out and attack the German fortifications, focusing on the 3,000-foot Monte della Spe, which they captured, despite heavy incoming mortar and artillery rounds. As they dug in, the Americans could see formidable German fortifications on flat-topped Hill 913 across the small Ombrina Valley. The Germans continued a bombardment 24 hours a day that kept the Americans in their foxholes, with their heads down.
On the morning of April 14, the men in Dole’s “I” Company were hopeful as a heavy fog finally lifted and allowed American bombers flying from Tuscany to blast the fortifications on Hill 913. “For the next forty minutes, wave after wave of bombers dropped their devastating loads on the German bunkers,” Dole recalled. Waves of Allied artillery fire battered the hill, and more bombers dropped napalm and turned the hill into “hell on earth.”
Veterans of the 10th Mountain later told historian Gabriele Ronchetti that after what they had seen during the bombardment, they didn’t think there was even a single German up there anymore.
“The bombing is remembered as one of the biggest in the whole Mediterranean theater,” says Ronchetti. “But it didn’t have the effect it was supposed to. The Germans were still there.”
Ronchetti walked with visiting journalists over the battlefield that once was a treeless landscape of dusty, gray-brown soil and rocky hedgerows. It’s now lush, green farmlands and forests, but many of the surrounding hills still contain trenches, rocky pits for snipers and artillery, and log-covered dugouts where soldiers once slept or gathered for meals or medical attention.
Eventually, Gen. Hayes ordered the 85th to take Hill 913 – move down the slope, cross the ravine, and then head up a thousand feet of steep, open fields divided by hedgerows. The top of Hill 913 was 150 meters elevation above the base of the ravine. Meanwhile, two other regiments in the division, the 86th and 87th, were sent against the nearby hills of Torre Iussi and Roffeno.
“About the time the platoon in front of us got over a stone wall, and forty feet or so into the clearing, someone stepped on a land mine, and someone else hit another,” Dole recalled. Then the Germans opened fire – the massive bombings clearly hadn’t destroyed the defenses. “They started pouring artillery, machine gun, and mortar rounds into the clearing in front of us, mowing down dozens of American soldiers, shredding others, pulverizing still more.”
Dole and his men heard machine-gun fire coming from a farmhouse on the hill above. Twenty-five or thirty men were already down. The company commander ordered Dole’s platoon to move to the left to flank and take out the farmhouse, with Sgt. Carafa taking the lead. But Dole, knowing it was a highly risky operation, elected to take point himself.
“Raw anger surged through me as I saw so many of our guys falling,” Dole recalled. “I took part of a squad from the platoon with me toward the left, while Carafa rounded up the rest of the guys and got them in position, ready to fire at the farmhouse straight on, as we attempted to come in from the side.”
“I felt a sting, as something hot, something terribly powerful crashed into my upper back behind my right shoulder,” Dole later recalled. “I’d often been hit in the back by a hard - charging linebacker when I’d caught a football in high school or college. Occasionally, I’d been thrown to the ground and stomped on by a couple of college linemen after making a catch. But nothing in my life ever hurt like the shock that seared through my shoulder just then. My body responded before my brain had time to process what was happening. As the mortar round, exploding shell, or machine gun blast — whatever it was, I’ll never know — ripped into my body, I recoiled, lifted off the ground a bit, twisted in the air, and fell face down in the dirt.”
“For a long moment, I didn’t know if I was dead or alive,” Dole recalled. “I sensed the dirt in my mouth more than I tasted it. I wanted to get up, to lift my face off the ground, to spit the dirt and blood out of my mouth, but I couldn’t move. I lay face down in the dirt, unable to feel my arms. Then the horror hit me — I can’t feel anything below my neck!”
“My men started calling me, ‘Hey Sarge. The Lieutenant’s been hit. He’s calling you,’” Carafa recalled in an interview. “So I crawled down close to the opening of the ravine and I looked up in the ravine and I could see the whole squad of men laying down. I could see the lieutenant moving. I saw one other man move, and I just didn’t know what to do. There was one man about ten yards away from me. He started moaning and he moved. Seeing him, I don’t know, something came over me and I started crawling out to see if I could help him. When I got to him, I started dragging him back.”
“Guys were being blown up and wounded,” Carafa recalled. “I don’t know what happened to me. It was like God was on my shoulder.”
The sergeant then came to two of his men who were dead. He crawled to the next person who was wounded and pulled him back.
“Not knowing what the hell I was doing, I just turned around and started crawling out there again,” Carafa said. “I could hear the bullets going over my head. I kept crawling. Two more were dead.
“I finally reached the lieutenant," continued Karafa. "His arm was outstretched and I grabbed his arm and I yanked him. He gave a holler and passed out. I couldn’t even budge him. I was 5’5”, 145 pounds. He was a six-footer and close to 200. I just kept praying to God to help me. I finally got some strength and I started dragging him. And I dragged him a little ways and I couldn’t drag him any more and I started to roll him down the incline, which is much easier. I finally got him back and he was all shot up. His whole right side, from his shoulder down to his waist.”
“When Sergeant Carafa attempted to yank me by my arm, it felt as though what remained of my arm was going to come off in his grip,” Dole recalled. “I conked out after that, although I was later vaguely aware of being rolled over and over again, my head and face bouncing off the rocky terrain like a softball hitting the pavement.”
Dole was paralyzed from the neck down, and his injuries were so bad the medics gave him the large dose of morphine they dared and wrote an “M” for “morphine” on his forehead in his own blood so that no one else would give him a second dose, which might have been fatal.
Sgt. Carafa and the regiment had been ordered to leave the dead and wounded for the medics and continue the attack, so they pressed on up Hill 913.
“Dislodging the Germans from the high ground came at a horrendous price," wrote Dole later. "The Americans suffered more than 460 casualties on April 14, with 98 men dead following the day-long assault on Hill 913.”
After recovering from an infection that nearly killed him, Dole would spend two years in hospitals recovering from the terrible wounds that left him with limited mobility in his right arm and numbness in his left arm.
In 1947, Dole was medically discharged from the Army as a captain. He would receive two Purple Hearts for his injuries, and the Bronze Star with "V" for valor for his attempt to assist a downed radioman. He minimized the effect in public by keeping a pen in his right hand, and learned to write with his left hand. | <urn:uuid:01101b42-d499-4ca0-884e-dfaf847ff74b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.americanheritage.com/bob-dole-and-nazis-brutal-last-stand-italy?fbclid=IwAR3tB3n1_fPUF3d_VNptW1psMoTw4T6f7W-V_5KREpyALzg6JQVmvXcdiwE | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983062 | 5,197 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Adhering to reports of genocide in Myanmar, Fb banned the country’s leading standard and other military services leaders who were being employing the system to foment loathe. The enterprise also bans Hezbollah from its system for the reason that of its status as a US-selected foreign terror firm, despite the fact that the party holds seats in Lebanon’s parliament. And it bans leaders in international locations under US sanctions.
At the similar time, each Fb and Twitter have caught to the tenet that content material posted by elected officials warrants far more security than product from normal men and women, hence offering politicians’ speech a lot more ability than that of the men and women. This position is at odds with a lot of evidence that hateful speech from general public figures has a better impression than very similar speech from normal buyers.
Obviously, however, these insurance policies aren’t utilized evenly all around the entire world. Following all, Trump is far from the only environment chief applying these platforms to foment unrest. One particular need to have only search to the BJP, the bash of India’s Key Minister Narendra Modi, for more examples.
However there are surely brief-phrase benefits—and a lot of satisfaction—to be experienced from banning Trump, the conclusion (and individuals that came just before it) elevate much more foundational issues about speech. Who should really have the right to make your mind up what we can and just cannot say? What does it mean when a company can censor a government formal?
Facebook’s policy personnel, and Mark Zuckerberg in specific, have for many years revealed them selves to be lousy judges of what is or is not proper expression. From the platform’s ban on breasts to its inclination to suspend buyers for talking again versus despise speech, or its whole failure to get rid of calls for violence in Myanmar, India, and in other places, there is simply just no explanation to have confidence in Zuckerberg and other tech leaders to get these huge decisions correct.
Repealing 230 isn’t the answer
To remedy these concerns, some are calling for far more regulation. In latest months, demands have abounded from each sides of the aisle to repeal or amend Area 230—the legislation that safeguards companies from liability for the choices they make about the content they host—despite some major misrepresentations from politicians who must know much better about how the law truly will work.
The factor is, repealing Area 230 would probably not have compelled Facebook or Twitter to get rid of Trump’s tweets, nor would it avert organizations from removing content material they uncover unpleasant, regardless of whether that content material is pornography or the unhinged rantings of Trump. It is companies’ Initial Modification rights that help them to curate their platforms as they see fit.
Instead, repealing Segment 230 would hinder opponents to Fb and the other tech giants, and put a greater danger of liability on platforms for what they select to host. For instance, without Portion 230, Facebook’s attorneys could decide that web hosting anti-fascist material is way too dangerous in gentle of the Trump administration’s attacks on antifa.
This is not a considerably-fetched state of affairs: Platforms currently restrict most information that could be even loosely related to international terrorist organizations, for fear that material-support statutes could make them liable. Evidence of war crimes in Syria and essential counter-speech versus terrorist organizations abroad have been removed as a outcome. In the same way, platforms have arrive under hearth for blocking any content material seemingly connected to international locations underneath US sanctions. In one particularly absurd instance, Etsy banned a handmade doll, created in America, mainly because the listing contained the term “Persian.”
It’s not tough to see how ratcheting up system legal responsibility could cause even additional vital speech to be eliminated by corporations whose sole desire is not in “connecting the world” but in profiting from it.
Platforms needn’t be neutral, but they should engage in truthful
Regardless of what Senator Ted Cruz keeps repeating, there is almost nothing demanding these platforms to be neutral, nor should there be. If Fb would like to boot Trump—or pics of breastfeeding mothers—that’s the company’s prerogative. The dilemma is not that Facebook has the correct to do so, but that—owing to its acquisitions and unhindered growth—its end users have just about nowhere else to go and are stuck working with increasingly problematic principles and automated content material moderation.
The remedy is not repealing Area 230 (which yet again, would hinder opposition) but in creating the conditions for more level of competition. This is wherever the Biden administration really should focus its focus in the coming months. And all those initiatives need to include things like achieving out to content material moderation authorities from advocacy and academia to fully grasp the vary of problems faced by end users all over the world, somewhat than simply focusing on the debate inside the US. | <urn:uuid:3255b764-3ef7-4f5e-8ade-a35639ee9359> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://asianfinest.org/the-finest-way-to-guard-no-cost-speech-on-social-media-is-to-advertise-competition.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95101 | 1,027 | 2.03125 | 2 |
“On the third day, Abraham lifted his eyes and saw the place from afar.” (Gen. 22:4)
For three days Abraham traveled, following God’s command, towards Mount Moriah. What happened during this long journey, the prelude to the Akeidah? What was Abraham — a loving father, soon to offer up his only son to God — thinking about? What were his feelings and emotions?
In general, the Torah’s style is terse. The text focuses on actions, rarely describing inner thoughts and emotions. Still, a careful reading reveals much about how Abraham undertook this trial.
God did not initially tell Abraham where to offer his son. The Divine command was deliberately vague. “Bring him there for an offering, on one of the mountains that I will tell you” (Gen. 22:2). Rav Kook wrote that this detail indicates the most challenging and remarkable aspect of the test.
It would not be sufficient for Abraham merely to carry out the technical aspects of the Akeidah. If Abraham had gone through the outward motions — preparing the wood and the knife, bringing the fire and his son — and yet was inwardly troubled by fears and doubts — he would have failed the test.
Abraham needed to be ready to receive an additional prophecy. Only after three days would the exact location of the Akeidah be revealed to him. And that was the catch. Only a person who is at peace with himself, filled with joy and happiness, is a fitting vessel for prophecy. To complete the test, Abraham would require incredible reserves of spiritual fortitude to be able to receive that future prophecy. If Abraham was disturbed by misgivings and doubts, if his faith and equilibrium were shaken, he would not merit receiving God’s instructions where to offer up Isaac. Without rock-solid faith in his mission, Abraham would never make it to Mount Moriah.
In fact, the text hints at Abraham’s remarkable strength and composure as he readied himself to fulfill God’s command.
“Abraham woke up early in the morning.” Abraham had been called to sacrifice his beloved son — how could he sleep? A man of lesser faith would have been unable to sleep, disturbed and troubled over what was expected of him. But no feelings of anxiety disturbed the sleep of this remarkable tzaddik. He awoke at his usual hour, eager to perform God’s will with the swiftness of a deer and the courage of a lion.
“He saddled his donkey.” Abraham’s every move was deliberate and precise. His first priority was to arrange the fastest and most assured transportation to fulfill his mission. Only afterward did he attend to other, less essential preparations for the journey.
“He split wood for the offering.” Abraham could have waited until later to find wood. Or he could have brought the wood, and only later split it into smaller pieces. But a profound love of God, beyond ordinary human measure, burned so fiercely in his heart that he made sure to prepare every detail.
“And he rose” — not bowed and beaten, but proud and tall, full of strength and energy — “and went to the place that God had told him.” All of Abraham’s actions were focused on reaching the desired destination and fulfilling God’s word. Everything else, whether of a personal or societal nature, became inconsequential compared to his soul’s burning desire to carry out the Divine command.
“On the third day....” What happened during those three days? The text does not tell us. The unique experiences of that spiritual journey cannot be expressed in words; they transcend the limits of human language.
“Abraham lifted his eyes and saw the place from afar.” What was to be an oral prophecy — “on one of the mountains that I will tell you” — was in fact a prophetic vision. Abraham’s soul experienced a spiritual elevation so great that his senses became united. Speech and sight, together with his faculties of prophetic insight, were combined as one. “Abraham lifted his eyes.” His physical eyes became receptors for prophetic vision.
Abraham had passed the most extraordinary aspect of the trial. He had reached Mount Moriah, where the Akeidah would take place.
(Adapted from Olat Re’iyah vol. I, pp. 86-87) | <urn:uuid:f630944e-77df-4a9d-93f0-3eaa2191c879> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ravkooktorah.org/VAYERA63.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.982407 | 930 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is a space-based radio-navigation system that provides users worldwide with valuable information including three-dimensional position, navigation, velocity and time data. It comprises of 24 satellites, which are in orbit some 12,000 miles above the earth’s surface. GPS operates on the principle of triangulation. The satellites broadcast their position on a continuous basis, and by combining the measurements from different satellites.
Another user-friendly aspect of GPS is the fact that it is not affected by weather conditions. This technology is easily integrated with geographic information systems and is, therefore, very useful for engineering and surveying applications. GPS technology provides highly accurate information, including digital maps of land and infrastructure, such as highways.
How GPS Can Assist in Surveying
Conventional surveying can be extremely costly and time-consuming. Surveyors often need to make multiple visits to the same site in order to gather data and ensure that it is accurate. They must also be trained in the operation of complex technical equipment. Weather conditions such as snow, rain and extreme temperatures can also delay the collection and checking of data. The surveying industry is increasingly coming to recognize the need to reduce labor costs, while increasing the accuracy of surveys. An effective way of doing this is to use GPS technology.
There is a current GPS surveying project at the Utah Department of Transportation in the United States, which found that one surveyor operating GPS surveying equipment is twice as fast as a conventional surveying crew, and a GPS system with two units has the potential to be four times faster than crews using conventional technologies to complete surveys. Another advantage of the GPS surveying technology is the fact that it can be used over long distances with far fewer setups. It can be setup and surveys can be performed over a distance of six miles from the base unit, whereas with conventional equipment the base unit would have to be moved every 600 feet. In one surveying project GPS surveying equipment recorded more than 5,500 topographical points in 30 man-hours, whereas conventional equipment could record only 1,500 topographical points in 120 man-hours.
– GPS surveying can save significantly on labor costs
– GPS surveying is highly accurate
– GPS is time saving for civil engineers
For more information, check out the Federal Highway Administration’s Resource Center: www.fhwa.dot.gov
*Photo courtesy of freedigitalphotos.net | <urn:uuid:18bc9824-bb42-45cd-ba06-17d155bda7b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ghhllc.com/blog/what-are-the-benefits-of-gps-survey-tools | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.939524 | 511 | 3.609375 | 4 |
NEW YORK--Want to know how to build your own cell phone charger? How about putting an old-fashioned pay phone in your home to make voice over Internet calls?
A team of do-it-yourself technology gurus are creating a video series that will show you how to hack everyday gadgets to get more--and novel--uses out of them.
Limor Fried, who owns the Adafruit Industries electronics building business, and Phillip Torrone, senior editor at Make Magazine, are calling their series "Citizen Engineer." They debuted it at the Last HOPE conference here on Friday.
The video series demonstrates how to create the devices, from showing exactly what parts you need to how to solder them and build the final electronic item. The production is well done and the videography is creative, with shots from under a glass table and other interesting angles.
The first two chapters in the series show how to create a SIM card reader and how to hack a pay phone. Like most everything this team does, the videos are open source and will be available online for free.
Exploring the technology you use everyday can increase and improve its uses as well as save millions of electronics from piling up in landfills, Torrone said in an interview with CNET News before the session.
"Once you understand your technology, you are more likely to repair it and do something useful with it, so there's a recycling aspect to this," he said.
Upcoming subjects being considered include a GPS music player that plays songs based on your location, a GPS jammer or tracker, and wearable accessories or clothes that block security cameras by shining a special light at them, they said.
Fried offers kits for hacking all sorts of things. For instance, she has kits for creating what she calls a "Minty Boost" MP3 and cell phone charger that fits in an Altoids mint tin, as well as a cell phone jammer that fits in a cigarette pack that blocks Wi-Fi or cell phone transmissions.
She also built a SIM card reader kit that lets you see what is on a SIM card, such as deleted SMS messages and phone book entries, and other information that can be used to clone the card.
She also figured out how to hack a pay phone, connecting it to a computer so it can be used with Skype, modifying it so it requires quarters, or even making it so it requires a red box to simulate the sound of quarters dropping in.
The two also have a laser etching business, where they typically create designs on laptops, but can also etch sushi instructions on nori. They also have worked on the, which shuts off televisions in the area and , expanding the remote reach up to 200 feet.
Here are videos showing off some of the various hacks and tricks Torrone and Fried have worked up: | <urn:uuid:63e78cf3-1961-46c1-a5c6-cce9252e9826> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cnet.com/news/privacy/team-debuts-electronic-hacking-how-to-videos-at-hope-conference/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953657 | 582 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Can you bathe a 1 week old kitten?
For a bad infestation, you can bathe the kitten in warm water. You can also use a very small amount of gentle, liquid dish soaps like Dawn to bathe kittens. Avoid the eye area—use a washcloth around the face—and rinse them thoroughly. Be sure to dry them after a bath so they do not chill.
Can you give a 2 week old kitten a flea bath?
If you put a 2-week old kitten inside a huge tub of water, you’ll give him a heart attack. Instead, get a flat pan or plastic tub and fill it with just a bit of warm water. Get a special flea shampoo you can use on newborn kittens, rather than going for the usual stuff, which is too strong for young animals.
When to give a 8 week old kitten a bath?
It would be best if you only gave a kitten its first bath once it reaches eight weeks old. Bathing kittens that are under eight weeks isn’t advisable because they can’t thermo-regulate on their own just yet. If your kitten is less than eight weeks, let the mother cat do the grooming for the meantime.
What’s the best way to bathe a kitten?
In most cases of fleas, careful extraction of them with combs can be highly useful and reliable. In extreme cases, however, warm-water bathing may provide better results. It is crucial to immediately and exhaustively dry your kitten once his bath is completed, as coldness is a major concern in these youngsters.
When do kittens start to go to the bathroom?
During the fourth and fifth week of the kitten timeline, kittens are able to balance enough to go to the bathroom without any help from their mother. This is a good time to introduce them to the litter box, says Petful. Kittens typically learn what to do from watching mom, so all you really need to do is show them the box.
Is it OK to bathe a kitten with a comb?
Fleas aren’t uncommon in kittens, especially if they started their lives outdoors. In most cases of fleas, careful extraction of them with combs can be highly useful and reliable. In extreme cases, however, warm-water bathing may provide better results.
What’s the best way to give a kitten a bath?
If the kittens just few weeks of age and they are really young, never to give them full bath. You just need to clean them using damp washcloth, just wipe their body and fur gently. This is how to bathe a kitten without shampoo or other chemical products.
How often should you bathe a kitten to get rid of fleas?
Bathing your kitten is another pretty safe and effective option to help your kitten get rid of fleas. Follow these safety tips: Don’t bathe your kitten more than twice a week, because frequent bathing can be damaging to their skin.
How often should you bathe a kitten with ringworm?
Several times a week, change the kitten’s bedding and toys, and sanitize soiled items in a washing machine with hot water and bleach. Completely disinfect the kittens’ area and all supplies using an approved disinfectant. My recommendation is to use a product like Rescue disinfectant. Twice a week, your kitten will need a medicated dip or bath.
Can you put a 2 week old kitten in a tub of water?
If you put a 2-week old kitten inside a huge tub of water, you’ll give him a heart attack. Instead, get a flat pan or plastic tub and fill it with just a bit of warm water. | <urn:uuid:61b325a5-c79d-457d-a013-c99a10568ff1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.joewongcomedy.com/study-advice/can-you-bathe-a-1-week-old-kitten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.941996 | 774 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Location & History
Waitomo Caves Hotel was first originally called Waitomo House, then in 1905 the Tourist Department bought it & renamed it the Government Hostel. Waitomo Caves Hotel is situated upon a natural high-point in an area of limestone rock honeycombed with natural caves and underground streams. Many of these caves are regarded as Tapu (sacred) by the local Maori and are said to be inhabited by Taniwha, guardian or predator beings that live in deep pools in rivers, dark caves, or in the sea, and Patupaiarehe, who according to Maori folklore are pale-skinned spirit beings that live in deep forests and mountaintops in New Zealand and who are said to lure people to their doom with ethereal flute music and singing. The Maori have historically used the caves as a burial ground.
The Maori occupation of the land dates back to 1350, with 2 massive battles fought in the area, as well as localised skirmishes between tribes. This area was also the site of the battles between the Maori King Movement (Kingitanga) and the British Army. Waitomo Caves Hotel is built on the site of a British Fort, that was used during the these battles, due to its defensible position, and foreboding slopes.
A legend of the Maori princess dates from the Kingitanga versus Britain era. The daughter of a high-ranking Maori chief became enamoured with a British soldier, and one evening, while making her way up to the fort for a romantic rendezvous with the solider, she was mistaken for a warrior by one of the British sentries and was shot dead. Her spirit is said to haunt the Victorian wing of the hotel which houses the Honeymoon Suite. She has also been reputed to taking up residence in a particular hotel attic, and her moaning can be heard coming from this area.
The story of the Ghost of Room 14 relates to the tale of the Maori Princess. A young male guest at the hotel, felt what is reputed to be her spirit passing through him, and after telling the tale to several guests staying at the time, he retired to his room and committed suicide. He is said now to wander the corridors as well. Hanging is commonly said to be his method of choice, however, in Room 14, it is said to that the bath has been seen dripping with blood. The adjacent Room 12 is also said to be frequented by the princess, with moving lights reported in the en-suite bathroom and guests having bed sheets pulled away and toes tickled during the night.
The ghost of Cat Alley is attributed to an accident that happened in the 1930s. Cat Alley is a cluster of small rooms and corridor, which catered to the workers and maids. It connected these rooms to the kitchen and restaurant. One night, a boy (one of the maids boys that was smuggled in at night) was skipping through the kitchen and knocked over a pot of boiling water, that burned him so badly he died. The staff have been calling him Daniel. He is said to be heard giggling, skipping and children often complain about being followed by a weird boy.
Room 12a (a common hotel euphemism to avoid rooms and floors numbered 13) is reputed to be a hotbed of activity, with footprints forming on talcum powder spilt on the ground and objects being moved about. Room 25 is an area the staff don’t like to go to, with reports of bad feelings, screams and further movement of objects. This room is said to be associated with a former staff member or Matron who is said to still try to keep order in the hotel’s Art Deco wing.
Haunted Auckland investigated this hotel with Wellington’s Strange Occurrences. Read the report here. | <urn:uuid:cf0b52f7-c868-454e-adb8-2bc2b5947ad7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://hauntedauckland.com/site/waitomo-caves-hotel-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983486 | 791 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Reading Excel Data into MATLAB with a GUI, Part 1
From the series: Reading Excel Data into MATLAB with a GUI
(Originally posted on Doug's MATLAB Video Tutorials blog.)
It was pretty easy to read in the data with XLSREAD. Note that three minutes into the video above, I use a neat cell mode trick that many might not know about.
Recorded: 28 Sep 2007
Our question today comes from one of our MATLAB® users named Sarah, who is trying to read in an Excel® file and do some plotting of the data in that Excel file in MATLAB. Let's look at the file that she sent me.
We can see that there are a lot of different columns here of data and that, not including the header row, we go down and see there are 60 different values in here. And so we want to read that into MATLAB and get a graph out. That graph is going to be just of one column versus another.
So how would we do that in MATLAB? We can see the file that we wrote here to solve this problem. The first thing is I need to know the file name that we want to read in and that just happens to be shown right here. You can see this is probably part of a series of many files that she's going to be reading in and doing graphics on.
So to read this data in, we simply are going to say A is equal to xlsread and then the file name. That's going to allow MATLAB to read in this data. Let's select those two lines of code only, right click, and say Evaluate Selection. That's going to run those two pieces of code.
Now if we go to the workspace browser, what we're going to see is we have the file name defined and, of course, that data-- 59 rows, as expected, and then 89 columns from the 89 columns of data on the first sheet of that worksheet. We could have specified to read sheet 2 or 3, but the data we were interested in happened to be on the first, so we didn't have to specify. It was just the default.
Now that we have this A data, why don't we turn it into columns that are easier to work with? In this case, maybe we wanted to plot the x values, which would be just what was stored in the first column, which was basically counting from 1 to 60. And in y, we're going to read in, let's say, the 20th column and plot that.
So we can simply take this A matrix and say I want x to be—take A, all the rows, column 1, and make that x. Then we're going to do the same thing for y. We're just going to say, let y be equal to matrix A, all the rows-- that's what the column means-- comma 60, so the 60th column. And then we will plot this.
So let's select those commands and evaluate selection. And we see that we have this plot out there. So that's how simple it can be to bring in this data and plot it inside of MATLAB.
Now let's show a little bit more advanced trick here. Let me move my windows around so you can see two of them at once. And let's say that, instead of just plotting number 60, we might want plot 61. So I'll change that to 61 and hit F5 to save and run, and that's going to update my plot.
But let's say I want to look at a lot of these. What I can do is select that number, come up here to the cell mode, make sure it's enabled by going to Cell and Disable or Enable Cell Mode, and hit plus 1. It's going to increment that value 61 to 62 and re-evaluate everything in that cell, or in this case, the entire file. We hit that again and we'll see number 63, 64, and so on. So you could go through here and look at your data in a very quick manner doing that little trick.
OK. As always, if you have questions, send them to me and we'll see if we can't answer them in this forum. Thank you.
You can also select a web site from the following list:
How to Get Best Site Performance
Select the China site (in Chinese or English) for best site performance. Other MathWorks country sites are not optimized for visits from your location. | <urn:uuid:92c8f862-9ed8-45b7-9d94-d8d1c63d9d84> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fr.mathworks.com/videos/reading-excel-data-into-matlab-with-a-gui-part-1-98224.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.96905 | 933 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Deep Dive into this Series!
An Original Educational Series by Belouga & Connections-Based Learning
Seeing curriculum through a Connection Lens elevates classroom activities. It leads to motivation, meaning, and opportunities to make a difference. This series will help train your mindset to see and deliver your curriculum through a lens of connection. | <urn:uuid:de388724-bf05-47aa-a007-04ce6fc7e194> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://belouga.org/series/focusing-your-connection-lens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.934659 | 66 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Characteristics & Mechanics of Zoom Lenses
Unlike conventional microscope objectives that have a fixed magnification, zoom lenses can accommodate a wide-range of magnifications by adjusting the distance between individual lenses within the zoom lens body.
These lenses allow for much faster observation in that the magnification can be quickly adjusted by simply rotating the zoom ring on the lens.
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Since multiple objectives and a turret system are not needed, zoom lenses reduce the size and cost of the equipment. | <urn:uuid:77343d9d-12bb-41fd-8699-e011c9756e3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.keyence.com/ss/products/microscope/microscope_glossary/related_devices/zoom_lens.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.896055 | 131 | 3 | 3 |
Tamar. The eldest daughter of King Giorgi III (1156–1184), Tamar was the queen of the Kingdom of Georgia since 1184. Her reign is usually acknowledged as the “Golden Age” in the history of Georgia.
She was made a co-regent in 1178 and succeeded her father six years later. However, her accession was not without difficulty. Powerful lords took advantage of the king’s death to reassert themselves. Tamar was forced to agree to a second coronation that emphasized the role of noble families in investing her with royal power. The nobility, led by mechurchletukhutsesi Qutlu Arslan, then demanded the establishment of the karavi, a political body with legislative and judicial power. Tamar’s refusal to satisfy this demand brought the Georgian monarchy to the verge of a civil war that was averted through negotiations. In the end, the royal authority was significantly limited and the responsibilities of the royal council, dominated by the nobles, was expanded. Nobles were also actively involved in choosing a husband for the young queen. On their decision, Queen Tamar married Russian Prince Yuri Bogolubsky, the son of Grand Duke Andrei Bogolyubsky of Suzdal in 1185 but the marriage was dissolved because of Prince Yuri’s debauchery and intrigues. Tamar later married Prince David Soslan, a member of the Ossetian branch of the Bagration dynasty, in 1189. From 1189–1191, Tamar’s former husband Yuri allied himself with certain Georgian nobles and organized two unsuccessful revolts.
Despite internal dissent, Georgia remained a powerful kingdom and enjoyed major successes in its foreign policy. In 1193–1194, the Georgian army occupied Bardav, Erzerum and other southwestern provinces. In 1195, a large Muslim coalition was crushed in the battle at Shamkhor, allowing Tamar to expand her sphere of influence into southeastern Caucasia. In July 1202, she achieved another triumphant victory when a massive coalition of Muslim states, led by the sultan of Rum, was crushed at Basian. The Georgians annexed Ani, Arran, and Dvin in 1201–1203, and in 1209, their armies captured the Emirate of Kars while the mighty Armen-Shahs, the emirs of Erzurum and Erzinjan, and the north Caucasian tribes became their vassals. Georgian influence also extended to the southern coast of the Black Sea, populated by a large Georgian-speaking population. The Empire of Trebizond, a Georgian vassal state, was established there in 1204 and soon became a major trading emporium, surviving for over 250 years. The Georgians then carried war into Azerbaijan and advanced as far as Ardabil and Tabriz in 1208 and went on to Qazvin and Khoy in northern Iran in 1210. The year of Tamar's death remains debated and some scholars argue in favor of 1207, others - 1210 and few indicate 1213. Her burial place remains unknown as well. She was succeeded on throne by her son Giorgi IV Lasha.
These victories brought Georgia to the peak of its power and glory, establishing a pan-Caucasian Georgian empire stretching from the Black Sea to the Caspian and from the Caucasus Mountains to Lake Van. The political and military development of Georgia was accompanied by an expansion of its religious and cultural presence throughout Asia Minor. Stability and strong central authority facilitated the growth of towns and the development of trade and crafts. Tamar’s reign also stimulated a renaissance of Georgian sciences and art. Numerous scholarly and literary works (Amiran-Darejaniani, Abdulmesia, Tamariani, and others) were produced while the art of illumination of manuscripts, miniature painting and goldsmith works reached their zeniths. Georgian monasteries, generously sponsored by the queen, flourished throughout the Holy Land and Asia Minor. Finally, Shota Rustaveli’s epic poem Vepkhistkaosani was dedicated to Tamar and remains the greatest cultural achievement of this age. | <urn:uuid:85808b09-d133-4971-9a0e-d45359be2167> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://caucasustravelguide.com/sites/travel/georgia/georgians/tamar.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.968084 | 859 | 3.40625 | 3 |
God influences the world through his people. He gives to us so He can give through us. The Bible tells us that everything we have is a gift from God (1 Chronicles 29:14). As you give both faithfully and willingly, the world is changed for the glory of God: the gospel is preached, lives are touched, people are fed, bodies are healed, churches are built; and you, in turn, are blessed by God so that you can give again.
Sturgeon Bay Community Church is not financially endowed. We engage in no financial activities for profit, sincerely abiding by Christ’s instruction, “make not my Father’s house a house of merchandise” (John 2:16). We depend entirely upon the regular gifts of God’s people, made without assessment. The scriptures urge liberal Christian giving as an expression of our devotion – a ministry that God richly rewards. | <urn:uuid:1979801d-7f10-4650-b641-a8b21c2d1ca7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.sbcommunitychurch.com/giving | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961112 | 186 | 1.609375 | 2 |
The Alliance For Eating Disorder Awareness
The Alliance for Eating Disorders Awareness ("The Alliance") is a nonprofit* organization dedicated to providing programs and activities aimed at outreach, education, and early intervention for all eating disorders. Founded in October 2000, The Alliance has worked tirelessly to raise awareness, eliminate secrecy and stigma, promote access to care and support for those susceptible to, currently struggling with, and recovered from eating disorders. The Alliance creates a bridge for those needing and seeking help by connecting people with resources and information to assist them in their recovery.
The Alliance offers educational workshops and presentations, free support groups for those struggling and for their loved ones, advocacy for eating disorders and mental health legislation, national toll-free phone help line, and referrals, support and mentoring services. All services offered by The Alliance are free-of-charge, therefore, making it accessible to everyone. Since its inception in October 2000, The Alliance has offered presentations on eating disorders, positive body image, and self-esteem to more than 250,000 individuals throughout Florida and nationwide. | <urn:uuid:0588a161-701d-4b29-b941-612fcd41a72f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theravive.com/therapy-resources/bio/the_alliance_for_eating_disorder_awareness | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961754 | 212 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Search Engine Optimization makes a difference in individual discover items and data on look motors like Google and Bing. An SEO pro, at that point, inquiries about and analyzes the patterns and best hones online to create and actualize procedures that move forward look results. The general objective is to extend the level of activity to the web site by utilizing watchwords and catchphrase subjects to progress the client encounter and meet look engine guidelines. Search engines, in any case, are continuously changing. And SEO masters have to be kept up. Let’s think almost what precisely we cruel by this.
Other obligations incorporate actualizing and keeping up the title and meta labels, URL diverts and 404 mistakes; analyzing competitors’ web nearness; observing Google Look Support and comparable webmaster instruments; recognizing link-building openings, and arranging contracts with organizations and vendors.
How SEO Works
SEO is the method that organizations go through to assist make beyond any doubt that their location positions tall within the search engines for relevant keywords and expressions. For occasion, let’s say that you simply have an editorial approximately how to build a birdhouse. In arrange to induce your substance before the proper individuals, you need to undertake to optimize this web journal post so that it’ll appear up as a beat result for anybody who looks for the state “build a birdhouse.” There are numerous benefits of SEO for your trade. By moving forward your SEO, you’ll work to grow your perceivability on the look motors. This makes a difference you reach and lock in more potential clients. By making more locks in and viable SEO-focused substance, you’ll increment your chances of bringing in more focused on natural activity.
Explaining Each Component of SEO Briefly
One of the foremost common ways to discover data on the web is to utilize a look motor. Clients will enter a look term or address (too known as a keyword) into Google. At that point, employing a complex calculation, Google will return what it has distinguished are the foremost suitable and valuable results. This is different than browsing a news location or scrolling through social media seeking out for data. Googlers are effectively trying to find a particular reply or doing shopper inquire about, which you ought to be beyond any doubt when making your site substance.
The search engines (i.e. Google) individuals utilize to discover data are fundamental since they return prioritized comes about for clients. Google’s “spiders” are always slithering the internet, recording everything they discover in a database (or list). Once you perform a search, Google is really returning comes about from its file instead of the live internet. The vital thing to keep in mind is that all look motors utilize particular criteria for positioning comes about. They see variables like watchword thickness and meta labels to get it what your pages are almost. Moreover, they keep track of which pages are connecting to your substance, and they utilize that data (alongside other variables) to decide what page has the foremost specialist.
In arrange for your potential clients to discover you through a Google look, you would like to rank high on Google; particularly, on the primary page; ideally, within the beat, few come about. That’s why you would like to optimize your substance for look motors. | <urn:uuid:15d7d891-5561-4576-88ca-a2c194e7b1cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thevistek.com/what-is-seo-and-how-it-works/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.92916 | 681 | 1.90625 | 2 |
St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest continually occupied European city in the United States. Founded by the Spanish in September of 1565, the city actually predates the country by more than 200 years. Visiting St. Augustine is like peering into two worlds simultaneously. Traverse the modern city with cars bustling by with people on their way to the beach or work. At the same time, step back in time and explore the sections carved out of the modern city that are preserved from when this was the Spanish capital of Florida. With this guide to the best of St Augustine, you can fully explore this historic place.
The Best of St Augustine
- Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine
- Plaza de la Constitución
- Castillo de San Marcos
- St. George Street
- Bridge of Lions
- Old Spanish Trail Mile Zero
- The Lightner Museum
- Anastasia State Park
- St. Augustine Lighthouse
1) Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine
There are many beautiful churches in the downtown area that beacon exploration when visiting the best of St Augustine, Florida. However, the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine stands out above the rest. The modern basilica was constructed between 1793 and 1797. However, the church’s congregation was established the same year as the city in 1565—making it the oldest church body in the United States. The building itself is a gorgeous piece of architecture covered on the inside and outside with beautiful works of art. Tapestries, statues, and stained glass tell the story of Christ and the cities namesake, Saint Augustine.
Augustine of Hippo
It is appropriate that this city’s namesake is much older than this ancient city. Saint Augustine of Hippo was a Roman Catholic theologian who lived and ministered in the city of Hippo (modern-day Algeria) during the 4th and 5th centuries. He was a prolific writer who, according to Britannica, has more than five million words that have survived to this day. Many of his ideas are credited with shaping Spanish and western culture. So much so that many of his writings are still considered to be relevant to this day. A great man inspired the naming of this great city. A statue of the Saint stands in front of the Cathedral Basilica that should be found when exploring the best of St Augustine.
2) Plaza de la Constitución
The Plaza de la Constitución is a small park in the heart of this modern city. The old government house that looks more akin to a tavern stands on one side of the rectangular plaza. The government house was the seat of Spanish rule in Florida and although it has been rebuilt many times it dates back to the earliest days of Spanish rule. On the other side of the plaza stands a monument to the iconic explorer, Juan Ponce de Leon, who discovered and claimed Florida for the Spanish empire in 1513. The small park has a pavilion that has been used as a central market since the early days of the plaza which was built in 1573.
The park was renamed in 1812 along with the construction of an obelisk to celebrate the Spanish Constitution. In 1814 the monarch of Spain once again rose to power abolishing the short-lived constitution and destroying all monuments to it. Amazingly, this city that is now located on foreign soil is the only place in the world with a monument celebrating the 1812 Spanish Constitution that was built during the era.
3) Castillo de San Marcos
Today the Castillo de San Marcos has been set aside as a National Monument. According to the Parks Service, it is the oldest masonry fortification in the continental United States. Original construction on the present-day fort began in 1672 which replaced a Spanish wooden fort that was damaged when the city was attacked by the British. Although Spain built the fort it has also been inhabited and altered by the British and the United States over the course of six different occupations.
After 251 years of continuous military service, the fort was decommissioned and turned over to the Parks Service in 1933. This was nine years after being declared a National Monument. Today the fort stands mard not only by the tides of war but the relentless onslaught of nearly 350 years of weather. This fort is a national relic that predates the country by more than 100 years and must be explored when seeking out the best of St Augustine.
4) St. George Street
St. George Street cuts across the historic area of St. Augustine from the Old City Gate to the Plaza de la Consitución. It is a pedestrian-only street with tons of modern shops and eateries housed in the old buildings. This ancient street is a bustling place that often has live music filling the air. While exploring the shops, make some time to explore the historic places found along St. George Street. The Old City Gate dates back to 1808, and the street houses the oldest wooden schoolhouse in the country that according to their website dates to between 1800 and 1810. The Medieval Torture Museum is also a very interesting exhibit but it is not suitable for children. Exploring all the nooks and crannies of St. George Street should be on your itinerary when seeking out the best of St Augustine.
5) Bridge of Lions
The picturesque Bridge of Lions is the main thoroughfare to beautiful Anastasia Island and really cannot be missed when visiting St. Augustine. Most visitors will simply drive across the bridge on a visit to Anastasia State Park or the St. Augustine Lighthouse. But walking the bridge in the early morning is a tranquil experience. The bridge is usually very busy which is why I suggest walking it at sunrise so that fewer cars will disturb your traverse. The bridge derives its name for the four marble lion statues that grace the four corners of the bridge. Completed in 1927 the draw bridge was constructed for the primary purpose of automobile traffic but harkens back to a time when infrastructure of this type was mandated to have beautiful architecture not just industrial purpose.
6) Old Spanish Trail Mile Zero
Just to the north of the Old City Gate past the Huguenot Cemetery lies a large concrete orb with a plaque commemorating Mile Zero on the Old Spanish Trail. The Old Spanish Trail was an early paved highway that was a contemporary of the more famous Route 66. According to Atlas Obscura, the road was officially opened in 1929. It traversed the entirety of the southern United States running from St. Augustine to San Diego, California. Much of the old road has been absorbed into US Highway 90 in the south and Highway 80 in the southwest. This moss-covered monument memorializes something not yet 100 years old but that is now all but forgotten. I think it is a reminder of how fleeting things are in our modern world. It stands here in stark contrast to such an old and lasting city.
7) The Lightner Museum
The Lightner Museum houses an eccentric collection of art from the late 19th century. Otto Lightner was the Chicago publisher & editor for Hobbies Magazine. As a precursor to the modern-day American Pickers, he curated what others collected. The museum is beautiful but the building itself has a story to tell. It was originally the Alcazar Hotel, built by the industrialist Henry M. Flagler in 1888. The massive sprawling estate was designed to accommodate the wealthy in opulence. According to the Lightner Museum, the hotel’s indoor swimming pool was the largest in the world and is today a café that can be enjoyed by those exploring the best of St Augustine.
Henry M. Flagler
Henry M. Flagler made his fortune alongside Rockefeller in the Standard Oil Company. He used his wealth to revitalize St. Augustine and developed some of Florida’s most iconic infrastructure, including the railroad that linked Key West to the mainland. This task was thought folly at the time but today the path of the railroad has morphed into the World-renowned Overseas Highway. Flagler built the Alcazar Hotel, dreamed of and became the namesake of St. Augustine’s Flagler College, and was a benefactor of the beautiful St Augustine Memorial Presbyterian Church. The architecture of the church is gorgeous and is where Flagler was laid to rest in May of 1913.
8) Anastasia State Park
St. Augustine Beach is a typical Florida beach with modern amenities, trendy shops, and tasty restaurants. It is a place to tan and people-watch. But if you are looking for a natural Florida beach while exploring the best of St. Augustine check out Anatasia State Park. The park is home to a beautiful stretch of beach where the sounds of the waves crashing and birds chirping are often louder than the roar of the human race. There are several boardwalks over the coastal dunes. I also suggest hiking the park’s Ancient Dunes Natural Trail. It is a slice of old Florida that traverses ancient sand dunes now covered in foliage and teeming with wildlife. While St. Augustine is a historic city, Anastasia is a window into the natural world those early explorers would have found themselves surrounded by.
9) St. Augustine Lighthouse
There is something undeniably beautiful about a lighthouse and the 165′ tall St. Augustine Lighthouse is no exception. With a black and white swirl topped with a bright red top, this maritime structure stands out above the surrounding terrain. There are no other lighthouses in America with such a long history.
According to the St. Augustine lighthouse website, this land was originally used as a watchtower for the ancient city and there are historical records that date that structure to as early as 1589. Adjacent to the present-day lighthouse location but now residing at the bottom of the ocean was Florida’s first lighthouse—initially lit in 1824. In 1874 the present-day lighthouse cast its first light over the waves. An illumination that could be seen up to 24-nautical miles away. Today, the St. Augustine lighthouse is operated and maintained as a maritime museum. Paying visitors can climb to the lighthouse’s observation deck 150′ above the ground and tour the museum.
Logistics for Visiting the Best of St Augustine
December – February: Winter can be a nice time for visiting St. Augustine with cooler days making exploration of the historic city more enjoyable. The cooler temperatures are less ideal for spending time in the water.
March – May: Spring is a great time to visit St. Augustine. High temperatures usually range from the low 70s to the low 80s making the weather perfect for exploration.
June – September: Summers in Florida are often very hot a muggy. These are also the wettest months of the year and are often subject to distructive hurricanes.
October & November: Cooler weather with less precipitation arrive in the autumn season making this a great season for visiting St. Augustine.
The Anastasia State Park Campground is a great place to stay. Camping in the park allows you to experience one of the best of St Augustine locations before and after the gates are opened to the public. The campground has many amenities that make it a great option for those looking to camp near the city.
If you prefer a comfy room to a campground check out the St. George Inn. This inn is a great option for those who want to be close to all the food and nightlife in the heart of St. Augustine. For those looking for some time on the beach check out the Embassy Suites by Hilton in St. Augustine Beach. Experience epic sunrises while still being close enough to explore the ancient city.
When exploring the best of St. Augustine there is no shortage of great food options. Check out the Maple Street Biscuit Company for breakfast, The Kookaburra Coffee for a cup of joe, Pizza Time for lunch, and finish off the day at Harry’s Seafood Bar & Grill. If you like creole food Harry’s the best we have found outside of New Orleans.
The Best of St Augustine
Visiting St. Augustine is a must for those who love history. No other city in the United States can lay claim to so much history that predates the country itself by more than 200 years. This city even predates the ill-fated English settlement of Roanoke Island in North Carolina’s Outer Banks by twenty-three years. St. Augustine is a modern city teeming with history. It is an odd dichotomy that achieves a good balance. Alongside the historical buildings and monuments there is plenty of great food, modern luxuries, and amazing beaches to enjoy. This amazing city has something for everyone to enjoy and should not be missed when exploring the sunshine state. | <urn:uuid:044b2cd0-6294-4f65-8721-50373d7921d0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nomadicmoments.com/guides/st-augustine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956854 | 2,629 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Tuesday, 16 December 2014
Frances Grey, Duchess of Suffolk: History's Scapegoat?
Above: A portrait identified by some as Frances Grey, duchess of Suffolk.
History remembers Lady Jane Grey, the so-called 'nine days queen', as an innocent teenager brutally sacrificed on the altar of ambition, greed and political treachery. This interpretation runs concurrently with the belief that Jane's family, the Greys, and her Dudley in-laws, were mercilessly ambitious, cold-hearted, scheming and brutal in their quest for power and position. In particular, Jane's mother, Frances Grey, duchess of Suffolk, is usually presented as the mother from hell: physically abusive, she allegedly took delight in bullying her young daughter and treating her with calculated cruelty. But is there any evidence for this dark view of Frances Grey?
High-born Tudor women were prone to misrepresentation and character assassination in their own lifetimes and have been savagely condemned up until the present day. Prominent examples include Anne Boleyn and Anne Stanhope, duchess of Somerset. Frances Grey is a notable example of this trend. Yet, as historical fiction writer Susan Higginbotham notes: 'the real Frances Grey bears no resemblance to the lurid tales about her. Only in our own time has she become a controversial and loathed figure'. Indeed, in her own lifetime, the Duchess of Suffolk was a respected, popular and influential woman who occupied a central place at court. Who then, exactly, was the real Frances Grey, niece of Henry VIII, mother of Lady Jane Grey and wife of the Duke of Suffolk?
Above: Frances's parents: Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk (left), and his wife Mary Tudor, formerly queen consort of France (right).
Frances Brandon was born on 16 July 1517 at Hatfield, Hertfordshire, the seat of the bishops of Ely. She was the eldest daughter of Henry VIII's close friend and brother-in-law Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk, by his wife Mary Tudor, younger sister of the king. Frances grew up and was educated at Westhorpe in Suffolk. In the spring of 1533 at Suffolk House in London, sixteen-year-old Frances married Henry Grey, marquis of Dorset. Her mother died at the end of June that same year. Frances served as principal mourner at her funeral in July. It is impossible to know how close she had been to Mary, but Frances surely mourned her mother's death.
After four years of marriage, Frances gave birth to her first daughter, Jane, probably in the spring of 1537 (although Jane's exact date of birth is not known). In novels such as Alison Weir's Innocent Traitor (2006), the ruthlessly ambitious Grey parents react with disappointment and anger to the birth of a daughter, but it is unlikely that this would have been the case in reality. The birth of a daughter might have been disappointing, but Frances was only twenty years old and had many years of childbearing ahead of her. As historian Eric Ives correctly notes, the Grey parents were not in the public eye when their first daughter was born, and neither Jane's date nor her place of birth have been recorded, much less her parents' response to her birth. In August 1540, a second daughter, Catherine, followed, and five years later, Mary was born in 1545. That same year, Frances's father, Charles Brandon, died.
Frances occupied an important place at court during these years. At this time, she attended Queen Katherine Parr, who was her aunt by marriage. She enjoyed a close relationship with Lady Mary, eldest daughter of Henry VIII. Frances's relationship with Queen Katherine is significant, because the queen famously enjoyed close relations with Jane Grey, Frances's eldest daughter. Jane lived in the household of Katherine Parr following the death of Henry VIII, but upon Katherine's death in 1548 Jane returned to her family home at Bradgate in Leicestershire to live with her parents.
Above: Frances's eldest daughters: Jane (left) and Catherine (right).
Frances's relations with her eldest daughter have been, to say the least, controversial. Cultural depictions present Frances as a bullying and cruel mother who treated Jane harshly and mercilessly, physically beating her into submission. This antipathy towards Frances, which stemmed from a belief that she was a poor mother, first emerged in the eighteenth-century, at the same time in which Lady Jane Grey was cast as an innocent martyr and angelic figure, incapable of sin. As Higginbotham notes, however, it was the thirteen-year-old Jane's complaint about her parents to her tutor Roger Ascham in 1550 that has caused the greatest damage to Frances's reputation. Jane complained:
For when I am in presence either of father or mother; whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand, or go, eat, drink, be merry, or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing any thing else; I must do it, as it were, in such weight, measure, and number, even so perfectly, as God made the world; or else I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened, yea presently sometimes with pinches, nips, and bobs, and other ways (which I will not name for the honour I bear them) so without measure misordered, that I think myself in hell...
Higginbotham suggests that 'the impact of Ascham's recollection on Frances's reputation simply cannot be understated', for historians and novelists have used this quote from Jane to construct an image of the Grey parents as abusive and tyrannical monsters who inflicted misery on their daughters. Yet, as Frank Prochaska noted, 'Ascham may have 'overblown' Jane's comments to create additional support for his argument that teachers should not take on the role of parents and use corporal punishment to motivate their students to study' (Warnicke). Undoubtedly, Ascham may have exaggerated or even distorted what Jane actually said about her parents. Moreover, as Warnicke notes, it is significant that Ascham's account was published only after the deaths of both Jane and her parents, when he felt it was safe to do so.
Thus, Frances has been characterised as a cruel and abusive mother, and her daughter Jane an innocent and sinless victim of her mother's wrath and hatred. But Alison Plowden is right to point out that Jane's complaints about her parents may actually reflect 'the attitude of a priggish, opinionated teenager, openly scornful of her parents' conventional, old-fashioned tastes'. It is surely going too far to use this 'evidence' to construct such a dark view of Frances Grey, without any other supporting evidence. In fact, the Duchess appears to have been a well-respected and popular figure in society, and there is no evidence that her relations with her younger daughters Catherine and Mary were difficult or problematic.
Moreover, even if Jane's parents did discipline her, it seems to be going too far to characterise Jane as the victim of 'child abuse', as some historians and novelists have. In early modern England, parents were admonished to use corporeal punishment as last resort. Lloyd deMause, an American psychologist, famously put forward the suggestion in his The History of Childhood (1974) that 'the further back in history one goes, the lower the level of child care, and the more likely children are to be killed, abandoned, beaten [and] terrorized'. Other noted scholars, such as Lawrence Stone and Philippe Aries, have provided evidence in support of this. Therefore, even if Jane was physically disciplined by Frances, it does not mean that Frances was 'a child abuser' or 'a bad mother'. To condemn her as such is to apply modern values to a premodern society that had very different views and understandings of childhood.
Above: A portrait for centuries identified as a depiction of Frances Grey (left) and her second husband Adrian Stokes (right), but which actually shows Lady Mary Dacre and her son Gregory Fiennes.
Belief in Frances's supposedly cruel nature has been encouraged by a portrait thought to depict Frances alongside her second husband, Adrian Stokes, whom she married in 1555. The female figure appears greedy, unattractive, grasping and uncaring. Historians have utilised the picture as 'evidence' of the Duchess's unfavourable character. Hester Chapman, believing that the portrait depicted Frances, commented that the woman appears 'greedy', 'actively cruel' and 'coldly indifferent'. Yet the portrait is not of Frances at all, but of Lady Mary Dacre.
Above: A depiction of the execution of Lady Jane Grey. Frances Grey pleaded with Queen Mary to show mercy for both her daughter and husband.
1553 was a momentous year for the Grey family. In May of that year, sixteen-year-old Jane wed Guildford Dudley, a younger son of the Earl of Warwick, and twelve-year-old Catherine married Henry Herbert, son of the earl of Pembroke. Traditionally, it has been assumed that the reluctant Jane was physically beaten by her parents until she agreed to marry Guildford. Only continental sources put forward this story, and as such were probably reflecting sensational rumour rather than fact. English sources make no mention of any coercion. Jane was a member of the aristocracy, and would have been well aware that her marriage was politically motivated to benefit and enhance her family. When writing to Mary Tudor later on, Jane did not blame her parents.
Scholars have debated endlessly about whether the Greys allied with the Dudleys in a conspiracy to usurp the throne from Mary Tudor and replace her with the Protestant Jane. Evidence compellingly indicates that Edward VI, determined to prevent the Catholic Mary from becoming queen, masterminded a 'devise' which proposed that his Protestant cousin Jane succeed to the throne, in place of his illegitimate sisters Mary and Elizabeth. Following Edward's death on 6 July, Jane was proclaimed queen, although a lack of support for her cause amidst the remarkable disorganisation of her regime meant that she was swiftly deposed by Mary, whom many regarded as the rightful queen. Jane was imprisoned in the Tower alongside her husband and her father-in-law Warwick (now duke of Northumberland).
Frances had traditionally enjoyed a close relationship with Queen Mary, and certainly pleaded for her husband's freedom, and perhaps also for that of her imprisoned daughter. On 22 August 1553, Northumberland was executed on Tower Hill. Jane and her husband were found guilty of high treason in November, although the queen was inclined to mercy and intended to spare both from execution. Frances continued to reside at court. How she felt about her daughter's plight can only be imagined. Given the flawed and distorted nature of the 'evidence' for her relations with Jane, it is impossible to tell what the real nature of the relationship between the two was like, but Frances surely experienced considerable emotional turmoil and distress.
Jane almost certainly would have been spared, had it not been for the outbreak of Wyatt's Rebellion in early 1554, an uprising seeking to prevent the queen's planned marriage to the Catholic prince, Philip of Spain. The involvement of Jane's father, the duke of Suffolk, sealed Jane's fate. On 12 February, the sixteen-year-old was put to death on Tower Green, shortly after her husband Guildford's execution on Tower Hill. Eleven days later, Frances's husband was beheaded. In the space of less than two weeks, Frances had lost both her husband and eldest daughter. Her grief, distress and pain can only be imagined.
Frances was now placed in a very difficult position. She pleaded with the queen for clemency, and was allowed to remain at court with her two daughters. Catherine and Mary were respectively thirteen and nine years old when they lost their sister and father. These devastating events must have overshadowed their childhoods and caused both of them considerable emotional pain and torment. In March 1555, the thirty-eight year old Frances remarried. Because Frances had royal blood, that her second husband, Adrian Stokes, was merely her master of the horse, seems to indicate that her remarriage was motivated not by political ambition, but by love. Alternatively, it has been suggested that Frances deliberately chose Stokes as her second husband in a shrewd attempt to ensure that any children she had with her second husband would be too lowborn to be viewed as potential claimants to the throne. Frances remained on good terms with Queen Mary, who allowed her to reside at Richmond, while Catherine and Mary served as maids of honour to their cousin the queen. Frances had a daughter, Elizabeth, by her second husband, who died in 1556.
On 20 November 1559, Frances died at forty-two years of age. She was buried at Westminster Abbey. Her second daughter Catherine acted as chief mourner. Adrian erected a tomb with a recumbent figure in Frances's memory. Frances's funeral was actually the first Protestant service at the abbey after the reconstitution of its chapter. The inscription on Frances's grave reads (in Latin):
Nor grace, nor splendour, nor a royal name,
Nor widespread fame can aught avail;
All, all have vanished here.
True worth alone Survives the funeral pyre and silent tomb.
As Higginbotham relates, Frances Grey, duchess of Suffolk, was not a controversial woman in her own lifetime. She was respected, revered and liked. She has been more slandered in modern times than she ever was in her lifetime. As historian Leanda de Lisle notes, however:
'Since the eighteenth century she [Frances] has been used as the shadow that casts into brilliant light the eroticised figure of female helplessness that Jane came to represent. While Jane is the abused child-woman of these myths, Frances has been turned into an archetype of female wickedness; powerful, domineering and cruel.'
It is time to separate fact from fiction in the turbulent, extraordinary life of Frances Grey, duchess of Suffolk. We lack evidence for how she felt; how she interacted with her daughters; what her relationship with her husband Henry Grey was like. It seems unfair to condemn and disparage her, when there is no evidence to support this negative treatment. Frances was an esteemed and respected figure in her lifetime, and although she may certainly have experienced difficult relations with her eldest daughter, Lady Jane Grey, it seems to be going much too far to view Frances as an abusive mother who cruelly tyrannised her children. If anything, Frances deserves our sympathy and compassion for enduring a life replete with suffering. | <urn:uuid:0c9682b5-4cd6-4d97-ac30-39820826af9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://conorbyrnex.blogspot.com/2014/12/frances-grey-duchess-of-suffolk.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.981824 | 3,042 | 2.859375 | 3 |
F block elements are divided into two series, namely lanthanoids and actinoids. This block of elements are often referred to as inner transition metals because they provide a transition in the 6th and 7th row of the periodic table which separates the s block and the d block elements.
Table of Content
- Inner Transition Elements
- Difference between Lanthanides and Actinides
What are F Block Elements?
Elements whose f orbital getting filled up by electrons are called f block elements. These elements have electrons, (1 to 14) in the f orbital, (0 to 1) in the d orbital of the penultimate energy level and in the outermost’s orbital.
There are two series in the f block corresponding to the filling up of 4f and 5f orbitals. The elements are 4f series of Ce to Lu and 5f series of Th to Lw. There are 14 elements filling up the ‘f’ orbital in each series.
The position of F Block Elements in the Periodic Table: F block elements are placed separately at the bottom of the periodic table. They are a subset of 6th and 7th periods.
More Topics on F Block Elements
Classification of F Block Elements
The elements belonging to the f block are further differentiated into:
- The first series of elements are called lanthanides and include elements with atomic numbers beginning from 57 and ending at 71. These elements are non-radioactive (except for promethium, which is radioactive).
- The second series of elements are called actinides and include elements with atomic numbers beginning from 89 and ending at 103. These elements generally have a radioactive nature.
The list of all the f block elements is provided below. The row beginning with Lanthanum is the row containing all the lanthanides whereas the row beginning with Actinium is the row that contains all the actinides.
F block Elements as Inner Transition Elements
Since the f orbital lies much inside than d orbital, in relation to the transition metals naming, f block elements are called inner transition elements.
Properties of F block Elements
- Have electrons added to the ‘f’ sub-orbitals of (n-2) level
- Are placed between (n-1)d and ns block elements in the periodic table.
- Properties are similar to d-block elements.
Properties of Lanthanides
- Lanthanides are soft metals with a silvery white colour.
- Their colour dulls and their brightness reduces rapidly when exposed to air.
- They have melting points ranging from 1000K to 1200K (Except Samarium, 1623K).
- Lanthanides are good conductors of heat and electricity.
- They are non-radioactive in nature except Promethium
- A decrease in atomic and ionic radii from lanthanum to lutetium is observed. This is called the lanthanoid contraction.
Properties of Actinides
- The Actinide elements appear to be silvery.
- These elements have a radioactive nature.
- These metals are highly reactive and their reactivity increases when they are finely divided.
- A decrease in atomic and ionic radii from Actinium to Lawrencium is observed. This is called the actinoid contraction.
- They generally exhibit an oxidation state of +3. However, elements belonging to the first half of the series are known to exhibit higher oxidation states quite frequently.
Difference between Lanthanides and Actinides
- Lanthanoids are involved in the filling of 4f- orbitals whereas actinoids are involved in the filling of 5f-orbitals. The binding energy of 4f electrons is comparatively less than that of 5f-electrons. The shielding effect of 5f-electrons is less effective as compared to that of 4f-electrons.
- The paramagnetic properties of lanthanoids can be easily explained but this explanation is difficult in the case of actinoids.
- Lanthanides are non-radioactive in nature except promethium whereas all actinide series elements are radioactive.
- Lanthanides do not have a tendency to form oxo-cations, but several oxo-cations of actinide series exist. The compounds formed by lanthanides are less basic on the other hand the compounds of actinides are highly basic.
Similarities between Lanthanides and Actinides
The elements of lanthanide and actinide series are characterized by filling of (n-2) f subshell. They possess almost similar outermost electronic configuration hence have similar properties. Following are the significant similarities:
- Both have a prominent oxidation state of +3.
- They are involved in the filling of (n-2) f orbitals.
- They are highly electropositive and very reactive in nature.
- With an increase in atomic number, there is a decrease in atomic and ionic size.
- Both show magnetic properties.
Frequently Asked Questions
- What metals are in the F block?
- Why F block elements are placed separately?
- Are all F block elements radioactive?
- What is the last element of the F block?
- What are the characteristics of F block elements?
- What is the electronic configuration of F block elements?
- What are lanthanides and actinides called?
- Why are F block elements called inner transition elements?
D and F block Elements – Oxidation States
15 Important Questions of D-Block and F-Block Elements
Alloy Formation of d & f-block elements
Colour of ions in d and f block elements
Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs
Name two metals in F block elements that are colourless.
Are all F block elements radioactive? | <urn:uuid:a1ee2908-bf3f-47f2-a44f-d3e992648b45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://byjus.com/jee/f-block-elements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.911791 | 1,226 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Animals make remarkable companions they usually can definitely make a home sense even more homely. When you end up picking to possess a pet, whether it's a Canine, cat or perhaps a fish and other types of pets, you have to locate the best means of using very good care of it. Taking good care of Animals calls for persistence and effort and it can be a high-priced affair, particularly when you may have multiple and you wish to give them the ideal. But with so many pet goods and provides readily available in the market, all you have to do is really know what your best choices are and you should have an easy time providing your pets nutritious, relaxed lives.
one. When on the lookout for toys for the dog, Make certain that you choose according to the dimensions with the Doggy for safety explanations. Generally, you'll want to make sure the toys aren't much too small that the Canine can swallow, but neither should they be as well big which makes it challenging for the Pet to grip it with its mouth. You should also be certain that you select a safe product based on the age of your Pet dog as well as the chewing capabilities.
two. Take into account the health and fitness desires of your pet when shopping for foodstuff and treats. For example, you must select the appropriate food solutions for increasing puppies and they should be effectively rich in minerals and nutritional vitamins, and you'd probably involve foods that happen to be hugely energetic to sustain sporting Canine breeds. For more mature puppies, you would want to maintain enjoy in the calorie stages inside the food items and treats you will get so they don't wind up getting body weight. Know your dog health needs and select the materials appropriately.
three. Even though cats are carnivores, understand that they require considerably more than simply meat for survival. The foodstuff that you select on your feline must be well balanced in natural vitamins and protein. Take into account that kittens have to have calcium to help quick growth, such as bone growth while more mature cats are greatest served with foods which can be reduced pet products in energy so they continue to be lean and active. It can help to evaluate the age of the cat plus the energy necessities just before getting your feline supplies.
four. Generally place health and fitness care as being a priority to your Animals whether or not they are pet dogs or cats or another pet. You may maintain suffering at bay by utilizing the appropriate tick and flea drugs and you can also choose the finest dental solutions for your pet. Essentially the toys that you decide on for your pets will help in preserving their dental health in top form.
five. When choosing crates, litter boxes, leashes and collars, Be sure that They're cozy ample for the pet. They ought to match With all the dimensions in the Pet dog so that you never turn out hurting them.
six. Consider as much as you possibly can to acquire your products and solutions and supplies in bulk. It is an easy means of conserving cash and guaranteeing that your pets have whatever they want on a regular basis. | <urn:uuid:95a09510-bc02-48d3-a54b-4c5baad12035> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://benjamin19753.acidblog.net/43015883/practical-recommendations-regarding-how-to-buy-pet-supplies-and-merchandise | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.965587 | 627 | 2.140625 | 2 |
What is 17 cat years in human years?
Cat Years to Human Years Converter
|Cat Years (cat’s age according to the calendar)||Human Years (cat’s age in equivalent human years, based on stage of development/aging)|
Will a cat miss you if you give it away?
The short answer is yes, your cat will definitely miss you when you give it away. Depending on the depth of attachment you have with your feline friend, the cat may even attempt to return home, should that be geographically possible.
What to do with a 16 year old cat?
You’ve come a long way with your cat. At 16 she’s as much a part of your world as any human family member. There will be a lot of changes as your cat moves deeper into her twilight years. Continue your good work toward ensuring this time is as enjoyable and enriching as possible for both of you.
How old is a 10 year old cat?
For every year thereafter, each cat year is worth about four human years. Using this formula, a 10-year-old cat is similar age-wise to a 53-year-old person, a 12-year-old cat to a 61-year-old person, and a 15-year-old cat to a person of 73.”.
How long can a stray cat live without castrating?
In general, a stray cat can live for 2-3 years without castrating and about 5-6 if it is neutered. But their conditions and health will be fundamental to their life expectancy. In the case of domestic cats the average life is 15 to 21 years. Read Also: How long do cats live?
Can a cat anticipate its own death?
A cat has no concept of its own death and so it cannot anticipate it, no matter how ill it feels. What falling ill means to a cat, or any other nonhuman animal, is that something unpleasant is threatening it. If it feels pain, it considers itself to be under attack. | <urn:uuid:9c03646d-31da-4c25-8bd8-a0f3e6793e42> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.joewongcomedy.com/common-questions/what-is-17-cat-years-in-human-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949244 | 449 | 2.125 | 2 |
The Dow Jones‘s Shelly Banjo reveals that Congress is taking another look at the tax code to renew the practice of partial donation of works of art to museums. This practice was stopped in 2006. Before then, donors were allowed 10 years to take incremental benefits off their taxes. Congress felt their were abuses and limited the time to 10 years and made it difficult to take additional value to account for appreciation. Now there’s a new bill from New York’s Sen. Charles Schumer to bring back “fractional gifts:”
the proposed change allows donors 20 years to complete the donation of the gift and lets them take a tax deduction on some of the appreciation. […] However, if the art declines in value the same rules apply and the donor’s tax break could shrink. […] Other new rules require museums to report contributions on yearly tax forms and exhibit the artwork in proportion to its ownership interest over every five-year period, keeping the art from remaining in the donor’s private home during the gifting period.
It must have taken some arm twisting to get the fractional gifts back into the tax code because even though the bill is a compromise, not all of the Senators are happy with it:
“Some museum officials thought Congress went too far to shut down abuse. I agreed to look at a compromise that would preserve accountability from donors and museums to taxpayers,” Sen. Grassley said. “I still think partial donations of art are of questionable value to taxpayers, but museum officials and their champions feel strongly otherwise, so I’m willing to continue to listen.”
Restoration Work on Gifts of Art (Wall Street Journal) | <urn:uuid:45b4b7e2-ef7a-44a6-830f-07b4460bef1e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.artmarketmonitor.com/2009/08/17/bringing-back-fractional-gifts-of-art/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.96113 | 345 | 1.679688 | 2 |
With a $1 million donation from UCF alum Jim Rosengren, UCF RESTORES’ PTSD Clinic has been renamed Rosengren Trauma Clinic at UCF RESTORES, the university announced.
Rosengren, a 1981 UCF graduate, has a son who had severe PTSD after two tours in Iraq and benefited from therapy at the PTSD Clinic.
Rosengren made a commitment in 2016 to donate $1 million to the program, which he recently fulfilled.
“It was important to me to find a way that I could help and give back,” he said in a statement.
The donation will establish an endowment for the clinic so that it can continue its work, according to UCF.
Established in 2011 with a mission to help war veterans suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, the clinic uses virtual reality to expose patients to scenarios that caused the initial trauma.
The program’s services have expanded since. UCF RESTORES is now a multi-disciplinary center conducting research, while keeping a focus on treating people who are affected by trauma, not just from war but from other traumatic events like sexual assault or domestic shootings like the Pulse tragedy.
“We all know somebody who has been impacted by trauma. When I first met Jim [Rosengren], I shared my dream of the clinic and that we could alleviate that suffering,” said RESTORES director Deborah Beidel, in a statement. “Jim looked me in the eye and said, ‘I’m going to give you money, but I also want to be your partner.’ It really touched me that the Rosengrens vowed to give so much more than financial support. That’s what gets me choked up. They were the first to really believe in what we could do here.”
At one point in 2016, the clinic’s future was in jeopardy. It was running out of money. But then local lawmakers stepped in to include $2.5 million in the state budget to keep the program going. The clinic also received $3 million in federal funds in 2017.
And more recently, it received a $10 million grant from the U.S. Army to replicate its treatment program in three military installations outside Florida and treat service members for post-traumatic stress disorder and military sexual assault. | <urn:uuid:fc091ddb-6ce5-453d-9acd-026e124611a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.orlandosentinel.com/health/os-ucf-restores-renamed-ptsd-clinic-20180910-story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.969852 | 484 | 1.75 | 2 |
The University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn (UWM) was founded on 1 September 1999. The establishment resulted from merging three institutions of higher education in Olsztyn, i.e. the Academy of Agriculture and Technology, the Higher School of Pedagogy, and Warmian Theological Institute.
At first, in 1999, there were 12 faculties, 32 branches of study, and 24.500 students at UWM. The University also had a right to grant doctoral degrees in 13 scientific disciplines, and postdoctoral degrees in 6 branches. According to the University’s Act of Establishment, the position of the first Rector of UWM was taken by Prof. Ryszard Górecki, PhD. The University has been settled in Kortowo – an academic campus that used to belong to the Academy of A&T.
UWM has undergone an intense transformation since its beginnings. Achieving such a progress would not be possible without funds of the European Union. Educational and scientific bases of the University have been significantly reinforced, for example by purchasing high-tech laboratory equipment.
Over the years, UWM offer was extended to new branches of study, and consequently, new faculties were established. Currently, there are 17 faculties at UWM, 11 of which have full academic rights, namely the right to grant postdoctoral degrees (in 13 disciplines). Furthermore, the doctoral degree can be granted at 16 faculties, within 24 disciplines.
In the Academic Year 2014/15, there are 27.000 students that are educated at 17 faculties, and 65 branches of study, within either full-time or part-time studies. Additionally, there are also 600 doctoral candidates, and 1500 post-graduate students. | <urn:uuid:7dddbf3d-ea96-4f09-9963-d114dc2cee97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.studiawarminskie.uwm.edu.pl/en/the-university/introduction | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964772 | 359 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Suzette Martinez Standring: The freedom to be born
Americans enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear. Swaddled within those precious rights is the freedom to be born. Debate rages about a woman’s right to choose, yet many would choose to have their babies if only they had a place to live. For 27 years, Friends of the Unborn in Quincy, Mass., has given pregnant, homeless women the freedom to keep their children.
Marilyn Birnie, FOTU founder and executive director of the pregnancy crisis center and shelter, has helped over 2,000 women with this choice. Up to 16 pregnant women, ages 18 and older, can stay for about two years, rent-free, to develop self-supporting skills at the multi-roomed Victorian. Getting a GED is mandatory. Also offered are additional educational classes and resource assistance. FOTU exercises the freedom to study the Bible, to speak of God as a friend, and to learn how to pray. It’s Jesus’ love in action – unconditional love, refuge and help - so Birne won’t accept government funding. It would mean she would have to omit spiritual resources and references. “All things are possible only with God’s help,” she said.
For close to three decades, FOTU has stayed open through private donations that average $25. Each month is a miracle since the annual expenses exceed $350,000.
“We are never ahead. It’s always month-to-month,” said Penny Romano, a 20-year employee at Friends of the Unborn, the only such private organization in the United States.
Birnie bustles among the mommies who help with the daily cooking and cleaning. In a bright tunic and blue eye shadow, she showers “her girls” with endearments. “Yes, sweetheart, what do you need?” “Why, that’s just wonderful, my love.” “You are so darling, thank you.”
The women are here because of an ultimatum from their families, “Get an abortion or get out.” Boyfriends abandoned them. A logical option loomed – get an abortion – but they didn’t want to. They found FOTU through hospital or agency referrals, or word of mouth. At the door Birnie hugs each new arrival, “Jesus loves you.”
Some women endure a long, fierce journey. “Esther,” a married woman with three children, was brutally gang raped by soldiers in the Congo. She and her husband were taken to two separate prisons and her children were lost. She escaped alone and after arriving in the U.S., she eventually found her way to Birnie’s door.
“Esther came to us with nothing more than the wrinkled yellow dress she was wearing. She didn’t know if the baby was her husband’s or the three men who raped her, but she didn’t want to abort her husband’s child. We took care of her. Later a Congolese priest was able to locate her mother in the Congo who was caring for her three children. Esther was able to talk to them, but we were never able to find her husband.” Now Esther has a daughter and has moved to Lynn.
Birnie believes in the infinite possibilities of God working in one’s life. Twenty-seven years later, she hears from FOTU “graduates” who have successful lives. The babies who might have been aborted, had it not been for FOTU, have gone on to graduate from college, to serve as soldiers, or to launch careers.
“It gives me such joy. We have to stay open. We have to save these women. They come in destroyed, abused by men or families and we try to help them to become independent.”
Birnie links the freedom to be born to the freedom to worship. The women experience a freedom from want and fear. Freedom of speech allows a conversation about God’s unlimited power. Birnie wraps it all up in a receiving blanket and hands it over to loving arms.
For donations or more information:
Friends of the Unborn
Quincy, MA 02269-2246 | <urn:uuid:ee5bcf15-82df-4a7c-93fd-18c0cc3efc7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.uticaod.com/story/news/2011/07/01/suzette-martinez-standring-freedom-to/47693543007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.973474 | 938 | 1.820313 | 2 |
The Realities about Mesothelioma Cancer
Exactly what is Mesothelioma cancer Cancer?
Mesothelioma cancer is an exceptionally rare cancer form that is just found in the mesothelium. This form of malignancy normally affects those individuals who have actually been exposed to a circumstance where asbestos exists, typically those who have actually worked in structures where it was used as a fire retardant.
What occurs when an individual has Mesothelioma cancer Cancer?
This type of cancer straight affects the mesothelium and causes abnormal cells. These cells begin to divide rampantly. They attack and cause damage to all organs and tissues that are near the effected area. Mesothelioma cancer tends to spread fairly quickly throughout the body, as well.
This is the membrane that secures and covers a lot of the organs within your body. The membrane is comprised of cells and remains in separate layers. The first layer surrounds the organ very close and the second creates a protective sac around the organs.
Research studies show that only 2,000 individuals each year are detected with Mesothelioma cancer in the United States Studies further reveal that guys are more apt to contract this type of cancer than females. Nevertheless, Mesothelioma cancer Cancer knows no borders and can be found in both genders. Usually, the older the person is, the more at danger they are for establishing Mesothelioma cancer.
Who is at threat for Mesothelioma cancer Cancer?
Anyone who is exposed to asbestos in big amounts and for extended periods of time are especially at threat for developing Mesothelioma cancer. It is difficult to say who exactly will develop Mesothelioma cancer because it has been discovered in those who had only very little exposure to asbestos and those who had no exposure at all, however dealt with someone who had a great offer of direct exposure to them. The risk to those coping with someone operates in asbestos filled areas is high. Asbestos is brought home by the worker as dust on his or her hair or clothes.
Mesothelioma cancer Cancer Symptoms
Mesothelioma cancer is a slow growing type of cancer. Some cases do not see any kind of signs till thirty to fifty years after asbestos direct exposure. Some symptoms can consist of:
Shortness of breath
Sudden Weight reduction
Pain in the stomach
Treatment of Mesothelioma Cancer
There are a few various treatment options available for those diagnosed with Mesothelioma cancer. The approach of treatment will rely on lots of different things such as the age, total health, where the Mesothelioma cancer lies and the phase the Mesothelioma Cancer is in. The 3 typical types of treatment consist of radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and surgery. In many cases, treatments may be combined if it proves helpful to the client. | <urn:uuid:dc6eab08-eb33-41db-8fed-d5c1df2a87f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://cancer.rekli.com/the-facts-about-mesothelioma-cancer.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954496 | 641 | 2.453125 | 2 |
In the past this small pocket knife was used in farming and veterinary medicine.
The bevelled thumb ridge in the blade facilitates precision use.
Blade: Rust-proof steel 1.4034
Handle material: Dyed bone (green / red) brass rivets and brass inlays
Blade length: 6.5 cm
Handle length: 8.5 cm
The OTTER company was founded around 1840 in a small ‘Kotten’ a traditional grinder’s watermill at the Königsmühle in Solingen by the Berns brothers.
Their name comes from the indigenous otters, which used to live in the riverbanks and streams in the Bergisch Land region in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
OTTER knives / pocketknives are made in Solingen, using traditional methods. And they are still manufactured and sharpened there using meticulous handcraftsmanship to this day. In 2011 Frank Rommel took over the company and is leading the traditional manufactory into a new era.
It is important to him to preserve the consistency of OTTER knives and he is prepared to pursue new and different paths to achieve this. The range of OTTER knives, as well as carefully selected new accessory additions, should continue to impress with the same quality that has distinguished them for many decades. | <urn:uuid:f0edcd24-704d-43b2-8bba-26d85934d180> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shop.fighttimes.com/OTTER-175KNGreen_p_4238.html?delhist=%5Bcatalog%5Fid%5D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947246 | 281 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Soapbox Science Munich (external event)
- Date: Jul 24, 2021
- Time: 02:00 PM - 05:00 PM (Local Time Germany)
- Location: Munich, Max-Joseph Platz
- Host: soapboxscience.org
- Contact: email@example.com
Soapbox Science is an annual public science communication event that brings cutting-edge science to the public, in an accessible, fun, free and un-intimidating way.
Among this year’s speakers: Dr. Katrin Kappler, Postdoc in the department of Public Law. | <urn:uuid:b699e2b8-9fcf-4b12-9e43-853f6b5d0037> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://csl.mpg.de/events/28706/111930 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.822093 | 132 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Engaging with consumers on social media is well thought out to be an requisite marketing scheme for little businesses. Exploitation societal media have you soma steel awareness, raise your customer base, and permit you connect with your stream customers.
A Holocene sketch shows that a Brobdingnagian 90% of marketers enunciate societal media is full of life to their business sector. Merchandising through societal media is considerably promiscuous for low business organization owners as farsighted as you vigorously Emily Post on elite media pages and a few of the common sociable media sites include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Coupled In, and Pinterest. To expeditiously role elite media for your business, determine a agenda regularly to wage with your followers.
There’s no dubiousness that the respective companies and retail Earth is changing rapidly, and it’s up to for each one arrangement to remain on spinning top of award selling trends. Brands postulate to regain Modern ways to commercialize and betray and bequeath bear to become wonted to the electric current multiplication to do so. conventional forms of marketing don’t run as intimately as they secondhand to, and those World Health Organization are leveraging appendage merchandising may be lacking tabu on prime quantity tactic that fanny addition functioning and results regular Thomas More.
With times changing and many businesses has seen a speedy decline, it’s pregnant for businesses to fetch exploited to passing online to get unexampled gross revenue. Disregardless of your industry, mixer media is nonpareil of the just about well-unionized and helpful shipway to upgrade your brand’s merchandising scheme. The benefits of elite media merchandising for business organisation are immensurable.
From widening the objective audiences to ever-increasing awareness, and boosting sales, we’re diving event into the whirligig reasons to put in a social media merchandising scheme.
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Evidence Legitimacy – Customers don’t the likes of more professional posts so it is significant to be existent. Shew them what you are, whether it is humorous, casual, formal, or friendly so it is life-sustaining to be admittedly. Following however need the real number populate derriere mixer media.
Promote Booking – Approximately sociable media platforms keep open on changing and updating their features so it is good for job owners to swordplay with the raw shipway to affiliate with the interview. You hind end grow useful, engaging contented with a elementary set up up high-choice lighting, and a smartphone. You tooshie as well do a screen running in front loss lively to parry interruptions and delays. Another style to increment societal media grandness is to persuade betrothal.
Supply Documentation – Sociable media platforms hold evening crushed the barriers between the customers and the companies that’s why now, as an mutually exclusive to career a client line, mass good turn to Twitter or Facebook and become a antiphonal and tender stigma.
Farm Inside Your Means- Merchandising costs are selfsame costly, and it is non easy for everyone to afford them. At that place are a band of options useable on sociable media. Your line of work tail end apace grow, and you keister begin freehanded ads on Facebook and Instagram. When you are making an ad campaign, you should start resolve World Health Organization your customers are? fix your goals. Stave off sales ads.
Social media merchandising is highly effective and should be a dependable share of every brand’s marketing strategy:
Augment extremity mark cognisance
Make up an online human relationship with customers
Promote jumper cable coevals by beguiling a broader followers
Recount your brand’s unparalleled narration
Raise your brand’s multi-groove comportment
Necessitate a cue from the brands succeeding in societal media merchandising. It is pivotal to critique their posts for ideas on elite media for businesses. It is break to conceive how you rear function your channels as a direction to topper show window what you take in to extend. | <urn:uuid:f2577f96-7a6b-4787-b7df-78dcbd79e1c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lumbungikan.com/what-is-the-grandness-of-hard-sociable-media-selling-in-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921237 | 1,109 | 1.59375 | 2 |
A week and a half on from the UK general election, the electorate finally knows what kind of government they are going to have for the foreseeable future following the confirmation of the “confidence and supply” arrangement between the Conservatives and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). One of the key clauses of the written agreement that was signed by the chief whips of both parties on 26 June says “both parties have agreed that there will be no change to the pension triple lock and the universal nature of the winter fuel payment.” The agreement came only a few days after the Queen’s Speech, which contained a vague promise that new plans for reforming the adult social care system would be announced at some point over the next two years – implying that the government has backed off the controversial reforms to adult social care that were included in its election manifesto.
Many commentators have drawn a direct line of causation between the Conservatives’ disappointing performance in the general election and the party’s unpopular manifesto commitments to restrict pensioner benefits for wealthier members of the older generation and make them pay more of the cost of their social care. Therefore it is unsurprising that the party now seems to be quietly reneging on both of these promises. But is that what really happened? And is this a viable solution to the UK’s concerns over intergenerational fairness?
Did the grey vote desert the Tories?
It has become a basic truth of British politics that older people are more likely to vote for the Conservative Party. This explains why some Conservative MPs are believed to have reacted angrily to the party’s election manifesto, as the party seemed to be offering up policies that would directly harm the material interests of a key section of their voter base. Indeed, looking back at the truncated election campaign, it often feels as though the publication of the Tory manifesto marked the moment when the party first started to lose ground in the polls to Labour.
However, the actual evidence on how people voted doesn’t really seem to support the idea that the Tories’ stance on intergenerational issues was what cost them their majority. YouGov’s authoritative How Britain voted in 2017 report demonstrates conclusively that the older generation overwhelmingly supported the Conservatives on polling day: 58% of voters aged 60–69 backed them, and so did 69% of voters aged 70+. If these data are accurate then the Tories may have actually done better among older voters than they did at the 2015 general election, when YouGov’s post-election research suggested that only 45% of the over-60s favoured the Conservatives (although the different breakdown of the age groups makes it difficult to know for certain). There was also no indication that older peoples’ turnout was suppressed: YouGov’s evidence suggests that it was above 75% among both of the two oldest age groups, far higher than it was for any of the younger ones. It’s possible that enough older voters who were thinking of voting Tory in key constituencies might have abandoned the party to hand victory to their rivals, but it seems more likely that this age group’s general dislike for Jeremy Corbyn overrode their reservations about the Conservative manifesto.
Back in the “too difficult” box?
If this evidence is accurate then it suggests that the Conservatives are barking up the wrong tree when it comes to blaming their electoral underperformance on the negative reaction which their manifesto drew from older voters.
That would be a great shame for public policy, particularly when it comes to adult social care, as although the Conservatives’ policy was far from perfect it did at least demonstrate a willingness to grapple with a hugely complicated and controversial subject. Numerous experts and copious amounts of research over the past year have demonstrated that the social care system is in crisis, but for too long politicians have proved willing to park the issue in the “too difficult” box of policy dilemmas for fear of creating a solution that angers too many voters. Unfortunately, it looks like adult social care is likely to languish there once again. | <urn:uuid:b166fd00-9006-4836-841a-d4e81690d7b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.if.org.uk/2017/06/27/conservatives-backtrack-intergenerational-fairness-really-cost-votes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.976546 | 827 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Isla Mujeres, Q.R. — While the presence of sargassum has decreased a lot along the state’s coast, Isla Mujeres remains one area that is nearly seaweed free. The Secretaría de Marina (Semar) has released an aerial image of the island showing that it remains virtually nil of sargassum.
In an infographic, Semar pointed out that Isla Mujeres reports a low presence of algae on its seven beaches, being the only municipality with such a status.
Semar says that Puerto Morelos continues with a moderate to low presence on its four beaches, while Cancun has moderate amounts of sargassum along the eight beaches in its jurisdiction.
Playa del Carmen and Cozumel, in turn, have a moderate presence of sargassum on their eight and seven beaches, respectively, while Tulum and Othón P. Blanco (Chetumal) have the status of between a high to moderate accumulation of algae in their five and two beaches, respectively. | <urn:uuid:0e7ba54e-85b5-438b-a990-5dea5f03c971> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.riviera-maya-news.com/isla-mujeres-continues-the-season-with-the-least-amount-of-sargassum-in-the-state/2021.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.942822 | 221 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Νow let us take a look at some ways universities агe employing communication technology exterior оf the classroom. Universities woսld even be inclined to legal responsibility claims if tһe system dіdn’t work as it ѡas alleged tо. Lobster vision is just coming іnto itѕ оwn, but it’s not a brand new pursuit: Astronomers һave spent thе final 30 years creating а lobster-eye-primarily based optical system. Μany years later, I needed to journey tօ the Florida panhandle t᧐ report on thｅ aftermath of а strong hurricane, and I was astonished tօ see the bizarre destructive effects οf such a storm — a half-demolished house, fоr example, tһe place tһe Venetian blinds in tһe windows of one of tһe surviving partitions haνe ƅeen twisted into strange DNA-ⅼike double helixes. Ƭhere are a lot օf varieties ᧐f tһose receptors, ⲟne for eveгy kind of stimulus: gentle touch, heavy contact, strain, vibration and pain. If cables mіght sweat, tһe Thunderbolt one may, given thе pace and thе quantity оf thе info it couⅼd handle.
Avid video game players аrе aware օf thｅ emotional roller coaster tһeir favorite titles elicit.
Foresman, Chris. “The technology inside Apple’s $50 Thunderbolt cable.” arstechnica. Ӏn this article, we’ll havе ɑ look at how innovations in communication technology аrｅ reworking larger schooling institutions, Ƅoth at the classroom instruction degree аnd throughout the campus as ɑ wһole. Entering freshmen іn 2007 anticipate tһat they’ｒe going tߋ be related іn the dorms, witһin tһe classroom and acгoss campus. Aѕ college administrators strive tօ maintain tempo ԝith the expectations ⲟf thesе college students ԝho’ve grown սp usіng tһe Internet, thеy’ｒe reworking the college campus right іnto a wireless atmosphere that integrates tһe newest communication applied sciences іnto the classroom ɑnd into scholar life. Technologies comparable tⲟ Skype, iChat, Facetime аnd video chat by way of Google supply real-time audio аnd visual connection. Avid video game players ɑre aware of the emotional roller coaster tһeir favorite titles elicit. Аs informati᧐n shifts away fｒom tһe actual classroom to the virtual ߋn-line world, debates aгe rising among college and directors ᴡith differing opinions ⲟn whether or not pedagogy or technology ѕhould come first. Students һave ƅeen known to skip lectures ｅvery now ɑnd then, howevеr technology now permits tһem to acquire the data presented in thе classroom fｒom remote locations.
Favorite Technology Assets Ϝor 2022
Many students enter faculty with the expectation of 24-hour access tо data. In keeping wіth a 2006 survey Ьy thе Campus Computing Venture, greater tһan half оf school classrooms аcross tһe U.S. In 1994, а little bit ⲟver 20,000 bachelor’s levels һad bеen awarded fгom U.S. Remember, sօmething that yoս place in writing or publish on tһe weƅ can Ƅe utilized in opposition tօ you іn courtroom or shown tо a child, ѕo mаkе certain to maintain аll technological communication аs clean and cordial as attainable. Βeing cut օff fｒom weather bulletins in such a crisis can put survivors at еven larger danger. Weather radios typically һave hand cranks and/or photo voltaic panels, ѕo you’ll be able to recharge tһe battery еven witһ оut electricity. Having talked tο folks in regards tⲟ the terror оf riding out ѕuch a storm, Ι’m glad to see tһat technology ϲould heⅼp scale back tһe carnage fгom future weather catastrophes. Еven a thunderstorm is оften enoᥙgh tօ knock out electrical power іn some places. Combustion can bе known aѕ the ability stroke, ᴡhich forces tһe piston ɑgain tо thе bottom of the cylinder. Ƭhe microalgae researched Ƅy Martek, particularly а red variety referred t᧐ аs Crypthecodinium cohnii, іs high іn ɑn omega-tһree fatty acid referred tⲟ as DHA (docosahexanoic acid). Excessive element requires excessive definition, tⲟ the tune of 2 megapixels evеry.
It is in evеry single place. For that purpose, ІT professionals аre in excessive demand. Thе centralreceiver аt thе highest of the tower collects ɑnd stores heat іn special liquid salts that ɑre transported from tһe tower to ɑ steam generator. The consequence was a vеry skinny һowever durable sheet օf material thɑt was veгy good at reflecting tһe infrared waves tһat created heat. Ꭺlthough tһey may look drastically totally different, tһey аⅼl have two important things in frequent — software tο determine the forces thаt end result ᴡhen a person’ѕ virtual іd interacts ѡith an object ɑnd a machine bу wһich thosе forces may Ьe utilized to thｅ consumer. On account ⲟf this, ѡe at the moment аre in а era tһe place most of us aren’t physically fit. Cables аrе the chains that anchor уour pc to a printer. Typically, а WiFi printer ᴡon’t slow doᴡn а wireless community. Noѡ tһat smartphones һave a foothold іn the patron market, yoᥙ ⅽould find units just like the Samsung Omnia tһat incorporate а camera, a GPS receiver, WiFi connectivity ɑnd different features. Tech-savvy college students expect WiFi connections. Ӏn an historic poetry class, college students սse digital markers tо annotate poems displayed οn Webster screens (large show screens). Article has been created by GSA C ontent Gener ator DEMO. | <urn:uuid:0b8211e3-66c3-461f-8b7e-806a0a32e9d0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sildenafilvi.com/pump-up-your-gross-sales-with-these-exceptional-technology-ways/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.802755 | 1,650 | 2.390625 | 2 |
The topic today will be more on the one we have touched upon earlier, namely the subject of time. As we have already stated, the day is coming soon when your concept of time will be torn asunder once and for all, and although this will be a liberation in more ways than one, it will also be a day of reckoning. Let us explain.
From day that onwards, mankind will have to face the fact that everything it has put its stakes upon has to come up for consideration. In other words, nothing will ever be the same. Just consider the fact that for thousands of years mankind has adhered to the ”fact” that they are the sole entity in the whole of Creation capable of acting in an advanced manner. In other words, apart from all of the other living creatures on your planet, there is nothing sentient at all in the universe, and as such, you have counted yourselves as the rulers of creation, as you are the most advanced beings you know of. Well, as the timelines collapses and you will find yourselves faced with the fact that not only time, but so much else, is very different from what you have surmised up until now, so also the fact that you are not alone in this whole vastness of being will become apparent. And it will not take you much time to also discover the fact that you are by comparison far, far less advanced than you mayhaps thinks at the moment. In fact, you will literally see with your own eyes that you lag far behind so many other civilizations out there, and you certainly have a lot to learn in order to try to pick up the distance between you. This will certainly seem to be more than a little daunting to you all, and it all starts wih the ability to embrace all of the implications of having multiple timelines to choose from will bring with it.
You see, the ability to be able to freely move between them will literally set free so much of your inherent energy, as the confines of this stricty limited one you have been shackled to has also ensured that you cannot access the information contained in all of that sea of possibilites we have talked about earlier. In other words, setting you free from that singular timeline will also enable you to literally drink from this ocean of time and information, as time does not stand alone as just a definition of movement and progress. Time also encompasses so much more, as it is not only a continuum of sequences, but also a holder of information. We know this will sound very confusing now, but we want you to start thinking about time as so much more than defined by numbers on a screen or the dial on a watch face. Time is a very fluid concept, and a very intelligent one as well as it is so much more than just the counting out of hours and seconds. It is also intelligence, in that it contains so much energy in itself, so going from a single timeline to multiple ones will also be like going from single, limited source of energy and over to a limitless supply. In other words, you will be able to open up to so much once that single timeline of yours reluctantly lets go of the hold it has on you, and then everything will literally open up in front of you. Because along with these limitless options of time comes clusters of information, and this information will literally set you free from all of the confines you have been under up until now.
It will set you free, but at the same time, it will also take away all of the foundations you have built your lives upon, and this will be literally earth shattering to so many. For what can you believe in when everything you know is shown for what it is, namely but a small fragment of all that exists? And how can you not be challenged by the fact that you as a human being is only a tiny fragment of the number of sentient beings in existence in this vast Creation? As we have said earlier, you are the lucky ones, as you have chosen to be exposed to these facts before the revelation so to speak, so you have started to get used to the idea that you are not alone in Creation, but for the rest of your fellow men, this revelation will be a shock that will be too much to take in, and the fallouts from this will be many indeed. Let us just finish off todays missive by saying that it is therefore important to start to stretch your minds as much as you can in the time ahead, and start to make room for not only so much more time, but also so much more information. It will more than challenge your capacities dear ones, but do not be afraid, for this is in fact only old news to you all. Remember, this is actually a case of re-membering, and as such, you already carry this information inside, but you have not yet been allowed to get access to it. But soon you will, and just as a muscle that has been left unused for too long a period, it will be somewhat uncomfortable and ungainly at first, but soon, you will be able to flex those muscles yet again, and you will start to put your faith in their strength and test out their abilities. | <urn:uuid:f709efa8-9d35-456d-8f94-9fe475b1f838> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aishanorth.wordpress.com/2012/07/22/the-manuscript-of-survival-part-171/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.978562 | 1,059 | 1.617188 | 2 |
7 Invaluable Pieces of Advice for Recent Music College Grads
Probably the scariest thing about going to music school to become a more competent musician is graduating and having to find a paying gig. The pressure is on to start repaying those student loans and prove to your friends and family that you haven't wasted the last four years of your life.
Guest Post by Bobby Borg on Sonicbids Blog
While there are no surefire tips to take you from being a student to a celebrity, these seven invaluable tips will help set you and keep you on course for many years to come. Pay attention.
1. Locate yourself in the most opportune city to succeed
New technologies have made it more possible than ever for you to get discovered from virtually any part of the world. However, big cities are where the action is 24/7, and living in or near one is more likely to lead to networking opportunities and big auditions unavailable in small towns.
Research the city that makes the most sense to you given your goals, and then plan out a short visit. Utilize your school's resources (such as the alumni outreach department) to get a few numbers of people who may be willing to meet up with you and provide some advice. Attend jam sessions. Visit the local musicians' unions. Thoroughly check out the scene. Just don't rush your decision. Once you move to a new city for your career, you should prepare to stay there and put in the work for several years.
2. Prepare for the long haul by becoming financially sound
Whether it's New York, Los Angeles, Nashville, or somewhere else, there are countless stories about people who move to the big city and give themselves six months to "make it" while living on their friends' couches. Needless to say, that's a completely unrealistic plan.
Be prepared – both financially and mentally – to spend several years pursuing your goals. Look for work immediately to help cover your basic expenses and settle in by joining a local songwriters' organization or networking group that will bring you a sense of belonging. Just remember that success won't happen overnight, so be prepared for the long haul.
3. Bridge long-term goals with short-term goals
While finding work to meet expenses is crucial, stay as close to the music business as you can. Look for music-related opportunities such as private instruction, music transcription for educational books, equipment sales, equipment repair, or even stage production.
Who would have ever thought that one of my buddies would end up with a huge touring gig by setting up and moving equipment for SIR studios in Los Angeles? A band was holding auditions there one night and his boss and the music director were cool with him giving it a shot. He nailed the audition and his career took off from there. Moving gear wasn't fun, but it paid off.
4. Don't lose touch with your college friends
Remember that the majority of the work you do will be based on word-of-mouth recommendations.The genuine relationships you form today can lead to the gigs of tomorrow.
After graduating from Berklee College of Music in Boston, I got hired to play weddings by my former teachers with whom I kept in touch. Within one year, I got hired onto my first pro session in New York City by two college buddies that I contacted all the time – this gig led to joining a band on Atlantic Records. Bingo! I was in!
Today, I run into friends from school all the time who are playing with some of the biggest rock groups and working on the biggest films. We still all help each other out in small ways. Remember that connections are one of the biggest reasons why people invest in school.
5. Create your own destiny by being proactive
While keeping in touch with your college buds is paramount and can one day lead to work, don't think that it's enough to sit back and wait for the phone to ring. Be proactive. Take charge! If you're a songwriter who wants to get a publishing deal and get your music placed in commercials and games, try going directly to local business owners first.
When I first graduated from school and was trying my hand at everything, some friends and I wrote a jingle for a local store and pitched it to the owner. He used it in his next radio ad! We didn't wait for the work to come to us – we sought it out. If I can do it, so can you.
6. Be open-minded to new opportunities
While staying focused on your big dream is important, be open to new opportunities that might unfold. You may never know where the world takes you when you are open to its possibilities.
"I rarely meet a person who is doing exactly what they planned on doing when they got out of school," says Loudon Stearns, an associate professor at Berklee College of Music. "Just look at me – I planned on being a film composer and ended up being a very happy college professor.”
Remember that the more experiences you have and the more people you meet, the more doors are left open for you to find a happy, healthy, sustainable life.
7. Enjoy the journey by learning to lighten up
And finally, while on the topic of living a happy, healthy, and sustainable life, learn not to take yourself too seriously. Have a little fun in your endeavors. Lighten up! Smile! You'll project a much more confident and positive attitude. You'll be less stressed out and more approachable. This is the entertainment industry – how can you expect to entertain others if you can't entertain yourself?
Don't waste valuable energy being hateful, envious, or jealous of others' successes, and never associate with those who can infect you with negativity. Stay positive! Believe that one day you, too, will get your big break.
Just keep in mind that big record contract that so many young artists covet is not the key to happiness – it's the beginning of a long journey. And for some artists, it's the beginning of a long nightmare. There are no guarantees in the music business, no matter how hard you work, so learn to enjoy the ride each and every day. You'll be healthier mentally and much happier. Peace!
Bobby Borg is the author of Music Marketing for the DIY Musician: Creating and Executing a Plan of Attack on a Low Budget (September 2014). Find the book on Hal Leonard's website under "Trade Books" or onAmazon. Signed copies with a special offer are also available atbobbyborg.com. | <urn:uuid:6367e540-064f-48a9-a099-6cc792a3f9f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hypebot.com/hypebot/2015/06/7-invaluable-pieces-of-advice-for-recent-music-college-grads.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.973032 | 1,356 | 1.6875 | 2 |
We offer ReadEZ testing at our practice. It is a way of assessing if someone suffers from visual stress. The symptoms of visual stress can affect reading: words can jump around, fade or flicker, for example. Sometimes there is pattern glare, which can cause headaches and general discomfort when reading. Some migraine sufferers find that a headache can be set off by looking at patterned objects or lines of text.
The ReadEZ test measures a child's, or adult's, rate of reading and then tests whether it could be improved by the use of coloured overlays or tinted lenses. If a significant improvement is found with colour, the results show exactly which colour overlay or tinted lenses should be supplied.
For more information see https://www.readez.co.uk/ | <urn:uuid:084276d9-004c-4872-9a25-2a4b6e84cd31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.andersonsopticians.co.uk/eye-tests/readez-testing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.89595 | 168 | 2.3125 | 2 |
See how the Beauty looks.
The high blush of her cheeks, the golden necklace swooping down over her low neckline, the warm puff of her thick fur sleeves. Her eyes, frank and confident yet also turning modestly to the side. The hair that might have taken hours for some maidservant to arrange. Colors that pop but also blend -- blue and gold in her dress, rouge on her cheeks and lips, pale yellow-white on her bosom, browns and oranges to give her brighter colors a more brilliant glow. Her face, with the becoming roundness of her jaw and chin, is an almost perfect oval. Her eyebrows are slicing arches. Her forehead, pale as powder, has a slight bulge of implied intelligence.
After nearly half a millennium, "La Bella" -- or "that portrait of that woman in the blue dress," as the Duke of Urbino referred to her in a 1536 letter urging that her creator, the celebrated painter Titian, hurry up and finish her for delivery -- still exudes serenity and extraordinary class.
After a lifetime in Italy (except for 15 years at the Louvre in Paris, where she was taken in 1800 as booty from the Napoleonic Wars), she's crossed the ocean from her luxuriant quarters in the Galleria Palatina of the Palazzo Pitti in Florence for a brief tour.
If you go: Titian's "La Bella"
1536 portrait of an unknown woman by the master Venetian painter Titian, on loan from the Galleria Palatina at the Palazzo Pitti in Florence
European galleries, Portland Art Museum, 1219 S.W. Park Ave.
10 a.m.-5 p.m. Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Saturdays; 10 a.m.-8 p.m. Thursdays-Fridays; noon-5 p.m. Sundays
Closes: Jan. 29
$15 general; $12 seniors 55 and older, and students 18 and older; free for members and children 17 and younger
Tiziano Vecelli, born circa 1488-90, died in 1576. A Renaissance master who moved easily among subject matters, he was celebrated for his portraits and his mastery of color and motion. Portland Art Museum Director Brian J. Ferriso: "He was known as a very early precursor to the Impressionists in terms of his ability to push the paint."
Following stops at the Kimbell Art Museum in Fort Worth, Texas, and the Nevada Museum of Art in Reno, she's taken up lodging through Jan. 29 at the Portland Art Museum, in a second-floor gallery that is ordinarily given over to the display of ancient and classical objects and art.
More on Titian's "La Bella"
The woman in the blue dress brings with her, besides her great and enduring beauty, some intriguing puzzles: Who was she? What does she have to say about shifting values and power during the Renaissance? How has she survived for so long in such good shape? As an undisputed masterwork of portraiture, how does she reflect the way we perceive other people and ourselves? And is she real, or is she Memorex?
Who was she?
Last Friday, on the afternoon of the exhibition's opening day, a modest but steady flow of visitors ventured up the stairs and through the European galleries to the small room that contains nothing but "La Bella" in a gilded frame against a backdrop of royal-purple drapery, a large wall label that provides some basic background information, and a bench to sit on while contemplating the painting. A museum guard, relaxed but alert, stood next to the painting. Most of the room was twilight-dark. Lights from above were focused warmly on that singular sensation, the Beauty's face.
In the 16th century or the 21st, La Bella is beautiful. For many visitors, that will be enough. For historians and other scholars, who want to know everything about the past and are dauntingly aware that much, probably most, of it will forever be a mystery, the stakes seem higher.
Because she is a masterwork by an important artist from an important time and place, Titian's unidentified Beauty holds a certain small but significant standing in the story of how human beings think about what we look like and who we are. She has high standing in the history of portraiture, a fairly codified form of painting that is a contract between artist and subject: I will pose for you; you will make me look good. More broadly, she gives clues to what we think "beauty" means, and to the many expressions, from culturally stylized to physical to psychological, that artists give to the idea of human essence.
To begin, no one's sure who La Bella is. One of the unusual things about this painting is that the history of its ownership, upkeep and travels is scrupulously documented. But the model's identity has been elusive, the subject of educated and fanciful guesses. Some historians think she's an idealized portrait of the wife of her original owner, Francesco Maria I della Rovere, duke of Urbino. At one point she was assumed to be Titian's mistress, with no particular evidence to support the idea. Some people believe she never existed in the flesh -- only as an ideal of beauty in Titian's mind.
What seems close to certain is that Titian used this model, or this invented idea of beauty, in several paintings. The face of "La Bella" is also recognizable in his famous reclining nude, "Venus of Urbino," at the Uffizi in Florence, from 1538; in the bare-shouldered and bare-breasted "Woman in a Fur Coat," at Vienna's Kunsthistorisches Museum, from 1536; and in the same year's "Woman With a Plumed Hat," at the State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia.
The truth may be that the model actually existed, and that Titian "improved" her, something in the way modern fashion photographers flatter their subjects.
"Is it a real person, or is it an ideal of beauty?" the Portland museum's director, Brian J. Ferriso, asks rhetorically. "We've come down, I think the art historians have come down -- it's somewhere in between."
True or not, that idea makes sense. All artistic depictions of human beings, even so-called documentary images, are fictions. The sitter sits, but the artist interprets. It's easy to see the stretching of truth in a Picasso Cubist painting and much harder in, say, the gritty portraits by photographer Walker Evans of realistically stark Depression-era faces. But Evans chose the framing, lighting and exposure: In the end, although working closely with what his subjects had to offer, he still created their images.
So did Titian create La Bella. Most likely he idealized his model, reaching through her for his own concept of beauty. Titian was a man of the High Renaissance. And Renaissance Europe, in the melting stages of the slow thaw of the Middle Ages and their brute realities, was ripe for fresh ideals.
A shifting culture
From roughly the fall of Rome to the dawning of the Renaissance, European art was sifted through the filter of the Church. The Church paid for the art, and the artists created what the Church wanted. So painters who wanted to celebrate, for instance, the female form were free to do so, but in a religious context.
Titian, born somewhere between 1488 and 1490, entered a different world. The Church continued to be an important patron, but it was no longer the only game in town. Much of what sparked Europe's slow but revolutionary transformation was the rise of the nobility and the urban merchant class. Power was shifting and broadening, although from a contemporary perspective it still existed in the hands of a select few -- the 1 percent of its time.
"La Bella" is a product of the new order's new patronage. Whoever the model was, Titian didn't need to turn her into a Magdalene or Madonna. He presented her as a member of the wealthy secular elite. Her lush fashionista look denotes a woman of culture, leisure, privilege. Even her robust fleshiness -- not fat, but comfortable amplitude -- suggests the values of her place and position: To carry a few extra pounds in a time of relative scarcity was a matter of ideal beauty. Compare her figure to the extreme skinniness of today's fashion models, at a time of relative if poorly distributed plenty; or to Cleopatra's plow-horse physique in the Portland museum's nearby painting "Cleopatra and the Asp," a mid-17th-century work by Michel Corneille.
Other paintings near "La Bella" in the museum's European galleries also reflect the changes in the art world as the culture was shifting. In the gallery adjoining the Titian are several pieces created close to Titian's time but still in a religious mode: Botticelli's 1500 devotional piece, "Christ on a Cross," painted in tempera on a small wooden cross; Lucas Cranach the Elder's 1515 "Madonna and Child With St. Catherine"; a 1521 Magdalene by the Milanese painter Giampetrino, a student of Leonardo and popularizer of the master's style; Madonnas by the 17th-century artist Bernardo Strozzi and the Italian Mannerist Angelo Boronzino, circa 1540-60. Compared with the frank secular sensuality of "La Bella," these works seem, well, cloistered.
A small portrait of a young man by Flemish artist Adrien Ysenbrant from 1520-30 shares the Titian's cosmopolitan mercantile attitude but isn't in the same league artistically. And a single painting from more than a century later -- Jean Michelin's circa-1650-60 "A Peasant Family" -- points beyond the upper classes to the slowly broadening democracy of the post-Renaissance world.
"If you went to Florence 10 years ago to see this painting," the museum's Ferriso says of "La Bella," "you wouldn't see it like you do today."
One of the reasons "La Bella" is visiting the United States for the first time is to show off her most recent conservation, which has literally put the blush back in her cheeks.
Titian's portrait has had the good fortune over the centuries to be cleaned both regularly and carefully -- "rather than being subjected to complicated and invasive restorations, the painting has instead been the object of constant maintenance," Gabriella Incerpi writes in the exhibition catalog -- and that meticulousness has made things easier for modern conservators, who seek the least obtrusive ways to strip away the dulling effects of decades of varnish and restore a painting's original brightness and tones.
The process can be controversial, as the uproar over the gleaming new colors in the Sistine Chapel suggests: In cleaning an old work of art, do conservators also eliminate its history? As Ferriso puts it: "You don't want to strip away the pigment. On the other hand, you do want to be able to see the painting."
You can see "La Bella" -- beautifully. And, despite the restored brilliance of her colors and the immediacy of her presence, in no way as if she were born yesterday.
Up close, you can glimpse the painting's craquelure -- the tiny patterns of cracking in the oil paint as it gradually shrinks on the canvas -- but not overmuch. It ages but does not dilute the painting, which with its restoration has become not so much new as revivified, showing its age in the best possible light.
Whoever she was, "La Bella" has aged well. She's still a looker. | <urn:uuid:c7e461c5-11a8-4fdf-9227-a1460efa056b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oregonlive.com/art/2011/12/titians_la_bella_on_display_in.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.966435 | 2,512 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Kothrud is a suburb located to the western parts of Pune. Earlier, it was a village but slowly and slowly experienced rapid growth in commercial and residential sector. It was one of the fastest developing locality in Asia in the 1980s. The areas development can be confirmed by the fact that Kothrud was named as one of the fastest developing suburbs in Asia by the Guinness Book of World Records. The locality has also experienced Pune’s first fly over, at Paud Phata, which connected Karve Road to Paud Road. This locality comes under the jurisdiction of Pune Municipal Corporation. Other prominent localities located close to it are Bavdhan, Erandwane, Warje, Pashan, Deccan Gymkhana, Aundh, Baner, Shivaji Nagar, Koregaon Park, Sunarwadi, Vadgaon Budruk, Shivane etc. It is located at a driving distance of 6.7 km from Pune city via Karve Road and Paud Road. It has close proximity to Pune Junction railway station as well, approximately 9 km away via RB Motilal Kennedy Road. It was actually the industrial development that primarily boosted the development of Kothrud. The strong foothold of IT industry further strengthened the growth of this area. A well-planned and well-maintained area, Kothrud is pollution-free when compared to neighbouring areas. Some of the key residential projects in Kothrud are Paranjape Forest Trails The Highlands, Sigma One Grand Stand, Vilas Javedkar Portia, Imperial Gold among others.
Connectivity and Transit Point
The DP Road is an arterial road which connects Sagar Colony and Bhelkenagar Chowk and provides direct access to Pune-Mumbai Bypass and Pune-Bengaluru Highway.
Kothrud is located just 6.8 km from Mumbai-Pune Bypass Road, and has a bus depot and bus stands that satisfy the transportation needs of people living in this area. As a result, there are number of buses connecting Kothrud to Hadapsar and Deccan Gymkhana.
It has excellent connectivity to Pune International Airport which is located at a distance of 22.8 km via Lohegaon Road.
Khadki, Shivaji Nagar, Dapodi, Pune Junction, Ghorpuri are its nearby railway stations. However, Shivaji Nagar railway station is the nearest railway station to Kothrud which is located at a distance of 7.9 km via Paud Road.
Mahanagar Parivahan Mahamandal Ltd. ply regular buses from Kothrud which connect it to other parts of Pune like Hadapsar, Nigdi, and Swargate.
Factors for past growth
Kothrud has become one of the most coveted residential areas in the city due to its convenient location on two important roads of the city namely Karve Road and Paud Road, excellent connectivity and great leaps taken in infrastructural developments.
Kothrud lies in close proximity to IT Infotech and areas like Wakad and Baner. It boasts corporate giants like Cognizant, Tech Mahindra and Persistent. Manufacturing plant Cummins India has also increased employment opportunities, aided development and boosted real estate in this region and a resulting large migrant population, the region has seen considerable rental demands for 2 BHK apartments in Kothrud.
Infra development (Social & Physical)
Apart from being known as a prime residential locality, Kothrud is also quite popular for its educational institutions. Good schools and reputed colleges like Cummins Engineering College, MIT, Garware College and Bhartiya Vidyapeeth among others are located in the vicinity of this locality. It also houses some good nearby colleges. These are Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Poona College of Pharmacy, MIT Junior College, SNDT Arts and Commerce College, Mamasaheb Mohol College among others.
Health care facilities are also good in the locality. Some of the prominent hospitals include Sahyadri Hospital, Deoyani Multispeciality Hospital, City Hospital, Kulkarni Endo Surgery Institute, Krishna Hospital, Jadhav Hospital, Suyash Hospital etc.
Charlies Shopping Centre Homeland, Chetan Super Shoppe, Om Super Shoppe are few malls in the vicinity which serves the daily needs of the people. | <urn:uuid:fa06cf31-b508-4ee4-a177-0546ca145c79> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fulcrum.fulcrumresources.co.in/pune/kothrud-pune-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.96516 | 948 | 1.65625 | 2 |
- Jan 23, 2015
Our five mallards are now 4 weeks old and wow I'm amazed at the growth rate. Everyone said they grow fast but it's hard to realize just how fast until you see it. I see changes daily! So, yesterday we moved them outdoors to their new pen which is 10x6 with a smaller chicken coop inside it so I can lock them up more securely at night and give them a dryer place to stay with a heat lamp. I've been feeding the Start & Grow along with Durvet Vitamins and Electrolytes (for niacin) until now and they are all doing very well. It has been raining here all year and their pen is muddy muddy muddy (with some grass). They are loving it though. I am wondering if changing over to Flock Raiser would benefit me and them. I know with the Start & Grow if it gets wet - as is inevitable with ducks, it spoils after a few hours (is that correct time or is it longer?) so wondering if the Flock Raiser spoils as easily? Also, is it okay to have an area for food and water where they are on hardware cloth or is that bad for their feet? I wish I could make their entire floor hardware cloth aside from their sleeping area - they poop and are so very messy I'm going to have a hard time keeping them and the pen clean even with daily swims. Lastly, since they are digging in the mud with their beaks and they poop in that is that going to cause problems? | <urn:uuid:8384d844-7f55-458a-b57c-e793b78b55c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.backyardchickens.com/threads/moved-ducklings-to-outdoor-pen-switching-from-start-grow-to-flock-raiser.983027/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.985486 | 332 | 1.617188 | 2 |
On Sunday Democratic U.S. Senate candidate Patty Judge told KCCI TV 8 news that she supports repealing the Hyde Amendment.
“Yes, yes I would Stacey. I think that people deserve equal access to health care in this country and we should not be discriminating against someone because they are a lower income bracket. But I also wanted to say about Planned Parenthood, I think that people immediately jump to the abortion issue when they talk about Planned Parenthood and we have to remember that there is a whole range of services, women’s health services, provided by Planned Parenthood including cancer screenings. And when we short there funding we are also shorting that opportunity for people of lower socio-economic means to get those mammograms, to get those pap smears, all of those things that they need to get to make certain that they are healthy,” Judge said in replay to Stacey Horst’s question about whether she would support a repeal of the Hyde Amendment.
It is a well known fact that Planned Parenthood does not provide mammograms, yet this myth keeps getting perpetuated by those on the left. We can now add Patty Judge to that number.
As far as women’s health care in Iowa. I wrote last fall:
According to the National Association of Community Health Centers there are 14 federally qualified health care (FQHC) centers operating in 91 service sites serving 179,599 Iowa residents per year. That is just community health centers. This doesn’t include pregnancy centers provide prenatal care, ultrasounds and childbirth classes, among other services to women facing unplanned pregnancies, empowering them with life-affirming options. There are 13 Planned Parenthood clinics none of whom provide mammograms. In contrast there are 30 centers that are members of Free Clinics of Iowa. You can also check out the website GetYourCare.org to see all of the community health centers currently eligible for federal funds. Also the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services list 152 rural health clinics in Iowa.
Judge doesn’t just want to fund “women’s health care” she wants taxpayers to fund abortion. If she just wanted to fund health care she wouldn’t support repealing the Hyde Amendment. The Hyde Amendment doesn’t prevent Planned Parenthood from receiving taxpayer money of which the organization has received hundreds of millions of dollars over the years.
No, the Hyde Amendment just prevents taxpayer funding of abortion. The fact is that the abortion giant, and other abortion providers, are receiving taxpayer funding now for abortion despite the amendment to Congress’ perpetual shame.
“Not only does Patty Judge oppose compassionate limits on late term abortion more than halfway through pregnancy, Judge stands in lockstep with Hillary Clinton and the abortion lobby in their desire to force Americans to pay for abortion on demand, up until the moment of birth, with their taxpayer dollars. Patty Judge will fight for Big Abortion, not Iowa families and taxpayers. Her position on taxpayer funding of abortion is profoundly unpopular – including with members of her own party,” Bowen and Dannenfelser said.
The Democrats at their national convention in July added the repeal of the Hyde Amendment to their party’s platform making it the most radical pro-abortion platform in the party’s history.
Patty Judge and the Democrats are out of step with the American people. Caffeinated Thoughts reported this summer that a recent Marist/Knights of Columbus poll showed that Americans are overwhelmingly against both late-term abortion and taxpayer funding for abortion.
Some of the findings revealed:
- Though 51 percent of Americans say they are pro-choice, about 8 in 10 Americans support substantial restrictions on abortion (78 percent), and would limit it to, at most, the first three months of pregnancy. This number includes 62 percent of those who identify as pro-choice, 85 percent of African Americans and 84 percent of Latinos.
- Taxpayer funding for abortion is opposed by 62 percent of Americans. This includes 65 percent of African Americans, 61 percent of Latinos, and 45 percent of those who say they are pro-choice, as well as 84 percent of Republicans, 61 percent of Independents and 44 percent of Democrats.
- Concerning the recent Supreme Court decision, Nearly 8 in 10 Americans (78 percent) want abortion clinics to be held to the same standards as other outpatient surgery centers. This includes 77 percent of African Americans and 82 percent of Latinos, as well as 77 percent of women, and 84 percent of millennials. About three quarters of those who identify as pro-choice (74 percent) agree, as do strong majorities regardless of party affiliation.
- In addition, 70 percent of Americans want doctors who perform abortions to be required to have hospital admitting privileges. This includes 71 percent of women, 77 percent of millennials, and 78 percent of Latinos, Pro-life and pro-choice adherents are also equally likely to support such a requirement at a rate of 7 in 10 for each group (71 percent).
- And by almost 20 points, a majority of Americans (56 percent to 37 percent) do not believe that healthcare providers should be forced to perform abortions against their conscience or religious beliefs. This includes 6 in 10 Latinos (61 percent) and 4 in 10 who identify as pro-choice (41 percent).
Both Iowa Right to Life and Susan B. Anthony List have endorsed U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa).
“Senator Grassley is a longtime Pro-Life champion with whom we have both worked for many years. His leadership on the Senate Judiciary Committee virtually ended the discussion of the Garland nomination and any other Obama appointee before the next president is elected,” added Dannenfelser and Bowen.
“On the other hand, Patty Judge has been endorsed by the radical pro-abortion EMILY’s List, which opposes even the most modest Pro-Life initiatives. She will be a rubber stamp for Hillary Clinton’s extreme agenda, which includes forcing Americans to pay for abortion on-demand with our taxpayer dollars.” | <urn:uuid:c407dd34-bcba-4a74-b63f-95ffee603568> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://caffeinatedthoughts.com/2016/08/patty-judge-wants-force-iowa-taxpayers-fund-abortion-demand/?amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.959981 | 1,235 | 1.71875 | 2 |
This paper presents an overview of hardware implementations for the two commonly used types of public key cryptography, i.e. RSA and elliptic curve cryptography, both based on modular arithmetic. We first discuss the mathematical background and the algorithms to implement these cryptosystems. Next an overview is given of the different hardware architectures which have been proposed in the literature. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:3812bbb7-10ae-4a8c-8936-a10cf71f6cd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://avesis.itu.edu.tr/yayin/6ab5bd19-4459-4c9e-888a-5b523196c562/hardware-architectures-for-public-key-cryptography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.895272 | 86 | 2.734375 | 3 |
I just returned from a very meaty and reflective meeting on the role of evaluation in philanthropy (NOT as dry a subject as it may sound!).
It was organized by the Evaluation Roundtable, a program of the Foundation Center to improve philanthropy. The Roundtable was held in Baltimore, at the Annie E. Casey Foundation, headquartered there. Thought leaders in the field presented a number of rich discussion topics, including a first look at the history of the uses of evaluation by charitable foundations – a history that goes back only to the 1980’s, in terms of dedicated staff and evaluation units within foundations.
Within this 30-year span, four distinct ‘eras’ were identified – a lot of evolution and change in such a short period of time. The progression through these eras shows how evaluation has moved from being used by funders as simply an after-the-fact research tool to prove what worked and what didn’t within stand-alone projects. It’s current role is more of an ongoing tool for strategy development, learning and to measure the impact of the pro-active work of foundations – often over decades-long programs and initiatives.
The titles given to evaluation staff and units is telling in this regard. In the ‘80’s it was “Research and Evaluation.” Today it’s more often “Organizational Learning and Evaluation.”
There was a lot of discussion at the Roundtable about the natural tensions between evaluation to prove an idea or theory, and evaluation for learning and improving performance over time. Foundation boards, in their important fiduciary and oversight role, want proof of impact and accountability for the use of resources. Program staff tends to seek learning from evaluation in order to be more effective in their work.
The discussion surfaced an important shift in intent for the proactive work of foundations that deeply affects evaluation as well. Foundations are becoming more aware that they cannot, by the sole virtue of their grantmaking, solve entrenched social problems. Rather, the challenge is to better understand the root causes of problems and develop strategic approaches to address these causes. Here, evaluation as a learning tool and a strategy development tool is key, and long-term initiative frameworks must be flexible enough to adjust to learning as it is acquired.
Most pro-active and strategic grantmaking within foundations begins with a Theory of Change. This is a term of art for a framework that offers a rationale for the initiative, identifies the inputs and strategies that will be employed to effect the change that is desired, and a clear understanding of the outcomes that will demonstrate success. Too many Theories of Change have expectations that go beyond the power of a single funder to effect. Too many are fuzzy on the strategies/actions required to make change. And too few have clear outcome measures that will show whether the work is being successful.
The Roundtable surfaced many, many valuable lessons. I’ll note just two here.
1. A Theory of Change must be:
- Plausible (realistic in their expectations for success)
- Do-able (enough management capacity and strategies that have a good chance of being implemented)
- Knowable (clear and measurable success indicators at specific steps a long the way). You can’t evaluate what you can’t measure.
2. Although funders never intend to do harm with their initiatives, any effort to make change at the systemic level will always involve winners and losers. Funders (or other actors) must decide what constitutes harm and have good reasons for acting to make change that may not be perceived as beneficial to all who are affected.
Finally, to sum up my experience of the Roundtable, I’d like to paraphrase a saying that was coined by the Kentucky Arts Council (Art is not a Thing; it is a Way). Evaluation is not a “thing” you do once when a project is over. It is a way of continuous learning within organizations wishing to do well and do good. | <urn:uuid:56a4102d-427b-4d93-95c1-6083c147b9b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.clevelandfoundation.org/2010/07/evaluation-is-not-a-thing-it-is-a-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962476 | 821 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Sleep is a sometimes complex area, some people sleep soundly despite not adhering to the ‘sleep soundly rules’, others abide by these and still have difficulty have a great night’s sleep.
Undoubtedly, sleeping well, whatever that means to an individual, is crucial to function well as a human being. A poor night’s sleep affects your immune system, concentration, mood, motivation, appetite, patience, resilience.
Firstly recognise that you are destined to sleep well and that you deserve it! There will be a reason why you are not sleeping as well as you would like and when you find out what, things should change for the better!
To begin with, make sure you have eliminated the following:
* no alcohol, caffeine, chocolate, heavy meals in the evening
* eat dinner by 7pm
* no screens (tv, mobile, tablet, PC an hour before bedtime)
* stop working a couple of hours before bedtime
Do you feel stressed/anxious? If you do not release this tension you will take it to bed with you, could this be stopping you from getting the peaceful sleep you crave? This can take practice but try at least a couple of techniques each evening to get you used to this process.
* breathing techniques, breathe in to a count of 4, hold for 4, out for 8. Repeat for as long as you need. Personally, this is my favourite technique for falling asleep! You can add a colour to this by inhaling a beautiful colour of your choice and imagine it flooding your body with calming, soothing waves.
* write down in a journal all that is on your mind, no matter how trivial it may seem. Say to yourself that there is nothing more to do with this now and that tomorrow you will sort it. Also, you could write this down ready for tomorrow.
* write down in your journal one thing that you will do tomorrow to help yourself relax.
* many people find that when they receice a calming Holistic Therapy in the evening they sleep especially well that night, this could be a way to kick start your system and give you confidence that you can sleep well.
* Yoga / stretch before bed to release tension from the day. Poses like cobra, child’s pose, cat, dog, full body stretch, warrior, legs up high against a wall will all refresh your body/mind cells and remove the ‘doing/thinking’ going on in your brain.
Sleep soundly 😴 | <urn:uuid:5798a986-363d-44b2-a8d0-39d4b7a0f50f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.bramblebarnretreat.co.uk/help-me-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951963 | 520 | 2.21875 | 2 |
GFP-Vpr labeled HIV-1 virions have provided a method to visually examine the interactions between the virus and target cell during infection. However, existing methods to discriminate between virions that have been non-specifically endocytosed from those that have productively entered the host cell cytoplasm have remained problematic. Therefore, we examined the ability of a series of membrane-targeted fluorescent fusion protein constructs to be incorporated into virions. We find that a fluorescent protein fusion targeted to the plasma membrane by the addition of the N-terminal 15 amino acid sequence of c-Src (S15) is efficiently packaged into HIV virions. Using fluorescent proteins fused to this sequence, we have generated virions dually labeled with S15-mCherry and GFP-Vpr. Importantly, we can detect the loss of this S15-mCherry membrane signal following fusion. After infection with VSV-g pseudotyped HIV virions, we find a measurable, specific loss of membrane label during infection. This loss of fluorescence is not observed when fusion is prevented using bafilomycin A. This increased ability to discriminate between non-productively endocytosed virions and those actively undergoing steps in the infectious process will facilitate efforts to examine early steps in infection microscopically.
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:7ec76be5-1086-4375-bb54-0e6f175a0b50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scholars.northwestern.edu/en/publications/labeling-hiv-1-virions-with-two-fluorescent-proteins-allows-ident | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.927332 | 313 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Trend Micro researchers were able to track a new cryptojacking malware called Black Squid that is targeting users from across Thailand and the United States.
Cryptojacking is a widely recognized hacking process that installs corrupt software on a user’s computer and uses its computing power for mining cryptocurrencies such as Monero (XMR).
A June 2018 report suggested that hackers were able to earn over $144 million by mining Monero using cryptojacking. Soon after, strict measures were taken to reduce losses and it was further reported that cryptojacking had started to fade out.
It seems, however, that the decline only lasted for a short while. The new Black Squid malware has turned things upside down, once again.
Black Squid Malware: Worm-Like Propagation Capabilities
The BlackSquid cryptojacking malware came under the spotlight after being alarmingly active during the last week of May in Thailand and the United States.
Trend Micro researchers were able to spot that the malware was using a range of the most dangerous exploits that could be used to hack into computer systems. This included EternalBlue, DoublePulsar, an Apache Tomcat security flaw, and others.
The malware’s ability to go undetected makes the threat all the more daunting. It uses tactics such as anti-virtualization, anti-debugging, and anti-sandboxing, before installing itself onto a system. These three processes help nullify any steps that would alarm the users of the malware’s presence.
Once installed on a system, its worm-like propagation ability makes it easy for the malware to infect other systems on the same server. This gives it tremendous computing power to mine cryptocurrencies.
Play Smart: Protect Yourself Against Cryptojacking
Despite some of the major cryptojacking services such as Coinhive being shut down, there are still over a million cryptojacking attempts that are blocked daily. Nevertheless, many fall victim to these attempts. To ensure your safety against such cybercrimes, it is important that you take responsibility for shielding your computer against such attacks.
To do that, you can start by using an internet browser such as Brave or Mozilla Firefox that are equipped with software to safeguard your computer against mining attacks. In the case of browsers that do not provide such a feature, you can always find an anti-cryptojacking plugin for your browser. Installing an ad blocker can also prove effective as some forms of malware can also be inflicted upon your system through malicious ads.
How do you protect yourself against cryptojacking attacks? Tell us in the comments section. | <urn:uuid:7f9b3b3c-86cf-4daa-84e2-0ca6f106a90d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://beincrypto.com/black-squid-cryptojacking-malware/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.959521 | 528 | 2.140625 | 2 |
The OnCenter is a convention center facility located in Syracuse, New York. The main roof featured an area of approximately 58,000 square feet located over the convention area that was being considered for a green roof installation on top of the existing roof framing.
The main roof structure was composed of three-inch light gage metal deck supported on steel wide flange beams spaced at 10 feet on center. The wide flange beams were then supported by large steel trusses with a clear span of 160 feet, spaced at 30 feet on center. The truss chord and web members were composed of wide flange rolled steel sections.
Our evaluation of the existing roof framing cleared the roof for an additional 23 pounds per square foot of green roof material. | <urn:uuid:10464c9a-fccd-4291-befd-561137c87660> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://greyfox.biz/syracuse-oncenter/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.973063 | 150 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Candidates: Are you interviewing and need support?
Competition for jobs is tough, and when interviewing, many candidates inadvertently wind up shooting themselves in the foot. Long-winded answers, lying, and painting yourself as perfect are ways that many candidates unintentionally tank their chances of being hired at various companies. To help you avoid some of the great ways to hurt your career, here are a few chance killers to avoid when you're interviewing.
There's a good chance that the interviewers are asking the same questions of every candidate. Not answering what is asked will lead your interviewers to think you either can't answer the question or, just as bad, don't want to. The interviewer no doubt thought the question was a good one, and he or she is unlikely to think more of you for not answering it. If you don't understand the question, you can always ask for clarification — or, if you're in a digital interview and no opportunity for clarification is available, state how you're interpreting the question. That way, the interviewer knows that you are trying to answer his or her question, even if you wind up missing the mark.
As hard as it is to say "I don't know" in a job interview, your future employer will think more of you if you admit that you don't know the answer instead of giving a poor or irrelevant one. But bear in mind: if you find yourself constantly answering or thinking "I don't know," you should consider other job opportunities, or do a bit more homework next time. You don't want to show an excess of ignorance about the place where you want to work.
In digital interviews the question periods are usually timed, so interviewers are looking for relatively short answers. If you find that you're going on and on, stop. Overly long answers can often indicate a lack of self-control, uncertainty about how to answer, or, sometimes, an oversized ego — and those are the last impressions you want to make.
Don't embellish. Don't lie. Just don't do it. The Internet is a great fact-checking tool, making it easy for potential employers to figure out when you're stretching the truth. And once you've demonstrated that you're untrustworthy, you can kiss the job goodbye. You're better off sticking to the facts.
A worker who's unaware of his or her weaknesses, or who hasn't considered a good answer to such a standard question, isn't going to be an effective worker. Demonstrating a knowledge of how to compensate for your weaknesses can give you an edge on the competition — just make sure that, whatever your weaknesses may be, they aren't fatal for the job. Your best bet in any interview is to be yourself and speak honestly. If you don't get hired, be glad you avoided landing at a place where you wouldn't have fit. After all, jobs are about fit (both in terms of professional skill and work culture), and when you do take a job, it is important to do so at a place that is a match for you. | <urn:uuid:20e1febc-9609-444a-8799-0a03e3e1b13b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hirevue.com/blog/candidates/5-five-interviewing-faux-pas-to-avoid | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.975889 | 628 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Call for Papers
CHILDHOOD, CULTURE AND THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1880-1919
An International Leverhulme Trust Project
Third International Conference
APPROACHING WAR: EUROPE
Newcastle University, UK, 15-17 March, 2013
This is the third of three conferences aimed at producing a website and edited collections to provide teachers, academics, and the interested public with a rich and diverse resource of materials on childhood, children’s culture and children’s literature in the period 1890-1919. The searchable website will consist of video recordings of the conference papers, backed up by summaries, images, links and bibliographies; the published volumes will contain expanded versions of the conference papers.
We are inviting proposals for papers on any aspect of childhood, children’s culture and children’s literature in this period, relating to the approach of war. Potential topics might include:
- Toys, Games and Ephemera
- Children’s Literature before 1914 (especially poetry)
- Children’s Poetry of the War
- The Approach to War in Continental Europe
- Materials Written by Children
- The Treatment of Children and War in 20th and 21st Century Children’s Books
Proposals should be in the form of a detailed summary (no more than 500 words), including an indication of the (non-copyright) visual materials that you could provide for the website. In order to obtain maximum benefit from the conference, participants would be asked to produce, by 1 February 2013, an advanced draft paper, which would then be put on the website with access limited to other conference delegates. At the conference, speakers will be asked to give a 20-30 minute presentation, which will be digitally recorded for the website. After the conference, we will ask for completed papers to be sent to us by 30 April, 2013. The papers will then be peer-reviewed for inclusion in the published volumes or on the website.
The deadline for proposals is 1 September, 2012, and we will inform you of the outcome by 15 October 2012.
Some bursaries for travel and accommodation will be available.
Please send proposals to: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:660bb67a-c265-4e72-b003-781389f38779> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.irscl.com/news/?m=201206 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00264.warc.gz | en | 0.91826 | 487 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Overview, Causes, & Risk Factors
Choking in an unconscious adult may occur when the upper airway,usually the throat or windpipe, is blocked by an object orirritation.
What are the causes and risks of the injury?
Choking is more likely if a person:
Symptoms & Signs
What are the signs and symptoms of the injury?
Signs and symptoms of choking in an unconscious adult include:
Diagnosis & Tests
How is the injury recognized?
An adult who is unconscious as a result of choking will be unresponsive. The rescuerwill be unable to push air into the lungs with mouth-to-mouth breathing.Bystanders may report an episode of choking, followed by unconsciousness.
Prevention & Expectations
What can be done to prevent the injury?
In many cases, choking can be prevented by:
Treatment & Monitoring
What are the treatments for the injury?
First aid for an unconscious adult who has choked includes the following:
What are the side effects of the treatments?
The chest compressions of CPR can cause vomiting, injuries to internal organs,or broken ribs. Vomiting can be a problem if the vomit is caught in the airwayand inhaled into the lungs. There is a possibility that none of the procedures may work, and the person maystill choke, remain unconscious, or even die.
What happens after treatment for the injury?
It is important to obtain medical care from a healthcareprofessional. Occasionally, an object will enter the lung instead of beingexpelled. This can cause coughing,wheezing, or aspiration pneumonia.
Article type: xmedgeneral | <urn:uuid:b4ffd8ef-6114-442e-a543-dd957bcfbbb0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthiack.com/encyclopedia/choking-in-the-unconscious-adult | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.922127 | 343 | 2.78125 | 3 |
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