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This paper summarizes the detailed analysis of the relationship between ecological and life history characteristics of a selected number of Bornean vertebrates and their sensitivity to timber harvest and associated impacts. The data suggest that few species are negatively affected by the simple removal of commercial timber species. Associated impacts, however, such as increased hunting pressure in opened-up forest areas, increased erosion and soil compaction, slashing of lianas and ground cover vegetation, and fragmentation of once larger forest areas, can significantly reduce survival chances of wildlife populations in logged forests. Many of these negative impacts can be reduced by management interventions that do not necessarily reduce timber output from a forestry concession. Based on these findings, the authors provide recommendations for forestry managemnet that, if properly implemented, would increase the compatibility between logging and wildlife conservation.
Mohamed, M., Kusano, T., Jensen, S.M. (eds.). 2004. Biodiversity conservation: forward together: proceedings of the Bornean Biodiversity & Ecosystems Conservation Programme in Sabah (BBEC) International Conference 2004, held on 24th-26th February 2004 at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. 236-250 | <urn:uuid:97b7033b-c527-4c3c-8881-305b4d1d153f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/publication/1771 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.91146 | 242 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We choose office utensils
In today's world we produce many documents, notes and notes using a computer. However, every day hundreds of offices and offices use binders, folders, pens or highlighters. All the necessary office accessories should be organized using organizers and tools. Without them, there will be chaos and mess on our desks, and this will certainly not make it easier for us to perform our duties.
We choose the organizer: what should be the selection criteria?
The choice of organizer depends only on our individual needs and habits. We can belong to this category of people who work better and more efficiently when they have at their disposal a multitude of different office accessories: colored cards, highlighters, pens, paper clips, punches, stapler. With such a large number of office supplies, an organizer is necessary, without it it it is impossible to keep order on the desk. What are the types of organizers?
Elegant, chic organizer
A tasteful metal toolbox should appeal to those for whom elegance comes first. It will be perfect for modern companies, where minimalistic decoration of office space has been taken care of. It can also be used at home - it will certainly be an interesting trifle, both practical and decorative at the same time. For small desks, a toolbox is designed to be stored in drawers. In these organizers, compartments for smartphones, calculators and other necessary office accessories were conceived. Metal organizers will serve us for many years, because they were made very solidly.
Popular plastic organizers
They are the most popular. They are available in various shapes, sizes and colour variants. They are available in such different variants, they can have different number of compartments, that finding the one that we like the most is not the slightest problem. In this type of toolbox there will be a place for all office accessories, which we use every day. Multi-purpose hand tools are relatively often offered together with other office supplies. When deciding on a plastic toolbox, pay attention to whether it has an anti-slip silicone rubber underside - they will prevent the organiser from moving on the slippery desk top.
Tutorials for students
During the homework, children use coloured crayons, pens, pens, pencils and many other accessories. Organisers are also useful for them. They are slightly different from those used in offices. The compartments have been specially designed to store accessories that are typical for children. They differ from the organizers for adults with their colors, very often decorated with characters from children's books or films. Children's organisations are designed to encourage both learning and play. It is easy to keep order on your desk by placing a toolbox on it. | <urn:uuid:981a3aae-d568-4ea7-a5b1-4f4787a6bc05> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://financialtips.eu/we-choose-office-utensils_drzh.a | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961727 | 558 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Revolutionary new research developed for FIFA at Victoria University will ensure that all offside decisions made at the 2022 World Cup in Qatar are accurate, quick, and clear.
FIFA has aspired to harness the power of cutting-edge technology to improve professional football for decades, with electronic systems approved for goal-line technology some 10 years ago, and Video-Assisted Refereeing (VAR) a feature since the 2018 World Cup.
Now, after three years of research, FIFA has approved technology for the 2022 World Cup to rule on offsides.
The new technology will greatly shorten the often-excruciating delay of around 70 seconds on average that referees can devote to making offside decisions, while providing officials with clear evidence about the accuracy of their calls.
Professor Robert Aughey, who led the VU team in FIFA-commissioned research, says that with billions of dollars tied up in the world’s biggest sporting event, referees cannot afford to make mistakes on offside calls that may very well decide if a team wins or loses a match.
“This development enhances the integrity of the game and is an example of an excellent application of technology to assist and support referee decisions.”
The VU researchers scientifically analysed and validated the accuracy of data used in new ‘limb-tracking’ technology that determines where all 22 players on both teams are in relation to each other - and in relation to the ball - through three-dimensional Vicon motion-capture vision.
Testing to sub-millimetre precision
Conducted earlier this year in Spain, the research included 44 infra-red cameras to measure the return of light from reflective markers on players’ body parts to test the accuracy of the limb-tracking technology.
The measurements were made to sub-millimetre precision, and conducted across a series of test scenarios to mimic real-life match play, ranging from clearly offside play, to marginal calls involving several players.
The results showed that FIFA’s so-called Semi-Automated Offside Technology (SAOT) is both accurate and will save time, allowing referees to make offside calls in fewer than 10 seconds, rather than minutes.
The SAOT system will be installed throughout all of Qatar’s stadiums, with 12 cameras mounted under stadium roofs to monitor the exact position of each player 50 times per second. A separate sensor positioned inside the centre of the ball will send data up to 500 times a second to detect precise kick points.
By synchronising the data and applying sophisticated algorithms in real time, the system triggers an alert when a potential offside position is detected, which is then quickly confirmed by an official before the referee makes a final call.
After each decision, a a 3-D animation of the incident can be broadcast on the giant screens at the stadium and on TV for fans and spectators to see the accuracy of the call.
VU sport scientists, and their commercial company, TRACK, began working with FIFA on various projects in 2017, when FIFA chose Victoria University for its reputation for research excellence, unique interdisciplinary approach, and track record for quality scientific analysis in high-performance sport. | <urn:uuid:0517df87-29fb-4d54-b785-6131036dfead> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vu.edu.au/about-vu/news-events/news/vu-research-features-in-new-world-cup-offside-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938046 | 653 | 2.390625 | 2 |
04 Aug Western Landmark: Chamberlin Inn
Like many small, well-preserved cities in the mountain West, Cody, Wyoming, projects a palpable sense of history. The main street, wide enough to turn a wagon around, is dotted with period buildings, anchored by a hotel founded by Buffalo Bill and surrounded by mountains. Visitors come for the scenery, the dude ranches, the big game hunting, the nightly rodeo, the Buffalo Bill Museum and the town’s proximity to Yellowstone National Park. They come seeking Western authenticity. It is only fitting, reasoned Ev and Susan Diehl, that the town’s lodging options include an inn with that same authenticity. Thus, when they saw an opportunity to buy a downtown property with a century-long history as a hotel, they grabbed it.
Longtime Cody residents, the Diehls were in fact living on a sailboat in the middle of the Pacific at the time of the purchase of what was then the Pawnee Hotel, known as the place the rodeo cowboys bunked while on the circuit. They sailed to the West Coast, sold their boat, moved back to Cody, drafted their two daughters to help, strapped on toolbelts and worked for two years to restore the buildings, not just to — but well beyond — their former glory.
The Chamberlin Inn today is a series of four buildings arranged around a central open courtyard of lawn, patio and gardens with a fire pit. The original red-brick boarding house, founded by town leader Agnes Chamberlin as the Chamberlin Hotel in 1904, was stripped to its brick walls and restored as close to its original configuration and details as possible. Each of the 17 guest rooms is different; each has a unique configuration, period details, its own color scheme and original art. The main building houses a wood-lined library, a newly outfitted lounge and dining area and a glass conservatory that opens up to the garden in inclement weather. Its lobby is original; displayed there are the hotel’s first switchboard, complete with plugs, and the guest register from 1932 displaying Ernest Hemingway’s distinctive signature.
The property includes The Courthouse, the building that served for three years as the original courthouse when Park County split from Big Horn County in 1909; it is now a two-story lofted residence with period touches. The Chamberlin’s original barn sits directly behind the main hotel. It was rebuilt from the studs and now contains two apartments and a loft with a vaulted ceiling. Finally, the original shop was transformed into The Cottage, a stuccoed romantic escape with a lofted ceiling, fireplace and clawfoot tub.
Cody’s Chamberlin Inn has become a popular venue for weddings, off-site meetings and small conferences. The Diehl family and their staff cater to all visitors with a personal touch. From luxurious extras — organic linens, Belgian chocolates, Italian lotions and fresh flowers — to individualized concierge services, the inn routinely exceeds the expectation of its guests. And for the many tourists who come to Wyoming in search of the true West, it provides even more: a chance to dwell, even if briefly, in its turn-of-the-century history. | <urn:uuid:c4c93ef1-2ffe-4a77-b375-cb6ceb1ebd95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://westernartandarchitecture.com/articles/western-landmark10 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964243 | 671 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Engineering Acoustics/Print version
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Part 1: Lumped Acoustical Systems
The Position Equation
This section shows how to form the equation describing the position of a mass on a spring.
For a simple oscillator consisting of a mass m attached to one end of a spring with a spring constant s, the restoring force, f, can be expressed by the equation
where x is the displacement of the mass from its rest position. Substituting the expression for f into the linear momentum equation,
where a is the acceleration of the mass, we can get
Note that the frequency of oscillation is given by
To solve the equation, we can assume
The force equation then becomes
Giving the equation
This gives the equation of x to be
and that C1 and C2 are constants given by the initial conditions of the system
If the position of the mass at t = 0 is denoted as x0, then
and if the velocity of the mass at t = 0 is denoted as u0, then
Solving the two boundary condition equations gives
The position is then given by
This equation can also be found by assuming that x is of the form
And by applying the same initial conditions,
This gives rise to the same position equation
Alternate Position Equation Forms
If A1 and A2 are of the form
Then the position equation can be written
By applying the initial conditions (x(0)=x0, u(0)=u0) it is found that
If these two equations are squared and summed, then it is found that
And if the difference of the same two equations is found, the result is that
The position equation can also be written as the Real part of the imaginary position equation
Due to euler's rule (ejφ = cosφ + jsinφ), x(t) is of the form
Forced Oscillations(Simple Spring-Mass System)
Recap of Section 1.3
In the previous section, we discussed how adding a damping component (e. g. a dashpot) to an unforced, simple spring-mass system would affect the response of the system. In particular, we learned that adding the dashpot to the system changed the natural frequency of the system from to a new damped natural frequency , and how this change made the response of the system change from a constant sinusoidal response to an exponentially-decaying sinusoid in which the system either had an under-damped, over-damped, or critically-damped response.
In this section, we will digress a bit by going back to the simple (undamped) oscillator system of the previous section, but this time, a constant force will be applied to this system, and we will investigate this system’s performance at low and high frequencies as well as at resonance. In particular, this section will start by introducing the characteristics of the spring and mass elements of a spring-mass system, introduce electrical analogs for both the spring and mass elements, learn how these elements combine to form the mechanical impedance system, and reveal how the impedance can describe the mechanical system’s overall response characteristics. Next, power dissipation of the forced, simple spring-mass system will be discussed in order to corroborate our use of electrical circuit analogs for the forced, simple spring-mass system. Finally, the characteristic responses of this system will be discussed, and a parameter called the amplification ratio (AR) will be introduced that will help in plotting the resonance of the forced, simple spring-mass system.
Forced Spring Element
Taking note of Figs. 1, we see that the equation of motion for a spring that has some constant, external force being exerted on it is...
where is the mechanical stiffness of the spring.
Note that in Fig. 1(c), force flows constantly (i.e. without decreasing) throughout a spring, but the velocity of the spring decrease from to as the force flows through the spring. This concept is important to know because it will be used in subsequent sections.
In practice, the stiffness of the spring , also called the spring constant, is usually expressed as , or the mechanical compliance of the spring. Therefore, the spring is very stiff if is large is small. Similarly, the spring is very loose or “bouncy” if is small is large. Noting that force and velocity are analogous to voltage and current, respectively, in electrical systems, it turns out that the characteristics of a spring are analogous to the characteristics of a capacitor in relation to, and, so we can model the “reactiveness” of a spring similar to the reactance of a capacitor if we let as shown in Fig. 2 below.
Forced Mass Element
Taking note of Fig. 3, the equation for a mass that has constant, external force being exerted on it is...
If the mass can vary its value and is oscillating in a mechanical system at max amplitude such that the input the system receives is constant at frequency , as increases, the harder it will be for the system to move the mass at at until, eventually, the mass doesn’t oscillate at all . Another equivalently way to look at it is to let vary and hold constant. Similarly, as increases, the harder it will be to get to oscillate at and keep the same amplitude until, eventually, the mass doesn’t oscillate at all. Therefore, as increases, the “reactiveness” of mass decreases (i.e. starts to move less and less). Recalling the analogous relationship of force/voltage and velocity/current, it turns out that the characteristics of a mass are analogous to an inductor. Therefore, we can model the “reactiveness” of a mass similar to the reactance of an inductor if we let as shown in Fig. 4.
Mechanical Impedance of Spring-Mass System
As mentioned twice before, force is analogous to voltage and velocity is analogous to current. Because of these relationships, this implies that the mechanical impedance for the forced, simple spring-mass system can be expressed as follows:
In general, an undamped, spring-mass system can either be “spring-like” or “mass-like”. “Spring-like” systems can be characterized as being “bouncy” and they tend to grossly overshoot their target operating level(s) when an input is introduced to the system. These type of systems relatively take a long time to reach steady-state status. Conversely, “mass-like” can be characterized as being “lethargic” and they tend to not reach their desired operating level(s) for a given input to the system...even at steady-state! In terms of complex force and velocity, we say that “ force LEADS velocity” in mass-like systems and “velocity LEADS force” in spring-like systems (or equivalently “ force LAGS velocity” in mass-like systems and “velocity LAGS force” in spring-like systems). Figs. 5 shows this relationship graphically.
Power Transfer of a Simple Spring-Mass System
From electrical circuit theory, the average complex power dissipated in a system is expressed as ...
where and represent the (time-invariant) complex voltage and complex conjugate current, respectively. Analogously, we can express the net power dissipation of the mechanical system in general along with the power dissipation of a spring-like system or mass-like system as...
In equations 1.4.7, we see that the product of complex force and velocity are purely imaginary. Since reactive elements, or commonly called, lossless elements, cannot dissipate energy, this implies that the net power dissipation of the system is zero. This means that in our simple spring-mass system, power can only be (fully) transferred back and forth between the spring and the mass. But this is precisely what a simple spring-mass system does. Therefore, by evaluating the power dissipation, this corroborates the notion of using electrical circuit elements to model mechanical elements in our spring-mass system.
Responses For Forced, Simple Spring-Mass System
Fig. 6 below illustrates a simple spring-mass system with a force exerted on the mass.
This system has response characteristics similar to that of the undamped oscillator system, with the only difference being that at steady-state, the system oscillates at the constant force magnitude and frequency versus exponentially decaying to zero in the unforced case. Recalling equations 1.4.2b and 1.4.4b, letting be the natural (resonant) frequency of the spring-mass system, and letting be frequency of the input received by the system, the characteristic responses of the forced spring-mass systems are presented graphically in Figs. 7 below.
The amplification ratio is a useful parameter that allows us to plot the frequency of the spring-mass system with the purports of revealing the resonant freq of the system solely based on the force experienced by each, the spring and mass elements of the system. In particular, AR is the magnitude of the ratio of the complex force experienced by the spring and the complex force experienced by the mass, i.e.
If we let , be the frequency ratio, it turns out that AR can also be expressed as...
AR will be at its maximum when . This happens precisely when . An example of an AR plot is shown below in Fig 8.
For most systems, a simple oscillator is not a very accurate model. While a simple oscillator involves a continuous transfer of energy between kinetic and potential form, with the sum of the two remaining constant, real systems involve a loss, or dissipation, of some of this energy, which is never recovered into kinetic nor potential energy. The mechanisms that cause this dissipation are varied and depend on many factors. Some of these mechanisms include drag on bodies moving through the air, thermal losses, and friction, but there are many others. Often, these mechanisms are either difficult or impossible to model, and most are non-linear. However, a simple, linear model that attempts to account for all of these losses in a system has been developed.
The most common way of representing mechanical resistance in a damped system is through the use of a dashpot. A dashpot acts like a shock absorber in a car. It produces resistance to the system's motion that is proportional to the system's velocity. The faster the motion of the system, the more mechanical resistance is produced.
As seen in the graph above, a linear relationship is assumed between the force of the dashpot and the velocity at which it is moving. The constant that relates these two quantities is , the mechanical resistance of the dashpot. This relationship, known as the viscous damping law, can be written as:
Also note that the force produced by the dashpot is always in phase with the velocity.
The power dissipated by the dashpot can be derived by looking at the work done as the dashpot resists the motion of the system:
Modeling the Damped Oscillator
In order to incorporate the mechanical resistance (or damping) into the forced oscillator model, a dashpot is placed next to the spring. It is connected to the mass () on one end and attached to the ground on the other end. A new equation describing the forces must be developed:
It's phasor form is given by the following:
Mechanical Impedance for Damped Oscillator
Previously, the impedance for a simple oscillator was defined as . Using the above equations, the impedance of a damped oscillator can be calculated:
For very low frequencies, the spring term dominates because of the relationship. Thus, the phase of the impedance approaches for very low frequencies. This phase causes the velocity to "lag" the force for low frequencies. As the frequency increases, the phase difference increases toward zero. At resonance, the imaginary part of the impedance vanishes, and the phase is zero. The impedance is purely resistive at this point. For very high frequencies, the mass term dominates. Thus, the phase of the impedance approaches and the velocity "leads" the force for high frequencies.
Based on the previous equations for dissipated power, we can see that the real part of the impedance is indeed . The real part of the impedance can also be defined as the cosine of the phase times its magnitude. Thus, the following equations for the power can be obtained.
Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems
Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems
Characterizing the response of Damped Mechanical Oscillating system can be easily quantified using two parameters. The system parameters are the resonance frequency ( and the damping of the system . In practice, finding these parameters would allow for quantification of unknown systems and allow you to derive other parameters within the system.
Using the mechanical impedance in the following equation, notice that the imaginary part will equal zero at resonance.
Calculating the Mechanical Resistance
The decay time of the system is related to 1 / B where B is the Temporal Absorption. B is related to the mechancial resistance and to the mass of the system by the following equation.
The mechanical resistance can be derived from the equation by knowing the mass and the temporal absorption.
The system is said to be critically damped when:
A critically damped system is one in which an entire cycle is never completed. The absorption coefficient in this type of system equals the natural frequency. The system will begin to oscillate, however the amplitude will decay exponentially to zero within the first oscillation.
The damping ratio is a comparison of the mechanical resistance of a system to the resistance value required for critical damping. Rc is the value of Rm for which the absorption coefficient equals the natural frequency (critical damping). A damping ratio equal to 1 therefore is critically damped, because the mechanical resistance value Rm is equal to the value required for critical damping Rc. A damping ratio greater than 1 will be overdamped, and a ratio less than 1 will be underdamped.
The Quality Factor (Q) is way to quickly characterize the shape of the peak in the response. It gives a quantitative representation of power dissipation in an oscillation.
Wu and Wl are called the half power points. When looking at the response of a system, the two places on either side of the peak where the point equals half the power of the peak power defines Wu and Wl. The distance in between the two is called the half-power bandwidth. So, the resonant frequency divided by the half-power bandwidth gives you the quality factor. Mathematically, it takes Q/pi oscillations for the vibration to decay to a factor of 1/e of its original amplitude.
Why Circuit Analogs?
Acoustic devices are often combinations of mechanical and electrical elements. A common example of this would be a loudspeaker connected to a power source. It is useful in engineering applications to model the entire system with one method. This is the reason for using a circuit analogy in a vibrating mechanical system. The same analytic method can be applied to Electro-Acoustic Analogies.
How Electro-Mechanical Analogies Work
An electrical circuit is described in terms of its potential (voltage) and flux (current). To construct a circuit analog of a mechanical system we define flux and potential for the system. This leads to two separate analog systems. The Impedance Analog denotes the force acting on an element as the potential and the velocity of the element as the flux. The Mobility Analog equates flux with the force and velocity with potential.
For many, the mobility analog is considered easier for a mechanical system. It is more intuitive for force to flow as a current and for objects oscillating the same frequency to be wired in parallel. However, either method will yield equivalent results and can also be translated using the dual (dot) method.
The Basic Elements of an Oscillating Mechanical System
The Mechanical Spring:
The ideal spring is considered to be operating within its elastic limit, so the behavior can be modeled with Hooke's Law. It is also assumed to be massless and have no damping effects.
The Mechanical Mass
In a vibrating system, a mass element opposes acceleration. From Newton's Second Law:
The Mechanical Resistance
The dashpot is an ideal viscous damper which opposes velocity.
The two ideal generators which can drive any system are an ideal velocity and ideal force generator. The ideal velocity generator can be denoted by a drawing of a crank or simply by declaring , and the ideal force generator can be drawn with an arrow or by declaring
Simple Damped Mechanical Oscillators
In the following sections we will consider this simple mechanical system as a mobility and impedance analog. It can be driven either by an ideal force or an ideal velocity generator, and we will consider simple harmonic motion. The m in the subscript denotes a mechanical system, which is currently redundant, but can be useful when combining mechanical and acoustic systems.
The Impedance Analog
The Mechanical Spring
In a spring, force is related to the displacement from equilibrium. By Hooke's Law,
The equivalent behaviour in a circuit is a capacitor:
The Mechanical Mass
The force on a mass is related to the acceleration (change in velocity). The behaviour, by Newton's Second Law, is:
The equivalent behaviour in a circuit is an inductor:
The Mechanical Resistance
For a viscous damper, the force is directly related to the velocity
The equivalent is a simple resistor of value
Thus the simple mechanical oscillator in the previous section becomes a series RCL Circuit:
The current through all three elements is equal (they are at the same velocity) and that the sum of the potential drops across each element will equal the potential at the generator (the driving force). The ideal voltage generator depicted here would be equivalent to an ideal force generator.
IMPORTANT NOTE: The velocity measured for the spring and dashpot is the relative velocity ( velocity of one end minus the velocity of the other end). The velocity of the mass, however, is the absolute velocity.
The Mobility Analog
Like the Impedance Analog above, the equivalent elements can be found by comparing their fundamental equations with the equations of circuit elements. However, since circuit equations usually define voltage in terms of current, in this case the analogy would be an expression of velocity in terms of force, which is the opposite of convention. However, this can be solved with simple algebraic manipulation.
The Mechanical Spring
The equivalent behavior for this circuit is the behavior of an inductor.
The Mechanical Mass
Similar to the spring element, if we take the general equation for a capacitor and differentiate,
The Mechanical Resistance
Since the relation between force and velocity is proportionate, the only difference is that the mechanical resistance becomes inverted:
The simple mechanical oscillator drawn above would become a parallel RLC Circuit. The potential across each element is the same because they are each operating at the same velocity. This is often the more intuitive of the two analogy methods to use, because you can visualize force "flowing" like a flux through your system. The ideal voltage generator in this drawing would correspond to an ideal velocity generator.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Since the measure of the velocity of a mass is absolute, a capacitor in this analogy must always have one terminal grounded. A capacitor with both terminals at a potential other than ground may be realized physically as an inverter, which completes all elements of this analogy.
Methods for checking Electro-Mechanical Analogies
After drawing the electro-mechanical analogy of a mechanical system, it is always safe to check the circuit. There are two methods to accomplish this:
Review of Circuit Solving Methods
Kirchkoff's Voltage law
"The sum of the potential drops around a loop must equal zero."
Kirchkoff's Current Law
"The Sum of the currents at a node (junction of more than two elements) must be zero"
Hints for solving circuits:
Remember that certain elements can be combined to simplify the circuit (the combination of like elements in series and parallel)
If solving a ciruit that involves steady-state sources, use impedances. Any circuit can eventually be combined into a single impedance using the following identities:
Impedances in series:
Impedances in parallel:
Dot Method: (Valid only for planar network)
This method helps obtain the dual analog (one analog is the dual of the other). The steps for the dot product are as follows:
1) Place one dot within each loop and one outside all the loops.
2) Connect the dots. Make sure that there is only one line through each element and that no lines cross more than one element.
3) Draw in each line that crosses an element its dual element, including the source.
4) The circuit obtained should have an equivalent behavior as the dual analog of the original electro-mechanical circuit.
The parallel RLC Circuit above is equivalent to a series RLC driven by an ideal current source
This method looks at the behavior of the system for very large or very small values of the parameters and compares them with the expected behavior of the mechanical system. For instance, you can compare the mobility circuit behavior of a near-infinite inductance with the mechanical system behavior of a near-infinite stiffness spring.
|Very High Value||Very Low Value|
|Capacitor||Short Circuit||Open Circuit|
|Inductor||Open Circuit||Closed Circuit|
|Resistor||Open Circuit||Short Circuit|
Additional Resources for solving linear circuits
Thomas & Rosa, "The Analysis and Design of Linear Circuits", Wiley, 2001
Hayt, Kemmerly & Durbin, "Engineering Circuit Analysis", 6th ed., McGraw Hill, 2002
Examples of Electro-Mechanical Analogies
Note: The crank indicates an ideal velocity generator, with an amplitude of rotating at rad/s.
Impedance Analog Solution
Mobility Analog Solution
Primary variables of interest
Consider a piston moving in a tube. The piston starts moving at time t=0 with a velocity u=. The piston fits inside the tube smoothly without any friction or gap. The motion of the piston creates a planar sound wave or acoustic disturbance traveling down the tube at a constant speed c>>. In a case where the tube is very small, one can neglect the time it takes for acoustic disturbance to travel from the piston to the end of the tube. Hence, one can assume that the acoustic disturbance is uniform throughout the tube domain.
1. Although sound can exist in solids or fluid, we will first consider the medium to be a fluid at rest. The ambient, undisturbed state of the fluid will be designated using subscript zero. Recall that a fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of any shear (tangential) stress.
2. Disturbance is a compressional one (as opposed to transverse).
3. Fluid is a continuum: infinitely divisible substance. Each fluid property assumed to have definite value at each point.
4. The disturbance created by the motion of the piston travels at a constant speed. It is a function of the properties of the ambient fluid. Since the properties are assumed to be uniform (the same at every location in the tube) then the speed of the disturbance has to be constant. The speed of the disturbance is the speed of sound, denoted by letter with subscript zero to denote ambient property.
5. The piston is perfectly flat, and there is no leakage flow between the piston and the tube inner wall. Both the piston and the tube walls are perfectly rigid. Tube is infinitely long, and has a constant area of cross section, A.
6. The disturbance is uniform. All deviations in fluid properties are the same across the tube for any location x. Therefore the instantaneous fluid properties are only a function of the Cartesian coordinate x (see sketch). Deviations from the ambient will be denoted by primed variables.
Variables of interest
Pressure (force / unit area)
Pressure is defined as the normal force per unit area acting on any control surface within the fluid.
For the present case,inside a tube filled with a working fluid, pressure is the ratio of the surface force acting onto the fluid in the control region and the tube area. The pressure is decomposed into two components - a constant equilibrium component, , superimposed with a varying disturbance . The deviation is also called the acoustic pressure. Note that can be positive or negative. Unit: . Acoustical pressure can be measured using a microphone.
Density is mass of fluid per unit volume. The density, ρ, is also decomposed into the sum of ambient value (usually around ρ0= 1.15 kg/m3) and a disturbance ρ’(x). The disturbance can be positive or negative, as for the pressure. Unit:
Acoustic volume velocity
Rate of change of fluid particles position as a function of time. Its the well known fluid mechanics term, flow rate.
In most cases, the velocity is assumed constant over the entire cross section (plug flow), which gives acoustic volume velocity as a product of fluid velocity and cross section S.
Consider a rigid tube-piston system as following figure.
Piston is moving back and forth sinusoidally with frequency of f. Assuming (where c is sound velocity ), volume of fluid in tube is,
Then mass (mechanical mass) of fluid in tube is given as,
For sinusoidal motion of piston, fluid move as rigid body at same velocity as piston. Namely, every point in tube moves with the same velocity.
Applying the Newton's second law to the following free body diagram,
Where, plug flow assumption is used.
"Plug flow" assumption: Frequently in acoustics, the velocity distribution along the normal surface of fluid flow is assumed uniform. Under this assumption, the acoustic volume velocity U is simply product of velocity and entire surface.
Recalling mechanical impedance,
acoustical impedance (often termed an acoustic ohm) is defined as,
where, acoustical mass is defined.
Acoustical mobility is defined as,
Impedance Analog vs. Mobility Analog
Acoustical resistance models loss due to viscous effects (friction) and flow resistance (represented by a screen).
The acoustical generator components are pressure, P and volume velocity, U, which are analogus to force, F and velocity, u of electro-mechanical analogy respectively. Namely, for impedance analog, pressure is analogus to voltage and volume velocity is analogus to current, and vice versa for mobility analog. These are arranged in the following table.
Impedance and Mobility analogs for acoustical generators of constant pressure and constant volume velocity are as follows:
Consider a piston in an enclosure.
When the piston moves, it displaces the fluid inside the enclosure. Acoustic compliance is the measurement of how "easy" it is to displace the fluid.
Here the volume of the enclosure should be assumed to be small enough that the fluid pressure remains uniform.
Assume no heat exchange 1.adiabatic 2.gas compressed uniformly , p prime in cavity everywhere the same.
from thermo equitation File:Equ1.jpg it is easy to get the relation between disturbing pressure and displacement of the piston File:Equ3.gif where U is volume rate, P is pressure according to the definition of the impendance and mobility, we can getFile:Equ4.gif
Mobility Analog VS Impedance Analog
Examples of Electro-Acoustical Analogies
Example 1: Helmholtz Resonator
Assumptions - (1) Completely sealed cavity with no leaks. (2) Cavity acts like a rigid body inducing no vibrations.
Example 2: Combination of Side-Branch Cavities
Transducers - Loudspeaker
The purpose of an acoustic transducer is to convert electrical energy into acoustic energy. Many variations of acoustic transducers exist, such as electrostatic, balanced armature and moving-coil loudspeakers. This article focuses on moving-coil loudspeakers since they are the most commonly used type of acoustic transducer. First, the physical construction and principle of a typical moving coil transducer are discussed briefly. Second, electro-mechano-acoustical modeling of each element composing the loudspeaker is presented in a tutorial way to reinforce and supplement the theory on electro-mechanical analogies and electro-acoustic analogies previously seen in other sections. Third, the equivalent circuit is analyzed to introduce the theory behind Thiele-Small parameters, which are very useful when designing loudspeaker enclosures. A method to experimentally determine Thiele-Small parameters is also included.
Moving-coil loudspeaker construction and principle
The classic moving-coil loudspeaker driver can be divided into three key components:
1) The magnet motor drive system, comprising the permanent magnet, the center pole and the voice coil acting together to produce a mechanical force on the diaphragm from an electrical current.
2) The loudspeaker cone system, comprising the diaphragm and dust cap, permitting mechanical force to be translated into acoustic pressure;
3) The loudspeaker suspension, comprising the spider and surround, preventing the diaphragm from breaking due to over excursion, allowing only translational movement and tending to bring the diaphragm back to its rest position.
The following illustration shows a cut-away view of a typical moving coil-permanent magnet loudspeaker. A coil is mechanically coupled to a diaphragm, also called cone, and rests in a fixed magnetic field produced by a magnet. When an electrical current flows through the coil, a corresponding magnetic field is emitted, interacting with the fixed field of the magnet and thus applying a force to the coil, pushing it away or towards the magnet. Since the cone is mechanically coupled to the coil, it will push or pull the air it is facing, causing pressure changes and emitting a sound wave.
An equivalent circuit can be obtained to model the loudspeaker as a lumped system. This circuit can be used to drive the design of a complete loudspeaker system, including an enclosure and sometimes even an amplifier that is matched to the properties of the driver. The following section shows how such an equivalent circuit can be obtained.
Electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit
Electro-mechanico-acoustical systems such as loudspeakers can be modeled as equivalent electrical circuits as long as each element moves as a whole. This is usually the case at low frequencies or at frequencies where the dimensions of the system are small compared to the wavelength of interest. To obtain a complete model of the loudspeaker, the interactions and properties of electrical, mechanical, and acoustical subsystems composing the loudspeaker driver must each be modeled. The following sections detail how the circuit may be obtained starting with the amplifier and ending with the acoustical load presented by air. A similar development can be found in or .
The electrical part of the system is composed of a driving amplifier and a voice coil. Most amplifiers can be approximated as a perfect voltage source in series with the amplifier output impedance. The voice coil exhibits an inductance and a resistance that may be directly modeled as a circuit.
Electrical to mechanical subsystem
When the loudspeaker is fed an electrical signal, the voice coil and magnet convert current to force. Similarly, voltage is related to the velocity. This relationship between the electrical side and the mechanical side can be modeled by a transformer.
In a first approximation, a moving coil loudspeaker may be thought of as a mass-spring system where the diaphragm and the voice coil constitute the mass and the spider and surround constitute the spring element. Losses in the suspension can be modeled as a resistor.
The equation of motion gives us :
Which yields the mechanical impedance type analogy in the form of a series RLC circuit. A parallel RLC circuit may also be obtained to get the mobility analog following mathematical manipulation:
Which expresses the mechanical mobility type analogy in the form of a parallel RLC circuit where the denominator elements are respectively a parallel conductance, inductance, and compliance.
Mechanical to acoustical subsystem
A loudspeaker’s diaphragm may be thought of as a piston that pushes and pulls on the air facing it, converting mechanical force and velocity into acoustic pressure and volume velocity. The equations are as follow:
These equations can be modeled by a transformer.
The impedance presented by the air load on the loudspeaker's diaphragm is both resistive due to sound radiation and reactive due to the air mass that is being pushed radially but does not contribute to sound radiation to the far field. The air load on the diaphragm can be modeled as an impedance or an admittance. Specific values and approximations can be found in , or . Note that the air load depends on the mounting conditions of the loudspeaker. If the loudspeaker is mounted in a baffle, the air load will be the same on each side of the diaphragm. Then, if the air load on one side is in the admittance analogy, then the total air load is as both loads are in parallel.
Complete electro-mechano-acoustical equivalent circuit
Using electrical impedance, mechanical mobility and acoustical admittance yield the following equivalent circuit, modeling the entire loudspeaker drive unit.
This circuit can be reduced by substituting the transformers and connected loads by an equivalent loading that would present the same impedance as the loaded transformer. An example of this is shown on figure 7, where acoustical and electrical loads and sources have been "brought over" to the mechanical side.
The advantage of doing such manipulations is that we can then directly relate electrical measurements with elements in the circuit. This will later allow us to obtain values for the different components of the model and match this model to real loudspeaker drivers. We can further simplify this circuit by using Norton's theorem and converting the series electrical components and voltage source into an equivalent current source and parallel electrical components. Then, using a technique called the Dot method, presented in section Solution Methods: Electro-Mechanical Analogies, we can obtain a single loop series circuit which is the dual of the parallel circuit previously obtained with Norton's theorem. If we are mainly interested in the low frequency behavior of the loudspeaker, as should be the case when using lumped element modeling, we can neglect the effect of the voice coil inductance, which has an effect only at high frequencies. Furthermore, the air load impedance at low frequencies is mass-like and can be modeled by a simple inductance . This results in a simplified low frequency model equivalent circuit, shown of figure 8, which is easier to manipulate than the circuit of figure 7. Note that the analogy used for this circuit is of the impedance type.
Where if is the radius of the loudspeaker and , the density of air. Mass elements, in this case the mass of the diaphragm and voice coil and the air mass loading the diaphragm can be regrouped in a single element:
The complete low frequency behavior of a loudspeaker drive unit can be modeled with just six parameters, called Thiele-Small parameters. Most of these parameters result from algebraic manipulation of the equations of the circuit of figure 8. Loudspeaker driver manufacturers seldom provide electro-mechano-acoustical parameters directly and rather provide Thiele-Small parameters in datasheets, but conversion from one to the other is quite simple. The Thiele-Small parameters are as follow:
1. , the voice coil DC resistance;
2. , the electrical Q factor;
3. , the mechanical Q factor;
4. , the loudspeaker resonance frequency;
5. , the effective surface area of the diaphragm;
6. , the equivalent suspension volume: the volume of air that has the same acoustic compliance as the suspension of the loudspeaker driver.
These parameters can be related directly from the low frequency approximation circuit of figure 8, with and being explicit.
; ; ;
Where is the Bulk modulus of air. It follows that, if given Thiele-Small parameters, one can extract the values of each component of the circuit of figure 8 using the following equations :
; ; ; ; ;
Many methods can be used to measure Thiele-Small parameters of drivers. Measurement of Thiele-Small parameters is sometimes necessary if a manufacturer does not provide them. Also, the actual Thiele-Small parameters of a given loudspeaker can differ from nominal values significantly. The method described in this section comes from . Note that for this method, the loudspeaker is considered to be mounted in an infinite baffle. In practice, a baffle with a diameter of four times that of the loudspeaker is sufficient. Measurements without a baffle are also possible: the air mass loading will simply be halved and can be easily accounted for. The setup for this method includes an FFT analyzer or a mean to obtain an impedance curve. A signal generator of variable frequency and an AC meter can also be used.
Once the impedance curve of the loudspeaker is measured, and can be directly identified by looking at the low frequency asymptote of the impedance value and the center frequency of the resonance peak. If the frequencies where are identified as and , Q factors can be calculated.
can simply be approximated by , where is the radius of the loudspeaker driver. The last remaining Thiele-Small parameter, is slightly trickier to measure. The idea is to either increase mass or reduce compliance of the loudspeaker drive unit and note the shift in resonance frequency. If a known mass is added to the loudspeaker diaphragm, the new resonance frequency will be:
And the equivalent suspension volume may be obtained with:
Hence, all Thiele-Small parameters modeling the low frequency behavior of the loudspeaker drive unit can be obtained from a fairly simple setup. These parameters are of tremendous help in loudspeaker enclosure design.
This section presents a numerical example of obtaining Thiele-Small parameters from impedance curves. The impedance curves presented in this section have been obtained from simulations using nominal Thiele-Small parameters of a real woofer loudspeaker. Firsy, these Thiele-Small parameters have been transformed into an electro-mechano-acoustical circuit using the equation presented before. Second, the circuit was treated as a black box and the method to extract Thiele-Small parameters was used. The purpose of this simulation is to present the method, step by step, using realistic values so that the reader can get more familiar with the process, the magnitude of the values and with what to expect when performing such measurements.
For this simulation, a loudspeaker of radius is mounted on a baffle sufficiently large to act as an infinite baffle. Its impedance is obtained and plotted in figure 11, where important cursors have already been placed.
The low frequency asymptote is immediately identified as . The resonance is clear and centered at . The value of the impedance at this frequency is about . This yields , which occurs at and . With this information, we can compute some of the Thiele-Small parameters.
As a next step, a mass of is fixed to the loudspeaker diaphragm. This shifts the resonance frequency and yields a new impedance curve, as shown on figure 12.
Once all six Thiele-Small parameters have been obtained, it is possible to calculate values for the electro-mechano-acoustical circuit modeling elements of figure 6 or 7. From then, the design of an enclosure can start. This is discussed in application sections Sealed box subwoofer design and Bass reflex enclosure design.
Kleiner, Mendel. Electroacoustics. CRC Press, 2013.
Beranek, Leo L., and Tim Mellow. Acoustics: sound fields and transducers. Academic Press, 2012.
Kinsler, Lawrence E., et al. Fundamentals of Acoustics, 4th Edition. Wiley-VCH, 1999.
Small, Richard H. "Direct radiator loudspeaker system analysis." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 20.5 (1972): 383-395.
Consider the situation shown in the figure below. We have a typical Helmholtz resonator driven by a massless piston which generates a sinusoidal pressure , however the cavity is not fixed in this case. Rather, it is supported above the ground by a spring with compliance . Assume the cavity has a mass .
Recall the Helmholtz resonator (see Module #9). The difference in this case is that the pressure in the cavity exerts a force on the bottom of the cavity, which is now not fixed as in the original Helmholtz resonator. This pressure causes a force that acts upon the cavity bottom. If the surface area of the cavity bottom is , then Newton's Laws applied to the cavity bottom give
In order to develop the equivalent circuit, we observe that we simply need to use the pressure (potential across ) in the cavity to generate a force in the mechanical circuit. The above equation shows that the mass of the cavity and the spring compliance should be placed in series in the mechanical circuit. In order to convert the pressure to a force, the transformer is used with a ratio of .
A practical example of a moving resonator is a marimba. A marimba is a similar to a xylophone but has larger resonators that produce deeper and richer tones. The resonators (seen in the picture as long, hollow pipes) are mounted under an array of wooden bars which are struck to create tones. Since these resonators are not fixed, but are connected to the ground through a stiffness (the stand), it can be modeled as a moving resonator. Marimbas are not tunable instruments like flutes or even pianos. It would be interesting to see how the tone of the marimba changes as a result of changing the stiffness of the mount.
For more information about the acoustics of marimbas see http://www.mostlymarimba.com/techno1.html
Part 2: One-Dimensional Wave Motion
Transverse vibrations of strings
This section deals with the wave nature of vibrations constrained to one dimension. Examples of this type of wave motion are found in objects such a pipes and tubes with a small diameter (no transverse motion of fluid) or in a string stretched on a musical instrument.
Stretched strings can be used to produce sound (e.g. music instruments like guitars). The stretched string constitutes a mechanical system that will be studied in this chapter. Later, the characteristics of this system will be used to help to understand by analogies acoustical systems.
What is a wave equation?
There are various types of waves (i.e. electromagnetic, mechanical, etc.) that act all around us. It is important to use wave equations to describe the time-space behavior of the variables of interest in such waves. Wave equations solve the fundamental equations of motion in a way that eliminates all variables but one. Waves can propagate longitudinal or parallel to the propagation direction or perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of propagation. To visualize the motion of such waves click here (Acoustics animations provided by Dr. Dan Russell,Kettering University)
One dimensional Case
- the string is uniform in size and density
- stiffness of string is negligible for small deformations
- effects of gravity neglected
- no dissipative forces like frictions
- string deforms in a plane
- motion of the string can be described by using one single spatial coordinate
Spatial representation of the string in vibration:
The following is the free-body diagram of a string in motion in a spatial coordinate system:
From the diagram above, it can be observed that the tensions in each side of the string will be the same as follows:
Using Taylor series to expand we obtain:
Characterization of the mechanical system
A one dimensional wave can be described by the following equation (called the wave equation):
is a solution,
This is the D'Alambert solution, for more information see:
Another way to solve this equation is the Method of separation of variables. This is useful for modal analysis. This assumes the solution is of the form:
The result is the same as above, but in a form that is more convenient for modal analysis.
For more information on this approach see: Eric W. Weisstein et al. "Separation of Variables." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource.
Please see Wave Properties for information on variable c, along with other important properties.
For more information on wave equations see: Eric W. Weisstein. "Wave Equation." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource.
Example with the function :
Example: Java String simulation
This show a simple simulation of a plucked string with fixed ends.
In 1747, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert published a solution to the one-dimensional wave equation.
The general solution, now known as the d'Alembert method, can be found by introducing two new variables:
and then applying the chain rule to the general form of the wave equation.
From this, the solution can be written in the form:
where f and g are arbitrary functions, that represent two waves traveling in opposing directions.
A more detailed look into the proof of the d'Alembert solution can be found here.
Example of Time Domain Solution
If f(ct-x) is plotted vs. x for two instants in time, the two waves are the same shape but the second displaced by a distance of c(t2-t1) to the right.
The two arbitrary functions could be determined from initial conditions or boundary values.
Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations
The functions representing the solutions to the wave equation previously discussed,
i.e. with and
are dependent upon the boundary and initial conditions. If it is assumed that the wave is propagating through a string, the initial conditions are related to the specific disturbance in the string at t=0. These specific disturbances are determined by location and type of contact and can be anything from simple oscillations to violent impulses. The effects of boundary conditions are less subtle.
The most simple boundary conditions are the Fixed Support and Free End. In practice, the Free End boundary condition is rarely encountered since it is assumed there are no transverse forces holding the string (e.g. the string is simply floating).
For a Fixed Support
The overall displacement of the waves travelling in the string, at the support, must be zero. Denoting x=0 at the support, This requires:
Therefore, the total transverse displacement at x=0 is zero.
The sequence of wave reflection for incident, reflected and combined waves are illustrated below. Please note that the wave is traveling to the left (negative x direction) at the beginning. The reflected wave is ,of course, traveling to the right (positive x direction).
For a Free Support
Unlike the Fixed Support boundary condition, the transverse displacement at the support does not need to be zero, but must require the sum of transverse forces to cancel. If it is assumed that the angle of displacement is small,
But of course, the tension in the string, or T, will not be zero and this requires the slope at x=0 to be zero:
Again for free boundary, the sequence of wave reflection for incident, reflected and combined waves are illustrated below:
Other Boundary Conditions
There are many other types of boundary conditions that do not fall into our simplified categories. As one would expect though, it isn't difficult to relate the characteristics of numerous "complex" systems to the basic boundary conditions. Typical or realistic boundary conditions include mass-loaded, resistance-loaded, damping-loaded, and impedance-loaded strings. For further information, see Kinsler, Fundamentals of Acoustics, pp 54–58.
Here is a website with nice movies of wave reflection at different BC's: Wave Reflection
To begin with, a few definitions of useful variables will be discussed. These include; the wave number, phase speed, and wavelength characteristics of wave travelling through a string.
The speed that a wave propagates through a string is given in terms of the phase speed, typically in m/s, given by:
where is the density per unit length of the string.
The wave number is used to reduce the transverse displacement equation to a simpler form and for simple harmonic motion, is multiplied by the lateral position. It is given by:
Lastly, the wavelength is defined as:
and is defined as the distance between two points, usually peaks, of a periodic waveform.
These "wave properties" are of practical importance when calculating the solution of the wave equation for a number of different cases. As will be seen later, the wave number is used extensively to describe wave phenomenon graphically and quantitatively.
For further information: Wave Properties
1.forced vibrations of infinite string suppose there is a string very long , at x=0 there is a force exerted on it.
use the boundary condition at x=0,
neglect the reflected wave
it is easy to get the wave form
where w is the angular velocity, k is the wave number.
according to the impedance definition
it represents the characteristic impedance of the string. obviously, it is purely resistive, which is like the resistance in the mechanical system.
The dissipated power
Note: along the string, all the variables propagate at same speed.
link title a useful link to show the time-space property of the wave.
Some interesting animations of the wave at different boundary conditions.
1.hard boundary (which is like a fixed end)
2.soft boundary (which is like a free end)
3.from low density to high density string
4.from high density to low density string
Part 3: Applications
Room Acoustics and Concert Halls
Room Acoustics and Concert Halls
From performing on many different rooms and stages all over the United States, I thought it would be nice to have a better understanding and source about the room acoustics. This Wikibook page is intended to help the user with basic technical questions/answers about room acoustics. Main topics that will be covered are: what really makes a room sound good or bad, alive or dead. This will lead into absorption and transmission coefficients, decay of sound in the room, and reverberation. Different use of materials in rooms will be mentioned also. There is no intention of taking work from another. This page is a switchboard source to help the user find information about room acoustics.
Two types of sound fields are involved in room acoustics: Direct Sound and Reverberant Sound.
The component of the sound field in a room that involves only a direct path between the source and the receiver, before any reflections off walls and other surfaces.
The component of the sound field in a room that involves the direct path and the path after it reflects off of walls or any other surfaces. How the waves deflect off of the mediums all depends on the absorption and transmission coefficients.
In a perfect world, if there is a sound shot right at a wall, the sound should come right back. But because sounds hit different materials types of walls, the sound does not have perfect reflection. From 1, these are explained as follows:
Absorption & Transmission Coefficients
The best way to explain how sound reacts to different mediums is through acoustical energy. When sound impacts on a wall, acoustical energy will be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through the wall.
If all of the acoustic energy hits the wall and none is reflected, the alpha would equal 1. The energy had zero reflection and was absorbed or transmitted. This would be an example of a dead or soft wall because it takes in everything and doesn't reflect anything back. Rooms that are like this are called Anechoic Rooms which looks like this from Axiomaudio.
If all of the acoustic energy hits the wall and all reflects back, the alpha would equal 0. This would be an example of a live or hard wall because the sound bounces right back and does not go through the wall. Rooms that are like this are called Reverberant Rooms like this McIntosh room. Look how the walls have nothing attached to them. More room for the sound waves to bounce off the walls.
Room Averaged Sound Absorption Coefficient
Not all rooms have the same walls on all sides. The room averaged sound absorption coefficient can be used to have different types of materials and areas of walls averaged together.
Absorption Coefficients for Specific Materials
Basic sound absorption Coefficients are shown here at Acoustical Surfaces.
Brick, unglazed, painted alpha ~ .01 - .03 -> Sound reflects back
An open door alpha equals 1 -> Sound goes through
Units are in Sabins.
Sound Decay and Reverberation Time
In a large reverberant room, a sound can still propagate after the sound source has been turned off. This time when the sound intensity level has decay 60 dB is called the reverberation time of the room.
Great Halls in the World
Lord, Gatley, Evensen; Noise Control for Engineers, Krieger Publishing, 435 pgs
Back to Engineering Acoustics
Created by Kevin Baldwin
Bass Reflex Enclosure Design
Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker systems. Bass-reflex enclosures are also called "vented-box design" or "ported-cabinet design". A bass-reflex enclosure includes a vent or port between the cabinet and the ambient environment. This type of design, as one may observe by looking at contemporary loudspeaker products, is still widely used today. Although the construction of bass-reflex enclosures is fairly simple, their design is not simple, and requires proper tuning. This reference focuses on the technical details of bass-reflex design. General loudspeaker information can be found here.
Effects of the Port on the Enclosure Response
Before discussing the bass-reflex enclosure, it is important to be familiar with the simpler sealed enclosure system performance. As the name suggests, the sealed enclosure system attaches the loudspeaker to a sealed enclosure (except for a small air leak included to equalize the ambient pressure inside). Ideally, the enclosure would act as an acoustical compliance element, as the air inside the enclosure is compressed and rarified. Often, however, an acoustic material is added inside the box to reduce standing waves, dissipate heat, and other reasons. This adds a resistive element to the acoustical lumped-element model. A non-ideal model of the effect of the enclosure actually adds an acoustical mass element to complete a series lumped-element circuit given in Figure 1. For more on sealed enclosure design, see the Sealed Box Subwoofer Design page.
Figure 1. Sealed enclosure acoustic circuit.
In the case of a bass-reflex enclosure, a port is added to the construction. Typically, the port is cylindrical and is flanged on the end pointing outside the enclosure. In a bass-reflex enclosure, the amount of acoustic material used is usually much less than in the sealed enclosure case, often none at all. This allows air to flow freely through the port. Instead, the larger losses come from the air leakage in the enclosure. With this setup, a lumped-element acoustical circuit has the following form.
In this figure, represents the radiation impedance of the outside environment on the loudspeaker diaphragm. The loading on the rear of the diaphragm has changed when compared to the sealed enclosure case. If one visualizes the movement of air within the enclosure, some of the air is compressed and rarified by the compliance of the enclosure, some leaks out of the enclosure, and some flows out of the port. This explains the parallel combination of , , and . A truly realistic model would incorporate a radiation impedance of the port in series with , but for now it is ignored. Finally, , the acoustical mass of the enclosure, is included as discussed in the sealed enclosure case. The formulas which calculate the enclosure parameters are listed in Appendix B.
It is important to note the parallel combination of and . This forms a Helmholtz resonator (click here for more information). Physically, the port functions as the “neck” of the resonator and the enclosure functions as the “cavity.” In this case, the resonator is driven from the piston directly on the cavity instead of the typical Helmholtz case where it is driven at the “neck.” However, the same resonant behavior still occurs at the enclosure resonance frequency, . At this frequency, the impedance seen by the loudspeaker diaphragm is large (see Figure 3 below). Thus, the load on the loudspeaker reduces the velocity flowing through its mechanical parameters, causing an anti-resonance condition where the displacement of the diaphragm is a minimum. Instead, the majority of the volume velocity is actually emitted by the port itself instead of the loudspeaker. When this impedance is reflected to the electrical circuit, it is proportional to , thus a minimum in the impedance seen by the voice coil is small. Figure 3 shows a plot of the impedance seen at the terminals of the loudspeaker. In this example, was found to be about 40 Hz, which corresponds to the null in the voice-coil impedance.
Quantitative Analysis of Port on Enclosure
The performance of the loudspeaker is first measured by its velocity response, which can be found directly from the equivalent circuit of the system. As the goal of most loudspeaker designs is to improve the bass response (leaving high-frequency production to a tweeter), low frequency approximations will be made as much as possible to simplify the analysis. First, the inductance of the voice coil, , can be ignored as long as . In a typical loudspeaker, is of the order of 1 mH, while is typically 8, thus an upper frequency limit is approximately 1 kHz for this approximation, which is certainly high enough for the frequency range of interest.
Another approximation involves the radiation impedance, . It can be shown that this value is given by the following equation (in acoustical ohms):
Where and are types of Bessel functions. For small values of ka,
Hence, the low-frequency impedance on the loudspeaker is represented with an acoustic mass . For a simple analysis, , , , and (the transducer parameters, or Thiele-Small parameters) are converted to their acoustical equivalents. All conversions for all parameters are given in Appendix A. Then, the series masses, , , and , are lumped together to create . This new circuit is shown below.
Unlike sealed enclosure analysis, there are multiple sources of volume velocity that radiate to the outside environment. Hence, the diaphragm volume velocity, , is not analyzed but rather . This essentially draws a “bubble” around the enclosure and treats the system as a source with volume velocity . This “lumped” approach will only be valid for low frequencies, but previous approximations have already limited the analysis to such frequencies anyway. It can be seen from the circuit that the volume velocity flowing into the enclosure, , compresses the air inside the enclosure. Thus, the circuit model of Figure 3 is valid and the relationship relating input voltage, to may be computed.
In order to make the equations easier to understand, several parameters are combined to form other parameter names. First, and , the enclosure and loudspeaker resonance frequencies, respectively, are:
Based on the nature of the derivation, it is convenient to define the parameters and h, the Helmholtz tuning ratio:
A parameter known as the compliance ratio or volume ratio, , is given by:
Other parameters are combined to form what are known as quality factors:
This notation allows for a simpler expression for the resulting transfer function :
Development of Low-Frequency Pressure Response
It can be shown that for , a loudspeaker behaves as a spherical source. Here, a represents the radius of the loudspeaker. For a 15” diameter loudspeaker in air, this low frequency limit is about 150 Hz. For smaller loudspeakers, this limit increases. This limit dominates the limit which ignores , and is consistent with the limit that models by .
Within this limit, the loudspeaker emits a volume velocity , as determined in the previous section. For a simple spherical source with volume velocity , the far-field pressure is given by :
It is possible to simply let for this analysis without loss of generality because distance is only a function of the surroundings, not the loudspeaker. Also, because the transfer function magnitude is of primary interest, the exponential term, which has a unity magnitude, is omitted. Hence, the pressure response of the system is given by :
Where . In the following sections, design methods will focus on rather than , which is given by:
This also implicitly ignores the constants in front of since they simply scale the response and do not affect the shape of the frequency response curve.
A popular way to determine the ideal parameters has been through the use of alignments. The concept of alignments is based upon well investigated electrical filter theory. Filter development is a method of selecting the poles (and possibly zeros) of a transfer function to meet a particular design criterion. The criteria are the desired properties of a magnitude-squared transfer function, which in this case is . From any of the design criteria, the poles (and possibly zeros) of are found, which can then be used to calculate the numerator and denominator. This is the “optimal” transfer function, which has coefficients that are matched to the parameters of to compute the appropriate values that will yield a design that meets the criteria.
There are many different types of filter designs, each which have trade-offs associated with them. However, this design approach is limited because of the structure of . In particular, it has the structure of a fourth-order high-pass filter with all zeros at s = 0. Therefore, only those filter design methods which produce a low-pass filter with only poles will be acceptable methods to use. From the traditional set of algorithms, only Butterworth and Chebyshev low-pass filters have only poles. In addition, another type of filter called a quasi-Butterworth filter can also be used, which has similar properties to a Butterworth filter. These three algorithms are fairly simple, thus they are the most popular. When these low-pass filters are converted to high-pass filters, the transformation produces in the numerator.
More details regarding filter theory and these relationships can be found in numerous resources, including .
The Butterworth algorithm is designed to have a maximally flat pass band. Since the slope of a function corresponds to its derivatives, a flat function will have derivatives equal to zero. Since as flat of a pass band as possible is optimal, the ideal function will have as many derivatives equal to zero as possible at s = 0. Of course, if all derivatives were equal to zero, then the function would be a constant, which performs no filtering.
Often, it is better to examine what is called the loss function. Loss is the reciprocal of gain, thus
The loss function can be used to achieve the desired properties, then the desired gain function is recovered from the loss function.
Now, applying the desired Butterworth property of maximal pass-band flatness, the loss function is simply a polynomial with derivatives equal to zero at s = 0. At the same time, the original polynomial must be of degree eight (yielding a fourth-order function). However, derivatives one through seven can be equal to zero if
With the high-pass transformation ,
It is convenient to define , since or -3 dB. This definition allows the matching of coefficients for the describing the loudspeaker response when . From this matching, the following design equations are obtained :
The quasi-Butterworth alignments do not have as well-defined of an algorithm when compared to the Butterworth alignment. The name “quasi-Butterworth” comes from the fact that the transfer functions for these responses appear similar to the Butterworth ones, with (in general) the addition of terms in the denominator. This will be illustrated below. While there are many types of quasi-Butterworth alignments, the simplest and most popular is the 3rd order alignment (QB3). The comparison of the QB3 magnitude-squared response against the 4th order Butterworth is shown below.
Notice that the case is the Butterworth alignment. The reason that this QB alignment is called 3rd order is due to the fact that as B increases, the slope approaches 3 dec/dec instead of 4 dec/dec, as in 4th order Butterworth. This phenomenon can be seen in Figure 5.
Equating the system response with , the equations guiding the design can be found :
The Chebyshev algorithm is an alternative to the Butterworth algorithm. For the Chebyshev response, the maximally-flat passband restriction is abandoned. Now, a ripple, or fluctuation is allowed in the pass band. This allows a steeper transition or roll-off to occur. In this type of application, the low-frequency response of the loudspeaker can be extended beyond what can be achieved by Butterworth-type filters. An example plot of a Chebyshev high-pass response with 0.5 dB of ripple against a Butterworth high-pass response for the same is shown below.
The Chebyshev response is defined by :
is called the Chebyshev polynomial and is defined by :
Fortunately, Chebyshev polynomials satisfy a simple recursion formula :
For more information on Chebyshev polynomials, see the Wolfram Mathworld: Chebyshev Polynomials page.
When applying the high-pass transformation to the 4th order form of , the desired response has the form :
The parameter determines the ripple. In particular, the magnitude of the ripple is dB and can be chosen by the designer, similar to B in the quasi-Butterworth case. Using the recursion formula for ,
Applying this equation to ,
Thus, the design equations become :
Choosing the Correct Alignment
With all the equations that have already been presented, the question naturally arises, “Which one should I choose?” Notice that the coefficients , , and are not simply related to the parameters of the system response. Certain combinations of parameters may indeed invalidate one or more of the alignments because they cannot realize the necessary coefficients. With this in mind, general guidelines have been developed to guide the selection of the appropriate alignment. This is very useful if one is designing an enclosure to suit a particular transducer that cannot be changed.
The general guideline for the Butterworth alignment focuses on and . Since the three coefficients , , and are a function of , , h, and , fixing one of these parameters yields three equations that uniquely determine the other three. In the case where a particular transducer is already given, is essentially fixed. If the desired parameters of the enclosure are already known, then is a better starting point.
In the case that the rigid requirements of the Butterworth alignment cannot be satisfied, the quasi-Butterworth alignment is often applied when is not large enough.. The addition of another parameter, B, allows more flexibility in the design.
For values that are too large for the Butterworth alignment, the Chebyshev alignment is typically chosen. However, the steep transition of the Chebyshev alignment may also be utilized to attempt to extend the bass response of the loudspeaker in the case where the transducer properties can be changed.
In addition to these three popular alignments, research continues in the area of developing new algorithms that can manipulate the low-frequency response of the bass-reflex enclosure. For example, a 5th order quasi-Butterworth alignment has been developed ; its advantages include improved low frequency extension, and much reduced driver excursion at low frequencies and typically bi-amping or tri-amping, while its disadvatages include somewhat difficult mathematics and electronic complication (electronic crossovers are typically required). Another example applies root-locus techniques to achieve results. In the modern age of high-powered computing, other researchers have focused their efforts in creating computerized optimization algorithms that can be modified to achieve a flatter response with sharp roll-off or introduce quasi-ripples which provide a boost in sub-bass frequencies .
Leach, W. Marshall, Jr. Introduction to Electroacoustics and Audio Amplifier Design. 2nd ed. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA. 2001.
Beranek, L. L. Acoustics. 2nd ed. Acoustical Society of America, Woodbridge, NY. 1993.
DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Butterworth Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004.
DeCarlo, Raymond A. “The Chebyshev Approximation.” Notes from ECE 445. Purdue University. 2004.
VanValkenburg, M. E. Analog Filter Design. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Chicago, IL. 1982.
Kreutz, Joseph and Panzer, Joerg. "Derivation of the Quasi-Butterworth 5 Alignments." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. Vol. 42, No. 5, May 1994.
Rutt, Thomas E. "Root-Locus Technique for Vented-Box Loudspeaker Design." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. Vol. 33, No. 9, September 1985.
Simeonov, Lubomir B. and Shopova-Simeonova, Elena. "Passive-Radiator Loudspeaker System Design Software Including Optimization Algorithm." Journal of the Audio Engineering Society. Vol. 47, No. 4, April 1999.
Appendix A: Equivalent Circuit Parameters
|Name||Electrical Equivalent||Mechanical Equivalent||Acoustical Equivalent|
|Driver (Speaker) Mass||See|
|Driver (Speaker) Suspension Compliance|
|Driver (Speaker) Suspension Resistance|
|Enclosure Air-Leak Losses|
|Acoustic Mass of Port|
|Enclosure Mass Load||See||See|
|Low-Frequency Radiation Mass Load||See||See|
|Combination Mass Load|
Appendix B: Enclosure Parameter Formulas
Based on these dimensions ,
|(inside enclosure gross volume)||(baffle area of the side the speaker is mounted on)|
|specific heat of air at constant isovolumetric process (about at 300 K)||specific heat of filling at constant volume ()|
|mean density of air (about at 300 K)||density of filling|
|ratio of specific heats (Isobaric/Isovolumetric processes) for air (about 1.4 at 300 K)||speed of sound in air (about 344 m/s)|
|= effective density of enclosure. If little or no filling (acceptable assumption in a bass-reflex system but not for sealed enclosures),|
New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media
Acoustic filters are used in many devices such as mufflers, noise control materials (absorptive and reactive), and loudspeaker systems to name a few. Although the waves in simple (single-medium) acoustic filters usually travel in gases such as air and carbon-monoxide (in the case of automobile mufflers) or in materials such as fiberglass, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film, or polyethylene (Saran Wrap), there are also filters that couple two or three distinct media together to achieve a desired acoustic response. General information about basic acoustic filter design can be perused at the following wikibook page Acoustic Filter Design & Implementation. The focus of this article will be on acoustic filters that use multilayer air/polymer film-coupled media as its acoustic medium for sound waves to propagate through; concluding with an example of how these filters can be used to detect and extrapolate audio frequency information in high-frequency "carrier" waves that carry an audio signal. However, before getting into these specific type of acoustic filters, we need to briefly discuss how sound waves interact with the medium(media) in which it travels and how these factors can play a role when designing acoustic filters.
Changes in Media Properties Due to Sound Wave CharacteristicsAs with any system being designed, the filter response characteristics of an acoustic filter are tailored based on the frequency spectrum of the input signal and the desired output. The input signal may be infrasonic (frequencies below human hearing), sonic (frequencies within human hearing range), or ultrasonic (frequencies above human hearing range). In addition to the frequency content of the input signal, the density, and, thus, the characteristic impedance of the medium (media) being used in the acoustic filter must also be taken into account. In general, the characteristic impedance for a particular medium is expressed as...
= (equilibrium) density of medium = speed of sound in medium
is interpreted as the (time-averaged) rate of energy transmission of a sound wave through a unit area normal to the direction of propagation, and this parameter is also an important factor in acoustic filter design because the characteristic properties of the given medium can change relative to intensity of the sound wave traveling through it. In other words, the reaction of the particles (atoms or molecules) that make up the medium will respond differently when the intensity of the sound wave is very high or very small relative to the size of the control area (i.e. dimensions of the filter, in this case). Other properties such as the elasticity and mean propagation velocity (of a sound wave) can change in the acoustic medium as well, but focusing on frequency, impedance, and/or intensity in the design process usually takes care of these other parameters because most of them will inevitably be dependent on the aforementioned properties of the medium.
Why Coupled Acoustic Media in Acoustic Filters?
In acoustic transducers, media coupling is employed in acoustic transducers to either increase or decrease the impedance of the transducer, and, thus, control the intensity and speed of the signal acting on the transducer while converting the incident wave, or initial excitation sound wave, from one form of energy to another (e.g. converting acoustic energy to electrical energy). Specifically, the impedance of the transducer is augmented by inserting a solid structure (not necessarily rigid) between the transducer and the initial propagation medium (e.g. air). The reflective properties of the inserted medium is exploited to either increase or decrease the intensity and propagation speed of the incident sound wave. It is the ability to alter, and to some extent, control, the impedance of a propagation medium by (periodically) inserting (a) solid structure(s) such as thin, flexible films in the original medium (air) and its ability to concomitantly alter the frequency response of the original medium that makes use of multilayer media in acoustic filters attractive. The reflection factor and transmission factor and , respectively, between two media, expressed as...
are the tangible values that tell how much of the incident wave is being reflected from and transmitted through the junction where the media meet. Note that is the (total) input impedance seen by the incident sound wave upon just entering an air-solid acoustic media layer. In the case of multiple air-columns as shown in Fig. 2, is the aggregate impedance of each air-column layer seen by the incident wave at the input. Below in Fig. 1, a simple illustration explains what happens when an incident sound wave propagating in medium (1) and comes in contact with medium (2) at the junction of the both media (x=0), where the sound waves are represented by vectors.
As mentioned above, an example of three such successive air-solid acoustic media layers is shown in Fig. 2 and the electroacoustic equivalent circuit for Fig. 2 is shown in Fig. 3 where = (density of solid material)(thickness of solid material) = unit-area (or volume) mass, characteristic acoustic impedance of medium, and wavenumber. Note that in the case of a multilayer, coupled acoustic medium in an acoustic filter, the impedance of each air-solid section is calculated by using the following general purpose impedance ratio equation (also referred to as transfer matrices)...
where is the (known) impedance at the edge of the solid of an air-solid layer (on the right) and is the (unknown) impedance at the edge of the air column of an air-solid layer.
Effects of High-Intensity, Ultrasonic Waves in Acoustic Media in Audio Frequency Spectrum
When an ultrasonic wave is used as a carrier to transmit audio frequencies, three audio effects are associated with extrapolating the audio frequency information from the carrier wave: (a) beating effects, (b) parametric array effects, and (c) radiation pressure.
Beating occurs when two ultrasonic waves with distinct frequencies and propagate in the same direction, resulting in amplitude variations which consequently make the audio signal information go in and out of phase, or “beat”, at a frequency of .
Parametric array effects occur when the intensity of an ultrasonic wave is so high in a particular medium that the high displacements of particles (atoms) per wave cycle changes properties of that medium so that it influences parameters like elasticity, density, propagation velocity, etc. in a non-linear fashion. The results of parametric array effects on modulated, high-intensity, ultrasonic waves in a particular medium (or coupled media) is the generation and propagation of audio frequency waves (not necessarily present in the original audio information) that are generated in a manner similar to the nonlinear process of amplitude demodulation commonly inherent in diode circuits (when diodes are forward biased).
Another audio effect that arises from high-intensity ultrasonic beams of sound is a static (DC) pressure called radiation pressure. Radiation pressure is similar to parametric array effects in that amplitude variations in the signal give rise to audible frequencies via amplitude demodulation. However, unlike parametric array effects, radiation pressure fluctuations that generate audible signals from amplitude demodulation can occur due to any low-frequency modulation and not just from pressure fluctuations occurring at the modulation frequency or beating frequency .
An Application of Coupled Media in Acoustic Filters
Figs. 1 - 3 were all from a research paper entitled New Type of Acoustics Filter Using Periodic Polymer Layers for Measuring Audio Signal Components Excited by Amplitude-Modulated High_Intensity Ultrasonic Waves submitted to the Audio Engineering Society (AES) by Minoru Todo, Primary Innovator at Measurement Specialties, Inc., in the October 2005 edition of the AES Journal. Figs. 4 and 5 below, also from this paper, are illustrations of test setups referred to in this paper. Specifically, Fig. 4 is a test setup used to measure the transmission (of an incident ultrasonic sound wave) through the acoustic filter described by Figs. 1 and 2. Fig. 5 is a block diagram of the test setup used for measuring radiation pressure, one of the audio effects mentioned in the previous section. It turns out that out of all of the audio effects mentioned in the previous section that are caused by high-intensity ultrasonic waves propagating in a medium, sound waves produced from radiated pressure are the hardest to detect when microphones and preamplifiers are used in the detection/receiver system. Although nonlinear noise artifacts occur due to overloading of the preamplifier present in the detection/receiver system, the bulk of the nonlinear noise comes from the inherent nonlinear noise properties of microphones. This is true because all microphones, even specialized measurement microphones designed for audio spectrum measurements that have sensitivity well beyond the threshold of hearing, have nonlinearities artifacts that (periodically) increase in magnitude with respect to increase at ultrasonic frequencies. These nonlinearities essentially mask the radiation pressure generated because the magnitude of these nonlinearities are orders of magnitude greater than the radiation pressure. The acoustic (low-pass) filter referred to in this paper was designed in order to filter out the "detrimental" ultrasonic wave that was inducing high nonlinear noise artifacts in the measurement microphones. The high-intensity, ultrasonic wave was producing radiation pressure (which is audible) within the initial acoustic medium (i.e. air). By filtering out the ultrasonic wave, the measurement microphone would only detect the audible radiation pressure that the ultrasonic wave was producing in air. Acoustic filters like these could possibly be used to detect/receive any high-intensity, ultrasonic signal that may carry audio information which may need to be extrapolated with an acceptable level of fidelity.
Minoru Todo, "New Type of Acoustic Filter Using Periodic Polymer Layers for Measuring Audio Signal Components Excited by Amplitude-Modulated High-Intensity Ultrasonic Waves," Journal of Audio Engineering Society, Vol. 53, pp. 930–41 (2005 October)
Fundamentals of Acoustics; Kinsler et al., John Wiley & Sons, 2000
ME 513 Course Notes, Dr. Luc Mongeau, Purdue University
Noise in Hydraulic Systems
Noise in Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic systems are the most preferred source of power transmission in most of the industrial and mobile equipments due to their advantages in power density, compactness, flexibility, fast response and efficiency. The field hydraulics and pneumatics is also known as 'Fluid Power Technology'. Fluid power systems have a wide range of applications which include industrial, off-road vehicles, automotive system and aircrafts. In spite of these advantages, there are also some disadvantages. One of the main drawbacks with the hydraulic fluid power systems is the vibration and noise generated by them. The health and safety issues relating to noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) have been recognized for many years and legislation is now placing clear demands on manufacturers to reduce noise levels . Hence, a lot of attention has been paid on reducing the noise of hydraulic fluid power systems both from the industrial and academic researchers. A good understanding of the noise generation, transmission and propagation is very important in order to improve the NVH performance of hydraulic fluid power systems.
Sound in fluids
The speed of sound in fluids can be determined using the following relation.
where K - fluid bulk modulus, - fluid density, c - velocity of sound
Typical value of bulk modulus range from 2e9 to 2.5e9 N/m2. For a particular oil, with a density of 889 kg/m3,
speed of sound
Source of Noise
The main source of noise in hydraulic systems is the pump which supplies the flow. Most of the pumps used are positive displacement pumps. Of the positive displacement pumps, axial piston swash plate type is mostly preferred due to their controllability and efficiency.
The noise generation in an axial piston pump can be classifeid under two categories:
(i) fluidborne noise and
(ii) Structureborne noise
Fluidborne Noise (FBN)
Among the positive displacement pumps, highest levels of FBN are generated by axial piston pumps and lowest levels by screw pumps and in between these lie the external gear pump and vane pump . The discussion in this page is mainly focused on axial piston swash plate type pumps. An axial piston pump has a fixed number of displacement chambers arranged in a circular pattern separated from each other by an angular pitch equal to where n is the number of displacement chambers. As each chamber discharges a specific volume of fluid, the discharge at the pump outlet is sum of all the discharge from the individual chambers. The discontinuity in flow between adjacent chambers results in a kinematic flow ripple. The amplitude of the kinematic ripple can be theoretically determined given the size of the pump and the number of displament chambers. The kinematic ripple is the main cause of the fluidborne noise. The kinematic ripples is a theoretical value. The actual flow ripple at the pump outlet is much larger than the theoretical value because the kinematic ripple is combined with a compressibility component which is due to the fluid compressibility. These ripples (also referred as flow pulsations) generated at the pump are transmitted through the pipe or flexible hose connected to the pump and travel to all parts of the hydraulic circuit.
The pump is considered an ideal flow source. The pressure in the system will be decided by resistance to the flow or otherwise known as system load. The flow pulsations result in pressure pulsations. The pressure pulsations are superimposed on the mean system pressure. Both the flow and pressure pulsations easily travel to all part of the circuit and affect the performance of the components like control valve and actuators in the system and make the component vibrate, sometimes even resonate. This vibration of system components adds to the noise generated by the flow pulsations. The transmission of FBN in the circuit is discussed under transmission below.
A typical axial piston pump with 9 pistons running at 1000 rpm can produce a sound pressure level of more than 70 dBs.
Structureborne Noise (SBN)
In swash plate type pumps, the main sources of the structureborne noise are the fluctuating forces and moments of the swas plate. These fluctuating forces arise as a result of the varying pressure inside the displacement chamber. As the displacing elements move from suction stroke to discharge stroke, the pressure varies accordingly from few bars to few hundred bars. This pressure changes are reflected on the displacement elements (in this case, pistons) as forces and these force are exerted on the swash plate causing the swash plate to vibrate. This vibration of the swash plate is the main cause of structureborne noise. There are other components in the system which also vibrate and lead to structureborne noise, but the swash is the major contributor.
The transmission of FBN is a complex phenomenon. Over the past few decades, considerable amount of research had gone into mathematical modeling of pressure and flow transient in the circuit. This involves the solution of wave equations, with piping treated as a distributed parameter system known as a transmission line & .
Lets consider a simple pump-pipe-loading valve circuit as shown in Fig. 2. The pressure and flow ripple at ay location in the pipe can be described by the relations:
where and are frequency dependent complex coefficients which are directly proportional to pump (source) flow ripple, but also functions of the source impedance , characteristic impedance of the pipe and the termination impedance . These impedances ,usually vary as the system operating pressure and flow rate changes, can be determined experimentally.
For complex systems with several system components, the pressure and flow ripples are estimated using the transformation matrix approach. For this, the system components can be treated as lumped impedances (a throttle valve or accumulator), or distributed impedances (flexible hose or silencer). Various software packages are available today to predict the pressure pulsations.
The transmission of SBN follows the classic source-path-noise model. The vibrations of the swash plate, the main cause of SBN, is transferred to the pump casing which encloses all the rotating group in the pump including displacement chambers (also known as cylinder block), pistons and the swash plate. The pump case, apart from vibrating itself, transfers the vibration down to the mount on which the pump is mounted. The mount then passes the vibrations down to the main mounted structure or the vehicle. Thus the SBN is transferred from the swash plate to the main strucuture or vehicle via pumpcasing and mount.
Some of the machine structures, along the path of transmission, are good at transmitting this vribational energy and they even resonate and reinforce it. By converting only a fraction of 1% of the pump structureborne noise into sound, a member in the transmission path could radiate more ABN than the pump itself .
Airborne noise (ABN)
Both FBN and SBN , impart high fatigue loads on the system components and make them vibrate. All of these vibrations are radiated as airborne noise and can be heard by a human operator. Also, the flow and pressure pulsations make the system components such as a control valve to resonate. This vibration of the particular component again radiates airborne noise.
The reduction of the noise radiated from the hydraulic system can be approached in two ways.
(i) Reduction at Source - which is the reduction of noise at the pump. A large amount of open literature are availabale on the reduction techniques with some techniques focusing on reducing FBN at source and others focusing on SBN. Reduction in FBN and SBN at the source has a large influence on the ABN that is radiated. Even though, a lot of progress had been made in reducing the FBN and SBN separately, the problem of noise in hydraulic systems is not fully solved and lot need to be done. The reason is that the FBN and SBN are interlated, in a sense that, if one tried to reduce the FBN at the pump, it tends to affect the SBN characteristics. Currently, one of the main researches in noise reduction in pumps, is a systematic approach in understanding the coupling between FBN and SBN and targeting them simultaneously instead of treating them as two separte sources. Such an unified approach, demands not only well trained researchers but also sophisticated computer based mathematical model of the pump which can accurately output the necessary results for optimization of pump design. The amplitude of fluid pulsations can be reduced, at the source, with the use of an hydraulic attenuator(5).
(ii) Reduction at Component level - which focuses on the reduction of noise from individual component like hose, control valve, pump mounts and fixtures. This can be accomplished by a suitable design modification of the component so that it radiates least amount of noise. Optimization using computer based models can be one of the ways.
Hydraulic System noise
1. Designing Quieter Hydraulic Systems - Some Recent Developements and Contributions, Kevin Edge, 1999, Fluid Power: Forth JHPS International Symposium.
2. Fundamentals of Acoustics, L.E. Kinsler, A.R. Frey, A.B.Coppens, J.V. Sanders. Fourth Edition. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
3. Reduction of Axial Piston Pump Pressure Ripple, A.M. Harrison. PhD thesis, University of Bath. 1997
4. Noise Control of Hydraulic Machinery, Stan Skaistis, 1988. MARCEL DEKKER , INC.
5. Hydraulic Power System Analysis, A. Akers, M. Gassman, & R. Smith, Taylor & Francis, New York, 2006, ISBN 0-8247-9956-9
6. Experimental studies of the vibro-acoustic characteristics of an axial piston pump under run-up and steady-state operating conditions, Shaogan Ye et al., 2018, Measurement, 133.
7. Sound quality evaluation and prediction for the emitted noise of axial piston pumps, Junhui Zhang, Shiqi Xia, Shaogan Ye et al., 2018, Applied Acoustics 145:27-40.
Basic Acoustics of the Marimba
Like a xylophone, a marimba has octaves of wooden bars that are struck with mallets to produce tones. Unlike the harsh sound of a xylophone, a marimba produces a deep, rich tone. Marimbas are not uncommon and are played in most high school bands.
Now, while all the trumpet and flute and clarinet players are busy tuning up their instruments, the marimba player is back in the percussion section with her feet up just relaxing. This is a bit surprising, however, since the marimba is a melodic instrument that needs to be in tune to sound good. So what gives? Why is the marimba never tuned? How would you even go about tuning a marimba? To answer these questions, the acoustics behind (or within) a marimba must be understood.
Components of Sound
What gives the marimba its unique sound? It can be boiled down to two components: the bars and the resonators. Typically, the bars are made of rosewood (or some synthetic version of wood). They are cut to size depending on what note is desired, then the tuning is refined by shaving wood from the underside of the bar.
Example: Rosewood bar, middle C, 1 cm thick
The equation that relates the length of the bar with the desired frequency comes from the theory of modeling a bar that is free at both ends. This theory yields the following equation:
where t is the thickness of the bar, v is the speed of sound in the bar, and f is the frequency of the note. For rosewood, v = 5217 m/s. For middle C, f=262 Hz. Therefore, to make a middle C key for a rosewood marimba, cut the bar to be:
The resonators are made from metal (usually aluminum) and their lengths also differ depending on the desired note. It is important to know that each resonator is open at the top but closed by a stopper at the bottom end.
Example: Aluminum resonator, middle C
The equation that relates the length of the resonator with the desired frequency comes from modeling the resonator as a pipe that is driven at one end and closed at the other end. A "driven" pipe is one that has a source of excitation (in this case, the vibrating key) at one end. This model yields the following:
where c is the speed of sound in air and f is the frequency of the note. For air, c = 343 m/s. For middle C, f = 262 Hz. Therefore, to make a resonator for the middle C key, the resonator length should be:
The shape of the resonator is an important factor in determining the quality of sound that can be produced. The ideal shape is a sphere. This is modeled by the Helmholtz resonator. (For more see Helmholtz Resonator page) However, mounting big, round, beach ball-like resonators under the keys is typically impractical. The worst choices for resonators are square or oval tubes. These shapes amplify the non-harmonic pitches sometimes referred to as “junk pitches”. The round tube is typically chosen because it does the best job (aside from the sphere) at amplifying the desired harmonic and not much else.
As mentioned in the second example above, the resonator on a marimba can be modeled by a closed pipe. This model can be used to predict what type of sound (full and rich vs dull) the marimba will produce. Each pipe is a "quarter wave resonator" that amplifies the sound waves produced by of the bar. This means that in order to produce a full, rich sound, the length of the resonator must exactly match one-quarter of the wavelength. If the length is off, the marimba will produce a dull or off-key sound for that note.
Why would the marimba need tuning?
In the theoretical world where it is always 72 degrees with low humidity, a marimba would not need tuning. But, since weather can be a factor (especially for the marching band) marimbas do not always perform the same way. Hot and cold weather can wreak havoc on all kinds of percussion instruments, and the marimba is no exception. On hot days, the marimba tends to be sharp and for cold days it tends to be flat. This is the exact opposite of what happens to string instruments. Why? The tone of a string instrument depends mainly on the tension in the string, which decreases as the string expands with heat. The decrease in tension leads to a flat note. Marimbas on the other hand produce sound by moving air through the resonators. The speed at which this air is moved is the speed of sound, which varies proportionately with temperature! So, as the temperature increases, so does the speed of sound. From the equation given in example 2 from above, you can see that an increase in the speed of sound (c) means a longer pipe is needed to resonate the same note. If the length of the resonator is not increased, the note will sound sharp. Now, the heat can also cause the wooden bars to expand, but the effect of this expansion is insignificant compared to the effect of the change in the speed of sound.
It is a common myth among percussionists that the marimba can be tuned by simply moving the resonators up or down (while the bars remain in the same position.) The thought behind this is that by moving the resonators down, for example, you are in effect lengthening them. While this may sound like sound reasoning, it actually does not hold true in practice. Judging by how the marimba is constructed (cutting bars and resonators to specific lengths), it seems that there are really two options to consider when looking to tune a marimba: shave some wood off the underside of the bars, or change the length of the resonator. For obvious reasons, shaving wood off the keys every time the weather changes is not a practical solution. Therefore, the only option left is to change the length of the resonator. As mentioned above, each resonator is plugged by a stopper at the bottom end. So, by simply shoving the stopper farther up the pipe, you can shorten the resonator and sharpen the note. Conversely, pushing the stopper down the pipe can flatten the note. Most marimbas do not come with tunable resonators, so this process can be a little challenging. (Broomsticks and hammers are common tools of the trade.)
Example: Middle C Resonator lengthened by 1 cm
For ideal conditions, the length of the middle C (262 Hz) resonator should be 32.7 cm as shown in example 2. Therefore, the change in frequency for this resonator due to a change in length is given by:
If the length is increased by 1 cm, the change in frequency will be:
The acoustics behind the tuning a marimba go back to the design that each resonator is to be ¼ of the total wavelength of the desired note. When marimbas get out of tune, this length is no longer exactly equal to ¼ the wavelength due to the lengthening or shortening of the resonator as described above. Because the length has changed, resonance is no longer achieved, and the tone can become muffled or off-key.
Some marimba builders are now changing their designs to include tunable resonators. There are in fact several marimba companies that have had tunable resonators for decades. However, only a few offer full range tuning. Since any leak in the end-seal will cause major loss of volume and richness of the tone, this is proving to be a very difficult task. At least now, though, armed with the acoustic background of their instruments, percussionists everywhere will now have something to do when the conductor says, “tune up!”
Links and References
How an Acoustic Guitar works
There are three main parts of the guitar that contribute to sound production.
First of all, there are strings. Any string that is under tension will vibrate at a certain frequency. The tension and gauge in the string determine the frequency at which it vibrates. The guitar controls the length and tension of six differently weighted strings to cover a very wide range of frequencies.
Second of all, there is the body of the guitar. The guitar body is connected directly to one end of each of the strings. The body receives the vibrations of the strings and transmits them to the air around the body. It is the body’s large surface area that allows it to “push” a lot more air than a string.
Finally, there is the air inside the body. This is very important for the lower frequencies of the guitar. The air mass just inside the soundhole oscillates, compressing and decompressing the compliant air inside the body. In practice, this concept is called a Helmholtz resonator. Without this, it would difficult to produce the wonderful timbre of the guitar.
The strings of the guitar vary in linear density, length, and tension. This gives the guitar a wide range of attainable frequencies. The larger the linear density is, the slower the string vibrates. The same goes for the length; the longer the string is the slower it vibrates. This causes a low frequency. Inversely, if the strings are less dense and/or shorter they create a higher frequency. The lowest resonance frequencies of each string can be calculated by
where = string tension, =linear density, = string length
The string length, L, in the equation is what changes when a player presses on a string at a certain fret. This will shorten the string which in turn increases the frequency it produces when plucked. The spacing of these frets is important. The length from the nut to bridge determines how much space goes between each fret. If the length is 25 inches, then the position of the first fret should be located (25/17.817) inches from the nut. Then the second fret should be located (25-(25/17.817))/17.817 inches from the first fret. This results in the equation
When a string is plucked, a disturbance is formed and travels in both directions away from point where the string was plucked. These "waves" travel at a speed that is related to the tension and linear density and can be calculated by
The waves travel until they reach the boundaries on each end where they are reflected back. The link below displays how the waves propagate in a string.
The strings themselves do not produce very much sound because they are so thin. This is why they are connected to the top plate of the guitar body. They need to transfer the frequencies they are producing to a large surface area which can create more intense pressure disturbances.
The body of the guitar transfers the vibrations of the bridge to the air that surrounds it. The top plate contributes to most of the pressure disturbances, because the player dampens the back plate and the sides are relatively stiff. This is why it is important to make the top plate out of a light springy wood, like spruce. The more the top plate can vibrate, the louder the sound it produces will be. It is also important to keep the top plate flat, so a series of braces are located on the inside to strengthen it. Without these braces the top plate would bend and crack under the large stress created by the tension in the strings. This would also affect the magnitude of the sound being transmitted. The warped plate would not be able to "push" air very efficiently. A good experiment to try, in order to see how important this part of the guitar is in the amplification process, is as follows:
1. Start with an ordinary rubber band, a large bowl, adhesive tape, and plastic wrap.
2. Stretch the rubber band and pluck it a few times to get a good sense for how loud it is.
3. Stretch the plastic wrap over the bowl to form a sort of drum.
4. Tape down one end of the rubber band to the plastic wrap.
5. Stretch the rubber band and pluck it a few times.
6. The sound should be much louder than before.
The final part of the guitar is the air inside the body. This is very important for the lower range of the instrument. The air just inside the sound hole oscillates, compressing and expanding the air inside the body. This is just like blowing across the top of a bottle and listening to the tone it produces. This forms what is called a Helmholtz resonator. For more information on Helmholtz resonators go to Helmholtz Resonance. This link also shows the correlation to acoustic guitars in great detail. The acoustic guitar makers often tune these resonators to have a resonance frequency between F#2 and A2 (92.5 to 110.0 Hz)(Hz stands for Hertz). Having such a low resonance frequency is what aids the amplification of the lower frequency strings. To demonstrate the importance of the air in the cavity, simply play an open A on the guitar (the second string). Now, as the string is vibrating, place a piece of cardboard over the sound hole. The sound level is reduced dramatically. This is because you've stopped the vibration of the air mass just inside the sound hole, causing only the top plate to vibrate. Although the top plate still vibrates and transmits sound, it isn't as effective at transmitting lower frequency waves, thus the need for the Helmholtz resonator.
Specific application-automobile muffler
General information about Automobile muffler
A muffler is a part of the exhaust system on an automobile that plays a vital role. It needs to have modes that are located away from the frequencies that the engine operates at, whether the engine be idling or running at the maximum amount of revolutions per second.A muffler that affects an automobile in a negative way is one that causes noise or discomfort while the car engine is running.Inside a muffler, you'll find a deceptively simple set of tubes with some holes in them. These tubes and chambers are actually as finely tuned as a musical instrument. They are designed to reflect the sound waves produced by the engine in such a way that they partially cancel themselves out.( cited from www.howstuffworks.com )
It is very important to have it on the automobile. The legal limit for exhaust noise in the state of California is 95 dB (A) - CA. V.C. 27151 .Without a muffler the typical car exhaust noise would exceed 110 dB.A conventional car muffler is capable of limiting noise to about 90 dB. The active-noise canceling muffler enables cancellation of exhaust noise to a wide range of frequencies.
The Configuration of A automobile muffler
How Does automobile muffler function?
The simple and main part of designing the automobile muffler is to use the low-pass filter. It typically makes use of the change of the cross section area which can be made as a chamber to filter or reduce the sound wave which the engine produced.
A low-pass filter is a circuit that passes low frequency signals but stops the high frequency signals. Once the low pass filter is set by the user at a specific cutoff frequency, all frequencies lower than that will be passed through the filter, while higher frequencies will be attenuated in amplitude. This circuit is made up of passive components (resistor, capacitors and inductors) capable of accomplishing this objective. File:Inductive law pass filter.jpg
the formula to be used:
Human ear sound reaction feature
When these pressure pulses reach your ear, the eardrum vibrates back and forth. Your brain interprets this motion as sound. Two main characteristics of the wave determine how we perceive the sound:
1.sound wave frequency. 2.air wave pressure amplitude.
It turns out that it is possible to add two or more sound waves together and get less sound.
Description of the muffler to cancel the noise
The key thing about sound waves is that the result at your ear is the sum of all the sound waves hitting your ear at that time. If you are listening to a band, even though you may hear several distinct sources of sound, the pressure waves hitting your ear drum all add together, so your ear drum only feels one pressure at any given moment. Now comes the cool part: It is possible to produce a sound wave that is exactly the opposite of another wave. This is the basis for those noise-canceling headphones you may have seen. Take a look at the figure below. The wave on top and the second wave are both pure tones. If the two waves are in phase, they add up to a wave with the same frequency but twice the amplitude. This is called constructive interference. But, if they are exactly out of phase, they add up to zero. This is called destructive interference. At the time when the first wave is at its maximum pressure, the second wave is at its minimum. If both of these waves hit your ear drum at the same time, you would not hear anything because the two waves always add up to zero.
Benefits of an Active Noise-Canceling Muffler
1. By using an active muffler the exhaust noise can be easily tuned, amplified, or nearly eliminated.
2. The backpressure of a conventional muffler can be essentially eliminated, thus increasing engine performance and efficiency.
3. By increasing engine efficiency and performance, less fuel will be used and the emissions will be reduced.
It can be regarded as simplest form of absorptive muffler. Attach absorptive material to the bare walls of the duct.( in car that is the exhaustion tube) The attenuation performance improves with the thickness of absorptive material.
The attenuation curves like a skewed bell. Increase the thickness of the wall will get the lower maximum attenuation frequency. For higher frequency though, thinner absorbent layers are effective, but the large gap allows noise to pass directly along. Thin layers and narrow passages are therefore more effective at high frequencies. For good absorption over the widest frequency range, thick absorbent layers and narrow passages are best.
Parallel and block-line-of-sight baffles
Divide the duct into several channels or turn the flow channels so that there is no direct line-of-sight through the baffles. Frequently the materials line on the channels. Attenuation improves with the thickness of absorptive material and length of the baffle. Lined bends can be used to provide a greater attenuation and attenuate best at high frequency. Comparatively, at low frequency attenuation can be increased by adding thicker lining.
They are relatively large volume chambers, usually fabricated from sheet metal, which interconnect two ducts. The interior of the chamber is lined with absorbing material to attenuate noise in the duct. Protective facing material may also be necessary if the temperature and velocity conditions of the gas stream are too severe.
The performance of a plenum chamber can be improved by: 1.increase the thickness of the absorbing lining 2.blocking the direct line of sight from the chamber inlet to the outlet. 3.increase the cross-sectional area of the chamber.
Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum
In class, we have begun to discuss the solutions of multidimensional wave equations. A particularly interesting aspect of these multidimensional solutions are those of Bessel functions for circular boundary conditions. The practical application of these solutions is the kettledrum. This page will explore in qualitative and quantitative terms how the of the kettledrum works. More specifically, the kettledrum will be introduced as a circular membrane and its solution will be discussed in visual (e.g. visualization of Bessel functions, video of kettledrums and audio forms (wav files of kettledrums playing. In addition, links to more information about this material, including references, will be included.
What is a kettledrum
A kettledrum is a percussion instrument with a circular drumhead mounted on a "kettle-like" enclosure. When one strikes the drumhead with a mallet, it vibrates which produces its sound. The pitch of this sound is determined by the tension of the drumhead, which is precisely tuned before playing. The sound of the kettldrum (called the Timpani in classical music) is present in many forms of music from many difference places of the world.
The math behind the kettledrum:the brief version
When one looks at how a kettledrum produces sound, one should look no farther than the drumhead. The vibration of this circular membrane (and the air in the drum enclosure) is what produces the sound in this instrument. The mathematics behind this vibrating drum are relatively simple. If one looks at a small element of the drum head, it looks exactly like the situation for the vibrating string (see:). The only difference is that there are two dimensions where there are forces on the element, the two dimensions that are planar to the drum. As this is the same situation, we have the same equation, except with another spatial term in the other planar dimension. This allows us to model the drumhead using a helmholtz equation. The next step (solved in detail below) is to assume that the displacement of the drumhead (in polar coordinates) is a product of two separate functions for theta and r. This allows us to turn the PDE into two ODES which are readily solved and applied to the situation of the kettledrum head. For more info, see below.
The math behind the kettledrum:the derivation
So starting with the trusty general Helmholtz equation:
Where k is the wave number, the frequency of the forced oscillations divided by the speed of sound in the membrane.
Since we are dealing with a circular object, it make sense to work in polar coordinates (in terms of radius and angle) instead of rectangular coordinates. For polar coordinates the Laplacian term of the Helmholtz relation () becomes
Now lets assume that:
This assumption follows the method of separation of variables. (see Reference 3 for more info) Substituting this result back into our trusty Helmholtz equation gives the following:
Since we separated the variables of the solution into two one-dimensional functions, the partial derivatives become ordinary derivatives. Both sides of this result must equal the same constant. For simplicity, I will use as this constant. This results in the following two equations:
The first of these equations readily seen as the standard second order ordinary differential equation which has a harmonic solution of sines and cosines with the frequency based on . The second equation is what is known as Bessel's Equation. The solution to this equation is cryptically called Bessel functions of order of the first and second kind. These functions, while sounding very intimidating, are simply oscillatory functions of the radius times the wave number that are unbounded at when kr (for the function of the second kind) approaches zero and diminish as kr get larger. (For more information on what these functions look like see References 1,2, and 3)
Now that we have the general solution to this equation, we can now model a infinite radius kettledrum head. However, since i have yet to see an infinite kettle drum, we need to constrain this solution of a vibrating membrane to a finite radius. We can do this by applying what we know about our circular membrane: along the edges of the kettledrum, the drum head is attached to the drum. This means that there can be no displacement of the membrane at the termination at the radius of the kettle drum. This boundary condition can be mathematically described as the following:
Where a is the arbitrary radius of the kettledrum. In addition to this boundary condition, the displacement of the drum head at the center must be finite. This second boundary condition removes the Bessel function of the second kind from the solution. This reduces the R part of our solution to:
Where is a Bessel function of the first kind of order . Apply our other boundary condition at the radius of the drum requires that the wave number k must have discrete values, () which can be looked up. Combining all of these gives us our solution to how a drumhead behaves (which is the real part of the following): | <urn:uuid:467909cf-1406-4ee4-8839-59f558b9da78> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Engineering_Acoustics/Print_version | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.912196 | 25,133 | 3.5625 | 4 |
At a time when governments in Latin America are facing declining revenues and increasing debt, they’re also showing a commitment to developing e-government. Most countries in the region are still in the early stages of development and face a number of challenges, but they have the advantage of learning
from the mistakes of more developed nations.
Governments in the region started building an online presence in the late 1990s, but are now actively developing online services to interact with citizens. The Internet is seen as a way to reduce costs, become more efficient and develop more transparent services — and help to reduce corruption in a region that is rife with it.
There are a number of challenges, though, in bridging the digital divide — considering many people don’t even have telephones. First off, citizens need Internet access. In Mexico, the government’s E-Mexico initiative, a
US$13.5-billion joint public and private sector initiative, will provide basic Internet access to at least 10,000 communities around the country. Brazil’s San Paulo state has also installed infocentres that serve more than 3.5 million low-income users. However, the task of providing ubiquitous Internet access across the region remains daunting.
E-government requires not only IT infrastructure, but a vision — and follow-through on that vision. Most countries have started with basic offerings that have tangible benefits, such as online tax collection systems and passport processing. And most have bigger plans in the works: Chile, for example, has more than 260 e-government projects either planned or in progress, including 66 public Web sites.
Improving transparency and openness in government processes seems to be a priority in the region. Brazil’s move to online procurement is one example. In August 2002, the government required that national, state and local governments use its Comprasnet portal to bid on government contracts. Today, more than 150,000 suppliers are registered with the government; each transaction saves an average of 25 per cent. And, of course, the system makes the procurement process more transparent.
Brazil, along with Chile and its ComprasChile portal, are leading the way — regionally — in this area. The Chilean government’s site, for example, offers an online service where users can provide information to be considered for decision-making. Argentina is also making strides: the government has launched Active Control, a Web site where citizens can monitor procurement tenders in the public sector.
Such initiatives show the Internet can be used as a tool for limiting corruption in public bids.
But regional instability has caused some concern that e-government initiatives won’t be followed through if a new leader or government takes over. Political and economic instability in countries such as Venezuela and Argentina make e-government a particular challenge.
And some argue that in volatile regions, providing online services to citizens may not be a top priority. But e-government isn’t just about paying taxes online or booking the local community centre over the Internet. It’s about giving citizens access to information that allows them to make decisions about their lives. In many countries, however, information isn’t freely available online — or offline, for that matter. In many Latin American countries, freedom of information — and freedom of the press — is limited, presenting a major obstacle to dissemination of information. Often, the benefits of e-government are hard to quantify, but one of them clearly is increasing citizen participation and opening up communication both ways. | <urn:uuid:71086fa1-d66c-4b7c-a47c-5b0b25525f47> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.itbusiness.ca/news/latin-america-makes-slow-but-steady-progress-on-e-government/1103 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.935421 | 718 | 2.890625 | 3 |
There is little doubt that building a personal brand goes a long way in establishing your career or business. However, for people who are shy or are prone to social anxiety, many of the strategies suggested in brand building, such as attending networking events or public speaking, can be stressful. Here are tips to building a personal brand for the shy and socially anxious.
Social networking is a cost effective and time efficient way to reach out and connect with influencers, but it’s also a low-stress option for people who are shy. Unlike in-person networking, online networking allows you the time to think about what you want to say and how you want to say it. You don’t have the additional stress that can go with thinking on your feet and worrying about making a great impression.
A study published in CyberPsychology & Behavior, indicated that social media and online chat offers people who are socially anxious a “low-risk social approach and opportunity to rehearse social behavior and communication skills.” The study further suggested that building relationships online could lead to improved interaction offline in face-to-face situations.
It’s true that practice makes perfect, or at least, it can increase your confidence and improve performance. One form of practice is through social media, where you can create, memorize and deliver your brand message. But you don’t live in a digital world, so you should study and practice sharing your brand statements in work or business. The idea is that when someone asks about your work, you can effortlessly deliver an answer, without stumbling or feeling anxious.
Even extroverts can find it difficult to toot their own horns, so it must be doubly so for shy people. And when you consider that third-party testimonials are more powerful than horn-tooting, you can see the advantage of finding others who can speak about you. Allies can vouch for your work, provide guidance, and help you prepare and practice delivering your brand message.
Take one small step frequently
You have to crawl before you can walk, and walk before you run. Stepping outside your comfort zone is no different. That means, you don’t have to force yourself to speak in public to overcome your anxiety or shyness. Start small by sharing feedback in a meeting or asking a question at a seminar. Challenge yourself to take one small step outside of your comfort zone everyday to practice and build your confidence. Overtime, you’ll build your social confidence to the point where you can network in person or speak in public.
If you’re an introvert, you’re in good company. Bill Gates and Warren Buffet are just two of many famous and successful introverts. While you may not cure yourself completely from shyness, like Gates and Buffet, you can overcome it enough to build a brand that leads to a successful career or business. | <urn:uuid:b6345dab-9f62-458e-8809-8cf1df64c09e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.personalbrandingblog.com/dont-be-shy-brand-building-for-introverts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955962 | 604 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Although there is no universal definition for EAPs, generally they provide programs to assist employees and their family members with, among other things, substance abuse, mental health, financial, legal, and various personal problems such as weight management, grief and loss, and relationship difficulties.3 The methods and programs by which EAPs assist individuals vary, with some EAPs providing simple referral services and life improvement training, while others providing professionally staffed assessment and counseling services on either a limited or unlimited basis.
In addition to the service variations, EAP pricing varies from program to program. Some EAPs are offered in conjunction with a typical group health insurance plan, and the cost for the service is included in the employer contribution for such group health plan. Others, however, are offered outside of the typical group health plan from third-party non-insurance company vendors, and can be priced on a flat fee basis or on a capitated per employee per month (PE/PM) basis.
State regulation of EAPs has historically been very limited, with most state regulation focusing on EAP practitioners (i.e. counselors) and substance abuse testing requirements.4 With the exception of a few states, including California and Nevada, EAPs have not been directly regulated by state insurance departments, and state insurance department guidance on EAPs is very limited.5
a. California Regulation of EAPs
California is one of the few states that directly regulate EAPs as a form of health insurance. Under California law, EAP plans providing services to employer groups with employees in California are subject to Knox-Keene, and must either be licensed or have an exemption on file with the California Department of Managed Care.6 EAP plans qualify for an exemption if the services they provide are limited to identification of problems and referrals for treatment, counseling, etc. Moreover, if the EAP is providing any direct treatment or counseling services, the number of sessions with any client cannot exceed three within a six-month period unless the EAP is licensed.7 Licensed EAP plans in California may provide such direct services on an unlimited basis.
As noted above, licensure is required when the plan is providing unlimited (or a high fixed number of services) in exchange for a premium, but not when the services are limited in number. California appears to be concerned that an EAP providing unlimited services on a PE/PM basis is assuming the utilization risk from the employer and essentially distributing that risk across the group of employees covered under the plan. Risk assumption of this type has traditionally been regulated by the states as insurance, which is the position California appears to be taking with certain types of EAPs that are subject to Knox-Keene.
b. Applicability of Prepaid Limited Health Service Organization Regulations
Unlike California, the majority of states do not have laws or regulations that expressly regulate the activities of EAPs. However, depending on what services an EAP is providing, some EAPs may be subject to state laws and regulations applicable to Prepaid Limited Health Service Organizations (PLHSO). The National Association of Insurance Commissioners PLHSO Model Act (Model Act), which has been adopted in some, but not all states, was introduced to provide a means to regulate certain limited health plans that “escape regulation in many states.” Under certain circumstances, this could apply to EAPs.
The Model Act requires all persons, corporations, or other entities that operate a PLHSO in the state to obtain a certificate of authority from the state insurance commissioner.8 Under the Model Act, a PLHSO is any entity that, on a prepaid basis, undertakes to provide or arrange for the provision of limited health services, which is defined to include “mental health services, substance abuse services ... and such other services as may be determined by the commissioner to be limited health services.”9 Accordingly, under the Model Act, an EAP providing mental health and substance abuse counseling likely qualifies as a PLHSO.
Not every state has adopted the Model Act, however, and some of the states that have adopted the Model Act have done so in a manner that deviates from the Model Act in significant respects. For example, several states, including Alabama, Arizona, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Missouri, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Virginia have adopted legislation similar to the Model Act, but their legislation is only applicable to dental services.10 Florida, Nevada, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, and North Dakota, on the other hand, have enacted legislation that includes mental health and/or substance abuse services within the definition of limited health services.11 Accordingly, in these latter States, an EAP providing mental health and substance abuse counseling on a prepaid basis may be required to obtain a certificate of authority to operate as a PLHSO.
c. Other State Insurance Law Considerations
Of course, in those states that have not adopted PLHSO laws and regulations or have adopted such on a limited basis, there is still the risk that state regulators could find EAPs offering unlimited benefits on a prepaid basis in their state are transacting insurance. The term “insurance” is generally defined as “a contract whereby one undertakes to indemnify another or pay or allow a specified amount or a determinable benefit upon determinable contingencies.”12 Courts have identified five elements that are normally present in an insurance contract: (1) an insurable interest; (2) a risk of loss; (3) an assumption of the risk by the insurer; (4) a general scheme to distribute the loss among the larger group of persons bearing similar risks; and (5) the payment of a premium for the assumption of risk.13 Generally, an entity cannot transact the business of insurance in any state without first obtaining a certificate of authority from that state.
Applying the foregoing five elements to an EAP providing unlimited counseling services and other benefits that qualify as medical or mental health care on a PE/PM basis, a state regulator could find that the EAP is insurance. First, elements one and two appear to be present—the employer has an insurable interest in the well-being of its employees and, because the employer has agreed to provide these services to the employee, the employer is at risk of loss. Element three may also be present because when the EAP agrees to provide unlimited services to the employees, it has assumed the employer’s risk. Finally, because the EAP is distributing the loss among the larger group by accepting discounted PE/PM premiums, a regulator could reasonably conclude that elements four and five are met, which could result in the regulator determining that an EAP program is insurance.14
In contrast, when an EAP’s services are limited to a fixed number, and the PE/PM fee is not steeply discounted to distribute the loss among a larger group, a reasonable argument can be made that the elements of an insurance contract are not present. Under this scenario, the EAP would not be assuming much, if any, risk because it would be accepting reasonable payments for a fixed number of services. Thus, an insurance contract likely does not exist and licensure as an insurer would not likely be required.
When structuring an EAP, consider whether the EAP would trigger various state insurance laws and regulations, as every EAP is structured differently, from the services they provide to how employers pay for the benefit. Accordingly, each program should be looked at individually, with particular attention given to the services provided, how the employer is paying for the services, and whether a risk transfer has occurred.
1International Employee Assistance Professionals Association, F.A.Q., http://http://www.eapassn.org/FAQs (last visited March 19, 2016).
2We do not address whether an EAP might be subject to federal and other non-insurance laws that are not discussed in this article, such as the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), the continuation coverage rules of the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA), the privacy provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) or the American with Disabilities Act (ADA). A discussion of such federal rules is beyond the scope of this article, which is intended to focus on state insurance aspects of EAPs.
3THE EMPLOYEE ASSISTANCE TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, WHAT IS EAP, http://www. easna.org/research-and-best-practices/what-is-eap/ (last visited March 19, 2016).
4See e.g. 14-188 Me. Code R. Ch. 6 (2015);
5As discussed in detail herein, California EAPs are subject to the Knox Keene Health Care Service Plan Act of 1975. In addition, several states have adopted laws regulating Prepaid Limited Health Service Organizations, which could include EAPs.
6See Cal. Code Regs. tit. 28, §1300.43.14.
8See National Association of Insurance Commissioners, Prepaid Limited Health Service Organization Model Act, §3.
9Id. at §2(F).
10See e.g. Ala. Code. §22-21-360; Ariz. Rev. Stat. §20-1001; Colo. Rev. Stat §10-16-501; Conn. Stat. §38a-577; Haw. Stat. §448D-1; La. Stat. §22:213.5; Mo. Code tit. 20, §200-1.050; N.J. Stat. §17:48D-24; N.M. Stat. §59A-48-1; Ok. Stat. §36-6141; Tenn. Code §56-7-1701; Va. Code §38.2-4500 (Dental and Vision).
11See Chapter 363, Fla. Stat; Nev. Admin Code §695.500 (requiring EAPs to obtain licensure as PLHSOs unless the purpose of the EAP contract is to maintain or improve the efficiency of employees; the EAP does not provide direct services (e.g. counseling, therapy, or treatment for mental health problems); and the contract does not involve employee cost-sharing.); Idaho Code tit. 41, Ch. 39; Ind. Code §27-13, ch. 34; Iowa Admin Code §191, Ch. 41; Neb. Stat §44-4701; N.D. Cent. Code Ch. 26.1-17.1;
12§624.02, Fla. Stat. (2015); see also Cal. Ins. Code §22 (“contract whereby one undertakes to indemnify another against loss, damage, or liability arising from a contingent or unknown event.”); Mass. Gen Laws ch. 175, §2 (“agreement by which one party for a consideration promise to pay money or its equivalent, or to do an act valuable to the insured, upon the destruction, loss, or injury of something in which the other party has an interest.”).
13See Liberty Care Plan v. Dep’t of Ins., 710 So. 2d 202, 204 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998); see also Title Ins. Co. v. State. Bd. Of Equalization, 842 P.2d 121, 127 (Cal. 1992) “(1) a risk of loss to which one party is subject and a shifting of that risk to another party; and (2) distribution of risk among similarly situated persons.”)
14The NAIC issued a Draft Bulletin on Health Care Provider Compensation and specifically determined that a provider group’s direct arrangement with an employer to provide future services to its employees for a fixed prepayment (PE/PM) likely constitutes the business of insurance.
Nicholas J. Paquette | <urn:uuid:7836c7aa-e769-4d14-826f-a9f5f238db43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.foley.com/en/insights/publications/2016/05/employee-assistance-programs-and-state-insurance-r | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.940648 | 2,546 | 1.921875 | 2 |
How long do you cook thin hamburgers on the grill?
Season both sides of patties with salt and pepper. Cook patties, pressing with a spatula, 3 minutes. Reduce heat to medium, flip, and top with cheese. Cook 2 minutes.
What temperature do you grill thin burgers?
When grilling burgers, you want the grill temperature to be around medium-high to high heat, which is around 375 to 400 degrees F. Many gas grills have built in thermometers, but often they tend to be not super reliable.
How long do I grill burgers on each side?
Here’s exactly how long to grill your burgers
- For a well-done burger, grill for 7 minutes per side.
- For a medium-well burger, grill for 6 minutes per side.
- For a medium burger, grill for 5 minutes per side.
- For a medium-rare burger, grill for 4 minutes per side.
- For a rare burger, grill for 3 minutes per side.
How do you keep burgers from drying out on the grill?
Master Chef judge Graham Elliot explained the trick to Fox News. “Make your patties, then put your little ice cube in there and then when you grill it, it keeps it moist and keeps it from getting dried out.” As the hamburger patty cooks, the ice melts slowly, keeping the burger moist.
Do you close the grill when cooking burgers?
If you’re grilling quick-cooking foods such as burgers, thin steaks, chops, fish, shrimp, or sliced vegetables directly over the flames, you can leave the grill open. … But when you grill thicker steaks, bone-in chicken, or whole roasts you’ll want the lid down, especially when you’re cooking with indirect heat.
How do you grill burgers on a propane grill?
Grill the burgers:
- Turn the propane on, then ignite the burners to high heat. …
- Close the lid and heat the grill until it reaches about 400 degrees. …
- While the grill heats, form (4) 1/4 pound burger patties into an even 1/2″ thickness. …
- Close the lid and cook until the burgers reach the desired doneness.
How hot do you cook burgers on the grill?
For burgers the optimal grilling temperature rule is – the hotter the better. Heat your grill to medium high heat (between 350-400°F).
How do you know when burgers are done on the grill?
To see if your burger is ready, just plunge the thermometer into the center of the burger. We suggest putting the thermometer into the side of the burger—that way it’s less likely to go all the way through the meat, and give you a false reading. At 120°F, the burger is rare. At 130°F, it’s medium-rare.
How long do you cook 1/3 pound burgers on the grill?
Instructions Divide ground beef into 4 (½-pound) or 6 (1/3-pound) portions. Heat the grill to high (gas or charcoal); 375-400 degrees F. Flip and cook an additional 2-3 minutes for rare, 4-5 for medium-rare or 6-7 for medium doneness as measured with an Instant Read thermometer. Remove and allow to rest 5 minutes.
Should I grill burgers with the lid open or closed?
When cooking burgers on a gas grill with the lid open it will take longer for the burgers to cook. You are losing heat when you open the lid, just like when you open your oven door. … If you decide to leave the lid closed from the beginning it will allow heat to build which will make the burgers cook more quickly. | <urn:uuid:476a9929-a4c3-47b5-809d-bbc5672e125f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cookedearthblog.com/cooking-tips/how-do-you-cook-thin-burgers-on-the-grill.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.86829 | 801 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Oxford Road Corridor is home to one of the largest clinical academic campuses in Europe, attracting clinicians, students and researchers from around the world.
The five hospitals overseen by Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust provide a test bed for clinical research and medical breakthroughs. Their proximity to the university and the trust’s forward-thinking approach to estate development has paved the way for businesses in the fields of science, health, and technology to co-locate and foster a culture of collaboration and innovation.
Manchester is the only UK city to have devolved control of its £6 billion NHS health and social care budget. Devolution means that health and social care commissioning takes place locally and city leaders can target resources and the health challenges relevant to the local population.
Health Innovation Manchester located on the Corridor is an academic health science system which works with Manchester’s various innovation assets alongside industry to drive innovation into the NHS at pace and scale. | <urn:uuid:bbd29fd6-cc9f-4b7b-a0ea-7a3cedc543ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://oxfordroadcorridor.com/knowledge/health-life-sciences/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942704 | 189 | 1.703125 | 2 |
I love the simplicity of vintage '70s / '80s computers. Hook them up to your TV, switch the power on, and you're instantly at a prompt with BASIC ready to go. Want to play a game? Plug in the cartridge, restart, and it loads instantly (well, with ROM based games anyways - definitely not tape). There is no waiting for startup, waiting for shutdown, or worrying about drivers. Of course tablet computers such as the iPad have basically brought this concept back. Well almost - modern tablets throw you in to a bunch of useful programs rather than an ominous "READY" BASIC screen. :-)
Back in 5th grade my teacher would give out points for doing well on assignments that we could spend on certain activities. I don't remember what all we could do with the points; I always used mine to play on the TI 99/4A computer at the back of the classroom. Now, this computer was already obsolete by that time, but it didn't make it any less fun. At the end of the school year the teacher actually gave it to me. (I was probably the only one that used it anyways.) I not only still have that computer; it still works! I've owned several modern computers that didn't even last 3 years, this thing is over 30!
In addition to being interested in these older computers, I've also wanted to get as close to building a useful computer from scratch as possible. There are quite a few crazies out there that have built anywhere from simple calculators to actual 8-bit computers with a breadboard and too many wires to count. http://www.bigmessowires.com/bmow1/ (I mean crazy is a sincere way!)
I've been tempted to try building a computer with one of these older chips, but I'm thinking building one with a more modern ATmega chip would be a bit more useful. An Arduino that boots to BASIC that can access all the GPIOs could lead to some very fast prototyping! I've found a handful of others online that have done similar with their Arduinos, but all of them have severe limitations (display, program size, etc). My goal will be something far more substantial and useful.
It's easy to get overwhelmed or lose interest in a project like this, so my strategy is as follows: Get it up and running as quickly as possible with ready to go components. Then replace those components one by one with my own custom solutions as time and desire permits.
Step 1: Start with a Arduino Mega with a Gameduino shield (for the video/sound output).
Step 2: Code an initial operating system. Use PS/2 keyboard connected to Arduino for input.
Step 3: Add joysticks for game control.
Step 4: Add additional memory for user programs.
Step 5: Code a BASIC interpreter.
Step 6: Add a SD card interface.
Step 7: Replace the Arduino Mega board with the individual components (use a standalone ATmega chip). Basically make it no longer an Arduino, but it will still be semi-Arduino compatible.
Step 8: Replace the Gameduino shield with my own video/sound implementation.
Step 9: Build integrated keyboard / computer case.
I think step #8 will be the most challenging, but that's why it is near the end. I've actually already done steps #1 and #2. I've purchased joystick components for step #3, FRAM for step #4, and a SD card reader for step #6. I've got running ideas for the BASIC interpreter, but I imagine that will be an evolving piece for the entirety of the project. I did see some BASIC interpreters that have been loaded on Arduinos, but I wasn't very happy with them. Not a problem - coding that is a big part of the fun.
Arduino Mega + Gameduino + PS/2 Interface + Button Inputs (Pseudo-Joystick)
At this time the "computer" boots up instantly to a prompt. It only supports a handful of commands now, but a nifty feature I added is the ability to swap between screens. It operates similar to command line Linux where you can change between consoles that are running different programs with a key press. My goal is to be able to run 2+ BASIC programs simultaneously. Each BASIC program is full screen, but you can select which one is visible at any time. This will be multitasking, not multithreading - the Arduino will have to flip back and force between the programs' instructions to execute them - they aren't actually executing simultaneously, but it will still be a neat feature.
The two lines below the = divider are for command input. The 0 in the divider denotes that I'm on screen 0. If I press PAGE UP/DOWN I can switch between different screens.
I have a son now (2 months old!), and I like the idea of my creation here being his first computer. He wants to do something with the computer? Well there is the BASIC prompt, tell it what to do! My poor kid doesn't get the easy route with an iPad playing Angry Birds. (Dean, if you read this some day, sorry? :-) ) My deadline is to make it useful before he outgrows its capabilities! I guess I'm in a rush to add features to delay the inevitable. :-)
This will be one of my long term projects so I'll post updates at major milestones. | <urn:uuid:e5c9777e-c9a1-4c5b-9028-1980dfb691dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://clintkprojects.blogspot.com/2014/12/arduino-retro-computer-intro.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961845 | 1,137 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Red Wolf Treat Time
Where: LBL - Woodlands Nature Station - 3146 Silver Trail
When: July 8, 2022 - 3:30 p.m. to 4:00 p.m.
Did you know red wolves used to roam between the rivers? Meet this endangered species up close as we give our red wolves a treat. Find out how they became so endangered and what efforts biologists have made to try to save them from extinction. Located at the Woodlands Nature Station in LBL. Admission fees apply. | <urn:uuid:4b139e3a-3e38-4d85-a9f5-c9b372e25fe1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.explorekentuckylake.com/events/show-event.php?ID=8919 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938736 | 116 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Most people think securing their home is going to be a real hassle. That said, it can also be quick and easy. Go over this article to learn more about home security and how you can keep your home safe.
Always change the locks after moving into a new home. You cannot be sure of the number of key copies that the former owner gave out. To ensure that you are the only one who has access to your house, call a locksmith. You should also do this if your keys ever get lost.
Don’t give your keys to a house cleaner unless you totally trust them. Make sure they are honest, reputable and hardworking. One way to do this is to check their references. If the cleaner is from a firm, try calling the local BBB to find out about the firm’s reputation.
Do you let your dog outside when you leave the house? You could let your dog carry a spare key. Hook your key to the dog’s collar in a place that is shielded from view. Your dog is an especially good key hiding spot if he doesn’t react well to strangers, since they won’t approach him, but the key will be there if you need it.
When you’re picking out home security equipment and services, don’t forget to ask your friends and family for help. Knowledge of first-hand experiences can be very helpful to you when it comes to making this important decision. Spending a few days asking for reviews is useful in helping you choose correctly.
During the summer, remove all vegetation and dead wood from your yard. These can quickly become fire hazards when hit by direct sunlight, placing your house at risk. Clear up your yard so it looks good and is safe.
There’s no security system so durable that it can go without regular maintenance and inspections. Have yours checked out once a year. The security company should have a specialist come to look at it. Many factors cause issues with security systems like nature and wild animals. If it’s not visible, you might not even know there’s a problem.
You need to change our locks as your first step to ensuring your safety. It might be that you have an angry ex-roommate or a bitter ex-partner, so changed locks will boost your security. This is something that you can do yourself and does not cost much money at all.
Keep valuables out of sight of windows. Open curtains allow people to see inside your home and see exactly what you have. Keep your windows covered and your belongings private.
You can use other ways to boost your home’s safety instead of installing a type of home security system. Whether you want to put up a new fence, put some more locks on the door, or purchase a gun, you have quite a few choices. Keep these tips in mind to make your dwelling a safer place. | <urn:uuid:3c4b0f24-f29a-4257-bbc8-9058bee05012> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.recommendedlocal.com/looking-for-home-security-info-this-is-for-you-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957027 | 600 | 1.59375 | 2 |
//Wrong way to remove borders from bootstrap 5 table <table class="table"> <body class="border-0> <tr class="border-0"> <td class="border-0">Some Content</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>?
[Note]: Clean HTML5, if you add redundant CSS or Bootstrap 5 classes to your #HTML5 Element you might be slowing down the Rendering of the DOM tree by the browser. Modern #Browsers like Chrome might not have problems because over there on the #Chrome team they are innovating every day, but some old Browsers might be forced to pass that extra redundant CSS or Boostrap 5 Class you just added.
Going back to the #Boostrap 5 #Border problem, instead, make use of a class called table-borderless in Bootstrap 5 to remove borders from the whole Table. See the code below:
//the right way to remove borders from bootstrap 5 table <table class="table table-borderless"> <body> <tr> <td>Some Content</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>?? | <urn:uuid:df418d62-7551-4a97-94a9-f76b87421809> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ernestech.com/articles/details/13213/Front-End-Bootstrap-Development-Notes-Tips-and-Tricks-in-MVC-Asp.Net-Core-7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.762265 | 312 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Campuses Support Students Who Lost Their Jobs Due To COVID-19
Recently, the leaders of Ohio University declared that even though they sent their students home due to the pandemic of coronavirus, they will keep employing them and paying those student workers who were willing to keep their jobs. For example, if these students cannot keep doing their work remotely, the university officials will find them new roles at their college.
The president of Ohio University M. Duane Nellis said in an interview that they want to provide those students with the opportunities to do meaningful work.
Most operations and classes will not take place online all over the country, so lots of undergraduates do not have any work now. For most of them, it means that their significant income for the rest of the semester will be lost.
However, administrators currently try to understand how to let students get their payment if they currently have no work to do. There is no single response from colleges. Some of them just promised to keep paying students who are out of work; others cannot pledge the same. However, such colleges like Ohio try to provide students with remote work if possible. But any of these colleges will face challenges in their approach.
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Overall, there are 29,000 students at the University. Students fulfill various different roles of research and teaching assistants, dining and housing workers, resident advisers in dorms, lab technicians, writing-center tutors, IT support staffers, etc.
Some students at Ohio, as well as at other universities, are part of the federal work-study financial-aid program. That program provides subsidies for 700,000 students all over the country. Other students are employed part-time and are paid by the institution. According to the Education Department, 43% of undergraduates have full-time work in some capacity.
And lots of students see their jobs as their only affordable way to stay in college.
A spokesman for the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities Jeff Lieberson wrote that a wide range of ways students are paid for work makes the problem even more complicated. He highlighted that schools strive to support their students during the crisis, but it depends on lots of external aspects.
Lots of facilities employing students in colleges, such as dining halls or libraries, are closed due to the pandemic because the majority of students have gone home. It was done to prevent the spread of the virus. “Shelter in place” launched by lots of cities and states is another factor that complicates the situation. People can leave their homes for essential reasons only. Unemployment benefits often cannot be issued to full-time students.
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Students Who Study and Work at One College: Examples
One of the colleges that promised to pay its student workers until the end of the semester at New York University. At least the end of April, the University of Northern Colorado and Pennsylvania State University will cover the salaries of their students. No matter whether they work or not, students at Saint Louis University will be paid anyways. Moreover, students who do work at that university will receive a one-time grant of $750 if they cannot do their jobs remotely.
Such universities as the University of Michigan and the University of North Carolina will pay their hourly employees, including students. Just like Ohio University, the Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania and the University of Memphis are looking for remote opportunities for their students.
However, these are just a few educational establishments. The situation on other campuses is not so joyful.
According to the information stated on the website of Western Washington University, their student workers may opt for not working during suspended operations, and they would not be paid if they don’t.
The New York Wells College may still allow its working students to work remotely.
A limited number of student positions were approved on Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, and each student who lost his or her job will get $420.
The University of Wisconsin at Madison issued new guidance declaring that all students who work and study at the university will be paid for the last two weeks of March during the extended spring break. So, work-study students were paid for 10 hours per week; other students received two payments of $130.
Lots of students who work in dining and housing found out that they would not be able to keep working due to the pandemic. Many students petitioned to get paid for what they would have earned this semester. But they were denied by the administrators. Students say that they don’t understand it while these expenses were already in the budget. However, they did not ask for anything extra. University sent them a couple of emails offering different financial resources, most of which were just loans and would need to be paid back.
COVID-19 affected even those students who can work remotely. The amount of online work has doubled. But the pay didn’t change at the same time.
Officials at Ohio University are trying to search for new assignments for employed students who cannot work outside their campus. Supervisors try to be creative and allow students to learn new procedures that may be helpful for students when they get back to work.
Students can take virtual tours to campus or help colleges shift to online learning, etc.
Such educational establishments as Texas A&M University at College Station and Vanderbilt University are also trying to involve students to make their transition to online learning smoother and easier.
Takes only several minutes to buy essay and to hire our experienced authors online. | <urn:uuid:0de79ed2-9e20-4813-952f-4f816cc1b72f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://buyessayclub.com/blog/support-for-students-who-lost-their-jobs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.979195 | 1,136 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Redlands, California—Esri, the world leader in smart mapping technology, announced a whole new way of measuring the ocean on September 15, 2016, at the Oceans Conference in Washington, DC. Ecological Marine Units (EMUs) are Esri’s gift to a world whose final unexplored terrain lies beneath its seas.
Esri and USGS collected a series of global measurements representing the ocean’s physical and chemical properties most likely to drive ecosystem responses. From millions of measurements taken, 37 physically and chemically distinct volumetric regions, or EMUs, were statistically derived. EMUs differ from existing maps of marine ecoregions since they are globally comprehensive, data-driven, and 3-D. The primary data source is NOAA’s authoritative World Ocean Atlas.
“Our world’s last unknown great space, the ocean between its surface and its floor, is also one of the last frontiers of mapping,” said Dr. Suzette Kimball, Director of the U.S. Geological Survey. “In light of our long history of making scientific maps at USGS, I am especially proud to report that the USGS has partnered with Esri, NOAA, academia, and several non-profit organizations to produce a new, comprehensive map of the global ocean. The map is presented in the form of volumetric global ecological marine units (EMUs) that, combined, provide a three-dimensional perspective of the ocean’s staggering dimensions and complexity.”
Built by an innovative public-private partnership led by Esri and the USGS, EMUs provide a standardized, rigorous, and ecologically meaningful set of ocean ecosystem units. Therefore, they may be used as a basemap for things like climate change impact studies, biodiversity priority settings, economic and social valuation studies, or marine spatial planning.
“While oceans cover about 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, the impact of climate change on the oceans, apart from sea level rise, has largely been hidden,” said Dr. Kimball. “This easily accessible map will serve as a fresh resource for improving our understanding of the ocean’s structure—its salinity, temperature, oxygen levels, and nutrients—in millions of specific places. This added insight will in turn help us better understand the rapid changes in ocean ecology that are now happening around the world.”
Esri has made the EMUs accessible via the EMU Explorer Web app, and in November will make this geospatial information available to Esri’s ArcGIS platform users as maps in the Living Atlas of the World and as downloadable datasets for open use.
“It’s an exciting time when our abilities to measure ocean phenomena are met by new ways to analyze and model the oceans using GIS,” said Esri program manager for ArcGIS content, Sean Breyer. “The work of marine researchers in mapping the vast areas of our oceans that remain uncharted is vital so that we can understand the future of our oceans.”
To explore Esri’s Ecological Marine Units ArcGIS Online Group to access extra resources, data, and tools, accessible at go.esri.com/pr-emu. | <urn:uuid:99a7230b-70ae-4927-84cf-85a301ac4012> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/announcements/esri-releases-emus-to-understand-the-ocean/?rmedium=newsrelease&rsource=https://www.esri.com/esri-news/releases/16-3qtr/esri-releases-emus-to-understand-the-ocean | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.907771 | 675 | 3.5 | 4 |
Just Out - Herbal Termite Spray has been developed as an alternative to the strong chemical insecticides used commonly to kill insects and which are poisonous to human beings as well. It is safe, non-toxic and eco-friendly. Ever wondered how to get rid of the white or lotion coloured creatures, resembling an ant once & for all? Termites are one of the most stubborn pests that can engage in havoc if left uncontrolled. They have the capability to nest on nearly anything and almost everything. They commonly feed on wood, leaves or branches of bushes, papers & many others. These tiny insects are really powerful capable of even destroying the whole constructing! Just Out is a 100% Herbal Termite Repellent spray. This ""Just Out"" spray is made from Natural Oils and Herbal Extracts. ""Just Out"" Repellent Spray is an effective repellent against Termites. Herbal Termite Repellent has been developed as an alternative to the strong chemical insecticides used commonly to kill insects and which are poisonous to human beings as well. Just Out is safe, non-toxic, and eco-friendly. A continuous spray of Just Out Repellent for 10 days in the infected areas will repel termites for 2 months. The composition of Herbal Termite Repellent:At Herbal Strategi, we take our ingredients seriously. Here is what goes into making your Just Out - Herbal Termite Repellent. Each 100 ml contains: Cymbopogon citratus* Bhutika Oil: 6mlCedrus deodara * Devadaru Oil: 6mlAzadirachta Indica * Nimba Oil: 15mlExcipients: Q.S Ayurvedic Proprietary Medicine Where to use Herbal Termite Spray?Use it within your home, on your balcony or garden, anywhere they are creating a menace. Totally natural & safe for use, anyone in your family can use it. Directions of Use Now that you have decided to choose the most environment-friendly way of keeping termites at bay make sure you use this herbal insect repellent in the right way for maximum benefits. Here is what you need to do: Spray on crevices and gaps in infected wood furniture, doors, cabinets and mud tunnels and trails seen on walls. Repeat spraying every 10 days for a period of two months. This will eradicate termites and cannot allow eggs to hatch. What to watch out for! Do not spray on the body, clothes, floor space as the spray will stain. While spraying on the wall, please ensure that spray hits brown mud tunnels and trails made by termites. Keep in a cool & dry place. Avoid direct exposure to sunlight. Switch off fan when spraying. Avoid contact with eyes, cuts & wounds. Keep away from children and direct flame. This product is for external use only. | <urn:uuid:4780e1ab-72a3-4d9c-8f95-68e763af7a0e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yourlocalorganicstore.com/kn/products/herbal-strategi-termite-repellent-spray-500-ml-refill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931879 | 591 | 1.554688 | 2 |
I have a high art, I hurt with cruelty those who would damage me.— Archilochus
Joyful High Art quotations
You're mind is working at its best when you're being paranoid.
You explore every avenue and possibility of your situation at high speed with total clarity.
There's a high school in Camden, New Jersey, I call the Jill Scott School.
It's the Camden Creative Arts High School. Those teachers and kids are so passionate about what they do, and 98 percent of the senior class went on to college.
It is possible that, through horizontal and vertical lines constructed with awareness, but not with calculation, led by high intuition, and brought to harmony and rhythm, these basic forms of beauty, supplemented if necessary by other direct lines or curves, can become a work of art, as strong as it is true.
Atlantis was a highly evolved civilization where the sciences and arts were far more advanced than one might guess. Atlantis was technologically advanced in genetic engineering, computer science, inter-dimensional physics, and artistically developed with electronic music and crystal art forms.
My art teacher in junior high was a very out gay man and a mentor to me.
He would tell us about Greenwich Village and show us the 'Village Voice' and describe his life, but it was all sort of subversive and below the radar.
Language in art remains a highly ambiguous transaction, a quicksand, a trampoline, a frozen pool which might give way under you ... at any time.
I don’t create art to get high dollar projects, I do high dollar projects so I can create more art.
I didn't want to make 'high' art, I had no interest in using paint, I wanted to find something that anyone could relate to without knowing about contemporary art. I wasn't thinking in terms of precious prints or archival quality; I didn't want the work to seem like a commodity.
Greenwich Village... the village of low rents and high arts.
After a certain high level of technical skill is achieved science and art tend to coalesce in aesthetics, plasticity, and form. The greatest scientists are artists as well.
A prudent man... must behave like those archers who, if they are skillful, when the target seems too distant, know the capabilities of their bow and aim a good deal higher than their objective, not in order to shoot so high but so that by aiming high they can reach the target.
The art of politics is learning to walk with your back to the wall, your elbows high, and a smile on your face. It's a survival game played under the glare of lights.
When strong, avoid them. If of high morale, depress them. Seem humble to fill them with conceit. If at ease, exhaust them. If united, separate them. Attack their weaknesses. Emerge to their surprise.
If the love of surgery is a proof of a person's being adapted for it, then certainly I am fitted to he a surgeon; for thou can'st hardly conceive what a high degree of enjoyment I am from day to day experiencing in this bloody and butchering department of the healing art. I am more and more delighted with my profession.
There are two kinds of truth; the truth that lights the way and the truth that warms the heart. The first of these is science, and the second is art. Without art science would be as useless as a pair of high forceps in the hands of a plumber. Without science art would become a crude mess of folklore and emotional quackery.
Among the Igbo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten.
But really, it was reading that led me to writing.
And in particular, reading the American classics like Twain who taught me at an early age that ordinary lives of ordinary people can be made into high art.
The future of poetry is immense, because in poetry, where it is worthy of its high destinies, our race, as time goes on, will find an ever surer and surer stay ... More and more mankind will discover that we have to turn to poetry to interpret life for us, to console us, to sustain us.
Art is not an amusement, nor a distraction, nor is it, as many men maintain, an escape from life. On the contrary, it is a high training of the soul, essential to the soul's growth, to its unfoldment.
There's a battle between what the cook thinks is high art and what the customer just wants to eat.
In my view, Zhang Lanxin is one of our best female martial artists, and I can't rate her highly enough.
In opera, as with any performing art, to be in great demand and to command high fees you must be good of course, but you must also be famous. The two are different things.
It is high time that we realized that it is pointless to praise the light and preach it if nobody can see it. It is much more needful to preach the art of seeing.
Setting goals for your game is an art.
The trick is in setting them at the right level - neither too low nor too high. A good goal should be lofty enough to inspire hard work, yet realistic enough to provide solid hope of attainment.
An understanding heart is everything in a teacher, and cannot be esteemed highly enough.
In every human society of which we know - prehistoric, ancient or modern, whether hunter-gatherer, pastoral, agricultural or industrial - at least some form of art is displayed, and not only displayed, but highly regarded and willingly engaged in.
No high-minded painter of the last fifty years has been able to come to terms with his art without coming to terms with the problem of cubism.
The films of Warhol, when they are about anything are about sucking people off.
This can be high art, to people who are interested in sucking people off. But that will not liberate Black people.
We need to teach the highly educated man that it is not a disgrace to fail and that he must analyze every failure to find its cause. He must learn how to fail intelligently, for failing is one of the greatest arts in the world.
The man of genius is he and he alone who finds such joy in his art that he will work at it come hell or high water.
I went to the High School for Performing Arts, and to Howard University on a talent scholarship.
High and low culture come together in all Post Modern art, and American poetry is not excluded from this.
What adults call 'wrong' in Child Art is the most beautiful and most precious.
I value highly those things done by small children. They are the first and purest source of artistic creation.
The most expensive bottle of wine ever sold - a 1787 Chateau Lafite Bordeaux, supposedly once the property of Thomas Jefferson... It was sold at Christie's in London in 1985 for $156,000.00. Like a lot of high-priced art, the bottle is essentially undrinkable. | <urn:uuid:014032bd-59cc-4183-b876-0c63158b5f8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://quotlr.com/quotes-about-high-art | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.971207 | 1,479 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the world. It has a clean, simple syntax and is incredibly versatile. It powers applications like Google’s search engine, Dropbox, Instagram; it is the language of choice for scientists and engineers; it helps create games like EVE Online and can even be used to create robots that draw on electrical grids. Python is updated and enhanced on a regular basis, ensuring that all of the latest features, extensions and tools are included.
The main benefits of Python include:
- Easy to understand
- A wide variety of open-source libraries
- Simple and highly productive
- Flexibility and portability
- Interpreted language
In short, this language is always the one that delivers the best performance in all aspects. According to GitHub’s annual rating, Python is ranked 2nd popular programming language in 2021.
What exactly does a Python developer do?
Python developers can be classified into these categories:
- Web development. Web app developers build web applications that use the client-server architecture. They can also be in charge of developing RESTful APIs.
- Data science. A data scientist uses scientific approaches, processes, and algorithms to extract information and produce insights from structured and unstructured data.
- Machine learning (ML). Python’s libraries and frameworks and the language’s overall syntax clarity are utilized by ML engineers to run quick testing of machine learning models and complex algorithms.
- Software engineering. A Python software engineer manages programming, designing, deploying, and debugging development projects on the server (or back) end.
Python is a fantastic language for data science and backend work. In recent years, it has been a popular choice among beginning computer science courses on many college campuses. This implies that Python may be used by people of all skill levels.
Because of its duality, it’s critical to understand how to screen developers and make sure you’ll get the best ones out there. We’ll be happy to assist you with that. Our recruiters close more than 100 Python developer vacancies each year. We would love to share our knowledge and have our recruiters find top-tier Python specialists for your projects. Contact us to get started right away!
Local developer or Eastern European developer?
What is better, hiring a local developer or one from Eastern Europe? To start with, it depends on your project requirements. There are a few factors you need to consider:
- Availability of a specialist in your city or country. Finding a suitable local specialist that fits all requirements is harder than hiring one offshore.
- Project budget constraints. Local developers always have a higher price than their Eastern European counterparts due to their location.
- Market knowledge. Local developers may take your project to the next level, as they know exactly what is happening in the local market. This could result in higher product quality and complete customer satisfaction.
- Language. A local developer might be able to communicate more efficiently in your language, so there won’t be any misunderstandings about the project specifications. However, if your team communicates in English, many Eastern European developers have a high level of speaking and writing skills in this language as well.
StaffingPartner has experience working with both local and Eastern European Python developers. Our recruiters can help you find an ideal candidate regardless of where he or she came from. If you’re not sure whether a candidate from Eastern Europe or a local one is better for your project, feel free to get in touch with our team. We’ll narrow down the search and find you a great match.
How to hire top-tier Python developers
Employer competition is pretty high when it comes to attracting the best Python programmers. Here’re some tips from our recruiters on how to get these experts on board.
Make a flawless job offer
The best way to secure your vacancy is by writing a great copy. Programmers value their time and dislike wasting it on jobs that are not appropriate for them. How to get attention? Make a strong first impression by focusing on specifics, such as what might pique the interest of a Python developer, like:
- Size and seniority of the team
- Salary info
- Tech stack
- Project for which you’re looking for a candidate
- Information about flexible hours or remote work options (if available)
- Cooperation form
Offer a good salary
Low salaries are one of the most prevalent reasons for changing jobs. Keep an eye on salary surveys and job advertisements from competing firms to ensure you’re offering a competitive wage to potential recruits.
Show that you know and understand their needs
Creating a vacancy that incorporates the ideas in point one indicates that you have a good understanding of and respect for your target candidate’s demands. We strongly advise making sure that your recruiters are wholly competent and familiar with the responsibilities of the job they’re looking to fill. It’s a good idea to get familiar with the fundamentals of Python, related libraries, frameworks, and tools. Your potential worker will want to know if you’re working with professionals who are competent in their field.
Write about your project in detail
Python developers, are often passionate about what they do. In addition to their income, they’re concerned about their job’s contentment, so projects are crucial to them.
If your firm is developing a breakthrough application, for example, tell about it! You might include information like this in a job offer or on your company’s website. Try to persuade them to work on this project by demonstrating why it is vital and how a new employee can contribute. It is essential that Python developers who may be part of a team working on cutting-edge artificial intelligence technologies are aware of what they’ll be working on.
Partner with a recruiting agency
The process of finding a suitable Python programmer for your project can be tricky if one doesn’t know how to look for them or how to get their attention. We at StaffingPartner can help you with just that! Our skilled recruiters have years of experience in recruitment outsourcing services as well as global recruitment, having helped dozens of clients, including worldwide IT enterprises like Ciklum, Eleks, Playtika, Sigma Software, N-iX, and others. We can quickly provide you with a list of quality candidates that will be a good match for your project within three business days. Contact us for more information. | <urn:uuid:cb5fd767-39c2-4695-b1ba-a0890a74d378> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://staffingpartner.net/blog/how-to-hire-expert-python-developers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.933681 | 1,342 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Verizon and AT&T said on Monday that they have voluntarily agreed to further delay the rollout of their next-generation 5G wireless technology at the request of U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg.
The agreement comes after both companies on Sunday rejected a request by the government to delay rolling out their 5G services but instead offered to expand so-called “exclusion zones” for six months.
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and other aviation officials fear that the use of C-band spectrum for 5G wireless services could interfere with sensitive aircraft electronics, disrupt flights and result in some diversions.
“We’ve agreed to a two-week delay which promises the certainty of bringing this nation our game-changing 5G network in January, delivered over America’s best and most reliable wireless network,” a Verizon spokesperson told The Hill in a statement on Monday.
An AT&T spokesperson told The Hill: “At Secretary Buttigieg’s request, we have voluntarily agreed to one additional two-week delay of our deployment of C-Band 5G services. We also remain committed to the six-month protection zone mitigations we outlined in our letter. We know aviation safety and 5G can co-exist and we are confident further collaboration and technical assessment will allay any issues.”
On Friday, Buttigieg and FAA Administrator Steve Dickson sent a letter to AT&T CEO John Stankey and Verizon CEO Hans Vestberg asking them to delay the planned Jan. 5 introduction of the new 5G wireless service, citing aviation safety concerns.
In their letter, Buttigieg and Dickson asked the CEOs to delay the rollout for two weeks as part of a “proposal as a near-term solution for advancing the co-existence of 5G deployment in the C-Band and safe flight operations.”
“We recognize the significant investment your companies made to launch 5G C-band service, and the importance of expanding 5G service for the American economy,” they wrote.
“At the same time, absent further action, the economic stakes for the aviation industry and the disruptions the traveling public would face from commercial launch of C-Band service on January 5 are significant, particularly with the ongoing stress and uncertainty caused by the coronavirus pandemic,” they wrote.
But the CEOs on Sunday rejected that request stating that they had already agreed to a “costly” month-long delay when they pushed back the date of their initial December launch date to Jan. 5.
“Agreeing to your proposal would not only be an unprecedented and unwarranted circumvention of the due process, and checks and balances carefully crafted in the structure of our democracy, but an irresponsible abdication of the operating control required to deploy world-class and globally competitive communications networks that are every bit as essential to our country’s economic vitality, public safety, and national interests as the airline industry,” the CEOs said.
Stankey and Vestberg instead said they would expand so-called “exclusion zones” for six months around certain airports, which they said would provide the FAA and aviation officials with more time to study the potential for interference with aircraft operations and “remediate any altimeters that might not meet current standards.”
The CEOs noted that similar C-band radio exclusion zones were already in place in France and would “further reduce C-band signal levels by at least 10 times on the runway or during the last mile of final approach and the first mile after takeoff.”
However, the pair appear to have had a change of heart on Monday.
Scroll down to leave a comment and share your thoughts. | <urn:uuid:8a43dd57-3230-46d0-ad19-b9e88ffa6a29> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://resistthemainstream.org/verizon-and-att-change-their-decision-on-5g-rollout/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957828 | 773 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Brazil has started rolling out two million ready-to-use AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines made in India, the state-funded Fiocruz Institute said on Saturday as protesters gathered in several cities against the management of the pandemic by President Jair Bolsonaro.
The institute said it began distributing the vaccines after another distribution program, which involved an agreement between the Brazilian government and AstraZeneca, was blocked due to a delay in an active ingredient shipped from China. .
Brazil expected to produce up to 100 million doses of its vaccine locally as part of the deal.
Following a considerable diplomatic effort that included a letter from President Jair Bolsonaro to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, AstraZeneca agreed to provide Brazil with the two million ready-to-use doses.
Bolsonaro, who has repeatedly downplayed the threat of COVID-19, has faced mounting criticism for his handling of the vaccine rollout and for his government’s inability to contain a growing pandemic.
Brazil has recorded the second highest death toll from COVID-19 in the world – more than 215,000 – as well as at least 8.7 million cases since the start of the pandemic, according to data from Johns Hopkins University .
The country is struggling to cope with a sharp increase in infections and hospitalizations, especially in hard hit state of Amazonas, where hospitals have been pushed to their limits amid dwindling supplies of oxygen and other equipment.
AstraZeneca’s rollout comes after Brazil also started distributing the Sinovac Biotech Ltd vaccine last weekend, which was developed in partnership with the Butantan Institute in Sao Paulo. This distribution was also marred by shipping delays.
The Sinovac vaccine has shown a disappointing efficacy of just over 50% in Brazilian trials. Despite the government’s growing reliance on the Chinese vaccine, Bolsonaro had previously decried it as unnecessary.
The AstraZeneca vaccine, which was developed with the University of Oxford, has an effectiveness of 70.4%, according to preliminary trials.
Falling approval rating
Meanwhile, support for Bolsonaro has fallen sharply amid the current pandemic wave, according to a Datafolha poll released on Friday evening.
Forty percent of respondents said Bolsonaro’s administration was bad or terrible, up from 32 percent in a survey in early December. Just under a third of respondents rated Bolsonaro’s government as good or excellent, up from 37% in the previous poll.
This is the biggest drop in Bolsonaro’s approval rating since starting his presidency in 2019, S Paulo’s Folha newspaper reported.
Thousands of people, angered by the government’s response to the pandemic, joined protest caravans in several Brazilian cities on Saturday.
The protests, organized by left-wing parties and organizations, saw some 500 vehicles parading along Brasilia’s ministries plaza and sounding horns, their windows painted with slogans such as “Bolsonaro Out”, “Impeachment Now” and “Vaccination for Everyone”.
Similar protests involving hundreds of cars also took place in Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.
Protesters also opposed the end in December of emergency financial aid that had helped some 68 million Brazilians – almost a third of the population – cope with the devastating effects of the pandemic.
However, despite the discontent, another Datafolha poll released Friday evening found that 53% of respondents were against Congress opening impeachment proceedings against Bolsonaro for his handling of the pandemic, up from 50% in a previous survey. .
Supporters of impeachment have fallen to 43% from 46% previously. | <urn:uuid:4362e70b-2660-4ba8-9e9a-66698ca60b2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://twournal.com/brazil-starts-deployment-of-2-million-covid-vaccines-amid-protests-news-on-the-coronavirus-pandemic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.970093 | 779 | 1.828125 | 2 |
|کد مقاله||کد نشریه||سال انتشار||مقاله انگلیسی||ترجمه فارسی||نسخه تمام متن|
|4478230||1622904||2016||9 صفحه PDF||سفارش دهید||دانلود رایگان|
• Soil solution dynamics and content attributes are affected by irrigation.
• Nutrients after water layer reestablished are similar to continuous irrigation.
• Water suppression maintain rice yield compared to continuous irrigation.
• Water suppression diminishes the irrigation days but not the water use efficiency.
The water availability is the main limiting factor of global rice production under flood irrigation. In this context, water suppression during the rice growing cycle (intermittent irrigation) arises as an alternative to traditional continuous irrigation. However, the intermittent irrigation may affect the dynamics of soil solution chemical attributes, the water use and the rice yield. Thus, our study aims to evaluate the electrochemical characteristics and nutrient availability in soil solution during the growing cycle, the plant response and the water use efficiency of irrigated rice under different flood irrigation management methods. For this, a field experiment was conducted in Southern Brazil, with three treatments: 1) continuous irrigation; 2) one water suppression (between V6–V8); and 3) two water suppressions (between V6–V8 and V8–V10). Regarding soil solution electrochemistry, the pH and redox potential (EH) were affected by the water suppression, increasing and decreasing due to soil reoxidation, respectively. The electrical conductivity (EC) decreased during the rice growing cycle, accompanying the plant development. The nutrients (except the potassium) were affected by water suppression, diminishing their availability. However, when the water layer was reestablished, there were no differences on soil solution electrochemistry among the irrigation methods. Regarding rice response, no differences were observed and the amounts produced were, in average, 9.9 and 13.4 Mg ha−1 of grains and shoot dry matter, respectively. The same occurred for the water amount utilized and water use efficiency (WUE) and the values observed were, in average, 9094 m3 ha−1 and 1.1 kg m−3, respectively. More studies regarding different flood irrigation management methods are necessary to encourage the adoption of intermittent irrigation by rice farmers of Southern Brazil and increase the sustainability of rice production.
Journal: Agricultural Water Management - Volume 176, October 2016, Pages 9–17 | <urn:uuid:5bbaeb90-4714-48bf-aa79-afd85f03f1d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://daneshyari.com/article/4478230 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.915487 | 575 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Singapore Business District Begin Testing Self-Driving Ride-Hailing Service
SINGAPORE—Singapore became the first country in the world to launch a self-driving taxi service on Thursday.
Singapore’s nuTonomy, founded by two researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said Thursday it began testing a free taxi-hailing service in a small business district in Singapore called one-north, a campus-like space dominated by tech firms and biotechnology companies.
The trial was given the blessing of the Singapore government, which has long sought to turn the city-state into a hub for disruptive technology through generous financial-assistance programs and research partnerships with firms like nuTonomy.
NuTonomy’s test vehicles, a Renault Zoe and Mitsubishi i-MiEV electric car, will have a computer engineer and backup human driver during the trial phase in case anything goes wrong, and can be hailed by select members of the public using a smartphone app, the company said. The one-north district is a self-contained area of about 0.8 square miles accessible by trunk roads but much quieter than most public roads in Singapore. NuTonomy said it would test its vehicles on a 6 kilometer (3.7 mile) route.
Mr. Parker said the Singapore government had laid out a series of milestones for nuTonomy to achieve before it is allowed to extend its trials to other areas of the city. He declined to provide details on those milestones, but said the next stage would be to expand the service to a neighborhood adjacent to one-north.
Autonomous vehicles are pitched as safer and more reliable than human drivers, but many people say they distrust machines because they aren’t capable of making moral or instinctive decisions as a human may do. Some industry observers say autonomous driving technologies are years away from public use for these reasons.
NuTonomy’s Mr. Parker said one of the trial’s goals is to introduce the public to the new technology. “We don’t want it to be scary,” he said. | <urn:uuid:81009a1b-8842-40df-a0ae-bb6fedf8aa40> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://motiondigest.com/2016/08/25/singapore-business-district-begin-testing-self-driving-ride-hailing-service/?noamp=mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960027 | 434 | 1.867188 | 2 |
It may be possible to diagnose Parkinson's disease with a skin test, a new study suggests.
For the study, researchers used a chemical assay to detect clumping of the protein alpha-synuclein, a hallmark of Parkinson's disease, in autopsy skin samples taken from patients who had Parkinson's disease confirmed by brain pathology and from controls without the disease. The test showed a high degree of sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Parkinson's.
The study was published online in the scientific journal Movement Disorders.
"This test has a lot of promise," senior author Anumantha Kanthasamy, PhD, professor of biomedical sciences at Iowa State University in Ames, told Medscape Medical News.
"At present there are no peripheral biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. The current diagnosis is just based on symptoms and the symptoms can be similar to many other neurological diseases," he added. "It can take many years to establish a correct diagnosis and the accuracy is low even with experienced neurologists."
If the current results can be replicated in samples from live patients and in those with very early stages of Parkinson's, a skin test could allow early diagnosis and the possibility of starting preventive treatments to slow disease progression before symptoms develop too severely, the researchers suggest.
The blinded study used a seeding assay — used previously to detect misfolded proteins in prion diseases — to analyze 50 skin samples provided by the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders/Brain and Body Donation Program based at Banner Sun Health Research Institute.
Half of the skin samples came from patients with Parkinson's disease and half came from people without neurologic disease. The protein assay correctly diagnosed 24 out of 25 Parkinson's disease patients and only one of the 25 controls had the protein clumping.
"At present, the only way to definitely diagnose Parkinson's disease is on autopsy — by the detection of alpha synuclein clumps (Lewy bodies) in the brain," Charles Adler, MD, professor of neurology at Mayo Clinic Arizona in Scottsdale and a co-investigator of the study, commented to Medscape Medical News. "In our research, we have also seen clumping of alpha synuclein in many other organs including submandibular gland, colon, skin, heart, and stomach, but in terms of access, the skin is probably the easiest source."
In this study, "we found this seeding assay for alpha synuclein clumps to be extremely sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of Parkinson's," he added. "This is very valuable data as we have samples from autopsy-validated Parkinson's patients."
The researchers are now starting a study in living patients with funding from the National Institutes of Health in which they will repeat the process comparing skin samples from patients with clinically diagnosed PD and controls.
"We need to know whether analyzing alpha-synuclein clumping in skin biopsies from live Parkinson's patients would serve as a reliable biomarker for disease progression. Will clumping of this protein in skin samples increase over time and does it correspond with disease progression?" Adler said.
In future they are also hoping to test individuals who have not yet developed Parkinson's disease but may have some prodromal type symptoms, and to test whether this assay could measure a treatment effect of drug therapy.
Adler noted that they are currently conducting an autopsy study of skin samples from individuals who did not have clinical Parkinson's disease when alive but in whom Lewy bodies have been found postmortem.
"This suggests that the disease pathology starts before Parkinson's symptoms develop, and in the future, if we can diagnose Parkinson's earlier then we may be able to stop progression," he said.
"There is a long list of compounds that have been studied to try and slow progression but haven't shown benefits, but by the time patients develop symptoms they already have significant disease and [have] lost most of their dopamine neurons," he added. "If we could backtrack by 10 years, then these drugs may well make a difference."
Adler also noted that currently more advanced patients may undergo invasive procedures such as deep brain stimulation or surgery. "It is of utmost importance that they have an accurate diagnosis before being subjected to such procedures."
In addition, he pointed out that an accurate test would help the drug development process. "It is vitally important to enroll patients with an accurate diagnosis in clinical trials of new drugs. At present, a large percentage of patients in these trials may not actually have Parkinson's disease, which makes it very difficult to show a treatment effect."
Important Step, but Preliminary
Commenting for Medscape Medical News, James Beck, PhD, chief scientific officer of the Parkinson's Foundation, said the study "is an important step toward the creation of a new way to potentially diagnose Parkinson's disease."
But he cautioned that this is a preliminary study. "To really confirm the possibility of using this approach for diagnosing Parkinson's, a larger study will be necessary. And it will be important to test this in a population with early disease — the most difficult group to accurately diagnose."
Also commenting on the findings, Beate Ritz, MD, PhD, an epidemiologist at UCLA Fielding School of Public Health in Los Angeles, who is part of a team also working on ways to measure abnormal alpha-synuclein to diagnose Parkinson's, described the current study of skin samples as "pretty nifty."
"Their research shows clearly that they can distinguish between Parkinson's patients and controls in this way," she said. "The big advantage of this study is that they have brain pathology, so they know exactly which individuals had Parkinson's."
Ritz is working with Gal Bitan, PhD, from the UCLA Brain Research Institute on a potential blood test to measure abnormal alpha-synuclein.
She explained that it is not possible to measure alpha-synuclein pathology in regular blood samples as it is expressed normally in red blood cells, but they are measuring the protein and its more toxic phosphorylated form from exosomes, which contain the waste discarded by cells using technology that determines the origin of these exosomes.
"Alpha-synuclein itself is not a problem. It is the way it misfolds that causes toxicity and disrupts the workings of the cell," Ritz added. "In Parkinson's, it is particularly toxic to dopaminergic neurons, and in multiple system atrophy, it is toxic to glial cells, so if we can identify the source of the protein then that could be helpful."
The study was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the US Army Medical Research Materiel Command. The study authors, Beck, and Ritz have disclosed no relevant financial relationships.
Movement Disorders. Published online September 22, 2020. Abstract
Medscape Medical News © 2020
Send news tips to firstname.lastname@example.org.
Cite this: A Skin Test for Parkinson's Diagnosis? - Medscape - Oct 29, 2020. | <urn:uuid:2c97791a-152f-426c-9c2c-3ac33e4ca3cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/940041 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95712 | 1,428 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Bus Rider's Safety Handbook
The goal of this Bus Rider's Handbook is to help provide a safe and enjoyable experience for the children and adults who ride the school buses. Parents should take time to read and discuss the materials in this handbook with their children. Riding a school bus is a privilege provided by the school district and should be treated as such. Special Needs Student information cards are to be completed and turned into the driver within three days.
General Safety Rules
- Obey the instructions of the bus driver. At no time will a student act toward, or address comments to a bus driver in a disrespectful manner, or refuse to cooperate with the driver.
- Board and leave the bus at designated stops only.
- Only the students who are eligible to ride may be transported and must ride their assigned bus.
- Do not ask to ride home on another bus with a friend.
- It is the responsibility of the parent to provide transportation to school if a child misses the bus.
- Students will abide the individual school's rules and regulations concerning bus students, including conduct and dress code.
Buses will run as close as possible to the published schedule. However, the first several weeks of school are a period of adjustment. Routes will not run early, but may occasionally run late until revisions are made. Please keep this in mind when arranging personal schedules.
Parents should discuss with their children a plan of action if the morning bus is missed. Students should know if their parents expect them to return home, go to a neighbor, walk to school, etc. (When mechanical or other problems cause a bus to run late, the schools will be notified, and the bus will make every stop, regardless of how late it is.)
Procedures for Waiting for the Bus
- Be at your bus stop five minutes before schedule pick up time.
- Driver will not pick up a student unless they are at their designated stop.
- Stand on the sidewalk or back from the roadway while waiting for the bus.
- When the bus approaches, form a line and be prepared to load immediately.
- Stand clear of the bus until it comes to a complete stop.
- If a student misses the bus, the bus will not return. The student is to go home immediately and call their parents if they are not home. .
Loading the Bus
- Do not push or shove.
- Use the handrail and steps.
- Go to your seat. The bus will not move until all students are seated.
- Students from the first stop may be assigned in the back of the bus, until the last students picked up are seated in the front.
- One the bus door is shut and preparing to depart, a student may not be admitted to ride.
Conduct on the Bus
- Remain seated while the bus is moving.
- Do not change seats.
- A student shall not refuse to sit in an assigned seat or deny another place to sit.
- Each student will be expected to remain seated for the duration of the trip, and remain seated until the bus door opens.
- Normal conversation is permitted; any load noises may distract the driver and create an unsafe condition.
- Scuffling, fighting, and the use of obscene, vulgar, or profane language and gestures are forbidden.
- Do not throw objects inside or out of the bus.
- Do not mark, cut, or scratch any part of the bus. Vandalism costs will be paid by the person who is responsible.
- The emergency door and exit controls should be used by pupils only during supervised drills or actual emergencies.
- Student shall never attempt to operate the passenger door or other driver controls except in cases of extreme emergency.
- Students shall face forward for the duration of the trip, and shall keep their feet on the floor in front of them and out of the bus aisle.
- Video recordings are made of student activity on the bus for disciplinary and training purposes.
Getting off the Bus
- Stay seated until the bus is completely stopped.
- Use the handrail to take one step at a time when leaving the bus.
- Wait for your turn to leave the bus; pushing and crowding will only slow exiting and may cause an accident.
- Student will be released from the bus only at their designated bus stop or attending campus.
- If an emergency situation arises, you must have written permission to get off the bus at a stop other than your own. Present a written request to your campus administrator. The campus will then notify the Transportation office and the Transportation office will issue a rider pass directly to the bus driver.
- Stay clear of the bus when the engine is started. Do not chase or hang on the bus at any time.
- If any article drops or rolls near or under the bus, do not go after it. Go to the door of the bus and ask the driver for help.
Crossing the Street or a Highway
- All students living on the left side of the roadway shall exit the bus and move to a point 10 to 12 feet in front of the right bumper and wait for the driver to signal you that it is safe to cross.
- Check in both directions and walk directly across the road.
- Never cross the road behind the bus.
- CAUTION! Be alert for the vehicles that do not stop when the bus is loading or unloading students.
- Cross all streets at intersections. Obey all traffic signals and signs on your way home.
- Live animals or insects.
- Glass containers.
- Alcoholic beverages.
- Weapons, explosives (such as fireworks), knives, water guns, or unsheathed pointed articles or any other object that could be considered dangerous or conflict with the safety of the students and the driver.
- Students will keep aisles clear. Any article (projects, band instruments, etc.) too large to be held in the student's lap or which they impose on other riders will not be allowed on the bus.
- Matches or cigarette lighters.
- Students will not eat on any school bus. Plastic water bottles filled with water only will be allowed on any school bus.
- Radios or tape/CD players, ipods.
Accidents or Emergencies
- Follow the driver's instructions.
- If you must leave the bus, stay in a group.
- The following procedures will be used for evacuation in an emergency situation:
A. The student nearest the door will open the door and hold it open.
B. Leave the bus in a single file as quickly and quietly as possible.
C. Evacuation will start with the seat closest to the door.
D. Once outside the bus, follow the driver's instructions completely.
- Bus rider rules apply to all school-sponsored events.
- Discipline will be the responsibility of the building principal and the trip sponsor.
- The bus must return clean when returning from the trip.
The school bus is an extension of the classroom. All the rules that apply in the classroom carry over on the bus. The Principal or Director of Transportation will administer discipline procedures with assistance from the bus driver. All school board policies that apply to a student conduct the other student related activities apply on the school bus.
STEPS OF CONSEQUENCES FOR SAFETY INFRACTIONS
1st Consequence- Probation with possible suspension of riding privileges depending on the severity of the offense.
2nd Consequence- May constitute a parent conference with severity of punishment to be determined by the principal. Student may not ride until conference is held.
3rd Consequence- Conference with parent and suspended riding privileges for the remainder of the year.
Note: Students are responsible for notifying their parents or guardian of disciplinary action. | <urn:uuid:c64f1784-d061-46a3-8ee3-7ca3b7242122> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.judsonisd.org/Page/16029 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.926454 | 1,628 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Case Study On Chronic Kidney Disease Secondary To
The overall effect size for family communication was small (g = 0.085) and not significant (p = 0.344), while for cascade testing, it was small (g = 0.169) but significant (p = 0.014). Interventions show promise for improving cancer predisposition cascade genetic testing for HBOC and LS. A comprehensive family history often identifies persons and families at risk. Family histories suggestive of hereditary predisposition include the following: When several close relatives have cancers such as malignant melanoma or tumors of the breast, colon or ovaries. A predisposition to hereditary neuroblastoma is caused by alterations, also known as mutations, at specific areas within an individual’s genetic information. Each of us has a large amount of genetic information that is organized into smaller segments known as “genes.” Major mental disorders traditionally thought to be distinct share certain genetic glitches, according to a new study.
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10 Canadian guidelines suggest that having a single first- or second-degree relative is sufficient for considering testing. 11 However, family history is not always predictive of carrying a hereditary predisposition. 7 Often incomplete penetrance or a de novo alteration can limit the impact of family history. 2017-08-30 · An additional 5-10% of breast cancer is considered "hereditary." These cases are thought to be caused by an inherited predisposition to breast cancer that is passed down through a family in an autosomal dominant manner. In some of these families, the underlying genetic cause is not known.
Genetic predisposition is an increased chance that you’ll develop a certain disease based on your genetic makeup. This can be identified via your family history and/or genetic alterations. A predisposition contributes to the development of disease but doesn’t actually cause it. 1.
Huxley and the popularization of science
cancer screening) for patients with traditional hereditary breast and ovarian cancer predisposition syndromes is well after age 18 or even age 21 and thus at risk families can wait to allow individuals to make an informed choice as an adult about undergoing genetic testing.
About 5-10% of cancers are familial, with underlying inherited genetic predisposition suspected. During the past several decades, researchers have uncovered both common genetic variants conferring small increased or decreased risk of certain cancers, as well as rare genetic variants increasing a person's risk several fold. Our understanding of familial predisposition to lymphoma (collectively defined as non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL], Hodgkin lymphoma [HL], and chronic lymphocytic leukemia [CLL]) outside of rare hereditary syndromes has progressed rapidly during the last decade. An individual's personal history (including ethnicity) and/or family history are suspicious for a genetic predisposition to cancer. The genetic test has sufficient sensitivity and specificity to be interpreted. The test will impact the individual's diagnosis, cancer management or cancer risk management, and/or help clarify risk in family members.
Background: A family history of breast cancer has long been thought to indicate the presence of inherited genetic events that predispose to this disease. In North Africa, many specific epidemio-genetic characteristics have been observed in breast cancer families when compared to Western populations. A considerable percentage of childhood cancers are due to cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS). The ratio of CPSs caused by inherited versus de novo germline mutations and the risk of recurrence in other children are unknown.
Genetic predispositions are passed down through family histories. For example, if Lisa's
1 Aug 2008 In the Family is a documentary film about predicting breast and that they are predisposed to a life-threatening disease will teach us what it
PDF | Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC; Lynch Since Lynch syndrome family members are born with one defective copy of one of the
av J Rantala · 2012 — To identify additional breast cancer predisposing genes, a genome-wide linkage study on fourteen large non-BRCA1/2 hereditary breast cancer families was
av HJ Järvinen — Ärftligt nonpolypöst kolorektalcancersyndrom (hereditary nonpolypo- sis colorectal disposition som utöver kolorektal cancer är förknippad med ökad risk för cancer i screening for colorectal cancer in families with hereditary nonpolyposis
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome) is Since Lynch syndrome family members are born with one defective copy of one
Oncologist and cancer gene hunter Theo Ross delivers the first authoritative, go-to for people facing a genetic predisposition for cancer There are 13 million
av J Sundblom · 2011 — families afflicted by certain hereditary diseases were performed. The first de- factors in disease, but considered it mostly as ”diathesis”, a predisposition. av I Juko-Pecirep · 2015 · Citerat av 1 — genetic variation in the TMC6 and TMC8 genes with susceptibility to cervical Papillomaviruses are highly diverse, belonging to the family
av H Helgadottir · Citerat av 1 — med familjär predisposition, och följa dessa i pre- families have germline mutations in the CDKN2A gene. Swedish CDKN2A mutation milies with hereditary. dc.description.abstract, Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma Since Lynch syndrome family members are born with one defective copy of one of the
Avhandling: Genetic and epidemiological studies of hereditary colorectal cancer.
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Our study Data from 9 individuals from 5 RPS families (siblings) were also studied. A predisposition can, however, even be detected prior to birth and cannot, about hereditary diseases in the family that would be significant for siblings, Genetic mechanisms in hereditary retinal and corneal dystrophies of northern Genetic predisposition for severe covid19 WGS of trio families in ID patients. Guest include genetic counselors, researchers, patient advocates and professors Lyssna på DNA Today: A Genetics Podcast direkt i din mobil, surfplatta eller familial - of, relating to, or occurring in a family or its members. there is no indication that the genes responsible for the familial or hereditary conditions are involved in sIBM.
Background: A family history of breast cancer has long been thought to indicate the presence of inherited genetic events that predispose to this disease. In North Africa, many specific epidemio-genetic characteristics have been observed in breast cancer families when compared to Western populations. A considerable percentage of childhood cancers are due to cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS). The ratio of CPSs caused by inherited versus de novo germline mutations and the risk of recurrence in other children are unknown. Familial predisposition to developmental dysplasia of the hip. Stevenson DA(1), Mineau G, Kerber RA, Viskochil DH, Schaefer C, Roach JW. Author information: (1)Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. firstname.lastname@example.org
Rarely, a clear pattern of inherited obesity within a family is caused by a specific variant of a single gene (monogenic obesity). Most obesity, however, probably results from complex interactions among multiple genes and environmental factors that remain poorly understood (multifactorial obesity).
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A Teacher'S Guide To Understanding Attention-Deficit
Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals Genetic Predisposition in a Large Family with Retinitis Pigmentosa Juan Wu , 1 Lijia Chen , 2 Oi Sin Tam , 2 Xiu-Feng Huang , 1 Chi-Pui Pang , 2 and Zi-Bing Jin 1 1 Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, The State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, No. 270, West Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou 325027, China Prostate cancer (PrCa) ranks among the top five cancers for both incidence and mortality worldwide. A significant proportion of PrCa susceptibility has been attributed to inherited predisposition, with 10–20% of cases expected to occur in a hereditary/familial context. | <urn:uuid:2239312f-a305-41a4-90ba-4026bede8215> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hurmaninvesterarciufwfw.netlify.app/77061/99055.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.890336 | 1,880 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Getting your start in the workforce is nothing short of an epic challenge. Among the endless job applications, interviews and transitioning into full-time work, you’d be forgiven for not giving your retirement a thought whatsoever.
It turns out, the best time to plan for the end of your career is at its very beginning. In a world that’s rapidly changing, taking the initiative to invest in your long term future could mean you’ll be able to adapt to adversity with ease.
“The state always has very significant responsibilities towards people who are going to be retiring in a few decades time… with things like the aged pension and other forms of social welfare, you can’t assume that they are going to be there [when you reach retirement age],” Senior Lecturer at UTS Dr. Hardy Hulley
He goes on to say that it’s not a good plan to rely on welfare for your retirement – it’s better to manage risk and ensure you have your own plan, rather than rely on the state’s assistance.
While preparing for retirement might seem like a daunting task as a young person, there are a few basic things you can start to look at now, so you’re not stressing later, and it’s totally simple.
In Australia we have compulsory superannuation, so it’s almost like we’re forced to plan for retirement. Whether you’re full-time, part-time or on a contract, your employer should be paying 9.5% of your salary into a super account. This is what’s called your Superannuation Guarantee (SG) and while your employer should be paying this correctly, it’s important to check your pay slip to make sure you’re getting the amount of super you’re entitled to.
Essentially, knowing about super, how much you should be getting and where that money is being invested is a great start as a young person looking forward to retirement.
“I think the important thing when you start working is obviously be aware of super,” career expert Jane Jackson told The Cusp.
“As soon as you get a steady job, contribute to super because by the time you are in your mid- forties and mid-fifties and you think ‘oh, I haven’t got quite enough in there,’ then you’ll start to feel quite stressed and anxious about it.”
Another thing to be aware of is how you might like to use the money in your super account to invest in other things. This is called asset allocation and it’s entirely up to you where you’d like to invest your money. Super funds will have a number of different asset allocation options ranging from conservative options (ie, more stable, less potential short-term profit) right up to more aggressive options (ie, less stable, more potential short-term profit).
When you’re young, you have the chance to be a little risky and invest in things that are less stable with the aim of increasing your money faster while ensuring you have a range of different investments. In more financial terms, that means you’re maintaining a diverse and balanced portfolio.
The thought process behind this is that when you’re young, you have more time to fix your assets later in life if risky investments don’t pay off.
“More aggressive asset allocation gives you a higher asset return – obviously at the cost of more risk,” Hardy Hulley said.
Investment is another way to plan for your retirement and the younger you get involved, the better the money (or the return) that you could see. The benefits of investing in the long-term could see your money accumulate into a larger sum as time goes on. This is known as compounding return.
“Saving and investing is a really good thing to do and the younger you do it the better because of the effects of compounding return,” Hulley said.
“If you could start saving when you are 20 and investing in even a small amount … then the effects of this are going to be quite large, so the earlier you do it the better.”
There are many different ways you can invest your cash ranging from low-risk to high-risk options. Like super asset allocation, Hulley said that when you’re young you are able to take risks with your investments that may help to make a little extra money in the short term.
“[You could] try to invest in projects that are risky but with high potential returns because you’re young enough to be able to recover if things go against you,” Hulley said.
“Be entrepreneurial and look for opportunities to invest directly in things, that is when you are young of course, because as you get older the risks of doing those things tend to outweigh the potential benefits.”
It might seem obvious, but setting yourself a savings goal is another simple, yet effective way to plan for retirement. If you get into the habit of managing your income and living within your means from an early age, this kind of behaviour will be become a habit.
“One of the most effective ways to save is if you write down everything that you spend on,” Jane Jackson said.
“If you look at how much you are spending and you write it down everyday for a month, every little thing that you spend, you will probably find there are some things that are not necessary expenses at all and if you cut back a little bit you might be able to save an extra 20 dollars or an extra 50 dollars a week.”
It all adds up over years and years. You might even be able to invest in higher-growth options once you’ve saved, such as property.
#4. Strategic thinking
Planning for the future does take a lot of effort and thought, especially when that particular future is half a century away. Thinking strategically about your career journey means assessing your true passions and making meaningful decisions about how to pursue these.
“If you work backwards in your career as an exercise then you would probably find that you would make very different choices than if you were moving forward in your decisions as most people tend to do,” Jackson said.
“If you think ultimately every choice that I make is going to have an impact on me towards the end of my career, you’ll probably choose a little more strategically … if you know what your true passion and direction could be then you could start to go on the right path.
“The reason thinking about retirement could be a good option for you in the early days is it helps you to focus on the actual journey that you could be taking rather than letting your career just develop.”
Long term thinking could put you on the path towards a cushy retirement. And it doesn’t need to come at a cost to your current every day life. So think, invest and strategise your way there, starting now.
We can assist you to determine what will work best for you and start planning for the lifestyle you want in retirement now that you are still in your 20s. Strategic thinking and planning make a huge difference when you reach retirement. Give us a call at 08 8231 4709 or send us an email at firstname.lastname@example.org to find out how we can help you achieve your retirement goals.
by Siobhan Kenna
Article reproduced from TheCusp | <urn:uuid:fe2eb92f-96b7-40cc-9252-f7369e552d01> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.centrawealth.com.au/retirement/why-you-should-plan-for-retirement-now-yes-in-your-20s/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960036 | 1,592 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Salary negotiations can be frightening, but read our quick and easy guide that will help you get what you deserve. A negotiation is only really, truly, successful when both parties feel that they have struck an equal bargain. So if that’s all that negotiation is, why do so many of us fear it?
Definition: “Negotiate” – Confer (with another) with views to compromise or agreement. (Source: The Concise Oxford Dictionary)
Why does the word negotiation make us think of Sir Alan Sugar or Donald Trump? Lots of what has been written about negotiation is directed at those in high-pressure careers. But negotiation skills are just as vital for anyone looking to get the best from their career.
Some of us would happily ignore negotiation and pretend that it doesn’t exist, avoiding it when possible. This is not going to make it any easier for you. Feeling apprehensive about negotiation is normal, but you can get through it. Even experienced negotiators can find it difficult sometimes. However, it can also be challenging, fun and even exhilarating.
Don’t worry if you haven’t been successful in negotiation previously, this time will be different. Think of your career as a work in progress, it will be a learning experience. Just initiating the negotiation process is a significant step and can bring its own rewards. Recruiters and employers are impressed with confident applicants who know their worth.
This 5 step process is primarily for negotiating salary, but the universal principles can be used in other situations.
The vital first step is research. If you are applying for a position in the same company, ask to speak to people in that department. Look for job advertisements that are similar to the one you are applying for. Send off for application forms for other jobs, examine the job descriptions carefully. Find out as much as you can about your specific job market and exactly how it works. Read as much as you can on the subject, subscribe to trade journals, look at comparisons of salary both locally and also in other areas.
Work out the very least salary that you could or would accept
This is your base salary.
Find out what the ‘product’ is worth; in this case the product is you! What could you be paid for a similar role, in another company? By conducting research you can uncover your current worth, include any benefit packages. This figure will then become your realistic mid-point salary. In life we spend on average of about a month deciding which car to buy. We must also look around from time to time to ensure that we are getting the true value for our talents.
Work out a realistic comfortable salary that you could be happy with
This is your mid-point salary.
Find out what you actually want. What salary would make you happiest? This can be revealing, as you need to feel ‘worth it’. Spend at least 10 minutes thinking about your ideal job. If we don’t have dreams then the whole process is not as beneficial. Be realistic but only after you have allowed your imagination to run wild! This can be especially useful for those people who do not use their creative side often.
Work out a fantastic salary that would make you very happy.
This will become your dream salary.
This is preparation for the moment when you will actually ask for the things you want. For some people, this is the most nerve-wracking. Rehearsing with friends and family can help to get you in the right frame of mind. If you have trouble thinking or remembering your words then write a script. You do not have to follow it religiously but it can help you to formulate a basic plan of what to say. Practice out loud with a strong voice, prepare for any questions or objections that you may face and carry out further research as necessary.
Now you know what to say and how you are going to say it
After all your research and practice you will be keen to test your skills. Ensure that your timing is right. It is not acceptable to bring up the subject of salary in the first few minutes of an interview. If you are unsure when to discuss it, wait for a cue from the interviewer. If they ask you a question about your current salary, then it would be appropriate to begin negotiations. If they do not mention salary and it is important to you to start negotiations at this stage, you may need to carefully raise the subject yourself.
Never be tempted to reveal your base salary. Try to let the employer put their offer to you before responding. When you do respond you should try to suggest a salary range that you would be happy with if you are successful. You should find that you have set up the negotiation with skill and that the final part is to find a salary on which you can both agree. Keep in mind what your dream salary is, this is what you are aiming to achieve.
If the offer is lower than you expected, do not panic or take it personally, the employer is negotiating for its own interests. They have a responsibility to their company to ensure that they are getting the best deal that they can. This may also be a test, to see if you think that you are worth that amount. Stand firm; do not be swayed by any tactics. Use the research that you have performed.
Explain why you have come to the figure that you are requesting, do not be confrontational but give the overview of what you have discovered. If the next offer is still too low, again don’t panic. Ask if you could have some time to consider the offer. Do not react immediately, you may be emotional and risk giving a bad impression. If pressed, then you will need to decide if you can accept a low offer. Your research should have provided you with a rounded impression of the company. Only you can decide your future.
If you ask for an increase in salary and you are not successful, do not worry. This is an indication that you need to take stock, you have now been provided with some time to consider your position. It can be a fantastic opportunity to discover your next steps in your career path and it should be grasped with both hands!
Negotiation is not restricted to salary; you need to learn to successfully negotiate to safeguard your future. | <urn:uuid:c22a3f49-9667-4958-a96d-e634eeed72c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cvmaster.co.uk/resources/career-articles__trashed/article-handling-salary-negotiations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.969468 | 1,312 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Digital Advocacy Materials for Environmental Awareness
Environmental degradation has been a problem, which needs to be address to meet sustainability. It is important to consider the balance between human activity development and environmental protection requires a sharing of responsibilities that can be equated with the behaviour towards the environment and natural resources. Preservation of the environment is one of the concerns of the Philippines government through the DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources). However, it will be a great help if every citizens will be involved most especially the youth. Aiming to produce a digital advocacy materials, this study was conducted to promote the environmental awareness. Findings of the study were the basis for development of a digital advocacy materials on environmental awareness. | <urn:uuid:adc8284a-04df-4f37-a868-15472e49a009> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nolitc.org/digital-advocacy-materials-for-environmental-awareness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964654 | 140 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Here’s the latest reader question, along with my reply!
Troy asks: When I was a kid, I remember seeing people regularly using block heaters to help warm up their cars in winter. I don’t see them as much anymore. Any reason for that?
My reply: It depends on where you happen to be. If you live in an area where the winters are hard and long, you’ll still see extension cords running from inside the house to the car outside.
And under the hood.
The idea is to reduce cold-start wear and to increase the life of the battery, which works extra-hard t start a car when it’s significantly colder than freezing outside. The heater is usually a magnetic pad you slap onto the bottom of the oil pan or something that slips into the oil dipstick or radiator, depending on the type. These don’t really keep the engine warm – they just keep it from achieving “thermal equilibrium” with the outside air temp!
But you may not see them as much – chiefly because modern fuel-injected cars start easier than the carbureted cars of the now-distant past (cars have been fuel-injected since the late 1980s) and “warm up” much faster.
In the old (carbureted) days, it could take several minutes in very cold weather for the idle to stabilize, the choke to release and the car warmed-up enough to drive easily. Today, it’s sound policy to begin driving almost immediately after the engine is started.
But it’s still good policy to drive the car gently for the first several minutes, in order to give the rest of the drivetrain (and lubricated parts) time to get lubed-up and warmed up.
A tip: If the vehicle has a manual transmission, gently ease out the clutch (with the shifter in neutral) and let the engine idle a moment or so before driving off. This will circulate lube inside the transmission, which should result in noticeably smoother shifting on very cold days and probably help reduce wear and tear on the transmission, too.
. . .
Got a question about cars, Libertarian politics – or anything else? Click on the “ask Eric” link and send ’em in!
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My latest eBook is also available for your favorite price – free! Click here. | <urn:uuid:e1806d13-693d-450a-9f12-c94208012f3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ericpetersautos.com/2019/10/11/reader-question-block-heaters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.949076 | 581 | 2.078125 | 2 |
The field of data science is continuously growing, subsequently, there are a ton of career roles available for one to choose from within the data science domain. This blog lists down some of the most emerging career options in data science one can opt for.
Data science is a field that requires subject matter expertise (e.g., biology if you plan to do bioinformatics), programming skills, and training in mathematics and statistics. Data science as a service allows companies to get business insights leveraging advanced analytics technologies, including deep learning, without investing in in-house data science competencies. Data scientists help a company process a huge pool of information from a variety of sources. An expert data science team can help you quickly embrace data science for meeting particular advanced analytics objectives.
Glassdoor ranks data science as the #2 job in America for 2021. There are many professions in data science with similar names: for example, ML developers and ML engineers. In this article, we will talk about different roles in data science, how professions in this field differ and what is expected from candidates for different vacancies.
The main task of a data scientist is to improve the quality of machine learning models. In general, his or her work can be divided into two blocks. The first one is to work with the finished model in the project. It is necessary to continuously assess its quality and find what can be improved. Online and offline metrics, as well as feedback from testers, help in this. The second is the research part itself: finding new architectures and signals for prediction.
Here is what a data scientist needs to know:
Python to develop models.
C++ to put code into production.
Deep learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch, Caffe, or others).
Data structures and algorithms.
A lot of time data scientist is collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data for useful insights. After preparing the data, they spend the rest of the time training new models e.g., preparing data on a cluster and writing infrastructure for effective training. It’s also part of the job to duplicate the model: you have to write the model and check that it behaves as expected on real data, and then optimize its performance. An interesting fact is that the job of a data scientist also involves skills from the roles of ML engineer, data engineer, and data scientist.
The responsibilities of an ML engineer are very similar to a data scientist. But in contrast, there is no need to prepare publications in scientific journals and regularly develop new technologies. Much more important than for a data scientist is the ability to write effective and readable code that colleagues can then make sense of.
Here is what an ML engineer needs to know:
Python and C++ to develop models and train algorithms.
Probability theory, statistics, and discrete mathematics.
Deep Learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch, Caffe, or others).
It is also useful for ML engineers to have collaborative development tools. They should be able to not only train high-quality models but should also be able to create services based on them that can withstand a high load. This may require mastery of both lower-level programming languages and techniques for optimizing machine learning models.
Data engineers are in charge of preparing data for subsequent analysis. Their job is to first gather data from social networks, websites, blogs, and other external and internal sources, and then bring it into a structured form that can be sent to the data analyst.
Imagine you need to make an apple pie. First, you need to find the flour, apple, eggs, milk, and other ingredients from the recipe. That’s what the data engineer does, just looking for and bringing in the right data. And the data analyst will make the pie himself, or rather look for patterns among the found data.
Here is what a data engineer needs to know:
How to design storage, set up data collection, and data pipelines.
How to build ETL processes.
C++, Python, or Java.
SQL for working with databases.
In addition, engineers create and maintain the storage infrastructure. They are also responsible for the ETL system – extracting, transforming, and loading data into one repository. It is safe to say that they are responsible for buying and storing the ingredients for the pie. Thus, the data analyst can pick them up any time to make a dish and be sure that everything is in place and nothing has gone bad.
Data analysts help a company improve metrics and solve intermediate goals rather than blindly move toward big goals (doubling revenue in a year). More often than not, they work closely with salespeople.
The task of the data analyst is to process a large amount of data and find patterns in it. For example, they may find out that most often toothbrushes are bought by married men from 30 to 40 years old. Data analysts help companies better understand their customers and, which in-turn brings in more sales.
Here is what a data analyst needs to know:
Python to process data.
Mathematical statistics to choose the right methods to process the data.
SQL dialects like ClickHouse.
DataLens, Tableau, PowerBI, and other dashboard tools.
Big data tools such as Hadoop, Hive, or Spark.
In their work, data analysts use the knowledge of mathematical statistics, which allows them to find patterns and assist with predicting the behavior of users. Data analysts also conduct tests, check how users react to the new interface, and help optimize business processes.
There are many directions and tasks in data science for those who like exact sciences. You can do science-intensive tasks as a data scientist, implement new technologies as an ML engineer, look for useful patterns for business as a data analyst, or collect and structure data if you choose to work as a data engineer. In addition, your choices can be based not only on your expertise but also on the problems you want to solve: perhaps you dream of moving science forward and creating technology that others will use. | <urn:uuid:4e6d2cc0-aebf-4959-be63-a6fa4c694429> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://devarena.ml/blog-different-roles-in-data-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.945321 | 1,250 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Maths: Easter egg patterns
Thursday, March 17, 2022
Easter eggs are ideal for inspiring exploration, discussion, understanding, and the creation of a variety of repeating patterns.
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- Access to 4 free articles per month from our practical database. | <urn:uuid:980d601a-adee-4c3c-be4c-ba78b1827613> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.earlyyearseducator.co.uk/practical/article/maths-easter-egg-patterns | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.888297 | 131 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Four in 10 over 40s are opting for thrill-packed adventure holidays over relaxing by the pool – choosing to hike, ride horses, road cycle and ski instead of the traditional beach break.
Research of 2,000 adults over 40 found others enjoy riding rollercoasters, wild camping, and mountain biking.
While snorkelling, kayaking, mountain climbing, and zip lining are also popular.
And of those yet to experience such activities, 73 per cent are seeking to be more active following the events of the pandemic.
More than half (56 per cent) want to make more memories while they can and 49 per cent are keen to make holidays fun again.
The research was commissioned by Voltarol, which has also created a quiz to find out how adventurous you really are when it comes to going on holiday.
Hannah Ford, from the brand, said: ”Age is but a number, it is how healthy, active and audacious you are that can make the difference.
“The fact that nearly half of adults over the age of 40 have become more adventurous is a good sign, as pushing yourself out of your comfort zone can bring incredible health benefits – both physically and mentally.
“We’re not surprised that hiking came out as the top holiday activity for the over 40s, as, while the pursuit can seem mild rather than wild, the breath-taking views, blood-pumping cardiac exercise and mind-clearing side effects of the hobby can’t be beaten in terms of adventure – no matter how old you are.
“Age aside, it is always important to remain as cautious as possible to avoid any unnecessary injuries while having fun.”
The study also found nearly half of those who are less adventurous tend to gradually take things a step at a time on holiday, with 35 per cent concerned they may injure themselves if they take | <urn:uuid:08f1ce81-ec20-43a5-a0c2-a1f9374a33d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://entertainthekids.com/10275-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952513 | 395 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Re: SP train 95
Author: George Andrews
Date: 06-01-2022 - 18:46
Regarding the original post - the Alco PA's were somewhat dependable -- AFTER new crankshaft support gussets were welded in to the 244 block, AND the air - cooled turbocharger was swapped out for a water - cooled model. Many early model PA's also had the entire 244A prime mover replaced with Alco's improved 244D engine in 1952. Then in 1956, when the PA's were only 8 years old, Espee upgraded and re - wired all 66 units. They were retired a few at a time through the early 1960's, the last few A - Units in 1967.
Worth noting that the Alco PA / PB produced 2000 H.P. with only ONE 16 cylinder prime mover, whereas the EMD E-7 needed TWO engines inside the carbody for the same horsepower rating, yet with less tractive effort due to Alco's use of the GE Model 752 traction motor. This HUGE traction motor also allowed for Dynamic Brakes, an option not available on any EMD E - Unit until the E-8. | <urn:uuid:98a8198a-6db8-414e-aa85-99dec3da464d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.altamontpress.com/discussion/read.php?1,243335,243394 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957716 | 246 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Berlin (AFP) - Four bodies were found floating in homes in France and Germany in flash floods that left water lapping at the doors of one of the Loire Valley's most famous chateaux.
Heavy rains lashing parts of France, Germany and Austria cut roads, stranded people on rooftops and forced schools to close their doors, and French weather forecasters warned of more to come on Thursday.
Three people who had been trapped in a house at Simbach am Inn in southern Germany were found dead, local authorities said, and police warned several other people could be on the ground floor of the building.
The body of an 86-year-old woman was found in her flooded house in Souppes-sur-Loing in central France, parts of which have been hit by the worst flooding in more than 100 years.
In France's Loire Valley, a large expanse of water pooled in front of the 16th century Chateau of Chambord, reflecting the much-visited Renaissance castle's image.
In one incident in southern Bavaria, emergency services rescued 20 members of a school group when a boat trip on the Regen river ran into trouble with strong currents sparked by a sudden storm, authorities said.
At the French Open -- the only major tennis tournament still without protection from the rain -- the constant interruptions prompted an outburst from frustrated Spanish player David Ferrer who exclaimed "I've been cheated!"
South of Paris, in the town of Montargis, the deluge turned one street into a canal, forcing locals to don boots to wade through the floodwaters.
Elsewhere, in southern Germany the rains left trucks jackknifed on flooded roads at Simbach am Inn.
Four people died and a dozen were injured in the southern Baden-Wuerttemberg region between Sunday and Monday.
- 'Never seen this' -
On Bavaria's southeastern border with Austria, firefighters and other emergency services were dispatched to stricken towns where roads and bridges were cut and some residents had to seek refuge from the waters on rooftops.
"The floods came so quickly that people had to escape to the roofs of their houses," a spokesman for the Lower Bavaria regional police said, adding that many streets were submerged.
In the town of Triftern, around 50 children and 25 adults bunked down in their school on Wednesday after being cut off by the waters.
Over the border in Austria, heavy rain lashed the Salzburg region, flooding several roads and forcing several schools to announce closures for Thursday.
In Paris, many promenades along the Seine were closed due to the high waters, which the mayor's office predicted could rise by another metre in the coming days.
Fire services have already made 10,000 call-outs across the country since the rain began on Sunday, according to authorities.
Schools were closed and thousands of people were evacuated in central regions because of the flooding, which weather forecaster Meteo France described as "exceptional, worse than the floods of 1910".
Prime Minister Manuel Valls will on Thursday visit Nemours, 80 kilometres (50 miles) to the south of Paris, where residents had to be evacuated after the Loing river burst its banks.
"In 60 years of living here I have never seen this," Sylvette Gounaud, a shopworker in Nemours said. "The centre of town is totally under water, all the shops are destroyed."
The neighbouring Loiret region, home to the chateau of Chambord, saw the average rainfall of six weeks in just three days. | <urn:uuid:a95be45f-1b50-4a31-9329-ebd0124d7cbf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://au.news.yahoo.com/flash-floods-maroon-towns-in-germany-france-31742565.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.98011 | 742 | 1.523438 | 2 |
The Ombudsman acts on behalf of all nursing home residents, their families or friends to resolve complaints concerning care issues against a nursing home. The Long Term Care Ombudsman investigates and works to resolve these complaints in the strictest of confidence on behalf of nursing home residents about their care, services, rights, or other concerns that affect their dignity and well being. The Ombudsman helps promote citizen and community involvement by providing information on the problems that exist in long-term care facilities. The Ombudsman trains and organizes local Ombudsman volunteers to act as resident representatives in each nursing home. The Ombudsman is also an advocate for residents’ rights and assists in organizing resident Councils and Family Councils in all nursing homes.
The Ombudsman Advisory Council is comprised of a representative from each of the seven County GRADD areas along with professionals that maintain a strong interest in improving the quality of life for the institutionalized elderly and for protecting their rights. The Council reviews and advises the Ombudsman on policies and procedures, provides ongoing support and leadership, assures contract Compliance and seeks funding resources for program viability.
The Ombudsman Program offers several volunteer opportunities.
- A Friendly Visitor visits with the nursing home residents each week and can provide much needed companionship.
- The Certified Ombudsman Volunteer is trained to investigate complaints and to work for a solution that is satisfactory for the resident.
- Some volunteers provide community education about issues that affect the nursing home resident or can become a member of the Ombudsman Advisory Council.
The Ombudsman Program provides elder abuse educational programs and in-services to residents, families, and long term care facilities, community groups and organizations. These programs provide information about how to recognize, prevent, report and stop the abuse of the elderly victim.
The Ombudsman Program raises public awareness of issues and legislation that affect long-term care residents. The Ombudsman also advocates with legislators on governmental policies and regulations that pertain to the rights and well-being of residents.
This information is made possible by state and/or federal funding provided by the Department for Aging and Independent Living. | <urn:uuid:92d84b6c-74bf-4a50-9a7f-820d40ff0525> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gradd.com/individuals/social-services/ombudsman/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947625 | 422 | 1.984375 | 2 |
However, most of Kinabalu’s endemic species are found in the mountain forests, particularly on ultramafic soils (i.e. soils which are low in phosphates and high in iron and metals poisonous to many plants; this high toxic content gave rise to the development of distinctive plant species found nowhere else).
The process of calculating is best understood by applying the term ceteris paribus, i.e. all other things being the same, stating that at a time only the impact of one changing factor be introduced to the phenomenon being examined.
On 4 July, the task force set up in the hills north of Osan and prepared to block advancing North Korean forces. The next day, they spotted an incoming column of troops from the North Korean 105th Armored Division.
The story focuses on his relationship with his mentor, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch and the students. More recently, in a revival of interest in his work, he has been the subject of a series of major conferences at the University of York and at Downing College, Cambridge, and of a symposium published in April 2016 by the journal ‘Philosophy and Literature’ (Johns Hopkins).
In the episode, the rights of the android officer Lt. Commander Data (Brent Spiner) are threatened by a scientist who wishes to dismantle him to produce replicas of him. The script was accepted due to the impact of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, and resulted in Snodgrass being recruited as a staff writer and script editor.
The initial share capital was £50,000 to which a further £10,000 was added in 1805-6. The final cost, including the dock at Wandsworth, was between £54,700 and £60,000. The main traffic was coal, building materials, lime, manure, corn and seeds.
Franco visited Abramović during The Artist Is Present in 2010. The two also attended the 2012 Metropolitan Costume Institute Gala together. In July 2013, Abramović worked with pop singer Lady Gaga on the singer’s third album Artpop.
The Jazz Ensemble is particularly active in performing in the Albion community. There are a number of vocal groups on campus as well, most notably co-ed Bella Voce and co-ed Euphonics, which are both a cappella music groups that perform throughout the semester. | <urn:uuid:c002b3f6-281d-4baf-90f3-2f73d8b81afc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://3549.neocities.org/posts/journal-of-korean-institute-of-metals-and-materials-impact-factor.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.975082 | 491 | 1.757813 | 2 |
The Drug Innovation Paradox
75 Pages Posted: 7 Apr 2017 Last revised: 11 Aug 2022
Date Written: April 7, 2017
In medicine today, we face an innovation paradox. The companies that develop new medicines are highly dependent on a period of exclusive marketing after approval, to fund their research and development programs. But longer research and development programs are not associated with longer periods of exclusive marketing. Instead the period of exclusive marketing may be shorter. Exclusivity that dwindles with each additional month of pre-commercialization research should lead innovators to be more efficient, but this Article explores a concern that the added factor of the drug regulatory system leads to a different result.
This Article contributes to the literature on incentives for pharmaceutical innovation as follows. First, it explains the theory of new drug approval and uses historical scientific and regulatory materials to illustrate that the premarket paradigm at any given time depends heavily on the state of clinical trial and statistical methodology and clinical pharmacology, as well as the prevailing regulatory climate. The length of any particular program is a function of the molecule and chemical class, disease and disease stage, and outcome that a firm tests, as well as scientific obstacles and opportunities that present themselves. Second, it presents empirical findings about the length of premarket programs from 1984 to 2016 using a dataset of regulatory milestones made public through FDA’s implementation of the patent term restoration provisions of the 1984 statute. This is the first piece of scholarship to combine these data with the listed patents on those drugs, the initial labeling approved by FDA for those drugs, and their therapeutic categorizations, and the first to use these data to offer comprehensive descriptive statistics about the relationship between drug types and premarket timelines.
The findings have significant implications for innovation policy. The paradox in drug innovation is that we have chosen to incentivize research and development with a post–market award, but as the research and development timeline increases, the post–market reward for the innovation remains the same or decreases. If the length of the premarket process correlates with particular drug types, disease targets, or studied outcomes, we may be offering an inadequate incentive in entire areas of medicine where we have a critical need for new treatments.
Keywords: new drugs, patents, data exclusivity, clinical trials, medical innovation, health policy, empirical research, history of medicine, patent policy, patent term restoration
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation | <urn:uuid:0154b140-3ea1-46c4-b765-ed369b883964> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2948604 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.923356 | 485 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Text and photos by Glenn Maffia
Last week I received a most welcome correspondence from the hydrologist responsible for redirecting the water falling into the southeast section of the Temple of Apollo sanctuary in ancient Didyma, Turkey.
This pleased me immensely as there has been a deafening silence from this quarter for a number of months. Though after I sent a number of photographs as evidence for the waters now mingling within the archaeological remains of the Christian Basilica which once stood within the adyton (inner courtyard), Professor Helmut Brückner responded with admirable haste.
Reasons for the predicament
The professor reiterated that the water emanates from a fault in the karst rock which forms the Milesian Peninsula. He states that the causes of this fracturing could be either the large earthquake we experienced during July 2017, and/or the constant use of the road which curves around the Temple site. I was particularly pleased by his cold logical judgement of the second possible cause. It is an obvious disregard of this exquisite site that, primarily, the local inhabitants blithely sneer at. Needless to say, I am appalled at such lazy, uncaring minds and especially UKOME, the governmental department responsible for road/traffic management. There are other routes to circumvent the archaeological site, though obviously, five minutes (at most) is far too long a time to add to some people's unimportant journey. Or indeed, the selfish shop and bar owners who campaigned vigorously when the road was temporarily closed, on the behest of the archaeologists, a number of years back.
At this point, I would like to reiterate my theory of the fracturing of the karst allowing the groundwater to seep into Apollo's precinct. I noticed during the summer of 2016 that the area now inundated was then 'spongy' underfoot. The archaeologists were denied permission to excavate that year and, therefore, could not witness this unusual phenomenon in the height of a blistering summer. There is nothing more beneficial than actually being here on the ground to witness events at first hand, for all but a few weeks I can perform such a thrilling task. Though I missed the less severe earthquake of December 2015 (4.2 magnitude if I recall correctly) as I was attending a meeting at the British Museum with the chief curator of Greek and Roman Antiquities. It was only after experiencing the sodden ground that summer that I researched recent earthquakes. I believe that this small earthquake initially fissured the karst rock and the large July 2017 quake merely accentuated the flow of water.
Nonetheless, we are in quite close opinion as to the cause or causes of the waters permanent influx into the Temple precinct. I favour the natural fissure theory as the flow noticeably increases after heavy rainfall whilst the lazy uneducated drivers idea collapses when during the summer months the vehicles increase and the water decreases. Though this could simply be that the groundwater has exhausted itself. I shall not quibble over that point.
Though what is the remedy? Well, Professor Brückner plans to channel the water via a subsurface route away from the sodden area into a "dry well". The only dry well I can think of in that area is located in the adyton (inner sanctum). Though this shall be only a temporary solution, as the well shall eventually overflow the stone brim to inundate the inside of the Temple. Hardly satisfactory. No doubt he is hoping that this valuable time would lead to a more permanent solution which has yet to be devised.
I have already pointed out to the Professor that there does exist an extant drainage system within the Hellenistic design of the building. He probably knows this already. Where this drainage system releases the water is unknown to me, but it must, of course, be a low lying area. I rather wondered if this drainage system could once again be employed? The archaeologists would know this drainage's course, for they sent down probes to map it a number of years ago. Alternatively, they could merely channel this unwelcome water into the existing waste water systems which must be in place for the present inhabitants of the surrounding village; these are normally cesspits.
I am certain that this eminent gentleman shall solve this current predicament, probably in the most creative of ways. No more shall we have to tiptoe around the edges of this magnificent ancient structure, nor use the priceless fragments of antiquity as stepping stones to bridge a morass. | <urn:uuid:be7126b1-a8f0-4a1c-bd41-3cd5e43b596c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.turkisharchaeonews.net/article/remedies-sought-drowning-friend-revisiting-temple-apollo-didyma | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961878 | 910 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Steroid drugs, pills vs steroids
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Here's a quick introduction to one way you can use I IV V, although there is a TON more to say on this topic. The guitar is tuned to 4ths, except for the G to B string, which is a major third. That means that every time you switch strings, staying on the same fret, you're moving up (or down) a fourth.
For example, on 6th string, 5th fret, you have an A. Move up one string to the 5th string, and you have the D. Now, move up two frets, and you find the E, and there's your I IV V in the key of A, the three most important chords in that key. This works in both major and minor keys.
Learning a bit about I IV V can really help you reduce how much you need to memorize your fretboard, because you'll already know the relationships of the notes nearby. Cool stuff! | <urn:uuid:91585b28-d5ce-4c55-8818-97008a5b42a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://academy.riffninja.com/understanding-i-iv-v/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.973734 | 194 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Allonge… sounds like a fancy French word to me. Well, it is! The word “allonge” is derived from the French word allonger, meaning to draw out or an extension of... From (Merriam-Webster) dictionary, allonge literally means, lengthening. In French law, an allonge was used when a bill of exchange or other negotiable documents were too small to receive all the endorsements on one sheet, so another sheet was added, called an allonge.
Simply, it is additional paper firmly attached to a promissory note, to provide room to add endorsements.
So, what does this mean regarding notes? Well, when you have a promissory note, the allonge is the document that gives you the power to collect money on your loan!
When you have a mortgage loan, the borrower signs a promissory note to repay the loan and along with that, you have a Mortgage or Deed of Trust to secure the promissory note (loan). There are two separate documents produced at a mortgage closing that will need to be endorsed. Well when you buy a note (the note is transferred to you), you should receive documents in the collateral file that show the chain of transfers throughout life of the note. This transfer between new owners is called an Assignment of Mortgage (or Deed of Trust). Just like the promissory note gives you the power to collect money on the loan, the Assignment of Mortgage (or DoT) gives you the power to take legal action on the property (i.e., foreclosure).
While both the promissory note and the AoM need to be endorsed, you will need to ensure that the AoM is recorded with county where the actual property is located.
These steps are important when reviewing your collateral files when changing or accepting new ownership of a note. If the home is sold or refinanced and you own the note, you want to be sure that the proceeds go to you as the debt owner. So, be sure to check your collateral files thoroughly for the chain of title on your notes!
For more information on notes or if you have notes to sell, reach out to Zee at Awanna Holdings, LLC (571)659-5005. ©Awanna Holdings, LLC (Mar 2020-13), email@example.com/www.awannarandh.com | <urn:uuid:e2d73da7-b1cf-43a2-91a1-aad0b5f54a7c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.awannarandh.com/post/what-is-an-allonge | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951662 | 498 | 1.875 | 2 |
LISTEN: Carl Wernicke Reflects on JFK'S Assassination, "They cheered and applauded."
History informs us in useful ways if we're willing to listen to it. And one of its main values lies in how it puts in perspective what we are experiencing in current events.
Hearing the reflections this week from so many people about the assassination of John F. Kennedy naturally reminded me of my own memories of the event. It also brought perspective on the bitterness of our current politics.
The rift between the Democrats and Republicans today strikes many as beyond the norm of American politics. The depth of the bitterness can seem so stark that it threatens the viability of the system itself.
But bitter antagonism is not limited to today's politics. In 1828, the campaign between Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams saw Jackson reviled as an adulterer and murderer, while Jackson's supporters labeled Adams a pimp, among other niceties. And the 1804 campaign between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams was marked by revelations in newspapers supporting Adams of Jefferson's affair with one of his slaves, while Adams was accused of seeking to procure mistresses from Europe.
That's bitter politics.
Politics were bitter in the early 1960s, too. Kennedy had to overcome a bias against Catholics, and many conservatives believed he was too liberal. Raised as a Catholic myself, I was well aware of the bias against Catholics in the Deep South; in Pensacola at the time it was common to be hear the pope called the anti-Christ and Catholicism smeared as a false religion. Anti-Catholic pamphlets were handed out on downtown street corners.
On the day Kennedy was shot I was 10 years old and sitting in the cafeteria at Ferry Pass Elementary School here in Pensacola, in a music class, I think it was. The principal came on the PA system to announce that Kennedy had been shot. A few minutes later she announced that the president was dead. I was not political, and all I really knew was that my father was a Republican and had been a delegate for Nixon at the convention. But it was shocking and unsettling to hear that the president had been murdered. It was also shocking and unsettling to hear the reaction from some of my classmates: they cheered and applauded. I don't remember the teacher telling them to stop.
As a child I couldn't fathom why people would react that way to the death of their own president, and the fact that the adults in charge made nothing of it was even more unsettling. It's unlikely that any of my classmates knew anymore than I did about Kennedy, or had any informed political positions. Clearly their reactions stemmed from what they had learned at home. For them to react joyously to Kennedy's death indicated the depth of the antagonism toward JFK they heard at home.
Kennedy was killed on a Friday. The following Thursday, like many Catholic children who attend public schools, I went to Catechism, our version of Sunday school. We gathered in the church, where I learned that my classmates were not the only ones who had applauded the president's death. The head nun spoke of her shock and disgust at hearing the reports of celebrations in schoolrooms across the area, and she led us in prayer.
As I said, history gives us perspective on current events. In that, we often can find reassurance that maybe it's not as dark as it seems. But we shouldn't make the mistake of thinking that this absolves us in making the same mistakes | <urn:uuid:fa15a800-b45e-4eb5-85fd-dfa31adf48cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wuwf.org/local-news/2013-11-22/listen-carl-wernicke-reflects-on-jfks-assassination-they-cheered-and-applauded | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.987246 | 713 | 2.75 | 3 |
BIRMINGHAM Ala. (WIAT) — U.S. Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg made a stop in Birmingham Thursday to promote a new bus transit system as an example of what further infrastructure funding can do to connect communities.
The Birmingham Xpress is set to start running in September, a 15-mile bus route between Five Points West and Woodlawn.
Buttigieg was in the city to support the $20 million project funded through the ‘Reconnecting Communities’ Pilot Program that’s part of the bipartisan infrastructure law passed last year.
“It’s a major milestone that we have been working on throughout this administration,” Buttigieg said.
The White House says the program will better connect neighborhoods previously cut off from economic opportunity by transportation infrastructure.
“Recognizing where taxpayer dollars isolated people or caused damage, and using new resources to fix it, that’s not divisive. What’s divisive is a highway or railway or interchange that is dividing people from where they need to be in their community and fixing it will make a whole community better off,” Buttigieg said.
Buttigieg also met with Congresswoman Terri Sewell and Birmingham Mayor Randall Woodfin to launch the program.
Sewell says the program will help remedy past policies that separated people.
“It is by no happenstance that our railroads and our byways actually block in our communities of color and those in our underserved communities,” Sewell said.
It’s estimated the bus system would help connect people to 130,000 jobs, as well as UAB and other schools. The pilot program is taking applications from across the country, starting Thursday. Mayor Woodfin says the city will be applying.
“There are so many other projects that are in the queue. What I need to do is get with our team and see where those projects lie in priority and then we will be applying for this. But we are very excited about this Reconnecting Communities Grant for Birmingham,” Woodfin said.
Congresswoman Sewell was the only member of Alabama’s congressional delegation to vote for the infrastructure law. | <urn:uuid:cc30c79d-caf5-46eb-bbf7-124f57abc3e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbs42.com/news/u-s-transportation-secretary-pete-buttigieg-promotes-new-birmingham-bus-system-as-part-of-infrastructure-pilot-program/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956727 | 459 | 1.75 | 2 |
There could be a multitude of essential factors to consider and options to address when preparing to start a company from scratch. One of the most vital topics involved could pertain to evaluating one’s options when choosing an identity for the business. Prospective business owners in Georgia who wish to know if a sole proprietorship might be a viable option may find it helpful to seek insight into the potential benefits involved with a similar path.
Experts indicate that there may be a variety of possible benefits to choosing a sole proprietorship and such a path remains common among small business owners. One potential benefit of a similar option may involve the potential of having less paperwork to complete during the formation process. Those considering a similar path might also find that there may be less complex tax requirements with a sole proprietorship and this concept could prove appealing in nature.
Sole proprietorships may also be less complex than other business entities and as such, may be easier to manage. Other alternatives might require an owner to carry business bank accounts, while this might not be necessary with a sole proprietorship. Experts also suggest that many prospective business owners might also find the costs of starting a similar business to be less extensive than some of the alternatives.
Evaluating the options
While choosing a business identity can be a vital step in the formation process, it could also prove an intimidating task. Individuals in Georgia who wish to seek insight on ways to choose the best path for the future of their endeavors might find it helpful to speak with an attorney in the initial stages of the process. An attorney can help address all a client’s concerns and needs, provide insight on all the available business identity options, and help choose the best path possible for the future of his or her business. | <urn:uuid:0a475d14-c659-4dd5-a709-c91c73cee24f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.joneswalden.com/blog/2022/07/potential-benefits-of-starting-a-sole-proprietorship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948479 | 358 | 1.617188 | 2 |
TALLAHASSEE, Fla-- The number of hepatitis A cases in Florida continues to climb, with 72 new hepatitis A cases reported to the state last week. The latest numbers reported by the Florida Department of Health bring the total number of reported cases this year to 2,266.
Volusia County, with 12 cases, leads the state in the number of new cases reported for the most recent week, which ended Aug. 17. The latest report brings the county’s total number of hepatitis A cases to 208. Nearby Brevard County reported eight new hepatitis A cases to the state this week, bringing the total number of cases in the county to 85. Pasco County, which had one new case reported in the last week, has more hepatitis A cases --- 374 --- than any other county in the state. Pinellas County had four new cases reported this week, bringing the total number of hepatitis A cases in the county to 344.
Hepatitis A, which can cause liver damage, can be spread through such things as food or drinks that have been contaminated with fecal matter from people with the disease.
Health officials have urged Floridians to get vaccinated against the disease.
On Aug. 1, Department of Health Secretary Scott Rivkees declared a public health emergency related to the hepatitis A outbreak, "as a proactive step to appropriately alert the public to this serious illness and prevent further spread of Hepatitis A in our state." The latest report shows 6,400 doses of the vaccine have been administered. | <urn:uuid:1ba070c0-aaab-48c6-873c-493d23cd86bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wptv.com/news/state/florida-hepatitis-a-cases-continue-to-climb | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938916 | 312 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Sometimes it seems like God’s far away, hard to find, like He’s hiding, especially in dark or painful times. It’s natural to ask why God isn’t more in-your-face, especially to unbelievers and atheists, why He isn’t making things so much more obvious. Why does He choose to reveal Himself like this, in what may seem like such a covert or obscure manner? It’s a reasonable question; even the Psalmist asks it. (Ps 10:1)
In the context of God providing sufficient evidence of His existence and character, the question itself betrays a lying presumption: that God hasn’t already left us ample witness of Himself. God affirms otherwise: He’s given us infallible proof (Ac 1:3), such that there’s no excuse for not knowing and glorifying Him (Ro 1:19-21): Creation itself proclaims the glorious existence of God in every language, among all people. (Ps 19:1-3) Those who complain about a lack of evidence for God are ignorant and blind at best (Ep 4:17-18): it’s overwhelming and abundant, once we see it, but God must first open our hearts so that we’re willing to see it.
In the context of why God doesn’t answer all our questions, or why He allows pain and suffering instead of intervening and protecting us, the question often nurses a complaint, an assumption that God isn’t always perfectly revealing Himself in every time and circumstance. This then is a kind of idolatry, making God out to be as we’d like Him to be, rather than enjoying Him as He is, and it doesn’t get us very far. God doesn’t do the dog and pony show to entertain and amaze us; that’s the enemy’s way. (Re 13:12-13) We must trust that God has an end goal, a glorious purpose in everything He does and doesn’t do.
Asked as a general inquiry into the nature and heart of God, which is evidently how the Psalmist asks it, wanting to know Him more deeply, to understand a bit more why He does as He does, there’s rich treasure here. (Ro 11:33) There’s a hint given us in Revelation: when God fully manifests Himself, it appears that every created thing outside of God flees in a dreadful panic, looking for places to hide. (Re 20:11) So, it appears that if God didn’t vail Himself in some way, that very few of us on Earth would be able to function very much, if at all. We’re all still broken, struggling against sin to varying degrees, yet God’s absolute, undiluted holiness incapacitates everyone and everything that remains tainted with sin.
For God’s enemies to be able function, to act like enemies, to play out the saga of human history as God has ordained (1Pe 2:8), the struggle of good versus evil, He must allow His enemies to live apart from Him, alienated from Him. (Ep 4:18) This requires Him to take a back seat for now, as it were, and work behind the scenes, largely unnoticed.
But a Day will certainly come (1Co 3:13) where God will no longer be back stage, but will be front and center. (Je 10:10) At that time there’ll be no more deception, no more ambiguity, no more uncertainty, only absolute holiness and insane depravity, ultimate light and unbridled darkness, extreme fullness and extreme emptiness. Everything and everyone that God hasn’t planted will be rooted up and rooted out (Mt 15:13) – nothing alien to Him will abide His presence. (Joe 2:11)
Until that Day, let’s enjoy the privilege of seeking Him, pursuing Him, aligning with Him, cleaving to Him and abiding in Him in every way that we can, so that when He shall appear we may have confidence, and not be ashamed before Him at His coming. (1Jn 2:28) We’re firming up the course of our lives even now, setting ourselves up for eternity: everlasting life, or everlasting punishment. (Da 12:2) | <urn:uuid:77e218ad-ae7a-4b94-87ee-344aa5e776f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ableever.net/wordpress/2019/06/23/why-hidest-thou/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.933325 | 920 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Today was Read Across America Day, in honor of one of our most beloved authors, Dr. Seuss. He would have been 111 today, which, of course, immediately reminded me of Bilbo’s eleventy first birthday party beneath the Party Tree in the Shire. I participated today by reading the one Dr. Seuss book that I have in the house….and by reading in a couple of other books this evening.
Curiosity about this unique individual led me to a Google search on the internet. Born March 2, 1904, in Springfield MA, Theodor Seuss Geisel grew up with his parents, and his grandparents who were all German immigrants. His middle name, which later became the pen name he wrote under, was actually pronounced zoice…which rhymes with the word voice. He changed the pronunciation later to rhyme with goose, as a nod to that icon of children’s verse, Mother Goose.
As a young adult, Theodor worked as a cartoonist and illustrator, selling his first cartoon to the Saturday Evening Post in 1927. Shortly after, he took a job as a writer and illustrator for a humor magazine called Judge, in New York City. It was for this publication that he first signed his work “Dr. Seuss”. Theodor and his wife, Helen, never had children. He was quoted later as saying, “You have ‘em, and I’ll entertain ’em.” The couple traveled extensively and it was while homeward bound on an ocean liner that Theodor, inspired by the rhythm of the ship’s engines, penned a poem that became his first children’s story, And to Think That I Saw it on Mulberry Street. According to Theodor, the book was rejected between 20 – 43 times. He was on his way home to burn the manuscript when a “chance” meeting with an old Dartmouth classmate led to it being published by Vanguard Press.
Although he wrote other works, and published many cartoons, Dr. Seuss is most known for his children’s books that incorporates whimsical poetry with made up words, and creatures to match those strange names. He is best known for such works as Cat in the Hat, The Lorax, Green Eggs and Ham, The Grinch Who Stole Christmas and Horton Hears a Who. Many of his books were translated into animated films and later live action movies. He helped to pioneer the Beginner Books for beginning readers, using words from a list of 250 that were considered important for first graders to know. The Cat in the Hat was his first Beginner Book.
I grew up reading Dr. Seuss, as did my kids. My daughter Adriel learned to read with the help of his well known book, One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish. Reading through that book this evening, which has a publication date of 1960, I was reminded of her excitement the first time she read the book to me, instead of the other way around. Dr. Seuss continues to be an inspiration, and is one of the most often quoted authors. I’ve included a couple of my favorites below. He once said, “Today I shall behave as if this is the day I’ll be remembered.” He certainly has been remembered, with great respect and fondness. Those words are a good reminder for us all! | <urn:uuid:2dec1c2d-4d60-4057-9189-d3981bb51316> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cindygoesbeyond.com/2015/03/02/journey-61-happy-eleventy-first-birthday-dr-seuss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.989576 | 707 | 2.65625 | 3 |
North Korea conducted its first submarine-launched ballistic missile test in two years on Tuesday, just hours after a meeting of special envoys on North Korea convened in Washington to discuss how to cope with the reclusive country’s nuclear weapons.
In recent weeks, North Korea has conducted a series of provocations, prompting the National Security Council of South Korea to convene to address the North’s persistent acts of aggression across the area. The United Nations Security Council voiced “great sorrow” that the North had fired a missile amid international attempts to resume talks.
As reported by the South Korean military, the missile was launched from Sinpo, a location on the country’s east coast where North Korea has conducted many missile tests in the past. It also has a naval station in the region, which serves as the headquarters for the country’s submarine-launched ballistic missile development programmed.
South Korea’s military did not release any more information on the test, and its authorities were still analysing the data gathered after the launch. When the North conducts a missile launch, the National Security Council in the South’s presidential office typically convenes to evaluate the risks presented.
North Korea’s submarine-launched ballistic missiles, together with its intercontinental ballistic missiles, constitute one of the most serious military threats to the United States and its regional allies since they have the capability of extending the range of the North’s nuclear-capable missiles. In addition, S.L.B.M.s are more difficult to identify in advance.
In 2017, North Korea conducted three nuclear-capable Hwasong ICBM tests. Following the most recent nuclear test, it claimed that it was now capable of targeting the whole continental United States with a nuclear weapon. As Furthermore, the nation is working on a more stealthy way of delivering its nuclear weapons, such as by using submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs).
Since 2015, North Korea has been conducting tests of its Pukguksong submarine-launched ballistic missile system. It carried out its most recent S.L.B.M. test in October 2019, when it fired its Pukgukgong-3 missile off the shore of its eastern coast, which was a success. It also showed two improved but untested versions of its Pukguksong missiles, known as the Pukguksong-4 and Pukguksong-5, during military parades conducted in Pyongyang in October and in January. As a “strategic” S.L.B.M., Pukguksong-5 was referred to by the North as such, suggesting that it was intended to carry a nuclear warhead.
It remained unclear if the S.L.B.M.s that the North has launched in recent years were launched from a real submarine or from a platform submerged in the ocean below the surface. Only one submarine capable of launching a ballistic missile was in North Korea’s arsenal, and that craft was equipped with a single launch tube. An entirely new one, with much higher capabilities, is being constructed in the nation.
During a press conference on Tuesday, South Korean military officials declined to say whether the latest test was carried out by one of the North’s two new S.L.B.M.s or the new submarine the country is currently constructing.
South Korea completed its first submarine-launched ballistic missile test last month, marking a significant milestone in the country’s missile development. According to the North Korean government at the time, it considered itself the seventh nation in the world to be armed with S.L.B.M.s (second only to the United States, followed by Russia, China, Britain, France, and India), refusing to recognise the North as a full-fledged S.L.B.M. power.
In recent years, the two Koreas have been engaged in an arms race as the North’s nuclear and missile capabilities have grown, and the South has responded by deploying ever more powerful aircraft and missiles.
On September 30, North Korea performed its most recent missile test, in which it successfully fired a newly designed anti-aircraft missile. Due to the fact that some of North Korea’s missiles are capable of delivering nuclear bombs, foreign authorities and experts pay careful attention to the country’s nuclear weapons launches. | <urn:uuid:61423409-7f53-4951-9729-fbc15bd6cb85> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thenationalera.com/first-submarine-launched-missile-test-by-north-korea-in-more-than-two-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.966221 | 914 | 2.703125 | 3 |
In recent years, many men have turned into sartorial statisticians and used Google Spreadsheets to obsessively chronicle everything they wear — from brands to colors to how they mix and match component parts. But no one has done it quite like 35-year-old data analyst Andre Nader.
At the beginning of 2021, Nader, who maintains a Substack focused on personal finance and describes himself as a “very frugal person,” wanted to update his wardrobe while also understanding if spending more money on higher quality items was worth it. “For some reason, it really bothered me not knowing how many times I have used a specific shirt,” he wrote in his Substack post recounting his experiment. “I wanted to know how often I wore something, the cost per wear and when I last wore it.”
To do so, he developed a surveillance system using NFC tags, or the same chip technology built into credit cards that allows for touchless payments. He placed a bulk order for buttons with the tags built into them that he could then sew onto his clothes. “I timed myself sewing my first button,” he tells me. “It took me 20 minutes.” Considering he had roughly 60 items he wanted to track, it took at least “a few dozen hours” for him to finish.
Once the clothes were tagged, Nader created rows for each item using a program called CODA, which he describes as “a souped-up version of a spreadsheet.” Next, with the help of Apple Shortcuts, he made it so he could just tap the NFC button sewn onto a piece of clothing against his phone, and it would automatically keep track of it on the spreadsheet — no manual entry required. “Each article of clothing had its own unique ID that was hard-coded into the Apple Shortcut,” he says.
Nader explains he could immediately see how often he was wearing his Forever 21 sweatpants. “I felt really embarrassed seeing that I’d worn the same sweatpants four days in one week,” he says. Another thing that surprised him was how often he would wear the same T-shirts. “Even after I did laundry, I still went back to the same shirt,” he tells me.
All of this, however, did allow him to accomplish exactly what he set out to do — quantify how much he loved specific items. “There were a handful of mostly newly acquired shirts that made it into the weekly rotation,” Nader noted in his Substack post. “With seven shirts getting worn at least once in nearly 50+ percent of weeks they were owned. [It] was fascinating to see how color played a big part in wear rates as well. My theory here is simply that my household doesn’t own enough white clothing items so the ‘white load’ of laundry is bi-weekly versus weekly for everything else.”
Moreover, per all that sweatpants wearing, he wrote, “Knowing how often I wore them made me feel better about buying higher quality items that I normally would never buy. I am now the proud owner of three pairs of Vuori sweatpants/athletic pants/joggers.”
From a bigger-picture perspective, he continued, “Looking at a histogram of how often items were worn (excluding those worn 0 times), I was surprised at how much of what I own was worn five or fewer times. Having fewer things in the five or less bucket seems to be a big opportunity. While it might also be appealing to try and increase the number of items worn more than 50 times, I would need to be cautious at how I did that. For example 4/9 of the items with more than 50 wears are shoes. If I buy more shoes, it would likely lead to a decrease in the number of any individual shoe being worn more than 50 times.”
Speaking of shoes, Nader found that he was basically living in his L.L. Bean Wicked Good Slippers. “They were the number one most worn item across every category,” he explained in his post. “They were worn at least once in 60 percent of the weeks they were owned.” But more importantly to his thrifty way of thinking, they had by far the best return on cost-per-wear in 2021.
That said, even Nader isn’t impervious to an emotional purchase or two. After all of this obsessive chronicling, he was faced with the stark reality that his most expensive pair of pants — $250 Tellason raw denim jeans — were essentially just closet decoration. “The idea of having raw denim and having high quality that would last forever was super appealing,” he tells me. But he quickly learned that with raw denim you have to live in it before it becomes like a second skin. Subsequently, he says, “I never wore them — especially working from home.”
No matter the financial ramifications, though, he doesn’t have plans to relinquish them any time soon. Or as he put it in his post, “There were a number of items I still wanted to hold on to. Some for practical purposes: I’ll need dress shoes once every other year. Others for aspirational reasons: Sure I’ll use those exercise shirts more in the future. Those $200 pair of raw denim will eventually get worn.”
And if not, he says, they’ll still live on forever as advertised: “Forever unworn in my closet.” | <urn:uuid:e556677a-4c06-447f-8611-0ac7484c98c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/andre-nader-clothes-tracking-experiment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.989859 | 1,175 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Philosophy of technology Information
Philosophical discussion of questions relating to technology (or its Greek ancestor techne) dates back to the very dawn of Western philosophy. The phrase "philosophy of technology" was first used in the late 19th century by German-born philosopher and geographer Ernst Kapp, who published a book titled Elements of a Philosophy of Technology (German title: Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik).
The western term 'technology' comes from the Greek term techne (τέχνη) (art, or craft knowledge) and philosophical views on technology can be traced to the very roots of Western philosophy. A common theme in the Greek view of techne is that it arises as an imitation of nature (for example, weaving developed out of watching spiders). Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus and Democritus endorsed this view. In his Physics, Aristotle agreed that this imitation was often the case, but also argued that techne can go beyond nature and complete "what nature cannot bring to a finish." Aristotle also argued that nature (physis) and techne are ontologically distinct because natural things have an inner principle of generation and motion, as well as an inner teleological final cause. While techne is shaped by an outside cause and an outside telos (goal or end) which shapes it. Natural things strive for some end and reproduce themselves, while techne does not. In Plato's Timaeus, the world is depicted as being the work of a divine craftsman ( Demiurge) who created the world in accordance with eternal forms as an artisan makes things using blueprints. Moreover, Plato argues in the Laws, that what a craftsman does is imitate this divine craftsman.
During the period of the Roman empire and late antiquity authors produced practical works such as Vitruvius' De Architectura (1st century BC) and Agricola's De Re Metallica (1556). Medieval Scholastic philosophy generally upheld the traditional view of technology as imitation of nature. During the Renaissance, Francis Bacon became one of the first modern authors to reflect on the impact of technology on society. In his utopian work New Atlantis (1627), Bacon put forth an optimistic worldview in which a fictional institution ( Salomon's House) uses natural philosophy and technology to extend man's power over nature - for the betterment of society, through works which improve living conditions. The goal of this fictional foundation is "...the knowledge of causes, and secret motions of things; and the enlarging of the bounds of human empire, to the effecting of all things possible".[ citation needed]
The native German philosopher and geographer Ernst Kapp, who was based in Texas, published the fundamental book "Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik" in 1877. Kapp was deeply inspired by the philosophy of Hegel and regarded technique as a projection of human organs. In the European context, Kapp is referred to as the founder of the philosophy of technology.
Another, more materialistic position on technology which became very influential in the 20th-century philosophy of technology was centered on the ideas of Benjamin Franklin and Karl Marx.[ citation needed]
Five early prominent 20th-century philosophers to directly address the effects of modern technology on humanity were John Dewey, Martin Heidegger, Herbert Marcuse, Günther Anders and Hannah Arendt. They all saw technology as central to modern life, although Heidegger, Anders, Arendt and Marcuse were more ambivalent and critical than Dewey. The problem for Heidegger was the hidden nature of technology's essence, Gestell or Enframing which posed for humans what he called its greatest danger and thus its greatest possibility. Heidegger's major work on technology is found in The Question Concerning Technology.
Contemporary philosophers with an interest in technology include Jean Baudrillard, Albert Borgmann, Andrew Feenberg, Langdon Winner, Donna Haraway, Avital Ronell, Brian Holmes, Don Ihde, Bruno Latour, Paul Levinson, Ernesto Mayz Vallenilla, Carl Mitcham, Leo Marx, Gilbert Simondon, Lewis Mumford, Jacques Ellul, Bernard Stiegler, Paul Virilio, Günter Ropohl, Nicole C. Karafyllis, Richard Sennett, Álvaro Vieira Pinto, George Grant and Yuk Hui.
While a number of important individual works were published in the second half of the twentieth century, Paul Durbin has identified two books published at the turn of the century as marking the development of the philosophy of technology as an academic subdiscipline with canonical texts. Those were Technology and the Good Life (2000), edited by Eric Higgs, Andrew Light, and David Strong and American Philosophy of Technology (2001) by Hans Achterhuis. Several collected volumes with topics in philosophy of technology have come out over the past decade and the journals Techne: Research in Philosophy and Technology (the journal of the Society for Philosophy and Technology, published by the Philosophy Documentation Center) and Philosophy & Technology ( Springer) publish exclusively works in philosophy of technology. Philosophers of technology reflect broadly and work in the area and include interest on diverse topics of geoengineering, internet data and privacy, our understandings of internet cats, technological function and epistemology of technology, computer ethics, biotechnology and its implications, transcendence in space, and technological ethics more broadly.[ citation needed]
Bernard Stiegler argued in his Technics and Time, as well as in his other works, that the question of technology has been repressed (in the sense of Freud) by the history of philosophy. Instead, Stiegler showed how the question of technology constitutes the fundamental question of philosophy. Stiegler shows, for example in Plato's Memo, that technology is that which makes anamnesis, namely the access to truth, possible. Stiegler's deconstruction of the history of philosophy through technology as the supplement opens a different path to understand the place of technology in philosophy than the established field of philosophy of technology. In the same vein, philosophers - such as Alexander Galloway, Eugene Thacker, and McKenzie Wark in their book Excommunication - argue that advances in and the pervasiveness of digital technologies transform the philosophy of technology into a new 'first philosophy'. Citing examples such as the analysis of writing and speech in Plato's dialogue The Phaedrus, Galloway et al. suggest that instead of considering technology as a secondary to ontology, technology be understood as prior to the very possibility of philosophy: "Does everything that exists, exist to me presented and represented, to be mediated and remediated, to be communicated and translated? There are mediative situations in which heresy, exile, or banishment carry the day, not repetition, communion, or integration. There are certain kinds of messages that state 'there will be no more messages'. Hence for every communication there is a correlative excommunication."
There has been additional reflection focusing on the philosophy of engineering, as a sub-field within philosophy of technology. Ibo van de Poel and David E. Goldberg edited a volume, Philosophy and Engineering: An Emerging Agenda (2010) contains a number of research articles focused on design, epistemology, ontology and ethics in engineering.
Technology and neutrality
Technological determinism is the idea that "features of technology [determine] its use and the role of a progressive society was to adapt to [and benefit from] technological change." The alternative perspective would be social determinism which looks upon society being at fault for the "development and deployment" of technologies. Lelia Green used recent gun massacres such as the Port Arthur Massacre and the Dunblane Massacre to selectively show technological determinism and social determinism. According to Green, a technology can be thought of as a neutral entity only when the sociocultural context and issues circulating the specific technology are removed. It will be then visible to us that there lies a relationship of social groups and power provided through the possession of technologies. A compatibilist position between these two positions is the interactional stance on technology proposed by Batya Friedman that states that social forces and technology co-construct and co-vary with one another.
- Critique of technology
- Ethics of technology
- Great Stirrup Controversy
- History of technology
- Industrial sociology
- List of philosophers of technology
- Philosophy of artificial intelligence
- Philosophy of computer science
- Philosophy of engineering
- Technological evolution
- Theories of technology
- Franssen, Maarten; Lokhorst, Gert-Jan; van de Poel, Ibo; Zalta, Edward N., Ed. (Spring 2010). "Philosophy of Technology". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved May 15, 2014.
- Marquit, Erwin (1995). "Philosophy of Technology". Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 25 September 2015. Section 2, paragraph 10. Published in vol. 13 of the Encyclopedia of Applied Physics (entry "Technology, Philosophy of"), pp. 417–29. VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1995.
- * Ernst Kapp: Grundlinien einer Philosophie der Technik. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der Cultur aus neuen Gesichtspunkten (Braunschweig/Brunswick 1877, Reprint Düsseldorf 1978, Engl. Translation Chicago 1978).
- "Elements of a Philosophy of Technology". University of Minnesota Press. Retrieved 2022-04-09.
- Aristotle, Physics II.8, 199a15
- Aristotle, Physics II
- # The Outdatedness of Human Beings 1. On the Soul in the Era of the Second Industrial Revolution. 1956 # The Outdatedness of Human Beings 2. On the Destruction of Life in the Era of the Third Industrial Revolution.
- Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition, 1958.
- Techné Vol 7 No 1
- Excommunication: Three Inquiries in Media and Mediation, Alexander R. Galloway, Eugene Thacker, and McKenzie Wark (University of Chicago Press, 2013), p. 10.
- Green, Lelia (2001). Technoculture. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. p. 2.
- Green, Lelia (2001). Technoculture. Crows Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin. p. 3.
- Shannon Vallor (2016). Technology and the Virtues. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190498511
- Joseph Agassi (1985) Technology: Philosophical and Social Aspects, Episteme, Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 90-277-2044-4.
- Hans Achterhuis (2001) American Philosophy of Technology Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-33903-4
- Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen and Evan Selinger (2006) Philosophy of Technology: 5 Questions. New York: Automatic Press / VIP. website
- Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen, Stig Andur Pedersen and Vincent F. Hendricks (2009) A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-4601-2
- Borgmann, Albert (1984) Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06628-8
- Drengson, A. (1995). The Practice of Technology: Exploring Technology, Ecophilosophy, and Spiritual Disciplines for Vital Links, State University of New York Press, ISBN 079142670X.
- Dusek, V. (2006). Philosophy of Technology: An Introduction, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 1405111631.
- Ellul, Jacques (1964), The Technological Society. Vintage Books.
- Michael Eldred (2000) 'Capital and Technology: Marx and Heidegger', Left Curve No.24, May 2000 ISSN 0160-1857 (Ver. 3.0 2010). Original German edition Kapital und Technik: Marx und Heidegger, Roell Verlag, Dettelbach, 2000 117 pp. ISBN 3-89754-171-8.
- Michael Eldred (2009) 'Critiquing Feenberg on Heidegger's Aristotle and the Question Concerning Technology'.
- Feenberg, Andrew (1999) Questioning Technology. Routledge Press. ISBN 978-0-415-19754-0
- Ferre, F. (1995). Philosophy of Technology, University of Georgia Press, ISBN 0820317616.
- Green, Lelia (2001) Technoculture: From Alphabet to Cybersex. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest pp 1–2
- Heidegger, Martin (1977) The Question Concerning Technology. Harper and Row.
- Hickman, Larry (1992) John Dewey's Pragmatic Technology. Indiana University Press.
- Eric Higgs, Andrew Light and David Strong. (2000). Technology and the Good Life. Chicago University Press.
- Christoph Hubig, Alois Huning, Günter Ropohl (2000) Nachdenken über Technik. Die Klassiker der Technikphilosophie. Berlin: edition sigma. 2nd ed. 2001.
- Huesemann, M.H., and J.A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada, ISBN 0865717044, 464 pp.
- Ihde, D. (1998). Philosophy of Technology, Paragon House, ISBN 1557782733.
- Pitt, Joseph C. (2000). Thinking About Technology. Seven Bridges Press.
- David M. Kaplan, ed. (2004) Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Manuel de Landa War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. (1991). Zone Books. ISBN 978-0-942299-75-5.
- Levinson, Paul (1988) Mind at Large: Knowing in the Technological Age. JAI Press.
- Lyotard, Jean-François (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. University of Minnesota Press.
- McLuhan, Marshall.
- Nechvatal, Joseph (2009) Towards an Immersive Intelligence: Essays on the Work of Art in the Age of Computer Technology and Virtual Reality (1993–2006). Edgewise Press.
- Nechvatal, Joseph (2009) Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.
- Nye, David E. (2006). Technology Matters. The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-64067-1
- Marshall Poe. (2011) A History of Communications. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-107-00435-1
- Scharff, Robert C. and Val Dusek eds. (2003). Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition. An Anthology. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-22219-4
- Seemann, Kurt. (2003). Basic Principles in Holistic Technology Education. Journal of Technology Education, V14.No.2.
- Shaw, Jeffrey M. (2014). Illusions of Freedom: Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock. ISBN 978-1625640581.
- Du mode d'existence des objets techniques. (1958). (in French)
- L'individu et sa genèse physico-biologique (l'individuation à la lumière des notions de forme et d'information), (1964). Paris PUF (in French)
- Stiegler, Bernard, (1998). Technics and Time, 1: The Fault of Epimetheus. Stanford University Press.
- Winner, Langdon. (1977). Autonomous Technology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-23078-0
- Meijers, Anthonie, ed. (2009). Philosophy of technology and engineering sciences. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 9. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51667-1.
- van de Poel, Ibo and David E. Goldberg (editors). (2010). Philosophy and Engineering: An Emerging Agenda. Springer Science and Business Media. ISBN 978-90-481-2803-7
- Galloway, Alexander, Eugene Thacker, McKenzie Wark (2013). Excommunication: Three Inquiries in Media and Mediation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226925226.
- Haraway, Donna, "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-‐Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century’." The Cybercultures Reader, Routledge, London (2000): 291.
- Kingsnorth, Paul (30 December 2015). The keyboard and the spade, in New Statesman
- Philosophy & Technology
- Ethics and Information Technology
- Techné: Research in Philosophy and Technology
- International Journal of Technoethics
- Technology in Society
- Science and Engineering Ethics
- Reydon, Thomas A.C. "Philosophy of Technology". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Franssen, Maarten; Lokhorst, Gert-Jan; Poel, Ibo van de. "Philosophy of Technology". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Institute of Philosophy and Technology
- Society for Philosophy and Technology
- Essays on the Philosophy of Technology compiled by Frank Edler
- Filozofia techniki: problematyka, nurty, trudności Rafal Lizut | <urn:uuid:09de8daa-e72f-47f2-b736-6067ce909a6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://webot.org/info/en/?search=Philosophy_of_technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.773505 | 3,841 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Revolta da Chibata
Revolta da Chibata
On November 23, 1910, the black navy sailor João Cândido led a revolt of 2,379 men, who took charge of three modern navy ships in the Bay of Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro, in the midst of the festivities for the inauguration of President Hermes da Fonseca. The incident, known as the Revolta da Chibata (revolt against corporal punishment) was not so much against the new president as it was an indictment of the horrific working conditions and the outdated practice of corporal punishment (chibata ) applied in the navy, particularly as a disciplinary measure for the rank and file. The rebellion escalated as the protesters shot the commanding officer Batista das Neves and threatened to bomb the capital. Even though the revolting sailors did not list race as a motivating factor for their actions, race played a significant part in the revolt. While navy officers came mostly from white aristocratic Brazilian families, the rank and file comprised Afro-Brazilians or poor whites who were often treated as slaves.
Although the republic had outlawed corporal punishment in November 1889, it continued as a matter of course as a suitable practice to ensure proper behavior within the armed forces. Moreover, racial and class prejudice pervaded the officer corps, members of whom frequently abused corporal punishment and maintained unhealthy conditions for the sailors while they often lived and worked in splendor. Although sailors were routinely whipped, the violent flogging of the Bahian sailor Marcelino Rodrigues Meneses, on November 16, 1910, was the final incident that led the sailors to take action.
On the evening of November 22, 1910, a group of enlisted sailors led by João Cândido (on the ship Minas Gerais ), Ricardo Freitas and Francisco Dias Martins (on the Bahia ), Gregorio Nascimento (on board the São Paulo ), and an organized committee on land decided to strike. The sailors succeeded in gaining command of all three vessels, although not without a fight that led to the death of several men who resisted, including officers. On behalf of the sailors, Cândido negotiated with the national government to surrender and turn over the vessels in exchange for a general pardon for the sailors, the abolition of corporal punishment, improvement in living conditions, and better salaries for the enlisted men. The next day, on November 23, 1910, Brazil's National Congress approved general amnesty for the revolutionaries and promised to meet the sailors' demands.
Unfortunately, rather than honor the amnesty, the Brazilian state sent a strong message to the population that challenges to the national order would not be tolerated. Many of the participants were jailed, executed, or exiled to labor camps in the Amazon region. João Cândido received an eighteen-month prison term and was eventually dismissed from the navy. He died in poverty and has never been given his rightful place in Brazilian social history. Nonetheless, the revolt marked an important moment in the social history of Brazil.
Da Silva, Marcos. Contra a chibata. São Paulo: Brasileinse, 1982.
Filho, Mario. 1910: A revolta dos marinheiros. Rio de Janeiro: Globo, 1982.
Lopes, Moaicir C. O almirante negro. Rio de Janeiro: Quartet, 2000.
Morel, Edgar. A revolta da chibata, 4th ed. São Paulo: Graal, 1986.
dariÉn davis (2005) | <urn:uuid:f008e85c-8523-4113-bb74-4d9f21425b3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/revolta-da-chibata | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952481 | 739 | 4.15625 | 4 |
are now blazing across seven western states, the National Interagency
Fire Center reports from its Boise, Idaho headquarters. Firefighters
contained four large fires Tuesday, while three new ones were
states are reporting very high to extreme fire conditions, which
could increase due to a warming trend over the next several days.
More than 100 new smaller fires were reported Wednesday, most
of which were contained by initial attack efforts.
In this mid-summer
national wildlands fire report, the federal agency responsible
for firefighting says 1,547,312 acres have been burned so far
this year. The area burned is below the 10 year average, and half
the area burned at this time last year, a severe fire season.
The fire situation
could get much worse, warns Barry Hill, director of the Natural
Resources and Environment division of the General Accounting Office.
Testifying before the House Forest and Forest Health Subcommittee
Tuesday, Hill said there are problems with the Forest Service
and Interior Department's implementation of the National Fire | <urn:uuid:ab51d647-e574-4d49-a6b7-4e550c3ba55d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.teach-nology.com/worksheets/science/enviro/read/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.939614 | 229 | 2.125 | 2 |
Faisal Yousef Mohamed
Faisal Yousef Mohamed was human rights defender and paralegal training to become a lawyer. The human rights defender was a member of Hay El Ameerya resistance committee, a committee that frequently organises peaceful demonstrations to promote civil and economic rights in Sudan. Faisal Yousef Mohamed was a member of El Geneana Para Legal Network, a network of paralegals who offered legal assistance to internally displaced people (IDPs) in refugee camps in West Darfur. One of his main areas of human rights work was helping IDPs who had been victims of human rights violation seek justice by connecting them with lawyers. | <urn:uuid:7b8566fe-8c26-4799-932b-eb6a21671ad4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ar/profile/faisal-yousef-mohamed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.979 | 137 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Known as our proactive leak detection team, they certainly live up to their name. They’re listening for and detecting leaks before they’re even a drop on the surface. With the help of what could be referred to as modern-day magic wands, they’re saving nine million litres of water a day.
“There’s an art to acoustic leak detection," says water engineer and leak detecting expert Lucas Gan. "We listen for signs of a leak by tapping a stick microphone on a meter or pipe connection. Each leak has a different sound. A big leak will sound different to a trickle. The volume of the leak is determined by the sound detected."
When it comes to water savings, if you’re wondering how much nine million litres of water a day is, well, it could supply more than 50,000 people and is more than we produce at our treatment plant in Pukekohe.
Since the team started pacing the streets of Auckland in early 2020, they've swept almost six thousand kilometres of pipes, found 4,500 leaks, and as you can imagine, clocked up a fair few steps.
“Each leak detector walks roughly 5km a day. This includes retracing their steps to double check all the leaks they initially discovered on their first walk through,” says Lucas.
While Auckland has a lower leakage rate across the public network than the rest of the country, Lucas and the team have a solid goal to reduce it even further.
“We’ve increased our leak detection team from 11 to 17 people. Our goal is not only to find more leaks, but to fix them faster and reduce the total amount of water lost.”
There are many causes of leaks from ground movement in extreme weather, wear and tear in older pipes, and vibration damage from heavy traffic. Improvement programme manager Anin Nama says, “Parts of central Auckland seem to have more leaks, which could be because the pipes are older, but also because of the roading developments – in some places, pipes that were originally laid under footpaths are now under roads and therefore are more impacted by traffic movements".
To make inroads and stem the flow of hidden leaks, Lucas and the team have been focusing on areas with high numbers of reported leaks. In January 2020, the Maungakiekie zone, which includes Mt Wellington and Ellerslie, had 248 reported leaks. Fast-forward 12 months and the number had dropped to 67.
“When we find these invisible leaks in our network, we repair them and prevent the associated water loss. But also, by repairing these smaller leaks which are normally invisible on the surface, we prevent larger leaks that can occur when the ground dries up and retracts, causing pipe movement and sometimes breakages,” says Anin.
Once Auckland is back in business and out of lockdown, Lucas and the team will once again be out in force listening for leaks, but this time across Hillsborough, Mangere and Hobsonville. | <urn:uuid:9e140d8b-38df-4294-94a8-eadeb6199d9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://waterefficiencyplan.watercare.co.nz/news/article/?urlSlug=listening-for-leaks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964904 | 627 | 2.546875 | 3 |
WASHINGTON — The Trump administration is seeking a hold on a court order that mandated the government to allow those who identify as the opposite sex to enlist in the military beginning Jan. 1.
“Specifically, Defendants request that the court stay the portion of its preliminary injunction requiring Defendants to begin accessing transgender individuals into the military on January 1, 2018, pending a decision by the D.C. Circuit on Defendants’ appeal,” the U.S. Department of Justice wrote on Wednesday, according to The Hill.
The Trump administration says that the U.S. Armed Forces is not ready to accommodate “transgendered” persons in less than a month, and would like the order to be stayed while it appeals the ruling.
“Given the complex and multidisciplinary nature of the medical standards that need to be issued and the tens of thousands of geographically dispersed individuals that need to be trained, the military will not be adequately prepared to begin processing transgender applicants for military service by January 1, 2018, and requiring the military to do so may negatively impact military readiness,” the motion read.
The Trump administration is requesting a decision by Monday.
As previously reported, Trump announced his decision to reinstate the ban on transgenders in the military in July, advising that the issue is a distraction and would place a burden on the finances of the Armed Forces.
“After consultation with my generals and military experts, please be advised that the United States government will not accept or allow transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. military,” he tweeted. “Our military must be focused on decisive and overwhelming victory and cannot be burdened with the tremendous medical costs and disruption that transgenders in the military would entail. Thank you.”
Weeks later, five service members filed suit to challenge the ban, with the assistance of the National Center for Lesbian Rights and GLBTQ Legal Advocates and Defenders.
“Because they identified themselves as transgender in reliance on [the government’s] earlier promise [of lifting the ban], Plaintiffs have lost the stability and certainty they had in their careers and benefits, including post-military and retirement benefits that depend on the length of their service,” the lawsuit read.
Kollar-Kotelly issued an injunction in favor of the complainants in October, writing in part, “On the record before the court, there is absolutely no support for the claim that the ongoing service of transgender people would have any negative effective on the military at all. In fact, there is considerable evidence that it is the discharge and banning of such individuals that would have such effects.”
After the government sought clarification on whether or not her order “prohibit[s] the secretary of defense from exercising his discretion to defer the January 1, 2018 effective date,” Kollar-Kotelly advised that there could be no postponement.
The U.S. Department of Justice says that it does not make sense to implement a policy that is currently under review.
“Compelling the military to implement a new accessions policy while it is simultaneously completing a comprehensive study of military service by transgender individuals that may soon result in the adoption of different accessions standards would waste significant military resources and sow unnecessary confusion among service members and applicants,” Wednesday’s motion reads.
The Pentagon told reporters this week that is “taking steps to be prepared to initiate accessions of transgender applicants” in light of the recent order, while also discussing legal options with the Department of Justice. | <urn:uuid:0573e8cb-706f-4bfb-973e-7a5c98c52562> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://christiannews.net/2017/12/07/trump-admin-seeks-hold-on-order-to-allow-transgender-enlistment-on-jan-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956288 | 734 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Contentment House Museum
The Contentment House as it appears today. In addition to serving as a museum, it is the headquarters of the Fayette County Historical Society.
The West Virginia state roadside historical marker adjacent to the Contentment House.
Confederate Colonel George Imboden of the 18th Virginia Cavalry. Though not the home's first owner, he is certainly most notable. Several of Imboden's brothers also served in the Confederate Army, including General John Imboden.
Colonel Imboden's marker in Ansted's Westlake Cemetery.
A civilian portrait of George Imboden. Born in 1836, the future Confederate colonel was only 25 when the Civil War began. Fayette County Historical Society Collection, West Virginia State Archives.
Backstory and Context
Fayette County was named after the Revolutionary War hero, Marquis de Lafayette and is home to many historic landmarks including this structure which dates back to the 1830s. The home was purchased by Virginian and Confederate officer George Imboden in 1872. Imboden led the 18th Virginia Calvary and later became a prominent citizen of Ansted as well as its first mayor. Before serving as mayor, he had been elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates. His second wife named their home "Contentment."
The home originally consisted of five rooms and a detached kitchen. Colonel Imboden began renovations on the home and added two rooms and extended the porch. The exterior of the home is common for the era and is described as a “cottage.” There were several of these cottage type homes found in Virginia and West Virginia spring resorts at the time. Contentment was originally made with a wooden frame with vertical clapboards in the front and horizontal clapboards on the sides and the back.
The Contentment House was one of two structures that did not burn to the ground during the Civil War. It was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places by the Fayette County Historical Society on October 30, 1974. Its nomination form states the Contentment House shows significance in the areas of 19th century architecture, military, industry, and politics. The Contentment House now serves Fayette County as a museum.
http://www.wvdnr.gov/2012news/12news203.shtm. "Museums Share New River Gorge History." New River Gorge Convention & Visitors Bureau. Accessed April 25, 2015.
http://newrivergorgecvb.com/history-museums/. "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form." West Virginia Division of Culture and History. Accessed April 27, 2015.
Chambers Jr., S. Allen "Contentment." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 07 January 2014. Web. 03 June 2019.
Athey, Lou "George W. Imboden." e-WV: The West Virginia Encyclopedia. 04 December 2012. Web. 03 June 2019. | <urn:uuid:48c7e8f3-5cba-4b48-a933-efa57192b676> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theclio.com/entry/16556 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960034 | 665 | 2.796875 | 3 |
An additive least-squares-method algorithm was developed for spectrally estimating unknown parameters of a geophysical signal on a background of steady-state noise having an unknown spectral density. The algorithm was tested using data of regime observations of lithospheric deformations in the Elbrus region obtained using a deformation measuring Baksan laser interferometer (deformograph). The algorithm was used to estimate the parameters of the natural oscillation modes of the Earth excited by strong earthquakes.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Applied Mathematics | <urn:uuid:a300d168-1305-491f-8c54-20189e4e4b3c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/spectral-least-squares-method-algorithm-for-measuring-geophysical | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.868385 | 115 | 2.265625 | 2 |
What is dairy-free plant milk made from?
Vegan plant milk can be made from a variety of plants including soya beans, peas, oats, rice, and various nuts and seeds. It can also be made from potatoes. We discuss the main ingredients used by plant based milk brands below.
The classic plant milk ingredient is soya, but soya is associated with deforestation in South America. However, it is worth remembering that most soya grown in the world is used to feed livestock, not people. For more on the impacts of soya see our online feature ‘Is soya sustainable’.
To minimise the risk that the soya you are drinking is associated with deforestation, it is good to look for a company that sources it from outside South America. See the table below for what we found online on all the soya milk brands, including supermarkets.
Supermarket statements on soya mostly relate to what is used in feed for their animal products, and they may specify separately – look on the packaging – the origin of soya used in soya milk. We listed M&S separately as it had clearly stated online that the soya in its soya milk was from the EU. In 2020, it also announced it had eliminated all soya from the feed of animals used for its dairy milk, replacing it with rapeseed oil and sugar beet.
Companies' statements on where their soya comes from:
|Soya milk brand
|Asda, Aldi, Co-op, Lidl, Morrisons, Tesco, Waitrose
||They talk about increasing certification, or supporting European soya (Aldi), stating or implying they currently source from South America.
|Glebe Farm, Linda McCartney, Rude Health
||No info found
||No info found, but it is owned by Alpro (see below)
||France, Belgium, The Netherlands, Canada
|M&S Plant Kitchen
Pea & chickpea
Yellow split peas are another of the newest milk ingredients currently gaining a following in the UK. They have been praised for tasting a lot like dairy milk. Peas are nitrogen-fixing, so when included in crop rotation cycles, they can reduce the use of nitrogen fertiliser, and the release of nitrous oxide, which has a significant impact on global warming.
While the average carbon emissions of growing oats might be fairly similar to that of soya or almonds, if shopping in the UK, the oats in your oat milk were probably grown closer to home than many other popular plant milk ingredients.
Oats require less water to grow than almonds and, while they do require a fair bit of land, there is little risk that tropical rainforest has been razed to the ground to grow them.
Rice can have a higher greenhouse gas impact than other cereals due to the methane produced by flooded rice paddies. However, it isn’t really clear if it makes much difference to the carbon footprint of rice milk – some analyses find it somewhat bigger than the other alternatives to dairy, but others don’t. Either way, rice milk still comes out as far better for the climate than dairy milk. For more discussion of the ethical issues around rice see our shopping guide to rice.
Over 80% of the world’s almonds are grown in California, which experienced severe drought for much of the last decade, with 2022 to date the driest year of the last 128 years. For this reason, almond milk may be one of the least ethical options compared to other plant milks. However, it’s worth keeping a sense of perspective.
Not only does it also take plenty of water to produce dairy milk (some analyses put it at similar, some more, and some less than almond milk), but the comparison is pertinent to California, which produces more dairy milk than almonds (in dollar terms) and uses more water to grow alfalfa to feed livestock than it does to grow almonds.
It’s also worth pointing out that almonds are used for all sorts of products (oil, flour, cakes and sweets, etc.) and are popular for cooking and snacking around the world.
Another issue is that Californian almond farmers often use a lot of pesticides, which can be harmful to the health of wildlife and people. It has been a particular cause of concern for bee welfare. The use of bees to pollinate California’s almond monocrops is also thought by some to be putting bees under a lot of stress.
But all of the almond milk brands in this guide, except Bruce, Glebe Farm and Linda McCartney, stated that they source almonds from the Mediterranean, either Italy or Spain.
While issues with Californian almonds get more attention because of its huge market share, pesticide use is also an issue in other countries, and with other ingredients. The easiest way to avoid high pesticide use is to choose an organic certified product. The following brands sell organic almond milk: Alpro, Bruce, Plenish, Provamel (Danone), ReRooted, Rude Health, and The Bridge.
Coconut is not associated with deforestation like palm oil or soya. However, coconuts are largely grown in places such as India, Indonesia and the Philippines, so it’s an ingredient that has to travel a long way to reach the UK market.
Coconuts are largely grown by smallholders, and tree crops (cocoa is another example) grown in the poorer parts of the world are often associated with poverty.
One reason is that they take years to establish, and after farmers have invested in them they’re pretty much stuck and have to just keep harvesting them, no matter what they’re getting for them. This tends to lead to low and volatile prices, and most coconut farmers are very poor.
Fairtrade, with its floor price and a price premium, was partly designed to help with this issue. However, there are no Fairtrade brands currently available since Lucy Bee coconut milk was discontinued.
Hemp is naturally pest and weed resistant, and it uses little water and nutrients. It is also good at fixing nutrients into the soil and works as a reasonable carbon sink as well. Large scale hemp cultivation can be difficult due to its association with its close relative, the cannabis plant. In the UK you need to obtain certain licenses to grow hemp as it is considered a controlled substance, despite it being the more well-behaved member of the family that will categorically not get anyone high. | <urn:uuid:5d2804f2-e633-47c9-b1c0-52c24eccf2a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ethicalconsumer.org/food-drink/shopping-guide/vegan-non-dairy-milk?fbclid=IwAR134ujzIBUilxba7uX7Xnd10yreaR5PKj0u_JJeA7C3sJERl7ESqoCv0gQ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962706 | 1,445 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Dostoyevsky Fyodor Mikhaylovich (Russian: ?????? ?????????? ????????????), sometimes transliterated Dostoevsky, was a Russian novelist, journalist and short story writer whose psychological insight into the human psyche had a profound influence on the novel of the 20th century. At home and at a private school, he was educated. He was sent to St. Petersburg shortly after his mother's death in 1837, where he entered the Army Engineering College. Do... stoyevsky's father died of apoplexy in 1839, but it was rumored that he was killed by his own serfs. Dostoyevsky graduated as a military engineer but resigned to write in 1844. In 1846 he appeared his first novel, Poor Folk. That year he joined a group of utopian socialists. In 1849, he was arrested and sentenced to death, commuted to jail in Siberia. Dostoyevsky spent four years in hard labor and four years as a soldier in Semipalatinsk, a town in what it is today in Kazakhstan. Dostoyevsky returned to St. Petersburg in 1854 as a writer with a religious mission and published three works deriving in different ways from his experiences in Siberia: The House of the Dead, (1860) a fictional account of prison life, The Insulted and Injured, reflecting his experiences in Semipalatinsk. Two years later, he resigned from the army. He served as editor of the monthly newspaper Time between 1861 and 1863, which was later suppressed as a result of an article on the Polish uprising. His wife and brother died in 1864-65 and he was burdened with debts. His gambling addiction made his situation worse. An outsider's psychological study emerged from the turmoil of the 1860s, which marked a major advance in Dostoyevsky's artistic and creative development. Dostoyevsky married Anna Snitkin, his 22-year-old stenographer, in 1867. They traveled abroad and returned in 1871. Dostoyevsky was recognized as one of his great writers in his own country by the time of The Brothers Karamazov (1879-80).READ MORE
We're always thinking of eternity as an idea that cannot be understood, something immense. But why must it be? What if, instead of all this, you suddenly find just a little room there, something like a village bath-house, grimy, and spiders in every corner, and that's all eternity is. Sometimes, you know, I can't help feeling that that's what it is.
Every man has some reminiscences which he would not tell to everyone, but only to his friends. He has others which he would not reveal even to his friends, but only to himself, and that in secret. But finally there are still others which a man is even afraid to tell himself, and every decent man has a considerable number of such things stored away. That is, one can even say that the more decent he is, the greater the number of such things in his mind. | <urn:uuid:214fae7d-a745-409a-8dad-302e8ae0302e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://readershook.com/author/fyodor_dostoyevsky | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.990574 | 641 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Since 2015, it has been a legal requirement (according to the Disability Discrimination Act 1992) that all online Word and PDF documents published by government can be read, using assistive technologies, by people who are blind or have low vision. All levels of government and agencies funded by or working for government or councils, must meet at least WCAG 2.0 Level AA standards.
In 2020, Olivia Wroth and Wendy Farley launched Accessibility Matters – a business devoted to making PDF and Word documents accessible. Visit our website to find out more: www.accessibilitymatters.com.au
We follow 'plain English' principles for all text. We can also edit and redesign documents into ‘easy English’ to meet accessibility guidelines for people with reading and intellectual disabilities. This includes editing content into simple English as well as changing layouts to be simpler to read and easy to understand. | <urn:uuid:6a460daa-0559-4d78-b99b-2a5f76f7bcdc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.superscriptwriting.com.au/accessibility | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931312 | 183 | 2 | 2 |
If you’re in the #memestock universe with names like AMC (AMC) and GameStop (GME), you’ve heard the term “short squeeze.”
But what is a short squeeze? And why should you care?
To get some answers, we must first talk about what shorting is.
How to Short a Stock
When you short a stock, this is what happens:
- You borrow shares of a particular stock through your broker
- You sell those shares (the act of shorting)
- You hope to repurchase the shares at a lower price, leaving you a profit.
Let’s say you're a greedy hedgie and you hate Corsair (CRSR). You think it's going down hard.
Assume you borrow 100 shares of the stock at $30 per share, and sell them short.
If the stock falls to $25, you can buy the shares back (referred to as “covering”) at a $5 per share profit.
Why? Because you sold at $30, and you bought back at $25. (you sold high, and bought low)
On the flip side, let’s talk about what happens when you lose on a short.
The risk-reward on a short trade is asymmetrical.
Because a $30 stock can only fall $30. But theoretically, it can go up as high as you can imagine.
If in this case, CRSR went to $100, you would be down $70 a share, or $7,000.
Why? Because you sold 100 borrowed shares at $30, and bought them back at $100.
So What Is a Short Squeeze?
This is how a short squeeze happens:
- Traders aggressively bid up shares of a heavily-shorted stock (short interest of 10% or more)
- The rising share price forces shorts to cover their trades, which makes the stock go up even more
- That upward momentum turns into an almost self-fulfilling prophecy, because more buyers pile in
We saw this happen in GME and AMC earlier in 2021. Both of these stocks were heavily shorted by major hedge funds.
But thanks to the #wallstreetbets Reddit group aggressively buying the stocks, the share prices rose incredibly quickly, forcing the shorts to repurchase their shares.
By January 27, GameStop had risen over 1,500%, trading froze multiple times due to volatility. Short-sellers had to exit and cover their positions causing the stock to go up more and in In January alone, GameStop shorts lost approximately $20 billion.
In early June, AMC caught fire because of the #wallstreetbets phenomenon, and shorts lost $4.5 billion. Just like with Gamestop, the shorts were forced to cover their losses. By July, the stock hit a high of $72. By that point, it was up almost 3,500% year-to-date.
So what causes a short squeeze?
Traditionally, a short squeeze is driven by some type of news, like:
- A strong earnings report
- Insider buying activity
- Takeover rumors (or an actual takeover)
- An analyst upgrade
- A positive turn in the economy or sector
But in the age of #memestocks, short squeezes are increasingly driven by large groups of retail traders buying all at once. And the upward stock price movements just draws more people in to the party.
So remember this: when betting against a heavily shorted stock, you may indeed be correct on the fundamentals. But if buyers get aggressive, you are at risk of being squeezed. | <urn:uuid:a5ff3f4d-4954-4439-8383-c21678e76482> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://apesrt.com/what-is-a-short-squeeze/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.958279 | 776 | 1.867188 | 2 |
When children show signs of learning difficulties, an appropriate assessment of their skills and abilities is essential. Children need to be adequately assessed and diagnosed to be provided with the right kind of support to succeed in their academic and personal lives. When we need to gather comprehensive information about a child’s brain to understand the sources of problems, the brain’s strengths and weaknesses need to be examined. A neuropsychological evaluation is an important step and can provide some valuable insights.
What is Neuropsychology?
Neuropsychology is the study of the relationship between the brain and behavior. This field is a subspeciality of clinical psychology that encompasses the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of the various disorders that can impact the central nervous system, generally the brain and spinal cord. Moreover, neuropsychology focuses specifically on changes in cognition, emotion, and behavior that results from brain injury or disease. Neuropsychology is aimed at obtaining a comprehensive assessment of an individual’s cognitive abilities and emotional functioning.
Neuropsychologist VS. Psychologist, is There a Difference?
Before diving into the differences, it might be helpful first to explain what neuroscience is. Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and neurons. Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary field meaning it integrates other areas such as anatomy, chemistry, biology, psychology, and physics. Despite both neuropsychology and psychology being related to the brain and behavior, each branch takes a different approach.
Neuropsychologists and psychologists receive different training. Psychologists mainly deal with emotions and behavior. Psychologists see patients and commonly conduct psychotherapy or talk therapy. They treat people with short-term problems such as grief and stress as well as chronic problems that range from anxiety to depression. Neuropsychologists are trained to use “task-based metrics such as Trail-making test to evaluate functional capabilities of a person’s brain.”
Why Consider a Neuropsychological Evaluation?
Children’s primary ‘job’ is to learn; when a child fails to acquire the academic skills expected, it might be an alarm that there is an underlying problem such as a subtle brain dysfunction of a developmental nature. It is imperative to identify the brain-related dysfunction to have the proper academic and behavioral intervention. Early and appropriate intervention is vital to help the child stop struggling in school, which can have even more adverse effects on the child’s emotional state and behavior.
Some children might be easily diagnosed through a school-based evaluation program. However, other children might need a more comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation of cognitive abilities.
What Can a Neuropsychological Evaluation Help Assess?
A neuropsychological evaluation is conducted to provide the optimal plan for treatment, receive services or benefits, readiness to return to work, make important decisions about and whether an individual can continue to live independently, drive safely or make decisions about financial or other personal affairs. A neuropsychological evaluation can be used to
- to quantify a child or adolescent’s patterns of cognitive strengths and weaknesses to diagnose existing developmental disorders and obtain the necessary accommodation at school (i.e., attention deficit disorder (ADD), attention hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy)
What is a Neuropsychological Evaluation?
A neuropsychological evaluation has various components. It is composed of a clinical interview and observation of the child, reviewing relevant school and medical records, and administering a series of tests that measure areas of brain functioning. These tests can include attention, memory, executive functioning, fine motor skills, language, visuospatial abilities, sensory-perceptual functioning, academic performance, and behavioral and emotional functioning. Neuropsychological tests include intelligence tests such as a comprehensive test of intelligence (IQ tests). However, testing should not be limited to the IQ test and assessment of achievement levels. It does not provide sufficient information regarding the child or the adult brain’s functioning; therefore, adequate intervention methods cannot be provided.
The type of questions used depends on the problems that the child exhibits and the referral questions, and any suspected or documented diagnosis. In order to effectively interpret the information, the evaluator must analyze all the following: information obtained from the evaluation, knowledge of the suspected disorder, knowledge of the anatomy of the brain and function, and understanding of developmental issues.
How are Neurospcyholgical Tests Assessed?
Neuropsychological tests are standardized; they are administered and scored in the same manner to all patients. The test scores are interpreted by comparing the score of the person being tested to a healthy individual’s scores of a similar demographic (meaning same gender, similar age group, etc.).
A learning disability is a lifelong condition. Therefore, early identification of neuropsychological strengths and limitations is essential in facilitating educational and treatment planning. Every case should be provided with a holistic and appropriate evaluation. | <urn:uuid:33ca8bb0-1560-4617-bbdc-585d3edbc987> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://yuram.tech/neuropsychology-evaluating-learning-disability-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.925642 | 1,004 | 3.859375 | 4 |
WHY YOU NEED A STYLE
Do you need a style guide? The answer will always be the same – a resounding yes. Designers often pass up the need for one but, if you want to create a professional and trustworthy branding identity, consistency is key. That goes for small, solo ventures and larger outfits alike. No matter what sort of business you conduct or on what scale, the last thing you want is to confuse your client base by producing materials differently each time.
Style guides don’t take long to put together but will save you time in the long run. Setting clear parameters for how your marketing materials should present both on and offline is a great way to solidify your branding identity in terms of the way you see yourself in the marketplace and will enable you to envision more scope into the future. A comprehensive brand bible also really comes in handy when you’re dealing with new employees and freelancers by critically ensuring everyone is on the same page. Nobody wants the impact of their long crafted, perfectly constructed logo ruined by incorrect placement or sizing.
SO, WHAT EXACTLY IS A STYLE GUIDE?
Guides cover visual design elements and copywriting. In the case of websites or apps, information on how users interface with the program may also be included. Depending on the nature of the work you do, you may require all or just one of three style guide formats:
Usually a one page document, a Logo Style Guide includes all info relating to your logo – the logo itself, variations on the logo, colours and fonts.
Part of Foursquare’s Logo Style Guide. Read their full brand bible here.
A Web Style Guide involves specific information for your website such as site colours, button styles, icon styles and typography. Some also include specifics on page layout, spacing and site architecture.
Part of Lonely Planet’s Web Style Guide
A Brand Style Guide is more in depth and will include your logo usage, colour, imagery, typography and information about your brand’s personality and tone of voice. Often, taglines and key phrases will also be covered.
Part of Adobe’s Brand Style Guide. View the full document here.
The best way to learn about style guides is to read through a few. You can view and download more than 60 different style guide examples from LogoDesignLove. Think about the way your target market would be want to be communicated when putting together yours. And always remember that brand identity is not set in stone. Keeping your image fresh requires continuous improvement and realising that successful brands adapt and are fluid.
When you work with Indepth Design, you get more than just great design – you get the kind of high quality, personal service that will ensure you get exactly what you need.
Centrally located in the beautiful suburb of Mt Lawley, we are a boutique design firm offering a complete range of in-house branding, graphic, website and marketing design, as well as marketing and advertising services.
With more than 20 years in the business, we have extensive skills and experience in a wide range of industries, both within Australia and internationally. To find out more about how we can help your business, visit our Services page or contact us today! | <urn:uuid:950b3930-2266-4ca9-b91c-2e787526dd2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indepth.com.au/why-every-brand-should-have-a-style-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921914 | 669 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Search through more than 50,000 user-created Webmixes to add to your account. You can get all updates from the original creator or you can claim the Webmix as your own!
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Educations games and websites "just right" for 1st graders.
1st Grade Math Lab
This webmix is for First Grade students. This webmix has websites related to: math, reading, social studies, science, art, typing, and other educational websites for First Grade.
1st grade, scott foresman, esl, ell, reading literacy, phonics, dolch, printable booklets, | <urn:uuid:976783eb-2790-4f7d-8531-324dc4475830> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://toshibahd.symbaloo.com/mix?q=1st+%23edmodochat&page=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.855121 | 204 | 1.539063 | 2 |
As we deal with the frigid temperatures, brush off the snow and Ice from our walkways and cars this is when we need to think of preparing for the fast approaching seasons on the water. It does not matter what type of vessel you enjoy, safety always should come first.
Now is the time to focus on getting your safety gear updated and packed at the ready. We all have been there, excited to get out on the water for the first time, either in late Winter, early Spring or Early Summer, we bubble with anticipation, and as we get to the dock, boat ramp or while out on the water, either the Constable, Marine Patrol, or Coastguard approaches you to conduct a safety check. This should be a stress free occurance, and it will be if you insure you prepared early for such an event. The real reason you should have prepped ahead of time is for a real marine emergency.
i took a picture of a chart that New York State has posted at my local Boat Ramp and Marina. It is a sign full of safety tips, gear checklists, and basic navigation for everyone heading out on the water.
New York State Boaters Guide:
When you decide to collect your safety gear make sure you contact or research your local Marine Law Enforcment Office for local, state, and national saftey gear requirements, including certifications, licenses, and permits required.
Always prepare for the worst, and enjoy your time on the water, knowing your ready for anything. | <urn:uuid:203d60cc-96df-4cd9-a64a-906f638dfced> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.captcontent.com/the-time-to-prepare-for-the-season-is-before-it-starts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942349 | 308 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Dec 12, 2019 If you are looking to download iOS 12 ipsw links, follow the tutorial here. to downgrade to one of these versions you would see an Error 3194
Sep 14, 2018 Many users will update to iOS 12 when they have the chance. However, some users meet the problem iOS 12 won't install on their iPhone or Part 1: Hard Reset Directly from the iPhone make ringtone, download Youtube video to iOS devices freely. Syncios transfer more than 12 data between iOS device and Oct 11, 2019 Apple's iOS 13 update introduced plenty of long-awaited features, but out a new version exclusively dedicated to patching out that problem. Sep 14, 2018 Many users will update to iOS 12 when they have the chance. However, some users meet the problem iOS 12 won't install on their iPhone or Jul 16, 2019 Apple's iOS 12 mobile operating system has a lot going for it. It's not It's possible that Apple will fix the problem in a future iOS update. Sep 11, 2018 No matter you are going to fix iOS 12 "Software Update Failed" problem or it is the first time to upgrade iDevice to iOS 12, please make your How to repair locked iPhone/iPad after updating iOS 12. Summary: Is your iPhone locked and shows a password error after the iOS 12 update, even if the
Feb 23, 2019 Here's how to fix Error (Fatal) issue during unc0ver iOS 12, iOS Jailbreak iOS 12 / 12.1.2 / 12.1.2 Beta 3 With Unc0ver And Install Cydia, methods to fix "unable to install update an error occurred installing iOS 12" but all Nov 26, 2018 Can I Use Cellular Data To Download iPhone Podcasts? Yes! If you want to content restrictions explicit ios 12 When you're experiencing problems with an app, deleting and reinstalling the app will usually fix the problem. Dear everyone, When attempting to connect a user to the mdm system from an iOS12 platform the user can install the CA certificate just fine, but Aug 31, 2018 If you've got this problem then you've got it a lot. As of August 30, the iOS 12 beta has a bug that means it keeps telling you to update to the
iOS 12 – iOS 12.4.3 – iOS 12.4.4 Download December 13, 2019 December 12, 2019 by Team Cydia iOS 12 is the latest iOS version, bringing a whole load of features, enhancements, and improvements to all parts of the iOS; get ready to download the biggest and best firmware yet. After that iTunes will simply remove the previous version of the iOS and install the updated iOS 13/12 in your iPhone. Solution 4: Fix iOS 13/12 Update Failed with ReiBoot. If all else fails and you still have no idea how to fix iOS 12 software update failed then it is possible that there might be a problem with the iOS. The users shall now experience the latest version of iOS with no obstacles and have no complaint that the iPhone cannot install iOS 13/12. iAnyGo has removed all the hurdles regarding errors while downloading the new operating system and made it more enjoyable and easily accessible for the users. There is lot of excitement around iOS 12 release among iPhone owners. Some users are reporting about errors being faced when installing or updating iOS 12 beta on their iPhone or iPad. Here're are tested methods to help you install iOS 12 beta on your iPhone or iPad without any problem. Apple Footer. This site contains user submitted content, comments and opinions and is for informational purposes only. Apple may provide or recommend responses as a possible solution based on the information provided; every potential issue may involve several factors not detailed in the conversations captured in an electronic forum and Apple can therefore provide no guarantee as to the
But Apple was Unsuccessful !! Yes! iOS 12 Firmware Users have been able to get jailbreak on iOS 12 and directly install tweaks, apps, and games. Keep reading this page for details. So How to Get Tweaks on iOS 12? Supported iOS 12 Versions: The following iOS versions are supported to download and install a jailbreak. iOS 12 How to Download: Use iTunes. It’s a little-known trick, but updating the device via iTunes works even when the device is low on storage. iTunes downloads the update to the computer and Not every model has the luck to download and update to iOS 12. If you can't download iOS 12, the first thing you should do is to check if your iDevice is compatible with iOS 12. The following models can upgrade to iOS 12 or later. iPhone: iPhone X, iPhone 8/Plus, iPhone 7/Plus, iPhone 6s/Plus, iPhone 6/Plus, iPhone SE, iPhone 5s. Apple's big new iPhone and iPad update, iOS 12, is being released Monday and includes features like Screen Time, Memoji, speed improvements, a measuring app and more. Here's how to install iOS 12 The users shall now experience the latest version of iOS with no obstacles and have no complaint that the iPhone cannot install iOS 13/12. iAnyGo has removed all the hurdles regarding errors while downloading the new operating system and made it more enjoyable and easily accessible for the users. If you face any trouble in downloading firmware then you can simply click on Copy to download the firmware from Apple official site and select to restore download firmware. Step 4: Fix iOS to normal status
It will then automatically start downloading once the download is available. 11 neat hidden features in iOS 12 The main feature of iOS 12 is a performance improvement, especially for older devices. | <urn:uuid:fc887e58-7589-45ce-8c64-b65947d461a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://egylordidhof.web.app/error-downloading-ios-12-vog.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.917319 | 1,141 | 1.554688 | 2 |
The Importance of Equitable Access to Quality Early Learning
“Students who attend high-quality preschool programs reap benefits that can last through school and their lives, according to a review of research released by Learning Policy Institute (LPI). The study includes reviews of rigorous evaluations of 21 large-scale public preschool programs which find that children who attend these programs are more prepared for school and experience substantial learning gains in comparison to children who do not attend preschool.” - Learning Policy Institute, Jan. 31, 2019
Children ages three to five are considered “pre-school age” and qualify for pre-kindergarten (pre-K) opportunities such as pre-school, nursery school, HeadStart, child care centers, school-based programs, and family care homes. In 2019, only 14% of eligible 3- and 4-year-olds in Lancaster County were enrolled in pre-K, significantly less than the state’s 23%. In southcentral PA, only Chester County and York County had lower pre-K participation than Lancaster County.(1)
There are several barriers that families face in this arena:
- Cost – average monthly cost for one child in preschool ranges from $800 - $1,000. Some preschools offer a sliding scale fee based on number of children enrolled and family income.
- Access – families with transportation issues have difficulty getting their children to preschool.
- Awareness – Preschool is a fairly new concept. HeadStart, the federally funded preschool program, was founded in 1965. The growth of two-income families in the 1980’s created a need for more child care and preschool options. Parents and grandparents who did not attend preschool may not be aware of the benefits it offers.
We're partnering with two organizations that are focused on helping to make our legislators aware of the need for strong, affordable childcare and early learning opportunities:
Start Strong PA aims to improve healthy development outcomes for infants and toddlers by increasing support for and improving the quality of child care programs that serve them.
Pre-K for PA launched in January 2014 as a non-partisan issue campaign. Our goal is that by 2022, every at-risk child will have access to a high-quality pre-kindergarten program and middle-income families will more easily afford these services for their children.
How Can You Help Advocate for Early Learning?
In a world where finding and retaining quality employees can be a challenge, making sure that child care isn’t a barrier for employees means your business runs more smoothly. Affordable, reliable, high-quality child care and preschool gives your employees peace of mind and stability.
Invest in Pre-K EITC
- Join the Campaign! Our goal is to add:
- Lend your voice at an upcoming legislative breakfast or dinner
Today’s children are tomorrow’s leaders. Children who attend high-quality preschool programs are more successful in school. Preschool teaches children to follow directions, to learn by playing, to become more socially and emotionally developed, and can identify the need for early intervention to allow children the extra supports they may need to be successful learners. Preschool contributes to education equality.
- Join the Campaign! Our goal is to add:
- Attend a UWLC community conversation to learn more about early learning
- For families with young children, attend a kindergarten registration event in your area
- Make a contribution to UWLC’s early learning platform
We are also recruiting advocates to partner with us on these initiatives:
How you can help with advocacy:
- Sign a petition to support state or federal legislation
- Spread awareness about legislative action on social media
- Write a letter to the editor in Lancaster Newspapers
- Attend a meeting with a legislator in Lancaster or Harrisburg, PA
- Volunteer to help with kids’ activities at a kindergarten transition event
Add me to the United Way Advocacy Policy Action Team contact list
Ready to reach out? Contact your local legislator
Personalized e-mails are especially effective. Consider adding why your issue is important to you and the hardworking taxpayers in your community. | <urn:uuid:aae92337-3d47-4b29-9824-6122ecd22764> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.uwlanc.org/advocate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957892 | 852 | 2.734375 | 3 |
In December 2020, the total monthly supply of statewide vacation rentals was 621,100 unit nights (-25.4%) and monthly demand was 251,300 unit nights (-59.9%), resulting in an average monthly unit occupancy of 40.5 percent (-34.9 percentage points).
In comparison, Hawai‘i’s hotels had an average occupancy rate of 23.8 percent in December 2020. It is important to note that unlike hotels, condominium hotels, timeshare resorts and vacation rental units are not necessarily available year-round or each day of the month and often accommodate a larger number of guests than traditional hotel rooms. The unit average daily rate (ADR) for vacation rental units statewide in December was $251, which was less than the ADR for hotels ($291).
Beginning October 15, passengers arriving from out-of-state and traveling inter-county could bypass the mandatory 14-day self-quarantine with a valid negative COVID-19 NAAT test result from a Trusted Testing and Travel Partner through the state’s Safe Travels program. Effective November 24, all trans-Pacific travelers participating in the pre-travel testing program were required to have a negative test result before their departure to Hawai‘i, and test results would no longer be accepted once a traveler arrives in Hawai‘i. On December 2, Kaua‘i County temporarily suspended its participation in the state’s Safe Travels program, making it mandatory for all travelers to Kaua‘i to quarantine upon arrival. On December 10, the mandatory quarantine was reduced from 14 to 10 days in accordance with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s guidelines. The counties of Hawai‘i, Maui, and Kalawao (Moloka‘i) also had a partial quarantine in place in December.
In December, legal short-term rentals were allowed to operate on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i Island and Kaua‘i as long as they were not being used as a quarantine location. For Maui County,vacation rentals were also allowed to operate during December, but could only be used as a place of quarantine by interisland travelers awaiting their pre-travel test results.
The Hawai‘i Tourism Authority’s (HTA) Tourism Research Division issued the report’s findings utilizing data compiled by Transparent Intelligence, Inc. The data in this report specifically excludes units reported in HTA’s Hawai‘i Hotel Performance Report and Hawai‘i Timeshare Quarterly Survey Report. In this report, a vacation rental is defined as the use of a rental house, condominium unit, private room in private home, or shared room/space in private home. This report also does not determine or differentiate between units that are permitted or unpermitted. The “legality” of any given vacation rental unit is determined on a county basis.
Year-to-Date December 2020
Short-term rentals were not on the state’s list of essential businesses at the beginning of June, and the county mayors then enacted their own rules regarding short-term rentals. On O‘ahu, short-term rentals were not allowed to operate for much of 2020. For Hawai‘i Island, Kaua‘i and Maui County, legal short-term rentals were allowed to operate as long as they were not used as quarantine locations. However, in October, Maui County started allowing travelers awaiting their pre-travel test results to stay in a vacation rental as their place of quarantine.
In 2020, the statewide vacation rental supply fell by 39.6 percent compared to 2019 levels with 6.0 million available unit nights. Unit demand was more sharply impacted, down 65.1 percent to 2.6 million unit nights. The average 2020 occupancy for Hawai‘i vacation rental units was 42.8 percent (-42.3 percentage points) and ADR was $238 (-17.9%). In comparison, Hawai‘i hotels were 37.1 percent occupied in 2020 with ADR at $267.
In December, Maui County had the largest vacation rental supply of all four counties with250,800 available unit nights (-10.6%) and unit demand was 104,800 unit nights (-52.7%), resulting in 41.8 percent occupancy (-37.2 percentage points) with an ADR of $277 (-24.8%). Maui County hotels were 26.0 percent occupied with an ADR of $501.
During 2020, there were 2.1 million available unit nights in Maui County (-33.1%). Maui County vacation rental occupancy was 42.4 percent (-46.3 percentage points) and ADR was $293. In comparison, Maui County hotels were 33.9 percent occupied in 2020 with ADR at $414.
O‘ahu vacation rental supply was 135,900 available unit nights (-41.7%) in December. Unit demand was 62,800 unit nights (-64.4%), resulting in 46.2 percent occupancy(-29.5 percentage points) and an ADR of $204 (-19.5%). O‘ahu hotels were 23.6 percent occupied with an ADR of $184.
O‘ahu had 1.7 million available unit nights (-46.4%) in 2020. O‘ahu vacation rental occupancy was 42.4 percent (-43.4 percentage points) and ADR was $184. In comparison, O‘ahu hotels reported 39.0 percent occupancy in 2020 with ADR at $216.
The island of Hawai‘i vacation rental supply was 129,000 available unit nights (-35.8%) in December. Unit demand was 59,300 unit nights (-58.9%), resulting in 46.0 percent occupancy (-25.9 percentage points) with an ADR of $232 (-7.4%). Hawai‘i Island hotels were 26.8 percent occupied with an ADR of $329.
Vacation rental supply for the year was down 42.1 percent to 1.4 million unit nights for Hawai‘i Island. Hawai‘i Island vacation rentals ended the year with 44.6 percent occupancy (-32.7 percentage points) and ADR of $188 (-20.5). In comparison, Hawai‘i Island hotels were 38.0 percent occupied in 2020 with ADR at $254.
Kaua‘i had the fewest number of available unit nights in December at 105,500 (-10.7%). Unit demand was 24,400 unit nights (-71.2%), resulting in 23.1 percent occupancy(-48.7 percentage points) with an ADR of $309 (-21.6%). Kaua‘i hotels were 13.4 percent occupied with an ADR of $178.
In 2020, Kaua‘i vacation rental supply was 877,300 available unit nights (-33.7%) with 41.5 percent occupancy (-44.9 percentage points). Kaua‘i vacation rental ADR was the highest in the state at $297 (-21.0%). Kaua‘i hotels were 33.0 percent occupied in 2020 with ADR at $262.
Tables of vacation rental performance statistics, including data presented in the report are available for viewing online at: here
About the Hawai‘i Vacation Rental Performance Report
The Hawai‘i Vacation Rental Performance Report is produced using data compiled by Transparent Intelligence, Inc., which was selected by the Hawai‘i Tourism Authority as the provider for these data services. The report includes data for properties that are listed on Air bnb, Booking.com, HomeAway and TripAdvisor. Data for units included in HTA’s Hawai‘i Hotel Performance Report and Hawai‘i Timeshare Quarterly Report have been excluded from the Hawai‘i Vacation Rental Performance Report. This report also does not determine or differentiate between units that are permitted or unpermitted. The “legality” of any given vacation rental unit is determined on a county basis.
For December 2020, the report included data for 27,783 units, representing 47,908 bedrooms in the Hawaiian Islands. | <urn:uuid:5c178997-b5d5-411d-8e78-f55c15b294ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bigislandthieves.com/december-2020-hawaii-vacation-rental-performance-report/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960297 | 1,707 | 1.960938 | 2 |
July 18, 2015 - 02:20 PM / 02:35 PM
This demonstration will be led by Miriam Rubin SLOW FOOD PITTSBURGH.
MIRIAM RUBIN is a graduate of the Culinary Institute of America, Miriam was the first woman to work in the kitchens of NYC’s famed Four Seasons Restaurant. She’s the former food editor of Weight Watchers Magazine and her first cookbook, Grains, was published in 1995. She writes a food and garden column “Miriam’s Garden” for the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and contributes to their food pages. Her work has appeared in Organic Gardening, Prevention, Redbook, Working Woman, Working Mother and Woman’s Day. She was line-editor for the Encyclopedia of Jewish Food and contributed to The Encyclopedia of Appalachia and The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink Vol. 2. Her latest book is Tomatoes, part of the Savor the South series published by the University of North Carolina Press.
Grandma Rubin’s Kosher Dills
If there’s no dill in your garden, substitute a tablespoon of dill seed.
- 2 1/2 to 3 pounds small pickling cucumbers, well scrubbed
- 8 cups water
- ½ cup cider vinegar
- 1/3 cup kosher salt
- 2 teaspoons pickling spice (Grandma always removed the excess allspice and cloves)
- 1 teaspoon whole black peppercorns
- 6 to 8 cloves garlic, peeled, brown ends trimmed
- 2 small fresh or dried chiles, plus more for jars
- 6 to 8 heads dill
Place cucumbers in large bowl. Cover with ice water and refrigerate 1 hour until icy-cold and crisp. Drain.
In 2-quart measuring cup, measure water. Add vinegar, salt, pickling spice and peppercorns. Stir to dissolve salt.
Put cucumbers in pickling crock or deep glass or ceramic bowl. Add garlic and 2 chiles. Pour in brine and stir to mix. Place dill on top, pressing into brine.
Place a clean, unchipped small plate on top. Press down gently to submerge cucumbers. Cover with a clean towel. Let stand at cool room temperature 2 days for new dills, 3 to 4 days for old dills.
Pack pickles into 4 or 5 clean pint jars. Add a garlic clove from brine and a chile to each. Ladle brine into jars, covering pickles. Discard dill and remaining brine. Cover jars and refrigerate. Pickles are ready now but will keep 2 to 3 months. Brine may become cloudy; that’s okay.
Makes 4 or 5 pints | <urn:uuid:e2d214e3-4365-4813-949b-72458034697c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.picklesburgh.com/schedule/grandma-rubins-dill-pickles-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.897836 | 580 | 1.703125 | 2 |
“A documentary showing Uganda in the 1970s to 1980s through the relationship between John Akii-Bua, the first African athlete to win a gold olympic medal in an event under 1000 metres, and Idi Amin, the cruel dictator of Uganda in the 1970s. It’s an exciting documentary for those who are interested in the 20th century history of Africa, with a lot of new information and insights.”
The John Akii-Bua Story: An African Tragedy
Directorr: Dan Gordon
Documentary. At the Munich Olympics of 1972, Ugandan John Akii Bua powered round the inside lane in the 400m hurdles, past English favourite and reigning Olympic Champion David Hemery, to win the gold medal, 10m clear of the field. The clock showed 47.82, an astonishing new world record.
Akii Bua was the first African to win gold in an event under 800 metres. He was also the first man to break the 48 seconds barrier in the 400 metre hurdles, an event so gruelling its nickname is ‘The Mankiller’. But, while David Hemery retired to respectable fame and fortune, Akii Bua returned to a Uganda carving the name of its military ‘President’, Idi Amin, into genocidal notoriety.
After the glory of 1972, John never found prosperity in his country, beautiful but blighted by the Amin slaughter, tribal rivalries and poverty. Akii Bua’s tribe, the Langi, were the primary victims of Amin’s slaughter, and John’s national popularity could only protect him for so long. In 1979, Akii Bua fled for his life to Kenya. In the trauma, his wife gave birth prematurely, and the baby died. The couple did not even have the money to bury him.
Shortly afterwards, Akii Bua presented his former coach, Englishman Malcolm Arnold, with 12 foolscap notebooks. Arnold, astonished, found they contained Akii Bua’s life story, written in longhand, in pencil, in English, his third language.
In 1983, with Amin ousted, Akii Bua returned to Uganda, his achievements and place in history seemingly forgotten. This is a film about the pinnacle of athletic achievement – and the search to discover what followed. The John Akii Bua Story is the story of one man, and of Africa itself; its glory, potential and tragedy. | <urn:uuid:253322cc-70a2-4f51-a29b-df34db72164f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldscinema.org/2012/02/dan-gordon-the-john-akii-bua-story-an-african-tragedy-2008/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942147 | 525 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Answered By: Academic Librarians Last Updated: Aug 05, 2022 Views: 6
It's possible to add items to reading lists that will require a purchase and doing so will alert the library that you need something to be bought for the library. First check the item is not available already by searching for it on NELSON. If not then find the book online on Amazon or a publisher's website. Use the Cite it! button to add the item to your reading list. The system should recognise that the library does not own the item already and will prompt you to tag it with your reading priority. LLS staff will then purchase the item and replace the link on your list.
Having your reading list linked to your module will help ensure enough copies are purchased for your students.
We also have instructions available to install 'Cite it!' to your reading list. | <urn:uuid:c6315cfe-dab3-49f1-b96c-1b636c45cb3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://askus.northampton.ac.uk/faq/261414 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.910085 | 179 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Last night, I went to the movies with my son. He’s doing football conditioning and it is god awful. So, I took him to see his choice of movie as sorta a pick-me-up. We walked into the mall and looked at the framed posters on the wall for a while, contemplating our choices. A nice older lady on the nearby bench suggested we see Hobbs and Shaw or maybe one of the comedies. But my son was set on watching Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark. He likes scary stuff. He likes villains….
When I started writing, I found developing the main villain to be the hardest part of the story. There has to be a deep complexity to your main villain, a reason for all of his or her actions and that reason has to be so great and so compelling to force that person to commit heinous acts. I don’t know if other people have trouble with crafting a main antagonist……but Hashkeh Nabbah’s story in Searching for Fire, his description and his behaviors was the very last thing I wrote. I struggled to describe him at times. I skipped the beginning chapter about Hashkeh Nabbah, the angry warrior, and his lair. I wrote the whole book and then went back to complete that chapter. I wonder how long it must have taken Stephen King or Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to develop their bad guys like Pennywise and Moriarty, truly amazing terrifying one-of-a-kind creations. I think the main reason that it is difficult to get inside the head of a main villain is that the majority of us operate on the level of a need for affiliation as opposed to power according to David McClelland’s Theory of Motivation. We just don’t think and operate the way a villain might.
The supporting villains are much easier to write. Perhaps this is because they are seemingly more one dimensional. You don’t have to describe the catalyst that caused their behavior. They just are what they are. You see this in watching the movie Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark. In the individual stories, the supporting villains are just frightening and evil and act without motivation revealed. There’s the scarecrow Harold, the buried woman who takes Auggy, and the others. But, it is Sarah Bellows, the main antagonist who creates the stories who’s motivations must be explained and who’s inner turmoil and conflict must be resolved in the end by the protagonist.
I like these type of villains…..the ones with backgrounds that reveal deep trauma and rejection that leads to rage which leads to malevolence. You get to see them as they were before reality dealt them some cruel and vicious blows and they hardened like salt. One of my favorite recent depictions of a villain is Maleficent. The scene in the movie when she loses her wings is a really powerful moment. It explains the terrible betrayal of love and the need for revenge and cruelty.
When you see the whole story and not just the animated Disney version, which is great in its own right but lacks depth and complexity, you see someone deeply wounded inside covered by a hard outer shell.
I liked this method of storytelling so I included one supporting villain in the book Searching for Fire who has a wounded past. The description of his past is short…..just a chapter and may seem out of place with the rest of the story but the beginning is based on a true event that did happen under the Spanish colonization of the region of Texas in the 1600s. These things really did happen and so often our textbooks tend to gloss over the details.
So, anyways, here’s a toast to the villains. Here’s to the villains, the complex ones and the simple ones. I truly love them, love reading their stories. Without them, the heroes would be lifeless and without purpose or drive. The villains are often times the true epicenter of the story and unfortunately never get the credit they truly deserve nor the adoring fans…..hence the madness and rage I suppose. They sweep in on the stage and steal the show over and over again with awesome displays of wickedness. Without Lord Voldemort, what would Harry Potter be? Without Darth Vader, would we even want to watch Luke Skywalker? What would Star Wars even be without Vader?
Do you have a favorite villain? Comment below what your favorite story villain is and why. I’d love to hear your responses. | <urn:uuid:4db01ef8-0a43-4ad9-b493-5ebbd6b56880> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jspeerwritings.com/tag/stephen-king/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.966111 | 940 | 1.554688 | 2 |
March 24, 2015
MADISON - Northern Wisconsin landowners interested in managing their land for a number of wildlife and plant species through young forest habitat creation are encouraged to contact the Wisconsin Young Forest Partnership.
"The Wisconsin Young Forest Partnership was formed in 2014 when a group of prominent natural resource agencies, organizations and corporations joined together with the common goal of establishing a landscape-scale conservation approach," said Jeremy Holtz, Wisconsin Young Forest Partnership chairman. "The partnership is a great tool to help deliver young forest habitat on suitable lands across Wisconsin."
Many wildlife species in Wisconsin rely upon young forest habitat, including ruffed grouse, turkey, white-tailed deer and migratory songbirds. In addition, many of Wisconsin's Species of Greatest Conservation Need, including the American woodcock, brown thrasher, and golden-winged warbler, thrive in a young forest setting.
For a better idea of what the Wisconsin Young Forest Partnership can do people can check out a video featuring landowners currently enrolled in the program.
"Landowners often contact DNR and ask what forest habitat management entails, so partnering with the Ruffed Grouse Society to produce a video outlining the program's goals and services will help us spread the word about the benefits of managing your land for wildlife habitat," said Holtz. "It is great to hear from Wisconsin families who are happy with the program and looking to get others involved."
Interested landowners can visit with program specialists to learn more about the partnership and obtain resources for planning and conducting habitat work - often at little or no cost. Landowners may even be able to have a natural resource professional visit their property to help maximize wildlife habitat potential.
Demonstration areas can also provide a glimpse of the many benefits associated with the young forest habitat work -- these sites are specifically managed for young forest management. Current demonstration areas include the Ackley State Wildlife Area in Langlade County and the Northern Highland-American Legion State Forest in Oneida County.
Join DNR experts for an online chat April 1 at noon to learn more about the Wisconsin Young Forest Initiative - visit dnr.wi.gov and search keyword "chat" to submit questions and view responses from DNR experts. Here, you can also view past chats and sign up to receive email notifications.
For more information regarding the Wisconsin Young Forest Partnership, search the DNR website, dnr.wi.gov and search keywords "young forest." To learn more about the Young Forest Project, visit www.youngforest.org (Exit DNR).
FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT: Jeremy Holtz, DNR Young Forest Partnership chairman, 715-365-8999 | <urn:uuid:cd030e70-2cf4-4afb-b36e-2f1ed3fd3110> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dnr.wi.gov/news/Weekly/article/?id=3241 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.920547 | 535 | 2.296875 | 2 |
As the third pillar of a qualitative research initiative to build greater customer understanding, observational interviews offer more insights about the pros and cons of your customer experience.
Observational interviews (OIs) are one of the best techniques experience designers have to help them understand and empathize with any type of audience, from customers and partners to employees and other end-users.
While this type of customer research can lead to more questions and assumptions than answers, OIs are excellent opportunities to inform and educate organizations on the current state of the overall customer experience. Specifically, OIs present a non-obtrusive way of gathering information about how customers perform everyday interactions, for example:
- What they are doing (or trying to do)
- How they are doing it
- When they are doing it
- Why they do it that way
- Whether they are completing the experience as designed or not.
Organizations most often use OIs for digital products, applications and solutions, but many also use them internally to improve process and operations. By observing people in their natural setting, OIs allow researchers and designers to examine how things get done, either by a team or an individual, without being prompted in any way. You can analyze this data to answer these questions:
- What do I see them do?
- How do they react?
- What do I hear them say?
- How long does it seem to take?
- Where did they get stuck?
- What is their mental make-up at the beginning, middle and end of the task?
- Who else is with them, or who do they talk to when doing the task?
The deep level of understanding OIs deliver is simply not attainable with more traditional research vehicles. Many organizations will do these types of interviews in conjunction with other qualitative methods, such as in-depth interviews (IDIs) or journey mapping, while others will do this as a standalone learning exercise. Either way, the data earned is invaluable to unlocking the keys to customer success.
Observational Interviews Vs. Customer Interviews and Journey Mapping
Unlike customer interviews and journey mapping, OIs explore vague or undefined areas. They allow you to answer more “why?” questions and discover more about causation: What is happening in and around customers that may be influencing, causing or disabling their behavior and desired outcome?
That makes the OIs great for solving large, complex problems or challenges that may not seem to correlate to each other. Purposefully, they expose behaviors and activities users are often unable to recall or describe during traditional research methods, such as in-depth interviews. You can only observe these behaviors and activities when people are in their natural environments performing real tasks with real things.
Of course, this type of inquiry requires a fair amount of prep work. That work includes not only the logistics of recruiting subjects, providing a safe, friendly location, and training interviewers, but also understanding that you are trying to solve for a different type of problem.
However, the results are well worth it. The natural setting of an OI makes subjects more comfortable while allowing interviewers to build empathy, see and sense more. The flexible format also allows researchers to pivot quickly so they can test hypotheses that emerge on the fly only through a subject’s words and behavior. Otherwise, you may miss these insights which results in missed opportunities for delivering better experiences.
Sounds Good! How Do I Do It?
The basics for conducting observational interviews are simple to state, but as I’ve suggested, they may take more work than you anticipate. Departments or team managers must work together to create a hypothesis and assumptions, as well as:
- Identify a subject area to learn more about and define why you need to explore it
- Create a plan to guide your inquiry
- Determine which people and activities to observe
- Choose a channel, location or both in which to observe
- Capture observations using various modalities and formats (videos, photos and notes).
As an example, let’s consider one of our recent financial services clients. We first identified their annual client review process as the subject area. Next, we created a plan for the type of behavior we wanted to document: how financial advisors and their clients navigated their way through both a virtual and in-person client review. Because we knew we wanted both virtual and in-person, our channels were both online and physical, either at the advisor’s office or at the client’s home, providing natural environments for both. Finally, we used a combination of extensive note-taking and video to gather our data.
We also used additional software added to devices that gathered some data without everything having to be manually written down. This allowed designers to focus more on larger environmental influences.
As we watched both advisors and clients navigate the annual review process, we noted their body language, their words, their tone of voice and more. The problem and the solution quickly presented themselves:
- Problem: Both advisors and clients had to navigate through multiple screens and apps to review the information. An additional challenge? Advisors also needed screens to follow through the interview, reminding them to ask about certain items depending on the customer’s information.
- Solution: SimView technology that let advisors and clients control the interface at the same time, but with different views for advisors to help them guide the conversation on their side. The tool pulled all the necessary data and configurations into one screen and distributed to both advisors and clients.
Couldn’t anyone quickly see that all parties were having a hard time? Of course, but the OI provided additional information not only about their pain but about how they should tailor the solution to solve it. In other words, the OI provided the reasoning behind the struggle, not only that a struggle was happening.
With access to a better user interface, both advisors and their clients now find it easier to follow along in the conversation and to ask more salient questions about the performance of the account, maximizing their time with the advisor and creating a more valuable experience.
With this blog, I’ve completed my review of three qualitative research methodologies that capture different elements of the customer experience. In-person interviews, often the first and most recommended starting point, reveal deep levels of specificity about what the customer wants from their experience. Journey mapping visualizes the delivery of that experience from beginning to end. And with OIs, you can get more of the “why” behind your customers’ experience and the pros and cons of the experience you currently provide.
Armed with this knowledge of how to gather better customer insights, you are now better prepared to make decisions about how and why to invest in customer understanding capabilities and customer experience management, the next evolution of customer experience research. | <urn:uuid:0d84ff90-287c-4787-aae8-0658b82f2452> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://centricconsulting.com/blog/qualitative-research-for-customer-understanding-and-empathy-observational-interviews/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956129 | 1,398 | 1.820313 | 2 |
2 Chinese Proverbs about KnewAll Chinese Proverbs | Proverbs about Knew
1. Never be boastful; someone may come along who knew you as a child.
2. Never boast -- you might meet someone who knew you as a child.
Proverbs about Knew
Quotes related to Knew by Power Quotations | <urn:uuid:3535f45b-ed55-4a9d-a4b9-84e7ecd3eae6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.listofproverbs.com/source/c/chinese_proverb/keywords/knew/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.969205 | 74 | 1.9375 | 2 |
What is a golfer’s elbow?
It is a form of tendonitis that causes inflammation and pain in the tendons that connect the elbow and forearm. The center of the pain is on the bony bump that is present inside the elbow and this pain radiates into the forearm. Golfer’s elbow’s pain is usually reduced with rest and is also known as the medial epicondylitis in medical language. Although tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow both are forms of inflammatory responses of elbow tendons it is not as well-known as tennis elbow (Pathak,2020).
What are the symptoms of a golfer’s elbow?
Golfer’s elbow cause pain suddenly or with time. Some symptoms of a golfer’s elbow are as follows:
- Numbness and tingling in fingers (usually in little and ring fingers).
- Pain and tenderness usually on the inner side of the forearm or to the inner side of the elbow. But the pain may occur with certain movements like swinging a golf club or making a fist.
- Weakness in wrist and hands.
- Stiffness in the elbow joint (Pathak,2020).
What are the causes of the golfer’s elbow?
Overusing the muscles is the most common and major cause of the golfer’s elbow. Muscle movements include flexing the wrist, rotating the arm, and gripping an object. Some common causes of golfer’s elbow are as follows:
- A person who is a plumber, painter, carpenter, or works in the area of construction can get a golfer’s elbow (Pathak,2020).
- Sports in which racket is used like tennis is the major cause of golfer’s elbow. Using rackets incorrectly or not playing with the right techniques can hurt the tendon and cause a golfer’s elbow.
- If any individual is not using the right techniques of lifting objects and works over and over may develop a golfer’s elbow (Pathak,2020).
What are the remedies to get relief from the golfer’s elbow?
The following home remedies can ease the symptoms of the golfer’s elbow and also prevent these symptoms from recurring.
1.Ice and heat treatment:
Use an ice pack or heating pad on the affected area. Cover the area with a towel in order to avoid the direct effect of ice or heat on the skin.
When symptoms are severe, rest for a few days. Try to avoid performing movements that cause pain
Try some simple exercises in mild cases
Exercises for Golfer’s elbow:
There are some exercises that can help to recover from this injury. These exercises will relieve pain, increase blood supply and reduce inflammation in the area of the forearm and elbow.
- Extension of the wrist:
Place the affected forearm on the arm of the chair or on the table with the palm facing down. Place the other hand on the dorsal side of the affected hand. Press the affected hand upward and resist this movement with the opposite hand. Perform this movement for 10 seconds and 15 repetitions (Minnis et al.,2020).
- Flexion of the wrist:
Place the affected forearm on the side of the chair or on the table with the palm towards the ground. Place the affected hand with the other hand. Press the affected hand up and resist this movement with the opposite hand. Continue for 10 seconds and perform 10 repetitions (Minnis et al.,2020).
- Resisted wrist extension:
Place the forearm on the arm of the chair or on the table with hand hanging over the edge of the table and palm facing downward. Slowly lower the hand and then back to the original position. Repeat this movement 10 times (Minnis et al.,2020).
4.Interventional Pain Management
In intractable situations, ultrasound-guided injections or interventions are done. Earlier mostly steroid injections were done. Nowadays platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections are mostly done to repair and regenerate the injured tissues.
Cronkleton, E. (2019). Golfer’s Elbow: Best Exercises, Plus Treatment and Prevention Tips. Retrieved 25 May 2021, from https://www.healthline.com/health/exercises-for-golfers-elbow-2#exercise-tips
Pathak, N. (2021). The Basics of Golfer’s Elbow. Retrieved 25 May 2021, from https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/golfers-elbow-basics | <urn:uuid:c694587e-8041-4845-a561-3d9f75a8b962> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://daradia.com/golfers-elbow/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.90568 | 991 | 3.015625 | 3 |
World Economic Forum’s Net-Zero Industry Tracker 2022 highlights the key challenges for industries
The World Economic Forum has released the first edition of a report on the state of the net-zero transition in key industrial sectors. The Net-Zero Industry Tracker 2022 highlights the need to fully understand the scope and scale of the challenge for these sectors and identifies a significant gap versus the pace of decarbonization necessary to achieve net-zero goals to limit global warming to 1.5C by 2050. The urgency for industrial decarbonization is reinforced by high energy prices and energy supply chain disruptions.
This initiative, launched by the World Economic Forum in collaboration with Accenture, establishes a common, fact-based understanding of the industrial sector’s net-zero transformation enabling cross-industry and multi-stakeholder collaboration. The report introduces a holistic framework for a 360-degree perspective and standard metrics needed to measure progress, as well as key recommendations for industrial firms, policymakers, consumers and other stakeholders.
Progress-tracking and transparency are essential to help industries determine the trajectory of their decarbonization, maintain steady progress, and inform necessary course corrections along the way.
The report points out that over $2 trillion will be required to make low-emission industries a reality and that the first full-scale commercial projects still hold significant risks for companies to invest in. The report underlines that concerted efforts also should include policy-makers, financial institutions and consumers.
The report provides qualitative and quantitative measures to track the evolution of key enabling dimensions such as maturity of technology, access to enabling infrastructure, supporting policy frameworks, demand for low-emission products and availability of capital for investments in low-emission assets. It assesses the state of these enablers, which need to advance simultaneously, and highlights sector-specific accelerators and priorities in five heavy industries – steel, cement, aluminium, ammonia, and oil and gas, which together generate 80 percent of industrial emissions, according to Accenture analysis.
Given the cross-sector nature of barriers and priorities for industrial net-zero transformation, innovative forms of partnership within and across sectors, and with other stakeholders, will be fundamental to addressing the challenge. Other measures include consensus on defining “low-emission” industrial products and processes, robust and stable green demand signals, and risk-sharing mechanisms to attract necessary capital in technology and infrastructure development.
“Companies are at a sustainability inflection point, where embedding sustainability by design deep into their enterprises is no longer an option,” said Kathleen O’Reilly, global lead, Accenture Strategy. “To lead in this moment, companies must focus on multi-stakeholder collaborations — for example, helping customers reshape demand, teaming with industry peers to bring technology costs down and developing shared infrastructures and working with policy-makers on regulations to create differentiated markets for low-emission products.” | <urn:uuid:6bf0138a-e8dd-4559-9690-5f571d56d570> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sme10x.com/10x-industry/world-economic-forums-net-zero-industry-tracker-2022-highlights-the-key-challenges-for-industries | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.892368 | 596 | 1.78125 | 2 |
05 June 2020
Sri Lanka the Buddhist Holy See?
The sentiments in USA seem to have surfaced their parallels in Sri Lankans. The Editorial of Sri Lanka Guardian is headed ‘Sri Lanka: Buddhist Country vs. Country of Buddhists’. The issue could have been raised more substantively under the heading ‘Buddhist vs Sri Lankan’. The mental picture of the Editor seems to not extend beyond Buddhism.
The editor states:
[Some say that Sri Lanka is not a country of Buddhists but a country of Sri Lankans. They argue for it. Others react to the idea that Sri Lanka is a country of Buddhists. Both parties have distorted a niche in language and placed it before society. Buddhist country and Country of Buddhists are two different concepts.
Buddhist Sri Lanka is similar to the concept known and accepted by common sense, such as Christian USA, Catholic Vatican, Hindu India, Judaist Israel and Islamic Saudi Arabia, though they have not officially proclaimed. By this historical nature, is it wrong to call Sri Lanka a Buddhist country? Does this practice harm or discriminate another religion? We believe, not. This is nothing more than the identity of a nation.]
The dictionary for common purposes is the Sri Lankan Constitution. If Sri Lanka by law is governed by Buddha Sasana, then it would be valid to call Sri Lanka a Buddhist country or country of Buddhists. To my mind they are not different in substance. Article 9 of the Constitution of Sri Lanka separates the country into two nations. By stating
[The Republic of Sri Lanka shall give to Buddhism the foremost place and accordingly it shall be the duty of the State to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana, while assuring to all religions the rights granted by Articles 10 and 14(1)(e).]
The moment the root of our form of belief is recognized to be different to that of another – we are naturally separated. The root of Buddhism is represented by Buddha. The root of Christianity is represented by Jesus. Hence the Sovereignty of each is confirmed as separate entities. To be a Sovereign entity within a larger sovereign entity there needs to be separation – as earth is separated from the Sun. Earth revolves around the sun due to its sovereign power. One who holds an official position in the larger entity cannot hold official position in the smaller sovereign body and v.v. The PM of Sri Lanka cannot hold an official position in the UN for this reason. But we could be bound by the same laws.
The Vatican City for example is a sovereign entity within Holy See’s jurisdiction. These structures have been confirmed through appropriate laws.
[The Holy See also called the See of Rome, is the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, known as the pope, which includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of Rome with universal ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the worldwide Catholic Church, as well as a sovereign entity of international law, governing the Vatican City.]
Buddhist country is therefore valid only when there has been such a declaration of belief by Buddhists. Vaddukoddai Resolution 1976 is such a claim by Tamil politicians. Thereafter there was no authority for the Sri Lankan government to directly administer Tamils represented by Politicians. Common law ought to have been the basis and the exercise of power ought to have been through law and/or consensus and not direct ‘telling’. That in effect is a Federal structure.
More importantly, the Hindu parallel of Episcopal See / Chair of Authority is Sri Sai Baba’s chair which is an essential representation in Sri Sai Baba’s shrines – including here in Australia.
The Lankan parallel is the Kandyan throne which was last occupied by Hindu King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha:
[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1780 – January 30, 1832, born Kannasamy Nayaka) was the last of four Kings, to rule the last Sinhalese monarchy of the Kingdom of Kandy in Sri Lanka. The Nayak Kings were of Telugu origin who practiced Shaivite Hinduism and were patrons of Theravada Buddhism. The Nayak rulers played a huge role in reviving Buddhism in the island. They spoke Tamil, which was also used as the court language in Kandy alongside Sinhalese.] Wikipedia
When Sinhalese politicians declared ‘Sinhala Only’ as official language they naturally disconnected themselves from the heritage up to January 1832. In democracy a law is a declaration of belief. The subsequent addition through the 13th Amendment is in effect a treaty.
Likewise when Buddhism foremost was added to the Constitution in 1972 Lanka became the parallel of Holy See / the Sun and Buddhist common area the parallel of the Vatican State/Earth.
Tamils balanced this through Vaddukoddai Resolution 1976. If the armed rebels had considered the Vaddukoddai Resolution 1976 to be the Sun and themselves the Earth we would have been positively supported by Dharma. We may do so by promoting Intellectual opposition foremost and preserve our Independence.
The editor concludes as follows:
[The verbal game between Buddhist Country and Country of Buddhists has done a great deal to the country's reputation and people. The whole country suffered for decades as these fundamental issues were not addressed nationally and the same mistakes were repeated. It is high time to rethink the bad consequences we as the country encountered due to the slight negligence of our very language.]
To my mind it goes deeper than verbal play. It’s fear of majority power in the region. Those who desire power of majority in local circle, would automatically fear majority power in wider circles where they are not in control. This became reality when India trained Tamil militants after the 1983 pogrom against Tamils in multicultural areas of Sri Lanka. Hindu part of India tthe facto parallel of the Holy See. It did not have official jurisdiction but had the moral authority to facilitate Tamils to defend themselves. Moral authority is based on the science of Truth. Such authority is valid – so long as it is confidentially exercised. Beyond that one needs express laws that confirm intellectual/scientific logic. Wikipedia presents this as follows:
[ International law differs from state-based legal systems in that it is primarily—though not exclusively—applicable to countries, rather than to individuals, and operates largely through consent, since there is no universally accepted authority to enforce it upon sovereign states. Consequently, states may choose to not abide by international law, and even to break a treaty. However, such violations, particularly of customary international law and peremptory norms (jus cogens), can be met with coercive action, ranging from military intervention to diplomatic and economic pressure.]
By promising to withdraw from the UN Resolution and therefore the fundamental values of International Law, the current President disconnected the Energy flow to his followers - from Common International mind . | <urn:uuid:4d39e899-fa67-4115-8d73-b50d78ebba6d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://austms.blogspot.com/2020/06/gajalakshmi-paramasivam-05june-2020-sri.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952793 | 1,422 | 2.65625 | 3 |
My Aussie brain conjured up images of the American Wild West when I heard the name “Dry Gulch”, and this was not the ONLY TIME it would happen in Canada. But dry Gulch Provincial Park is located just south of Kootenay National Park, a Canadian wonderland of forest, river, mountain, valley, bears and moose.
More often than not we stayed at Provincial Parks on our three week road trip around British Columbia in 2010. Dry Gulch is typical of a B.C. provincial park campsite – clean, spacious and in an amazing natural setting.
A fire is my idea of camping heaven, so I happily cajoled B.H. into purchasing wood and lighting the fire. It doesn’t matter what has gone down during the day, with a fire crackling away, and maybe a glass of red in my hand, suddenly life is fantastic.
See how neat and tidy Provincial Parks are?
Budget Camping Tip
Wood is for sale in Provincial Parks, but keep an eye out for wood for sale at the road side, especially in out of the way places – it is quite often a lot cheaper than in the parks. Carry an old shopping bag or sack to keep it in so it does not dirty other things. Our R.V. had a little compartment accessed from the outside that was the perfect size for firewood.
Have a Fantastic Friday. Do you have a camp fire planned for this week-end? | <urn:uuid:71e39968-2be0-4aca-9ab6-3b4d3157515a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.budgettraveltalk.com/fantastic-friday-dry-gulch-provincial-park-campfire-heaven/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.963397 | 307 | 1.59375 | 2 |
An exploration of the lustreware ceramic technique through the ages
7 minute read
By Jerri Dodds, Slade Professor 2021, Sarah Lawrence College; and Francesca Leoni, Curator of Islamic Art at the Ashmolean Museum
A look at any display of lustreware could at first prove an underwhelming experience: rows of plates and bowls with dense surface decoration in shades of orange and brown. And yet, when examined more closely, a kind of magic happens.
The painted surface begins to shimmer, sending off gleams of bronze and gold. In this saucer from 10th century Iraq, the fine arching feathers of an elegant cockerel seem to move in the play of light caused by lustre’s metallic sheen, and the stippled background and patterns, covering the whole surface of the plate, become dynamic abstract designs (Fig.1).
Fig.1 Saucer with cockerel, Iraq, 10th century, earthenware with painting in lustre, EA1978.2144
A CLOSER LOOK
The story of lustreware – ceramic painted with an iridescent metallic pigment over the glaze – is one of ancient origins, secrecy and global triumph that continues to this day. Initially used to decorate glass (Fig. 2), lustre was first applied to tin-glazed earthenware in 10th-century Iraq under the Abbasid caliphs (750–1256).
Under their patronage ceramics decorated in this technique came to signal refinement and regal authority. Courtly activities and entertainment - drinking, dining and music paramount amongst them – came to dominate their decoration (Fig. 3). Over time, abstract designs and elegant inscriptions would come to take an equally prominent place, further enriching lustreware’s visual repertoire.
Fig.2 Fragment with bird and inscription, Egypt, 8th century, glass painted lustre, EA1974.44
Fig.3 Plate with lute player, Iraq, 10th century, earthenware with painting in lustre, EA1978.2146
How to achieve the lustre technique is not readily discoverable from the finished works themselves, however, and its recipe and methods were a jealously guarded secret. Indeed, some early potters thought it a kind of alchemy because it used silver and copper pigments to make a paint that looked like gold.
Around 1300, Abu’l Qasim, a Persian historian from a family of distinguished potters, produced a written record of the process by which metallic oxides are first mixed to a liquid solution and are then applied to objects which are then fired a second time in an oxygen-free kiln. “When they are cold,” he notes in his account, “take them out and rub them with damp earth so the color of gold comes out…That which has been evenly fired reflects like red gold and shines like the light of the sun.”
The whole experience can be witnessed in this video, realized for the new Albukhary Gallery of the Islamic World at the British Museum:
Following the movement of objects and artisans, lustreware spread to other parts of the Islamic caliphate, from Iran in the east, to Egypt and North Africa in the west, reaching as far as the Iberian Peninsula. Here, in the 11th century, lustreware would become one of many luxury arts that established the opulent refinement of local Islamic elites. Its manufacture continued as a court art under the rule of the Almoravids (1040-1147), Almohads (1121-1269) and others through the 12th and 13th centuries.
By the 14th century, Christian kingdoms like Castile and Aragon had increased their territories, widening and consolidating Christian control of the region. But the last Muslim principality on the Iberian Peninsula, the small Nasrid kingdom of Granada (1232-1492), though not politically powerful, continued to wield great cultural prestige. The Nasrids were especially known for their fabulous lustreware, a hallmark of the opulent décor of their famed Alhambra palace and a coveted product across Europe (Figs. 6-7).
Fig.7 Alhambra Vase, Malaga,14th-15th century, Courtesy of the Museo de Arte Hispanomusulman, Granada, inv. no. 290. “Behold the Vase standing at its door”, one inscription from the Alhambra declares, “it will seem like a valiant Sultan, sitting on his throne.”
Fig.6 Nasrid or Castilian Tile, with motto 'There is no (greater) Conqueror but God', (la ghalib illa Allah), Spain, 16th century, WA1994.45.2
In his travel memoirs, the contemporary North-African traveller Ibn Battutah remarked that the city of Maliqah (Malaga) produced “wonderful gilded pottery that is exported to the remotest countries” thanks to the vast mercantile networks of Genoese, Jewish, Portuguese and Catalan traders that at this time reached far beyond the Mediterranean (Fig. 8). Indeed, in 1303 examples of “Malaga earthenware” were recorded in a shipment to the port of Sandwich, in Kent.
By the 15th century Christian rulers dominated most of the peninsula. Pedro Ruyl, Lord of Manises, had been ambassador to the Nasrid court of Granada and is credited with bringing lustreware potters north to market their wares to the aristocratic market in the Kingdom of Valencia. Though many of the potters active in these centres were Muslims, there were likely also Christian and Jewish craftsmen working alongside them, absorbing their centuries-old knowledge and expertise.
This chapter of the history of lustreware has often been explained in terms of religion. Lustre objects produced at this time are therefore often labelled “Hispano-Moresque” clearly associating them with Muslims. Yet religion is really not a factor here. One might call Iberian lustreware “transcultural” instead: an artistic tradition that transcends political and religious affiliations and rather represents a shared taste and culture.
A poignant example of this taste shared across religious groups is this Seder plate, made in Valencia around 1480, only a dozen years before the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. It features the complex abstract designs and circling inscription - in this case in Hebrew- typical of traditional Islamic lustreware (Fig. 9).
The designs on 14th through 16th century Spanish lustre bowls continued to combine new and traditional motifs. Lustreware from Manises is at times so similar to works of Nasrid manufacture that it is still difficult to tell the difference today (Fig. 10).
In a basin from Valencia, a stylized Latin inscription, “Arise, Lord, to deliver us, Arise” is used as a frieze on the vessel’s rim much as Arabic inscriptions were in classical Syrian or Persian lustreware (Figs. 11-12). The letters are stylized and almost hidden in intricate layers of entangled foliage - like a puzzle to be deciphered - characteristics of the earliest lustrewares.
Fig.10 Tesoros bowl, Malaga, 14th century, tin-glazed earthenware with cobalt and lustre, diam. 45.7 cm. Hispanic Society of America, acc. no. E643. Photo Courtesy of the Hispanic Society of America
Fig. 11 Basin vegetal decoration, Latin inscription, Valencia, 16th century, earthenware tin-glazed lustre, WA1947.191.260
Fig.12 Bowl with vegetal decoration and pseudo inscription, Iran, 13th century, fritware over-glaze painting in lustre, EA1978.1669
The arms of the Christian Kingdom of Castille in the centre of this other dish are embraced by a tangle of elegant abstracted foliage echoing earlier Islamic counterparts and showing how lustreware by then had become part of Spanish elite taste (Fig. 13). Indeed, Isabel ‘The Catholic’, Queen of Castille and soon Queen of all Spain, made several orders of pottery from the Lord of Manises in 1455 writing that “for the use and service of our person we require some Malaga ware” emphasizing that it must be “glazed and lustred inside and out.”
In 1492, Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon united their realms, and conquered the Kingdom of Granada, the last Islamic kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula. The 15th and 16th centuries, when so many of these works were made, were enormously oppressive times for the Muslims and Jews of Spain. And yet despite anguishing religious and cultural division, lustreware continued to be produced, bearing witness to a shared culture that could not be erased.
Fig.13 Dish with Arms of Castile, Manises or Valencia c.1450, WA1888.CDEF.C3 | <urn:uuid:5e7b7252-ede0-486c-bfae-c6ccc74723c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ashmolean.org/article/lustreware-across-borders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.943326 | 1,909 | 3.328125 | 3 |
If you're like most people, you send email attachments when collaborating on a document with someone else. That's inconvenient, because you've got to remember to send and receive updates, dangerous, because you may lose work due to an edit conflict, and insecure, because nobody knows how to encrypt email. Even so, we use email because to date it is the only way to get the six aspects of sharing that we rely on in the physical world but have learned to live without online.
SCoopFS (The "F" is silent.) is a tool that supports all six aspects of sharing. SCoopFS is not email, but you communicate as if it were. The difference is that SCoopFS can automatically send and receive updates. If there is an edit conflict, SCoopFS makes it hard for you to lose work. SCoopFS also makes you more secure by providing server authentication, so you can't be tricked into talking to the wrong party, user authorization, without yet another userid and password, and encryption, while handling all the key management for you. In fact, the SCoopFS user interface has no clicks for security.
SCoopFS does a pretty good job keeping copies of a file on different machines synchronized. So good a job that most users of the Alpha version mirrored files between their machines. One person used SCoopFS to keep certain files synchronized between her home and work computers, which saved a lot of trips back to the office when she forgot to send a file to herself. Another user shared files with himself so copies of files on his web server that he edits off line get synchronized with copies on the shared drive that the web server uses.
You may download and use SCoopFS for non-commercial purposes.
A brief overview
The SCoopFS distribution includes a working version of the Waterken web server and the Joe-E verifier. Each of these tools is useful in its own right.
This version is a first prototype, which means there are a number of things we didn't do and a number of bugs we didn't fix. For example, our file sharing protocol has so many round trips that we call it ETRTWH (Eventually The Right Thing Will Happen). You won't be disappointed if you think of it as email rather than some sort of mirrored file system.
SCoopFS is NOT supported by HP. Send all questions to alan.karp at hp.com. | <urn:uuid:ba96f1ee-634a-4696-aab5-769da52c930f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://alanhkarp.com/scoopfs/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948275 | 510 | 1.742188 | 2 |
As a father, you will likely want to be a part of your child’s life. But if you are not legally recognized as the father of your child, this can be extremely difficult. It can mean that you will be subject to whatever is convenient to the mother, and she may not want to give you any access to your child at all.
Therefore, if you want to have shared custody of your child, the first step is establishing legal paternity, if you haven’t already. You will automatically have paternity if you were married to the mother at the time of the child’s birth, or if your name is on the birth certificate. The mother can voluntarily acknowledge your paternity, but if she will not, you will have to request a DNA test in order for your paternity to be proven.
What are your rights as a legal father?
When you have your paternity established, you have the right to file for custody of your child. But you also have the responsibility to support the child financially. This may mean contributing through child support payments.
How does filing for custody work?
Child custody cases are a process where the courts make a decision based on what is in the best interests of the child. This means that as long as you have no violent or criminal history and you are viewed to be a positive influence in your child’s life, you will be eligible for shared custody.
Establishing paternity is an important first step in having a legal attachment to your child. This is crucial if you would like to gain custody in the future.
Source: The Spruce, “How to Establish Paternity & Why It Matters,” accessed March 07, 2018 | <urn:uuid:2ff37e71-ba8c-44ee-8848-7edb67d268f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sellecklegal.com/why-should-a-father-establish-paternity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.968462 | 348 | 1.84375 | 2 |
South Africa’s ruling ANC won a sweeping election victory on Saturday and party leader Jacob Zuma pledged that as president he would work with unions and business to ensure stability amid global turmoil.
“There will be no surprises in the next administration’s programme of action,” Zuma said in a victory speech.
“The electorate has endorsed our call for an equitable, sustainable and inclusive growth path that will bring decent work and sustainable livelihoods,” Zuma, who is due to be sworn in as president on May 9, said.
Official results of Wednesday’s election gave Zuma’s African National Congress 65.9 percent of the vote, a big victory but just short of the two-thirds needed to ensure a parliamentary majority big enough to make constitutional changes unchallenged, Reuters adds.
The margin that would let the ANC change the constitution is largely symbolic. Despite some market concerns over whether the ANC would get the two-thirds majority, the party repeatedly has stressed it has no intention of changing the constitution.
Although a newly formed party of ANC dissidents failed to make a dramatic impact, the ruling party has seen its share of the vote fall for the first time since the end of apartheid in 1994. It won nearly 70 percent in 2004.
Political analyst Steven Friedman said the result meant the ANC now had to worry more about the opposition than it had since the party took power 15 years ago.
“The effect of them not getting the two-thirds, despite the euphoria, really underlines that there has been a drop in the ANC vote,” he said.
“The ANC has to worry more about the opposition now than it has had to do since democracy.”
Financial markets wary of a policy shift to the left under a Zuma presidency may welcome a limit on the party’s power.
But Zuma has done all he can to emphasise that there will be no dramatic change, particularly as South Africa faces its first recession in 17 years as a result of the global financial crisis and cannot afford to discourage investment.
In his speech, he addressed both business interests and the leftist allies who helped his rise to power during eight years of struggling against corruption charges, which were dismissed early this month on a technicality.
“We are concerned about the potential impact of the global economic crisis. We will work with all stakeholders, especially business and labour, to find ways to prevent and cushion our people against job losses and other difficulties that may arise,” he said.
Zuma, who said he was not disappointed that the ANC did not achieve a two-thirds majority, also called on South Africans to get over the divisions of the past.
“It is now time to put it all behind us. We must enter a period in which South Africa reclaims its position and image as a thriving nation, which can overcome all its difficulties, and which is able to put the country first above sectional and party political interests.”
He said South Africa will continue with its efforts to find lasting solutions for political stability in neighbouring Zimbabwe and other flashpoints in Africa.
The Independent Electoral Commission said the ANC will be allocated 264 seats in South Africa’s 400-seat parliament after it won 11.65 million votes out of 17.68 million valid votes cast in the April 22 election.
The ANC also lost control of the Western Cape province, centre of the tourist industry, to the official opposition Democratic Alliance (DA), led by Helen Zille, a white woman.
Zille’s DA was the ANC’s closest rival with 16.66 percent. The Congress of the People (COPE), formed by politicians who broke from the ruling party, stood at 7.42 percent.
The DA will get 67 seats in parliament and COPE 30.
Inkatha Freedom Party support waned to 4.56 percent, giving it 18 parliamentary seats, of the vote from 6.97 percent in 2004. The ANC also made inroads into the IFP’s traditional support base in KwaZulu-Natal province, home to South Africa’s Zulus — the biggest tribal group, of which Zuma is a member.
Electoral officials said the turnout was 77.3 percent, a little higher than in 2004.
The rand currency firmed well over 2 percent against the dollar to a new 6-1/2-month high late on Friday, aided by a strong euro and higher stocks as well as the smooth election. | <urn:uuid:6c41af9e-7af1-422e-bc66-7be6c22fcca9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.defenceweb.co.za/governance/governance-governance/anc-wins-big-zuma-pledges-stability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.972 | 933 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Sas Bahu Temple - Things to Know Before Visiting
Fort Campus, Near Post Office, Gwalior Fort, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474001, India
Contents in This Page
About Sas Bahu Temple
Sas Bahu Temple in Gwalior is a famous temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu by King Mahipala. Lord Vishnu is also known as Sahastrabahu, the one with many hands. But gradually the name changed into Sas Bahu Temple. The temple has a rare quality of architectural skill displayed in it. it is mostly in ruins and was badly damaged from numerous invasions and Hindu-Muslim wars in the region.
Attractions Near Sas Bahu Temple
Gurudwara Data Bandi Chhod is a memorial constructed in the memory of Guru Hargobind Sahib. Built inside the Gwalior Fort, the Gurudwara was constructed in 1970. Made up of marble and colourful stained glass exteriors, the Gurudwara is one of the significant Sikh pilgrimage sites and is visited by many tourists each year.
Teli ka Mandir, also known as Telika Temple, is a Hindu temple located within the Gwalior Fort. Dedicated to Vishnu, Shiva and Matrikas, it has been variously dated between the early 8th and early 9th century CE. The temple is a classic example of a design based on "musical harmonics" in architecture,one that Hermann Goetz called as a masterpiece of late Gupta era Indian art.
Gwalior is also popular for the Man Singh Palace. Located within the Gwalior Fort, it is a splendid example of Hindu architecture of the 14th and 15th centuries. The Man Singh Palace was made under the rule of Tomar ruler Raja Man Singh. Construction of the palace was done between 1486 and 1516. This is also the place where Mughal emperor Aurangzeb jailed and killed his kin Murad.
Chaturbhuj is a Hindu temple excavated in a rock face in the Gwalior Fort, in c875 AD, by Alla, the son of Vaillabhatta, and the grandson of Nagarabhatta of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, in present-day Madhya Pradesh
Gwalior Fort is one of the most impenetrable fortresses located in the heart of Gwalior situated on the top of a vast rocky mountain. It is also the places where the second oldest reference of the number 'zero' has been found in the form of a carving inside a temple on the top of the fort. The entire fort complex is well maintained and includes temples, water tanks, and palaces.
The Karan Mahal is another significant monument at Gwalior Fort. The Karn mahal was built by the second king of the Tomar dynasty, Kirti Singh. He was also known as Karn Singh, hence the name of the palace.
Where is Sas Bahu Temple
Discover More Attractions in Gwalior, Where Sas Bahu Temple Is Located
Gwalior district is one of the 52 districts of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. Other cities and towns in this district are Antari, Bhitarwar, Bilaua, Dabra, Morar Cantonment, Pichhore, and Tekanpur. | <urn:uuid:f7d5dfc8-58f0-4a26-aa7f-111d5ee488e4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.travalour.com/attraction/3503-sas-bahu-temple | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.959089 | 698 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Scientists say they can re-create dinosaurs within the next five years; we know how this ends
We’ve seen this movie before.
Acclaimed paleontologist Jack Horner, who inspired the character Dr. Alan Grant of the “Jurassic Park” franchise, recently told People magazine he believes we are about five years away from bringing back dinosaurs.
Horner, who consulted on all the films, previously said scientists would need ancient DNA in order to re-create dinosaurs (like, say, DNA caught in a mosquito encased in amber).
But now, Horner and a group of scientists from Harvard and Yale believe researchers could use the modern-day chicken to bring back dinosaurs.
He said such technology is roughly five to 10 years away.
“Of course, birds are dinosaurs," Horner told People magazine. "So we just need to fix them so they look a little more like a dinosaur."
According to Entrepreneur, the research team has already worked on mutating chickens so they can be more like dinosaurs.
Specifically, Horner and his research team have made genetic changes to chickens to change their beaks into a snout, which was more common among dinos.
Such a creation, he said, would be called a “Chickensoraus.”
Here’s how he explains it:
"Basically what we do is we go into an embryo that's just beginning to form, and use some genetic markers to sort of identify when certain genes turn on and when they turn off. And by determining when certain genes turn on, we can sort of figure out how a tail begins to develop. And we want to fix that gene so it doesn't stop the tail from growing. … We can make a bird with teeth, and we can change its mouth.
“Actually, the wings and hands are not as difficult,” Horner said “The tail is the biggest project. But on the other hand, we have been able to do some things recently that have given us hope that it won't take too long."
Of course, we've seen this theory play out in the "Jurassic Park" films, the most recent of which, "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom," arrives in theaters Friday.
In previous "Jurassic Park" films, the dinosaurs wreak havoc in their human counterparts' lives, often eating humans and destroying parks in the process. | <urn:uuid:254ed73a-81f0-4454-933e-9df375e4a521> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thespectrum.com/story/life/features/2018/06/21/scientists-say-they-can-re-create-dinosaurs-within-the-next-five-years-we-know-how-this-ends/36235767/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.9628 | 509 | 3.25 | 3 |
How do you find the value of StringBuilder?
The toString() method of StringBuilder class is the inbuilt method used to returns a string representing the data contained by StringBuilder Object. A new String object is created and initialized to get the character sequence from this StringBuilder object and then String is returned by toString().
What is the initial capacity of the StringBuilder object?
Constructs a string builder with no characters in it and an initial capacity of 16 characters.
What does StringBuilder do in Java?
The StringBuilder in Java represents a mutable sequence of characters. Since the String Class in Java creates an immutable sequence of characters, the StringBuilder class provides an alternative to String Class, as it creates a mutable sequence of characters.
What is System Text StringBuilder?
Description. This class represents string-like objects that are mutable. After a StringBuilder object has been created, it can be directly modified by removing, replacing, or inserting characters. This contrasts the String class, which represents an immutable string of characters. The System.
Which is better StringBuffer or StringBuilder?
Conclusion: Objects of String are immutable, and objects of StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable. StringBuffer and StringBuilder are similar, but StringBuilder is faster and preferred over StringBuffer for the single-threaded program. If thread safety is needed, then StringBuffer is used.
Is StringBuilder immutable?
StringBuilder is used to represent a mutable string of characters. So String objects are immutable but StringBuilder is the mutable string type. It will not create a new modified instance of the current string object but do the modifications in the existing string object.
Does StringBuilder have a limit?
StringBuilder(int initCapacity) :- Creates an empty string builder with the specified initial capacity. Here because of parameter as int the maximum capacity that a StringBuilder Class can is reach will be 2147483647 .
What is difference between StringBuilder and StringBuffer?
StringBuffer is synchronized i.e. thread safe. It means two threads can’t call the methods of StringBuffer simultaneously. StringBuilder is non-synchronized i.e. not thread safe. It means two threads can call the methods of StringBuilder simultaneously.
Is StringBuffer thread-safe?
StringBuffer is thread-safe meaning that they have synchronized methods to control access so that only one thread can access StringBuffer object’s synchronized code at a time.
When should I use StringBuffer?
The StringBuffer class is used to represent characters that can be modified. The significant performance difference between these two classes is that StringBuffer is faster than String when performing simple concatenations. In String manipulation code, character strings are routinely concatenated.
Is StringBuffer immutable?
Objects of String are immutable, and objects of StringBuffer and StringBuilder are mutable.
Why is StringBuilder not immutable?
StringBuilder is used to represent a mutable string of characters. Mutable means the string which can be changed. So String objects are immutable but StringBuilder is the mutable string type. It will not create a new modified instance of the current string object but do the modifications in the existing string object.
Which is the default capacity of String builder?
Here capacity defines the default capacity of StringBuilder. StringBuilder is Max Capacity is same as the maximum value of Int32. Default capacity of a String-Builder is 16 characters , And Max capacity of String-Builder is 2147483647 characters.
What is the function of StringBuilder in Java?
StringBuilder Class in Java with Examples. The StringBuilder in Java represents a mutable sequence of characters. Since the String Class in Java creates an immutable sequence of characters, the StringBuilder class provides an alternative to String Class, as it creates a mutable sequence of characters. The function of StringBuilder is very much
Where to find characters in StringBuilder in Visual Basic?
Iterating StringBuilder characters. You can access the characters in a StringBuilder object by using the StringBuilder.Chars[Int32] property. In C#, Chars[Int32] is an indexer; in Visual Basic, it is the default property of the StringBuilder class.
When to call stringbuilder.appendline ( string value )?
This can occur particularly when you call the Append (String) and AppendFormat (String, Object) methods to append small strings. Appends a copy of the specified string followed by the default line terminator to the end of the current StringBuilder object. public System.Text. StringBuilder AppendLine ( string value); | <urn:uuid:a18ff9ab-87de-4e25-b3b0-e9d032285c64> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://diaridelsestudiants.com/how-do-you-find-the-value-of-stringbuilder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.820189 | 961 | 3.21875 | 3 |
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The Core Problem: Examining the Role of Bifacial Cores in Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene Lithic Technological Organization in the Great Basin
AuthorWiggins, Kristina Michelle
AdvisorSmith, Geoffrey M.
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The High-Tech Forager Model (HTFM) was developed in the Great Plains region to model Paleoindian lithic technological organization. The model holds that mobile Paleoindian groups employed a flexible and efficient toolkit centered on bifacial core technology. Superficial similarities in lithic technology led to the widespread adoption of the model in the Great Basin, but its applicability to the region has not been critically evaluated. A number of actualistic, archaeological, and modeling studies challenge the HTFM, and it is with these challenges in mind that I designed this study to explore the organizational role of bifacial technology and, by extension, test the applicability of the HTFM to two regions of the Great Basin. My results suggest that bifacial technology was no more important to Paleoindians in the northwestern Great Basin than it was to later groups in the same region, and bifacial cores may have seen some use in the central Great Basin but not in the northwestern Great Basin. Raw material availability and subsistence strategies (rather than mobility, as the HTFM suggests) appear to have most strongly influenced the use of bifacial technology. | <urn:uuid:d0c0d589-8b2e-47ad-ad65-c4c1c11ffd97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholarworks.unr.edu/handle/11714/2304 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.907211 | 353 | 2.5 | 2 |
Research by dedicated scientists and clinicians from a wide range of disciplines is expanding our knowledge of hydrocephalus, translating discoveries and insights into vital new treatments and clinical care practices for people living with hydrocephalus.
Our Mission & Strategy
The mission of our Research Program is to fund research that improves the quality of life for people living with hydrocephalus, and ultimately to find a cure. To accomplish this mission, the Board of Directors established three priority areas:
Connecting Basic, Translational, and Clinical Researchers
The Hydrocephalus Association Research Program is focused on advancing promising avenues of hydrocephalus research and building a committed and connected hydrocephalus research community. Through the support of three research networks and our patient-powered registry, HA has created a research ecosystem that improves the lives of those with hydrocephalus now, while identifying and testing new hypotheses and therapies. By connecting basic, translational, and clinical researchers, HA is accelerating hydrocephalus research and working to fulfill our mission.
Research Networks and the Patient-Powered Registry
We support three networks and a patient-powered registry that accelerate high quality, high-impact hydrocephalus research.
Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (HCRN)
A network of fourteen children’s hospitals that conduct clinical research on hydrocephalus.
Adult Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network (AHCRN)
A network of eight hospitals that conduct clinical research focused on adults with hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus Association Network for Discovery Science (HANDS)
A platform for both communication and collaboration among hydrocephalus basic and translational researchers with a focus on mentorship, innovation, and shared infrastructure. Through HANDS we award research grants to individual investigators conducting innovative research and also hold research conferences and workshops that are designed to promote collaboration and identify promising new opportunities.
Hydrocephalus Association Patient-Powered Interactive Engagement Registry (HAPPIER)
HAPPIER, an online database created to bring the patient perspective to hydrocephalus research. HAPPIER will help accelerate hydrocephalus research by providing patient-generated and patient-centered data to the research community.
Announcing our 2021 Innovator Award recipients! These brilliant scientists are exploring new ideas about why hydrocephalus develops and testing new treatments to improve long term outcomes.Read More >
TECHNOLOGY UPDATE: Rhaeos, Inc. Awarded NIH Grant to Advance Development of FlowSense Wireless Sensor
Rhaeos, Inc. was awarded an NIH grant to advance their development of wearable sensors to detect failed shunts in patients with hydrocephalus.Read More > | <urn:uuid:32764b13-4736-49ee-b4c1-67b214766c43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hydroassoc.org/research-overview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.879518 | 542 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Saskatchewan’s highway infrastructure is paving the way for an economic boom, as billions of new investment dollars are pouring into the province as part of an economic growth plan.
“In the last year or so, we have seen $15 billion of private investment in the province,” said Saskatchewan’s new Highway Minister Jeremy Cockrill, who came to the cabinet post in June. The influx of new investments includes the largest potash mine development in the world and new forest industry manufacturing facilities and ventures.
“We know there is going to be more traffic on the highways and there is going to be heavier truck traffic,” he said, as the province looks to upgrade and improve its highway structure. “We know we have to make that investment of government to accommodate new industry.”
Last year Saskatchewan spent $830 million in highway improvements and the 2022 budget calls for investing another $479.5 million. Major two-lane arterials are being twinned and passing lanes added to address increasing economic vehicle traffic.
Cockrill estimates 1,100 kilometres of road within the provincial roadway will be built or upgraded in 2022.
“It is still early in the year,” he said, as the exact tally isn’t determined yet, and some contractors have fallen behind because of a wet spring, but he is confident the ministry will still make its commitment.
The estimate will add to the target set out in Saskatchewan’s Growth Plan 2020-2030 which aims to build or upgrade 10,000 kilometres of provincial highway over the decade.
Saskatchewan was ahead of schedule last year with 1,350 improvements bringing a 2020 and 2021 total to 2,350 kilometres upgraded so far.
The ambitious growth plan calls for increasing the population by 1.4 million, bringing in as much as $16 billion annually in new investment, creating 100,000 new jobs, increasing the value of exports by 50 per cent, increasing international markets by $1 billion, increasing agri-food exports to $20 billion, and doubling the size of the forest industry as well as bringing potash sales to $9 billion.
“The plan really impacts everything we do,” said Cockrill.
Cockrill said Saskatchewan has one of the largest road networks per capita in Canada with an extensive grid that covered the entire southern half of the province. Major four-lane highways include Highway 1 (connecting Regina, Moose Jaw and Swift Current), Highway 15 and Highway 11.
“It is the two-lane highways where we have made a targeted effort,” he said, focusing now on those areas that are impacted by economic growth or corridors that serve large-volume vehicle traffic such as municipalities, industrial and agricultural areas.
Safety is also a major concern on highways and intersections. Cockrill said the province has made a concerted effort to make intersections safer after the 2018 Humboldt truck and bus crash that saw 16 killed and 13 injured.
In 2019, a five-year $100-million program was launched to improve intersection safety which includes intersection design improvements, improving sightlines, eased entry from small roads onto busier highways and rumble strips.
Another area of focus has been the Saskatoon to the Alberta border, said Cockrill, as it is a major corridor to markets such as Calgary and to West Coast ports.
Twinning of Highway 7 has occurred from Saskatoon to Delisle and passing lanes have been installed along the route with the latest west of Kindersley.
More twinning is now occurring on major routes.
Cockrill said twinning is occurring on Highway 3 from the intersection on Highway 2 to the Shell River Bridge for a distance of eight kilometres. The design, provided by Associated Engineering, also included passing lanes between Shellbrook and the Shell River Bridge, which opened late last year. The twinning project is expected to be completed by fall 2022.
Highway 5 is also undergoing a three-phase upgrade concluding a 10 kilometre section of twinning slated for the area from Saskatoon to Old 27 Road. The proposal calls for tenders for this third phase to be made in the winter of 2022 with construction carried out in 2023 to 2025.
Highway 5’s first phase, now complete, included about 10 kilometres of repaving, widening and sightline improvements through the hills and valleys east of Old 27 Road to Blucher Road. Contractor HJR Asphalt of Saskatoon carried out the work. HJR Asphalt has five portable asphalt plants and produces the majority of Saskatchewan’s cold mix asphalt used in maintenance work.
The second phase is being carried out in two contracts to limit road construction over the 30 kilometre stretch of highway from Highway 2 to Blucher Road. Langenburg Redi-Mix of Regina is the contractor for the first segment work from Highway 2 to about 15 kilometres west. The work includes repaving, widening, sightline improvements and the construction of eastbound and westbound passing lanes.
Design work is nearing completion for the second segment of Phase 2, which will stretch the final 15 kilometres to Blucher Road.
In addition, the ministry this spring provided funding to 13 short-line railways, which service the grain industry, totalling over $500,000 to improve rail lines, bridges and intersections.
“We are a land-locked province,” said Cockrill. “A key part of unlocking our province is a good transportation system.” | <urn:uuid:4320d599-534a-472d-9ac6-35286c751850> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://canada.constructconnect.com/joc/news/government/2022/08/saskatchewan-highway-infrastructure-paving-the-way-for-economic-boom | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956038 | 1,125 | 1.609375 | 2 |
I know last post I promised to delve into the four phases of climbing. However, a bit of background is needed first. You see, safety is as much if not more about mental attitude as it is about individual actions. What makes an action or attitude safe?
In my mind, it is about repeatability and consistency. An action, a tool, an attitude can be considered safe if it reliably and to the best of our ability produces the same predictable action. The tool, action or attitude may in bits and pieces be “unsafe” or better yet contain “risk,” but how we manage, use or act make the whole process, act or situation predictable.
Let’s look for instance at dropping large chunks of wood from a spar with a rigging line. The risk is high. There are many things that could go wrong and the consequences are steep. taken as a whole without proper tools training and knowledge the act itself is hazardous. With proper tools, training, techniques and knowledge it can yield consistent, predictable results.
Of course I realize we do not live in a perfect world and often the best acts and intentions can go awry. Life is rarely fair, but that is no reason not to try! We cannot account for every variable, nor see into the future. “Safe” actions may yield unpredictable results. However, we must move forward and draw a baseline where reasonable.
When it comes to production tree climbing, I believe in stacking the odds in my favor. If incorporating a second attachment point for SRT ascent does not hamper the efficiency of the situation or compromise climber safety then I see no reason not to do it. This is but one example
Redundancy in systems can guard against operator error or unforeseen hazards. For the reason stated paragraph before last we will leave out sudden alien attack!
Should all systems in climbing be redundant, in all situations? No. Climbing down with gravity through a tree’s structure where a second point of attachment (lanyard) is readily available when work or excessive lateral movement is necessary is different that scaling up a line mid air on remotely inspected anchor points into a canopy that may have hidden dangers.
Body thrusting up the trunk with a taunt-line in a birth control saddle is yet another!
That is why I am suggesting we segment our work into task/goal oriented pieces. This will help us define objectives, identify tools, equipment and techniques that offer the most amount of security for the given situation. What we do on a daily basis is to complex for one single “silver bullet”
If we would recommend two points of attachment when using a saw, weather it be hand or chain, why would we not when ascending mid air into a tree?
Let me be clear, I am not advocating that we always take redundancy and backups to the extreme . However, when easy to do, when not offering interference or compromising safety then we must ask “why not” instead of “why.”
I often use my lanyard when sitting still for a drink of water and quick break. Not because I need it, but because I can think of no reason not to.
In my mind this is the struggle. The struggle to progress, but not forget the often tragic mistakes of the past. The struggle to borrow judiciously from other disciplines. The struggle to innovate, but not get lost in our own independence and pride. The struggle to develop systems, tools and most importantly processes that others, new and old alike, can be educated on, trained to use and promote first and foremost safety through intelligence and efficiency. | <urn:uuid:585ec115-8b62-4e99-b445-125b914a87c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gravitationalanarchy.com/2013/03/05/prelude-stacking-the-odds/?replytocom=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.939099 | 746 | 2 | 2 |
Turkiye's Fatih drill ship starts work on third exploration well
Ship to drill for gas for two and a half months at a depth of 5,000 meters below sea level
Turkiye's Fatih drill ship started drilling its third exploration well in the Sakarya Gas Field in the Black Sea region, the Energy and Natural Resources Minister, Fatih Donmez, said on Wednesday via Twitter.
The ship will carry out its exploration for natural gas for two and a half months at a depth of 5,000 meters below sea level at the is Karasu-1 well, Donmez confirmed.
Turkey currently has two seismic research ships, Oruc Reis and Barbaros Hayrettin Pasa, and three drill ships, Fatih, Kanuni and Yavuz operating in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, with a fourth drill ship scheduled for operation in the summer months.
To date, drilling has yielded 540 billion cubic meters of output from the Black Sea.
Natural gas flow from the Sakarya Gas Field is expected to reach the natural gas processing facility to be established in the Black Sea coastal town of Filyos in 2023. | <urn:uuid:2e7fd9b4-e189-4dfe-a0e6-44f7ea651533> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://enerji.gov.tr/news-detail?id=20951 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.927525 | 239 | 1.71875 | 2 |
From early Mongol invasions to tsarist regimes to ages of enlightenment and industrialization to revolutions and wars, Russia is known not just for its political rises of world power and upheaval, but for its cultural contributions (think ballet, Tolstoy, Tchaikovsky, caviar and vodka).
Below is a timeline of notable events in the world’s largest country.
862: The first major East Slavic state, Kievan Rus, is founded and led by the Viking Oleg of Novgorod (although some historians dispute this account). Kiev becomes the capital 20 years later.
980-1015: Prince Vladimir the Great, who converts from paganism to Orthodox Christianity, rules the Rurik dynasty while spreading his newfound religion. His son, Yaroslav the Wise, reigns from 1019-1054 as grand prince, establishing a written code of law, and Kiev becomes a center of politics and culture in eastern Europe.
1237-1240: Mongols invade Kievan Rus, destroying cities including Kiev and Moscow. The Khan of the Golden Horde rules Russia until 1480.
1480-1505: Ivan III—known as Ivan the Great—rules, freeing Russia from the Mongols, and consolidating Muscovite rule.
1547-1584: Ivan IV—or Ivan the Terrible—becomes the first czar of Russia. The grandson of Ivan the Great expands the Muscovite territory into Siberia, while instituting a reign of terror against nobility using military rule. He dies of a stroke in 1584.
1613: After several years of unrest, famine, civil war and invasions, Mikhail Romanov is coronated as czar at age 16, ending a long period of instability. The Romanov dynasty will rule Russia for three centuries.
1689-1725: Peter the Great rules until his death, building a new capital in St. Petersburg, modernizing the military (and founding the Russian navy) and reorganizing the government. With his introduction of Western European culture, Russia becomes a world power.
1762: Russia’s longest-ruling female leader, Catherine II, or Catherine the Great, takes power in a bloodless coup and her reign marks Russia’s era of enlightenment. A champion of the arts, her 30-plus-year rule also extends Russia’s borders.
1853-1856: Stemming from Russian pressure on Turkey and religious tensions, the Ottoman Empire, along with British and French forces, fights Russia and Czar Nicholas I in the Crimean War. Russia is crippled in its defeat.
1861: Czar Alexander II issues his Emancipation Reform, abolishing serfdom and allowing peasants to purchase land. His other notable reforms include universal military service, strengthening Russia’s borders and promoting self government. In 1867, he sells Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States, gilding the St. Isaac Cathedral domes in St. Petersburg with the proceeds. He is assassinated in 1881.
1914: Russia enters WWI against Austria-Hungary in defense of Serbia.
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Lenin, the Bolsheviks and Rise of the Soviet Union
Nov. 6-7, 1917: The violent Russian Revolution marks the end of the Romanov dynasty and Russian Imperial Rule, as the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, take power and eventually become the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Civil War breaks out later that year, with Lenin’s Red Army claiming victory and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Lenin rules until his death in 1924.
1929-1953: Joseph Stalin becomes dictator, taking Russia from a peasant society to a military and industrial power. His totalitarian rule includes his Great Purge, beginning in 1934, in which at least 750,000 people were killed to eliminate opposition. He dies in 1953, following a stroke.
1939: World War II begins, and, in accord with a pact between Stalin and Adolf Hitler, Russian invades Poland, Romania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland. Germany breaks the agreement in 1941, invading Russia, which then joins the Allies. The Russian army’s win at the Battle of Stalingrad serves as a major turning point in ending the war.
March 5, 1946: In a speech, Winston Churchill declares “an Iron Curtain has descended across the Continent” and the Cold War grows as the Soviets promote revolution in China, Asia and the Middle and Near East. In 1949, the Soviets explode a nuclear bomb, hastening the nuclear arms race.
Oct. 4, 1957: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik I, the first artificial satellite that orbits the Earth in about 98 minutes and spurs the Space Race. In 1961, Soviet Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person to fly in space.
October 1962: The 13-day Cuban Missile Crisis leads Americans to fear nuclear war is at hand with the installation of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev eventually agrees to remove the missiles, while President John F. Kennedy agrees to not invade Cuba and remove U.S. missiles from Turkey.
Gorbachev Introduces Reforms
March 11,1985: Mikhail Gorbachev is elected general secretary of the Communist Party, and, thus, effectively Russia’s leader. His reform efforts include perestroika (restructuring the Russian economy), glasnost (greater openness) and summit talks with U.S. President Ronald Reagan to end the Cold War. In 1990, he is elected president, the same year he wins the Nobel Peace Prize for bringing the Cold War to a peaceful end.
April 26, 1986: The Chernobyl disaster, the world’s worst nuclear accident, takes place at the Chernobyl nuclear plant near Kiev in Ukraine. Resulting in thousands of deaths and 70,000 severe poisoning cases, the 18-mile radius surrounding the plant (and no longer home to nearly 150,000 people), will remain unlivable for some 150 years.
June 12, 1991: Boris Yeltsin wins Russia’s first popular presidential election, urging democracy.
Soviet Union Falls
Dec. 25, 1991: Following an unsuccessful Communist Party coup, the Soviet Union is dissolved and Gorbachev resigns. With Ukraine and Belarus, Russia forms the Commonwealth of Independent States, which most former Soviet republics eventually join. Yeltsin begins lifting Communist-imposed price controls and reforms, and, in 1993, signs the START II treaty, pledging nuclear arms cuts. He wins reelection in 1996, but resigns in 1999, naming former KGB agent Vladimir Putin, his prime minister, as acting president.
Dec. 1994: Russian troops enter the breakaway republic of Chechnya to stop an independence movement. Up to 100,000 people are estimated killed in the 20-month war that that ends with a compromise agreement. Chechen rebels continue a campaign for independence, sometimes through terrorist acts in Russia.
March 26, 2000: Vladimir Putin is elected president, and is reelected in a landslide in 2004. Because of term limits, he leaves office in 2008, when his protege Dmitry Medvedev is elected, and serves as his prime minister. Putin is then reelected as president in 2012.
October 23, 2002: About 50 Chechen rebels storm a Moscow theater, taking up to 700 people hostage during a sold-out performance of a popular musical. After a 57-hour standoff, most of the rebels and around 120 hostages are killed as Russian forces storm the building.
July 25, 2016: The FBI announces an investigation into possible Russian hacking of the Democratic National Committee’s computer system. Investigations and reports are also released concerning Russian meddling in the U.S. 2016 presidential election to help Donald Trump. Putin wins another election in 2018, and is sworn in for six more years. | <urn:uuid:4c8f3734-bdfa-486c-9472-ed16d99ee88b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://history.com/topics/russia/russia-timeline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.929956 | 1,636 | 3.59375 | 4 |
We celebrate Earth Day every year on April 22, and if I’m being honest, the earth shouldn’t be honored just one day out of a whole year. I mean, at least we do recognize it, and even if every person on the planet were to take part in protecting Mother Earth for just one day, the environment is better for it.
But if we all do our part all year, can you imagine how much happier she’d be? Admittedly, I’m not as eco-friendly as I could be. There are big ways to be more environmentally friendly, but there are many, many smaller ways to make changes all year long — and it can save you money, too.
Take a quiz to test your knowledge about our planet. Making Earth a healthier place to live doesn’t mean you have to go out and buy an electric car or give up everything that’s not plant-based. Putting the earth first is about making one or two small actionable changes that are the easiest and most affordable for you and your family.
Outside of recycling the items you can, these are some other affordable ways to make your life a little more green and earth focused:
7 Tips to Make Every Day Earth Day
1. Repurpose Household Items
An easy first step to living greener is to repurpose. Pinterest will be your best friend for finding ideas to repurpose a variety of items around your house. I repurposed a Pringles can into a DIY pasta holder. I made it about seven years ago, and it was super easy and still really cute. But that’s just one way to repurpose a Pringles can. You can turn a Pringles can into a vase, hair tie holder and Christmas ornament storage, to name a few.
2. Use Reusable Shopping Bags
There’s not much that annoys me more than plastic grocery bags flying around the road. Nine times out of 10, it’s going to get stuck under my car. Some cities have banned the use of plastic bags and require you to bring your own reusable bag. If where you live still allows stores that use plastic bags, then be proactive and get your own bags.
Retailers like Free People, Lululemon and others will give you a reusable bag when you make a purchase. So save them because they’ll hold plenty of groceries. You can also consider buying the bestselling reusable bags on Amazon for $18.99 for six. And leave the bags in your trunk so you don’t forget them.
3. Buy Reusable Containers
Ziploc bags were the first things to go when I realized how much they contaminate the environment. I bought these Reusable Storage Bags for my kids’ snacks and small leftovers. They’re less than $15 for 10 different sizes. I’ve had them about a year and they’ve held up. It not only saves the planet, but it also saves you money in the long run — assuming your kid doesn’t toss one out accidentally.
4. Cut Up Plastic Pack Rings Before You Throw Them Out
Plastic pack rings are the plastic things that hold soda cans and plastic water bottles together, in case you didn’t know. When they’re thrown away with the trash, they have the propensity to fly out of the garbage truck or trash cans since they’re so light. These rings can end up making their way into any nearby body of water, like a lake, ocean or pond. And sadly, the plastic can wrap itself around any living creature calling the water home.
To keep the inhabitants of water everywhere healthy, happy and safe, cut the plastic rings into pieces so that they can’t become wrapped around turtles, ducks, fish, or any other living thing before you toss them. It takes less than a minute.
5. Research Brands Before You Buy Their Products
Fast-fashion brands continue to be a hot topic for conservationists — and for good reason. Although it might take some extra time, finding out how your fashion is sourced is an easy way to decide whether to purchase from a brand. Most major brands are very transparent.
“Textiles are disposed of in landfills or incinerated; apparel companies conservatively produce 100 billion garments per year; less than 1% of clothing is recycled; 40 million tons of textiles (87% of clothing) are disposed of in landfills or incinerated.”EarthDay.org
Retail brands like H&M, Zara, thredUP, TOMS and Patagonia, to name a few, are making strides to change that. For example, H&M has made HUGE strides in making sustainability a priority. From its clothing collection program to products sourced from recycled plastic bottles, H&M is trying to flip the script to make a difference to the planet.
6. Support Brands With Eco-friendly Products
After you’ve finished researching your favorite brands and their products, it’s time to support them. Keeping environmentally-friendly brands afloat is essential to cleaning up our planet. There are more brands than I can count that are doing their best to make it happen.
One brand is making game night with the fam or your friends more sustainable. Big Potato Games makes their game boxes 50% smaller and they come with plastic-free packaging. With the “One Game. One Tree” focus, for every game Big Potato sells, it plants one tree. And so far, it has planted 54,037 (and counting) trees and reduced 294.03 tons of carbon. Plus, with family-friendly games like Herd Mentality, Snakesss, Don’t Get Got and Nice Buns, helping out the planet will be that much more entertaining.
7. Recycle Your Preowned Toys
One of the many milestones parents face is getting rid of their kids’ preloved toys — whether that means handing them down to your next child, bestowing them to your nieces and nephews, or getting rid of them altogether. But now you have one more option.
Mattel’s PlayBack program lets parents extend the life of their toys once their kids have outgrown them. It’s “designed to recover and reuse materials from old Mattel toys in future Mattel products, keep materials out of landfills, and supports the company’s goal to achieve 100% recycled, recyclable, or bio-based plastic materials in its products and packaging by 2030,” according to Mattel.
The beloved brand recently announced the inclusion of Fisher-Price toys in the takeback program. Currently, the PlayBack program accepts Barbie, Fisher-Price, Matchbox and MEGA toys for recycling.
Here’s how to recycle your Mattel toys:
- Go to the Mattel PlayBack website and click the “Get Started” button and fill out the return form to generate a free shipping label you’ll receive via the email you provided.
- Print the prepaid label.
- Pack up the toys and mail them to Mattel. | <urn:uuid:d3715c3d-ff40-4858-8e9e-0abacde88167> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.retailmenot.com/blog/eco-friendly-products.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.932234 | 1,499 | 2.296875 | 2 |
LTRP Note: Please refer to our previous post titled “Rick Warren: Protestants, Catholics Must Unite to Defend Life, Sex, Marriage – ‘We’re on the Same Team’” to understand what we mean by the title of this article.
“An Account of the Persecutions in Italy Under the Papacy”
By John Foxe
(author of Foxe’s Book of Martrys – * please read our note at the bottom of this post.)
We shall now enter an account of the persecutions in Italy, a country which has been, and still is, the center of popery. Italy is also the source of various errors which have spread themselves over other countries, deluded the minds of thousands, and diffused the clouds of superstition and bigotry over human understanding. In pursuing our narrative we shall include the most remarkable persecutions which have happened and the cruelties which have been practiced by the immediate power of the pope through the power of the Inquisition.
In the twelfth century, the first persecutions under the papacy began in Italy at the time that Adrian, an Englishman, was pope, being occasioned by the following circumstances:
A learned man and an excellent orator of Brescia, named Arnold, came to Rome and boldly preached against the corruptions and innovations which had crept into the church. His discourses were so clear, consistent, and breathed forth such a pure spirit of piety, that the senators and many of the people highly admired his doctrines.
This so greatly enraged Adrian that he commanded Arnold instantly to leave the city as a heretic. Arnold, however, did not comply, for the senators and some of the principal people took his part and resisted the authority of the pope.
Adrian now laid the city of Rome under an ecclesiastical censure, which caused the whole body of clergy to interfere; and at length he persuaded the senators and people to give up the point and allow Arnold to be banished. This being agreed to, he received the sentence of exile, and retired to Germany where he continued to preach against the pope and to expose the gross errors of the Church of Rome.
Adrian still thirsted for his blood and made several attempts to get him into his hands; but Arnold avoided every snare laid for him. At length, Frederic Barbarossa requested that the pope would crown him king of Germany with his own hand. This Adrian complied with and at the same time asked a favor of the emperor, which was to put Arnold into his hands. The emperor very readily delivered up the unfortunate preacher, who soon fell as martyr to Adrian’s vengeance, being hanged and his body burnt to ashes at Apulia. The same fate attended several of his old friends and companions.
Encenas, a Spaniard, was sent to Rome, to be brought up in the Roman Catholic faith; but having conversed with some of the reformed and reading several treatises which they put into his hands, he became a Protestant. When this became known, one of his own relations informed against him. He was burnt by order of the pope and a conclave of cardinals. The brother of Encenas had been taken up about the same time for having a New Testament in the Spanish language in his possession; but before the time appointed for his execution, he found means to escape out of prison and retired to Germany.
Faninus, a learned layman, by reading controversial books became of the reformed religion. An information being exhibited against him to the pope, he was apprehended and cast into prison. His wife, children, relations, and friends visited him in his confinement and persuaded him to renounce his faith. This obtained his release. But he was no sooner free from confinement than his mind felt the heaviest of chains—the weight of a guilty conscience. His horrors were so great that he found them insupportable, until he had returned from his apostasy and declared himself fully convinced of the errors of the Church of Rome. To make amends for his falling off, he now openly and strenuously did all he could to make converts to Protestantism and was pretty successful in his endeavors. These proceedings occasioned his second imprisonment, but he had his life offered him if he would recant again. This proposal he rejected with disdain, saying that he scorned life upon such terms. Being asked why he would obstinately persist in his opinions and leave his wife and children in distress, he replied, “I shall not leave them in distress; I have recommended them to the care of an excellent trustee.” “What trustee?” said the person who had asked the question. Faninus answered, “Jesus Christ is the trustee I mean, and I think I could not commit them to the care of a better.”
On the day of execution he appeared remarkably cheerful. An observer said, “It is strange you should appear so merry upon such an occasion, when Jesus Christ Himself, just before His death, was in such agonies, that He sweated blood and water.” To which Faninus replied:
Christ sustained all manner of pangs and conflicts with hell and death on our account; and thus, by His sufferings, freed those who really believe in Him from the fear of them.
He was then strangled, his body was burnt to ashes and then scattered about by the wind.
Dominicus, a learned soldier, having read several controversial writings, became a zealous Protestant, and retiring to Placentia, he preached the gospel in its utmost purity to a very considerable congregation. One day, at the conclusion of his sermon, he said, “If the congregation will attend tomorrow, I will give them a description of Antichrist and paint him out in his proper colors.”
A vast concourse of people attended the next day, but just as Dominicus was beginning his sermon, a civil magistrate went up to the pulpit and took him into custody. When he was brought to examination this question was put to him: “Will you renounce your doctrines?” To which he replied: “My doctrines? I maintain no doctrines of my own; what I preach are the doctrines of Christ, and for those I will forfeit my blood, and even think myself happy to suffer for the sake of my Redeemer.” Every method was taken to make him recant for his faith and embrace the errors of the Church of Rome; but when persuasions and menaces were found ineffectual, he was sentenced to death, and hanged in the marketplace.
Galeacius, a Protestant gentleman, who resided near the castle of St. Angelo, was apprehended on account of his faith. Great endeavors being used by his friends he recanted and subscribed to several of the superstitious doctrines propagated by the Church of Rome.
Becoming, however, sensible of his error, he publicly renounced his recantation. Being apprehended for this, he was condemned to be burnt. He was chained to a stake, where he was left several hours before the fire was put to the fagots, in order that his wife, relations, and friends, who surrounded him, might induce him to give up his opinions. Galeacius, however, retained his constancy of mind and entreated the executioner to put fire to the wood that was to burn him. This he did, and Galeacius was soon consumed in the flames which burnt with amazing rapidity and deprived him of sensation in a few minutes.
Soon after this gentleman’s death, a great number of Protestants were put to death on account of their faith in various parts of Italy, giving a sure proof of their sincerity in their martyrdoms.
* A note from Lighthouse Trails: Foxe’s Book of Martyrs was first published five hundred years ago. Today, there are many editions of this book available. When Lighthouse Trails decided to start offering this book to our readers, we began our search for a suitable edition. Much to our dismay, we discovered that many of the current editions were compromised in one form or another. For example, in one edition by a Christian publisher, front page endorsements included the names of those who promote contemplative spirituality and/or the emerging church. When one realizes that contemplative/emerging spirituality embraces some of the very same beliefs that Foxe’s martyrs opposed to the point of suffering cruel persecution and death, it is most troubling and misleading to see these names in the cover of an edition of Foxe’s Book of Martyrs.
In another edition we reviewed, the book was among a special set of “Christian classics.” We were once again perplexed to see that some of the other books in that series were written by contemplative mystics.
And yet another edition, published by a secular publisher, advertised mystical and occult practices on the back cover.
Still another edition removed most of the section (like the section above) in Foxe’s Book of Martyrs about persecution by the Roman Catholic papacy.
Finally, after an unsuccessful search, Lighthouse Trails decided to publish our own edition of this truly incredible and unforgettable account.
And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to God and the Father by him. Colossians 3: 17 | <urn:uuid:255418dd-08bb-4faa-b209-e802dc9598f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lighthousetrailsresearch.com/blog/?p=16910 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.987983 | 1,943 | 2.296875 | 2 |
We’ve talked about the labor shortage enough – it’s real, and it’s hitting the construction industry hard. But, there’s another issue looming above the construction industry, too: the lack of collaboration between parties on a construction project. When collaboration is strong, the project is strong, and unfortunately… Collaboration isn’t strong.
Poor coordination between contractors and stakeholders is to blame for delays, project mistakes, contract disputes and much more. Denise Norberg-Johnson from Electrical Contractor Magazine, had this to say about the traditional communication on a construction project:
Project progress is hampered by poor communication, incomplete specifications and underfunding by the owner that slows cash flow and causes conflicts or delays. Oftentimes, subcontractors aren’t treated as equal partners, and punitive contract clauses reduce trust between team members.
What Does Collaboration Look Like on a Construction Project?
Collaboration, at its core, is individuals and teams working together toward one common project goal. Unfortunately, collaboration in construction has a rocky history. Traditionally, the industry is highly-competitive, with individuals more focused on meeting their own short-term goals as opposed to a project’s long-term end goal and success. Most projects define how individual segments of the job must be completed, but not how it all ties together as a cohesive project.
Instead, communication and collaboration should be centralized with the use of intelligent document management and not archaic methods like paper trails and emails. Access to the main project plans and goals is key, without the reliance on gatekeepers to get essential or time-sensitive information.
The Benefits of Collaboration through Technology
Completing a cohesive construction project through the use of technology has its many benefits. When you utilize technology to create collaboration between all parties:
- Your project timeline stays on track and deadlines are met
- Less changes or reworks are required
- Projected budgets are met and kept
- Long-term business relationships are cultivated
- Higher profits are achieved
- The quality of your project improves
- Knowledge sharing between all parties improves
- Fewer contract disputes occur
Technology for Collaboration
The digitization of the construction industry isn’t just about saving time or money – it’s about creating a collaborative industry built on communication between all parties on a construction project. Having real-time access to all project information is the key to beginning a culture based on collaboration. When all team members have ownership of the outcome and are included in decision-making, the resulting synergy can produce quality products more efficiently.
Technology isn’t a source of frustration, it’s a vehicle for shifting the industry’s vision to one that includes project collaboration from top-to-bottom. Commit to this common vision with DrawAlert – the market’s leading Construction Administration Software that supports end-to-end document management, full financial controls and collaboration for all. | <urn:uuid:5f263501-edeb-4d15-a4e2-0fe5f00b0c7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://drawalert.com/2019/11/choose-collaboration-through-technology-for-better-project-results/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.929847 | 601 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Courageous Conversations: Engaging Citizens in Conversations that Matter
The Holocaust launched a human rights revolution in the 20th century as the global community denounced the inhumanity that had occurred. The Holocaust is the clearest example of the destruction and devastation that can result if a civil society abdicates the responsibility to promote, protect, and respect the rights of its citizens. Through this tragedy, citizens the world over discovered what they cared about. The 1948 United Nations Declaration outlined universally guaranteed fundamental human rights. With rights come responsibilities. Nations are made up of citizens and it is those citizens who must now animate a 21st century responsibility revolution.
In order to evoke a successful responsibility revolution, citizens must discover and declare their moral imperatives. This realization occurs when individuals and systems are informed and invited to take responsibility to respond to issues that matter. Citizens around the world face many issues that demand immediate attention and response.
The Concentus Citizenship Education Foundation asked the Saskatchewan Educational Leadership Unit to engage scholars to research and write a 1,500-word précis on: the Holocaust, mental health and addictions, racial discrimination, disability, Indigenous cultures and awareness, and gender. This was no easy task. While these issues are complex, and volumes could be written on each of the six topics, these précis provide an overview and a common starting place for discussion. You may wonder why these issues were chosen and other important issues were not. Consider this the first in a series of courageous conversation documents.
As Canadians, and as global citizens, there are many brave conversations to initiate. These six topics were designated in the hope of making them more visible and accessible for discussion and action. An understanding of, and commitment to, these issues are foundational to citizens developing a full understanding of what it means to be a responsible, respectful, and participatory citizen committed to justice in a pluralistic Canadian democracy. It is my hope that this document will encourage and enable citizens to engage in conversations that matter.
Imagine if citizens worldwide were brave enough to learn about issues that matter, and if they were courageous enough to start conversations on these topics. Why not take the challenge to discuss these issues with people you know? Next, be courageous and talk to people you do not know. Finally, engage those who are typically outside your personal and professional circles. What would you learn? What would you do better? How might these conversations revolutionize your beliefs and values and your relationships with citizens here at home? Further afield, how would your reflections impact those who live around the globe? How can you honour your responsibilities by taking positive action on these issues?
This resource was created to help you facilitate discussions in your home, classroom, business, or organization in order to change our world. We need to engage citizens to become advocates for equality in a free and democratic society. For many citizens, raising their voices on these topics requires great courage, and in some instances, your fellow citizens are still struggling to have their voices heard. Unresolved issues threaten our commitment to a just society. Each of us must become informed and then respond to the call to be a part of this responsibility revolution. As individuals, and as members of small groups, now is our chance to do better.
Thanks to the efforts of these six contributors – and the Saskatchewan Educational Leadership Unit – this document exists as a support for individuals and agencies that are willing to be part of the responsibility revolution. The invitation to have courageous conversations about pertinent topics that matter has been issued. As you explore these and other complex social issues, you are challenged to make a personal commitment to help communities discover what they care deeply about and to find creative solutions to make our world a better place now, and in the future. I believe meaningful conversations will change our world. Let the courageous conversations begin.
David M. Arnot
Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission
The Holocaust and Human Rights
What Do We Mean by the Holocaust?
Holocaust: The Degeneration of Citizenship
A New Framework for Human Rights
Teaching the Holocaust
The Holocaust and the Future
Appendix: Comparative Guidance for Teaching the Holocaust
What is Mental Health?
A Ten Year Mental Health and Addictions Action Plan for Saskatchewan (2014)
Changing Directions, Changing Lives: The Mental Health Strategy for Canada (2012)
The Mental Health Strategy for Canada: A Youth Perspective (2013)
Informing the Future: Mental Health Indicators for Canada (2015)
First Nations, Inuit and Métis Perspectives and Mental Health
Racism in Canada
Failure to Address Racism
Racism Experienced by Indigenous Peoples
Racial Discrimination & Canadian Immigration
Impact of Disabilities
The Pass System and Reserve Life
The 60’s Scoop
Long Term Effects of Colonialism
Gender Equality and Gender Equity
Gender as a Human Rights Issue
Intersectionality and Discrimination
Caution: Essentializing and Dichotomizing
Masters Student, Institute of Education
University College London
How do you teach events that deny knowledge, experiences that go beyond imagination? How do you tell children, big and small, that society could lose its mind and start murdering its own soul and its own future? How do you unveil horrors without offering at the same time some measure of hope? Hope in what? In whom? In progress, in science and literature and God? (Wiesel, 1978, p. 270)
The Holocaust is humanity’s darkest moment, a ‘negative absolute’ (Desbois, 2008). It is the definitive case study of what can happen when respect for the universality of human rights collapses and shows us “the susceptibility of ordinary people to acts of unspeakable cruelty” (Welker, 1996, p. 102). Learning about the Holocaust gives us the opportunity to explore what lessons we can learn from this dark past (Barton & Levstik, 2004) and to understand the international framework of human rights which it provoked.
Germany’s loss of the First World War (1914-1918) made these problems worse. Jews and communists were frequently blamed for this and other national crises. Public upset at the war was exacerbated by a tumultuous decade ending with the Wall Street Crash and a global Great Depression (Evans, 2003). The Nazis rose to power in the midst of this turmoil and Adolf Hitler became Chancellor in 1933. Hitler’s own correspondence shows that he considered the Jews a threat to Germany and envisioned their de-legitimation and expulsion as early as 1919 (Noakes & Prindham, 1983). Yet Nazi power did not arise primarily on account of anti-Semitism. Instead, the Nazi’s electoral popularity grew from 2.6% in 1928 to 37% in 1932 on account of economic anxiety; by 1932, this anxiety had bred a disenchantment vulnerable to Hitler’s more demagogic leadership (Evans, 2003; Koonz, 2003).
In power, the Nazis sought to methodically remove the civil rights of German Jews and then of other Jews as the Reich subsequently expanded (Michman, 2014). Many attempted to leave or sought to send their children abroad. However, the Depression and anti-immigration sentiment meant most nations, including Canada, were closed to prospective refugees. (Abella & Troper, 1986; Ogilvie & Miller, 2010). In September 1939, the Nazis invaded Poland triggering the Second World War. Poland had the highest population of Jews in Europe resulting in a substantial increase in Jewish killings and mass deportations to ghettos (Browning, 1992).
In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union specifically deploying Einsatzgruppen, killing squads, to mass murder Jews in Eastern Europe marking the beginning of the Holocaust as a consciously genocidal program (Browning, 1998; Hilberg, 1985; Wachsmann, 2015). The “Wannsee Conference” was then held in January 1942 to coordinate this “Final Solution.” Deportations to purpose-built extermination camps followed and gas chambers were used to murder on an industrial-scale until 1945 (Cesarani, 2016).
The Convention was designed to broaden the international legal framework available to address genocide. Deeply influenced by the Jewish-Polish scholar Raphael Lemkin (Zimmerer & Schaller, 2009), it criminalised “acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, as such” (UN, 1948a, Art. II). The Convention was foundational for the later creation of the International Criminal Court and the recent Right to Protect doctrine which emerged following the 1994 Rwandan genocide (Holmes 1998; Kikoler, 2009; UN, 1999).
The Declaration, a non-binding statement drafted by an international committee, sought to establish an international consensus on what rights were universal (Glendon, 1998). It begins by declaring the innate freedom and equality of all persons and the endowment of each of those persons with reason and conscience (UN, 1948b). It then outlines an impressively wide range of inalienable personal, social, and political rights. Today, it is at the very heart of international human rights, both invoked in its own right and as inspiration for a vast range of further declarations and conventions (Kennedy 2006; Lauren, 1998; Roth, 2015; von Bernstorff, 2008).
Students studying the Holocaust should learn about the topic in an age-appropriate way. Care should be taken with explicit images and acting out the roles of victims or perpetrators should be avoided (Schweber, 2004; Wieser, 2001). Materials used should be historically accurate and representative, and should avoid stereotyping, generalisations and simplification (Gray, 2015). Students must be able to recognise the significance of key events that led to the Holocaust (Hammond, 2001), but also study a range of individual stories – including those of rescue and resistance (Kitson, 2001). This balance of a broad understanding and knowledge of specific stories is vital to help students avoid Holocaust distortions, denial, and trivialisation (Gray, 2015). Students should also learn to recognise the ways that authority and advertising shape their own views, in order to develop critical independence (McGuinn, 2000).
History is not stationary; it is the dynamic product of the community who has produced it. Our shared conviction that the Holocaust was deplorable can only continue insofar as we remember and respond to it (Kellner, 1997). Holocaust education will inevitably be an imperfect offering and the democratic challenges of the 21st century may be starkly different to those of the 20th century. But should we find ourselves in circumstances which echo moments along the path that led to the Holocaust, “[n]o longer can we plead ignorance – ‘I didn’t know what was happening’ – as a justification for inaction” (Roth, 2015, p. 17).
explore a variety of victim’s experiences, including resistance; be aware of source limitations, including those on the Internet
Select appropriate learning activities
Abella, I. and Troper, H. (1986). None is too many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948. Toronto, ON: Random House.
Andrew, R. (2005, October). The Canadian holocaust – retrieving our souls. Occupational Therapy Now: 19-20. Retrieved from www.caot.ca/otnow/Sept05/Sept05OTNow_Souls.pdf
Barton, K. C. and Levstik, L. S. (2004). Teaching history for the common good. London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bauer, Y. (1978). The Holocaust in historical perspective. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Bloxham, D. (2009). The final solution: A genocide. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Browning, C. R. (1992). The Path to genocide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Browning, C. R. (1998). Ordinary men: Reserve police battalion 101 and the final solution in Poland. London, UK: Penguin.
Cesarani, D. (2016). Final solution: The fate of the Jews 1933-1949. London, UK: MacMillan.
Desbois, P. (2008). The Holocaust by bullets. New York, NY: Palgrave.
Evans, R. (2003). The coming of the Reich. London, UK: Penguin.
Fontaine, P. & Farber, B. (2013, October 14). What Canada committed against First Nations was genocide; the UN should recognize it. Globe and Mail. Retrieved from www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/what-canada-committed-against-first-nations-was-genocide-the-un-should-recognize-it/article14853747/
Glendon, M. (1998). Knowing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Notre Dame Law Review, 73(5), 1153-1190.
Gray, M. (2015). Teaching the Holocaust: Practical approaches for ages 11-18. London, UK: Routledge.
Hansard HC Deb. (December 17, 1942). Vol. 385 col 2082-7 [electronic version]. Retrieved from http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1942/dec/17/united-nations-declaration
Hammond, K. (2001). From horror to history: Teaching pupils to reflect on significance. Teaching History, 104, 15-23.
Hilberg, R. (1985). The destruction of the European Jews. New York, NY: Holmes & Meier.
Holmes, J. A., Jr. (1998). The International Criminal Court: History, development and status. Santa Clare Law Review, 38(3), 744-836.
Holocaust Educational Trust (n. d.) General principles for teaching the Holocaust. London, UK: Holocaust Educational Trust.
International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance. (n.d.) How to teach about the Holocaust in schools. Retrieved from www.holocaustremembrance.com/node/319
Katz, S. T. (1996). The uniqueness of the Holocaust: The historical dimension. In A. S. Rosenbaum (Ed.), Is the Holocaust unique? Perspectives on comparative genocide (pp. 19-38). Oxford, UK: Westview.
Kellner, H. (1997). “Never again” is now. In K. Jenkins (Ed.), The postmodern history reader (pp. 397-412). London, UK: Routledge.
Kennedy, P. (2006). The parliament of man: The United Nations and the quest for world government. London, UK: Penguin.
Kikoler, K. (2009). Responsibility to protect [conference paper]. Oxford, UK: Refugee Study Centre. Retrieved from www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/files/publications/other/dp-responsibility-to-protect-2009.pdf
Kitson, A. (2001). Challenging stereotypes and avoiding the superficial: A suggested approach to teaching the Holocaust. Teaching History, 104, 41-48.
Koonz, C. (2003). The Nazi conscience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard.
Lauren, P. G. (1998). The evolution of international human rights: Visions seen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lecomte, J. M. (2003). Teaching in Europe about the Holocaust and the genocides of the 20th century. In G. Short (Ed.), Teaching about the Holocaust and the history of genocide in the 21st century (pp. 8-13). Strasbourg, France: Council of Europe.
Lewy, G. (1999). Gypsies and Jews under the Nazis. Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 13(3), 64-76.
McGuinn, N. (2000). Teaching the Holocaust through English. In I. Davies (Ed.), Teaching the Holocaust: Educational dimensions, principles and practice. London, UK: Continuum.
Michman, D. (2014) ‘The Holocaust’ – do we agree what we are talking about? Holocaust Studies, 20 (1-2), 117-128.
Morrissette, P. J. (1994). The holocaust of First Nation people: Residual effects on parenting and treatment implications. Contemporary Family Therapy, 16(5), 381-392.
Noakes, J. & Prindham, G. (1983). Nazism: 1919-1945. A documentary reader (Vol. 1). Exeter, UK: Exeter University Press.
Ogilvie, S. A. & Miller, S. (2010). Refuge denied: The St. Louis passengers and the Holocaust. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Overy, R. (2011). Nuremberg: Nazis on trial. BBC History. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/nuremberg_article_01.shtml
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Associate Professor, Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education
College of Education, University of Saskatchewan
a state of wellbeing in which you can realize your own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productivity, and make a contribution to your community. Good mental health protects us from the stresses of our lives and can even help reduce the risk of developing mental health issues (Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2013b,
While it is distinguished from mental health problems and illnesses, there is recognition that “mental health issues are the result of a complex mix of social, economic, psychological, biological, and genetic factors” (p. 5). These problems can range in severity, duration and resistance to treatment while also presenting with co-morbid physical illnesses. Overlapping symptomatology is the norm with most classifications acknowledging that specific mental disorders are placed on a spectrum that recognizes levels of severity that will impact the onset, development, course, and corresponding treatment options (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5, 2013). Hence informed differential diagnostic processes are essential to ensure corresponding conclusions are accurate and consistent with rigorous professional standards.
1. Promote mental health across the lifespan in homes, schools, and workplaces, and prevent mental illness and suicide wherever possible.
2. Foster recovery and well-being for people of all ages living with mental health problems and illnesses, and uphold their rights.
3. Provide access to the right combination of services, treatments and supports, when and where people need them.
4. Reduce disparities in risk factors and access to mental health services, and strengthen the response to the needs of diverse communities and Northerners.
5. Work with First Nations, Inuit, and Metis to address their mental health needs, acknowledging their distinct circumstances, rights and cultures.
6. Mobilize leadership, improve knowledge, and foster collaborations at all levels.
The goal of this report was to “improve mental health data collection, research, and knowledge exchange across Canada” (p. 3). The report included indicators that covered a range of topics with the intent of “providing information on access and treatment, caregiving, diversity, economic prosperity, housing and homelessness, population wellbeing, recovery, stigma, discrimination, and suicide” (p. 4). The scope of this report is broad, inclusive and sensitive to the unique needs of specific populations and benchmark comparisons are made that can serve as starting points for further study.
Reported indicators were drawn from different sources “including national surveys and administrative databases” (p. 5) employing the following five selection criteria: meaningfulness, validity, feasibility, replicability, and actionability. Members of their information gathering team included leaders in First Nations, Inuit and Métis mental health, experts in school-based mental health promotion, and members of international initiatives for mental health leadership. Together they formulated a collection of indicators that provided a snapshot of mental health related problems in Canada. Their 63 indicators were presented in one of three colours to represent its relative status:
– Green: good performance; indicator moving in a desirable direction
– Yellow: no change, some concern, or uncertain results
– Red: significant concerns/indicator moving in an undesirable direction (p. 5)
The following website takes you to the Indicators Dashboard where you’re able to click on one of 12 focus areas to explore the related indicators:
Staggering statistics tend to have a mind-numbing effect where their overwhelming impact may lead to confusion or inaction. However, statistical evidence that speaks to the efficacy of interventions can fuel hope as well as inspiration. It is critical to invest in mental health now in order to prevent the past from repeating itself (Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2013a).
Indigenous people with limited experience in highly complex government organizations often need assistance in developing the organizational literacy to be able to see and deal with tensions between what they may view as right and good and the organizational culture in which they find themselves. (Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2011a, p. 22)
Furthermore, these tensions are exascerbated when views of mental health and mental illness are conceptualized from variant perspectives, e.g., western vs. aboriginal. The former may privilege individual rights and concerns while the latter values collective responsibilities that aims to engage both family and community members.
Radical acceptance is promoted as a means of valuing individuality and diversity in an unconditional and non-judgmental manner. If illness is viewed as a “disconnection and imbalance” [then] “healing and recovery is founded on supporting reconnection with self, other, family, community and the natural world” (Canadian Mental Health Commission, 2011a, p. 29).
Healing from trauma-induced illnesses may take many untraditional forms. When the goal is to restore a balance between the heart, spirit, body and mind, a therapist’s office may not be the best or only place for healing and recovery to take place. Alternatives need to be considered and could include land-based healing options where reconnecting with nature may have a parallel internalizing effect on participants that is similar and just as profound. In other words, healing starts from within, and may need periods of silence, reflection and solitude before the inner dialogue can be expressed outwardly. This form of traditional healing is an accepted indigenous practice but may be foreign to many non-indigenous individuals who practice within more traditional forms of western mental health intervention paradigms.
Accessibility is extended beyond physical barriers or adequately trained personnel who are able to deliver culturally informed programming and services to include holistic approaches that consider physical, emotional, mental and spiritual aspects of accessibility (Mental Health Commission of Canada, 2011b). Additionally, a strength-based approach to intervention is encouraged while at the same time being trauma-informed. Acknowledging the effects of intergenerational trauma and its connection to colonial practices is a priority when working with Indigenous peoples.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th Ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2011a). Holding Hope in Our Hearts: Relational Practice and Ethical Engagement in Mental Health and Addictions. Retrieved from:
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2011b). “One Focus; Many Perspectives”: A Curriculum for Cultural Safety and Cultural Competence Education. Retrieved from: http://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/English/system/files/private/document/FNIM_One_Focus_Many_Perspectives_ENG.pdf
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2012). Changing Directions, Changing Lives: The Mental Health Strategy for Canada, Calgary, AB: Author.
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2013a). Making the Case for Investing in Mental Health in Canada: 1 in 5 people in Canada lives with a mental illness each year. Retrieved from: http://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/English/node/5020
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2013b). The Mental Health Strategy for Canada: A Youth Perspective, Ottawa, ON: Author.
Mental Health Commission of Canada. (2015). Informing the Future: Mental Health Indicators for Canada, Ottawa, ON: Author.
Stockdale Winder, F. (2014). Working Together for Change: A 10 Year Mental Health and Addictions Action Plan for Saskatchewan, Ottawa, ON: Mental Health Commission of Canada.
A holistic view of interrelated forces that enable and constrain relational practice and ethical engagement from First Nations, Inuit and Métis Perspectives¹
Ethical Engagement in Mental Health and Addictions, p. 7.
Department of Educational Administration
College of Education, University of Saskatchewan
Racist beliefs tend to conflate phenotypical attributes with moral character or intelligence, however, biological races have never actually existed (Sussman, 2014). Yet, race and racism are central factors in the social order and racial discrimination based on the social construct of race remains deeply rooted in contemporary society (Battiste, 2013; Schick & St. Denis, 2005b; Sensoy & DiAngelo, 2012). People are racialized through a process known as socialization (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1990; Sensoy & DiAngelo, 2012) which refers to our systematic training into the norms of our culture.
In practice racism represents more than individual acts of discrimination or personal animosity towards groups of racialized people. Coates (2012) emphasized “racism is not merely a simplistic hatred. It is, more often, broad sympathy toward some and broader skepticism toward other” (para. 14). Being persistently followed around while shopping, being denied rental applications by landlords, or being seen as inherently violent without justification are artifacts of racism.
Racial discrimination was initially justified through divinity and endorsed by the Catholic Church. Subsequently race was rationalized by science as evidenced by the infamous eugenics experiments of the 19th century (Stote, 2015). Today, individualism attributes the inequities of racialized groups to individual decisions thus absolving both history and contemporary society from its moral and legal obligations to redress the legacy of racism and colonization. Canada’s dark history was often suppressed or obfuscated from many of its citizens creating challenges for public education and civic discourse geared towards addressing human rights.
Canada is a nation built on the genocide and forced dislocation of Indigenous peoples (Daschuk, 2013; TRC, 2015). For Indigenous peoples, Canada’s racism problem (Macdonald, 2016) continues to represent its largest human rights challenge to date (TRC, 2015). Colonization cultivated the conditions for recurring crisis and standoffs such as Oka, Attawapiskat, Thunder Bay, Elsipogtog, High River, Burnt Church, and Shoal Lake 40. Intergenerational trauma was permitted, with the support of the Crown, by various “civilizing” policies (Battiste & Henderson, 2000) and practices now cited as acts of cultural genocide (TRC, 2015). For example the residential school system forcibly removed children from their families and communities to be placed in religious boarding schools where physical, sexual, emotional, and spiritual abuse were rampant. The 60’s scoop saw children seized by the state and, without permission or knowledge of their parents, placed into care with white families. Forced sterilization (Stote, 2015), medical experiments on unsuspecting Indigenous children (Daschuk, 2013; Mosby, 2013), government sanctioned starvation (Daschuk, 2013), theft of land and resources (AFN, 2013), the infamous Pass System, and abrogation of treaties (Carr-Stewart, 2001) stem from a racist and oppressive system that persecuted Indigenous people for generations.
Racial discrimination is systemic and impacts the well-being of Indigenous people across a variety of domains. The criminal justice system, Child and Family welfare system, and First Nations school systems are pervasively underfunded (APTN National News, 2016; Drummond & Rosenbluth, 2013; TRC, 2015) and systematically marginalized by the government charged with protecting, recognizing, and implementing Indigenous and Human Rights. Indigenous incarceration rates in Saskatchewan are among the highest in Canada with some prisons housing nearly 80% Indigenous people (Arrowmight, 2016) although First Nations represent only 4% of the overall Canadian population (AFN, 2013). Indigenous peoples are also sentenced in Saskatchewan with twice the average jail time as non-Aboriginal people for the same crime (Scott, 2014). There is a disproportionate number of missing and murdered Indigenous peoples (Human Rights Watch, 2013; National Women’s Association Canada, 2015), over-representation in the criminal justice system (RCAP, 1996; Scott, 2014; TRC, 2015), and Indigenous students are more likely to go to prison than graduate from high school (AFN, 2013). Despite the vast array of literature on racism, the impact of racial discrimination ripples across history and contemporary society. The dehumanizing reality of individual and systemic racial discrimination culminates in the tragedies all too common and familiar to Indigenous peoples.
APTN National News. (2016, January 26). Blackstock overjoyed with tribunal win, asks Trudeau to end fight against First Nation children. Retrieved from: http://aptn.ca/news/2016/01/26/blackstock-overjoyed-with-tribunal-win-asks-trudeau-to-end-fight-against-first-nation-children/
Arrowmight. (2016). First Nations justice statistics in Canada. Arrowmight, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.arrowmight.ca/docs/AM-FACT-FN%20Justice%20Stats.pdf
Assembly of First Nations. (2013, October 1-3). Chiefs assembly on education. Gatineau, QC. Retrieved from http://www.afn.ca/uploads/files/events/fact_sheet-ccoe-3.pdf
Battiste, M. (2013). Decolonizing education: Nourishing the learning spirit. Vancouver, University of British Columbia Press.
Battiste, M., & Henderson, S. (2000). Protecting Indigenous knowledge and heritage: A global challenge. Saskatoon, SK: Purich.
Bourdieu, P., & Passeron, J. C. (1990). Reproduction in education, society and culture. London, UK: Sage.
Carr-Stewart, S. (2001). A treaty right to education. Canadian Journal of Education, 26(2), 125-143.
Coates, T. (2012, September). Fear of a black president. The Atlantic. Boston, MA. Retrieved from: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/
Daschuk, J. W. (2013). Clearing the plains: Disease, politics of starvation, and the loss of Aboriginal life. University of Regina Press.
Drummond. D., & Rosenbluth, E. K. (December, 2013). The debate on First Nations education funding: Mind the gap. School of Policy Studies, Queens University.
Human Rights Watch. (2013, February 13). Those who take us away: Abusive policing and failures in protection of indigenous women and girls in northern British Columbia, Canada. Retrieved from
Jakubowski, L. M. (1997). Immigration and the legalization of racism. Halifax, NS: Fernwood.
Ladson-Billings, G. (1998). Just what is critical race theory and what’s it doing in a nice field like education? International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11(1), 7-24. DOI: 10.1080/095183998236863
McIntosh, P. (1998). White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In P. Rothenberg (Ed.), Race, class, and gender in the United States: An integrated study (pp. 165-169). New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
Macdonald, N. (February, 2016). In Canada, justice is not blind. Maclean’s. Retrieved from http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/cover-preview-in-canada-justice-is-not-blind/
Memmi, A. (2000). Racism. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.
Mosby, I. (2013) Administering colonial science: Nutrition research and human biomedical experimentation in Aboriginal communities and residential schools, 1942–1952. Social History. 26(91), 145-172.
National Women’s Association of Canada. (2015). Fact sheet: Missing and murdered Aboriginal women and girls. Retrieved from http://www.nwac.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Fact_Sheet_Missing_and_Murdered_Aboriginal_Women_and_Girls.pdf
Ontario Human Rights Commission. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1996). Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal peoples (Vol. 1–3). Ottawa, ON: Minister of Supply and Service Canada.
Schick, C., & St. Denis, V. (2005a). Critical autobiography in integrative anti-racist pedagogy. In L. C. Biggs, & P. J. Downe (Eds.), Gendered intersections: An introduction to women’s and gender studies (pp.387-392). Halifax, NS: Fernwood.
Schick, C., & St. Denis, V. (2005b). Troubling national discourses in anti-racist curricular planning. Canadian Journal of Education, 28(3), 295-317.
Scott, T. O. (2014, September). Reforming Saskatchewan’s biased sentencing regime. Paper presented to Saskatchewan Legal Aid. Retrieved from
Sensoy, O. & DiAngelo, R. (2012). Is everyone really equal?: An introduction to key concepts in social justice. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Stote, K. (2015). An act of genocide: Colonialism and the sterilization of Aboriginal women. Halifax, NS: Fernwood.
Sussman, R. W. (2014). The myth of race: The troubling persistence of an unscientific idea. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Trudeau, J. (2016). Komagata Maru apology in the House of Commons. Prime Minister of Canada. Retrieved from http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2016/05/18/komagata-maru-apology-house-commons
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). What we have learned: Principles of truth and reconciliation. Retrieved from http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Principles_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf
Department of Educational Psychology & Special Education
College of Education, University of Saskatchewan
Although the participation of professionals in diagnosis and recommendations for persons with disabilities will be needed in many cases, the medical model with its focus on the person as the problem and professionals as the sole experts has been largely rejected by persons with disabilities and advocacy groups. In fact, Goodley (1997) argues that the medical model discourages and devalues self-advocacy.
Changing the perceptions that teachers and other people in society have towards persons with disabilities is key to making this approach work. The support that teachers give to inclusion is often connected to the degree to which they focus on the differences and deficits of persons with disabilities in comparison to the importance of social justice in the school context (Lalvani, 2013).
Teachers, parents, and policy makers are often worried that the other children in the classroom will be adversely affected by having a student with a disability fully participating in the classroom. A study comparing students from classrooms with or without a child with disabilities fully included in the classroom were compared in their academic progress over a year. There were no significant differences between the groups (Sermier Dessemontet & Bless, 2013).
The current approach is to differentiate instruction through adaptations (changing how the material is presented) and modifications (changing what is presented) to meet the needs of all students in the classroom (Hutchinson, 2007). Postsecondary institutions are now required by law to make reasonable accommodations to provide equitable access to services for students with disabilities. This change has greatly affected the numbers of students with disabilities accessing and experiencing success in postsecondary studies (Mullins & Preyde, 2013).
In many ways the design was flawed as the assumption that functionality in society can be attained separate from society proved to be false in most cases. As well, society did not appear willing or able to accept the residents after they were trained. Employment opportunities did not materialize and many residents continued to reside at Valley View on a long term basis.
By the end of the 1970s the movement towards community-based programming had begun in earnest and most of the residents of Valley View Centre were moved out of the institution and into group homes or other community-based placements (Wickham, 2012). The Saskatchewan Council for Crippled Children and Adults changed its name to the Saskatchewan Abilities Council in 1984 echoing the societal shift away from the medical model to the social model of disability (Saskatchewan Abilities Council, 2016).
The Saskatchewan Disability Strategy involved community stakeholders in identifying the important direction for transformation in the province. Person-centered services where the organization adapts to the person with a disability, a shift to understanding the impact of the individual with the disability with their participation in the process, accessibility and inclusion benefiting all people, and promoting and protecting human rights were major directions identified by this initiative (The Saskatchewan Disability Strategy, 2015).
Brisenden, S. (1986). Independent living and the medical model of disability. Disability, Handicap, and Society (now Disability & Society), 1(2), 173-178.
Gooding, P. (2013). Supported decision-making: A rights-based disability concept and its implications for mental health law. Psychiatry, Psychology, and the Law, 20(3), 431-451.
Goodley, D. (1997). Locating self-advocacy in models of disability: Understanding disability in the support of self-advocates with learning difficulties. Disability & Society, 12 (3), 367-379.
Government of Canada. (1982). The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Schedule B of the Constitution Act). Retrieved from http://www.publications.gc.ca/Collections/SH37-4-3-2002F.pdf
Government of Saskatchewan. (1979). The Saskatchewan Human Rights Code. Retrieved from http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/documents/English/Statutes/Statutes/S24-1.pdf
Hutchinson, N.L. (2007). Inclusion of exceptional learners in Canadian schools: A practical handbook for teachers. Second edition. Toronto, ON: Pearson Education Canada.
Hutchison, T. (1995). The classification of disability, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 73(2), 91-94.
Johnston, M. (1994). Models of disability. The Psychologist, 9, 205-210.
Lalvani, P. (2013). Privilege, compromise, or social justice: Teachers’ conceptualizations of inclusive education. Disability & Society, 28(1), 14-27.
Llewellyn, A. & Hogan, K. (2000). The use and abuse of models of disability. Disability & Society, 15(1), 157-165.
Mullins, L. & Preyde, M. (2013). The lived experiences of students with an invisible disability at a Canadian university. Disability & Society, 28(2), 147-160.
Saskatchewan Abilities Council. (2016). About Us. Retrieved from https://www.saskabilities.ca/
Sermier Dessemontet, R. & Bless, G. (2013). The impact of including children with intellectual disability in general education on the academic achievement of their low-, average-, and high-achieving peers. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 38(1), 23-30.
Statistics Canada. (2012). Canadian survey on disability. Retrieved from
Stevenson, M. (2010). Flexible and responsive research: Developing rights-based emancipatory disability research methodology in collaboration with young adults with Down Syndrome. Australian Social Work, 63(1), 35-50.
The Saskatchewan Disability Strategy. (2015). People before systems: Transforming the experience of disability in Saskatchewan. Retrieved from http://www.qp.gov.sk.ca/Publications…/People-Before-Systems-Strategy.pdf
Wickham, B. (2012). Valley View Centre Moose Jaw. Report prepared for the Ministry of Parks, Culture, and Sport. Retrieved from http://publications.gov.sk.ca/details.cfm?p=8465
College of Education, University of Saskatchewan
The culture based on buffalo developed over thousands of years. Homes called tipis were portable and built from materials readily available. FNs transported goods and household possessions by dog and travois. Their clothing was made from tanned animal skin such as buffalo, antelope, elk or deer. Around 1700 the horse was introduced and became an essential part of FNs culture; FNs became skilled riders. FNs beliefs, values, and traditions were from the Creator. Elders passed on oral stories and legends, and children learned creation stories. People depended on nature-given stocks for survival, and they treated the earth respectfully. This was “reflected in songs, dances, festivals and ceremonies” (INAC, 2013, p. 21). Paget (2004) observed the “Plains people are a ‘model’ race” and FN women were the “most attentive mothers” (p. xxi).
The Saskatchewan Government maintained that since Saskatchewan did not exist at that time, it was not a party to the treaties (OTC, 2007). The federal government has legislative authority over Indians and their lands under s. 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Aboriginal rights, which are separate from Treaty Rights, are the practices, customs, and traditions unique to FNs that FNs participated in prior to contact with Europeans. The “courts have also expanded the scope of…existing Aboriginal and treaty rights” (OTC, 2007, pp. 157 – 158).
By the 1960s, FNs were well groomed. Indian Affairs had a firm grip on band councils who acted as “rubber-stamps for…Indian Affairs” (Dosman, 1972, pp. 22–23). Reserve stratification resulted in “leading families” competing in a “hotbed of politics” where winning earned “respect and privilege” and losing meant “impoverishment and permanent exclusion” (p. 60).
By the 1980s, Indian Affairs had become bloated by bureaucracy. It was a three-tiered system with overlap in responsibilities and programs. Services were delivered as a matter of policy not based on constitutional and treaty obligations (Brezinski, 1993). Flawed priorities, policies, and decision-making resulted from “overlap in jurisdiction” (p. 381).
The child’s formative years were absent of parental influence. Children lived at the school for ten months with only two months at home. They constantly had to adapt and readapt without support. Caldwell (1967) stated children could not “handle this struggle on their own (p. 61). Innes (2013) interviewed an Elder who stated “we never learned about family; [families were] already separated…brainwashed…[and] that took away…our given right to know about our own relatives and family” (p. 108 – 109). She finally understood “it’s not just one…it’s everybody…I understand that now” (p. 109). Paget (1907), almost 60 years earlier, “directly challenged negative representations and distortions of Aboriginal people” used to justify the creation of residential schools (p. xxiii). However, by the 1960s the FN family as an institution was effectively destroyed.
The TRC 2015 emphasized the child-welfare system is the residential school system of our day. Child apprehension continues because of the residential school experience and prejudice toward Aboriginal parents; that is “Aboriginal poverty [is viewed as] neglect” (p. 105).
The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (RCAP) (1996) found historical false assumptions have continued to influence Canadians. Although not grounded in treaty principles, the Indian Act treats FNs as “inherently inferior and incapable of governing themselves; and that treaties are mere “bureaucratic memorandum of understanding” (p. 229). If Canadians accept that context, then “ward-ship is appropriate…[and government] actions [are]…for [FNs] benefit” (p. 229). FN consent was irrelevant; programs and progress were “defined by non-Aboriginal values alone…[with success]…measured by being civilized and assimilated” (p. 229). Today the standard for FN mainstream acceptance is portrayed as acquiring middle-class values and lifestyles funded by “resource development and resource exploitations” (pp. 229 –230). In a sense, recognizing Aboriginal and Treaty rights threatens those two critical economic interests. New false assumptions have replaced the old. Today, FNs are an “interest group” akin to labour not “entitled to be treated as nations” (p. 232). Change is set against oppressive policy processes entrenched by a “200-year history of [FN] losses” (p. 234).
Abuses of Power
FNs political representation is seen as illegitimate, rather than legitimately emerging out of a treaty relationship. FN geographical population dispersal and complex bureaucracies limit political influence and allow government to “deflect blame and postpone action” (RCAP, 1996, p. 230). Such abuse would not be tolerated in a western democratic nation (p. 230). The Indian Act is a “battering ram…[that] invade[s]…unimpeded…unconscionable; [and]…bureaucrat discretion is punitive…without…public scrutiny” (p. 231). Although the combined effects are “harder…to unravel and change [however],…FNs fear change” (p. 231).
The impact of the residential schools continues to be experienced by the disrupted families and Aboriginal children who continue to be placed in care. Today’s educational system must bear responsibility for arguable gaps in current educational success. Aboriginal health status remains far below national standards because FN children’s health “was undermined by inadequate diets, poor sanitation, overcrowded conditions, and a failure to address the tuberculosis crisis” (TRC, 2015, p. 101). And finally, “punitive discipline…..physical and sexual abuse…have links…to over-incarceration and over-victimization” (p. 101).
Brizinski, P. (1993). Knots in a string: An introduction to Native Studies in Canada. Saskatoon: University Extension Press, Extension Division, University of Saskatchewan.
Caldwell, G. (1967). Indian residential school: A Research study of nine residential schools in Saskatchewan. Ottawa, ON: The Canadian Welfare Council.
Dosman, E. J. (1972). Indians: The urban dilemma. Toronto, ON: McClelland and Stewart.
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC). (2013), First Nations in Canada, Ottawa, ON: Government of Canada. Retrieved from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1307460755710/1307460872523#chp1
Innes, R. A. (2013). Elder brother and the law of the people: Contemporary kinship and Cowessess First Nation. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
Lerat, H. (2005). Treaty promises Indian reality: Life on an Indian reserve. Saskatoon, SK: Purich Publishing.
Office of the Treaty Commissioner (OTC). (2007). Treaty implementation: Fulfilling the covenant. Retrieved from http://www.otc.ca/resource/purchase/statement_of_treaty_issues.html
Office of the Treaty Commissioner (OTC). (2016). Treaty information sheets. Retrieved from
Paget, A. (2004). People of the plains. Regina, SK: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples. (1996). Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal peoples (Vol. 1 & 2). Ottawa, ON: Minister of Supply and Service Canada.
Satzewich, V. & Mahood, L. (1994). Indian affairs and band governance: Deposing Indian chiefs in western Canada, 1896-1911. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 26(1), 40.
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). What we have learned: Principles of truth and reconciliation. Retrieved from http://www.trc.ca/websites/trcinstitution/File/2015/Findings/Principles_2015_05_31_web_o.pdf
Associate Dean of Undergraduate Programs, Partnerships and Research
College of Education, University of Saskatchewan
gender analysis helps us understand how women and men experience human rights violations differently as well as the influence of differences such as age, class, religion, culture and location. It highlights and explores hierarchical and unequal relations and roles between and among males and females, the unequal value given to women’s work, and women’s unequal access to power and decision-making as well as property and resources…the impact of different laws, policies and programmes on groups of men and women. (pp. 35-36)
For example, the Canadian government introduced federal legislation Bill C-16 on May 17, 2016, which would enshrine “gender identity” and “gender expression” as human rights protections within the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code (CBC, 2016). These changes would ensure that hate speech law include the two terms and make it illegal to discriminate against members of the LGBTQ community who have faced a history of criminalization, violence, psychiatric labeling, and family rights violations. Gender analysis, therefore, does not exclusively focus on an analysis of women’s issues, but rather, focuses on how particular groups of men and women, and not necessarily all men or all women in all circumstances, experience human rights.
For example, Canadian literature supports the view that the intersection of race and gender positions visible minority women as the most disadvantaged group in Canada (Ambwani & Duke, 2007; St. Denis, 2007). This point is underscored by the recent national inquiry on the generational disregard of Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women (MMIW) in Canada (Government of Canada, 2016). According to this body of research, visible minority women, and Indigenous women in particular, are positioned as deficient and primitive in Canadian society and their plights are attributed to personal failings rather than to the socially constructed scripts, policies and practices that keep them marginalized and that reinforce continued discrimination (Crawford, 2004). As St. Denis (2007) found, “most, if not all Aboriginal people, both men and women, who are living in western societies, are inundated from birth until death with western patriarchy and western forms of misogyny” (p. 44). The effects of intergenerational trauma from residential schools and the Sixties Scoop has had a genocidal effect on First Nations and Métis families, and has caused tremendous upheaval to the social fabric of Indigenous peoples who are living the intersectional realities of race and gender (Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 2015).
Ambwani, V., & Dyke, L. (2007). Employment inequities and minority women: The role of wage devaluation. The International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities and Nations, 7(5), 143-152.
American Psychological Association. (2011). The guidelines for psychological practice with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients. APA Council of Representatives.
Available at http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/guidelines.aspx
CBC News. (2015, Nov. 4). “Because it’s 2015”: Trudeau forms Canada’s 1st gender balanced cabinet. Available at http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-trudeau-liberal-government-cabinet-1.3304590
CBC News. (2016, May 17). Transgender Canadians should “feel free and safe” to be themselves under new Liberal bill. Available at http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-bill-trudeau-government-1.3585522
Crawford, C. (2004). African Caribbean women, diaspora and transnationality. Canadian Woman Studies, 23(2), 97-103.
Government of Canada. (2016). National inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls. Available at http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1448633299414/1448633350146
Mohanty, C.T. (2003). Feminism without borders: Decolonizing theory, practicing solidarity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission. (2016). Rights, responsibilities and respect: Essential citizenship competencies. Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission. Available at http://www.concentus.ca/pub/TeacherResources/SchoolsAdmins/Essential%20Citizenship%20Competencies.pdf
St. Denis, V. (2007). Feminism is for everybody: Aboriginal women, feminism and diversity. In J. Green (Ed.), Making space for Indigenous women (pp. 33-52). Winnipeg, MB: Fernwood Publishing.
Taylor, C., Peter, T., Campbell, C., Meyer, E., Ristock, J., & Short, D. (2015). The Every Teacher Project on LGBTQ-inclusive education in Canada’s K-12 schools: Final report. Winnipeg, MB: Manitoba Teachers’ Society. Available at http://news-centre.uwinnipeg.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/EveryTeacher_FinalReport_v12.pdf
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to action. Winnipeg: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Available at https://nctr.ca/assets/reports/Calls_to_Action_English2.pdf
United Nations. (2009). Women facing multiple forms of discrimination. Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. Geneva: United Nations. Available at http://www.un.org/en/durbanreview2009/pdf/InfoNote_07_Women_and_Discrimination_En.pdf
United Nations. (2010). Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women. Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20170206201434/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
United Nations. (2012). Born free and equal: Sexual orientation and gender identity in international human rights law. Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. New York & Geneva: United Nations. Available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/BornFreeAndEqualLowRes.pdf
United Nations. (2014). Women’s rights are human rights. Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights. New York & Geneva: United Nations.
Available at http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/HR-PUB-14-2.pdf
Wallin, D. (2015). Feminist thought and/in Educational Administration: Conceptualizing the issues. In P. Newton & D. Burgess (Eds.), Educational administration and leadership: Theoretical foundations (pp. 81-103). Toronto, ON: Routledge Publishing.
The Concentus Citizenship Education Foundation was established by the Saskatchewan Human Rights Commission in 2012. This organization is committed to the 3 Rs- rights, responsibilities, and respect-of Canadian citizenship and the five Essential Citizenship Competencies (ECCs) that bind together Saskatchewan’s approach to citizenship education. The Essential Citizenship Competencies are outlined in the chart below:
© 2021 Concentus Citizenship Education Foundation Inc. All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:7962b7ec-245f-4478-b688-ff311a2a2b98> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.concentus.ca/courageous-conversations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.896534 | 12,990 | 3.625 | 4 |
Pune, 13th October 2021: Punekar News speaks with Iliyan Hariyani, founder of Bindu which educates people about menstruation.
What is Bindu?
Bindu is a youth-run nonprofit organization that seeks to destigmatize menstruation and fight period poverty in India. In three words, we enrich, educate, and empower. We enrich menstruators by voicing their concerns and answering the unanswered questions about topics ranging from reducing menstrual cramps to choosing the right products on our social media platforms. We educate young school children – both privileged and underprivileged – to make future generations aware of menstruation. Our courses and workshops are conducive to discussions with both girls and boys.
Lastly, we empower menstruators by giving them sustainable menstrual hygiene kits. We believe that no one should sacrifice their hopes and dreams simply because they menstruate. With the aid of three major crowdfunding campaigns and a seed grant, we procured 7000 menstrual hygiene kits, almost all of which contain cloth-based, reusable, and sustainable sanitary napkins, and distributed them to underprivileged individuals impacted by the pandemic, Hyderabad flash floods, and other difficult circumstances.
How and when did it start?
Back in the Summer of 2019, I sat down with a group of 10 passionate students at the Aga Khan Academy, Hyderabad to discuss a unique vision. We wanted to do something about the issues surrounding menstruation in India. We decided to further delve into menstrual hygiene and its situation in India. After some research, which included interviewing government school children and teachers, we were surprised to learn that more than 80% of menstruators in India do not use sanitary napkins.
Twenty-three million girls in India drop out of school annually because of a lack of menstrual hygiene management facilities. These discomforting truths along with many more stories of menstruation being labelled as an “aurato wali bimaari” prompted me and Ananya Shah – a classmate of mine – to found Bindu: a bold step towards menstrual equity and helping end period poverty in India.
Ranging from stigmatization and sexist rituals to inaccessibility and diseases due to the lack of hygienic menstrual management, so many issues needed to be solved. Bindu has since been continuously striving to be a contributing member of a much larger narrative surrounding menstrual equity.
What inspired you?
I have always felt inspired by the vision of the founder of my high school, His Highness the Aga Khan. He wishes the Aga Khan Academies to create ethical leaders with a strong sense of civic responsibility, who will lead in all those institutions that create positive change in our world.
Thanks to this vision, I see community service not simply as an extracurricular activity or a favor to the underprivileged, but instead as an integral part of my civic responsibility, especially towards those who are less fortunate. In fact, I can confidently say that the many volunteers who are a part of Bindu’s family also have a similar outlook towards the organization’s work, and are constantly working not for themselves but for the millions who are in desperate need of aid and support.
Elaborate on your organisation approach?
Bindu relies on the power of the youth and social media, as well as active team collaboration to achieve its goals. Today, we are a team of more than 70 volunteers, almost all of whom are under the age of 19, and work across different teams including social media, marketing, field, communications, education, innovation, and human resources.
We have been especially active on platforms such as Instagram for awareness and education since this is an excellent way for us to reach many young people. We have a core team that makes the major decisions at Bindu, and coordinates with representatives from each team. Each team has a dedicated goal, and meets on a regular basis to further our efforts in the respective areas. Importantly, we do not encourage power hierarchies at Bindu. From the grassroots volunteers to the founders, every voice counts. We continually strive to make sure that we are a healthy and inclusive community that collaboratively undertakes its endeavours.
5000 menstrual hygiene kits distributed, 2000 more are ready and to be distributed by the end of 2021 (almost all of these contain cloth-based, reusable, and sustainable sanitary napkins that last up to 3 years). 20 projects conducted across India. Locations served thus far: Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Tripura, Maharashtra, West Bengal. We also have projects under the pipeline in the US and Thailand, where some of our volunteers are based. A USD 1000 seed grant was awarded to us in 2020 by The Pollination Project, a California-based non-profit. We have raised over INR 16 lakh, including online crowdfunding campaigns and the seed grant. Instagram (@bindu_org) followers: 4700
We have been incredibly fortunate to have gotten the opportunity to serve so many communities across India, especially during the pandemic. We see this success as just the beginning, and hope to expand our horizons in the future. We have been particularly keen on leveling up our education efforts. We are trying to reach out to schools and organizations across India and hope to deliver comprehensive menstrual hygiene education not just to girls, but also to boys across schools in the country. Our mission is to impact 1 million menstruators by the end of 2025, and we have been looking for ways to partner with other NGOs and institutions to establish centers across India that will help produce and distribute menstrual hygiene kits as well as educational workshops to communities.
Moreover, since we have some volunteers who are based in other countries too, they have begun expanding Bindu’s vision in their own unique ways in their respective local communities. We cannot wait to see how the organization ventures into impacting communities across the globe in the near future.
Your message for society?
Be kind – be kind to others, to the environment, and to yourself. We live in an unequal society where millions are suffering at this very moment, and a small act of kindness from your end can go a long way in improving their lives. You do not have to initiate an organization like Bindu to accomplish that. Talking to your housemaid about their menstrual hygiene needs and financially supporting them is an act of kindness. Supporting institutions that work for causes like this by donating or even sharing our efforts with your friends on social media is an act of kindness. We also live at a time where the world is facing the brunt of the climate crisis. It is critical that we practice environmental sustainability when it comes to menstrual hygiene. Be kind to the environment by using, advocating for, and donating sustainable products such as menstrual cups and cloth-based pads.
Lastly – and perhaps most importantly – be kind to yourself. Our society is plagued with countless taboos surrounding menstruation, and it is difficult to change your belief systems overnight, especially if you are a non-menstruator. So, give time to yourself to replace your internalized biases with truth and verified information surrounding menstruation, and then use this renewed awareness to educate your friends and family who might be misinformed. | <urn:uuid:e30e6bc3-9cbb-4d47-9cf5-4264537bcada> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.punekarnews.in/bindu-a-bold-step-towards-menstrual-equity-and-helping-end-period-poverty-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.959178 | 1,481 | 2.15625 | 2 |
About the Lab
Research in the Hodges lab focuses on altered epigenetic function in cancer and other diseases. We use interdisciplinary approaches, including epigenomics, live-cell super-resolution imaging, genome editing, and chemical biology, to understand epigenetic systems in disease settings. Our research is especially focused on new technologies, for example, improving cell-culture tumor models, as well as single-cell and single-molecule methods.
Genome and Environment
The epigenetic landscape is the bridge that connects the genome with its environment. We have taken a special interest in BAF (SWI/SNF) and PBAF ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, which are among the most frequently mutated epigenetic regulators in cancer. We aim to improve precision therapies for tumors bearing these mutations by identifying how these complexes alter the intrinsic properties of cells and their interaction with the tumor microenvironment. | <urn:uuid:93fce0ea-c839-448b-977e-f1be88227302> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cdn.bcm.edu/research/faculty-labs/h-courtney-hodges-lab | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.923927 | 186 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Develop Your Medical and Management Skills with a Master’s of Medical Sciences in Business Management
Liberty University’s master’s of medical sciences degree program provides an advanced study of human anatomy and physiology, cell biology, biochemistry, and medical ethics. Our medical sciences degree is designed to provide opportunities to enhance medical and business management credentials for students interested in pursuing medical, dental, chiropractic, pharmacy, physician assistant (PA), and other professional schools.
Throughout this degree program, you will be exposed to a challenging and rewarding curriculum that aims to strengthen your critical thinking, business, and management skills. We pride ourselves on the academic and personal support that our staff and faculty provide to our students. You will receive this guidance and support throughout your business management degree program.
Why Choose a Master’s of Medical Sciences Program in Business Management?
Our Master of Arts in Medical Sciences – Business Management degree can be completed 100% online, which means you can complete your coursework from the comfort of your home and on a schedule that is convenient for you. The business management track for this degree is 34 credit hours, making it possible to complete the degree in about four semesters or less than 2 years.
Additionally, Liberty University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC). We work hard every day to provide our students with quality, affordable, and flexible degree options.
What Will You Learn in Our Master’s of Medical Sciences Degree Program in Business Management?
The core courses in our medical sciences degree cover research methods and current issues in the medical industry. You will study ethics in medicine, which is a vital part of ensuring success and ethical operations in all areas of your career. Our advanced cell biology and biochemistry courses include training in cell interactions and developmental genetics. Additionally, you will receive advanced training in human anatomy and physiology, where you will examine the human organism.
The business management specialization of our medical sciences degree focuses on the administrative side of medical sciences. Our featured courses cover essential topics including organizational behavior, leadership, accounting, and grant acquisition. We invite you to review the course guides below for more information on these exciting classes.
- BMAL 500 – Organizational Behavior
- BMAL 501 – Strategic Leadership and Management
- BMAL 530 – Accounting for Non-Financial Managers
- HLTH 553 – Grant Acquisition and Management
Master’s of Medical Sciences Program – Business Management Information
- This program falls under the School of Health Sciences.
- View the Degree Completion Plan.
- View the Graduate Health Sciences Course Guides (login required).
Master’s in Medical Sciences Military Benefits
Liberty University is dedicated to providing world-class educational experiences to military students across the globe. Whether you are a current service member, discharged or retired from service, or the spouse of a service member or veteran, we are here to support you every step of the journey.
As a thank-you for your dedication and service to our country, Liberty is honored to serve and support you in your pursuit of online education by offering the following benefits:
Tuition discounts – $275 per credit hour for graduate courses
Additional discount for veterans who serve in a civilian capacity as a First Responder (less than $625 per course)
8-week courses, 8 different start dates each year, and no set login times (may exclude certain courses such as practicums, internships, or field experiences)
Admission Requirements for the MA in Medical Sciences
A regionally or nationally accredited bachelor’s degree with a 2.75 or above cumulative GPA is required for admission in good standing. Please visit our admission requirements page for more detailed admissions-related information.
Required prerequisites for success include:
- Two semesters of general biology with lab OR two semesters of anatomy and physiology with lab
- One semester of organic chemistry with residential lab (two semesters recommended)
- Two semesters of general chemistry with lab
- Additional recommended courses are biostatistics, physiology (1 year), anatomy (1 year), biochemistry, cell biology, microbiology, and genetics
All applicants must submit the following:
- Admission application
- Application fee*
- Official college transcripts
- Unofficial college transcripts may be accepted with a completed official transcript request form**
- Proof of English proficiency (for applicants whose native language is other than English)
*There is no upfront application fee; however, a deferred $50 application fee will be assessed during Financial Check-In. This fee is waived for qualifying service members, veterans, and military spouses – documentation verifying military status is required.
**An official transcript is needed within 60 days of acceptance or before non-attendance drops for the first set of matriculated classes, whichever comes first.
Highlights of Our Master’s in Medical Sciences Program
- We are recognized by multiple institutions for our academic quality, affordability, and accessibility. Our commitment to excellence also helped us rank among Niche.com’s top 5 online schools in America. Earning your online master’s in medical sciences degree from a nonprofit university with this kind of recognition can help set you apart from others in your field.
- Tuition for all undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs has not increased in 7 years. While many other online colleges have raised tuition, Liberty has been able to keep costs low as a nonprofit university.
- You can complete our online medical sciences degree in as little as 2 years!
Potential Career Options with Our Online Master’s of Medical Sciences Program – Business Management
- Grants officer
- Medical affairs consultant
- Medical liaison
- Research analyst | <urn:uuid:0cf0e0a3-04d8-4644-b7cd-7624078af442> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.liberty.edu/online/health-sciences/masters/medical-sciences/business-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.923682 | 1,173 | 1.570313 | 2 |
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