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Understanding your options.
While there’s no cure for knee osteoarthritis, a combination of strategies can help relieve your pain and keep you active.
Orthopaedics, Cleveland Clinic December 3, 2019
Although the cornerstones of treatment are exercise and physical therapy — and pain medications and steroid injections are also options — you can also try knee braces, shoe inserts or simply wearing more supportive shoes.
“Knee braces can be helpful for managing your pain,” says physical therapist Dawn Lorring, PT, MPT. “The location and severity of your symptoms will drive which brace works best for you.”
Osteoarthritis is caused by the breakdown of cartilage (that’s the cushioning material that covers the ends of bones in joints.) This causes pain and stiffness.
In the knee joint, arthritis can occur at any of three points where the bones come in contact:
- Underneath the kneecap.
- Between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia) on the inside of the leg.
- Between the thigh and shin bones on the outside of the leg.
|Types of knee braces|
|Elastic compression knee support for sport & general use. Actesso Medical Supports|
People who have mild pain or stiffness that limits their activities can try a sleeve-type brace. These provide compression, which can reduce swelling and warm the joint. This might relieve the stiffness.
These braces also provide added support. “If your knee feels unsteady or wobbly, a compression-type brace can be helpful, Lorring says. Some of them have plastic stays or a hinge on the side, which provides a little more support. She recommends getting one that has an opening at the knee cap.
Sleeve braces aren’t covered by insurance, but they are relatively inexpensive, ranging from $10 to 100.
|Donjoy OA Reaction Web knee brace. This brace requires custom fitting and is only available with a prescription from your doctor.|
A more advanced brace is a sleeve with silicone webbing over the front. As you bend and straighten your knee, the webbing tightens in certain areas. This provides extra support to the knee.
A regular sleeve brace provides compression all over. “The brace with the webbing also provides guidance for how the knee cap moves,” Lorring says.
This type of brace might be the most helpful for someone with osteoarthritis beneath the knee cap. A web brace costs about $100.
When arthritic changes are between the femur and tibia, a device called an unloader knee brace may help, especially if one side is more arthritic than the other. These have a metal band that goes around the thigh and another one around the calf, connected by a hinged bar. This creates a frame that can be adjusted to shift pressure (unload) from one side of the knee to the other.
“If the inside of your knee hurts, the brace can be adjusted to put more force on the outside of your knee, unloading weight off the inside,” Lorring explains.
These are less beneficial if your arthritis symptoms are similar on both the inside and outside of the joint.
Unloader knee braces are expensive ($500 to $1,000), but they can be covered by insurance. You’ll need a doctor’s prescription and documentation that it is medically necessary.
|Shoes and inserts|
Various foot problems (like high arches or flat feet) or just the particular way you walk can affect the alignment of your body. That might be putting more pressure on your knee joints. You may get some relief by choosing better shoes or wearing shoe inserts (also called foot orthotics).
Because everyone is different, there’s no universal advice for shoes or inserts. Lorring recommends consulting a physical therapist or an expert in foot mechanics who can observe how you walk and help you pick out shoes or shoe inserts that match your needs. “I encourage people to look at running shoes because there are more support options,” she says.
“The goal with orthotics is to make sure your foot is moving in the best way it can so your knee isn’t getting more force than it should,” Lorring says. There are a wide variety of shoe inserts and heel wedges that you can buy in a drug store or online. You can also get them custom made or save some money and get semi-custom ones. Like with shoes, you need to get inserts and wedges that are specific to your needs.
“You can have an insert that doesn’t add much arch support but it adds cushion, which can be beneficial if you walk on the outside of your foot,” Lorring says. “However, if your foot rolls inward too much, you may need more arch support.”
You can get heel wedges that are sloped in one direction or the other, which is similar to the action of an unloader brace. It shifts pressure from one side of the knee to the other.
“Ultimately, you have to find what works for you,” Lorring says.
|This article originally appeared in Cleveland Clinic Arthritis Advisor.|
|Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services.|
Source Cleveland Clinic | <urn:uuid:fcf2544b-bc07-4359-b4dd-05a7e66f9c87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://braceworks.ca/2019/12/17/health-tech/could-a-knee-brace-help-ease-your-osteoarthritis-pain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.923783 | 1,165 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Laboratory Measurement of Secondary Pollutant Yields from Ozone Reaction with HVAC Filters
We used Proton Transfer Reaction – Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and conventional sampling methods to monitor and identify trace level organic pollutants formed in heterogeneous reactions between ozone and HVAC filters in real time. Experiments were carried out using a bench-scale flow tube reactor operating with dry air and humidified air (50% RH), at realistically high ozone concentrations (150 ppbv). We explored different filter media (i.e., fiberglass and cotton/polyester blends) and different particle loadings (i.e., clean filter and filters loaded with particles for 3 months at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Port of Oakland, CA). Detailed emission dynamics of very low levels of certain organic pollutants from filter media upon ozone exposure in the presence of moisture have been obtained and analyzed. | <urn:uuid:7d65aabf-9f31-4512-b006-216b9c659445> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://buildings.lbl.gov/publications/laboratory-measurement-secondary | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.887477 | 199 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Does New Jersey have Ieps?
In New Jersey, as well as other states across the country, an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) is a written document that outlines a child’s (with a special need or disability) education, ages 3-21. The plan is tailored specifically to the individual student, so they receive maximum educational benefit.
How do I get an IEP in NJ?
5 Steps for Getting an IEP
- Referral for a Special Education Evaluation. A parent, teacher, or other school personnel must create this referral so that your child can be evaluated to determine whether he or she has a disability.
- Determining Eligibility.
- Writing the Individual Education Program.
- The IEP Meeting.
What does ERI mean in special education?
By SKF Educational Services, LLC Introduction. Wright Group/McGraw-Hill’s Early Reading Intervention (ERI) is primarily a Tier 2 Response to Intervention (RtI) model of service delivery.
Do autistic children go to mainstream schools?
Autism and the education system Whilst there are specialist schools available, 71% of children with autism attend mainstream schools. Research has shown that mainstream schools are frequently neither fully educated nor equipped to deal with the needs of an autistic child and give them the necessary support.
What are the best public schools in NJ?
Millburn Township School District.
What are the best schools for special education?
Major Focus – How many resources a school devotes to special education students as compared to other majors.
What are special needs schools?
TIFFANY: AS WE LOOK AHEAD TO THE NEW YEAR, A STUDENT RUN UBCL AT DWYER HIGH SCHOOL HAS BIG PLANS RFO 2022. THE LOVE CLUB IS PLANNING A PROM FOR FELLOW STUDENTS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS. >> THE LOVE CLUB IS A CBLU CENTEDER ALL AROUND LEARNING HOW TO LOVE YOURSELF | <urn:uuid:3f3d9086-b4e2-4f29-af7c-68228656aa73> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yemialadeworld.com/does-new-jersey-have-ieps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.893581 | 414 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Teaching children to save money is crucial, but not easy. From a young age, they’re exposed to marketing messages telling them to spend more money – with very little said about saving money and the rewards of delayed gratification.
That puts the burden on parents to teach their children about saving. Well, parents and pigs. You see, starting early is important, and the best savings tool for young children is the old-fashioned piggy bank.
The Two Piggy Bank Approach
Many parents buy a piggy bank for their child and show him how to put money in the bank, but don’t actually communicate the concept of saving. Getting two banks, on the other hand, can make it clearer for your child. Here’s how it works…
One piggy is for saving.
One piggy is for spending.
Go ahead and label them. Hang signs over their heads or place stickers on them. When your child gets some money for an allowance, birthday, or extra chores, he should divide it between his saving and spending piggy banks. For example, your child can put 60% into savings and spend 40%, or 70/30.
This helps teach children about the different purposes of money. It can be used immediately for fun or it can be set aside for later, which is an important lesson to learn at a young age. It helps prevent children from developing a scarcity mindset and supports good saving habits at the same time.
When you go to the store, you can ask your child if he wants to take any spending money. He can then make independent decisions about what to do with his money, so that as an adult he will feel in control of it. But if he’s already spent all his spending money, make him live with that decision. Don’t bail him out – whether with your money or letting him use his savings money.
An Introduction to Setting Goals
Start young. You’re at the store and your children start asking for things – candy, toys, stuffed animals, and bright balloons. These situations are opportunities to teach children that you can’t always buy everything you want. And it’s the perfect opportunity to help your child learn the benefits of saving.
Let’s say your young child is at the toy store with you and decides he wants a stuffed animal he “can’t live without.” Instead of buying it for him or saying no, why not turn it into a teaching moment? Take a look at the price tag with your child. Is it something he can reasonably save for? If so, take a photo of the animal. Tell your child you’re going to teach him a new game.
Print out a picture of the toy he wants and tape it to his piggy bank – he now has a savings goal. You can count the money in the piggy bank and show him how long it will take to save for the toy if he sets aside his money.
If your child gets an allowance or is paid for some of his chores, he can add that to his piggy bank. You can also give him extra ways to earn money for the toy. Depending on the price, you may agree to pay for half if he saves the rest. This can help a child learn the power of saving without giving up because the goal seems impossible to achieve.
Here’s the key: don’t buy the toy for him. He will either save money for it or he won’t. Either way, he will learn a valuable lesson.
You can begin teaching your child how to save when he’s very young, even before preschool.
Mason Jars: Not Just for Canning
Sometimes the best way to teach a concept is to use the simplest tools – in this case, Mason jars. You can use these old-fashioned storage containers for more than just pickles.
Often the lesson of saving money is one-dimensional. Children put their money into a piggy bank and don’t really take it beyond that. At some point they raid their piggy bank and the money is gone. The two-bank system helps mitigate this, but still falls short.
Once your child is a little older, the Mason jar approach can teach a multi-dimensional approach to savings.
Grab four Mason jars with or without lids, a marker, stickers, and a few pieces of paper. Label each jar and have your child decorate them. The labels should read:
- Grow (invest)
- Give (donate)
Now sit down with your child and talk about each concept. Teach him what it means to save, spend, grow, and give money, and why each is important. Then give him guidelines about how much he should set aside for each.
For example, do you want him to donate 10% of his income? Together you should make some decisions about what to save for, how to invest, and what organization he wants to support through donations. Let your child make as many of the decisions as possible.
The Mason jar approach works because children can see their money and easily track their goals. As they get older you can transition to bank accounts and investment accounts.
One practical tip: Keep the Mason jars high out of reach of young siblings who might try to pick up and subsequently drop the jars, shattering the glass and scattering the money.
Saving for the Long Haul
The concept of saving money can be challenging. You tell your child to save money and he wants to know why. Instant gratification is certainly a significant hurdle to overcome, even for adults. We often focus on short-term savings goals with children. The truth is that these short-term goals are great, but they don’t tell the whole story.
As adults, your children will eventually need to save for many things, including (but not limited to):
- A house
- Their children’s education
- Their own education (if they choose to go back to school)
The list could go on… Think about all the things that you’ve saved for over the years – Christmas and birthday presents, trips to visit family, vacations, retirement, and much more.
Some of these savings goals were short-term. Others you’re still saving for. And then there are those goals that are what we might call “medium-term” goals – vacations, cars, and new furniture. They may take several months to a few years to accomplish.
It’s important to teach your children about the different types of savings goals as well. You can accomplish this in a few ways:
- Help them set short-term, medium-term, and long-term goals of their own
- Work together toward a goal that will benefit them, like college or a car
- Talk about your own savings goals with them
Saving for short-term goals is great and a useful lesson, but don’t forget that there’s more to saving. Teach your child about what they can save for and the best approach for each type of goal.
Check It Out! – Choose the RIGHT homeschool-friendly home business
Starting a home business can be the best thing you ever did… or the worst, if you make these mistakes.
I’ve been running home-based businesses for more than 35 years, while homeschooling 5 children. I know what works… and what does not work. Especially when it needs to be homeschool-friendly.
Cut a swath through the Internet jungle today, and choose the business that’s right for you and your family based on your needs, goals, interests, and personality.
In Home is Where Today’s Business Is: An Epic List of the 22 Best Homeschool Compatible Business Opportunities, you’ll learn:
- The 22 best home business options for busy home school moms (or dads) – along with their pros and cons
- Business “opportunities” to avoid… they’re either not family friendly, or they have very little financial upside for the time invested
- The 11 most important questions to ask before starting any business, so you don’t regret your decision or squander resources
- The biggest problem(s) with one of today’s most popular home business ideas
- The most lucrative thing I’ve ever done as a home business
I’ve written the ultimate guide for homeschool moms looking for extra income, an outside creative outlet, and many other benefits. (Education and tax breaks included.)
At a super-low cost of $27, I’ll lay out the “keys to the kingdom” of running a home-based business while you homeschool. Avoiding just one mistake could easily save you 10 times – or 100 times – the cost invested in this guide.
So go here today to claim your future prosperity. You stand to SAVE a fortune… and MAKE a fortune.
P.S. Quick Reminder: You can squander an incredible amount of resources on just one mistake. I’ve already done that. So please don’t repeat my past mistakes. $27 can save – and make – you a fortune. | <urn:uuid:dab2f9bd-fde6-44d0-a594-78c52cacb1ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://forhomeschoolmomsonly.com/how-to-teach-your-children-to-save-money/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955021 | 1,939 | 2.875 | 3 |
One of life’s fundamental necessities is a safe and healthy home
Homes RI (formerly called the Housing Opportunities Initiative) was officially launched in 2017 as a statewide movement to increase the supply of safe, healthy and affordable homes and decrease the housing cost burden that too many Rhode Islanders face. We are a coalition of organizations working together to increase and preserve the supply of safe, healthy and affordable homes throughout Rhode Island. We believe Rhode Island can and should be a state where all residents are able to live in safe, healthy and affordable homes in thriving communities.
The Housing Network of Rhode Island (HNRI) is the backbone organization for Homes RI, providing the staffing, fiscal management, and organizational “home” for the effort.
After 18 months of stakeholder engagement, Homes RI released the Housing Opportunities Framework (“the Framework”) in late 2019. The Framework is a plan to increase the production of safe, healthy and affordable homes throughout Rhode Island, centered around four action areas:
- Increase community engagement and motivate the public and policymakers to drive change that will result in increased investments in affordable homes for Rhode Islanders.
- Increase investments to construct and preserve long-term affordable homes in Rhode Island.
- Reduce regulatory and economic barriers to residential development to incentivize the construction, rehabilitation and preservation of affordable homes.
- Promote and implement policies and interventions that equitably expand access to healthy, affordable, sustainable homes.
With local and national partners, Homes RI provides a public platform to showcase the importance and urgency of making investments to increase access to quality, affordable homes in Rhode Island. We also provide information about advocacy efforts related to affordable housing and homelessness for anyone who is interested in getting involved.
For more info on Homes RI, please visit www.homesri.org or contact Katie West, Manager of Homes RI, at email@example.com.
Homes RI is made possible by funding from Bank of America, Bristol County Savings Bank, Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Rhode Island, Helen Hudson Foundation, LISC Rhode Island, National Low Income Housing Coalition, NeighborWorks America, Rhode Island Foundation, Rhode Island State Housing Resources Commission, United Way of Rhode Island, and Washington Trust Company.
1 2018 Housing Fact Book, HousingWorks RI at RWU
1 Healthcare Advocates are Housing Advocates, Opportunity Starts at Home
3 2019 Public Opinion Polling on Housing Affordability, Opportunity Starts at Home | <urn:uuid:e7db7a3a-9d21-47eb-bba3-f5e654a7e7e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://housingnetworkri.org/our-work-programs/homes-ri/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.914668 | 505 | 1.9375 | 2 |
What Is Investment Economics?
- The impact of tax and technological changes on the decision to invest
- The Theory of Capital and Investment in the Macro Economy
- Speculation and Investment
- The Investment Demand Curve in the Solar Energy Sector
- Private Investment
- Induced Investment
- Microeconomics: A Social Science
- Planning a Wealthy Asset
- The Interest Rate and Investment Income of a Financial Firm
- The pitfalls of finance professionals
- The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Economy
- The Measure of Labor Productivity
- Investing in Financial Assets
- Capital Production in Marxian Theory
The impact of tax and technological changes on the decision to invest
The temporal profile of costs and revenues will be important in the decision to invest or not. The payback-period, in which the investment is covered by accrued profits, provides important reference for rules-of-thumbs. The value over time of benefits will be discounted through a subjective discount rate in many decision processes and routines.
The decision will be based on more strategic and vital arguments. A new vision of the competitive environment and global trends can bring to invest in surprising directions. There are investments that are not based on interest rates.
Firms usually have a very limited number of investment projects, when profitability is high. A small change interest rate would not have an impact on investment decisions. The effect of large interest rate changes may be asymmetric, with a strong increase of interest rate causing a fall investment dynamics, whereas a similar decrease may not induce investment if there is no real perspective benefits.
New technology innovation and the need of imitating competitors' adoption of innovation can force firms to invest in a process of diffusion that can be boosted by a tax environment that is pro-diffusion of innovation tax. If labour substitution investment is the case, employment can fall. Other types of investment and economic situations give rise to an increasing employment.
The investment directions affect the quality and composition of employment. Green jobs depend on wide investment in green sectors and technologies. Changes in government can have an effect on raising or abating expectations of business in terms of the economic environment and actions.
The Theory of Capital and Investment in the Macro Economy
Investment is an important part of the Keynesian model and also in dynamic models of Harrod and Domar who analyse the source of growth. Investment fluctuations can cause business cycles or income fluctuations. Investment's instability is an important aspect.
It is the most volatile component of demand. Net investment can be negative or positive. Private enterprise economies have gross private domestic investment that is, residential housing construction, business acquisition of new industrial plants, machinery and equipment, and additional inventory.
Business fixed investment includes equipment and structures that businesses buy. Residential investment includes the new housing that people buy to live in. Investment is smaller than consumption.
It is the most volatile component of the demand. Investment in plant, equipment and machinery is important for the macro economy since it determines how much the economy can produce for consumption now and in the future. The interest rate is not the price of capital goods.
The cost of using financial capital is what it is. The cost of capital and cost of investment are not the same thing. The cost of capital is interest cost which is a flow variable but the cost of investment is the acquisition cost which is likely to generate cash flows in the future
Speculation and Investment
An investment is an asset or item that is meant to be appreciated. Over time, appreciation is the increase in the value of an asset. When an individual purchases a good as an investment, they want to use it to create wealth, not consume it.
Speculation and investing are different activities. Speculation involves trying to make quick money by exploiting inefficiencies in the market, while investing involves buying assets with the intent of holding them for a long time. While investors look to build assets over time, ownership is not a goal of speculators.
Not really. The payoff from an investment can take several years, so it's a long-term commitment. Proper analysis usually done before an investment is made to understand the risks and benefits.
The Investment Demand Curve in the Solar Energy Sector
If you have $10,000 on hand, you should have it. You are considering whether to use the money for a solar energy system or a bond. The interest rate you could earn on the bond will affect your decision to purchase the system.
The interest rate is the cost of putting funds into the solar energy system. The interest you would pay on the $10,000 is the cost of putting it into the system. Millions of investment choices are dependent on the interest rate.
Some interest rates are better than others, but not all. The higher the interest rate, the less potential investments will be justified. The interest rate and investment are related.
The investment demand curve shows the amount of investment spending per year at each interest rate, assuming all other factors are the same. The curve shows that the level of investment increases as the interest rate falls. Investment would increase from $950 billion to $1,000 billion per year if the interest rate was reduced from 8% to 6%.
The investment demand curve is not negative but it is the fact that it shifts often that is most important. Investment responds to changes interest rates, but other factors seem to be more important in driving investment choices. Firms need capital to make things.
Private investment is the purchase of a capital asset that is expected to produce income, appreciate in value, or both. A capital asset is a property that is hard to sell and is purchased to help an investor make money. Capital assets include land, buildings, machinery, and equipment.
Investment and savings are not the same thing. If you don't purchase a capital asset that is used to generate income, like a machine, or if you don't expect it to appreciate in value, like a house, then you are not investing. You can save more than you invest if you put the rest of the profit in a savings account.
Induced investment is a way to make money. The changes of national income are related to this. The relationship between national income and investment is positive, and decreases in national income can lead to a decrease investment.
Income elastic is the result of Induced investment. It is positively sloped. Keynes introduced the idea of the importance of the determinant of investment in 1936.
Microeconomics: A Social Science
Indiana University says economics is a social science. It has a method for analyzing and predicting individual behavior and the effects of institutions such as firms and governments. Economics is the study of choices.
The choice is much more expansive than some think. If the study of economics is about how people choose to use their resources, analysts must consider all of their possible resources, of which money is but one. Microeconomics is the study of economics at the level of individual consumers, groups of consumers, or firms, and it is the analysis of the decisions made by individuals and groups, the factors that affect those decisions, and how those decisions affect others.
Microeconomics considers the behavior of individual markets, such as the markets foranges, cable television, or skilled workers, as opposed to the overall markets for produce, electronics, or the entire workforce. Microeconomics is essential for local governance, business, personal finance, stock investment research, and individual market predictions. Economists work in business, government and academia.
An economist's focus may be on a particular topic, like inflation or interest rates, or her approach may be broader. Calculating economic relationships is what economists might be used to advise businesses, nonprofits, labor unions, or government agencies. Many economists are involved in the practical application of economic policy, which could include a focus on several areas from finance to labor energy to health care.
Planning a Wealthy Asset
Financial planning is a broad concept, whereas investing money is just a piece of a pie chart diagram. When you decide to invest wealth, you have to finish your half of the road map with your regular savings. Next is to draw a road map of your target and set your financial milestones. Proper financial planning with clear milestones can only be done with proper knowledge of investment options which suits you best, risks, reward returns, and other factors.
The Interest Rate and Investment Income of a Financial Firm
The investment interest rate is the most important factor in determining the level of planned spending. Investment income is achieved when the yield on the investment interest rate is enough to cover the taxes on the investment. When interest rates go up, the price of bonds go down making them cheaper to purchase, because bond prices are opposite to interest rates.
The pitfalls of finance professionals
Finance professionals are not the same as economists. Many economics graduates go for finance because they want to explore more practical aspects of the business than theoretical models.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Economy
The spillover effect of foreign direct investment can be big over a long period of time. Training workers or building infrastructure can only benefit the company at first, but as workers change jobs and find new uses for the infrastructure, the rest of the economy can benefit as well. There are bound to be a few sticky issues when foreigners buy companies that control important parts of the economy. Allowing foreign companies to control key industries like transportation can cause serious problems down the road.
The Measure of Labor Productivity
Labor productivity may be further broken down by sector to see trends in labor growth, wage levels, and technological improvement. Productivity growth is linked to corporate profits and shareholder returns. Productivity is a measure of the efficiency of a company's production process, it can be measured by the number of units produced relative to employee labor hours or by the company's net sales.
Companies have been spending money on short-term investments and share purchases. Capital investment is one solution besides better education, training, and research. Reforming corporate taxation is the best way to increase investment in manufacturing, according to economists.
The calculation for productivity is easy, divide the outputs by the inputs used to produce them. The output can be measured in units produced or sales, while labor hours are the most regularly used input. Productivity is the amount of work done over a specific period of time.
Investing in Financial Assets
Have you ever heard someone talk about mutual funds and stocks? Does the mention of investments seem overwhelming? Understanding some basic information about financial investments can be a great first step in learning how to invest, know your path to retirement, and maximize the rate of return on your money.
A financial investment is an asset that you put money into with the hope that it will grow or appreciate into a larger sum of money. You can earn money on it while you own it or sell it at a higher price later. Saving for a car or saving for retirement may be the things you want to grow over the next year or 30 years.
An investment grows in value if it is appreciated. A year after you buy a share of stock for $10, it is worth 15 and the stock has appreciated $5. You can invest in gold.
It is a small part of a portfolio that appreciates over time. It is thought to be a form of financial protection. You can also invest in other metals.
Capital Production in Marxian Theory
Capital is the assets used for the production of goods and services. The machinery used in factories is a typical example. Capital can be increased by human labor, and does not include durable goods like homes and personal automobiles that are not used in the production of saleable goods and services.
Karl Marx adds a distinction that is often confused with David Ricardo's. Variable capital is seen as the only source of surplus-value in Marxian theory. It is called variable because it can produce different amounts of value depending on the amount it consumes.
Marx takes the investment in non-human factors of production, such as plant and machinery, which he uses to produce his own replacement value, to be constant capital. Capital is the production of increased capital. Investment requires that some goods be produced that are not immediately consumed, but instead used to produce other goods as capital goods.
Saving and investment are related, though not the same. Keynes said that saving and investment involve not spending all of one's income on current goods or services. Austrian School economist Eugen Boehm von Bawerk said that capital intensity was measured by the roundaboutness of production processes. | <urn:uuid:3bb04f4c-0c73-46f3-8951-ac26ad5f2914> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mountainviewanalytics.com/post/what-is-investment-economics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.950992 | 2,553 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Disruptive and possibly dangerous weather to arrive at the Florida Peninsula late today
The tropical disturbance in the northwest Caribbean is still in the throes of getting organized. Heavy tropical rains and gusty winds are already occurring, but hostile upper-level winds are preventing it from consolidating.
Hurricane Hunters are scheduled to fly into the system this afternoon to see if a closed circulation has developed under the clouds that we can see from the satellite. An ocean buoy located not far from the apparent center of the disturbance is consistently showing winds in the 30 to 35 mph range, so the system is guaranteed to contain gusty winds when it gets to Florida, even if it doesn’t organize and intensify.
A tropical system needs an organized circulation and tall thunderstorms reasonably close to the center to significantly intensify. Computer forecast models indicate that the atmospheric pattern will only be marginal for organization. As a result, the system is not forecast to evolve into anything stronger than a tropical depression or low-end tropical storm.
If it does achieve sufficient organization, and winds reach 40 mph or higher, it will be called Tropical Storm Alex. This could happen very close to the Florida southwest coast.
In any case, through today and tomorrow, a mass of tropical moisture will surge toward the southern part of the Florida Peninsula. Several inches or rain with some locations receiving closer to a foot are expected. The open question is, how far north will the heavy-rain swath extend. Until the system gets more organized, and forecasts are more certain, people along the I-4 corridor from Tampa to Orlando need to stay aware. The likelihood of heavy rain in South Florida is high, however.
Because the hostile upper winds are blowing from the west, the heavy rain will be pushed to the east side, the front side of the system. As a result, the tropical moisture should arrive tonight, increase tomorrow as winds gust at or near tropical-storm strength (40 mph), and continue into Saturday. By late Saturday, it might still be gusty, but dry air on the back side of the system should arrive.
The ground in many parts of South Florida is saturated from days of heavy rain, so stay aware of Flood Alerts issued by the National Weather Service.
Some fast-developing tornadoes sometimes occur in these situations as well.
If the National Hurricane Center thinks that the system might organize enough to bring winds of 40 mph or higher to Florida, they will issue Tropical Storm Watches or Warnings. That could happen as soon as today. If that is required, they will designate the system Potential Tropical Cyclone One as part of the protocol.
Remember, a Potential Tropical Cyclone is still just a disorganized disturbance, but forecasters at the NHC think it might organize before it reaches the coast, and if it does, it has a good chance of producing winds over 40 mph.
It may well be dangerous to be on the roads in the southern part of Florida Friday into the daytime on Saturday. Think about changing your plans so you’re settled during the gustiest and rainiest part of the storm. | <urn:uuid:482f8342-4f80-4ad7-9cff-c661dabfc838> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hurricaneintel.com/post/disruptive-and-possibly-dangerous-weather-to-arrive-at-the-florida-peninsula-late-today | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951491 | 630 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Most rural Nebraskans support continued or even increased spending on a variety of public services ranging from public broadcasting to roads, education and safety, according to the 2013 Nebraska Rural Poll.
The 18th annual University of Nebraska-Lincoln poll was sent to 6,320 households in Nebraska’s 84 nonmetropolitan counties in March and April. Results are based on 2,317 responses.
Among the issues this year’s poll explored were rural Nebraskans’ opinions about spending on various major public services. It found that most rural Nebraskans would like to see no change in the level of spending for the following public services: public safety (police, fire, etc.), 69 percent; hospitals and health care, 64 percent; natural resources, parks and recreation, 63 percent; corrections and rehabilitation, 61 percent; housing and community development, 61 percent; workforce training, 60 percent; public broadcasting services, 59 percent; roads and bridges, 56 percent; and medical assistance to the poor, 53 percent.
The only public service for which a majority of respondents – 51 percent — supported less public spending was unemployment compensation.
Thirty-eight percent of rural Nebraskans supported increased spending on roads and bridges, and 35 percent supported more spending for education. No other public service garnered more than 21 percent support for an increase in public spending.
The poll did not ask Nebraskans to make choices about which public services they would choose to fund over others, noted Eric Thompson, director of UNL’s Bureau of Business Research and a member of the Rural Poll team. Still, the poll’s findings could be interpreted as belying rural Nebraskans’ reputation for being stingy with public funding, he added.
As for the one category for which a majority supported less public spending – unemployment compensation – that could be interpreted as a desire there was less need for it, Thompson said. Another interpretation could be that the issue doesn’t resonate much in Nebraska, as a historically low-unemployment state.
Many of the demographic differences in answers were logical, Thompson said. For example, the 19-29 age group was more likely than those 65 and up to support more spending for education – 47 percent to 21 percent. People with jobs in agriculture were more likely to support more spending on roads and bridges than other demographic groups.
Overall, 94 percent of respondents supported the same level or more spending for roads and bridges, the largest total in the survey. And, indeed, that’s now occurring, thanks to legislation passed by the Nebraska Legislature
“See, democracy works,” Thompson said.
Younger respondents also were more likely than older ones to prefer less spending on unemployment compensation – 66 percent compared to 42 percent – and more likely to say no public funds at all should be used for medical assistance to the poor. About 32 percent of those in the 19-29 group felt that way, compared to 12 percent of those 65 and older.
“For the young, healthy, and employed, it can be difficult to find support for such public spending. A lifetime of experiences may eventually sway how they feel,” said Brad Lubben, UNL public policy specialist.
The poll also asked respondents to imagine the state is rethinking how to fund certain major public expenditures. Forty-two percent supported funding primary and secondary education with property taxes, one-third supported funding it with sales tax and 27 percent supported using income taxes.
Thirty-five percent said user fees – tuition in this case — should be used to fund higher education, with about 20 percent saying no public funds should be used for higher ed.
The funding question addressed major spending categories including education, public safety, roads and bridges, and medical assistance to the poor. While multiple responses were allowed, most respondents checked just one choice for funding sources for each category. The resulting mix of funding sources is reflective of the current mix of funding for public services in Nebraska.
“As the state considers potential tax reform, the funding sources, the spending priorities, and the matchup of sources to uses will be a complex equation to solve,” Lubben added.
The Rural Poll is the largest annual poll of rural Nebraskans’ perceptions on quality of life and policy issues. This year’s response rate was about 37 percent. The margin of error is plus or minus 2 percent. Complete results are available online at http://ruralpoll.unl.edu.
The university’s Center for Applied Rural Innovation conducts the poll in cooperation with the Nebraska Rural Futures Institute with funding from UNL Extension and the Agricultural Research Division in the Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources. | <urn:uuid:61a9df99-b93a-4c51-8273-f915480612fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fcjournal.net/2013/08/06/poll-rural-nebraskans-hate-taxes-like-spending/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.951478 | 963 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Also this week MedZine brings you the latest medical news on various medical specialisms. In this editorial two striking studies are highlighted. The first describes the role of the Dkk1 protein in hardening of arteries. The second study shows that cancer survivors with a depression have more chance to die prematurely than cancer survivors without depression. Continue reading
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- Antibiotic resistance growing global problem for children with urinary tract infection
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And stay updated throughout. | <urn:uuid:a70584d4-3066-413f-904c-412f8a4ec2a5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medzineapp.com/en/articles/tagged/262-artery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.83082 | 267 | 2.046875 | 2 |
- Inside the cat's nose, separated by a nasal septum, is
a labyrinth of bony platelike projections called the conchae.
- The conchae nearly fill the interior of the nose.
- They are covered by an olfactory mucosa, providing a surface
of around 3-6 square inches.
- This size is twice the amount in a human's nose.
- In the mucosa are olfactory cells that detect scents.
- The olfactory cells are only at the top back of the nasal cavity,
so the scents only reach the cells if the cat is sniffing (rather
than just breathing).
- Below the nasal cavity are also curved cartilage tubes.
- These tubes are called the vomeronasal organ, or Jacobson's organ.
- These tubes connect to small holes behind the upper incisor teeth.
- This arrangement allows the cat to "taste scent" by opening its
mouth and allowing the scent to penetrate through the tubes.
- When a cat does this, it looks like it is grimacing, and it
also seems to be in a trancelike state.
- This activity is called the "Flehmen response".
- In human's the Jacobson's organ is only rudimentary, so we can't
process scent information the same way cats can.
Source: Understanding Cats -- Their History, Nature
and Behavior, by Roger Tabor, The Reader's Digest Association, Inc.,
Pleasantville, NY, 1995, pp. 64-65. | <urn:uuid:80dfd764-1b45-4360-ab10-e51abe797d59> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://crazyforkitties.com/fow/fow19.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.873457 | 355 | 3.546875 | 4 |
As technology advances and supplants the “old ways” of doing things, some people are threatened that they are being put “out to pasture” and others find opportunity in the emerging technology—they find in it something new to learn and grow with, perhaps an opportunity to shine and become the resident subject matter expert at work or at home.
As we get older, it’s natural that some people may not be as flexible in “starting over,” learning something new, or changing the way “we’ve always done things.” It’s reminiscent of the sort of unflattering old saying that “you can’t teach an old dog new tricks”—a saying by the way that I don’t really believe (you should see my Dad on email, Internet, and so on—he’s great!). But at the same time, people, as do all things, have a life cycle, and our strengths and weaknesses go through peaks and valleys at various points on the cycle. For example, “with age comes wisdom.” Years ago, getting the chairman or CEO to use email was a corporate challenge. Now, young people are migrating to Social Media for communications, and email is the technology dinosaur. It’s a constant technology transformation.
In November 2009, the Wall Street Journal reviewed a new book by Sci-Fi author Cory Doctorow, called “Makers”. “This novel is set in a not-too distant future when the creative destruction of technological change has created an economy so efficient, with profit margins so thin, that traditional companies can hardly stay in business.” In this book, the inventor “uses three-dimensional printers to produce copies of machines and most anything else at close to no cost.” Now “good ideas are copied so quickly that they become commodities. Every industry that required a factory yesterday only needs a garage today.” Where this leaves us is in a time with “competition and invention getting easier and easier—it’s producing a kind of superabundance.” And the result is widespread unemployment and stress.
As we are presumably heading out of a major recession now with unemployment topping 10% (and some would say the real figures, including the underemployed and those that have stopped looking for work, at closer to 20%), we must but wonder whether the recession/unemployment is due to the financial crisis alone or is there some element that is due to our new high-tech economy, where everything in the manufacturing sector has either been tech-enabled or outsourced to Asia. And where we are left in a primary “services economy—pushing papers and flipping burgers? Is there a time coming when we become so technologically advanced, like in the Makers, that there is a very real threat of leaving hundreds of millions of people behind, while the few technology mavens “have it all”?
Interestingly enough, with the advancement of technology, the income disparity between rich and poor has grown where the top 1% of Americans own more than a third of the wealth, compared with a fifth of the wealth in the 1970s (according to Robert Reich).
I think it is critical that smarts and performance be rewarded (i.e. performance-based), but that we cannot let things get out of control and unjust. Billions cannot starve while the ultra-rich hop from rural mansion to Park Avenue condo and from private plane to recreational yacht. Technology must be used to level the playing field and not abuse it. Some like Bernie Madoff used systems developers and technology to create and issue phony financial statements to Ponzi-scheme clients showing trades that never occurred. Instead, we need to use technology to educate, communicate, share, and advance the opportunities for all and overcome the technology divide through amazing advancements here and yet to come. To do this, we must focus on continuous innovation and application of technology to the challenges we face—whether alternative energy, health care, world-hunger, global warming, and so much more. There is no shortage of issues for us to apply our minds and technology to—there is plenty for everyone to contribute to. | <urn:uuid:20137f45-0475-4fe8-8e66-437d3fb8474f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://andyblumenthal.wordpress.com/2009/12/05/tech-is-threatening-to-some-and-a-savior-to-others/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952083 | 876 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Natural Products and Tissue Repair: Identification, Relevance and ApplicabilityView this Special Issue
Review Article | Open Access
Ivan Uher, Jaroslaw Cholewa, Marcin Kunicki, Milena Švedová, Iveta Cimboláková, Zuzana Kůchelová, Tatiana Kimáková, Mária Jusková, "Allopathic and Naturopathic Medicine and Their Objective Consideration of Congruent Pursuit", Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, vol. 2020, Article ID 7525713, 5 pages, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7525713
Allopathic and Naturopathic Medicine and Their Objective Consideration of Congruent Pursuit
In recent years, allopathy (ALP) and naturopathy (NAP) have become a favorite topic, source of argument, and the subject discussed when it comes to choosing treatment modality. Various attempts have been made to elucidate this issue, yet limited advancement has been achieved. To this day, the dispute remains active, and the debate over what to do about it continues to damnify us. The presented qualitative analysis aims to identify existing views or else expand on or uncover already known differences. Ourexamination or position is not about the conflict, finding a superior method (ALP vs. NAP), but aims at inductive reasoning, making broader generalizations from scientific observations. Subjects and Methods. We explore the philosophical and psychological foundation of the prevailing ideologies and perspectives in the contemporary society using the Straussian grounded theory approach. The study had no subjects. Results. We outline the path for the future direction. Conclusion. Our examination concludes that it is essential to acknowledge not only the difference between ALP and NAP but also how they both act on our health. We emphasize that, by identifying our perspective, our inner reflection, and our view on this topic, we can undertake a new paradigm, new road to improve our health, and perhaps the well-being throughout our culture and society.
Men have been looking after their health for thousands of years in innumerable ways, from the early civilizations of Egypt, Asia, and America to medical accomplishments of classical antiquity, the renaissance of medicine in the sixteenth century to the rapid development of the medicine in the nineteenth century, and beyond. Medicine can be categorized into two distinct medical fields: allopathic (or Western, conventional, and orthodox) and naturopathic (Eastern medicine). While ALP and NAP medicine have likely been influencing each other for centuries, they evolved in different parts of the world. Western medicine developed in ancient Greece, while various Eastern practices grew throughout China and India. Whileboth aim for the identical result “optimal health and well-being,” they developed from distinct philosophies that continue to affect, bias, and be practiced today.
ALP medicine forms the basis of many of the world’s modern health systems and remains primarily founded on the principles established by the ancient Greeks, being quick, effective, and highly efficient. This is ideal for urgent situations that require demanding and immediate care. Modern medications can rapidly alleviate most negative symptoms and allow people to continue daily life with minimal interruption or discomfort. At times, ALP treats only the symptoms without addressing the root cause of the issue. At the same time, the medications’ long-term effect can weigh heavily on the body in the later years of a person’s life . ALP focuses on the visible signs and symptoms (infections, pathogens, viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc.). It relies on clinical examination and screening to confirm the diagnosis. Hence, it does not consider, or marginally, the psychological, emotional, aspects, sleeping pattern; therefore, lifestyle of the patient may not be able to relate to any symptoms that are present without any specific cause . ALP divides anatomy into multiple disciplines with respective specialists who treat diseases by focusing on their specialization. However, how that will affect the other body parts, systems, and organs, has not been a point of a large-scale argument. It does not consider, or to a limited extend, how different additional factors interact together .
Eastern medicine (NAP) originated mostly throughout Asia; it refers to a range of medical practices employing a wide array of “natural” treatments, including homeopathy, herbalism, acupuncture, and diet and lifestyle counseling. Although these practices have evolved over thousands of years, they still retain many of their original approaches to healing. The two most common forms of Eastern medicine we can find are Chinese medicine and the ancient Indian practice of Ayurveda. NAP believes in going holistic in treating an ailment that considers the physical, mental, emotional, and social well-being (psychosomatic approach) , in the reality, so-called multidimensional thinking. Emphasizing disease as a process rather than an entity is defined by principles more than methods or modalities .
According to NAP and its proponents [2, 3], sound health can be considered a condition when the body performs at its highest possible level concerning physical, psychological, social, and environmental determinants. Careful consideration is focusing on attitudes, which is a way of thinking and feeling, reflected in our behavior. Hence, the focus is on a person as an integrated human being, with an overall aim of preventing diseases or else curing ailment with their core cause, concentrating on enhancing the effectiveness of the body (capability) systems to facilitate efficient eradication of the illness .
Following the above already in the period of Hippocrates was introduced the term “vis medicatrix naturae,” which means healing power, an inherent self-organizing, ordered healing process of living systems which establishes, maintains, and restores health. Simply, it is the power of nature to heal, which we now call alternative or complementary medicine. Furthermore, Dr. Ornish, the pioneer of the modern medicine, advocates that what, how we think, our nutritional habits, how much we move, exercise, sleep, our social connections, the environment we live in, and outmost our lifestyle choices are crucial to our overall health and well-being . Furthermore, after twenty years of practice, Dr. Malerba states that ALP may not tackle the embedded ailment and tendency and hence may not cure individuals entirely. From there creates a possibility that one may experience health issues later and may need more of a substance used for medical treatment, predominately medications, when the underlying problem cause manifests itself again. He also claims that allopathy offers a faster relief but may not completely eradicate the suffering .
Notwithstanding the above, many principles and techniques from NAP have become a commonplace in ALP practices, such as treating the “whole person” rather than a symptom or disease or using techniques like meditation as part of the treatment for mental health issues. However, there is a claim that naturopathy, as it is a practice now, does not appear to be science-based nor evidence-based. In summary, we can conclude that ALP has a long secure and prominent place in research and development to discover means and processes that treat diseases effectively with fewer side effects [7, 8]. We can acknowledge that treatment faster results offered by ALP treatment are apparent, which can be favorable in numerous conditions and situations. Furthermore, NAP medicine aims to encourage the body’s systems to let it efficiently fight the ills, with the least side effects, taking into consideration the psychosomatic structural and flexible response strategy approach [9, 10].
2. Discussion: Line of Reasoning
Our course into ALP and NAP functional health care discussion, argument, will be a view into the core of our perspective. Look that refers to our ideology, belief, thought, attitude, and feeling, supported by the scientific evidence and conviction that the mind can help mobilize the body’s healing resources [11, 12]. We cannot understand ALP and NAP issues without realizing the main argument that is being within and around us. What do we mean by a functional health care discussion? A disagreement between professionals, healthcare providers, the general public, etc., each of whom believes that others view than ours (ALP vs. NAP) is incorrect, where mass communication and media tend to amplify this dynamic. We are increasingly concerned with putting a label on others instead of reflecting on our argument. When we are exposed to new views and ideas, we are seldom thinking about whether the concept is right or wrong .
Instead, we ask, for example, who has come with the new concept, approach. Such categorization of ideas leads to a means of determining how to think about them. In about reality, our effort to understand ALP and NAP arguments has been replaced by the desire to assign them to narrow categories. Often, one course, “group of thinking,” regards the others as wrong, illegitimate, and even dangerous, wherein the capacity to listen (the active skill) vanishes, and reasonable disagreement collapses. In some spheres of life, for example, technological queries, we are predominantly confronted with openness (open discussion, collective brainstorming, exchange of ideas, etc.) that is establishing a flexible, creative, and productive dialogue—the byproduct of that reality we can observe in an enormous amount of technological innovations.
It appears that, in the health care system, we lost that open-minded, constructive age. However, in some areas of human science, we are a challenge with an open mind, creative thinking, that brings progress, breakthrough, and the opportunity for a new, for instance, David Sinclair, who grapples with some of the most fundamental questions around the science of aging , and Csikszentmihalyi who asserts nonconformists provide a vision for our future and the road map on how to get there . Yet, these individuals are not too many among us. For the most part, we find ourselves recycling the same ideas and ideologies around. In comparison to the technological conversation, queries, the healthcare conversation in the contemporary society often leads not only to the exchange of ideas but also to the exchange of doubt, fear, apprehension, and so forth. Such intolerance, lack of openness, receptiveness, and creativity reasonably cannot create an environment for creative problem-solving .
Our intention is not to categorize, defend, and mask, instead qualitatively analyze different approaches, understanding, points of view, and the broader philosophy and psychology, which underpin them. We should be aware that a considerable number of people in our society have lost their feeling, sentience, of what is sound health, been immersed in uncertainty and confusion [17, 18]. If we can understand how this confusion arose its motivation and what it is doing to our health, therefore society, we can propel and present an opportunity to move forward . An open discussion, public media network and so forth, can stand as a precursor, pave the way toward “new ideas” that can help make progress, continue to move on in a proper direction . In that contextual reality, we can reset our internal argument and create their discourse anew. However, as a psychological precondition for reconfiguring our way of thinking, we must first adapt to a substantial change in the way we relate emotionally to the way we see, perceive, and think , and more specifically, to choose between external adaptation and internal adaptation, the ability to capture and process, or else subjective and objective reality [22, 23]. Goodman, in his works, claims that a person who assimilates his opinions into his identity becomes closed to the critique of those opinions. Any objection to his views is a dubitation and assault on his entity . Following the above, proponents and opponents (ALP vs. NAP) and their contrast of ideas show how they define themselves. Therefore, the position on the conflict is the object of their core identity. Hence, that reality creates an environment least capable of listening to one another .
ALP believes that NAP’s idea is not just wrong but dangerous, and NAP sees ALP in a similar but opposite fashion. Our opinion is a part of our identity, and another view is a threat to our integrity . That reality prevents us from listening to each other and causes the status quo that consequently excludes, and eliminates an open-minded dialogue. Frequently, we do not view discussions of the conflict as a brainstorming “exercise” to provoke innovation, challenge preconceptions, or nurture new and creative ideas. Instead, an affirmation of identities leads to ideological and intellectual rigidity, which leads to no out result. Even though we know that the presented issue of ALP and NAP medicine is complex, consisting of many different and connecting integrands, the way we think about it is not in any way comprehensive.
Furthermore, as we mentioned, listening as an active skill [25, 26] that comes at a “price” means potentially risking our beliefs. Moreover, we keep a considerable distance between ourselves and our challenging opinions, and that critical distance prevents our views from completely taking over to our identity. Not seldom, we become trapped in our emotions : the feeling of anger, fear, dishonor, and condemnation, these emotions nurture and aggravate, provoking confrontation of the parties involved, where the opposing argument becomes even more robust. On the positive side, this discussion can renew our thinking about the controversy, have the chance to innovate, stop thinking in dichotomies, and start thinking in extent. Giving up the old thought and be prepared for a new .
What will happen if we stop seeing health care issues through the ALP and NAP point of view and start viewing them through nondichotomous eyes? Such a change has potentially permitted us to ask entirely new questions. Instead of asking how to end this polemic, we should ask ourselves how to limit it. Perhaps we should start to think in terms of extent. Doing so, we may discover that here, in fact, is already a certain degree of concordance, understanding, and dynamic, and we aim to create more of that. The momentum of that reality has the potential for listening to each other, hence the ensuing collapse of the status quo and resulting open-minded dialogue. However, the argument that makes divisions in the presented issue is by no means grounded on one idea only.
Furthermore, other factors (financial means and at times, personal interests) are also responsible for widening this rift that prevents us from listening to one another. Our way of thinking would be much more productive if we stopped defining the situation as a “problem” and started framing it as an “opportunity” instead [15, 17], because problems are meant to be solved and this problem has no finite solution. An opportunity, however, is not intended for arguing in a heated or angry way but for an acceptance of a new creative path. That approach creates lower and more realistic expectations than the opposition. Even though we will succeed in finding a runaway route, the problem will not disappear; it will only change its form and become an essential part of our reality. This ultimately will not mitigate the existing status quo. In the given context, we must not overlook social responsibility that represents an ethical framework and suggests that an entity, be it an individual or organization, should act for the benefit of the society at large. Social responsibility means sustaining the equilibrium, avoiding, engaging in socially harmful acts, and performing activities that directly advance social goals. Social responsibility must consistently dominate since the competent; qualified actions have consequences on each person and those following us . Healthcare providers should create a sound platform, give strategies, declare a policy, and set the right direction that will serve to all .
Our qualitative analysis aims not to offer a solution to the existing problem but to help instigate discussion, stimulate or give rise to scientific, procreative reasoning, and think about the established topic. We are proposing a practical, nonideological approach as the key to rehabilitating our discourse from its present despondency. Over and above, we know it is not enough merely to promote a pragmatic mode of thinking; it is essential to illustrate that mode as well. Hence, philosophy without practice is by its nature incomplete. We tried to refrain from assigning labels. Based on our qualitative analysis, we attempt to point out the differences between ideologies, pragmatism, and perception of the set topic, outlining how involved sides can make a modification and transition towards objective, more sensitive, realistic picture approach. We can utter that the idea, plan we delineate is not new or original. Its constituting parts are coming from the length and wisdom of life, the continuity of time . What we should do is to merely realize and become fully aware of the reality that manifests itself in our actions.
The presented approaches, views, and solving can be applied to any realm of our life. Our objective is not to persuade but, by analysis, to demonstrate and mostly to encourage to rethink challenges, opinions, ideas, thoughts, and our feelings. In doing so, we cannot hope to end this exchange of diverging or opposite views (can be done on a personal level). Still, we can expect to transform the issue into a different path, vocalize, rationalize the topic and perspective from which we will see, and experience “new-thinking” new dynamics that will benefit all. Going backward or even staying put is not a viable solution to the current scene. The only path forward is the one in which we embrace our potentiality and capability. More in the medical sphere, where we are confronting with daily challenges, one of the significant obstacles to understanding “contemporary medicine” health issues is its complexity and its outstanding wealth of seemingly unrelated details. Where this complexity has led as to specialization, which in turn has further exacerbated the complexity, we should not allow becoming the victims of our rejectionism.
As for now, we favor the notion that although a comprehensive agreement between both ALP and NAP views is unattainable fully yet, partial steps to minimize reverse effects are undoubtedly possible. At the very end, we can conclude that our “lifestyle,” the way we live, is a fundamental integrant of the approach to illness and well-being, followed by ALP and NAP medicine. In treating any health condition, we will undoubtedly have to adjust and change our lifestyle . This may mean changes in our stress level, dietary habits, amount of daily physical activity level, sleeping pattern, and even changes in our living conditions and economic needs. A professional’s task is in a joint effort to discover to bring to light the underlying circumstances leading to our condition, where the way we see (we see what we are preparing to see) underlines our decision outcome [29–32]. Where there is a “new” reinvigorating outlook, perspective is always needed to see something “fundamentally” new.
The authors have full access to all the specific materials used in this paper and take responsibility for the use and the accuracy of information provided.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
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- S. G. Isaksen, K. B. Dorval, and D. J. Treffinger, “Creative approaches to problem solving,” A Framework for Innovation and Change, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 3rd edition, 2011.
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- M. Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention, Harper Perennial, New York, NY, USA, 1996.
- S. Fogler, S. E. LeBlanc, and B. Rizzo, Creative Problem Solving, Pearson Education Inc., New York, NY, USA, 2014.
- E. Tolle, The Power of Now, Dempsey, Guildford, UK, 1997.
- I. Uher and M. Švedová, “Long and prosperous life paradigm,” Journal of Physical Activity Review, vol. 1, pp. 38–44, 2013.
- E. F. Malagodi and K. Jackson, “Behavior analysts and cultural analysis: troubles and issues,” The Behavior Analyst, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 17–33, 1989.
- R. Ferrer, W. Klein, J. Lerner, V. Reyna, and D. Keltner, “Emotions and health decision-maing: extending the appraisal tendency framework to improve health and healthcare,” Behavioral Economics and Public Health, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2014.
- D. Goleman, Emotional Intelligence: Translation, Metafora, Prague, Czechia, 2011.
- J. Pivovarník, in Dual Concentration in Karate and Its Possible Use in Sport Diagnostics, p. 151, Lambert, Mauritius, 2018.
- M. Csikszentmihalyi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Harper & Row, Manhattan, NY, USA, 1990.
- M. Goodman, Catch-67, Yale University Press, London, UK, 2018.
- M. B. Allen, Listening the Forgotten Skill, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1982.
- I. Uher and M. Švedová, “Listening and perception of others,” Journal of Law and Economics and Organization, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 109–111, 2012.
- D. Crowther and G. Aras, Corporate Social Responsibility, Ventus, London, UK, 2008.
- R. M. Antiel, K. M. James, J. S. Egginton, and R. D. Sheeler, “Specialty, political affiliation, and perceived social responsibility are associated with U.S. Physical Reactions to Health Care Reform Legislation,” Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 399–403, 2014.
- J. Křivohlavý, Psychology of Health (Psychologie Zdraví), Portal, Prague, Czechia, 3 edition, 2009.
- D. Chopra, Perfect Health: The Complete Mind/Body Guide, Harmony Books, New York, NY, USA, 1991.
- D. Chopra, Creating Health, beyond Prevention, toward Perfection, Harper & Row, Manhattan, NY, USA, 1987.
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Copyright © 2020 Ivan Uher et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:37a90a5e-1453-4a41-8b8d-73ab950e31f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2020/7525713/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.916138 | 5,200 | 2.21875 | 2 |
What Is Bigger Than A Megalodon. When it comes to size, the blue whale dwarfs even the largest megalodon estimates. The blue whale is the biggest.
When it comes to size, the blue whale dwarfs even the largest megalodon estimates. How big is megalodon compared to a blue whale? What shark is bigger than megalodon?
Blue Whales Are Larger And Heavier Than A Megalodon.
Some larger estimates do exist (placing megalodon up to 67 feet in length and well beyond 50 tons), but the fact of the matter is megalodon was smaller than a blue whale. It's believed blue whales can reach a maximum length of 110 feet (34 meters) and weigh up to 200 tons (400,000 pounds!). The largest extant megalodon tooth measures 17.8 cm (6.9 inches) in length, almost three times longer than those of modern white sharks (which are typically about 5.4 cm [2.1 inches] long).
How Big Is Megalodon Compared To A Blue Whale?
In terms of size, a blue whale gets the advantage. Click to see full answer. Megalodon was also far bigger than the great white shark, which would only be around half of megalodon's size.
Is The Megalodon The Biggest Dinosaur?
When it comes to size, the blue whale dwarfs even the largest megalodon estimates. In fact, the word megalodon simply means ‘large tooth’. Scientists estimate that megalodon needed to eat 2,500 lbs of food per day to maintain weight.
Is A Great White Bigger Than A Megalodon?
What shark is bigger than megalodon? Its bite diameter was 3 metres (about 9.8 feet), several times larger than the bite diameter of averaged. Megalodon was not only the biggest shark in the world, but one of the largest fish ever to exist.
What Is Bigger Than A Megalodon?
The biggest mosasaurus would have been comparable in size to the mighty megalodon — a giant shark that dominated oceans in the middle miocene and pliocene epochs (15.9 million to 2.6 million years ago), long after the mosasaurs went extinct 65.5 million years ago. After the pliocene, megalodon fossils are no longer present. The blue whale far bigger than any dinosaur, the blue whale is the largest known animal to have ever lived. | <urn:uuid:ebe8e42a-abb4-4f7d-b70e-14ce7850a115> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ucbschoolnight.com/what-is-bigger-than-a-megalodon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.910398 | 519 | 3.453125 | 3 |
The development of punched card data processing in the 1890s generated a demand for numerous people, mostly women, to operate keypunch machines. For the past 30 years, it has been a constant struggle for most companies to assign specific roles to some of their workers, new job roles are created every day to suit the dynamics of certain working environments, however the role of an encoder has not been any different.
In this article, we would be talking about who an Encoder is, his/her job description/function, salary scale, as well as his/her skills and educational requirement.
Who is an Encoder?
An Encoder can also be referred to as a Data Entry professional. So, who is an encoder or what exactly is Data entry?
Employees in the data entry business add, modify and validate electronic data. Many businesses require workers to transcribe meeting notes, enter raw data into databases, and enter sales statistics into electronic forms many times over the course of a working day.
A data entry job includes handling many forms of electronic data and processing equipment used by experts to input and modify data, such as a keyboard. This industry employs a variety of workers, including typists, coders, transcribers, and word processors.
There are a variety of payment alternatives available for jobs in this field. If you resume working in this field, you might be paid by keystrokes per minute, project, keystrokes per word, hourly salary or keystrokes per hour. The payout rate in data entry is typically depending on your typing speed—fast typists are more likely to generate more income in this field.
Now we can say we understand who an Encoder/Data entry is, although we are yet to fully grasp the responsibilities of an Encoder. We would be discussing that next.
Fundamental Responsibilities/Job Description of a Data Entry (Encoder)
Data entry professionals retain records. You’ll most likely be responsible for the following, albeit it depends on their industry you find yourself:
- keeping paper or hard copies of receipts
- Patient forms applications
- Varieties of other documents, as well as typing them into your company’s system.
- In addition to entering data through the keyboard, you’ll need to scan documents and transmit and receive data to various outside parties who demand it.
- You’ll be responsible for keeping backups of the data you submit, either on external servers or on DVDs.
However, these are just the primary responsibilities of a Data Entry. There are some other secondary responsibilities that may be required of you, see some of them below;
The distinction between data entry technicians and secretaries might be hazy at times. As needed, you may need to create copies for staff, answer and route phone calls, send emails, and deliver snail mail. Regardless of how monotonous these activities are, they are all important and part of your job description in many office situations.
At this point, we can say we know all that would be expected of an Encoder/Data entry to do in his/her place of work. So, assuming you would like to become an Encoder or hire one, what educational qualifications should one lookout for?
What Qualifications are Required for an Encoder/Data Entry Position?
There are no formal admission requirements, however, some qualifications will be advantageous if you wish to advance. Employers will almost definitely ask whether you have GCSEs, notably in English and Math, or possess any programming skills, for example; the European Computer Driving License (ECDL) and the New Computer Literacy and Information Technology.
Younger job searchers may be able to begin their careers through the apprenticeship scheme. The majority of your training will take place on the job, teaching you how to use software packages or any specialized database technology that your firm employs.
You may also discuss with your company taking one of the specialized data entry and IT courses as part of your professional growth. There are NVQs/SVQs Levels 1–3 in Administration, which contain sections covering retrieval on computer systems and information entry; NVQs/SVQs Levels 1–3 in IT use, and City and Guilds certifications in ICT Fundamentals and Information Technology.
Now we are aware of necessary educational qualifications that may benefit someone looking to pursue a career as an Encoder. We would now have to discuss the skills necessary to survive in this career path.
How to succeed in the field of Encoding/Data Entry
To be a successful data entry clerk, you must have a variety of abilities. Keep in mind that you will need to spend a significant amount of time on your computer in order to master these skills. To succeed in data entry, take note of these steps:
Enhance your linguistic abilities: To work in the data sector, you must be fluent in English. To prepare, practice reading, writing, and proofreading at a high level.
Improve your typing skills: Simply practice typing anything into a writing tool like Word or Pages while timing your typing speed to teach yourself these abilities. Improve your typing speed till it reaches at least 35 words per minute. Consider utilizing a free online typing test to determine your typing speed and finding free online games to help you improve your typing.
Learn to use a computer: To work as a data entry expert, you must be able to utilize computer programs to input and modify electronic data as well as save your work. Look for free online lessons for major computer products like Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel on the manufacturer’s website or on video hosting sites. It may also be beneficial to learn how to utilize basic office devices that work in tandem with computers, such as a scanner and printer. There are several free online lessons available to assist you to learn how to properly utilize office equipment.
Improve your interpersonal skills: As a data entry worker, you will need to communicate with your bosses and coworkers while working on data entry tasks. Because customer service is a talent that can be learned, you may utilize the internet’s free resources, such as articles and tutorials, to learn about related abilities. To practice, imagine yourself in a hostile situation with an employer or coworkers and role-play how you would handle these situations.
Assuming you have been reading this article as a result of your interest in this career path, then you have a few tips on how to succeed as an Encoder. Next, we would like to discuss the two types of Encoder/Data entry jobs available to anybody looking to choose this career path or hire an Encoder.
As a remote worker in the data entry business, you have the flexibility to work from wherever you choose.
Typically, you may choose your own hours.
Remote employees are unlikely to be paid on an hourly basis, but rather on a project or keystroke basis over a certain length of time. Employers value dependability and job completion among remote employees, so your productivity may be more essential than your employment history.
Working as a remote worker in data entry may allow you to supplement your income while working full-time in another sector or pursuing an academic degree.
If you operate as an in-house data entry person, you will most likely be compensated on an hourly basis.
Unlike remote employees, you may anticipate perks such as merit incentives, health insurance, and paid time off. Performance-based employment benefits will be dependent on the speed, accuracy, and dependability of your data entry.
Now, let’s get to the juicy part.
How much are Encoders/Data Entry persons paid?
In 2016, the median wage in the United States was between $19,396 and $34,990.
Salary Range of A Encoder in Nigeria 2022
Financial Encoder earnings in Nigeria vary from 99,400 NGN per month (lowest income) to 316,000 NGN per month (highest salary), with an average salary of N203,000. This average monthly wage, include; transportation, housing and other perks. Salary ranges for Financial Encoders vary greatly depending on abilities, experience, gender, and region.
We now have a good idea of what an Encoder should earn in both of these countries. However, are there any benefits to working as an Encoder?
Benefits of working as an Encoder/Data Entry person
The following are some of the benefits of working in data entry:
Jobs are easily accessible. Because many different sorts of businesses require data entry employees, people are frequently able to obtain work.
Opportunities for self-employed workers Because a virtual workforce of independent contractors is much less expensive to manage than an in-house team, and more U.S. firms are outsourcing labour, job possibilities for data entry freelancers are expanding.
Entry hurdles are low. The cost and effort required to learn the skills required for data entry are significantly lower than those required for many other jobs.
Everything that has an advantage definitely has a disadvantage, now let’s mention a few disadvantages of working as an Encoder.
Precautions When Working in Data Entry
While a part-time or full-time career in data entry may provide numerous benefits, there are hazards and deterrents to working in this field. You can profit from being aware of a few difficulties, such as: low wages.
Earning a good income in data entry might be challenging. Consider the following suggestions for dealing with this issue:
Examine job postings to identify the geographic areas and businesses that pay the highest wages for data entry. Concentrate your employment search on these industries and businesses.
Instead of depending only on a data entry job to supplement your income, consider taking on part-time work in the field.
In conclusion, this article provides potential employers and employees of Encoder/Data entry positions, all they need to know as regards the job description and responsibilities, expected monthly salary as well as other important subject matter in order to work efficiently and effectively. | <urn:uuid:10d96600-c297-44f2-a96c-2919196a6cec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://schoolings.org/job-description-responsibilities-and-salary-scale-of-an-encoder-data-entry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.946366 | 2,070 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Do we truly understand what will happen if bees die out?
Recently, Morgan Freeman renovated one of his ranches into a bee sanctuary. Hearing this got me thinking—we all know bees are in danger, but do people completely understand what will happen to the Earth if the bees die out?
“U.S. beekeepers said 40 percent of their hives, also called colonies, died unexpectedly during the year that ended March 31, according to a survey released Wednesday by researchers from Auburn University and the University of Maryland. That’s up from 33 percent a year earlier,” according to a Bloomberg article.
AsapScience uploaded a video titled “What Happens If All The Bees Die?” talking about what would happen if the species went extinct.
The video describes how bees are responsible for pollinating 70 percent of the world crops. That translates into about $200 billion in revenue for food producers.
The video then explains that viruses, mites and parasite are some reasons why so many bees have died off, but scientists are now pointing towards a class of insecticides called neonicotinoids. These are used to kill off anything that might eat the crops; however, they can also affect bees’ central nervous systems.
Since nectar is gathered on the body of the bee, bees will bring neonicotinoids back to the hive and infect the rest of the colony. Issues such as cold weather are also to blame for the decrease in the bee population.
If this keeps up, the Earth is going to lose plenty of its crops. The video uses the example of almond plants. The nuts are used to feed cows and chickens; however, the loss in bees will result in far fewer almonds. With fewer almonds, there will be no food to feed these farm animals, and if they are not fed, the animals will perish.
With fewer cows and chickens, cheese, milk, egg and meat production will begin to decrease. It’s a horrible chain reaction that starts with the bees dying. The loss of coffee beans, dairy-free milk and cotton are also used to show the true horror of a bee-less world.
Vanessa Hernandez, a freshman kinesiology major, shared her thoughts on the situation.
“It is a problem, but I also think it is a difficult situation,” Hernandez said. “I have a beehive in my backyard, and we have no idea how to get rid of it. Getting rid of them would be expensive, but we also don’t want to kill them.”
If you find a beehive in your backyard, avoid using a spray that will kill the bees or throwing rocks at it. Instead, contact a local beekeeper, and see if he or she can remove the bees safely. Many beekeepers will not charge for removing hives, so there is absolutely no reason to kill the bees within.
Dominique Butler, a freshman kinesiology major, said she was against killing bees.
“It is a crucial matter, and it needs to be taken more seriously,” Butler said. “We need to have a conversation on how to handle the situation. There are better ways of dealing with bees than killing them. If we can make a movement to save the turtles and other animals, then we can also save the bees.”
As a state, we banded together to ban plastic straws, to keep the environment safe and to prevent sea turtles from dying. Why can’t we do the same thing for bees? If we did it once, we can do it again.
Hope Esquivel, a freshman biology major, hates bees but admits they have an important role.
“I literally hate bees,” Esquivel said. “We seem to view them as dangerous or scary, but they’re highly important. We treat them like they are useless by killing them or their homes, but they play such an important role in our world.”
Yes, bees can sting, and many people are allergic to them, but we still need to preserve their lives. We can’t let them go extinct.
Here are some ways you can help save the bee population:
- Avoid using any pesticide spray control in your gardens. That spray may kill the bees.
- Plant some flowers in your backyard.
- Only buy locally made honey or get it from a farmers market. Buying it in person, you can find out if the honey was made safely and without harming the bees.
- Avoid weeding your garden. Dandelions and other weeds are a good source of food for the bees.
- If you discover a beehive on your property, call a local beekeeper.
- If you see a bee or a hive, keep to yourself. Bees only sting if they feel threatened. If it comes towards you, avoid swatting it with your hand; just stand completely still until it flies away. | <urn:uuid:dfc87b69-1c0f-4d8b-bf15-1070f79ba603> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zunews.com/2019/04/bees-are-dying-at-an-alarming-rate-and-we-need-to-stop-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960626 | 1,033 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Health & Safety -
WLSS (the company) is committed to ensuring the health, safety and welfare of its employees and it will, so far as is reasonably practicable, establish procedures and systems necessary to implement this commitment and to comply with its statutory obligations on health and safety. It is the responsibility of each employee to familiarise themselves and comply with the Company’s procedures and systems on health and safety.
While the company will take all reasonable steps to ensure the health and safety of its employees, health and safety at work is also the responsibility of the employees themselves. It is the duty of each employee to take reasonable care of their own and other people’s health, safety and welfare and to report any situation which may pose a serious or imminent threat to the well being of themselves or of any other person. If an employee is unsure how to perform a certain task or feels it would be dangerous to perform a specific job or use specific equipment, then it is the employee’s duty to report this as soon as possible to their line manager, their health and safety representative or the safety officer. Alternatively, an employee may, if they prefer, invoke the Company’s formal grievance procedure or they may make a complaint under the Company’s provisions on Disclosures in the Public Interest.
Disciplinary action under the Company’s disciplinary procedure may be taken against any employee who violates health and safety rules and procedures or who fails to perform their duties under health and safety legislation. Depending on the seriousness of the offence, it may amount to potential gross misconduct rendering the employee liable to summary dismissal.
The Company will provide and maintain a healthy and safe working environment with the objective of minimising the number of instances of occupational accidents and illnesses. The Company will pay particular attention to:
- Maintaining the workplace in a safe condition and providing adequate facilities and arrangements for welfare at work
- Providing a safe means of access to and egress from the workplace
- The provision and maintenance of equipment and systems of work that are safe
- Arrangements for ensuring safety to health in connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of articles and substances
- The provision of such information, instructions, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the health and safety at work of its employees and other persons.
The Company also recognises its duty to protect the health and safety of all visitors to the Company, including contractors and temporary workers, as well as any members of the public who might be affected by the Company’s work operations. | <urn:uuid:02e86a1a-6b9a-410c-a398-4727caa0260f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://wlssltd.co.uk/?q=node/11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960951 | 521 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Now experts from GardenBuildingsDirect.co.uk have published the top seven little known gardening laws to help Britons understand what they should and shouldn’t do in their gardens.
The list covers common issues such as overhanging branches, boundary disputes, blocked sunlight and wind fallen fruit, among others.
Gardeners could be forgiven for finding the laws confusing, as they can be counter-intuitive and complex.
For example, a person may cut back tree branches that overhang into their garden, as long as they do not go past the boundary line and there is no Tree Preservation Order in place.
But they cannot keep the trimmings nor any fruit or flowers on them – nor can they simply throw the branches back into the tree owner’s garden without permission.
Disputes over boundaries may require a hard look at the house deeds, and even then, there may be issues if the boundaries have changed over time.
There can also be confusion over whether it is legal to allow a tree to block sunlight to a window.
A spokesman for GardenBuildingsDirect.co.uk said: “Most of us want to be good, law abiding neighbours, but that can be difficult if we don’t actually know what the law is.
“There may be times when it would be within your legal rights to do something, but it could cause tensions with your neighbour.
“We’d always advise trying to come to a neighbourly solution first, as this is always preferable to having to call in the lawyers.
“If you brush up on the law as it stands, you may be able to avoid any sort of dispute altogether, which is always the ideal solution.”
Top Seven little-known gardening laws
1. Trimming overhanging branches
If a tree’s branches overhang into your property from a neighbour’s, you can trim them, but only up to the property line. You can’t lean into the neighbour’s garden to do this, though – this constitutes trespass.
If a tree is covered by a Tree Preservation Order, you can’t cut the branches.
2. Fruit and flowers
Although you can cut branches that hang into your garden up to the property line, they still belong to the neighbour – as do any flowers or fruit on them. Your neighbour is technically legally entitled to demand them back.
But do not just throw them into the neighbour’s garden, as this could constitute garden waste fly tipping.
Wind fallen fruit technically still belongs to the person who owns the tree. So, if your neighbour’s windfalls end up on your lawn, you might have to ask for permission if you want to keep them.
4. Fallen leaves
Tree owners are not responsible for sweeping up fallen leaves that land on your property.
5. Trees blocking light
Under the Rights of Light Act, if a window has received natural light for 20 years or more, neighbours can’t block it with a new tree.
6. Fences and boundaries
These can be tricky to resolve. The house deeds should indicate who owns fences and is responsible for boundaries (although there is no legal responsibility to keep boundaries well maintained, unless the deeds state otherwise). But boundaries can move over time and cause disputes later. You may need to contact HM Land Registry for help with boundary disputes.
If a hedge grows along the boundary between two gardens, both neighbours are responsible for trimming. If a hedge belonging to a neighbour grows into your garden, you can trim it but, as with tree branches, you must, technically, return the trimmings to the owner. | <urn:uuid:89759d2f-541f-4efc-87ff-5bcfaf034115> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.banburyguardian.co.uk/news/seven-laws-you-might-be-breaking-in-your-own-garden-without-realising-it-726663 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.950569 | 768 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Five world powers will hold talks with Iran later this month as they work to save a 2015 nuclear accord amid rising tensions in the Persian Gulf.
Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and China will meet Iran in Vienna on July 28 to discuss the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the agreement's formal name, the EU's foreign-policy service said in a statement on July 23.
"The meeting has been convened at the request of France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Iran, and will examine issues linked to the implementation of the JCPOA in all its aspects," the statement said.
Under the deal, which initially included the United States, Tehran had promised to greatly limit its nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.
Last year, U.S. President Donald Trump pulled out of the deal and reimposed economically crippling sanctions in many sectors, including the crucial oil and financial industries.
France, Germany, and Britain -- three of the six remaining accord signatories -- have tried to salvage the deal and have proposed a complicated financial barter system designed to provide some economic relief to Tehran.
Iran says it no longer feels bound by the accord and on July 1 said it had amassed more than the permitted amount of low-enriched uranium.
Efforts to salvage the deal have been complicated in recent weeks by escalating tensions between London and Tehran, which were triggered by the capture of an Iranian tanker off Gibraltar and Iran's subsequent seizure of a British-flagged oil tanker in the Hormuz Strait.
In a July 23 tweet, Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif congratulated Boris Johnson for winning a vote to become the new leader of the Conservative Party and incoming British prime minister.
But in a sign of the tough talks that lie ahead, he also warned Tehran will “protect” its waters.
"Iran does not seek confrontation. But we have 1500 miles of Persian Gulf coastline. These are our waters & we will protect them," he wrote.
"The May govt's seizure of Iranian oil (tanker) at behest of US is piracy, pure & simple," he added.
The Vienna meeting will be chaired by the EU foreign-policy service's secretary-general, Helga Schmid. | <urn:uuid:05e6480a-8122-4280-ba1d-f13ffd07b9cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-world-powers-to-meet-over-nuclear-deal-in-vienna-on-july-28/30071240.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964948 | 458 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Your computer saves the network’s profile and settings each time you connect to a wireless network. A secure key is shared using a secure channel before it is needed during the connection-establishing stage between two parties. The pre-shared key is the name for this secured key (PSK). This post will discuss a typical issue that appears after updating the router password and PSK.
This error states, “Incorrect PSK provided for network SSID,” which can occasionally cause panic given that you might need internet connectivity immediately.
How To Fix: Incorrect PSK Provided For Network SSID
Let’s explore the possible cause of this error message first.
What Results in Incorrect PSK Provided for Network SSID Error?
Your PC may be unable to match the shared key (PSK) of your router if you unintentionally changed it while changing your Wi-Fi password, and it will begin displaying an “Incorrect PSK Provided for Network SSID Error” notice.
This issue can potentially be brought on by a corrupt network driver. Or the same difficulty could be caused by using the incorrect Wi-Fi password, albeit that is not always the case.
Your router may be using the default Windows adapter, which is another scenario that could happen. In this situation, the router may be treated as a WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access II) network even when it is actually utilising WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) encryption, and vice versa. Even if you are using the right password, the authentication will fail if this is the case.
This post has looked into and compiled a few methods that you can try to fix the “Incorrect PSK Provided for Network SSID” problem in light of these potential causes.
You don’t need to panic because the causes are obvious; instead, you should do the steps listed below. We truly hope that this manual will assist you in solving your issue.
Remember to double-check that you are not connecting with the wrong password before attempting any of the subsequent steps.
7 Ways to fix the network SSID problem caused by incorrect PSK
The 7 fixes listed below can all be used to resolve this issue. You might not have to give them all a go, though. All you have to do is adhere to the established hierarchy.
1. Start the modem and router again.
Restarting your modem and router should be your first step. Although it is not a common situation, it is possible that they could become overheated and result in an error because of the lengthy run-time.
Turning off the modem and router, waiting a few minutes for it to cool off, and then turning them back on are all that are required to complete the debugging procedure in this instance.
Turning off should presumably resolve the problem by refreshing the internet connection. Continue to the following method if this approach is ineffective.
2. Upgrade your router’s network driver
As previously indicated, if Windows is utilising the default adapter, it may cause an incompatibility situation by treating the router’s WPA2 as if it were actually using WEP encryption.
Despite the user entering the correct password, this may result in an authentication problem.
Downloading and manually installing the router’s specialised driver on your PC would solve this specific problem. By doing this, the router will be compelled to recognise the appropriate encryption method.
Visit the official website and search for the driver for that specific model to get the router driver. Please make sure you are downloading the most recent driver update.
The latest router driver update should be available if you choose to use the Windows driver update option (connect with a different router to gain an internet connection).
To upgrade the router driver, go to the instructions below:
How to upgrade the router drivers in Windows?
- The run dialogue box will appear when you press Windows + R. Next, type devmgmt.msc and to access the driver management window, hit enter.
- Expand the network adaptor drop-down option in the device manager, then choose + right-click on your network driver adapter.
- Click the button labelled “Search automatically for updated driver software” on the next pop-up window, and then wait while it looks for the most recent driver. Install the update on your PC if it discovers one.
- Restart your computer after installation to see whether this fixed the issue! If not, move on to the next action.
3. Eliminate any current wireless network profiles.
Your computer will save the network settings and profile when it joins a wireless network. Even after changing the password, the profile and settings can occasionally remain the same.
Incorrect PSK given for network SSID error may result from this. You should try deleting the current wireless network profile from your computer to see if that fixes the issue. To remove the network profile from the network manager, follow the instructions below.
- In the notification box, right-click the network symbol and choose Internet and Network Settings.
- Now select the Wi-Fi option from the left side panel, and then select Manage Known Networks.
- The list will include every network that has ever been connected.
- Select your desired network and then click the forget button. Your chosen network profile will be removed from your device.
- Now try connecting to the network once more to see if it fixes the problem. You should move on to the next method if you are still experiencing the issue.
4. Manually connect to a wireless network
If you are still receiving the wrong PSK given for network SSID problem after uninstalling the wireless network profile from your PC, you could try manually connecting to the wireless network and creating a new network profile.
To do that, go through these steps sequentially:
How can you connect to a wireless network manually?
- The run dialogue box will appear when you press Windows + R.
- After that, click Ok after entering control in the run dialogue box.
- By clicking on the network and sharing centre after picking a little icon on the control panel, you may quickly see all the available options.
- The next step is to select the option to “put up a new connection or network.”
- Next, select the option to manually connect to a wireless network.
- Add the name and password for your wireless network in the following window. Next, you must set the security type to WPA2-Personal.
- Finally, in order to connect to the wireless network, you must choose to use the existing network option. Try to open a webpage if the connection is created successfully to determine whether the problem has been resolved.
You should try connecting to the current network profile using the command prompt if the manual connection does not resolve the problem.
5. Connect to an existing network profile by using the Elevated command prompt.
Even though your problem ought to be resolved by now, there’s a potential that the Network SSID error’s incorrect PSK is still in place.
When no other approaches appeared to be working, some customers have reported that connecting to the existing network profile using the Elevated command prompt was successful.
The following would be the procedure for this approach:
- Open the run window, then enter cmd. Additionally, to open the elevated command prompt, press Control + Shift + Enter. On the user account control (UAC) prompt, select yes.
- To acquire a list of all wireless network profiles, type the command below:
|netsh wlan show profiles|
- Type the following command, followed by the enter key, after locating the wireless network profile you wish to connect to.
|netsh wlan connect name= “network profile name”|
Keep in mind that you must fill in the placeholder with your actual network profile name.
6. Update Windows
It could be challenging for an outdated operating system to handle the most recent drivers and software updates. This may be a legitimate explanation for why connecting to a router results in an incorrect PSK error.
Try updating Windows if it’s the outdated version that’s causing the issue. It’s really easy to update the windows; just work your way down the list.
- Enter the command window while logged in as the administrator.
- In the command prompt, enter sfc/scannow.
- Sfc /scannow will check all of your computer’s crucial system files, including Windows DLL files. If any of these protected files have issues, it will replace them.
Verify that the Incorrect PSK Provided for Network SSID is repaired after the full upgrade!
7. Scan the files in your operating system
You could try to scan those files with Windows Defender to see if you can detect any infected files that are stopping you from connecting to the internet network since it is possible that your operating system files are contaminated with viruses or malware.
Infected files must be removed as soon as possible if you discover any to restore the network.
You can either use Windows Defender’s normal scanning method or the SFC command to scan the operating system files. Use the instructions below to run a fast scan on your computer.
- Launch the command window while logged in as the administrator.
- In the command prompt, enter sfc/scannow.
- Sfc /scannow will check all of your computer’s crucial system files, including Windows DLL files. It will replace any of these protected files that have issues if they are discovered.
On a Windows computer, network problems frequently occur. After a few setting changes, a system restart, or a modem restart, the majority of them settle down. However, problems like using the wrong PSK could cause users to worry.
We hope that using these techniques will enable you to solve the issue and resume enjoying internet connectivity. | <urn:uuid:c9a364c1-4775-41d4-94e5-23aa95c58162> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://riseupgamer.com/how-to-fix-incorrect-psk-provided-for-network-ssid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.896288 | 2,066 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Northwest Pediatrics Prepares to Vaccinate Kids Against COVID-19, But Pfizer ‘Persnickety’ for Rural Communities
By Claudia Yaw / firstname.lastname@example.org
As the race to vaccinate against COVID-19 continues, pediatricians are gearing up for when the Pfizer vaccine will be approved for children as young as 12 years old. But with stricter temperature requirements, shorter shelf life, and batches of 1,170 doses, the Pfizer vaccine poses hurdles – especially for rural communities like Lewis County.
Simply put, the Pfizer vaccine is “persnickety,” according to Northwest Pediatrics Medical Director Dr. Jennifer Polley. Batch size alone is a problem for small clinics in small communities.
“As of last week, I couldn’t place an order for Pfizer because I can’t take 1100 doses,” Polley told The Chronicle. ‘We just can’t. We don’t have the option. We couldn’t use all of them. It’s a statewide problem for rural communities. “
However, Northwest Pediatrics has already administered Pfizer doses. The vaccine is the only one approved for people ages 16 or 17, and the children’s clinic has organized vaccine events for locals up to 26 years old.
But to get their hands on Pfizer, Northwest Pediatrics and other clinics nationwide must use some sort of middleman: larger clinics that can order the big lots from the state and then transfer smaller quantities to smaller clinics.
In the case of Northwest Pediatrics, Polley himself made the drive to Olympia to pick up the 66 doses – just 11 vials – needed for one clinic. She made the trip in her personal car on Monday.
While the transfer is above board and tracked by the state, Polley noted that not all small children’s clinics necessarily have the connections or relationships to transfer those smaller amounts from other providers.
News outlets reported late this week that Pfizer would start shipping smaller amounts of their COVID-19 vaccine to suppliers. But the shift may not occur until the end of May.
It is an effort to reach more people looking for a vaccine, and reflects the increasingly focused approach to vaccination that public health officials have taken in recent weeks. For example, in Lewis County, public health officials announced this week that they will set up small clinics run by the Washington Army National Guard to parks, apartment complexes, or wherever at least 20 local residents want to get vaccinated.
As children become the new vaccination limits, Northwest Pediatrics will be committed to vaccinating young people, who can come to vaccine clinics, regardless of whether they are existing patients in the clinic. Polley said the hope is to run multiple Pfizer clinics per week.
While most young people who contract COVID-19 don’t develop serious symptoms, experts say vaccinating children will be critical to ending the pandemic. The long-term effects of COVID-19 on children are still unclear. And even if children acquire COVID-19 and are asymptomatic, transmission and replication means that the virus can continue to mutate, creating variants that are more deadly or transmissible and spark a new wave of disease.
“Maybe the B.1.1.7 makes it a little bit more transferable, or the B.126.96.36.199 gets a little bit sicker,” Polley said. ‘But what happens when those mutations come together? Do you see what I mean? “
Polley said parents naturally have questions and concerns about vaccinating their children, and a common question is whether or not caregivers would dose their own children.
“One hundred percent. Two hundred percent. Two thousand percent,” she said. “We would never give it if we didn’t think it was right.”
Pfizer vaccines will be available to anyone from 16 to 26 years old this Tuesday and Thursday at Northwest Pediatrics’ Cooks Hill Road site in 1911. The clinics are not listed on the State Department of Health website, so please order To make an appointment, call 360-736-6778 between 8am and 5pm | <urn:uuid:cb638f1d-ee46-4881-ab81-13da66bca786> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oceansidedailynews.com/northwest-pediatrics-prepares-to-vaccinate-kids-against-covid-19-but-pfizer-persnickety-for-rural-communities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.937255 | 878 | 1.90625 | 2 |
By Andrew Gobin, photos by Francesca Hillery
The nuisance in the back yard known for its annoying sting and pungent earthy smell, nettle is not the most desirable flora of the Pacific Northwest. For northwest tribes, however, nettle is a cultural and traditional staple. The Rediscovery Program at the Hibulb Cultural Center began their spring harvest of nettle sprouts March 12th, working to reintroduce the use of nettle into the community and continuing the revitalization of our culture.
Inez Bill, who has spent the last ten years learning about how to use nettle, harvested nettle sprouts on the bluff above Arcadia on the Tulalip Reservation. Derek Houle, who has been involved with the culture program for most of his life, and Lauw-Ya Spencer, who became involved in 2012 through the summer youth program, joined Bill as they gathered the sprouts to use in the rediscovery program. They then process the nettle sprouts for use in foods and preserve some nettle for continued use throughout the year.
“Nettle was a staple for our people for hundreds of years,” explained Bill, “It has tremendous health benefits. For food you have to harvest the sprouts in the spring, or in the summer you can harvest the tops of the nettle, the stock gets too hard. Here at the museum we have expanded the uses. We make nettle tea and different flavored lemonades with nettle tea. We also have created Hibulb Bread, which is like buckskin bread, only more healthy and nutritional.”
Bill and her husband, the late Hank Gobin, learned to harvest and prepare nettle and other traditional flora from Valerie Segrest, Elise Krohn, and the late Bruce Miller, whose dedicated themselves to cultural revitalization and educating about traditional flora. Bringing that knowledge to the rediscovery program, Bill continues their work in revitalizing traditional plant use. As a girl, Bill’s elders instilled in her the respect and reverence for these traditional plants as foods and as medicines and she hands down those teachings throughout the rediscovery program. She also gets creative, incorporating nettle into many recipes.
“The Hibulb bread is diabetic friendly. It is made with ground almond meal instead of flour, and without salt or sugar. Ground nettle is added, but we had to play around with how much was the right amount.” said Bill.
A true superfood, nettle is packed with nutrients. It can be ground up and added to almost any dish for a healthy boost. The cultural center makes a seasoning, ground nettle for recipe ingredients, blanched and frozen nettle for later in the year, nettle stock, nesto (nettle pesto), and so much more. As a cultural staple, beyond food, nettle was traditionally made into twine and nets, it is one of the stronger natural twines.
To learn more about the rediscovery program, or to participate in activities, contact Inez Bill at the Hibulb Cultural Center at (360) 716-2638.
Nutrients of nettle mg/100g (About 1 Cup)
- Calcium 2900
- Magnesium 860
- Iron 41.8
- Potassium 1750
- Vitamin A 18,700 AU
- Vitamin C 83
- Thiamine .54
- Riboflavin .43
- Niacin 5.2
- Chromium 3.9
- Cobalt 13.2
- Phosphorus 447
- Zinc 4.7
- Manganese 860
- Selenium 2.2
- Sodium 4.9
- Protein 16.5%
Andrew Gobin is a reporter with the See-Yaht-Sub, a publication of the Tulalip Tribes Communications Department.
Phone: (360) 716.4188 | <urn:uuid:7516daf6-24a1-4113-a643-12326ee42e39> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tulalipnews.com/wp/tag/nettle-harvesting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95138 | 836 | 3.0625 | 3 |
The first of thousands of trees to be planted across the upper River Aire catchment took place today (Tuesday) as part of a pilot natural flood management project.
Councillor Judith Blake CBE, Leader of Leeds City Council, planted the first tree on site at Eshton Beck, Gargrave, witnessed by volunteers, landowners, local authorities and partners. This pilot site will have 450 trees planted, to see how natural techniques can slow the flow of water and reduce the risk of flooding downstream.
Ray Bridge Farm, Eshton Beck, Gargrave is the location of the first pilot site where trees such as Dogwood, Guelder Rose, Downy Birch, Alder, and willow will be planted along with hedgerows of hawthorn, blackthorn and hazel. Yorkshire Wildlife Trust staff and volunteers will be leading the planting of trees at the site.
The natural flood management pilot forms part of the Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme, led by Leeds City Council in partnership with the Environment Agency, which has a catchment-wide approach to flood risk as it enters its second stage.
This £500,000 pilot programme, which has been funded by Leeds City Council, forms part of plans to plant hundreds of thousands of trees that will support the second phase of the Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme.
Working with natural processes to reduce flood risk, known as natural flood management, is an important part of managing and reducing flood risk in a sustainable way alongside more traditional engineering solutions. The interventions will also create habitat for wildlife and help regenerate rural and urban areas through tourism.
The pilot sites will allow the team to be able to do monitoring and research of the techniques used to gather evidence and increase their understanding and the benefits they give to reducing flood risk. The pilot programme will also be used by the Environment Agency and Leeds City Council to develop a co-design approach to working with landowners, tenants, local authorities and other key partners such as the Aire Rivers Trust and the White Rose Forest. This will help to then develop future plans for the catchment.
The leader of Leeds City Council Councillor Judith Blake said:
“These new trees are a hugely significant part of our plans to protect Leeds from future flooding like the devastation we saw on Boxing Day 2015. It’s great to be working with partner authorities along the River Aire to get the first of the trees planted. They are part of what will be a range of natural flood management measures in a catchment-wide approach to prevent future catastrophic floods affecting communities along the river.”
Adrian Gill, Area Flood Risk Manager at the Environment Agency said:
“I’m really pleased to launch this pilot programme in partnership with Leeds City Council. Using natural techniques to minimise flood risk while creating new habitats and increasing woodland cover across the Aire catchment will help realise the ambitions set out in the Defra’s 25 year environment plan.
“While we can never truly eliminate the threat of flooding, working together across local authority boundaries to develop and deliver this programme will help us to create better, more effective solutions to a catchment-wide challenge.”
Following the successful opening of the £50million first phase of the scheme serving the city centre, Holbeck and Woodlesford in October last year, phase two identifies measures further upstream including the Kirkstall corridor which was badly hit by the 2015 Christmas floods. It also looks at areas beyond the city boundary to further reduce the possibility of the river flooding in Leeds, as well as additional measures to offer protection for the South Bank area of the city centre which is a key future economic driver for Leeds.
The phase two plans have a strong focus on natural flood management, with proposals to create new woodland areas which would more than double canopy coverage in the River Aire catchment. It also proposes water storage areas to be created and developed, operated by control gates system meaning water can be held and then released back into the river when safe to do so. A third element would be the removal of existing obstructions along the river to help reduce water levels, along with lowering the riverbed in places to improve its capacity and flow.
An outline business case for phase 2 has been completed, which was submitted at the end of January 2018. Outline design for engineered options is being progressed, which will be followed by a tender process with an aim to awarding the construction contract award in autumn 2018. | <urn:uuid:01cfcafd-3fb4-4c48-98e2-76930f50019e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://leedsstar.co.uk/news/first-tree-planted-as-part-of-natural-flood-management-pilot-for-river-aire/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.953246 | 909 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Direct solar water heaters use roof mounted solar “collectors” to absorb energy from the sun. The energy collected is then used to heat the water stored in the storage tank. … Indirect heating prevents water freezing in the collectors and pipe-work, which can permanently damage the system.
Solar water heaters capture the heat and light from the sun inside the solar collectors which are typically mounted on the north facing aspect of a roof. Water is drawn into the collectors from a storage tank, located either on the roof (a close coupled, or thermosiphon system) or at ground level (a split system). The heated water travels from the bottom to the top of the collector, where it is then returned to the tank, ready for use. In areas that are prone to frost, or with water quality issues, there are “indirect systems” which use a patented heat exchange fluid system. These systems prevent water from freezing in the pipe-work or collectors and damaging the system .
Solar water heaters come in a range of tank sizes and boosting capacities. Solar water heaters require installation by a suitably qualified person. Contact your plumber or click on the “Find an Installer” button on the website for more information.
There are two types of solar heaters – direct and indirect.
Direct systems are designed for warmer climates while indirect systems are designed for cooler climates that experience frost.
Direct solar water heaters
Direct solar water heaters use roof mounted solar “collectors” to absorb energy from the sun. The energy collected is then used to heat the water stored in the storage tank. Generally, this is achieved by running the water through channels (also known as “risers”) in the
collector. As the water moves up the collector it gets hotter and returns into the tank, ready to use.
Indirect solar water heaters are designed for frost prone climates. They work similarly to direct models but rather than ‘directly’ heating the water in the solar collectors, a special fluid with anti-freeze properties is heated. This fluid, kept within an enclosed circuit in Rheem Premier Loline systems, transfers the heat to the water when it “drains back” into the tank. In this way the sun does heats the water indirectly, heating the fluid which then heats the water. Indirect heating prevents water freezing in the collectors and pipe-work, which can permanently damage the system. Indirect solar water heaters have true frost protection and do not rely on frost valves which can be unreliable.
A heat pump water heater consists of an insulated storage tank and a heating module. The heating module must be installed outdoors, but there are options to install the storage tank either outdoors with the heating module, or indoors separated from the heating module by up to 4 metres.
A heat pump works to heat water by transferring the intensified warmth from the air around it into the water, stored in the tank, via a heat exchange system that works in a similar way to an air conditioner.
When emptied, it takes time to reheat to have you back in hot water. Heat pumps draw less electricity than a traditional electric storage water heater, and in doing so, are more energy efficient. They do take longer to heat water, so consider a larger tank capacity to ensure you have enough hot water when you need it.
Heat pumps are an ideal replacement option for an electric water heater as they will often use existing plumbing; or as an alternative to solar where unshaded north facing or limited roof space is a problem as they don’t require the installation of roof mounted solar collectors.
A good-sized roof – most houses will use 2 collectors which are each around 2m tall x 1 m wide. That means you need at least 2m x 2m, plus some clearance space on your roof. You’ll also need some ground space for the ground-mounted hot water storage tank. For a roof-mounted tank, you’ll need even more roof space .
A north-facing roof area – it’s best if the collectors can be mounted facing north in order to capture the most sunlight. If you’re not sure, use a compass or go to Google Earth to check if you’ve got a north-facing roof area.
An area free from shade – the roof where the solar collectors are fitted needs to get plenty of sunlight – so watch out for shade from trees or surrounding buildings.
Climate can also be a factor when choosing a solar heater. Extreme weather areas that get frost or very high heat will need a product designed to suit the climate.
Remember, a plumber or solar installer can help you make sure you have the right set-up, Contact James today for a free quote.
If your house doesn’t suit solar, a Heat Pump is a great alternative. We call it ‘solar without the panels’.
Heat Pumps can attract solar rebates and incentives. | <urn:uuid:72dabccd-7ad0-460e-876f-04968cd8ddbe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://barplumbing.com.au/solar-water-heater/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929233 | 1,033 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Our 2019 PCT School will offer something that we’ve never seen before at our previous schools.
For the first time, we’ll offer the NCSU Hands-On Spray School and Live Learning Course. This course will be held off-site at the NCSU Structural Pest Management Training Facility at 4000 Chi Road in Raleigh on Jan. 29.
This 4-hour, hands-on training session for pest management managers and technicians will focus on proper equipment handling, calibration and repair and how to ensure accurate pesticide application rates and techniques.
Join us on Jan. 29 at the NCSU Structural Pest Management Training Facility in Raleigh to learn:
- Complete B&G hand sprayer rebuilding
- Backpack sprayers both battery and hand operated
- Power rigs both battery and gasoline powered
- Spray patterns
We are excited to offer this course for our PCT attendees and can’t wait to see everyone learning new skills.
BUT, space is limited at the Training Facility. So, registration is required.
Don’t miss your chance to take part in this great interactive learning experience. | <urn:uuid:5f710785-1bba-44b7-8af2-929c5e3e2859> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ncpestmanagement.org/news-events/pct-update-ncsu-hands-spray-school-and-live-learning-course | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.898809 | 239 | 1.5625 | 2 |
In English, Year 4 have been learning all about the features and organisation of explanation texts. After looking at a range of examples, the children noticed that these are written in the third person, in the present tense and are organised into clear sections using questions as sub-headings. They discovered that these texts use a range of causal conjunctions to explain why and how (e.g because, so, therefore, consequently, as a result). They also found that time conjunctions may be included to order a process clearly (e.g firstly, after that, meanwhile). Next, the children came up with their own imaginative idea for a new machine, writing an explanation of who might use it and how it works. We had some great inventions, including the Lucky Love Translator, The Timey Chimey Traveller and The Growth Ray 3000, to name a few!
This links well with our topic, where the children are putting their explanation skills to the test as they explain the different movements of Earth’s tectonic plates, using a combination of text and diagrams. We are also looking forward to creating our own booklets all about volcanoes! | <urn:uuid:a2eb8af6-b7e8-43da-9976-677c3db2fa40> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gatewayschool-bucks.co.uk/school-life/latest-news/year-4-elaborate-explanations-eccentric-machines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964721 | 236 | 4.21875 | 4 |
Analysis of motor performance of school practitioners of indoor soccer and volleyball
AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the motor performance of students from the regular practice of indoor soccer and volleyball. The study group consisted of 60 males, mean age 16 ± 0.4 years, divided into two groups: indoor soccer (GF) (n = 32) and volleyball players (GV) (n = 28). All individuals analyzed possessed a regular practice of two weekly classes of 60 minutes each session in their respective sports, at least 6 months of practice and could not perform other physical activities/sports regularly in extracurricular period. To evaluate the physical and motor skills were used in testing protocols Shuttle Run or Race-and-Go Comes Johnson and Nelson (1979) for agility, software Pereira, Teixeira, Villis, and Corazza (2009) for the TRS and TRE, and cinesiômetro (Paixão, 1981) and goniometer (Hurley, Rees, & Newham, 1998) proprioception to the upper and lower limbs respectively. For data analysis, was made use of descriptive statistics, with the t test for independent samples, using the statistical package SPSS version 14.0, with a significance level alpha of 5%. The results showed no statistically significant difference between groups in any physical-motor ability assessed.
The authors of submitted manuscripts must transfer the full copyright to Journal Motricidade / Desafio Singular Editions. Granting copyright permission allows the publication and dissemination of the article in printed or electronic formats and copyrights start at the moment the manuscript is accepted for publication. It also allows Journal Motricidade to use and commercialize the article in terms of licensing, lending or selling its content to indexation/abstracts databases and other entities.
According to the terms of the Creative Commons licence, authors may reproduce a reasonable number of copies for personal or professional purpose but without any economic gains. SHERPA/RoMEO allows authors to post a final digital copy (post-printing version) of the article in their websites or on their institutions' scientific repository. | <urn:uuid:b1cbd6ec-07cd-4dd9-b50b-cb2b934b296b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://revistas.rcaap.pt/motricidade/article/view/1123 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.891768 | 472 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Most adults experience the ‘Sunday Scaries’, even if you don’t know what that is. According to the Cleveland Clinic, “The Sunday scaries are feelings of intense anxiety and dread that routinely occur every Sunday. They often start in the late afternoon and continue into the evening. However, depending on a person’s level of anxiety, these feelings can start as soon as they get out of bed,” says Psychologist Susan Albers, PsyD.
Now imagine, instead of a looming 8am alarm clock on Monday, that you are staring down 9 months of a school year without knowing what to expect, who you will be, and how you will measure up to your peers. It’s understandable that students may be experiencing a case of the ‘Back to School Scaries’ this time of year.
Knowing how to support students during this time can be a challenge. You know that mental health is important and we are here to provide a few suggestions on how you can equip yourself for back to school planning to deflect some student anxiety in the coming weeks.
First, it’s important to understand that back to school is different for kids today than it was in the past. Not only are children and young adults dealing with an enormous difference in connectivity, social media, and technology, but many are coming from an experience of education in the time of Covid.
We had the opportunity to speak to a 17-year-old who is going to be a senior this school year about her experiences as a student, specifically a student who spent most of her high school experience through the lens of Covid. She mentioned, “Covid kids appreciate school more.”
Simply the idea of being able to wake up, get dressed, and be around people was not something that she got to experience for most of her high school career. When we asked her how covid kids are different from their parents she said, “[Covid kids] have had to adapt faster. We have had things change all the time without knowing how they were going to turn out.”
Considering this, in addition to all the typical pressures of meeting new people, having new classes, and fitting in, it’s completely understandable why many students are feeling anxiety about a new school year. Students may experience unhealthy habits or coping mechanisms when trying to process mental health issues or feelings of being overwhelmed. But what can you do about it? You can help students prepare for these feelings by communicating with your young person. Specifically, with the goal of understanding their concerns instead of making assumptions about their feelings. Some questions you could ask are:
- What are some worries that you have about the school year?
- How can I support you through the school year?
- What can I do now to set you up for success this school year?
- Is there someone you can go to at school if you’re feeling overwhelmed or anxious?
Be understanding if the student in your life doesn’t know how to answer these questions right away. Young people may not always have the words to express how they are feeling which can lead to them shutting down, rolling their eyes, shrugging, or shutting you out.
If you struggle with the child in your life shutting down or you feel they are shutting you out, you may need a change of scenery. Find an activity that you both like to do, for example going for a walk, trying a new restaurant, reading a book together, or even coloring. This mutual activity may open the lines of communication in a way that you might not expect. Ask the questions above in the ‘less stress’ environment and you might be surprised at the different outcome. If it doesn’t work the first time, keep trying. They want you to reach out, but they might not always show it in the way you expect. Once you connect in a different way, you may be encouraged by what a difference it makes.
If you feel that a student close to you is struggling and you don’t know what to do to support them, you can reach out to their school’s administration to inquire about school linked mental health services that are available to your student at their school. ZVHC actively works with Kingsland, Rochester Public Schools and Alternative Learning Center, Pine Island School District, Stewartville Public Schools, and Rochester Community and Technical college.
You can also find resources and referrals to reputable children’s mental health professionals, including our team of professionals. If the student you support is experiencing anxiety, depression or thoughts of suicide, call the Crisis Response line at 844.274.7472, text MN to 741741, or contact the National Suicide Hotline via phone at 988 chat at 988lifeline.org.
When the student in your life can name what they are feeling, and when they feel supported by you, they will feel confident that they are starting the school year prepared. Fresh notebooks, new shoes, and a healthy mental state – just what every child needs on the first day of school.
For more information about children’s mental health support, please contact us at https://www.zvhc.org/contact/. | <urn:uuid:8a4ddc38-8d32-4cae-b846-49a79eb71f4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.zvhc.org/news/2022/07/student-mental-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970406 | 1,081 | 2.4375 | 2 |
There are, however, plenty of short summer courses available that give the sort of experience that builds confidence and develops some of the skills that students wanting to train further will need. Some of these are run by venues and theatre companies. The Gulbenkian Theatre, located on the campus of the University of Kent in Canterbury, for instance, is running a week-long Summer Drama Project and a parallel Summer Dance intensive this year. Both of these are for participants aged 12-18. Shakespeares Globe offers courses aimed specifically at young people aiming for professions in the performing arts industries. The Young Actors Summer School is a one-week intensive course designed for students who are interested in full-time drama training or in studying drama at university, according to the Globes website. You have the Paediatric First Aid Training chance to work with leading actors, voice experts and movement coaches and will present work on the Globe stages. As well as this, the theatres two-week summer school works on acting and audition skills. One advantage of undertaking a summer course at a drama school is that you are often taught by the same people who teach the full-time courses. If you have the potential that the school wants, these tutors are in a strong position to encourage you to apply, though it bears repeating that there is no guarantee of an offer. My Rose Bruford summer school was led by Tony James.
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And that makes you memorable, but in a bad method. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's finest admissions https://writemyessaytoday.us/ consulting service. We mix world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions methods. We've overseen thousands of scholars get into their top choice colleges, from state colleges to the Ivy League. I've give you about 35 different brainstorming jumping off points that ask questions about your life and your experiences. The thought here is to jog your reminiscence about the key life occasions which have formed you and affected you deeply. | <urn:uuid:8346fdd5-641d-4b68-8337-3d1737d73f15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dlb.laceramica.in/article-generator-essay-generator-auto-content-material/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.937374 | 674 | 2.125 | 2 |
WASHINGTON (AP) — After more than a decade of mostly losses, tax authorities can finally get the cash infusion it has long wanted in the economic package those are democrats working frantically to push through Congress before their break in August.
Under a deal worked out by Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and West Virginia Senator Joe Manchin, the bill would spend an additional $79.6 billion on the beleaguered bureau over the next 10 years. The plan would generate an additional $203.7 billion in revenue for the federal government over that period, for a net profit of more than $124 billion, the Congressional Budget Office projects.
As the Senate prepares to vote on the bill in the coming days, the IRS proposal has become a magnet for GOP attacks, putting democratic unity to the test as they try to meet key priorities in the area of government. climate and health care prior to the autumn midterm elections.
Democrats say the IRS investment is needed to make sure businesses and wealthier Americans pay what they owe in taxes. But Republicans warn that this will lead to increased scrutiny of small business owners and others taxed enough.
The IRS has been largely on the losing end of congressional funding battles for the past twelve years. In April, IRS Commissioner Charles Rettig told Senate finance committee members that the agency’s budget has fallen by more than 15% in the past decade, taking inflation into account, and that the number of 79,000 full-time employees in last fiscal year was close. to the 1974 level.
The enforcement workforce has been hit even harder, declining by some 30% since 2010, although the number of cases has increased.
“Every measure important for effective tax administration has suffered greatly in recent years, with serious shortcomings due to underinvestment in human capital and information technology,” said Rettig.
sen. Tom Carper, D-Del., a longtime member of the Senate Finance Committee, said he hears the same thing every few years from IRS commissioners, regardless of whether they serve a Republican or Democratic government.
“They’re begging us to provide some resources to the IRS so they can do their job,” Carper said.
Democrats see an opportunity to change that. More than half of their proposed spending increase would go to enforcement. The next largest portion, $25.3 billion, would go to operational support such as rent, security and postage. Another $4.75 billion would go toward improving callback services and other technology designed to improve customer service. And $3.2 billion would go toward pre-filing and educational aid.
Senate Finance Committee chairman Ron Wyden, D-Ore., called the investment “essential as a tool to ensure we have rational tax policies.”
“This gives us the opportunity to increase the revenues of wealthy tax fraudsters who can’t pay what they owe,” Wyden said.
GOP lawmakers reject the plan, proposing a larger IRS as a means of harassing voters.
At a time of inflation, Democrats also want to spend $80 billion to roughly double the IRS so they can take more money from the American people through harassment and audits, and use taxpayers’ money to make taxpayers’ lives worse. Senate Republican Leader Mitch McConnell said Thursday in the Senate.
“I think it’s terrible for them to want to arm the Internal Revenue Service, to increase it in an effort to go after families and farmers and small businesses and try to raise more money,” Senator John Barrasso said. , R.-Wyo. “It’s basically a shakedown operation.”
One specific complaint is that the Democratic proposal should have devoted more resources to customer service rather than focusing on enforcement. The pandemic forced the IRS to temporarily close its processing facilities for health and safety reasons. That has led to unprecedented delays and challenges with the IRS still struggling to catch up.
“First, get good, honest taxpayers who are just trying to get basic help from the IRS,” said Senator Steve Daines, R-Mont.
In a letter to lawmakers on Thursday, Rettig emphasized that the resources in the package would bring the IRS back to historic standards in areas that challenge the agency. These include large corporations and high net worth taxpayers, as well as multinational taxpayers, where sophisticated, specialized teams are needed to unpack complex structures. He also said the check rates would not increase from past years for those with annual incomes less than $400,000.
“These resources are definitely not about increasing scrutiny of small businesses or middle-income Americans,” Rettig wrote.
The CBO projections indicate that the IRS measures represent about one-sixth of the revenue raised by the bill, and that revenue will go toward helping people buy private health insurance, boosting federal investment in renewable energies such as wind. – and solar, and paying off debt, among other things.
It’s unclear what aspects of Democratic tax proposals could change before the Senate completes work on the bill, but Wyden said he’s confident the spending increase for the IRS will remain in the final package.
“I can tell you that so far I have not objected in the Democratic caucus to this provision to bolster the IRS resources so that they can pursue wealthy tax fraud,” Wyden said. | <urn:uuid:230c4f95-53d9-4967-a015-556d7a527f49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freeware-blog.org/2022/08/05/stricter-irs-enforcement-is-central-to-dem-s-economic-package/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.960024 | 1,094 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Stop It With the Millennial Stereotypes Already
Everyone is talking about me. They’re analyzing my behavior and criticizing my attitude (namely my narcissism). They’re pitying my inability to connect with people in a “real” way. They’re worried about my job prospects and financial future, but they champion my optimism and are in awe of my resiliency. Oh, and by the way, I mean the royal “me” of my generation, the Millennials.
Since the media seems to think everyone born between the early 1980s and early 2000s share the same exact traits and lifestyles, it seems fitting to take all of their chastisement and praise very, very personally.
I don’t know what exactly has gotten me so defensive about being a Millennial. If I could give all the credit to Joel Stein’s already well-lambasted cover story in Time, I would. However, there’s been a recent obsession with both tearing down and raising up the Millennial generation.
Stein wrote about how obsessed we are with ourselves and sharing every drippy, mundane detail about our lives, but that we’re also incredibly optimistic and ambitious about our futures. To give credit where credit is due, he didn’t pull that out of thin air, and articles, parents and co-workers tend to talk about us in the same terms.
Another popular Millennial stereotype often discussed in this season of commencement speeches is how tech-savvy Millennials are, but how much trouble we have forming “real” connections. Or, as Professor Jennie-Rebecca Falcetta wrote, we have great SAT scores, but are too focused on A’s to have any intellectual curiosity — or to like John Hughes’ “The Breakfast Club.”
So, let me drop some knowledge and clarify a few assumptions. First and foremost, I LOVE “The Breakfast Club.” Millennials pretty much all adore John Hughes. I’ll pay you to find one that can’t quote at least five lines from “Ferris Bueller’s Day Off.”
Also, we don’t all love taking “selfies” and tweeting about what we’re eating for breakfast. When it comes to online social interactions, I am about as hesitant and neurotic as Woody Allen circa any 1970s romantic comedy of your choice.
And even though my generation by and large tweets a lot more than others, so what? Stein himself brags about how many Facebook friends he has. That’s just as narcissistic (and it’s both obnoxious and creepy coming from anyone over the age of 12).
Pretty much all commentary about Millennials’ desire to share personal information misses an important pattern: Each generation indulges in a little more self-exposure than the previous one. I’d bet plenty of Boomers were scandalized or at least perplexed by the Gen-Xers airing their sex lives and political views on “The Real World” when it premiered in 1992.
But I digress, because generations have been stereotyped into neat boxes of uniformly annoying characteristics for, well, generations. I know that endless ink was spilled in the 1960s and 1970s about how Baby Boomers were spoiled, overprivileged runts who were too weak and deluded to defend their country or respect national traditions. In fact, Baby Boomers faced much harsher attacks, so neither I, nor I doubt any Millennial, feels that offended by the critiques lobbed against us.
I’m not protesting the fact that reporters and pundits who aren’t Millennials tend to homogenize us. Rather, I wonder what they think this exercise in futility will achieve? Do they feel better trying to analyze, but in actuality just weakly stereotype us? Why do they want to write about how we’re the worst? Or the best? Is it something I’ll have to wait and understand when I’m their age?
Especially as a journalist, I am left asking why anyone bothers wasting time with these pieces. As Elspeth Reeve at The Atlantic Wire noted, there’s a pretty well-established pattern of older generations complaining that the current teenage-to-twenty-somethings are the most rotten group of brats that ever roamed the United States. Then these rotten brats grow up and do pretty okay and mature and don’t turn out as horrible (or as great) as people thought they would. I feel like there should be a “Saturday Night Live” “Weekend Update” skit of “Really with Seth and Amy” about this sensationalist generational journalism.
This cyclical obsession with generational jabs is also fascinating to me as a Jew. According to the laws of Judaism, you cross the threshold to adulthood at the age of 13 (12 if you’re a girl in Orthodox circles) — and that’s it; you’re an accepted grown-up. You don’t constantly obsess and compare yourself to the people who come after you; you don’t bash them over the head with how much better or smarter or more hard-working your generation was. In fact, it’s not about generations. My conception of adulthood in Judaism has centered on holding yourself, the individual, responsible to a community that transcends generations.
Which is why after reading a piece about Millennials, I can take neither the criticism nor praise of my generation seriously. I hope the Millennial reporters and pundits will know enough not to repeat the cycle when the next generation is rising up. And I’m narcissistic enough to actually believe we’ll be better than that. | <urn:uuid:95b874b9-a925-41cc-80e0-22508b989834> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forward.com/life/177488/stop-it-with-the-millennial-stereotypes-already/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.953488 | 1,207 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Last Updated on June 19, 2019, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 266
The play lists the characters as follows: Curly McClain, Aunt Eller Murphy, Laurey Williams, Jeeter Fry, Ado Anne Carnes, A Pedlar, Cord Elam, Old Man Peck, and others of the countryside. The main characters, however, are the cowboy Curly McClain; Curley's love interest, Laurey; Laurey's Aunt Ella who raised her; and Laurey's other love interest—the farm hand, Jeeter.
The play opens with Curly, described as "tall, waggish, curly-headed young cowboy in a ten gallon hat," riding through a town singing a song. Aunt Ella, in her fifties, hears him, recognizes him, and invites him up to her house. As they chat, Curly presents himself as a laid back happy-go-lucky individual. He says he has just come over to invite Ella's niece, Laurey, to a party. Unfortunately, Curly quickly finds out that the "fair, spoiled, lovely young girl of about 18" is interested in the "bullet coloured" 35 year old hired hand named Jeeter.
Jeeter, however, quickly shows himself to be a brute. When he finally escorts Laurey to the party, she no longer feels safe being around him, and she runs to Curly for protection, saying
[Jeeter] Tried to kiss me - wouldn't let me out of here. Said he'd tried to see me all by myself fer months. He talked wild- and he threatened me.
Taking his opportunity, Curly proposes marriage to her on the spot, and she accepts. Jeeter, however, is furious and goes out of his way to seek revenge. On Curly and Laurey's wedding night, he tries to kill them by setting fire to a hay stack that the couple are sitting on.
Last Updated on May 5, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 745
Curly McClain, a footloose, ballad-singing cowboy. When he stops by Laurey’s farm to ask her to a “play-party” and she refuses, he asks Aunt Eller to go with him, singing the title song about a rejected lover abandoning the green lilacs for the “red, white, and blue” of a soldier’s life. When he notices the handyman Jeeter’s unhealthy interest in Laurey, Curly warns Jeeter off by besting him in a gun duel. At the party, when Laurey turns to him for comfort after she has fired Jeeter, he proposes marriage. After Jeeter’s accidental death while he is trying to kill Curly and Laurey, Curly is taken from his wedding celebration and held for trial, even though the crowd agrees that Jeeter provoked the fight with Curly that led to his death. Curly escapes jail for one night to go to Laurey and reassure her. He admits that as a cowboy he had few responsibilities, but his marriage to Laurey and the subsequent running of a farm will help him become a responsible citizen worthy of a new state.
Laurey Williams, a young farm owner romantic enough to dream about exotic adventures but reluctant to admit her love for Curly. Despite Curly’s promise of a fancy surrey, Laurey refuses to attend the “play-party” with him, accepting Jeeter’s offer instead, despite her fears that the handyman has set a neighbor’s house on fire as revenge for being denied food. Although Aunt Eller prefers Curly as a suitor, she admits that the farm needs a handyman. When Jeeter accosts Laurey at the party, she fires him. When Laurey turns to Curly for comfort, they admit their mutual love, and Curly proposes marriage. After the wedding and disrupted gathering afterward, Laurey locks herself in her room and refuses to eat.
Aunt Eller Murphy
Aunt Eller Murphy, a fiftyish widowed aunt of Laurey who has acted as guardian for her orphaned niece. A practical woman, she encourages Curly’s pursuit of Laurey. After the wedding and tragedy, when Curly is taken away to jail to await trial, Aunt Eller assures Laurey that he is innocent and reminds the girl that a woman’s lot in a new land is a hard one by recounting her own life’s tragedies. Worried that the marriage has not been consummated, Aunt Eller is delighted when Curly escapes custody temporarily to comfort Laurey. She cleverly defies the law so that the lovers can be together for one night, before Curly turns himself in to the federal marshal the next morning.
Jeeter Fry, the murderous farmhand who threatens Laurey. When Curly confronts Jeeter, Jeeter relates stories of the revenge taken by men on women who rejected them. In one of them, the woman is burned to death on a haystack. When Curly rejects the peddler’s attempt to sell dirty pictures, Jeeter inquires about a deadly knife, a “frog-sticker.” At the party, Jeeter’s unwelcome advances frighten Laurey, and he vows revenge for being fired. After the wedding, the drunken Jeeter disrupts the festivities but is prevented from doing harm by the crowd. Later that evening, the men place Curly and Laurey on a haystack and toss them straw dolls to represent children. After distracting the crowd by setting the hay fields on fire, the enraged Jeeter tries to torch Curly and Laurey’s haystack. When Curly jumps down to confront him, Jeeter pulls out the knife. During the ensuing fight, he falls on it and dies.
Ado Annie Carnes
Ado Annie Carnes, a simple farmgirl with little intelligence and few physical attractions. She believes Laurey’s tall tales and allows Laurey to experiment with face whitening to cover Ado Annie’s freckles. When the attempt fails, she is flustered and angry, but she rides to the party with Laurey and Jeeter. Ado Annie sits sewing with Aunt Eller when Curly escapes from jail.
A peddler, a philandering Syrian who encourages Laurey’s romantic dreams with his exotic merchandise. He provides Ado Annie with a ride to Laurey’s farm, soothes Aunt Eller’s temper, tempts Laurey with cosmetics, and sells Jeeter the deadly knife.
Old Man Peck
Old Man Peck, a neighboring farmer who gives the “play-party.” He allows Curly to stay with Laurey for their wedding night rather than returning to jail after Aunt Eller argues that Curly and Laurey’s love outweighs the law of the land. | <urn:uuid:d6ccf445-87c3-46c6-9ac4-abfcf6cfc898> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.enotes.com/topics/green-grow-lilacs/characters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.944675 | 1,471 | 1.96875 | 2 |
How did life originate? Most people believe that it began with a process called abiogenesis, the development of living organisms from nonliving mater. According to this belief a very simple life form came into existence and over millions of year its descendants changed through the process of evolution to produce the large variety of life that exists today.
Not everyone believes in abiogenesis and evolution. Some people believe the Bible’s account of how life originated; it was created by God only a few thousand years ago.
Believers in abiogenesis and creation both agree that new varieties of life are constantly being produced by a process called natural selection. An examination of how this process works might show whether abiogenesis or creation is the most likely starting point for it. | <urn:uuid:f4d39d09-d344-4d4a-b77e-6305387d7b10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clydeherrin.wordpress.com/tag/abiogenesis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.965422 | 156 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Conveyor - The Automata Network approach to tackling MEV¶
At Automata, we have created Conveyor, a service that ingests and outputs transactions in a determined order. This creates a front-running-free zone that removes the chaos of transaction reordering.
When transactions are fed into Conveyor, it determines the order of the incoming transactions and makes it impossible for block producers to perform the following:
- Inject new transactions into the Conveyor output: The inserted transactions bypassing Conveyor is detectable by anyone because of signature mismatch.
- Delete ordered transactions: Transactions accepted by Conveyor are broadcasted everywhere so transactions cannot be deleted unless ALL block producers are colluding and censoring the transactions at the same time.
From the DEX’s perspective, they can choose to accept either
- Ordered transactions from Automata’s Conveyor which is free from transaction reordering and other front-running transactions
- Other unordered transactions (which include front-running etc) that may negatively impact their users
Why should users trust Conveyor?¶
Automata’s Conveyor runs on a decentralized compute plane backed by many Geode instances. Each Geode instance can be attested so anyone can publicly verify that the Geode is running on a system with genuine hardware (i.e., CPU) and that the Geode application code matches the version that is open-sourced and audited. This provides a strong guarantee that:
- The Geode code is untampered with
- The Geode data is inaccessible to even Geode providers (In which case they cannot act on said data to front-run transactions)
Importantly, Automata’s Conveyor is a chain-agnostic solution to the MEV issue, and works seamlessly on various platforms — zero modifications needed. Here’s a demo on how trading pairs on Uniswap can be protected.
An industry-first: Oblivious RAM¶
In fully public computation, access pattern leakage is not negligible as everything is exposed. But in privacy-preserving computation, any tiny bit of information leakage becomes a significant issue. Studies have shown that access pattern leakage leads to exposure of sensitive information such as private keys from searchable encryption and trusted computing.
This is where the Oblivious RAM algorithm comes into play. Automata’s implementation is the first-of-its-kind in the blockchain industry, providing an exceedingly high degree of privacy in dApps.
This greatly reduces the probability of user privacy being leaked even as access patterns are being monitored and analyzed by malicious actors. The Automata team has authored multiple research papers on state-of-the-art ORAM and hardware technologies to enhance the privacy and performance of existing networks.
- Robust P2P Primitives Using SGX Enclaves RAID 2020
- PRO-ORAM: Practical Read-Only Oblivious RAM RAID 2019
- OblivP2P: An Oblivious Peer-to-Peer Content Sharing System USENIX Security 2016
- Preventing Page Faults from Telling Your Secrets Asia CCS 2016
The Fair Sequencing Service by ChainLink¶
The idea behind FSS is to have an oracle network order the transactions sent to a particular contract SC, including both user transactions and oracle reports. Oracle nodes ingest transactions and then reach consensus on their ordering, rather than allowing a single leader to dictate it.
FSS is a framework for implementing ordering policies, of which Aequitas (protocol for order-fairness in addition to consistency and liveness) is one example. It can alternatively support simpler approaches, such as straightforward encryption of transactions, which can then be decrypted in a threshold manner by oracle nodes after ordering. It will also support various policies for inserting oracle reports into a stream of transactions. (It can even support MEV auctions, if desired.)
- Blog post: https://blog.chain.link/chainlink-fair-sequencing-services-enabling-a-provably-fair-defi-ecosystem/
- Whitepaper (to be released later)
Arbitrum by Offchain Labs¶
Arbitrum is against MEVA and FaaS.
3 Modes of Arbitrum:
Single Sequencer: L2 MEV-Potential (Mainnet Beta)
For Arbitrum’s initial, flagship Mainnet beta release, the Sequencer will be controlled by a single entity. This entity has transaction ordering rights within the narrow / 15 minute window; users are trusting the Sequencer not to frontrun them.
Distributed Sequencer With Fair Ordering: L2-MEV-minimized (Mainnet Final Form)
The Arbitrum flagship chain will eventually have a distributed set of independent parties controlling the Sequencer. They will collectively propose state updates via the first BFT algorithm that enforces fair ordering within consensus (Aequitas). Here, L2 MEV is only possible if >1/3 of the sequencing-parties maliciously collude, hence “MEV-minimized.”
No Sequencer: No L2 MEV
A chain can be created in which no permissioned entities have Sequencing rights. Ordering is determined entirely by the Inbox contract; lose the ability to get lower latency than L1, but gain is that no party involved in L2, including Arbitrum validators, has any say in transaction ordering, and thus no L2 MEV enters the picture.
Traditionally, fairness in a blockchain has been defined in absolute terms, i.e. once a transaction is seen by a sufficient number of validators, it will be executed in some block, soon. Vega's proposal is to add a module to blockchains that supports the concept of relative fairness so that competing transactions may be sequenced under a known and understood protocol, and not subject to a validator’s discretion.
"If there is a time t such that all honest validators saw a before t and b after t, then a must be scheduled before b”. This is a property that can be assured of at any time with a minimal impact on performance.
To get the best combination, their current approach is a hybrid of the two. In normal operation, the protocol will assure block fairness. If the network detects that this causes a bottleneck, it temporarily switches to the timed approach (thus sacrificing a little fairness for performance), before switching back once the bottleneck is resolved. However, Vega will ultimately make the level of fairness customisable by market.
A collaboration between BalancerLabs and Gnosis, CowSwap is a DEX that leverages batch auctions to provide MEV protection, plus integrate with liquidity sources across DEXs to offer traders the best prices. When two traders each hold an asset the other wants, an order can be settled directly between them without an external market maker or liquidity provider. Any excess is settled in the same transaction with the best available AMM. The transaction is sent by professional “solvers” which set tight slippage bounds. Solvers compete with each other to achieve best prices for the user.
Veedo by StarkWare¶
VeeDo is StarkWare’s STARK-based Verifiable Delay Function (VDF), and its PoC is now live on Mainnet. VeeDo's time-locks allow information to be sealed for a predetermined period of time (during the sequencing phase), and then made public.
2 approaches using privacy to minimize MEV
- Time-locks as part of the protocol layer
- Time-locks on Ethereum with smart contracts - supported today
LibSubmarine is an open-source smart contract library that protects your contract against front-runners by temporarily hiding transactions on-chain.
Sikka's MEV solution to censorship and frontrunning problems is using a technique called Threshold Decryption, as a plugin to the Tendermint Core BFT consensus engine to create mempool level privacy. With this plugin, users are able to submit encrypted transactions to the blockchain, which are only decrypted and executed after being committed to a block by a quorum of 2/3 validators.
Shutter Network is an open-source project that aims to prevent frontrunning and malicious MEV on Ethereum by using a threshold cryptography-based distributed key generation (DKG) protocol.
A Shutter transaction is a transaction protected from frontrunning in the target smart contract system. It therefore passes through a sequence of stages before it is executed.
A Shutter transaction flow:
- Created and encrypted in the user's wallet;
- Sent to the batcher contract as a standard Ethereum transaction;
- Picked up and decrypted by the keypers;
- Sent to the executor contract, and
- Forwarded to the target contract. | <urn:uuid:9e54b3e8-5775-4fe4-8330-5fd0ba5eedf0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://docs.ata.network/mev/solutions/mev-minimization-prevention/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.905492 | 1,893 | 2.046875 | 2 |
November 24, 2021: Alberta’s Clean Energy Improvement Program (CEIP) provides financing to residential and commercial property owners to make energy efficiency and renewable energy upgrades more affordable. Also known as Property Assessed Clean Energy (PACE). In Alberta, CEIP offers competitive financing to cover up to 100 percent of project costs and makes repayment convenient through your property’s regular […]
September 8, 2021: Alberta Ecotrust is a unique partnership between the corporate sector and the environmental community. Together, they invest in the people and projects that protect the natural systems we rely on for life and prosperity. The Climate Innovation Fund (CIF) Grant Program offered by Alberta Ecotrust funds local climate mitigation projects in Calgary and Edmonton, covering a diverse range of activities, from technology demonstration to collective impact and policy advancement.
: The recent announcement by the Federal Government of the Canada Greener Homes Grant initiative is an exciting one for Canadians. The grant provides funding for home evaluations and for retrofits, up to a total of $5,600. Homeowners are eligible for up to $600 total for the cost of pre-and post-retrofit EnerGuide evaluations and for up to $5,000 total for the implementation of eligible retrofits such as home insulation, windows, doors and… solar PV system installation!
February 11, 2021: Note: The Emissions Reduction Alberta program has been fully subscribed for commercial incentives. No more applications are currently being accepted. Emissions Reduction Alberta (ERA) has launched a new Energy Savings for Business Program (as of February 1st, 2021). The program offers funding opportunities to support small-and medium-scale commercial and industrial businesses and is awarding up […] | <urn:uuid:91549eb4-524d-4c4d-8a9d-3b4b8145be1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://skyfireenergy.com/tag/solar-incentives/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931681 | 349 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Minister Kamp opens the Westermeerwind wind farm
Emmeloord, 21 June 2016. Today the Westermeerwind wind farm was officially opened by Minister Kamp and the two initiators of the wind farm, Tjitte de Groot and Peter Meulendijks. The 48 Siemens wind turbines of the largest near-shore wind farm in the Netherlands generate an amount of energy comparable to the consumption of 160,000 households.
Westermeerwind wind farm officially opened by Minister Kamp and the initiators of the wind farm, Tjitte de Groot and Peter Meulendijks. (@Westermeerwind)
The installation of 48 wind turbines is completed in one year.
Anne de Groot, Director of Westermeerwind: “Over 20 years ago, the initiators started the development of Westermeerwind. It is now tremendously satisfying to know that the wind farm makes a substantial contribution to the generation of sustainable power. Excellent partnerships with Siemens as well as local and national businesses and organisations allowed the construction of the park to be completed in a year.”
Henk Kamp, Minister of Economic Affairs: “In the transition to more sustainable energy we need wind farms like these. Due to the longstanding commitment of all parties involved, there is now a wind farm that delivers a substantial contribution to the goals of the Energy Agreement for Sustainable Growth, with a maximum reduction of 230,000 tonnes CO2 a year. Economically this farm is also of importance: 300 temporary and 30 structural jobs have been created and Dutch companies have gained new knowledge that can be marketed internationally.”
The main contractor, Siemens, together with its subcontractors and the Westermeerwind project team installed 31,000 tons of material in one year, using 65 ships and barges in nearly one million man-hours. Several Dutch companies played an important role in this project, including Mammoet Van Oord for logistics regarding the foundations and turbines and VBMS for the installation of electrical cables between the wind turbines to the substation on the Mainland.
Long-term boost to employment
The very windy location and quality of the selected turbines provide an excellent energy yield. At present, about 220 GWh of green electricity has already been generated. Siemens will maintain the wind farm for a minimum period of fifteen years. “Westermeerwind is thus a long-term boost to employment,” said David Molenaar, director of Siemens Wind Power. “Not only directly for the people who work here over the next fifteen years, but also indirectly for supply companies”.
A wind farm -for and by the polder: shareholdings and Westermeerwind App
Initiators and local farmers Tjitte de Groot and Peter Meulendijks: “For us it was clear from the beginning that this wind farm should be a wind farm for and by the polder. Therefore, in 2017 about a year after the wind farm starts producing electricity, it will be possible for residents and farmers from the Noordoostpolder, Urk and former Lemsterland to subscribe for shares and bonds”. The wind farm supports local sustainable initiatives and organises educational projects for elementary schools. It is also possible for anyone to follow the production of Westermeerwind via the Westermeerwind app, available for iOS and Android.
About the Westermeerwind wind farm
Westermeerwind was built in the waters of the IJsselmeer along the dikes of the Noordoostpolder. It is the largest nearshore wind farm in the Netherlands and consists of 48 wind turbines of 3 MW each – there are two rows running along the Westermeer dike and a single row running along the Noordermeer dike, as well as a transformer station on land. See: westermeerwind.nl Westermeerwind is part of the Noordoostpolder wind farm with 86 wind turbines in the water and on land, along the dikes of the IJsselmeer. See: www.windparknoordoostpolder.nl Westermeerwind outsourced the supervision of construction and operation of the Westermeerwind wind farm to Ventolines located in Emmeloord. 99% of the electricity is purchased via Eneco 99% by the Dutch Railways, which runs over one-third of Dutch trains on Westermeerwind electricity. | <urn:uuid:f6feca07-97e8-4d0d-ab61-fc4065620068> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.westermeerwind.nl/en/minister-kamp-opens-the-westermeerwind-wind-farm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.920196 | 928 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The EU is planning to use the UDI system to impose an obligation to identify and register medical devices that goes far beyond what is required today.
Even for stand-alone software, the Medical Device Regulation MDR requires a UDI. Read about what you need to prepare for here.
The EU wants to be able to track medical devices quickly and easily – from manufacturer to user. This will allow a quick reaction in the event of an incident, as
One or more organizations should operate a system that assigns UDIs. The organization must do this over a period of at least 10 years.
Addendum: The transitional provisions in Article 120 (12) state: Until the Commission has designated the allocation bodies in accordance with Article 27(2), GS1, HIBCC and ICCBBA will be deemed to be designated allocation bodies.
At this point, manufacturers obtain a unique identification number for each medical device, but also for each higher-level packaging (with the exception of containers). The MDR only waives the UDI for custom-made devices and products for clinical trials.
Manufacturers must include the Basic UDI in their declaration of conformity and maintain a list of all assigned UDIs as part of the technical documentation for each medical device.
The EU encourages member states to also require operators to store the UDIs of medical devices used or purchased.
The EU must operate a database in which all UDIs are stored. It specifies which attributes per medical device must be at least taken into account. The use of this database (at least access to it) should be free of charge and public.
Manufacturers must store the Basic UDI and associated information such as product name, product version, classification (e.g. as sterile or suitable for reuse) in the database and keep it current.
The EU formulates the requirements for the UDI system in Article 27 and in Annex VI.
Annex VI consists of several parts:
The MDR distinguishes between the two Unique Device Identifiers UDI-DI and UDI-PI:
Read more below about the difference between Basic UDI-DI and UDI-DI.
Specific rules apply to stand-alone software.
A new UDI-DI should be assigned whenever there is a change in:
As examples, the MDR cites changes to:
On the other hand, “only” a new UDI-PI would be necessary for small changes such as
As a manufacturer, all changes to the third digit of the version number can be said to result in a new UDI-PI, everything else in a new UDI-DI.
Therefore, there is no requirement to allocate a unique UDI for each installation.
The manufacturer must present the UDI(s):
The EU and its Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG) have published several guidance documents, which you will find below with comment under “News.”
MDR and IVDR distinguish between Basic UDI-DI (“Basic UDI-DI”) and UDI-DI. The Basic UDI-DI is intended to provide a bracket for multiple variants of a medical device. Examples of such variants are:
The MDR defines the UDI as follows:
The Basic UDI-DI is the primary identifier of a product model. It is the product’s identification, which is assigned at the unit of use level. It is independent of packaging units and is also the most important ordering feature for records in the UDI database.
The Basic UDI-DI must be shown in the relevant certificates and EU declarations of conformity.
Each UDI-DI belongs to exactly one Basic UDI-DI.
The MDR and IVDR require the Basic UDI-DI to be specified in the following cases:
Unlike the UDI-DI, the Basic UDI-DI does not appear on the label or packaging.
According to the Guideline of the UDI Working Group, the different UDI-DIs contain the following data elements:
UDI DIs (container package DI)
| || || |
Table 1: The mandatory fields are noted in bold; bold and italic are the fields that are mandatory if they are applicable. The data elements where changes result in a new UDI-DI are underlined.
Thus, multiple variants of a product may only display a common Basic UDI-DI if the following fields are the same:
However, this does not mean that manufacturers are permitted to attach a common Basic UDI-DI to all products with the same data elements specified above. The Basic UDI-DI should only group together products with the same intended purpose.
Interestingly, manufacturers must define the “Medical Device Nomenclature” at the device level (UDI-DI) and not at the product group level (Basic UDI-DI).
This nomenclature appears to be more granular than the “Generic Device Group” and “Category of Devices” introduced by the MDR.
Read more about product groups and product categories here.
Much still seems unclear:
In the meantime, there is another nomenclature for medical devices which is intended to be used for EUDAMED. In addition, some standards have been published in the broader context of UDI:
Some allocation bodies have now published the formats for the UDI (HRI and AIDC). You can download the specifications here as a zip file.
The requirements for using the UDI are spread across lots of MDR articles and annexes. This table may serve as a quick overview:
Declaration of Conformity
Article 19, Annex IV
Free Sales Certificate
Summary of Safety and Clinical Performance (SSCP)
Kurzbericht über Sicherheit und klinische Leistun
Patient Information / Implant Card
Periodic Safety Update Report (PSUR)
Regelmäßig aktualisierter Bericht über die Sicherheit
Reports regarding serious incident, Periodic Summary Report
Meldung von schwerwiegenden Vorkommnissen und Sicherheitskorrektur-Maßnahmen im Feld
Post-Market Clinical Follow-up (PMCF) Update Report
Bericht über die klinische Nachbeobachtung nach dem Inverkehrbringen
Annex XIV Part B
Field Safety Corrective Action (FSCA), Field Safety Corrective Notice
Sicherheitsrelevante korrektive Maßnahme im Feld, Sicherheitsinformationen
Repair, Refurbish, Maintenance Report
Reparatur-, Aufbereitungs- und Wartungsdokumente
Logistic Documents (Delivery Note, Invoice, Production Order)
Logistik-Dokumente (Lieferscheine, Rechnungen, Fertigungsaufträge)
Thanks to Martin Tettke from Berlin Cert for this overview
The article on MDR transition periods also addresses transition periods for UDI and UDI carriers.
April 2019: Another publication from the MDCG
[The] MDCG considers it appropriate to adapt the Eudamed design to allow the registration of legacy devices in Eudamed in the absence of a (Basic) UDI-DI.
Source: MDCG 2019-05
Another MDCG publication (MDCG 2019-04) addresses when EUDAMED is mandatory. This clarification is necessary because Article 123 is misleading. For more, see the article on EUDAMED.
The Medical Device Coordination Group MDCG published no less than five documents in October, which we would like to briefly present to you here:
The first of the new documents addresses systems and procedure packs. It repeats the definitions of the terms and mentions one exception: If a natural or legal person makes several products (e.g. medical devices) available “together” specifically for a particular customer, this would not be designated as placing on the market.
Other “clarifications” include:
The MDCG 2018-4 document goes into more detail about the attributes just mentioned.
Even after reading this publication several times, it is not clear what the point of it is. In the document, it seems as if the authors are letting readers participate in their own learning process. The results are banal. The requirements regarding the UDI for stand-alone software are already formulated sufficiently clearly in the MDR (and IVDR):
Article 16 of the MDR or IVDR is entitled “Cases in which the manufacturer’s obligations also apply to importers, distributors or other persons.” In these cases, economic operators (e.g. distributors, importers) are required to comply with the requirements of the MDR that otherwise apply to manufacturers. This includes the requirements for the UDI and registration of these economic operators.
The MDCG states that economic operators are exempt from this obligation if there is a corresponding agreement with the manufacturer and the manufacturer is indicated as such on the label.
It is not entirely clear why this “clarification” is needed. Everything is stated in Article 16(1)a).
The MDCG notes that essentially only three (of the public) data elements in EUDAMED allow free text. Since one of the goals of EUDAMED is to provide transparency to European citizens, the question arises as to the language in which these free texts are to be stored.
The MDCG proposes that this data be provided in both English and the languages of the countries in which the product is sold. The same applies to the warnings. The MDCG is considering that universally understood symbols could also be considered.
How much these documents really provide “guidance” can be questioned. The documents do not explain what ambiguities actually exist that need to be resolved. Outsiders cannot understand the choice of topics either.
Are these really the biggest problems we have in interpreting the MDR and IVDR? Would it not be more urgent to define the API and the format for the “bulk uploads,” or at least make recommendations for them? How else are manufacturers supposed to convert their IT systems in time to meet the regulatory requirements regarding EUDAMED and UDI?
The MDCG has given some thought to the Basic UDI-DI. The relevant documents are presented above.
The FDA requires a unique number for medical devices, the Unique Device Identification (UDI). This may work well for physical products. It is not a problem to affix stickers on the packaging or on the device. But with software? Where would you put a UDI on a virtual product? You could clearly label the DVDs, but that would ban all downloads.
Fortunately, the FDA has clarified the “UDI requirements” to the effect that “unlike most devices, software will only have to exhibit a means of displaying the UDI [...] it can also be within the software itself”.
It is therefore sufficient to display the UDI within the software. However, when it comes to associating this number with a customer (for example, to be able to contact them in the event of a product recall), this alone is not sufficient. A download without authentication / registration is therefore not useful.
Possible solutions: You could assign a unique UDI during registration and enter it in the software to display it under “Help > About,” for example.
The EU has established a helpdesk.
Johner Institute helps manufacturers meet UDI regulatory requirements quickly and securely. It responds to brief questions in particular in Micro-Consulting regularly and even free of charge. | <urn:uuid:2d777e28-1124-45bc-ae8c-20f8bfc156aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.johner-institute.com/?id=166 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.884409 | 2,670 | 2.46875 | 2 |
ARRESTING THE MENACE OF EXAMINATION MALPRACTICE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The menace of examination mal practice in our schools is highly increasing. There is indication that the menace of examination malpractice in our primary schools exists as one of the prevalent hazards that threaten the society. Therefore arresting the menace of examination Mal-practice using Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education will of necessity be very authentic, inter-subjected in the promotion of quality standard of education in primary schools in Udi Local government Area. So Using Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education to arrest all examination Mal practice has become a major source of concern to the validity and reliability of our educational system. This is because success in every human endeavor entails time spent in preparations and in effective teaching and learning which helps in eradicating the menace of examination malpractice.
Therefore the issue of low academic performances and the increasing prevalence of examination malpractice over the years is becoming a serious concern to all stakeholders within the educational sector, that is the main reason why Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education should be introduce in our primary schools this is because Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education accept the ecumenical principle of collaboration, co-operation and concelebration in an educative process which helps in bombing all sort of examination Mal practice in our primary schools.
1.2 POINT OF INQUIRY
Eminent philosophers have proved beyond reasonable doubt that of all academic menace besetting learners at different levels of our educational system is lack of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education in schools which gives rise to poor performances of pupils that constitutes low standard of education, examination Malpractice, violence, disorderliness and occultism which are the major headache on our academic success. Therefore there is need for Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education in our primary schools because the new system is to emerge-benevolence, love, trust, intelligent, sympathy, compassion and tolerance; Instead of examination Malpractice and all forms of “expo” in the school system, both staff and pupils will develop the wonderful academic tools of empathy, consistency, comprehensiveness giving and demanding reasons which helps to arrest examination Mal practice or any sort of expo in our primary schools.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
According to Adolescent Psychology in focus, examination is one of most important evaluative instrument being used in determining the learner’s rate of achievement in terms of the desired goal or set objectives.
Therefore examination Malpractice is any action that contravenes the rules and regulation of examination ethics it is an illegal attempt or action of an individuals or group of students to benefits self or others through evil means while violating the regulations governing the conduct of examination Based on this insight; Using COPI4C system of education to arrest the menace of examination Mal practices is very holistic, global, universal, dialogic and cooperative in both theory and practice this is because the system (COPI4C) reduce the problems of schooling without thinking on the pupils performance.
According to ATCOICOE; students are taught to develop as independents thinkers when they are given set of values and made to understand through the community of Inquiry approach that all experiences and points of view are respected. Anything different from this becomes indoctrination. Therefore the ability to read well at any age is very crucial for academic success; this will help to have good and reflective thinking that have so many combinations, such as critical creative, affective dimensions of thinking which will arrest all sorts of examination menace in our schools. The sickness of our educative process is that good thinking is not truly oriented; this is because most of our academically certificated people never had a good opportunity to do good thinking. They purse academic shadow instead of the consistent rigorous method of critically analysis situations to arrive at complex and creative solutions to arrest out all examination menace in schools.
No wonder Dewey regarded good thinking as the fundamentals aim of lack of creative and critical thinking in our schools gives rise to the very dangerous situation of having people pass through our schools systems and yet are very uneducated. The new trend (COPI4C) arrests examination malpractice by giving the pupils the opportunities to participate in grappling with the big questions and task of thinking before action. Pupils are led to reflects figure out things, understand cause and effect and to feel that they are part of the society that will make them to stand freely from examination Mal practice in the schools. This is done by allowing them to ask questions and provide answers to the questions by themselves without looking side by side during the examinations.
Moreso, in the new trend the pupils gradually develop the spirit of critical and creative Inquiry as they participate in the classroom community with the whole set of higher thinking and the appearances of wonderful change from static classroom to a dynamic one.
According to Authentic Education, Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system presents each person as an authentic centre of originality, who does not manipulate or dominate the other persons but complements each other; help each other to be fully alive and fully human.
Thus Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education enables pupils to be liberated and equipped with life-saving tacts and skills instead of being intellectually manipulated and colonized. Instead of examination malpractice and all forms of “expo” the school system, both staff and students will develop the wonderful academic tools of empathy, consistency, comprehensiveness, giving and demanding reasons. Practical reasoning and communal deliberation give rise qualitative academic judgment.
The major intendment of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education is not upon the acquisition of information but rather the development of critical and creative spirit reaching out to higher order thinking. Therefore the researcher based her research work in Udi L.G.A and be delimited to twenty teachers and few pupils in five primary schools
The delimited primary schools are
Southwest primary schools Amokwe
Community primary school Nsude
Central school Nachi
Central school Abia
Premier primary school Udi
There is need for a very consistent and corrective educational value made available to the young children so that they may learn to think critically creatively and ethically.
Therefore as a result of lack of Community of Inquiry Philosophy for Children (COIP4C) system of education in our primary schools. The researcher assumed that the government should introduce (COIP4C) system of education in our primary schools.
In arresting examinations Mal practice in primary schools, the researcher assumed that it is high time the populace stop striving for paper qualification for their children.
Moreso, it is better for parents to engage the services of teachers, is better than giving bribe to teachers for the purpose of examinations Malpractice. Also the researcher assumed that intensive campaign should be mounted in schools on the ills and evils of examination Malpractice.
The schools and the community can think of exciting ways of rewarding pupils and teachers who are hard-working and dedicated.
Lastly, parents should avoid forcing their wishes on their children. It is the assumption of the researcher that if children could be exposed to classroom Community of Inquiry on a regular basis from Infancy, much would be accomplished in the search to overcome selfishness, clannish thuggery, and blue day armed robbery in the school system.
DEFINITIONS OF BASIC TERMS
- ATCOICOE African thinkers community of Inquiry college of Education
- ATCOI African thinkers community of Inquiry
- COI Community of Inquiry
- P4C Philosophy for children
- IAPC Institute for the advancement of Philosophy for children
- COIP4C Community of Inquiry Philosophy for children | <urn:uuid:80ef5b21-5a0d-4f3c-a59a-3de8400f4c2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://projectng.com/topic/ma693/arresting-menace-examination-malpractice- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.944114 | 1,652 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Will Steam into History Inc.’s locomotive steam into York County’s history?
Steam into History Inc., a group made up of York County, Pa., investors and railroad enthusiasts, is seeking to operate an excursion line on the old Northern Central Railway, now part of the York County Heritage Rail Trail. They are looking to contract with Ilinois-based David Kloke to build an 1863-era 4-4-0 model steam engine similar to this one. Also of interest: Abe Lincoln stopped at Hanover station:”We want to preserve history … so it doesn’t disappear’ and York newspaper about Gettysburg Address: ‘Mr. Lincoln made a joke or two …’ and Abandoned Codorus railroad not just any abandoned railroad.
Rail enthusiasts in Muddy Creek Forks are operating excursion rides. Railroad backers at the defunct Stewartstown Railroad want to reopen such service.
Now comes a group, Steam into History Inc., that has asked York County’s government for clearance to operate an excursion train between New Freedom and Hanover Junction on the old Northern Central Railway.
It will not just offer a train ride, but an oil-burning, steam-powered train ride.
And the excursion would be themed around a topic not common in the central part of York County – the Civil War… .
The group wants to recreate part of Abraham Lincoln’s route to and from Gettysburg to deliver his famous speech in 1863. Lincoln traveled that north/south route, paused in Hanover Junction and then steamed west/east on the Hanover Branch Railroad.
Lincoln’s funeral train also followed that route in 1865, and a train purportedly carrying the president moved along the line in 1861. Actually, his family traveled the route, while Abe rolled to Washington, D.C., via a different route at an unscheduled time because of a suspected threat in Baltimore.
Steam into History is rolling against an uphill grade.
Public tourism initiatives in York County are not accounting for the Civil War. Many in the York area have long been ambivalent about observing local Civil War ties because York’s fathers surrendered to a Confederate division moving to the Susquehanna River in late-June 1863. And rail excursions sometimes have trouble sustaining themselves. The East Broad Top Railroad in Huntingdon County is one example of that, and it has original steam-powered locomotives as assets.
But the investors see the Abe Lincoln link as marketable. They recognize York County’s many contributions to the Civil War – a military hospital, the Battle of Hanover, the Battle of Wrightsville and the Northern Central’s role in transporting tens of thousands of soldiers to battlefields in the south, including many of York County’s native sons.
As far as excursions go, perhaps Steam into History will have to couple with Muddy Creek Forks and support the Stewartstown Railroad efforts to create a critical mass of rail experiences. Not many locales would offer three excursion services within such proximity. In this case, three is not a crowd.
As for Steam into History’s particular proposal, the approving bodies should heed the trainman’s call: “All aboard!”
For numerous links to Abraham Lincoln’s posts about visits to York County, click here. | <urn:uuid:b6c80c3e-b5bd-49a9-9b84-6801fd5b0901> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yorkblog.com/yorktownsquare/steam-train-york-county-rail-t/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.940672 | 694 | 2.21875 | 2 |
ANSI escape codes are a mechanism to control the display of text in computer command line tools. While this mechanism is quite old – it originated in the 80s – it is still somehow used nowadays, mostly to color the text in terminals.
The use of control codes to format text has mostly died out, and the range of ASCII characters (escape in particular) used for the escapes has mostly died out. Nowadays people expect text formatting like color, underlines and such not to be expressed in the text itself, but escaped in another language like HTML.
It turns out the idea has not died out, but merely came back, as Unicode as the notion of escape sequences to control the appearance of characters. Some characters, like for instance ⚡ bolt (
26A1), can be displayed in two modes:
- ⚡︎ Text Style
- ⚡️ Emoji Style
If you look at the source code of this page, you will notice that there is no formatting tag around these characters, instead they are followed by a variation selector:
FE0E selects the text variant, and
FE0F selects the coloured, emoji variant. If you see only one type of bolt, your browser/operating system does not support variant selectors – if you see nothing, your browser/operating system is missing the font for that particular character.
Unicode variation selectors only apply to the single character they follow where ANSI escape sequences mark a range, with a start and an end. Now the question is, how do they interact? To check this I generated the bolt character in the simplest 7 ANSI colours with both variation selectors. As you can see in the image, ANSI controls the font-color, which is honoured in the text variation and ignored in the emoji (color) variation. This means that in a modern terminal, for certain characters you can get 257 color variations, 256 from ANSI and one from Emoji…
Of course you can get the same behaviour in a web-browser | <urn:uuid:42a46752-27b8-4238-b14e-95c48fb1fc88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiesmann.codiferes.net/wordpress/archives/28283 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.905056 | 490 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Agreements often state that which parent should take responsibilities of their child. Mostly there are two main things that should be done at the time of divorce. First, the parent of the child with whom the child will live with and what are the responsibilities to be taken. This parent is known as a custodial parent. The second one is the child will meet on every week, every month or in any holidays. This parent is known as a non-custodial parent. When the paarents do not communicate with each other properly and do not solve any problems, then both should hire a lawyer for their child to make the right decision.
If you do not have an attorney on your side, then you have high chances that your normal rights will be taken from you. You will not be satisfied with the results. So for you and your child, you have to hire a good lawyer where you will have all your rights, and your child will be satisfied with the decisions. So if you want any help, you can contact us, and we also provide Houston child custody attorney. You have to hire a lawyer if you want things to go smoothly because you do not know everything about the law—most people who do not hire a lawyer end up regretting.
Advantages of Hiring a Lawyer
- Good Children Interest Rate
If you have hired a good lawyer, then your child interest will be the first and main thing. Lawyers have experience in family law, so the lawyer will handle the situations properly that you will be satisfied with the results. You cannot handle this type of situation alone because you may get stressed. So to avoid, you have to hire a lawyer who will take your side. The result will come like that both the parent should be satisfied.
- Experience with Negotiation.
There are cases where, before going to any court or judge the parents make different kinds of agreements, which will give a bad result. You should have a good custody lawyer because at the time of agreements there are very high chances that you will get the proper rights which you should have. At the time where the agreements are going to be done in the last child, the interest rate will come. So to have a proper interest rate, you should hire an experienced lawyer from your side.
- Experience in Family Laws
A lawyer who has experience in many family cases is very good than a full skill lawyer. Because he has experience in family matters and also has skills that are applied at the time of agreements, they can know that what other party is going to do so they will be ready with things. This is a very strong backup you will have at the time of meetings. You can easily deal with situations where you will be confused and do not know how to answer properly. The experienced lawyer knows everything about family law, so do not worry; you will get your proper rights what you deserve. | <urn:uuid:4776d719-1364-41e0-9044-e460e2a8bad2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.spreadlibertynews.com/what-are-the-advantages-of-hiring-a-child-custody-lawyer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.975063 | 587 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Doctors Turn to Professional Network to Improve Patient Care
Doximity, the leading medical network, today announced it has crossed the 500,000 member milestone. In just over four years since launch, nearly two-thirds of US physicians have joined to Doximity to connect, collaborate, and collectively provide better care for their patients.
“This is a significant milestone for us and a new high water mark for medical communication,” said Jeff Tangney, CEO of Doximity. “Doximity has become the master directory and CV of record for physicians, and is rapidly becoming the largest unified platform for US care coordination.”
A few ways physicians are using Doximity include:
HIPAA-secure communication: Dr. Sandeep Krishnan, cardiologist in California, used Doximity’s free HIPAA-secure digital fax app for an urgent transfer of records when treating a patient with a STEMI (heart attack). “The patient had had a bypass operation in the past, but I was not familiar with his bypass graft anatomy. I was able to get his outside hospital surgical records faxed to my secure inbox within 10 minutes. This shaved 30 minutes off our door-to-balloon time and helped us save more of this patient’s myocardium!”
A rolodex of all US physicians: For Dr. Faisal Chawla, pediatrician at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, using Doximity to find an expert referral helped properly diagnose a patient. “I had a pediatric patient with suspected Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS). The prescribed treatments were not working and the patient continued to be readmitted for dehydration and seizures. Using Doximity, I found an expert in CVS located in Los Angeles who could evaluate him. Turns out, rather than CVS, the patient had a rare genetic disorder where he is unable to process certain proteins, and it can be managed with dietary modifications and over the counter supplements.”
Keeping up with clinical research: Dr. Victor Liou, a preliminary medicine resident at NorthShore University HealthSystem in Evanston, IL and future ophthalmologist uses Doximity’s personalized clinical news to educate himself and his patients. “I had patients worried about symptoms of menopause lasting multiple years, afraid they might have cancer or a psychological disorder. Fortunately, I was browsing Doximity DocNews one morning and there was an article on the topic that I was able to share with my patients and calm their fears.”
Doximity members also use the network to manage their careers and find new clinical opportunities. Physicians interested in joining Doximity can visit www.doximity.com and claim their profile.
Launched in 2011, Doximity (www.doximity.com) connects physicians to make them more successful and productive. With nearly two-thirds of all US physicians as members, collaborating across every specialty and academic medical center, Doximity is the largest secure medical network in the country. Doximity is headquartered in Silicon Valley and was created by the founders of Epocrates. | <urn:uuid:5dd887bd-d885-4094-912a-279008054b7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.mobilehealthtimes.com/doximity-membership-surpasses-500000-us-doctors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.975111 | 656 | 1.65625 | 2 |
World War I Reference Library Vol 1 Almanac 2002
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The reasons for cyberspace.
Computers are often criticized for being too virtual, having too little to do with the real world. There’s some substance to these criticisms. The virtual world doesn’t automatically have anything to redeem it.
Yet it’s useful to understand how the worlds we are building came to be, and what kinds of virtuality are possible.
The Essence of the Virtual
Let’s look at some examples of how virtual, imaginary, and constructed worlds have entered our culture.
Language itself is possibly the first abstract space. Through language, humans become able to apprehend abstraction and to conceptualize experience. The world of words is intoxicating to discover–witness any two-year-old learning to talk. Humans are amazingly good at language.
One of the first thought spaces was probably Plato’s concept of the Realm of the Ideal. Plato postulated another realm, of perfect concepts whose pale shadows we see embodied around us in the natural world. And Plato believed all thought occurred in this realm of perfect form. Ideas have a life of their own.
Beyond this, any pretend world, any stage drama or performance, is an artificial space of a kind. The ability to assume and shed roles is a deep part of human life.
The exhilarating thing about the Web is that it is a new manifestation of these “virtual” qualities. It is a world of words, where distance is measured by how similar two ideas are, or how closely aligned two groups of people are. The shape of cyberspace is influenced more by the connections people choose to make (and are interested in making) than by where in the world those people are located. The Web gives form to the connections between people and ideas.
The Loss of the Commons
Those who rue white flight in cyberspace also lament the destruction of more organic means of connection. Time was, most people spent their whole lives living in one town, caring for their parents, raising their kids. The world was much more stable then–you knew your neighbors. You were part of your community, and your community was those near whom you lived.
This had a lot to recommend it–humans are probably best at living in a situation where they are close to those with whom they’re close. The dissociation and alienation apparent today is closely related to the huge movements of population around the world. The price of the freedom to seek a better life is the loss of the comforting, well-known hometown.
It is lamentable that the move to the big city has disrupted so much of the pattern of human life over the last century, especially as technology exacerbates the shift. But the flip side of the hometown’s security is its oppressive conformity. In a small community, fitting in can be the most important thing in life. It can be hard to talk about your life with your neighbors, when their disapproval is potentially hazardous.
The Importance of the Real
The Net will never provide, of itself, meaningful connections with others. But some of the qualities of the net make it very well suited to addressing some human needs which have become ever more urgent.
If you have a question, or if you need someone to talk to, the Net is always there. The net can often be a more supportive community than your actual community, if you are facing something about which you are ashamed or fearful. And the net can expose you to new ideas and information. Many many questions can be answered, if only hastily, just by asking.
As the Web of connections becomes ever thicker, it will start to connect more intimately to the real world. All of us have interests and ideas which we share with others. The Web makes it easier to find those people your ideas connect you to. This is not a substitute for the community feeling that comes only from sharing lives together… but it does, perhaps, make it more likely you will find people with whom you’d like to share your real life, or ideas that you’d like to integrate into who you are. (The Web is inherently open, to all views and all ideas; this is in my view a good thing.)
This, then, is the potential of the Web: to reduce the distance between us, by giving us new ways to converse with one another, in terms of the beliefs we share. The Web may not be revolutionary–we all share our worlds, by living and meeting people and making our lives–but the Web is a new kind of space in which our virtual selves, our words and thoughts, can mingle. The bigger it is, the more relevant it will be.
I’ve collected some examples of this way of using the Web. For another perspective on how important reality-based cyberspaces are, see David Gelernter’s fine book, Mirror Worlds. | <urn:uuid:e86255bf-6c5c-4ec5-8685-18c88e051092> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.unrealities.com/web/reality.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96446 | 1,001 | 3 | 3 |
Belmont Red cattle farming is pretty popular, especially in it’s native area. It is a beef cattle breed which is raised mainly for meat production purpose. The breed is well adapted to it’s local climate and do very well there.
The Belmont Red cattle breed was developed by the CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) during 1954 in response to the need in the Australian Tropics for cattle which would improve the fertility of Bos indicus cattle.
And the breed was released to the Australian cattle breeders by the CSIRO in 1969. The breed was conceived at Belmont Research Station as a composite from several Bos tarus cattle breeds including Africander, Hereford and Shorthorn.
The Belmont Red cattle breed has exhibited higher fertility than pure Bos indicus cattle breeds and better than most other Bos taurus and Bos indicus cross. The breed also remain the characteristics of hardiness and heat and tick tolerance along with improved fertility.
Performance of the Belmont Red cattle breed has been proven in comparison traits on research stations in Africa and Australia. Their good performance and relatively docile nature have been recognized by the Philippines and the Pacific Islands where improvement in livestock population is carefully monitored.
Today, the Belmont Red cattle are very popular and produced mainly in Australia. The breed has achieved many wins and placings in Carcass competitions.
However, as these animals are very good for meat production, so starting commercial Belmont Red cattle farming will be a good and profitable business. You can make good profits from this business if you have good facilities for marketing beef.
How to Start Belmont Red Cattle Farming
The Belmont Red cattle are very strong and hardy animals. They are well adapted to their local environment. So starting commercial Belmont Red cattle farming business will be relatively easy.
Here we are trying to describe more information about starting and operating a successful Belmont Red cattle farming business from purchasing animals to caring and marketing.
First of all you have to purchase very good quality animals for starting your Belmont Red cattle farming business. Purchasing good quality animals is very important. Because good quality, healthy and active animals always ensure good production and maximum profits.
So, try to purchase good, healthy, active and diseases free animals for starting your Belmont Red cattle farming business. You can purchase the animals from your local livestock market, or you can consider purchasing from any existing Belmont Red cattle farms in your area. Just ensure that the animals are active, healthy and diseases free.
Making a good, secure and comfortable housing system is another important part of Belmont Red cattle farming business. A good house not only helps the animals to stay healthy, but also helps them to stay free from adverse weather conditions and wild predators.
Type of your cattle housing system can be any depending on your budget and also on the availability of housing materials in your area. You can build the house with low cost and easily available materials. Or it can be of full concrete setup. Just ensure that the house is secure and comfortable for the animals.
The Belmont Red cattle are medium sized animals. So, ensure adequate space available inside the house depending on the number of your animals. Install good ventilation system and ensure flow of sufficient amount of fresh air and light inside the house. And try to make the house in such a way so that you can easily clean the house.
Feeding the animals with very good quality, healthy and nutritious food is the most important part of Belmont Red cattle farming business. Good food not only helps the animals to stay healthy, but also helps them to grow better and produce more. So, always try to provide your animals with enough nutritious food.
The Belmont Red cattle are beef cattle breed. So, they will require more grain in their diet than greens. You can also consider feeding them silage, especially during the dry season.
The Belmont Red cattle also require lots of clean and fresh drinking water, just like many other domestic cattle breeds. So, always try to provide your animals with adequate clean and fresh drinking water as per their demand. Never provide them with polluted water or contaminated feeds.
As we have mentioned above, the Belmont Red cattle are naturally excellent breeders. They will breed easily if you keep good ratio of bulls and cows in your herd. You can also consider artificial insemination method for breeding your animals.
Taking good care of the animals is very important for Belmont Red cattle farming business. Because good caring helps the animals to stay healthy and produce more. So, always try to take good care of your animals. De-worm and vaccinate them timely, and always try to keep good contact with a vet in your area.
Marketing cattle products is not a problem. And cattle meat has very good demand and value, especially in Australia. So, you will probably be able to easily sell your products in the local market. Although you should set your marketing strategies before starting this business.
These are the steps and ways for starting and operating a successful Belmont Red cattle farming business. Hope this guide has helped you! Good luck & may God bless you! | <urn:uuid:5d8f4cb1-321b-416b-b195-92776ef34a43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.roysfarm.com/belmont-red-cattle-farming/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95631 | 1,068 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Derfler, a professor emeritus at Florida Atlantic University, has written what his publisher calls "a critical and analytical biography [which] makes use of recently-opened archival material and provides explanations for the important episodes in Rabin's life." This claim is clearly unsupported by a reading of the work. Yitzhak Rabin relies entirely on secondary sources, nearly all from the political Left, many apparently culled from Internet sites. The book presents no new information or analysis, and it would seem that Derfler neither met Rabin nor interviewed those close to him.
The portrayal of the Israeli soldier-politician as a tough, torn, and tragic figure follows the traditional model. Rabin has been enshrined by national empathy and sadness following his assassination, hallowed by an officially mandated day of mourning and educational propaganda distributed to every public school in Israel, and further promoted by the government-supported Rabin Center. But a true evaluation of Rabin and his leadership has been hard to come by, and this book provides no corrective.
Derfler is best when discussing Rabin's power struggle with Shimon Peres, a personal rivalry that defined his political character, but the book lacks depth when looking at the rest of Rabin's personality. Missing, for example, is an understanding of Rabin's relationship to U.S. presidents and
their power, for instance, his seduction by the Clinton administration, which led to Oslo. Given Rabin's weaknesses—such as his nervous breakdown on the eve of the Six-Day War—his Left/liberal ideology, and a determined Shimon Peres, the true result of Rabin's years in power is a legacy of incompetence and failure.
Derfler does recount some examples of Rabin's problematic decision-making but fails to connect the dots. He presents Rabin as a realist, tired of fighting Palestinians and willing to take a chance for peace, but this is far from new or revealing. Derfler's bête noir, however, is not Palestinian incitement and terrorism but those who opposed the Rabin/Peres policies.
The author's scholarship is gratingly and glaringly tendentious. He claims: "While most Israelis were immensely saddened by [Rabin's] assassination, the ultra-religious right and secular nationalists welcomed it." Those who believe such nonsense will enjoy this book; others will not. | <urn:uuid:4e9dd220-3a0c-422e-8b4e-983c123efc6d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.meforum.org/5096/yitzhak-rabin-a-political-biography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.96096 | 491 | 1.523438 | 2 |
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How To Start Your Food Truck Business While In College
Having a sideline while studying in college is very common among the student population. This helps them pay the bills, while others use it to finance their education. Whatever their reasons are, having a business while studying is quite challenging.cheap place to take my online course for me
Among the most popular business ventures students look into is selling food. It is a very basic commodity that everyone needs. However, some students do not stop there. Aiming for something bigger, like a food cart can be quite a fulfilling and lucrative opportunity to explore, even while being a college student.
Food trucks can be a competitive venture. But, with the right location and the right concept, it can be a very viable and profitable business even for the inexperienced and young college student. The strategy relies on creating a loyal customer base that will support your product. Here are additional tips on how to start a food truck business, while keeping up with the demands of a college student.
Learn About The Ins And Outs Of The Food Truck Businessis find a tutor network legit
Investing in a food truck business requires a considerable amount of capital. Not unless you have a lot of cash to burn, you should tread the waters carefully. Learn the basics of the industry to aid yourself with the knowledge in running your business successfully. With your busy and demanding schedule at school, you might want to look into the possibility of getting a partner to help you run your business. However, the first step is really doing your homework. Create a business plan and determine how feasible your business is.
Choose A Name And A Concept
Although it can be quite exciting to try out different menus for your food cart, it would be best to start with a basic concept as you work your way to growing your brand. Choose a name and a basic branding concept for your food truck business.
You can start with a small truck that serves basic dishes for the college population, or for your target consumers, in or outside the campus. Start small by selling sandwiches or hotdogs. From there, you can slowly add more items to your menu or completely change it, depending on the demand of your consumers. The first stages of your business will be mostly trial and error. You must have enough patience to endure these first stages in your business.
Register Your Business
Your business needs to be a legal entity and should be registered with your state. Your business will most likely be categorized as a sole proprietorship or a partnership for starters. Being a registered business protects your personal assets and makes your business legitimate.
Fees can be quite expensive depending on the state that you are located. It would be best to seek help in registering your business through someone with more experience. You’ll need to open bank accounts, named after your business, to be able to separate your personal finances from the finances you use to operate your business.
Operating And Managing Your Business
After the gruesome process of preparation, registration and hiring help for your business comes another challenging chapter – operating and managing your business. If you are a student and you plan to be a member or crew of your business, you will have to budget your time accordingly.
Operating and managing a food cart business requires a lot of time. You’ll have to coordinate with suppliers, prepare food and serve people at the same time. Imagine doing this every day, together with monitoring inventory and keeping your finances in balance, while studying and attending to school demands. This can be quite chaotic but, it is doable. And the reaps of your hard work can be very sweet too. Nonetheless, prepare for sleepless nights and hard work if you want to make your food cart a success and your grades good.
Starting a food cart business while in college might seem to be too ambitious, but is very much possible. With the right motivation and discipline, becoming a successful business owner and a great student is possible. It is all about learning how to prioritize and how to balance your time. Getting help from people you can trust can also help you move closer to your goals, both for business and as a student.
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One of the most beautiful memories I have from my childhood is when my mother told me a story while she was making dinner. There, sitting on the kitchen counter I listened dozens of popular stories that I already knew by heart.
Children don't mind hearing the same story over and over. When they are little they feel safe knowing what the future of the protagonist will be.
But when the child grows he begins to demand new stories, stories with a moral and with a more complicated plot.
As a mother I have become a storyteller semi-professional, and, I have to admit that when they ask me to tell them the same story again, they make my hair stand on end. I no longer know how to give a little life to the story because it bores me terribly. So, one fine day they asked me to retell the story of Red Riding Hood, I decided to turn the story around and tell it backwards. I explain how you can tell a story backwards to the children.
It is not about starting at the end of the story and revealing the outcome (even if they know it by heart), but about turning the story completely around and starring one of the secondary characters to approach it from a different perspective. That is, in the case of Little Red Riding Hood, we will tell the story from the wolf perspective or the hunter, that will be our main character!
We can imagine that the wolf had a difficult life inside the forest, since he could not find anything to eat, that he did not eat other animals because they were his friends, and that when he met Little Red Riding Hood and her grandmother, he saw the only way to feed his family. Thus we will teach the child that the wolf is not always the bad guy in the stories, and that he also had his reasons for being able to eat the grandmother (even if it was not well done).
We can also tell the story backwards to the children adding a little imagination to the story and making it more fun by inventing that it was a vegetarian wolf, but that his condition as a wild wolf pushed him to have to eat meat, and that the poor wolf spent all the time fighting his own survival animal instincts, creating funny situations, from whose teaching we draw that we must assume ourselves as we are. But what if grandma is the one who set a trap for the wolf by luring him to her house so she can hunt him down and throw him into the stew? How does the story change, right?
Within the same story we can find several parallel stories, and we will teach children to put themselves in the shoes of the other characters and learn to empathize with them: there are no bad characters, but different ways of seeing life.
- Helps them see other perspectives of history and discover new tales.
- It makes them empathize with the different characters.
- Amuses them and it puzzles them that suddenly the story changes.
- May add new characters and participate in history.
- We will have fun telling it and we will put a little more emotion in the narration.
- We will develop your imagination and ours.
It is certainly a good technique for never get bored again Telling the usual stories
You can read more articles similar to Why it is good to tell stories backwards to children, in the On-site Learning category. | <urn:uuid:591c64ad-890d-4fa1-a9ef-99669797b628> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://au.guastavinovaulting.com/2947-why-it-is-good-to-tell-stories-backwards-to-children.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.974794 | 708 | 2.875 | 3 |
A common assertion is that music has three principal elements: rhythm, melody and harmony. The purpose of this part of the site is to examine the building blocks of harmony, which are chords.
A chord is the simultaneous combination of two or more notes. But out of all the possible combinations of notes, some are used much more than others.
In particular the major and minor triads are felt to be the fundamental building blocks of most harmonic music. There is something unified, something which is more than the sum of their parts, which seems to make these triads unique in regard all other possible forms.
Certain chord types also seem to exert a powerful tonal function, such as the dominant seventh and the augmented sixth chords, the diminished and augmented triads, and the major and minor triads when in second inversion.
Each of these chords and their function is analysed in their own pages: | <urn:uuid:80761575-e269-432d-ab4d-3015708428f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://tonalcentre.org/Chords.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.966269 | 182 | 3.9375 | 4 |
The World Bank is an international development organization owned by 187 countries. Its role is to reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living of their people.
- 1 How does the World Bank get its money?
- 2 How does World bank work examples?
- 3 How is the World Bank managed?
- 4 Does World Bank give loans?
- 5 What are the disadvantages of the World Bank?
- 6 How do you get into World Bank?
- 7 How powerful is the World Bank?
- 8 What is the salary of the president of the World Bank?
- 9 What banks do millionaires use?
- 10 Where does the world get its money?
How does the World Bank get its money?
The World Bank gets its funding from rich countries, as well as from the issuance of bonds on the world’s capital markets. The World Bank serves two mandates: To end extreme poverty, by reducing the share of the global population that lives in extreme poverty to 3% by 2030.
How does World bank work examples?
Examples of What the World Bank Does. The World Bank provides financing, advice, and other resources to developing countries in the areas of education, public safety, health, and other areas of need. Often, nations, organizations, and other institutions partner with the World Bank to sponsor development projects.
How is the World Bank managed?
The World Bank is like a cooperative, made up of 189 member countries. The World Bank Group President chairs meetings of the Boards of Directors and is responsible for overall management of the Bank. The President is selected by the Board of Executive Directors for a five-year, renewable term.
Does World Bank give loans?
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
What are the disadvantages of the World Bank?
Common criticisms of the World Bank
- Creating a climate where high levels of lending are deemed to be good.
- Advocating disability adjusted life years as a health measure.
- Disregard for the environment and indigenous populations.
- Evaluating health projects by looking at economic outcome measures.
How do you get into World Bank?
For the World Bank placement:
- Holding a Master’s (MSc) qualification with a minimum of three years of: a) relevant professional experience related to development, or; b) continued academic study at doctorate level;
- Holding a doctorate (even if you do not have any professional experience).
How powerful is the World Bank?
With thousands of employees and 189 member countries, the World Bank is one of the most powerful institutions in the world. Each year they funnel billions of dollars into ending global poverty.
What is the salary of the president of the World Bank?
At The World Bank, the most compensated executive makes $450,000, annually, and the lowest compensated makes $53,000.
What banks do millionaires use?
High-net-worth individuals often turn to same national banks that the rest of us use to meet our banking needs. Behemoths such as Bank of America, Chase and Wells Fargo are all popular choices for the ultra-wealthy.
Where does the world get its money?
Central banks create money either by printing it or by buying bonds in the treasury market. When central banks buy bonds, they usually buy their own country’s treasury bonds, and their purchases are made from banks that own bonds. | <urn:uuid:79adcb9d-8710-49ce-89c1-0e6f9c642174> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sendmoneyasia.org/bank/faq-how-does-the-world-bank-work.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.943727 | 739 | 3.125 | 3 |
The New Earth webcast with Oprah and Eckhart Tolle continued its discussion on the ego this past week. In this segment, Eckhart discussed the core of the ego.
Earlier we were introduced to the ego which was defined as that which we identify with: concepts, our story, our past.
Now it was time to discuss what makes the ego thrive.
A key to what makes the ego thrive is complaining and resentment, reactivity and grievance, faultfinding, wanting to be right, and to feel superior.
Egoic complaining is complaining that serves no purpose because it does not bring about change. A classic example is receiving cold soup in a restaurant. If you state the facts, “My soup is cold, may I have hot soup, please” you are stating the facts without negativity, without reaction.
However, if you state “This soup is cold you idiot. Every time I come in here the soup is cold. Can’t you people make hot soup” you are complaining, reacting, and finding fault.
When we label people (“jerk,” “idiot”), we desensitize ourselves to that person. When we react with force, it means we need to look within ourselves because what you react to in another, you strengthen in yourself.
When we start to complain, we need to recognize it and become aware of that inner voice. We need to ask ourselves if this complaint is meant to bring about change or if we are complaining simply for the sake of complaining (and therefore boosting our own ego.)
If we are to be agents of change in this world, something has to change in our state of consciousness, otherwise we contribute to the turmoil. Meditation, quieting the mind, looking to the inner body, the self and bringing awareness to the present moment are all approaches to take in promoting change within ourselves.
Worry is a common emotion that many of us deal with in these days of turmoil. We worry about situations and project them into the future. “Oh how dire it will be if this happens and that happens.” Worry can consume us.
What does it mean to worry? It is the unconscious mind movement into the future. You extend the situation into the future and how bad things will be. Worry pretends to be necessary yet serves no real purpose. Worry does not bring about change.
To step out of worry, you must ask yourself “what can I do now?” “How can I BE NOW in this moment?” Take responsibility for your own life and state of conciousness first. Be with yourself, be present, and connect with the feeling of aliveness within.
Often we worry about other people. When you ask yourself whether you can be of help to another human being, ask is there something in you that can bring about change in the conciousness of the other human being. Can you give the person space? Sometimes just being there is healing.
Sometimes we are so completely identified with forms that we cannot enjoy them fully because of fear or worry that we will lose them. When this happens, I am reminded of the following story:
A guru collected tiny glass figurines because they brought him joy. People knew how much he enjoyed these figurines and he often received them as gifts. The guru put the figurines on a deep window sil where he could see them and enjoy them. One day the window was left open and a strong wind came through the window. It blew the drapes around. The drapes caught on the figurines and brought them crashing to the ground. The guru’s students were alarmed and afraid. What would the guru say? What would he do?
As the students cleaned up the broken glass, the guru came into the room. The students explained what happened. The guru calmly replied “It is okay. While the figurines were here, they gave me pleasure and made me happy. And now they are gone; their purpose fulfilled. It is okay.”
What you fight, you strengthen and what you resist, persists. Make peace with whatever it is. Be as present at you can in every moment, in any life experience or situation.
Recognize the ego in yourself and in other people. Become aware of the ego and bring that awareness into the world. If you don’t have a good relationship with the now, you won’t have a good relationship with life because life IS NOW. | <urn:uuid:a4020dd8-9629-4833-8edd-d009369d8563> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://moonroommuse.wordpress.com/2008/03/24/the-core-of-the-ego-a-new-earth-webcast-chapter-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.967716 | 933 | 2.046875 | 2 |
For a new anti-war movement!
The danger of world war threatens the entire planet. A quarter century of US-backed war in the Middle East and Central Asia, waged under the banner of the “war on terror,” is developing into a conflict between the major, nuclear-armed powers. The Trump administration’s National Security Policy, unveiled in December 2017, for the first time makes explicit that the center of US military planning is preparation for a war involving “great powers.”
There is no anti-war faction within the political establishment. The Democrats have centered their criticism of Trump on demands that he take more aggressive military action in Syria and against Russia. And as the US seeks to use its military power to control the world, Germany and the other imperialist powers of Europe are rearming in preparation for a new redivision of the globe.
A new anti-war movement must be built, which connects the fight against war with the emerging working-class struggles, in the United States and around the world. The fight against war is inseparable from the fight against the capitalist nation-state system.
For the social rights of the working class!
All workers have certain social rights that are essential to life in a complex modern society and, therefore, “inalienable.” Working people must resolve to secure these rights through the mobilization of their strength as a class, independent of and in opposition to the corporate-controlled political parties and the institutions of the capitalist state.
These rights are: the right to culture; the right to a healthy and safe environment; the right to education; the right to a secure retirement; the right to high-quality health care; the right to utilities and transportation; the right to decent and affordable housing; the right to leisure; the right to a livable income; the right to a job
It would be utopian to believe that these rights can be achieved without a fundamental reorganization of economic power and the redistribution of wealth within the United States. The realization of these rights requires a frontal assault on the hitherto unchallenged prerogatives of the corporations and the rich.
The vast wealth created by the labor of generations of workers must be taken out of the hands of a privileged few and put at the disposal of the people as a whole.
No to dictatorship and authoritarianism!
Extreme social inequality and endless war find political expression in the breakdown of democratic forms of rule within the United States. Trump is the personification of the criminality, parasitism, and ruthlessness of the capitalist oligarchy. His administration has brought far-right, fascistic politics into the highest levels of the state apparatus, expressed most viciously in the brutal crackdown on immigrant workers.
The election of Trump is the outcome of the protracted decay of American democracy. It is eighteen years since the theft of the 2000 elections, which was followed by the “war on terror”--i.e., the Patriot Act, domestic spying, and Guantanamo Bay. The Obama administration continued and expanded the attack on democratic rights, proclaiming the right of the president to assassinate anyone, including US citizens, without due process.
While the Trump administration represents a conspiracy against the democratic rights of the American people, the Democrats have used their anti-Russia campaign to implement a regime of Internet censorship, in alliance with Internet companies like Google and Facebook, under the guise of combating “fake news.”
Genuine democracy is incompatible with a social and economic system in which all wealth is monopolized by a tiny layer of the population. The defense and expansion of democratic rights requires the independent mobilization of the working class on the basis of a socialist program, to establish democratic control over the process of production.
For the nationalization of the banks and major corporations!
All the basic needs of the working class come into immediate and direct conflict with the dictatorship of the giant banks and corporations over every aspect of political and economic life. These corporations control vast social resources, the product of the collective labor of billions of people all over the world. These immense sums are employed not to benefit society, but to increase the wealth of a tiny layer, buy off governments and dictate policies.
These corporations work tirelessly to defend their own narrow interests at the expense of society as a whole—from preventing the development of alternative sources of energy and public transportation, to maintaining monopolies in computer operating systems.
All the major banks and all privately owned industrial, manufacturing and information technology corporations valued at $10 billion or more must be transformed into publicly owned enterprises. Industries critical to the basic functioning of society—including telecommunications, agriculture, education, health care and transportation—must also be subject to public ownership and democratic control.
The expropriation of the banks and corporations must be accompanied by the establishment of genuine democratic control over production. This is the necessary basis for the development of a rational plan of global production and distribution to replace the anarchy of the capitalist market and ensure that all decisions are based on social need.
Industrial democracy means real control by working people over their working lives. What is democratic about a system in which the place where most people spend the bulk of their time—the work place—is run as a dictatorship? Decisions affecting conditions of work, safety, salaries, hiring and hours must be subject to the democratic voice of the workforce.
For open borders! End all deportations and detentions!
The world looks on in shock and horror as the Trump administration wages its fascistic campaign against immigrant workers, subjecting them to mass roundups and deportations, separating families, and locking up children in cages. This has been combined with a racist and illegal prohibition on refugees from predominantly Muslim countries, upheld in a recent Supreme Court decision.
These policies, like the Trump administration itself, did not arise out of nowhere. Obama justly earned the designation, “Deporter-in-Chief” for deporting more immigrants than any previous president.
The attack on immigrant workers is an attack on the entire working class. The police state methods used against immigrants will be used against all social and political opposition to the ruling oligarchy and its policies. The defense of immigrant workers must be connected to the demand that all workers have the right to a decent-paying job and a secure life. The real enemy of every section of workers is not workers of other countries, but the capitalist ruling elite.
For new organizations of working-class struggle!
Preparation for mass working class struggles requires the development of an interconnected network of popular workplace and neighborhood committees. The necessity for such committees arises out of the experiences of the workers themselves.
The organizations that claim to represent them, the trade unions, are not only deeply hostile to the organization of working class struggles, they have abandoned even the most limited forms of representation, including the resolving of grievances and the enforcement of contract provisions. Workplace and factory committees will raise demands such as workers’ control over line speed, an end to multi-tier labor, the enforcement of an eight-hour day, with full and livable wages for all workers, and an end to unsafe working conditions.
Break with the Democrats and Republicans!
The working class is the vast majority of the population, in the US and internationally, but it is excluded from political life. The Democrats and Republicans defend capitalism and represent the rich.
Trump’s election in 2016 was possible only due to the character of the Democratic Party. Hillary Clinton ran as the candidate of Wall Street, the military-intelligence apparatus and privileged sections of the upper-middle class through the promotion of identity politics. The decision of Bernie Sanders to back Clinton—the culmination of a campaign aimed at channeling social opposition behind the Democratic Party—opened the way for Trump to make an appeal to social discontent.
In the aftermath of the election, the Democrats have worked to direct all opposition to Trump behind the conspiracies and intrigues of powerful factions of the intelligence apparatus, centered on the anti-Russia campaign and the investigation headed by former FBI chief Robert Mueller. While the Democrats have denounced the Trump administration for seeking an accommodation with the government of Vladimir Putin in Russia, they have ignored, covered up and facilitated its attack on the working class and immigrants, its tax cuts for the wealthy and its systematic preparations for world war.
For equality and socialism!
Eight billionaires, six of them from the United States, own as much combined wealth as the bottom half of the world’s population, some 3.6 billion people. Since 2015, the richest 1 percent of the world’s population has owned more than the rest of the world put together, and over the past quarter century, the top 1 percent has gained more income than the bottom 50 percent combined.
The apologists for capitalism claim that inequality is not related to the economic crisis, as if the withdrawal of trillions of dollars from productive use has no economic impact.
The Socialist Equality Party, which is affiliated with the International Committee of the Fourth International, stands in the tradition of revolutionary socialism, from the origins of Marxism in the 1840s, through the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the implacable struggle, led by Leon Trotsky, against the bureaucratic degeneration of the Soviet Union under Stalin. In a new era of world war and revolution, the ruling class and its ideologists are engaged in a campaign of historical falsification aimed cutting workers and young people off from the history of the struggles for international socialism. | <urn:uuid:b55dc488-5002-4b4b-9fe0-fc09812727dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.niles2018.com/issues | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947202 | 1,919 | 1.9375 | 2 |
It is a species of juniper that grows in the scrubland around the Mediterranean…
It is a species of juniper that grows in the scrubland around the Mediterranean and in the Massif Central. In Algeria, its use is ancestral to protect itself from epidemics and according to popular belief, the distillers of cade are “invulnerable”. By fumigation, it served to purify the atmosphere and keep insects away. Cade wood was traditionally used for its healing properties and served as a natural mothball. Product of: France
|Dimensions||5 × 5 × 9 cm|
|Country of Origin||
|How to Use||
Cade essential oil is highly valued as a sanitizer . It is recognized for its purifying properties in hair use. ANTI-DANDRUFF Directions for use : Pour 1 to 2 drops of essential oil in a dab of neutral shampoo. Apply to wet hair by massaging the scalp then rinse
Keep away from sunlight and heat.
Do not use in pregnant or breastfeeding women or in children under 7 years old. Do not use in people with a history of seizures and / or allergic to essential oils. Consult a doctor for any therapeutic indication or any oral treatment. | <urn:uuid:48cdc736-fdad-402d-9b20-342b9d58bf94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shop.justlifeshop.com/product/florame-cade-org-essential-oil-5ml/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.923054 | 290 | 2.53125 | 3 |
github.com bootOS is a monolithic operating system in 512 bytes of x86 machine code ↦ logged by jerodsanto 2019-08-01T13:22:00Z #learn +1 #operating-systems bootOS is a monolithic operating system that fits in one boot sector. It’s able to load, execute, and save programs. Also keeps a filesystem. It can work with any floppy disk size starting at 180K. bootOS programs include fbird, invaders, and bootBASIC. | <urn:uuid:3ef9ad53-0cdd-4392-9b73-2a8487c820a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://changelog.com/news/bootos-is-a-monolithic-operating-system-in-512-bytes-of-x86-machine-code-V2dZ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.86368 | 110 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Nourish - Candida Overgrowth: The Importance of Fermented and Cultured Foods on the Anti Candida Diet (Part Three)
Welcome to part three of the Candida Overgrowth blog series. Today it’s all about fermented and cultured foods and why they’re so important.
As covered in part one of this blog series, candida is an organism that lives naturally within the human body and is normally found in low levels.
The troubles arise when there is an imbalance caused by an overproduction of this yeast which can cause many problems. This includes the infamous fungal infection known as Candida.
It’s commonly thought by many that we should just send in the antibiotics or prescribed antifungals to wipe out the overgrowth of ‘bad bacteria’ (Candida) and all our problems will go away. However, this is simply not the case.
Killing the bacteria kills both the good and the bad, and without the good, you’re heading for further imbalance, and what do you know? Another visit from the overgrowing candida.
Take yeast infections in women for example.
There are five known vaginal bacteria that colonize the vagina and keep Candida and yeast infections under control. Many of them (such as Lactobacillus) produce lactic acid, which lowers the pH, creating a hostile environment for pathogens.
When things such as antibiotics kill these good bacteria, there becomes a void of empty space and suddenly, the candida has room to spread out and grow and an overgrowth of yeast can result, leading to, you guessed it, a yeast infection.
So what do we do about it?
Eat fermented and cultured foods!
Well, here’s where fermented and cultured foods come in.
Instead of solely talking about killing and eradicating bacteria, let’s talk about building and nurturing our microbiome.
If we build up the good yeasts and bacteria in our guts, they will do the hard work for us!
We covered dietary changes for helping overcome overgrowth of candida in part two of the Candida Overgrowth blog series. Yet there wasn’t enough space to really delve into the real juicy bits about why consuming fermented and cultured foods are an absolute must on the diet. Let’s dive into that now!
Fermented and cultured foods are essential when it comes to improving the health of our gut and reducing fungal growth.
When we eat them, these beneficial bacteria reproduce and establish themselves in our gut – creating a happy and healthy microbiome.
Having lots of good bacteria in our bodies helps to keep Candida in check. Moreover, it stops it from spreading out and growing into places it doesn’t belong.
What is Culturing?
Culturing commonly means there has been some kind of microbial starter used to initiate fermentation. Typical microbial starters include SCOBYs (such as kombucha and kefir cultures), whey and powdered starter cultures.
A scoby aka symbiotic colonies of bacteria and yeast tend to feed off sugar and produce a cultured beverage that contains beneficial yeast and bacteria.
Water kefir is an example of culturing, as is milk kefir and kombucha. Water kefir is made using small crystal-like scoby grains that feed off of sugar water. Kombucha is made using a disc-shaped scoby that feeds off of sugar and caffeine.
They also grow and reproduce, so if you know someone who makes either, ask for some scobys 😊 We’ll cover these a little more further into this post.
What is Wild Fermentation?
The air is filled with microbes, as is our food.
Wild fermentation occurs when microbes naturally found in the air and on these foods are used to initiate the fermentation process.
Sauerkraut is an example of wild fermentation since it utilizes the naturally occurring bacteria on the cabbage, Lactobacillus, to break down and ferment in an anaerobic environment aka without oxygen.
Anaerobic conditions are very important because if simply left out exposed to oxygen, the cabbage would become mouldy. The anaerobic environment plus the salt used in the fermentation process keeps the bad bacteria away and allows the beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus) to turn into lactic acid. This results in the sour-tasting fermented cabbage that we call sauerkraut.
Sourdough is another example since the initial process of creating a sourdough starter utilizes wild yeasts found in the air and on the flour used.
What is Lacto-Fermentation?
Lacto-fermentation, aka Lactic acid fermentation, is a variant of wild fermentation and often used interchangeably. Bare with me here!
The term lacto-fermentation refers to the specific bacteria, Lactobacillus. Since Lactobacillus is present on anything grown in the earth, this also makes our previously mentioned sauerkraut another example of lacto-fermentation, as well as being a wild fermentation. The naturally occurring Lactobacillus bacteria found on the cabbage feeds on the natural sugars in the cabbage and produces lactic acid as a by-product.
As Lactobacillus is naturally present on our veggies, lacto-fermented foods can include carrots, garlic, cauliflower, pickles, onions, red peppers etc.
With the addition of a little salt and an anaerobic environment, these foods will naturally ferment and become laden with beneficial bacteria. Plus they’re incredibly tasty!
How to Add Fermented and Cultured Foods into the Diet
Re-establishing a healthy gut microbiome by eating plenty of fermented and cultured foods can be a very powerful defence against not only candida overgrowth but any unwanted pathogen or bug. A happy gut microbiome is key to a healthy and happy immune system.
There are many delicious fermented and cultured foods that can help to repopulate and balance our gut microbiome, so let’s get to them!
Sauerkraut is a type of fermented cabbage that is incredibly versatile, both in how you make it and how you can eat it.
Since the cabbage comes ‘pre-loaded’ with the bacteria it needs to ferment itself, it’s even easier to make than yoghurt and kefir. You don’t even need a starter culture. You just need cabbage and salt.
For more info on why fermented foods are so good for you plus a recipe on how to make your own sauerkraut, check out my previous blog here.
If you’re not up for making it, pop into one of our Nourish stores and head to the fridge. You’ll find delicious unheated, unpasteurised sauerkraut waiting for you there!
Eat it as a side dish, add to salads, mix into bowls, add to sandwiches or toast. Add it to your meals (just make sure it’s not hot as this will kill the bacteria) or eat it alone.
Kimchi is a traditional Korean food made by fermenting cabbage with vegetables such as radish and combining it with herbs and spices such as chilli, garlic, ginger and red pepper.
You can enjoy kimchi alone as a digestive stimulant before a meal, or in a meal. It’s great with rice, mixed into soup or as a side dish.
And here’s a fun fact about fermented cabbage.
Raw cabbage contains roughly 30 mg of vitamin C per cup, but when you ferment it into sauerkraut or kimchi, its vitamin C and antioxidant levels skyrocket. Levels of antioxidants improve drastically and the vitamin C in sauerkraut can range anywhere from 57 to 695 mg!
Why does this happen? Because fermentation increases the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals in plant-based foods. It even makes folate, riboflavin, and vitamin B12 more absorbable. Plus it helps the synthesis of vitamin K2 and amino acids.
Fermenting foods help to enhance the bioavailability of nutrients within the food, which is especially important if you’ve been having gut issues and problems absorbing your nutrients.
Fun fact number 2: people who eat lacto-fermented vegetables have been shown to absorb more iron than people who eat the same veggies, but in their fresh state. This is because the fermentation process changes iron into its more absorbable ferric form.
All you need to do is grab yourself any veg of your choice, any herbs/spices you want, add them to a jar with a lid and cover with a salt water brine. After 5-10 days (or longer if you wish) you’ll have probiotic-rich lacto-fermented veggies to enjoy with every meal!
If you’re interested in trying this, check out some recipes online as it’s important to get your salt:water ratio right.
You can also find some great books which go into more detail and give some delicious recipes to try. Sandor Katz Wild Fermentation is a great one to check out.
Milk Kefir is a traditional fermented milk drink found all over the world, from Turkey to Russia. It’s simply milk that has been cultured with kefir grains. It’s a little like yoghurt in flavour and texture, but a bit tangier. You can consume it in the same way as yoghurt.
And for those of you with lactose intolerance, you can also give kefir a try as the kefir grains actually consume the milk sugar, lactose, as their source of food. This means you’re left with the delicious fermented beverage, minus the lactose – hurrah!
You can easily make your own kefir at home. All you need are some milk kefir grains or dehydrated grains. You place them in a jar of milk and within a day or two you will have some delicious kefir!
The best thing about kefir is that you can keep using those same grains indefinitely and they even grow over time so you can share them around.
You can also use these grains to make cultured coconut kefir, or even cultured almond or cashew milk!
As mentioned earlier, water kefir grains are similar to milk kefir, but instead of milk, they feed off of sugar water.
Since their food source is the sugar, you don’t have to worry about yourself consuming it, as they eat it and turn it into probiotic goodness 😊
This makes for a wonderful effervescent bubbly beverage that works really well as a soda replacement or alcohol alternative at a special event. (I mention this since alcohol is off the cards on the anti-candida diet in part two).
Again, find yourself some water kefir grains from a friend or online, mix up some sugar water and you’re good to go. (I recommend looking up the ratio and tricks on how to make it online if you’re interested in getting some on the go).
Yoghurt is another naturally fermented dairy culture and contains a variety of lactobacillus strains of probiotic bacteria.
When buying in the shop, look for ones that contain live cultures. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacteria bifidum are particularly helpful. Try to avoid yoghurts that don’t list the specific strains of bacteria on the packaging as they may not be worth the money.
Also, make sure that if you’re following the anti-candida diet that you choose an unsweetened natural yoghurt.
Remember, that excess sugar can feed or possibly restart an unwanted Candida overgrowth. Opt for natural, unsweetened plain yoghurt.
Once you get used to less sugar in your diet, you won’t miss the overly sweet sugary types. You’ll actually start to enjoy the tangy flavour of unsweetened yoghurt. And depending on what stage of the diet you’re on, you can add some fresh pomegranate or mixed berries to give it some more flavour should you wish.
And of course, there’s always the option of making your own. Once you have a base culture, you’ll be able to make endless batches of fresh yoghurt.
Kombucha is a fizzy fermented tea drink and is unfortunately prone to be under much scrutiny in the candida conversation circles, which is mildly baffling to me.
A lot of people avoid kombucha when they have an overgrowth of candida after being told it may make the condition worse due to the fact it’s made using sugar.
Let’s tackle that first.
Yes, there is sugar used in the process of making kombucha, however, the kombucha scoby uses this sugar as it’s food source, turning it into the fizzy probiotic-rich beverage known as kombucha. Generally, kombucha ferments for 1-2 weeks, and in that time the sugar content is significantly reduced. If it is still sweet, you can leave it to ferment longer and eat up more sugars.
It is important to note that you want to drink kombucha without added fruit juice to ensure that there are no unnecessary sugar levels inside and it is properly fermented. If you’re buying it, read the label. If you’re making it at home, add lemon or ginger pieces instead of juice to flavour it.
Kombucha contains a powerful probiotic called Saccharomyces boulardii, which is actually a probiotic yeast.
S. Boulardii is a good probiotic yeast and we need not only good bacteria, but good yeasts as well to keep us in balance.
S. boulardii is able to effectively compete with and displace harmful yeast strains such as Candida. This makes kombucha a fair contender in the battle of candida overgrowth.
Making your own kombucha is easy. You simply get a SCOBY from a friend, online or in a shop. Instructions for making kombucha can also be found online or from whomever you get it from.
Other fermented and cultured foods worth mentioning include:
- kvass, a probiotic beverage made from rye bread
- miso, a paste made by fermenting soybeans, brown rice or barley with koji
- natto, fermented soybeans
- apple cider vinegar, a liquid made by fermenting apples, vinegar and a bacterial culture
- apple scrap vinegar
- sourdough bread
Cultured foods can certainly aid in the treatment of Candida overgrowth as long as they are made properly in order to remove excess sugars and allow the probiotics to grow and become strong.
Consuming probiotic foods is one of the easiest ways to boost your immune system, improve your digestion, bring the gut into balance and fight off digestive infections such as Candida overgrowth.
I hugely encourage you to try adding a variety of cultured foods into your meals regularly and increase them as you adjust to the huge influx of good microbes that begin to conquer and dominate your microflora.
Continue reading more about candida overgrowth here:
- The Symptoms, The Causes and the Treatments (Part One)
- Dietary Changes (Part Two)
- Herbs, Medicinal Mushrooms and Supplements (Part Four)
- Lifestyle Changes (Part Five)
Any questions? Drop into your local Nourish store to chat with our expert team and explore our full range of foods, supplements and skincare. You can also find our full product range in our online store.
A word of caution.
If you’re not used to eating or drinking fermented and cultured foods, take it slowly.
Going full steam ahead and throwing them all down can cause a detox reaction as the bad bacteria and bad yeasts leave the body. They give off toxins as they die off and you can experience detox symptoms such as:
- body aches
- joint aches
- skin rashes
- maybe even cold and flu symptoms. This all depends on your level of health and general diet. For others, you won’t notice any of these.
*Please note that while we are knowledgeable about our products and nutrition, this blog should never be a substitute for medical advice and attention.
Please remember that you should always obtain the all-clear from your doctor before starting any new supplement plan or diet if you’re on any medication. | <urn:uuid:42713e63-0501-47c0-a8ac-d0d41543bac7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.nourish.ie/2019/11/12/candida-overgrowth-the-importance-of-fermented-and-cultured-foods-on-the-anti-candida-diet-part-three/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931987 | 3,537 | 2.1875 | 2 |
What’s ON that bug? Ranatra w/ orange bumps
Thu, Jul 2, 2009 at 3:12 PM
I recently tracked down the ID of this odd insect in a local pond as a Water Scorpion (Ranatra spp.), but all of the individuals I’ve seen so far are covered in strange, orange bumps that do not appear to be “normal” or common. Do you have any idea what these might be caused by? The pond is next to the building I work in and appears to be the result of dam work by the local beaver’s union. There is plenty of food for these guys with damsel flies, tadpoles in the thousands and other small, crunchy things. The other wildlife in the area does not appear to be suffering from any apparent disease or sicknesses and the vegetation around the pond appears to be thriving.
Issaquah, WA 98027
Congratulations on identifying the Water Scorpion in the genus Ranatra. That is not an easy identification. The orange bumps are Aquatic Mites. The Aquatic Mites often use flying aquatic insects to get from one body of water to another, a behavior known a phoresy. Some time back when we posted an image of a ToeBiter with mites, we got this comment from a reader.
Previous Comment on similar posting: Mites on the toe-biter?
Hi Daniel and Lisa Anne,
About the email on the Toe Biter from Tom on (01/27/2007) who talks about having 12 red mites on his Toe Biter? I remember seeing mites on aquatic insects, looking suspicious, and so I looked it up, and it turns out that *all* of the more than 5,000 known species of aquatic mites (Hydracarina) are partly parasitic. When they are larvae, aquatic mites are parasitic on aquatic insects, but as adults the mites become free-swimming and predatory. Winged aquatic insects, such as the toe biters, fly around of course, and that way the mites are spread from one body of water to another. You can read a lot more interesting stuff about them at:
And at :
Best to you as always,
Susan J. Hewitt | <urn:uuid:0a103e3a-1df3-498b-b96a-82d26dd642cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.whatsthatbug.com/aquatic-mites-on-water-scorpion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.9347 | 509 | 2.625 | 3 |
Samus Aran (サムス・アラン, Samus Aran) is the protagonist of the Metroid series. Samus is the galaxy's most famous bounty hunter, thanks to her constantly helping the Galactic Federation in their fight against the Space Pirates. Samus is widely praised as one of Nintendo's most iconic heroes, and a groundbreaking example of proactive, powerful female protagonists in gaming.
Samus made her first appearance in Metroid (1986) for the Nintendo Entertainment System. The original game concepts for Metroid were done by director Makoto Kanoh and designer Hiroji Kiyotake.
Much like Link, Samus is largely silent during gameplay and defined by the player's actions, although she is occasionally given spoken dialogue or internal/introductory monologues, with her level of expressiveness varying between games. This carries over to both her incarnations in Super Smash Bros., where the "standard" Samus is completely silent (although the Galactic Avenger event description in SSB4 is written as if spoken by her) and her Zero Suited self has a small number of spoken lines. Metroid: Other M attempted to introduce more personality, characterization and backstory to Samus; however, the game's approach resulted in significant fan and critical controversy. Metroid Prime: Federation Force and Metroid: Samus Returns, in addition to subsequent Super Smash Bros. games (particularly through small amounts of characterization such as in Ridley's reveal trailer), would revert Samus to her previous, largely silent and stoic depiction.
A Nintendo Power comic adaptation of Super Metroid was the first depiction of Samus's backstory, which was later fleshed out in a Monthly Magazine Z manga. These comics established that she was born on the Earth colony K-2L to parents Virginia and Rodney Aran, the latter being a member of the Galactic Federation. When Samus was 3 years old, her parents were on a mission in the K-2L mines to retrieve a precious mineral known as Afloraltite when the Chozo arrived as observers. The Chozo quickly befriended Samus and left when they believed all was well. Soon after, the mining team were ambushed by the Space Pirates, led by a creature known as Ridley. While Ridley considered Samus cute when they first met, he decided to kill her out of mercy, but accidentally killed Virginia as she jumped between the two. A wounded Rodney then shot at the Afloraltite, causing it to explode, killing him and most of the space pirates. Anyone left alive quickly fled. The Chozo returned soon after to assess the damages when they came across Samus as the sole survivor of the incident. They decided to adopt the now orphaned girl and took her to planet Zebes. As she grew up, she trained with them and was given a Chozo power suit. Eventually, Samus left the planet and joined the Galactic Federeation, but quickly left due to her disagreements with the higherups over procedures and general distaste for authority. Samus became a bounty hunter instead, and quickly developed a reputation as the best in the galaxy.
The original Metroid saw Samus on her first mission on the planet Zebes, sent to stop the Space Pirates and destroy Mother Brain, the mechanical lifeform that controlled the fortress and its computers. She was later sent to Planet Zebes to stop the Space Pirates on Zebes, who were attempting to use a newly discovered species called the "Metroids" and destroy Mother Brain, the computer who controlled Zebes's ecosystem. Samus successfully carried out the mission, destroying Mother Brain. The original Metroid ends here, but in the remake Metroid: Zero Mission, Samus's ship is shot down after takeoff, and Samus must fight her way out of the Space Pirate mothership with only her Zero Suit and Emergency Pistol; it is here that Samus gets her most well known Power Suit and, with it, she escapes from the Space Pirates.
The original Metroid kept Samus' gender a secret (with the intent of surprising gamers after they completed it); even the game's instruction manual refers to Samus as a male. However, clearing the game would unlock an ending where Samus would remove her Power Suit to reveal a bikini, and the well-known "JUSTIN BAILEY" cheat code would allow her to be playable in a leotard. Since then, almost every game in the series would depict an unsuited Samus in some way, typically as part of an ending sequence. Metroid: Zero Mission and later games would consolidate Samus' appearance and abilities outside of the suit, resulting in the version of the character known as Zero Suit Samus.
In Metroid Prime, Samus was responding to a distress call from the Space Pirate Frigate, which had been studying a new form of mutagen called Phazon, three years after her adventure to Zebes. There, she encountered Ridley, who was thought to have been destroyed in their previous battle. Samus pursued the reborn Meta Ridley to Tallon IV, where she learned that a meteorite had landed on the planet long ago, warping a sole Metroid into an evil creature known as Metroid Prime - also killing the Chozo. Samus searched through Tallon IV for information on the creature, phazon, and other reaserches. Samus tracked down the creature, once again destroying Ridley, and seemingly destroying Metroid Prime. Unbeknownst to Samus, Metroid Prime was reborn as Dark Samus, taking on the bounty hunter's image after stealing one of Samus's Power Suit upgrades.
In Metroid Prime Hunters, Samus went to Alinos, Arcterra, Vesper Defense Outpost, and the Celestial Archives to search for ocoliths. Other bounty hunters named Sylux, Trace, Noxus, Spire, Kanden, and Weavel were searching too. They fought, but later joined together for the battle against Gorea.
In Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, Samus was sent to the planet known as Aether to find a lost group of Federation troopers. It was there that Samus encountered Dark Samus. Samus discovered Aether had been split into light and dark dimensions. Samus went through the planet, destroying dark elements. With the help of the Luminoth species, Samus destroyed Dark Aether and apparently Dark Samus as well, but her dark counterpart still lived.
In Metroid Prime 3: Corruption, Dark Samus, now leading the Space Pirates, plots to corrupt the entire galaxy with Phazon, rendering them under her control. Samus also confronts Meta Ridley again. Dark Samus manages to "corrupt" Samus, along with three bounty hunter allies, Rundas, Ghor, and Gandrayda, while they are at an attack at Norion. The other three are sent off to 3 planets, Bryyo, Elysia, and the Space Pirate Homeworld. But they are completely corrupted and Samus is forced to kill them as she makes her way to the Space Pirate Homeworld. Once there, she and the Galactic Federation travel to the planet Phaaze where Samus defeats Dark Samus once and for all and wipes Phazon off the face of the universe.
Metroid Prime: Federation Force marks Samus' first appearance in the series as a supporting character. During the events of the game, Samus is hired to investigate the Bermuda System, a three-planet system with abandoned Galactic Federation resources. As the mech suit-equipped members of Federation Force are already undertaking missions there, Samus occasionally intervenes to assist them. Samus eventually discovers that the Space Pirates are building a "strategic weapon", the battleship Doomseye, to attack Federation headquarters; however, she is kidnapped and brainwashed, and serves as the game's final boss under Space Pirate control. Once freed from the brainwashing, Samus helps the Federation troopers escape from the Doomseye and rescues them from the void of space using her gunship.
In Metroid II: Return of Samus, Samus is sent to SR388, the homeworld of the Metroids, to wipe out what remains of them because they were deemed too dangerous to exist. Samus accomplishes this mission, destroying even the Metroid Queen, but after completing this task, one last Metroid egg hatches and follows Samus as though she were its mother. Samus chooses to spare the baby Metroid, remembering that she was the sole survivor of the raid of K-2L, and decides to take it to the Ceres Space Colony. The game's story is retold and expanded upon in the remake Metroid: Samus Returns, most notably by having Samus and the baby Metroid encounter Ridley once again after the alleged completion of her mission.
In Super Metroid, with the last Metroid in captivity, the galaxy is at peace. The scientists begin to study the Metroid and their scientific properties. Just as Samus leaves the colony, it is attacked by the Space Pirates. Samus turns back and witnesses a reborn Ridley making off with the infant Metroid. Samus chases him to Zebes where she once again defeats Kraid and Ridley, along with many other creatures, but is attacked by a giant Metroid on her way to Mother Brain. Recognizing Samus just in time, the Metroid, which was the previously captured baby Metroid, releases Samus, who goes on to confront Mother Brain once again. In a final epic battle, Samus fights Mother Brain, who is using a mechanical body, but is almost defeated. But she is saved by the baby Metroid at the last moment, though it is killed by Mother Brain. Using the Hyper Beam the Baby Metroid had taken from Mother Brain, Samus easily avenges her "first child"'s death and presumably kills Mother Brain, then escaping Zebes before the planet explodes.
In Metroid: Other M, Samus receives a distress signal, namely stated as the "Baby's Cry", which is meant to attract attention. Samus decides to travel to the Bottle Ship, where she meets up with Adam, her former Intergalactic Commander, and his team. Samus soon discovers that the scientists on the Bottle Ship were creating illegal weapons made from the Space Pirates, but they had escaped, riddling the ship with monsters. She later discovers that they had used the remnants of the Baby Metroid that had saved her, which were attached to her suit, to create Metroids for use as bioweapons. However, in order to control them, they created an android with Mother Brain's AI, naming her "MB." When the MB began to develop feelings, she tried to protect the Metroids when everyone else wanted to destroy them and abandoned the project, leading to chaos throughout the Bottle Ship. In the end, Adam sacrifices himself to kill the remaining Metroids, Samus destroys the Metroid Queen, and the Galactic Federation kills MB. After Samus leaves, the Galactic Federation decides to destroy the Bottle Ship via self-destruction.
In Metroid Fusion, Samus is assigned to collect samples of life on SR388 when she is infected by an X-Parasite, and subsequently crashes into an asteroid while in her ship. Unconscious, her suit is surgically removed due to the X-Parasite infecting it. Her life is saved only after she is given the Vaccine "Metroid", which was made from the Baby Metroid, giving her Metroid-esque qualities such as immunity to X-Parasites and weakness to cold. After this, Samus is sent to the BSL Research Station to investigate an explosion in the Quarantine Bay. There, she encounters the SA-X, an X-Parasite that merged with her infected Power Suit. Samus is able to eliminate the X-Parasites by crashing the BSL into SR388.
In Metroid Dread, Samus is dispatched to investigate by a currently unknown party and travels to ZDR. As the only being in the universe with immunity against the X Parasites, Samus seeks to uncover whether they truly still exist. Soon after arriving on ZDR, Samus encounters a hostile, living Chozo (who previously appeared in the Chozo Memories of Metroid: Samus Returns) named Raven Beak, who attacks her and steals her abilities. As she wakes up and explores the planet in search of a way back to her ship, Samus encounters the E.M.M.I. robots, which have gone rogue and now seek to kill her.
In all depictions, Samus is a hardened warrior that has no qualms with killing to complete the mission. This is seen in the many creatures, space pirates, and boss characters she effortlessly mows down. Samus is fearless in the face of danger, willing to take on enemies much larger than herself. An exception to this is in Other M where she experiences a post traumatic stress disorder episode when fighting against Ridley. Samus would kill Metroids in particular, as she was ordered to on several occasions. However, the fact that she refused to kill the baby Metroid shows a softer, sympathetic, even maternal side of Samus that was explored more in the following installments.
As a playable character
Main article: Samus (SSB)
Samus makes her first appearance in the Super Smash Bros. series in the original Super Smash Bros. as a starting playable character. Samus is a heavy, yet floaty character. Her design is based off her appearance from Super Metroid. Her neutral special move is the Charge Shot, which can fire small blasts that do little damage; but when it is charged to full power, it is quite devastating. Her up special is the Screw Attack, which causes Samus to shoot up in the air, spinning her around very fast. Her down special is the Bomb, which can be used for a recovery through using it to air stall. However, Samus is considered one of the weaker characters in the game due to her lack of combo attacks, and being the only character in the game who cannot pull off a zero-to-death combo via natural combos. This has lead to her position on the current tier list, where she is ranked 8th out 12.
Samus' in-game character description reads as follows:
As a playable character
Main article: Samus (SSBM)
Samus returns as a starting selectable character in Super Smash Bros. Melee, in which her moveset has been tweaked. Her design is still based off her Super Metroid appearance. Her new side special move is the Missile. Samus's tier list placement is much higher than in the previous game (10th out of 26, in the C tier) due to her improved projectiles and edgeguarding capabilities, as well as a hugely improved recovery with many options, including bomb recovery and the wall grapple.
Main article: List of SSBM trophies (Metroid series)
Samus as a playable character is featured on three trophies. Her normal trophy is acquired by beating the Classic mode with her on any difficulty, and her Smash Red and Smash Blue trophies are acquired the same way by beating the Adventure and All-Star modes, respectively.
The only other trophy that features Samus is the Samus Unmasked trophy. However, this trophy is only obtainable via special events or by hacking.
Samus's normal trophy earned in the Classic mode reads as follows:
This intergalactic bounty hunter's full name is Samus Aran. Clad in a Power Suit made by the Chozo race and infused with their enhanced blood, she cleared the planet Zebes of a Metroid infestation. Samus is an orphan, the sole survivor of a Space Pirate raid that destroyed an Earth colony named K-2L.
As a playable character
Main article: Samus (SSBB)
Samus returns in Brawl, with an embellished design based on Metroid: Zero Mission. After using her Final Smash, the Zero Laser, her Varia Suit will fall off, thus making her become Zero Suit Samus. Her Varia Suit color can be changed to resemble the color schemes of some of her other suits, like the Fusion Suit or Dark Suit. When her suit color is changed in such a way, her Zero Suit color also changes and has different markings on the back. Her tier ranking is far lower than it was in Melee (32nd out of 38, in F tier) due to her severely nerfed KO power and projectiles.
Main article: List of SSBB trophies (Metroid series)
Samus has many trophies about her, including her main one that is awarded each time Classic mode is completed with Samus on any difficulty. See Zero Laser for the trophy description of Samus' Final Smash:
The intergalactic bounty hunter named Samus Aran. Orphaned at an early age, she was taken in and raised by the alien race known as the Chozo. The Power Suit she wears is a product of their technology. Her unique combat skills combined with her athleticism and Arm Cannon have seen her through countless missions.
During exploration of SR388, Samus is infected by an X parasite and nearly dies. A vaccine created from Metroid cells saves her, but her suit turns blue and loses most of its abilities and weapons. This new Samus must regather her special abilities and fight to neutralize the threat of the X parasites in the space station run by Biologic Space Laboratories.
Samus in the basic version of the legendary Power Suit, made for her by the Chozo race. Samus is most often seen at the beginning of each game in this suit. The normal Power Suit has the lowest level of protective power and features no additional functions. She can use the cannon on her right arm for power shots and build up her arsenal through item pickups.
A suit with a higher level of protection than the Power Suit. It eliminates damage caused by very hot or cold areas. It is also more resilient to enemy attacks than the Power Suit and greatly differs in shoulder design. Recent visual depictions of Samus often show her wearing the Varia Suit.
A Power Suit that provides even more damage protection than the Varia Suit. This Gravity Suit also allows Samus to move without water resistance when underwater. In most games in the series, this suit also blocks lava damage and friction. In addition, it allows Samus to use item bonuses like the High Jump, Space Jump, and Speed Booster, even when underwater or in lava.
A Power Suit that reduces damage taken from the atmosphere of Dark Aether. It is obtained after defeating Amorbis in the Dark Agon Waste Temple. With its increased protection, it greatly widens the range of exploration available in the toxic atmosphere. This suit was developed by the Luminoth, the native race of Aether.
As a playable character
Main article: Samus (SSB4)
Samus returns as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. 4. Her appearance now matches the design used in Metroid: Other M, albeit with minor cosmetic additions. However, she can no longer turn into Zero Suit Samus, who is now a separate character.
Currently, Samus places 37th out of 55 characters on the Smash 4 tier list in the D tier (tying with Robin). While her Charge Shot gained KO power and had its speed increased, she had seemingly not improved much since Brawl. However, Samus received many helpful buffs in game updates, with the most noteworthy being update 1.1.5, which increased her air speed and noticeably improved her dash attack, forward tilt, forward aerial, and tether grab. Charge Shot and Missile also saw their start-up lag reduced, strengthening her camping options. Thanks to the buffs Samus has gained through updates, she is now considered to be better than how she was in Brawl and during the early days of Smash 4.
As a costume
Outside of her role as a playable character, Samus's Varia Suit serves as the basis of a downloadable content costume for Mii Gunners. Nintendo also released a QR code for those who wish to have the exact Mii used in the costume's advertising.
Samus Aran has fought her way across a variety of planets in the Metroid series. She wears a Power Suit designed by the Chozo, giving her incredible versatility in a fight. She can wade in, but she favors beams and missiles. A fully charged Charge Shot packs a serious punch!
Samus protects herself from overhead enemies with her up smash, Cover Fire, which can land multiple hits on anyone it connects with. Samus also fires a homing missile by holding sideways and pressing the special- attack button or launches a Super Missile by quickly tapping sideways instead.
When most people think of Samus, they think of her wearing the Varia Suit. It not only grants her power far beyond her own physical strength but also can unleash a deadly array of beams from the Arm Cannon. And, in a feature quite unique to the Metroid series, it lets her morph into a ball instead of having to crawl!
Power Suits aren't known for being good in water, so if you're the aquatic type, what you need is a Gravity Suit. This stylish, glowing suit upgrade not only completely nullifies fluid resistance— making moving underwater a breeze—but also reduces damage and improves your underwater vision. What more could you ask for?
No, not what you might wear to a formal party - this is one of the Power Suit types in Samus's arsenal. The Varia Suit might have the most iconic look, but its defensive abilities are sadly lacking. On Dark Aether, this suit will be much more useful. The Luminoth created it to mitigate the deadly substances in the planet's air.
As a playable character
Main article: Samus (SSBU)
Samus is playable once again as a starting character, using her design from Super Smash Bros. 4. Samus has received numerous changes that drastically change her playstyle from Smash 4, making her more of a powerhouse character with a stronger projectile game. Furthermore, Zero Suit Samus dons the Varia Suit during her Final Smash, using the same model as the playable version.
Aside from the two playable incarnations of Samus, multiple versions of her appear as Spirits, including the Fusion Suit and Gravity Suit.
As a costume
Samus' outfit for the Mii Gunner returns from the previous game, now being available from the start as a customization option.
In other languages | <urn:uuid:7da88cda-31c0-44a8-b9d0-257c99751dee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ssbwiki.com/Samus_Aran | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964026 | 4,692 | 2.03125 | 2 |
CROWN HEIGHTS — A rezoning proposal to allow two towers in southern Crown Heights to rise up to 16 stories if affordable housing is included will have “no significant effect” on the surrounding environment, the city has determined and cleared to start its official review.
Cornell Realty hopes to double the height allowed by current zoning to bring 565 apartments to two sites — 40 Crown St. and 931 Carroll St. — off Franklin Avenue, according to an environmental assessment submitted to the city in late December.
On Monday, the Department of City Planning concluded its technical review of that 337-page document, concluding the development will have “no significant effect on the quality of the environment,” the agency said.
To complete the project, the developers will need approval to change land use rules on the sites under the mayor’s Mandatory Inclusionary Housing initiative, which allows higher and denser buildings that include a certain percentage of affordable housing. In total, the two residential towers will include 152 affordable units, the zoning application says.
With DCP’s review of the environmental statement, the project has now begun the Uniform Land Use Review Procedure, or ULURP, a year-long zoning approval process. Before the development can be built, the plan will need input from the borough president and local community board, where opposition to zoning changes has been fierce in recent years. In addition, up-down votes on the project are required from the City Council and mayor.
If approved, the two towers will significantly change the skyline in the area, currently made up of low-rise building with two notable exceptions: the 33-story Mitchell-Lama complex Tivoli Towers and the 25-story towers at the Ebbets Field apartment complex.
The developers included an illustration of the proposed buildings next to Tivoli in the environmental impact statement, which shows the planned towers north and south of the large 1970s-era complex. New York YIMBY first reported the rendering and the details of the document.
The two development sites are not the only proposed residential buildings set to come to the area. Currently, plans are in the works for a 12-story building at 109 Montgomery St. between Washington and Franklin avenues, a property formerly owned by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
► Click below to see other developments taking shape in the area in DNAinfo's interactive skyline visualization of new buildings proposed in New York. | <urn:uuid:0ddfebba-ef82-4b7f-bbde-d08c6e90832c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20170131/crown-heights/rezoning-for-proposed-16-story-towers-crown-heights-moves-forward/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.944034 | 498 | 1.507813 | 2 |
I loathe writing useless words. I do a lot of prewriting, but only to avoid writing useless words later. Because I want as many words as possible to count toward my daily word goal, I don’t really like filling out long character interview worksheets or complicated worldbuilding schemata. Some people like to draw maps that won’t appear in the book because it helps them envision the world. I think that’s great. But I really only want to know about the early geological formations if somebody is going to get hit in the head with a rock at some point.
I’ve tried to streamline my worldbuilding process to focus only on what I need to get a solid grip on the story. I consider myself a hard-core plotter, but in reality (or should I say “in my reality”? or should I say “in my made-up so-called reality”?) I let a lot of the smaller details about my worlds pop up as needed. That should make my pantser friends mock me gleefully 🙂
Still, to get started here are the basic questions I usually want to know about my world:
1. What in this world is already familiar to readers?
This gives me a shorthand that I share with the reader without explaining everything. It’s also good info for my pitch. It also lets me know if I’m writing something that might actually appeal to — ya know — readers.
2. How does this world differ? What is unique to my vision?
3. Which characters understand the new world? Who doesn’t? How does the new world affect them?
I often like worlds where somebody is the fish out of water. That’s a convenient way to reveal the new world to the reader and the character at the same time. Plus, it’s fun.
4. How does my made-up world reflect, distort, explain, and/or enlighten the real world my reader lives in?
This is about theme.
5. Which details about the world are coolest? How can I play those up?
6. Which details about the world will directly affect the plot and/or characters? How do I deepen those?
I’d argue that the nature of the story world should be indissolubly intertwined with the plot and characters. All steampunk gears should turn! Which is a little hypocritical of me because I love wallpaper historicals.
7. Which details about the world don’t really matter?
Delete! Okay, that’s harsh. Is there a good reason to weave those irrelevant details in? No? Delete!
8. Have I used all my senses to bring the world to life?
We move through our world with our senses engaged: sight, sound, touch, smell, taste, intuition, subconscious physical reactions, etc. We can bring a new world to life using those senses. I usually save this for a later draft since in the first draft I tend to focus on the bare-bones plot and only later realize my characters have been running around nekkid for 300 pages. | <urn:uuid:34dc8876-98db-4dae-9411-27bcfc627299> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jessaslade.wordpress.com/for-writers/jessa-builds-a-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932781 | 656 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Make it a Fourth of July to remember
Published 11:51 am Thursday, June 28, 2018
At the mention of Fourth of July I begin to anticipate barbecue, fresh corn, the gathering of family and friends, and of course fireworks. It doesn’t bring to mind tragic accidents that could have been avoided. Unfortunately for some, the Fourth of July weekend will bring just that.
With the Fourth of July falling on a Wednesday this year, some folks will begin their Independence Day celebration this weekend, some during the week and some next weekend. Whenever you choose to celebrate, remember that you can prevent tragedies and ensure your celebration is a happy one by following some simple safety guidelines.
If you drink, don’t drive. Call a cab, a friend, have a designated driver, stay put. You don’t need to get anywhere so badly that you put yourself and others in danger. Same thing goes for boating. Just say no.
Fireworks are dangerous and need to be supervised at all times. Sparklers seem harmless but did you know that they can burn at up to 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit? That’s hot enough to catch a little ones clothes on fire, burn toes or singe fingers. Be observant and keep water handy just in case something goes awry.
Other options are free, professional fireworks displays. There are several to choose from in our area.
The Farmville Municipal Airport will open the gates at 4:30 p.m. Tuesday and celebrate the holiday with live music, food vendors, activities for children and fireworks. Wednesday visit Patrick Henry‘s Red Hill for fireworks, music, living history demonstrations/ colonial games and more. And Saturday, June 7, enjoy a Fourth of July celebration at the Meherrin Fire Station. Entertainment will be provided by the Step Back Bank and fireworks at dusk.
If you plan on a barbecue be sure you keep your food safe. Keep cold food cold and hot food hot. No one wants a dose of salmonella with their potato salad.
Be safe and have a wonderful Fourth of July celebration that leaves you with great memories to enjoy for years to come.
BETTY RAMSEY is the Publisher of The Farmvlle Herald. She can be reached at Betty.Ramsey@ FarmvilleHerald.com. | <urn:uuid:f1c3afc8-4ad8-4591-9f35-ae665f432353> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.farmvilleherald.com/2018/06/make-it-a-fourth-of-july-to-remember/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947554 | 477 | 1.90625 | 2 |
If you are a fan of Sherlock Holmes, you may have seen a movie or description in the books after the fog in London, UK. In reality, although London is accessible by river to the ocean and the fog does come in, much of the fog was coal pollution. Ever since the discovery of coal in northern England, London has been burning coal, at first for heating in homes and then to generate electricity. The ports and railways of England developed to bring coal to the marketplaces.
If you know something about British history, former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher closed down coal mines and caused a great deal of strife in labor relationship.
In an article by Elizabeth Piper and Susanna Twidale of Reuters, the UK Minister of Energy Anne-Marie Trevelyan moved the target to end the use of coal to generate electricity to October 2024. Part of the reason is climate change and the year was to be 2025, the other part of the reason is the UK is hosting the UN Climate Change Conference in November.
Coal known as coking coal will still be mined for the steel industry.
Linking to dividend paying stocks, industries changed over time, but people get attached to the history and do not see the alternatives. It takes effort to see the alternatives becoming better and the new need to change. For companies that continually make profits and pay dividends, examining strategic values is important or you may want to find alternatives.
There are more questions than answers, till the next time – to raising questions. | <urn:uuid:a35c76b0-980d-4b6e-89ae-323bdb39eb6d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dividendprovides.com/2021/07/26/dividends-and-britain-moves-up-target-to-end-coal-use-in-electricity-generation-by-a-year/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.959044 | 305 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The length of the longer leg of a right triangle is 3ftmore than three times the length of the shorter leg. The length of the hypotenuse is 4ftmore than three times the length of the shorter leg. Find the side lengths of the triangle.
.The hypotenuse is twice as long as the shorter leg The longer leg is twice as long as the shorter leg.
The shorter leg is 6 feet long
The shorter leg is 9 feet long
If you have the shorter legs length, then for the hypotenuse, just multiply the shorter leg by 2. For the longer leg, multiply the shorter leg by the square root of 3.
The hypotenuse is twice as long as the shorter leg AND The longer leg is 3 times as long as the shorter leg.
There are an infinite number of different sets of lengths that will do it. You have to start by choosing the length of one side, and when you do that, here's how to find the others: Shorter leg = (longer leg) x 0.364 Shorter leg = (hypotenuse) x 0.342 Longer leg = (shorter leg) x 2.747 Longer leg = (hypotenuse) x 0.94 Hypotenuse = (shorter leg) / 0.342 Hypotenuse = (longer leg) / 0.94
Long leg Jack's get to be about 20 inches or shorter on all fours and no longer than about 14 inches long. The short leg Jacks get to be about 14 inches or shorter on all fours and no longer than about 12 inches long
The difference between the shorter leg and the longer leg is 60ft. In the model, this distance is only 4in. Multiply 60 by 12 to get the difference in inches, 720in Divide 720 by 4 to find that the model is 180 times smaller than the real thing. Multiply the shorter leg by 12 to convert it into inches, 75*12=900 Divide 900 by 180 and you will have the length of the shorter leg of the model, 5in.
Short leg is 6 feet.
the longer leg is root 3 times as long as the shorter leg, and the hypotenuse is twice as long as the shorter leg.
A cow's hind leg is typically longer than the front leg, just like our leg is longer than our arm. Leg length, however, depends on the frame size (which is height over width and depth of the animal, in a manner of speaking), and the breed. On average, the front leg of a cow is typically 24 to 30 inches long, and the back leg is 48 to over 50 inches tall. Taller cattle will have longer legs than shorter cattle, and miniature or low-line cattle are shorter in leg length than normal-sized or medium to large-framed cattle. | <urn:uuid:3fb0e34d-59a8-4de5-930f-ddb6fb3c063b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://math.answers.com/other-math/Why_is_the_longer_leg_longer_than_the_shorter_leg_if_the_shorter_leg_is_longer_than_the_longer_leg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.939608 | 593 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Matthew Henry's Commentary
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
1:1,2 The first verse of the Bible gives us a satisfying and useful account of the origin of the earth and the heavens. The faith of humble Christians understands this better than the fancy of the most learned men. From what we see of heaven and earth, we learn the power of the great Creator. And let our make and place as men, remind us of our duty as Christians, always to keep heaven in our eye, and the earth under our feet. The Son of God, one with the Father, was with him when he made the world; nay, we are often told that the world was made by him, and nothing was made without him. Oh, what high thoughts should there be in our minds, of that great God whom we worship, and of that great Mediator in whose name we pray! And here, at the beginning of the sacred volume, we read of that Divine Spirit, whose work upon the heart of man is so often mentioned in other parts of the Bible. Observe, that at first there was nothing desirable to be seen, for the world was without form, and void; it was confusion, and emptiness. In like manner the work of grace in the soul is a new creation: and in a graceless soul, one that is not born again, there is disorder, confusion, and every evil work: it is empty of all good, for it is without God; it is dark, it is darkness itself: this is our condition by nature, till Almighty grace works a change in us.
And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
And God said, Let there be light: and there was light.
1:3-5 God said, Let there be light; he willed it, and at once there was light. Oh, the power of the word of God! And in the new creation, the first thing that is wrought in the soul is light: the blessed Spirit works upon the will and affections by enlightening the understanding. Those who by sin were darkness, by grace become light in the Lord. Darkness would have been always upon fallen man, if the Son of God had not come and given us understanding, 1Jo 5:20. The light which God willed, he approved of. God divided the light from the darkness; for what fellowship has light with darkness? In heaven there is perfect light, and no darkness at all; in hell, utter darkness, and no gleam of light. The day and the night are the Lord's; let us use both to his honour, by working for him every day, and resting in him every night, meditating in his law both day and night.
And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.
And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.
And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.
1:6-13 The earth was emptiness, but by a word spoken, it became full of God's riches, and his they are still. Though the use of them is allowed to man, they are from God, and to his service and honour they must be used. The earth, at his command, brings forth grass, herbs, and fruits. God must have the glory of all the benefit we receive from the produce of the earth. If we have, through grace, an interest in Him who is the Fountain, we may rejoice in him when the streams of temporal mercies are dried up.
And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so.
And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so.
And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.
And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
And the earth brought forth grass, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself, after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
And the evening and the morning were the third day.
And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days, and years:
1:14-19 In the fourth day's work, the creation of the sun, moon, and stars is accounted for. All these are the works of God. The stars are spoken of as they appear to our eyes, without telling their number, nature, place, size, or motions; for the Scriptures were written, not to gratify curiosity, or make us astronomers, but to lead us to God, and make us saints. The lights of heaven are made to serve him; they do it faithfully, and shine in their season without fail. We are set as lights in this world to serve God; but do we in like manner answer the end of our creation? We do not: our light does not shine before God, as his lights shine before us. We burn our Master's candles, but do not mind our Master's work.
And let them be for lights in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth: and it was so.
And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night: he made the stars also.
And God set them in the firmament of the heaven to give light upon the earth,
And to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness: and God saw that it was good.
And the evening and the morning were the fourth day.
And God said, Let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven.
1:20-25 God commanded the fish and fowl to be produced. This command he himself executed. Insects, which are more numerous than the birds and beasts, and as curious, seem to have been part of this day's work. The Creator's wisdom and power are to be admired as much in an ant as in an elephant. The power of God's providence preserves all things, and fruitfulness is the effect of his blessing.
And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
And God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let fowl multiply in the earth.
And the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
And God said, Let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind, cattle, and creeping thing, and beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so.
And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God saw that it was good.
And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
1:26-28 Man was made last of all the creatures: this was both an honour and a favour to him. Yet man was made the same day that the beasts were; his body was made of the same earth with theirs; and while he is in the body, he inhabits the same earth with them. God forbid that by indulging the body, and the desires of it, we should make ourselves like the beasts that perish! Man was to be a creature different from all that had been hitherto made. Flesh and spirit, heaven and earth, must be put together in him. God said, Let us make man. Man, when he was made, was to glorify the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost. Into that great name we are baptized, for to that great name we owe our being. It is the soul of man that especially bears God's image. Man was made upright, Ec 7:29. His understanding saw Divine things clearly and truly; there were no errors or mistakes in his knowledge; his will consented at once, and in all things, to the will of God. His affections were all regular, and he had no bad appetites or passions. His thoughts were easily brought and fixed to the best subjects. Thus holy, thus happy, were our first parents in having the image of God upon them. But how is this image of God upon man defaced! May the Lord renew it upon our souls by his grace!
So God created man in his own image, in the image of God created he him; male and female created he them.
And God blessed them, and God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth.
And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
1:29,30 Herbs and fruits must be man's food, including corn, and all the products of the earth. Let God's people cast their care upon him, and not be troubled about what they shall eat, and what they shall drink. He that feeds his birds will not starve his babes.
And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.
And God saw every thing that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. And the evening and the morning were the sixth day.
1:31 When we come to think about our works, we find, to our shame, that much has been very bad; but when God saw his work, all was very good. Good, for it was all just as the Creator would have it to be. All his works, in all places of his dominion, bless him; and therefore, bless thou the Lord, O my soul. Let us bless God for the gospel of Christ, and when we consider his almighty power, let us sinners flee from the wrath to come. If new-created unto the image of God in holiness, we shall at length enter the new heavens and new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness. | <urn:uuid:b783f7b7-b367-4da5-b4c5-9a58d8b7edad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://biblehub.com/commentaries/mhc/genesis/1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.982081 | 2,397 | 2.921875 | 3 |
AT THE end of 2013, the UN estimated that there were 16.7
million refugees in the world. Last week, a priest in Cornwall
attempted to draw closer to their plight, from inside a tent.
The Curate of Perranzabuloe with Crantock and Cubert, the Revd
Caspar Bush, spent a week in a tent provided by the charity
ShelterBox, outside St Michael's, Perranzabuloe. He was reliant on
donations from parishioners for food, clothing, a sleeping bag, and
toiletries. The idea came to him during a holiday in France this
"It was the time when there were those awful pictures of Yazidis
and Christians being forced from their homes in Iraq; and I just
thought 'What a contrast!'" he said on Tuesday. "I felt quite
convicted that I had to do something to try and identify with those
Parishioners provided six sleeping bags, all of which he used
after Cornwall was hit by bad weather. Among the more unusual
donations were Spam and body butter.
During the week, Mr Bush carried on performing his duties,
including officiating at a wedding. He said that his time in the
tent, during which he was visited by several parishioners in need
of a listening ear, had prompted him to reflect on the availability
"People said: 'It's really good that you are just here, and I
don't feel like you are rushing off to something.' . . . When I get
some parishes of my own, probably I ought to acquire a gazebo and
put up a notice in a public place to say 'Come and talk to a
vicar.' . . . I feel I ought to try and make time for it."
ShelterBox also put up a tent within St Michael's, which Mr Bush
hoped would help people reflect on the experience of Christians who
had opened up their churches to refugees. A vigil was held on every
evening of the week, during which pictures of refugees were
displayed on screen.
Now back at home, Mr Bush said that he felt "very challenged
about whether I might live more simply".
Read Mr Bush's blog here: http://curateinatent.wordpress.com/ | <urn:uuid:1166b5d5-49a0-4890-803f-b4790f159b2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2014/17-october/news/uk/priest-shelters-in-tent-in-solidarity-with-refugees | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.982194 | 502 | 2.171875 | 2 |
There is a birthday card making the rounds that says, “You know what they say about age – it’s all in your mind.” Inside the card it adds, “and your legs, your arms, your neck, your arches, your back, your shoulders, etc.” Well, the body may grow old, but the mind and the spirit can be ever young.
There need be no debate about whether or not God uses large churches or small churches. Both have their place and can even bless each other. We remember that Spurgeon regularly preached to over 6,000 per Sunday. That is a truly remarkable number for his time. But, that is not how it began. Spurgeon was converted at the age of fifteen in a small church where only a handful worshipped, on a snowy Sunday when the crowd was even smaller than usual.
In our own time, Bob Russell, recently retired from Southeast Christian Church in Louisville, Kentucky, helped lead his congregation to the place where they ran over 18,000 in attendance. When Russell was a young man, he grew up in and was nurtured by a church which at the time was running less than 100 in attendance.
All churches can contribute to the work of the kingdom regardless of size. Let us give praise to churches that are faithful wherever they are and however many sit in the auditorium.
Recently the Gallup organization released results of a survey that said that 82% of Americans identified themselves with a Christian religion. 51% said they were Protestant, 5% said “other Christian,” 23% said they were Roman Catholic, and 3% named some other Christian faith. Gallup reports that this is down a bit.
Interestingly, actual church membership has declined from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s where 73-75% said they were church members. Since 2002; the number has dipped to 63%. What about actual church attendance? 45% in recent years say they attended church in the pervious seven days.
Belief in God and at least a nominal commitment to Jesus remains strong, but a deep commitment to Christ and his church is still a goal we all labor for.
In some ways, people have distanced themselves from the cross. But, they cannot avoid it. The cross of Christ has so affected the nations of the world, that many national flags still display it. A partial list would include: Jamaica, Burundi, Denmark, Finland, Iceland Sweden, the UK, Switzerland, Greece, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Tuval, Tonga Slovakia and Malta. You can’t escape the influence of the cross.
We have so beautified the cross that we often forget that it was really a hideous instrument of cruel torture. In the Passion Play at Oberammergau, Germany, the man who plays the part of Christ carries a cross weighing eighty pounds and hangs on it for twenty minutes. We do not know how much the cross of Christ weighed, but He hung on it for six long hours of agony until death came.
We make it beautiful because of the way it has blessed us. We make it beautiful because it made our lives beautiful. We make it beautiful because it expresses a beautiful love. The cross is not the only ugly thing made beautiful by Jesus Christ!
The legend is that when Julius Caesar came to Alexandria, they showed him the coffin of Alexander the Great. They then asked him if he would like to see Ptolemy’s coffin. He said, “I came to see a king, not a corpse.” When we come to church, we come to see a King, not a corpse!
We welcome how the new technologies can help us, but even they are not infallible. The newspapers reported recently that a driver in New York using a GPS navigational device followed the instructions and drove right into the path of an oncoming train. The driver was able to get out of the way, but his car was not. The car was a total loss.
It didn’t help the man to think he was right. We need to be discerning when it comes to those who try to tell us the way. We can always depend on Christ and His word to lead us in the right direction.
A recent issue of the US News and World Report marked a significant anniversary. It reminded readers that this year is the 15th anniversary of the “Random Acts of Kindness” movement. It was in 1993 when a Bakersfield College professor named Chuck Wall challenged his class to go do a random act of kindness. Even churches took up the cause with significant results.
Wall today reminds people that even the simplest acts can have a gigantic effect. Today he urges we not discount the blessing that can come from holding the door for someone or buying a cup of coffee, or sending encouraging emails.
Jesus taught us of the importance of giving a cup of cold water in His name. He sanctified these acts by saying that we do them for Him.
The warden of Sing-Sing prison once said that, on the average, an inmate was forgotten by the outside in five years. Friends first ceased to write, then brother and sister, then sweethearts, and mother last of all. But we are never forgotten by God. The Supper reminds us of this, reassuring us that even when we forget Him, He does not forget us. Though we fail Him, He will not fail us. Even if we forsake Him, He will not forsake us. The limitless, persevering, determined love of God is written here. “For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son.”
The theories keep changing, but here is the latest theory about how the dinosaurs became extinct. According to a new theory, reported in the news, it wasn’t an asteroid that did in the giant beasts. It was mosquitoes and ticks. The problem may have been the spread of insect-borne diseases or even the change the insects had on plant lie.
If this theory turns out to be true, it would remind us of the power of small things. Things that seem very insignificant may be powerful indeed.
SOWING AND REAPING
In a classic Peanuts comic, I remember Violet saying to Charlie Brown, “Sooner or later, Charlie Brown, there is one thing you need to learn. You reap what you sow. You get out of life exactly what you put into it. No more no less.” Snoopy, overhearing the conversation, muses, “I’d kind of like to see a little more margin for error.”
There is no margin for error here. The law of sowing and reaping is inviolate.
View more sermon illustrations for inspiration for your next message. | <urn:uuid:c3edec92-d2be-4691-b068-2fa7feb7ea39> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.preaching.com/sermon-illustrations/to-illustrate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969452 | 1,450 | 1.679688 | 2 |
We believe that everyone’s future can be richer, happier and more efficient. But you can’t embrace that future unless you take the first, most crucial step: being informed about it.
Welcome to The Tipping Point, a regular post on Future Tech for people who don’t have enough time to read all the full news stories. Instead we shorten them, concentrate everything into one post, put that in your face, and you have to suck it. So let’s go!
This Weeks News!
“Elon Musk has clarified Tesla’s timeline to achieve “Full Self-Driving,” which he thinks could be in the early access program, at least in a limited way, by the end of the year. In short, it means adding city driving to Autopilot, which is currently meant for highway driving, and the new Smart Summon, which handles low-speed driving in parking.”
“Today’s Q3 update only includes one number: the number of accidents occurring in Teslas with Autopilot activated. During Q3, Teslas had one accident for every 4.34 million miles the system was engaged. This means that Autopilot miles were 9 times less likely to result in an accident than the national average.”
“The Exynos 990 SoC, continuing Samsung’s tradition of integrating its own custom cores along with Arm’s reference designs, will come in an octa-core configuration as follows: 2x Exynos M5 (likely) custom cores, 2x Cortex-A76, and 4x Cortex-A55. Samsung bills it as a “premium” chipset built on its latest EUV 7nm process, likely destined for future flagship phones, such as the Galaxy S11 (if Samsung sticks to its naming convention). This tri-cluster CPU structure is expected to provide an overall 20% performance boost over its previous-generation effort.”
ENERGY: What does Australia’s new battery installation standard mean for you?
One Step Off The Grid
“Last week, Standards Australia finally published its new standard for household battery installations, including strict new rules designed to minimise fire risk. It means, for one, that installations like this in your lounge room (above) are not possible. But what does it really mean for an industry that is already struggling to gain traction? We try to find the answers to your questions.”
“Although DJI has not yet officially announced a release date for the new DJI Mavic Mini, we expect the sub-250-gram, foldable mini drone to be released well before the Q4 shopping season. As far as the specs go, the most important one is the weight. Coming in at 245 grams, it means that this drone does not need to be registered in the US when flown recreationally”
“ITU Chief of Space Services Alexandre Vallet confirmed to CNET that the FCC submitted 20 filings of 1,500 satellites each on SpaceX’s behalf. The filings come in addition to the 12,000 Starlink satellites previously approved by the FCC. Yes, you did the math right: SpaceX would like to ultimately be able to operate up to 42,000 satellites. “
“Tesla has announced plans to increase vehicle power and range through a new software update coming in the next few weeks. Tesla VP of technology Drew Baglino said that they have found ways to optimize the motor control, and it should result in about “5% improvement for all Model 3 customers and 3% for Model S and Model X” customers. Musk also said that the upcoming update will also bring improvements to the range, single-pedal driving, Supercharging speed, comfort, and feel.”
“Tesla CEO and co-founder Elon Musk says that production planning for its next electric vehicle, the Model Y electric SUV, is ahead of schedule and it will be launched in the northern hemisphere’s summer of 2020, instead of its autumn. Musk has taken a ride in one of these prototypes himself – and is so pleased with new electric crossover he thinks it will outsell all other Tesla vehicles combined.”
“The MX-30 features a 35.5 kWh battery and a powertrain capable of delivering 105 kW (142hp) of power and 264 Nm (192 lb-ft) of torque. Range is quoted as 130 miles (~210km) for the European model, which is likely using the WLTP testing standard. This means EPA range will likely be lower, around 110-120 miles. The MX-30 will be capable of AC charging at up to 6.6kW, comparable to most EVs, and supports DC charging at up to 50kW with either the CHAdeMO or CCS standard, whichever is appropriate for each market.”
And that’s it for this week! Let us know in the comments what you think or if you have found any other important news!
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The benefits include: 1) How to get those silky smooth videos that everyone loves to watch, even if you're new 2) How to fly your drone, from taking off to the most advanced flight modes 3) Clear outlines of how to fly with step-by-step instructional demonstrations and more 4) Why flying indoors often results in new pilots crashing their drone 5) What other great 3rd party apps are out there to get the most out of your drone 6) A huge mistake many pilots make when storing their drone in the car and how to avoid it 7) How to do all of these things whilst flying safely and within your countries laws. | <urn:uuid:ec9eb689-c119-4b14-88c8-60a59fb5ccd6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.alexshoolman.com/blog/2019/10/25/the-tipping-point-2019-week-43/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948293 | 1,211 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Zoo’s aardvark contributes to national animal milk research
CINCINNATI (AP) — An aardvark in Cincinnati is sharing his mother’s milk — with scientists in Washington.
Ali the aardvark is mother to Winsol, who in late December became the zoo’s first healthy aardvark newborn since 1994. Cincinnati Zoo staffers draw milk samples from the 13-year-old mom every Friday, then send them to the Smithsonian’s National Zoo in Washington and the Smithsonian’s Exotic Animal Milk Repository.
The milk contributes data for creating milk alternatives for animal babies. The regular collection allows researchers to analyze the milk’s composition and record changes. Artificial recipes tailored for specific periods in the nursing cycle can be critical to zoos that must hand-raise a newborn animal that’s unable to feed from its mother.
“This allows us to determine the basis of the milk, what’s in it, and if it changes ... how it changes in its formulation over time,” said Mike Dulaney, mammals curator for the Cincinnati Zoo. “We have sent them gorilla milk samples, hippo milk samples, and now aardvark milk samples, so this will increase the base knowledge that they have which not only can help us, but all other zoological facilities around the world.”
The Cincinnati Zoo benefited from Smithsonian research in feeding Fiona, the premature hippo born Jan. 24, 2017, at a dangerously low 29 pounds (13 kilograms). She was unable to stand to feed from her mother Bibi.
“They sent milk to us so that we could analyze it, so that we could send that information back to their nutritionist, so that their nutrition staff and keepers staff could come up with a formula that was as close as possible to be able to fit mother’s milk for Fiona,” recounted scientist Michael Power of the Smithsonian’s Conservation Biology Institute.
The young hippo has thrived, becoming a social media sensation and a star attraction in Cincinnati.
The repository has some 15,000 samples from 185 species, but last received aardvark milk in 1992. There aren’t a lot of opportunities, and the milking itself is tricky business.
“There’s not that many aardvarks in captivity around, and especially being bred, and especially where the keepers and everything have had interactions with the animal so that you can know you can do this,” Power said. “They have to do it safely ... for both the aardvark and themselves. You can imagine going up to a mother, a mammal, and trying to get milk from it. It might not be too happy about that.
“So we have to know the personality of the animal,” Power said.
Once Winsol begins to feed, zookeeper Danielle Holste must quickly draw samples from one of Ali’s available nipples without disturbing the hungry youngster. Staffers gently adjust the animals’ positions to keep Ali from accidentally rolling onto Winsol. Drawing milk by hand, it takes only minutes to gather several milliliters for analysis.
The nocturnal, insect-eating animals are native to Africa. The Cincinnati Zoo’s aardvarks live in the facility’s Night Hunters area.
Follow Dan Sewell at http://www.twitter.com/dansewell | <urn:uuid:d030c1b6-a0d6-412e-aa87-e4558bb18dd5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://apnews.com/c40aac3a1d8b4f5e957ba6f84f412b5f | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94114 | 721 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A check writer machine is an electronic device used in imprinting figures or amounts on a bank check or drafts in such a way as to prevent fraud by alteration or erasure.
It is a popular machine used in banks and other financial institutions, used to checkmate unauthorized alteration on checks and bank drafts.
Types of Checkwriter Machine
The two popular types of Checkwriter machines are the electronic Checkwriter Machine and the Manual Check writer machines
Uses of Check writer machine
Usually, a check writer machine is used for protecting a check by preventing the monetary figures written on a document from being erased or altered.
Like most other transaction authentication machines, a check writer’s imprint is used on commercial checks, personal checks, money orders, and other negotiable instruments.
Where to buy check writer machines in Nigeria
SGI Global Enterprises is a leading supplier of high quality Paymaster Check Writer Machine to organizations and businesses in Nigeria.
With brands like Paymaster Check Writer Machine among other brands, SGI Global Enterprises supplies check writing machines to businesses, banks and other corporate entities within Lagos and other parts of Nigeria.
You can place an order for your Check Writer Machines by checking out their corporate headquarters, placing a call, or sending a mail using this link. | <urn:uuid:22a2a66b-c866-4a2f-98f1-30633792652b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://standardgroupinvestment.com/checkwriter-machine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.887606 | 258 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Recreational and medical marijuana is legal in some states, but the TSA has always been clear that flying with any form of marijuana was illegal. But that changed over the weekend, when the TSA quietly updated its "What can I bring?" page on medical marijuana to note that passengers can now fly with some forms of CBD oil and one hemp-derived medication approved by the FDA.
Yesterday on Twitter, the @AskTSA account advised a traveler that "Products that contain hemp-derived CBD oil or are FDA-approved are generally legal & can fly."
The TSA said the change was prompted by the only Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that contains CBD oil, Epidiolex, which is used to treat seizures in children with epilepsy.
The notation on medical marijuana now reads:
"Possession of marijuana and certain cannabis infused products, including some Cannabidiol (CBD) oil, remain illegal under federal law. TSA officers are required to report any suspected violations of law, including possession of marijuana and certain cannabis infused products.
Products/medications that contain hemp-derived CBD or are approved by the FDA are legal as long as it is produced within the regulations defined by the law under the Agriculture Improvement Act 2018.
TSA’s screening procedures are focused on security and are designed to detect potential threats to aviation and passengers. Accordingly, TSA security officers do not search for marijuana or other illegal drugs, but if any illegal substance is discovered during security screening, TSA will refer the matter to a law enforcement officer."
In the past, the TSA did not differentiate between marijuana and some hemp-derived products. Hemp derivatives contain little to no tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the psychoactive chemical in marijuana that produces a high.
The new rule does not change the TSA's ban on other forms of marijuana, including cannabis-infused products and CBD oils that contain THC. But it's unclear how TSA officers would know whether a substance contained THC, since the TSA does not do on-site testing at airport security checkpoints. If there is a doubt, a TSA spokesperson said the matter would be referred to local law enforcement.
"This is an interesting development, but demonstrates several things," says David Bannard, an attorney with Kaplan Kirsch & Rockwell LLP in Boston, who consults with airports on marijuana and other regulatory issues."First, this confirms the split between the federal regulatory regime and those states that have legalized marijuana for certain uses, especially for recreational use. Second, it also shows that Congress is beginning to follow the general public and may presage the devolution of regulation of marijuana to the states. Lastly, it does not mean that it is legal to fly with marijuana products in one’s possession — that remains impermissible under federal law."
As the TSA's "What can I bring?" page notes, "The final decision rests with the TSA officer on whether an item is allowed through the checkpoint." | <urn:uuid:dbfd5f94-8bdf-45b9-b66e-2abfb1125bf3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/suzannerowankelleher/2019/05/29/tsa-update-flying-with-some-cbd-oil-is-now-okay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.960974 | 605 | 1.539063 | 2 |
When parenting teenagers, the closeness of your relationship with your teen depends on one key skill – effective communications. I’m not talking? about how well you as a parent can lecture your teen – on the contrary. Good communication skills are a two-way street – that means the parent must also listen effectively as well as talk.
Effective Ways for Parenting Teenagers
Teenagers are notorious for their distinct lack of outward communication with their parents. While not all teens share this trait, it can be difficult to get the quiet ones to “play the game.”?
As a parent of a teen myself, I’ve learned three useful techniques that have helped me build a closer relationship with my teenager. Maybe, one or more of these tips can help you get closer to your teenager. Parenting style is important for a close relationship.
Be An Active Listener to Parenting Teenagers
This may be one of the most difficult tasks in the building? effective communications with your teenager. One way that I’ve learned that doesn’t work is to play “20 questions.”
You definitely do not want to sound like a grand inquisitor – or like a lawyer who is grilling a witness, trying to squeeze out the facts.
Active listening consists of paraphrasing, the reflection of feeling, the reflection of thinking, summarization, clarification and attentive behavior when parents listen to their children then this listening strategy needs to apply.
Rather, you may want to treat the situation as just casual chit-chat – to start. Success might not always be realized using this technique, but I’ve learned that most teenagers really do want to communicate with their parents, but on their own level and on their own terms.
The more the parent is interested in a particular subject, the less the teen is willing to reveal. You must act casual and be mostly uninterested while you build rapport with your teen.
As your teen becomes more comfortable with the situation, the more he or she will reveal – sometimes in parts or as a whole. This is where your listening skills come into play. Learn to pick up on bits and pieces of information, as this may be all you get.
Do not be judgmental, keep your ears open, and you’ll be amazed at what you can learn.
Give Your Full Attention
Most of the teenager wants to get attention from parents and others. When families these days are so busy with jobs, school, sports, and a hundred other distractions, parents tend to try and “multi-task” with their teenagers. This tends to discourage effective communications, and may drive the teen farther away from his or her parents.
I’ve learned that if I want my teenager’s full attention, I must be willing to give the same as well.
Turn off the tv, shut down your computer or close that book, and make it known that the time you spend with your teenager is theirs and theirs alone.
You shouldn’t be distracted by countless other details – remember what I said above about listening? Your teen may communicate in snippets, and if you’re on the phone with your boss, or seeing who is the next American Idol, you just might miss the most important bit of information that was offered up all week!
Try to Find The Positive
How can you expect to build a closer relationship with your teenager if every other sentence you utter is a criticism? Certainly, when parenting teenagers, negatives can be easier to notice than positives – messy rooms, sloppy clothes, etc.
I know – these negatives stand out like a sore thumb – especially when I find myself tripping over my daughter’s shoes day and night! Or, when I find dirty dishes and glasses all over the house!
But, I have learned to temper my words, and instead of griping about the bad, I reward the good. I’ll bet that there is something you can compliment your teenager about each day – not an empty, gratuitous remark, but one that is earned and deserved.
This may take some time, but in my case, my teenager has shifted her behavior in certain areas over time with this technique – she has cleaned her room (without being asked) and has done others? things to make me believe this technique really has benefits. And, I don’t sound like a nag, although I have had to bite my tongue many times.
When parenting teenagers, working towards a closer relationship with your teen can be a simple and rewarding process. Just remember to be patient and learn to be a good listener – and remember that you were once in their shoes as a teenager yourself! | <urn:uuid:c85053bd-d859-4638-a7c8-0d83fa3a63d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newhopepsychology.com/parenting-teenagers-tips-good-relationship/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.959721 | 967 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Not only do unit tests facilitate design, but that is one of their key benefits.
Writing test-first drives out modularity and clean code structure.
When you write your code test-first, you will find that any "conditions" of a given unit of code are naturally pushed out to dependencies (usually via mocks or stubs) when you assume them in your code.
"Given condition x, expect behaviour y," will often become a stub to supply
x (which is a scenario in which the test needs to verify the behaviour of the current component) and
y will become a mock, a call to which will be verified at the end of the test (unless it's a "should return
y," in which case the test will just verify the return value explicitly).
Then, once this unit behaves as specified, you move on to writing the dependencies (for
y) you have discovered.
This makes writing clean, modular code a very easy and natural process, where otherwise it's often easy to blur responsibilities and couple behaviours together without realising.
Writing tests later will tell you when your code is poorly structured.
When writing tests for a piece of code becomes difficult because there are too many things to stub or mock, or because things are too tightly coupled together, you know you have improvements to make in your code.
When "changing tests" becomes a burden because there are so many behaviours in a single unit, you know you have improvements to make in your code (or simply in your approach to writing tests - but this is not usually the case in my experience).
When your scenarios become too complicated ("if
z then...") because you need to abstract more, you know you have improvements to make in your code.
When you end up with the same tests in two different fixtures because of duplication and redundancy, you know you have improvements to make in your code.
Here is an excellent talk by Michael Feathers demonstrating the very close relationship between testability and design in code (originally posted by displayName in the comments). The talk also addresses some common complaints and misconceptions about good design and testability in general. | <urn:uuid:7fb23293-2a79-42dc-a756-64567bdbb9a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/341921/how-do-unit-tests-facilitate-design/341948#341948 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952902 | 449 | 2.421875 | 2 |
OBI; or, THREE-FINGER'D JACK
A MELO-DRAMA IN TWO ACTS.
[NOTE: Scenes that have been dramatized on video are in bold and bracketed with an icon . To download the files, just click on the icon at the beginning or end of the section. Please note that these files are quite large and will take a few moments to download]
SCENE I.—An apartment in Ormond's house.
(Enter ORMOND, KITTY, and OVERSEER, R.H.)
ORMOND. What say you? My daughter fled, and you an accessory to her flight? Speak! what could lead her to such an act?
KITTY. From the accounts Tuckey has given her, she cannot believe that Captain Orford is dead: but rather thinks he is still a prisoner in the hands of Three-fingered Jack. She has therefore fled in disguise, hoping to overtake Quashee and Sam, and join their search in discovering the place of her lover's confinement. But, indeed, and indeed, I knew not the design until it was too late to prevent its execution.
ORMOND. Rash, unthinking girl! there wanted but this blow to complete my misery! yet must she not fall without one struggle to preserve her. Give orders that the servants arm themselves and follow to the mountains; I will lead them and rescue my unhappy child, or perish with her! (Exeunt, L.H.)
(Enter QUASHEE and SAM, L.U.E. They advance, searching round R. and L., till they arrive in front, C.—there shake hands and encourage each other—separate—QUASHEE searching up stage, R.H., and SAM back, L.H. Having advanced a few steps, the stage darkens, they look upwards, and storm descends. Thunder, lightning and rain. They creep behind rock pieces, R. and L. End of storm. Lights gradually rise. They pop up their heads and chatter to each other. Rise, come forward and congratulate on the cessation of the storm. Muster courage, and proceed in their search, crossing each other in front. A black head, (TUCKEY'S) suddenly rises above one of the rocks in centre, grinning at them. Both, horribly frightened, utter an exclamation, and retreat to front, at opposite corners. Pause; TUCKEY rises. They recognise him, laugh at their fears, shake hands, and are going off, R. H. QUASHEE pretends to see something—starts.)
QUASHEE. Ah! what dat? (SAM and TUCKEY terrified.) Neber mind, Sam, is only my fun. (Exeunt, jeering at each other, R.1 E.)
(Enter JACK, L.U.E., on platform, watching them—creeps down to R.1 E., looking after them, and using threatening gestures; hears a step behind him—turns, and sees ROSA coming on, L.H.—Hastily conceals himself, L. 2 E.)
(Enter ROSA, L., disguised as a boy; and evidently overcome by fatigue.)
ROSA. Vainly I pursue their track! worn with fatigue, I cannot overtake them; nor dare I raise my voice to call for aid, lest foes, not friends, might hear my cries. Yet, Orford, will I on; for hope still lingers in my breast, and whispers that thou art not dead!
(Storm again. Thunder and lightning—stage quite dark, rain falls heavily.)
Alas! the very elements combine against me! Where shall I shelter till the storm be past? yon cave—'tis fearfully dark—yet will I venture. Kind heaven, befriend me.
(Music.—She enters with hesitation and trembling, JACK appears on the rocks behind, watching her motions, and as she enters the cave, R.3 E., he descends and follows her.)
(Music.—Enter ROSA, L.H., followed by JACK, at some distance.)
ROSA. I know not what impulse 'tis that leads me within this dreary cavern; yet twice methought a groan sounded faintly on my ear. Oh, Orford! should this be the abode of Karfa!
(turns suddenly round and sees JACK watching her. Screams violently and attempts to fly, but is seized by JACK.)
JACK. Why, how now, boy? Enter you my dwelling with bad intent that the presence of the owner thus alarms you?
ROSA. With no ill intent, I do assure you. I merely sought a shelter from the storm, that is over, accept this, (offering purse with her left hand.)—this trifling recompense, and let me pass. (attempting to cross to L.H.)
JACK. What, to tell the white man you have discovered the abode of Karfa? No, no—this cave you never quit with life.
ROSA. (falling on her knees.) Mercy, mercy!
JACK. Nay, fear nothing, boy; attempt not flight, and you are safe. Here you shall attend on my wants. Come, come, do not tremble so; you have doubtless heard of Karfa's cruelties; but know, it is not merely thirst of blood that fires me,—a nobler passion nerves my arm—vengeance!
ROSA. Vengeance! on whom?
JACK. On the planter, Ormond! Should he or any of his accursed race fall within my power, the most lingering torments nature can endure shall speak my hate! One blow is struck, and the nuptial song is changed to the lament of death.
ROSA. Good heavens!
JACK. Nay, fear not, I have promised you life, and Karfa's word is as his hate—unalterable! Nor wilt thou be so lonely as perchance you think. You are not the only bird this trap encloses.
ROSA. (aside.) Merciful powers! then 'tis here that Orford—
JACK. Come, the night wears on, and I must show you all the splendour of my palace. Nay, nay, by your leave, I suffer not the eye of mortal to track the haunt where, like the tiger of his native deserts, Karfa crouches till fate places the victim in his grasp.
(Music.—KARFA blindfolds ROSA, and leads her further into the cavern, R.H. (Wait until JACK and ROSA are on steps, then change to—)
SCENE IV.—The interior of Jack's cave: Grated door, chain, key, and padlock, L.2 E., steps, ladder on platform, &c., all fit for business. Table, stools, &c., centre. Opening to cavern, and ladder to descend, L.C. Stage still dark.
(Music.—JACK leads ROSA down the ladder; then removes ladder, and unties the handkerchief he had bound over Rosa's eyes. She looks fearfully around.)
JACK. Behold you future residence. (she starts.) What? You like it not? The masonry is somewhat rugged, I confess; and the tangling weeds form but a sorry tapestry—but it has one proud charm—(takes down ladder.) security! Your white man, I am told, can soar into the air, fathom the deep, ransack the mine, and enslave in every clime where his accursed arts find access. Here, here alone, no white man finds an entrance, but as Karfa's slave.
ROSA. (aside.) To what have I reduced myself! but tis for Orford, and I will not fear—could I discover where he is confined—
(Music.—ROSA timidly obeys the commands of JACK, and kindling the fire, places the kettle upon it. Meanwhile JACK produces a bottle of rum, and a large bowl, and directing ROSA to bring him the kettle, makes some punch, which he drinks.)
JACK. Well tended, boy; wilt taste? (ROSA declines.) well, then, thou know'st some ballad, I warrant me; so sing, and wile away the hours till dawn.
ROSA. (aside.) 'Tis fortunate! Orford may recognise my voice, and by some signal—
JACK. Heard'st thou my commands? Sing, boy! (ROSA sings the following ballad, accompanying herself on the guitar.)
A lady in fair Seville city,
Who once fell in love very deep,
On her Spanish guitar played a ditty
That lulled her old guardian to sleep.
And she played on her Spanish guitar.
Hoo tiral lar, hoo tiral lira,
Hoo tiral lar, hoo tiral lira.
On her Spanish guitar played a ditty,
The guardian, not given to dozing,
Was thought the most watchful of men;
But each strain had so sleepy a closing,
That he nodded—but soon woke again.
And she played on her Spanish guitar.
Hoo tiral lar, hoo tiral lira.
&c., &c., &c.
(during the song, JACK drinks repeatedly, until over-powered, partly by the liquor, and partly by fatigue, he falls asleep.)
ROSA. He sleeps! Now, then, to commence my search. Orford, dear Orford, if a captive in this dreary den—
(a slight noise is heard—and ORFORD, from behind a grated door, 2 E.L.H., is heard to exclaim—
ORFORD. Rosa—beloved Rosa!
ROSA. (screams.) 'Tis he—'tis he!
(JACK suddenly awakes with the noise, and ROSA immediately proceeds with her ballad. JACK looks cautiously around; but observing nothing to create suspicion, merely says—)
JACK. Oh—ay! the song! right! right!—sing away, boy—but not so loud. (sleeps again—a pause.)
ROSA. Again he sleeps. That door must lead to the dungeon of my Orford. Could I release him?
(Music.—ROSA steals cautiously across the stage, and finding the key in the lock, opens door and discovers ORFORD chained to the rocks. As ROSA opens door, ORFORD—his hands tied behind him, his face pale and bloody—falls, as if from exhaustion, on the stage. ROSA starts, and dropping the key, awakens JACK, who jumps up, and rushing towards the door closes it, and levels a pistol at ROSA.)
JACK. Rash fool! thy life shall pay the forfeit of thy daring.
ROSA. Yet, sir, hear me: indeed I meant no harm—but hearing a faint sound as if from one in pain, I—
JACK. I do misdoubt thee, boy: this is no place to make a parade of thy compassion. The shrieks of my dying victims must sound as music to thee—or thine own must swell the chorus. Yon prisoner's life is doomed. By hunger he shall perish; whilst thou, as a fit punishment for thy curiosity, shall feast thy eyes with his expiring groans!
ROSA. For mercy!
JACK. No words! Obey—or perish!
(Music.—JACK binds ROSA to a rock, R.; then puts a padlock upon Orford's prison door, and hanging the key considerably out of reach, by help of ladder, (which he then lies down upon,) retires to sleep, twisting one end of Rosa's rope round his arm. ROSA, observing him, attempts to loosen the rope with her teeth—but fails; she then draws (with her foot) the table close to her, and holding the rope over the wick burns it, and sets herself free—fastening the end of the rope to the leg of the table.)
ROSA. Kind Heaven, I thank thee! (JACK stirs and tugs at the rope, which she has fastened to the table.) No, 'twas but my fancy. Could I procure the key.
(Music.—She obtains the key by means of a long crooked stick, and carefully unlocking the padlock, opens the door. She removes Orford'schains, and he advances, evidently overpowered from the effects of his wound and want of food. She gives drink, and he says very faintly—)
ORFORD. My dearest Rosa, by what means— (JACK rolls off ladder.)
ROSA. HUSH! (whispering.) We have no time for explanation. The loss of a moment may be fatal. Aid me to raise the ladder to yon entrance.
(Music.—ORFORD takes Jack's gun. They raise the ladder and place it against the rocks. ROSA insists upon ORFORD ascending first. He reluctantly consents; but when he gains the opening the ladder slips and falls. JACK starts up at the noise, seizes ROSA, and holding her before him, prevents ORFORD from firing at him; he then fires a pistol at ORFORD, who falls.—Scene closes.)
SCENE V.—Front wood—lights up. March—drum and fife. The OVERSEER enters bearing the proclamation, offering "500 pounds for the apprehension of Jack." He is followed by a crowd of NEGROES, and a party of SOLDIERS, L.H.
(Enter ORMOND, R.H.)
ORMOND. No trace—is to be found! Alas! my child is in the villain's power, and his vengeance is satiated. Yet will I hope for the best. Various parties scour the woods, and—but see, where Tuckey comes in haste!
(Enter TUCKEY, L.H.)
Now, boy, speak! Knowest thou of my child?
TUCKEY. Alas, sir, she is in the hands of Karfa. Guided by recent foot-marks, we traced the entrance of the villain's cave, and arrived in time to save my gallant master's life, who, wounded by a pistol shot, lay weltering in his blood.
ORMOND. But speak—my daughter?
TUCKEY. Ere we could descend the cave, the villain had borne her through some private passage, and escaped. Quashee and Sam, are, however, at his heels, and he will be quick indeed if he escapes them.
ORMOND. Lead to the cave. The monster will not wander far from his accursed den; and I will double yon reward to him who restores my child to these fond arms, and drags the monster to the fate he merits.
(the NEGROES and SOLDIERS shout and follow ORMOND off, R.H.)
(Music.—JACK hastily descends the rock, dragging ROSA after him, R.U.E.)
JACK. The pursuit is vain. In these wild glens,—old nature's fortresses, which they fear to penetrate, I breathe again; and now, weak girl, the last moment of your life is come.
ROSA. You know me, then?
JACK. As Orford fell, one word escaped him—'twas joy, 'twas triumph! for it told me I had within my power the only child of the detested Ormond.
ROSA. Mercy, mercy!
JACK. You whites are ever ready to enforce for one another that civilized, that Christian law of mercy which our dusky children never yet partook of.
ROSA. Yet, for pity! Wreck not an aged father's hopes by the destruction of his child.
JACK. I had a daughter once; did they spare her harmless infancy? Where is my wife? was she spared to me? No! with blood and rapine the white man swept like a hurricane o'er our native village, and blasted every hope! Can aught efface the terrible remembrance from my soul, how at their lordly feet we begged for mercy and found it not? Our women knelt, our infants shrieked in vain, as the blood-stained murderer ranged from hut to hut, dragging the husband and the father from their homes, to sell them into bondage! No more, no more! the vext spirits of my wife and child hover o'er me like a holy curse, and claim this due revenge.
(Music.—JACK raises his dagger, and is on the point of springing upon ROSA, when QUASHEE leaps from a projecting rock, and interposes.)
QUASHEE. Stand back, Massa Jack! this lady good missee, and me no see her hurt.
QUASHEE. Me no slave! me free! me gentleman, me Mr. Quashee now, and no care a button for you or Obi either.
JACK. Fly, and leave the girl with me, or thy life—
QUASHEE. Me see you dam first, massa. Fly, Missee, to high rock, and tell Sam to come here and help cut him blackguard head off.
JACK. One step, and she dies.
(Music.—ROSA flies to the rocks, and JACK springs after her. QUASHEE rushes between them, places himself upon guard, and stays JACK.)
QUASHEE. No hurry, Jack; all fair fight, and I'll bet my five fingers to your three I send you to your friend down stairs.
(Music.—JACK and QUASHEE fight. QUASHEE is disarmed, and falls on R.H., JACK is upon the point of despatching him, when suddenly, SAM jumps from the rocks at the back, saying, "No you don't massa Jack." A desperate combat of three, and JACK is severely wounded. Ultimately they all lose their swords, and a struggle ensues, QUASHEE falls, JACK pushes SAM upon his body, and holding them both down, draws his dagger, and is about to stab, when TUCKEY (who has appeared at back with a blunderbuss, but cannot fire for fear of hurting his friends,) fires, and mortally wounds him, he falls—SAM and QUASHEE recover their swords, and despatch him.)
(Shouts. ORMOND, ORFORD, ROSA, and the other CHARACTERS now enter, drawn thither by the noise of the shot. QUASHEE and SAM shake hands. They group behind JACK, who dies amidst the shouts of the SOLDIERS, and NEGROES—Tableau and—) | <urn:uuid:6cb13f36-c9d5-4f0a-8533-0f8dffa4dec7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://romantic-circles.org/praxis/obi/obi_melodrama_act2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.932484 | 4,077 | 1.976563 | 2 |
World’s Largest Tortilla Making Facility.
This is a production facility for corn and flour tortillas, chips, salsa and other products for retail sale by Mission Foods. The plant is noted as being the “World’s Largest Tortilla Making Facility.”
Site development consisted of 18.66 acres with 226,000 square feet of concrete paving. The Mission Foods Production Facility project included acid brick flooring and high-end electrical and mechanical systems, due to extreme heat conditions during production. In all, there are seven door/dock locations for deliveries in the receiving warehouse, along with three dock/door locations for receiving from the rail spur, which feeds the warehouse and the product silos directly at the building location. In addition, there are 36 door/dock location for shipping of products from the cooler, tortilla warehouse and the fried products warehouse. | <urn:uuid:ad928575-87eb-4776-afda-a1104d4175aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://big-d.com/projects/mission-foods-production-facility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.945426 | 186 | 1.84375 | 2 |
THE ROAD TO GUANTANAMOIn September 2001, the mother of Pakistani Asif Iqbal returns to Tripton in England. She has found a bride for his son in a village not far from Faisalabad. A few days later, Asif goes to the Punjab to meet the woman he is to marry. In need of witnesses for the marriage, he calls his friends Ruhel, Shafiq and Monir in England to invite them to the wedding. The four young men meet in Karachi, where they attend a mosque with Shafiqs Pakistani cousin. The Imam asks them to go to Afghanistan to help the people there. The bus fare is cheap and Afghanistan sounds like an adventure to the four friends.
After an exhausting journey they arrive in Kandahar at night. It is the night of the first US bombing raid on Afghanistan. The US troops have begun their offensive against the Taliban in retaliation to the attacks of September 11. The four men move on to Kabul, where they fall ill and are obliged to stay on. They set off again, hoping to get back to Pakistan, but soon find themselves penetrating deeper into the war zone until they are finally arrested. After weeks of detainment they are flown out to Guantanamo, the US base on Cuba, where they are imprisoned as potential terrorists. The secret service believes the young men to be somehow associated with Mohammed Atta and Osama Bin Laden. Although it soon transpires that there is no truth in these allegations, it is two years before Shafiq, Asif and Ruhel are able to return to Tripton. To this day there is still no trace of Monir, whom the friends lost in Afghanistan. This film makes use of archive footage, interviews and dramatised scenes to recreate the authentic story of their odyssey. | <urn:uuid:3a1a907b-7015-4f36-817e-70d2317a462d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2006/02_programm_2006/02_filmdatenblatt_2006_20061707.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963778 | 367 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Leadership Training Tips to Leverage the 5 Stages of Team Development
Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing (and Adjourning)
Leadership training is crucial for every business and every leader. A strong foundation of which will drive your team to success. Leadership training basics focus around establishing your purpose as a leader. In order to reach your goals effectively, you must first understand the 5 stages every team will go.
The 5 Stages of Team Development outlines a process every team goes through during a project from start to finish. You can’t just turn-on teamwork – it takes time for a group of people to get to know each other and begin working to their potential.
This team development model, including the first four stages of group formation, was developed and published by Dr. Bruce Wayne Tuckman, an educational psychologist, in 1965. His theory, called “Tuckman’s Stages,” was based on the research of group dynamics and published in the Psychological Bulletin in 1965 as “Development Sequence in Small Groups.”1
Tuckman later conducted additional research jointly with Mary Ann Jensen and added a fifth stage in 1977. This was published as “Stages of small group development revisited.”2 This fifth stage was called adjourning or transforming and was considered a supplementary stage, not an essential one.
How does this Insight help Leaders?
Tuckman determined, in order for a team to work together effectively and deliver superior quality results, these stages of growth were always not only necessary but inevitable.
An understanding of this model helps leaders build more effective teams, quickly. The more you understand what stage your team is currently in, the better equipped you are to successfully support their development, and performance.
Read on for leadership training tips on how to move your team through the 5 Stages of Team Development.
What are the 5 Stages of Team Development?
The development of Tuckman’s team development theories has paved the way for other viewpoints around team development over the last 60 years. Project teams encounter all stages of this group formation theory, frequently referred to as Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, and Adjourning/Transforming. All teams will move through these stages, from start to finish of any task.
Tuckman’s initial four stages focus on the way a team approaches a task from the initial creation of the team through the completion of the project. The fifth phase was added to cover the completion of the project.
1 Psychological Bulletin 1965, Vol. 63, No. 6, p384-399
2 Group and Organizational Studies, Number 2, p419-427
What Did Tuckman Mean by Forming?
This first stage, as the beginning or ice-breaking stage, includes team member introductions. They get to know each other and share information. It is often a polite interaction where most are excited about the new venture and getting to know their team members. They learn about the project, goals, and begin to identify where each individual fits into the plan. This stage usually takes time, as people get to know each other’s personalities and working styles.
Leadership Tips during the Forming Stage
- Provide guidance and direction to help team members in getting to know each other; virtual on-boarding and connection opportunities will be helpful.
- Be clear about the project goals and help team members set personal goals so they understand how they can support the bigger picture objectives.
- Team norms are critical; outline behavioral expectations and ensure everyone is clear on their roles & responsibilities.
This is not a productive stage as the focus is more on the people rather than the work.
What Happens at the Storming Stage?
This unavoidable, and sometimes uncomfortable stage, begins as the team starts to work together and challenges established boundaries. What initially seemed a safe and pleasant work environment, now involves friction and competition as everyone’s true characters and working styles surface, and potentially clash, with others.
Individuals may begin to challenge authority, management styles, or even the team’s mission. Unproductive conflict or confrontations may emerge. Participants may feel overwhelmed by their workload or even frustrated with the lack of progress.
Some teams, especially those who want to avoid conflict, will try to skip the storming stage. However, this stage is an important part of the process and must be moved through. Trying to avoid the discomfort will make it more difficult to achieve optimal team performance in the long run.
Not all teams move beyond this stage, as some get stuck in cycles of unproductive conflict and low morale. This makes it difficult to ever complete the project the team was brought together for.
Leadership Tips during the Storming Stage
- Encourage team members to solve problems together through effective communication and constructive feedback.
- Empower team members to be accountable in managing their own roles and responsibilities.
- Support team members in understanding their strengths and appreciating their differences. Encourage them to leverage their diverse personalities, rather than working against each other.
The storming stage is complete when teams learn how to come together in support of one common goal. Team members accept others and appreciate their differences. The team leader will start transitioning decision making to the team, allowing them more independence. The leader encourages open and honest conversation, in order to build strong & trusting relationships, as conflicts arise.
What Does Norming Look Like?
Moving through Storming and graduating into Norming can feel like a refreshing change, something like a breath of fresh air.
As the team moves into this stage, positive things begin to happen. The team begins to work more effectively; focused on developing processes as a team, rather than being focused on their personal agendas. The group will respect each other and appreciate their differences in opinion and perspective. They will value each other’s contributions and strengths. Rules for working together have been created and conflict is used productively, in the interest of getting the job done.
Trust is evident as everyone shares and actively seeks out assistance and input from their teammates. Competition has been eliminated as working toward a common goal is now the focus and significant progress on the project is experienced.
Leadership Tips during the Norming Stage
- At this point, leaders will not be as involved in decision making and problem-solving as team members are taking more responsibility. Focus on filling a coaching role; encouraging & supporting team members to set goals, lean into their strengths, and stay focused on the team objectives.
- Team members will be more comfortable asking for help and looking for constructive feedback – be available to them!
- Get your team to bond through face-to-face or virtual team-building exercises. Social connections are especially important right now, with so many working from home. This is always an important leadership role to keep in mind.
How Will I Recognize Performing?
In the fourth stage, Performing, teams are functioning at an elevated level. The focus is on reaching the goal, as a team. Team members have learned to trust and respect each other and tap into their individual strengths. They are confident and motivated, working together towards a common goal.
Sadly, not every team makes it to this final phase of team growth. It takes commitment, persistence, and strong leadership to successfully move teams through Storming & Norming.
The result is worth it – high performing teams who function brilliantly with interdependent members. These are teams that make decisions quickly and effectively and are highly motivated to get things done. Disagreements are encouraged yet managed with trust and respect. This ensures they are holding each other, and the team as a whole, to the highest possible standard.
Leadership Training Tips during the Performing Stage
- Continue to monitor the team’s progress and play a key role in rewarding milestone achievements. Be your team’s biggest cheerleader; building confidence, morale, and camaraderie.
- Delegate effectively; your team has the resources, talent, and skills to complete tasks and achieve milestones.
- Regularly connect with team members; encourage them to review their goals, take responsibility for their performance, and set new personal objectives.
Can Teams Move Backwards?
There is a possibility that teams may revert to a previous stage. The stages of team development continue to change as new factors are introduced.
Listed are a few examples:
- If a team member starts working independently, it is possible for the team to revert back to the “storming” stage.
- A team could revert back to the “forming” stage when a new member joins the team.
- A significant change of any kind within, or external to, an organization will also impact a team’s stage of development.
There is no guarantee that a team who once was at the Performing Stage will return after moving back into a prior stage. As a leader, you need to consistently be aware of what stage your team is at and how you can adapt your behaviors to support their current reality.
What about the Adjourning Stage?
The project has come to an end; team members are moving on and the adjourning state has begun. This stage now looks at the well-being of the team rather than managing the team.
Most groups that succeed in reaching the Performing Stage, will likely keep in touch. They have become a team that appreciates the strengths they each brought to the project, their successes, and their challenges.
Team members who thrive on routine may experience difficulty with this stage. It is also a challenging time for those who have developed strong working relationships with respected colleagues.
Leadership Training Tips during the Adjourning Stage
- Ensure you make time for celebration. Recognizing the success of the project is an important final step; a time to reflect on best practices and lessons learned.
Research proves that every team will advance through these five stages of team development. As a leader, your goal is to move your team through each stage as effectively and productively as possible.
One important point to remember – having a group of brilliant and talented people is not enough to ensure a winning team.
As a leader, a thorough understanding of Tuckman’s Model of Team Development will help guide your leadership behaviors’. Different stages require different leadership styles. Recognizing where your team is, and specifically, what they need from you in that stage, will go a long way in ensuring your team is doing their best work.
NexLevel; team strategists who partner with great leaders to build high performance teams. They use the Five Stages of Team Development as a foundation for their programs. Contact them today and take your team to the NexLevel. | <urn:uuid:da947faf-06c3-49c8-bff1-e6c0d7610f94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nexlevelteams.com/2021/02/03/leadership-training-the-5-stages-of-a-team/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962825 | 2,219 | 2.140625 | 2 |
The New York Times , on December 26, 2014 published an article about the NBA’s Milwaukee Bucks using micro expressions, a form of nonverbal communication, to help find players and recruits that may be a better fit for the Bucs and their organizational goals. Micro expressions are sub conscious, cross cultural, expressions of emotion that come across the face very quickly. The existence of micro expressions were first brought to light by the research of Paul Ekman and Wally Freisen. There have been well over 100 studies that show the existence of micro expressions. This form of nonverbal communication can be extremely valuable in gaining insight into a persons true feelings. Does one’s facial expressions contradict their words? Is there more to be told than the person is revealing? The applications are endless. However, keep in mind that micro expressions are only a piece of the nonverbal picture . Nonverbal communication is like putting a picture puzzle together; the more pieces of the puzzle you can put together, the clearer the picture becomes. Just one more example of the value of understanding nonverbal communication! and oh yes…….. , we can teach you how to recognize these micro expressions! | <urn:uuid:b5ce311d-9eaf-46db-a47f-048a37c82b1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.centerofnonverbalcommunication.com/teams-turn-teams-turn-face-reader-looking-winning-smile/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.930422 | 275 | 3 | 3 |
COMMODITY PRICE INDEX
COMMODITY PRICE INDEX The International Natural Rubber Organisation (INRO) is making a last-ditch attempt to persuade Thailand and Malaysia not to leave. It suggests dropping the Malaysian ringgit and using the stronger Singapore dollar to set the reference price at which it intervenes to try to stabilise rubber prices. The switch, which would have the effect of raising the price, cannot be adopted before its next meeting in September. INRO is owed 200m ringgit ($53m) by producer members and is short of cash to buy more rubber. If the pact collapses, 100,000 tonnes of buffer-stock rubber could hit the market, pushing prices in Asia, already down by 25% in the past year, lower still.
This article appeared in the Economic Indicators section of the print edition under the headline "COMMODITY PRICE INDEX"
From the May 1st 1999 edition
Discover stories from this section and more in the list of contentsExplore the edition | <urn:uuid:415a499d-218d-4f09-a06f-1c5777306466> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.economist.com/economic-indicators/1999/04/29/commodity-price-index | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.910806 | 207 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Fiber optics have steadily increased in popularity through the years due to the many benefits they provide. Compared to traditional copper cabling, fiber optic cables provide greater bandwidth, faster transmission speeds, enhanced flexibility, and optimum reliability. If these advantages have enticed you to consider switching from copper to fiber optic cables, it’s important to determine which type of fiber optic cables are right for your application: single mode or multimode. To learn more about the two different types of fiber optic cables, continue reading.
Single Mode Fiber Optics
Single mode fiber optic cabling is a type of optical fiber with an extremely small core and a thick sheathing. This cabling is designed to carry just one single mode of light—this refers to the pattern of electromagnetic waves in a waveguide.
Several modes can exist in a single light signal. The mode of light that single mode fiber optic cables carry is known as the transverse mode, which occurs due to the boundary conditions created by the waveguide.
Single mode fiber optic cabling is highly adept at long-distance communication. They can carry a single signal source across expansive distances of up to 100 km with low transmission loss. Because they offer optimum clarity, people often use single mode fiber optic cabling in communication applications.
Multimode Fiber Optics
The second of the two different types of fiber optic cables is multimode fiber optic cabling. As the name suggests, multimode fiber optics can carry several different light rays—or modes—at one time. To do so, multimode fiber optic cables house a large core with various optical properties. Essentially, each light ray traveling through the cable’s core has a slightly different reflection angle, which allows them to pass through concurrently.
While multimode fiber optic cables provide the benefit of transmitting several different modes at one time, they also have a few downsides. Multimode fiber optic cables have a lower range than single mode fiber optic cables. Due to the dispersion of light created in the cabling, the range becomes more limited. In addition to limited distance, multimode fiber optic cables also have slower transmission speeds than their single mode counterparts. | <urn:uuid:999d29cd-4f2a-47ad-b07c-1cfe64d532b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lakeoconeeboomers.com/the-two-different-types-of-fiber-optic-cables/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931896 | 438 | 3.25 | 3 |
Laser and Tattoo Removal
There are many reasons a person gets a tattoo. It may be to express their undying love to a partner or prove their commitment to an organization.
Circumstances change, and life moves on, creating the need to remove the symbol or name from your body. But that creates a huge problem, because the tattoo is etched into your skin. Although you may have thought you would always want it to be a part of your anatomy, you now want it removed. What can be done? Thanks to laser and the technology of skin resurfacing, tattoos can actually be removed.
Tattoos Are Dyes Inserted Into The Skin
Breaking Down The Ink
Laser emerged in the medical arena during the 1950’s. In 1962, Dr. Leon Goldman used the heat from CO2 laser beams to remove an unwanted tattoo from a patient. This opened up the possibilities that laser could offer to the cosmetic industry. Private cosmetic and laser centres like Dr. Cory Torgerson’s in downtown Toronto are now able to offer laser skin resurfacing to clients who want tattoos, acne scars, and wrinkles removed, thanks to the laser pioneer, Dr. Leon Goldman!
Tattoos are dyes inserted into the skin. The dye is injected with tiny needles right through the epidermis, completely saturating the skin cells they contact. Because of this, to remove the tattoo it is necessary to have a laser beam that is powerful enough to reach to the same depth as the ink. The heat breaks down the ink particles, which are then absorbed into the body through the lymphatic system. Only ablative laser beams are invasive enough to remove the layers of skin that the ink has permeated.
Since 2006, the development in lasers that use multiple wavelengths have proven to be more effective. Q-switch “pulsed” laser light was the preferred method for tattoo removal. New advancements such as the Picosure now create a faster removal process than ever before.
Follow Dr. Torgerson’s After-Care Instructions Carefully
Excellent Safety Record
High-powered, carbon dioxide infared laser beams heat the top layers of skin to approximately 100 degrees, causing the damaged skin to vaporize and flake off. A new, fresh layer of skin is exposed, and the ink is metabolized by the body slowly but surely, fading with each treatment. During the 1980’s and 1990’s, CO2 laser caused side effects such as skin discoloration (called dyspigmentation), swelling (called erythema), eczema, excess scarring, and in some cases, infection. Great advancements have been made over the last decade with this type of laser therapy, and now the heat is delivered in a pulsed, more controlled manner, causing less thermal damage. The laser is also fractional, which means that it is necessary to treat only a fraction of the skin surface at a time to achieve the same results. When operated by an expert from a reputable laser clinic, laser tattoo removal now has an excellent safety record with little or no side effects.
Because tattoo removal is invasive, it is necessary to follow Dr. Torgerson’s after-care instructions carefully, as the new skin that has been revealed is very sensitive. Proper cleansing of the site and administration of the special cream prescribed is essential to ensure optimum results. When a patient receives a laser tattoo removal treatment, it is recommended that the tattoo remain covered and out of direct sunlight for a time so that the healing process can take place. Depending on where the tattoo is located, this can be an added consideration for tattoo removal.
Yellow and green dyes are the most difficult colours to target, so several sessions four to six weeks apart may be necessary to completely remove them. Booking a consultation at our Toronto laser centre is the best way to determine how many sessions you would need to remove your unwanted tattoo.
The First Step Of Your Journey Begins With A Conversation
We'll Get Back to You Within 1 Business Day.
Non-Surgical Laser Treatment
- Ablative Laser Treatments
- Ablative vs. Non-Ablative Lasers
- Advantages & Disadvantages of a Laser Face Lift
- Benefits of Laser Skin Therapy
- Benefits Of Non-Surgical Anti-Aging Laser Treatments For The Body Part 1
- Benefits of Non-Surgical Anti-Aging Laser Treatments For The Body Part 2
- Best Photorejuvenation Treatments
- Celebrities and Laser Skin Therapy
- Chemical Peels Vs. Laser Treatment: Is One Better Than The Other?
- ClearLift And How It Works
- CO2 Laser Resurfacing – Why Do the Before and After Results Keep It in High Demand?
- Commonly Asked Questions About Laser Skin Tightening
- Complications of Laser Skin Therapy
- Cosmetic Laser Therapy … Is it for You?
- Cosmetic Laser Treatments
- Differences Between CO2 And Erbium Fractional Laser Treatments
- Facial Laser Treatments: Frequently Asked Questions
- Five Best Ways to Treat Scars
- Have You Tried the New Non-Surgical Laser Solution for Treating Stress Urinary Incontinence?
- Have You Tried Using Laser Skin Treatments To Erase Acne Scars?
- How Can You Tell if a Toronto Laser Skin Treatment Is Right for You?
- How Does a Toronto CO2 Laser Skin Treatment Work to Beautify Your Complexion?
- How Laser Skin Tightening Works
- How To Accomplish Bigger Busts With Laser Breast-Lifting Treatments
- How To Take Care Of Your Skin After Deep Fractional Laser Treatments
- IPL (Intense Pulsed Light) – Frequently Asked Questions
- Is there a Solution for Acne Scars?
- Laser and Acne Scar Removal
- Laser and Tattoo Removal
- Laser Mole Removal Recovery
- Laser Scar Removal and Treatment Info
- Laser Skin Resurfacing After-Care Tips
- Laser Skin Tightening Treatments: Costs, Risks, And Benefits
- Laser Tattoo Removal
- Laser Therapy for Facial Wrinkles
- Laser Treatments For Acne Scars And Their Benefits
- Laser Treatments for Darker Skin Tones
- Lasers Vs. Surgery: What’s The Right Choice For You? Part 1
- Lasers Vs. Surgery: What’s The Right Choice For You? Part 2
- Less Invasive Laser Treatments
- My Experience with Laser Skin Therapy
- ND-YAG Laser
- Non-Surgical Skin Tightening
- Non-Surgical Toronto Laser Skin Treatment Can Turn Back the Clock for Your Skin
- Perfect Candidates for Laser Therapy
- Post-Laser Treatment Home Care Instructions
- Preparation for Laser Skin Resurfacing
- Pros and Cons of CO2 Laser
- Q&A: AFT – IPL Laser Therapy
- Q&A: iPixel Erbium Laser Therapy
- Recovery Time after Laser Skin Therapy
- Risks with Facial Skin Resurfacing
- Safety of Laser Treatments
- Safety Tips if Considering a Laser Treatment
- Scar Treatments
- Side Effects of Laser Skin Therapy
- The Best Beauty Treatments for Women with Darker Skin
- The Purpose of Laser Light
- Treating Acne Scars – What Works Best?
- Treating Acne with CO2
- Types of Laser Skin Resurfacing
- Using Laser Skin Tightening To Reduce Facial Lines And Wrinkles
- Using Laser Treatments To Clear Acne Scars
- Using Laser Treatments To Clear Acne Scars – Here Are Some Important Facts You Should Know
- Using Laser Treatments To Relieve Vaginal Dryness
- Want To Tighten Loose Skin? Try Laser Skin Tightening Treatments
- What Can You Treat With Facial Laser Treatments?
- What Conditions do Lasers Treat?
- What Do Laser Treatments Cost?
- What Happens When You Get Laser For Acne Scars?
- Why is CO2 laser more expensive than AFT laser?
State-Of-The-Art Surgical Facility
Our facility offers a luxurious, comfortable and private setting for consultations and surgery with a waiting room that is both spacious and inviting. Although we hope you don’t have to spend too much time waiting to see Dr. Torgerson, within a few minutes you will feel relaxed and at ease. | <urn:uuid:5125ed42-c6a2-4944-a451-56c5e92cf04d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://drtorgerson.com/non-surgical-procedures/laser-treatments-toronto/laser-tattoo-removal-toronto/laser-and-tattoo-removal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.880474 | 1,775 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The main purpose of this course is to raise awareness towards the increasing relevance of nanotechnology, with particular emphasis on nanotechnology in biomedical applications.
In particular, it is intended to stimulate the students’ understanding of concepts and underlying mechanisms of nanotechnology applications in biodiagnostics and construction of biosensors, within a broader field of developments in clinical diagnostics and biomedicine research.
José Ricardo Ramos Franco Tavares, Pedro Miguel Ribeiro Viana Baptista
Weekly - 5
Total - 50
“Nanobiotechnology: Concepts, Applications and Perspectives”
C.M. Niemeyer, C.A. Mirkin (Eds.), 2004, Wiley-VCH, Weinhein, Germany
B.D. Fahlman, 2007, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
“Bionanotechnology”, D.S. Goodsell, 2004, Wiley-Liss, Hoboken, NJ, USA
Lectures will have a duration 2 h duration and will include problem solving. Each week, the first 2 hours will be taught by the Lecturers, and the second 2 hours will be taught by invited experts or groups of three students will present their Seminars.
Two written tests including all matters taught by the Professors and invited experts (each test corresponds to 25% of the final grade). Alternatively, this evaluation component of 50% can be obtained in an examination after the end of classes (“Recurso”). The seminar presented by the students corresponds to 35% of the final grade and takes into consideration the presentation, the discussion and the documentation submitted. The discussion period after each of the student’s Seminars counts by 15% of the final grade and takes into consideration questions posed by the audience students to their colleagues presenting.
Historic perspective on the origin of Nanotechnology
Scale effect and properties of nanomaterials.
Nanofabrication: bottom-up vs. top-down approach
Microscopy for nanomaterials characterisation (TEM, SEM, SPR)
Bionanotechnology and Bionanomachines
Nanoparticles for clinical applications
Nanotechnology and Green Chemistry
Construction of nanostructures
DNA based nanostructures
Protein based nanostructures
DNA & RNA (cross-linking vs. non-cross-linking)
Nanoparticles for drug delivery and nanovectors for gene therapy. | <urn:uuid:375f7335-655f-4be9-a6f7-d2f9af55ec12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://guia.unl.pt/en/2019/fct/program/1017/course/9192 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.837493 | 628 | 2.25 | 2 |
(Pocket-lint) - An in-depth study into music libraries held by both illegal file-sharers and non-sharing peers has found that those who download copyrighted material for free are also likely to buy more content online.
It has long been argued by organisations such as the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) that illegal file-sharing deprives artists and the entire supply chain of revenues amounting to billions of dollars.
"While downloading one song may not feel that serious a crime, the accumulative impact of millions of songs downloaded illegally – and without any compensation to all the people who helped to create that song and bring it to fans – is devastating," RIAA says.
The association also claims that the illegal file-sharing network is responsible for 70,000 lost jobs and $2 billion in lost wages to American workers.
However, a study by the American Assembly, a public policy forum affiliated with Columbia University in the US, shows that those amassing large music libraries by obtaining that material in breach of copyright are also buying around 30 per cent more music legally than conventional consumers.
In addition, in the US at least, the study found that almost as much content was ripped from CDs owned by friends and family as was illegally downloaded online.
The "Copy Culture in the US and Germany" poll was made by calling thousands of North American and German citizens and interviewing them about their music collections.
"US P2P users have larger collections than non-P2P users (roughly 37 per cent more)," said the American Assembly's Joe Karaganis. "And predictably, most of the difference comes from higher levels of ‘downloading for free’ and ‘copying from friends/family'.
"But some of it also comes from significantly higher legal purchases of digital music than their non-P2P using peers – around 30 per cent higher among US P2P users. Our data is quite clear on this point and lines up with numerous other studies: The biggest music pirates are also the biggest spenders on recorded music."
The full report is expected to be published soon. | <urn:uuid:84c3b586-8c6d-4c18-a1b6-5b44eee72e95> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/117719-pirates-more-music-online-non-file-sharers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.974514 | 435 | 2.421875 | 2 |
|2014-04-17|||||The 5th Kids Film Workshop: Report|
14 children from the ages 3 to 13 took part in our annual kids film workshop, happening for the fifth time this year.
First, an exploration into the film library! Lots of movie film reels, looking long and heavy, were stocked on the shelves. The children reached up high to snap the projector switch on tiptoes, and the machine started to roll with a thundering roar. A silent film from 80 years ago! Some kids seemed bewildered to see a movie with no colors or sound.
Participants made direct-paint-films by drawing pictures straight on 35mm clear film stock. Tiny paintings hand drawn frame-by-frame came alive to dance on the big screen. Was it a long journey or easy feat for each child to fill up 3 seconds length (72 frames)?
Heavy roaring projectors, long and heavy film reels, the smell of machinery and film stock - all these have disappeared from contemporary movie theaters, as if the 100-plus years of movie projection history never existed. Nevertheless, the joy of making things creatively and a dark space filled with anticipation are still strongly present today. There is lots more fun in stock as we continue to connect cinema with children’s hands.
* You can watch the completed footage created by children:
“Let’s Draw, Project, and Animate!” (MP4 format, 59MB) | <urn:uuid:0b595657-2c2e-40b3-87e5-09077a173a13> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yidff.jp/news/14/fo140408-e.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921385 | 304 | 2.46875 | 2 |
This is a collaborative project to document, in broad historical context, the development and impact of the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. To facilitate navigation, the following threads, or historical topics, are identified by a distinctive icon: Click on the right side of the icon to advance to the next entry in the thread; click on the left side to go backwards in the thread. To get started, click on either side of any icon below.
Thread 1: Hitler, Goebbels and the Nazi propaganda theme of Jewish-Communist worldwide conspiracy
The central role of the Jewish-Communist myth as Nazi rationale for war and Holocaust is well known; less known is the similar role the myth played in the Nazi rationale for overthrowing the Weimar Republic in 1922-1923, for stripping Jewish Germans of citizenship in 1935, and for helping Franco overthrow the elected government of Spain beginning in 1936.
Thread 2: Development of the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory in Germany, 1914-1919
By governmental, military and journalistic elites in northern Germany, including Count Reventlow, the Deutsche Tagezeitung, the Alldeutscher Verband, and the Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund; and by fringe figures in Bavaria such as Paul Bang of the DNVP and proto-Nazis Dietrich Eckart and Alfred Rosenberg.
Thread 3: Development of the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory in Munich-based Catholic publications, 1917-1920
Contrary to some historians who present the acceptance of the Judeo-Bolshevik myth among Bavarian Catholics as natural and all but inevitable, influential voices in Catholic Bavaria, including the leading Munich-based Catholic journals, publicly explained Communism and the 1917 Russian Bolshevik Revolution in terms other than Jewish influence or control, until a turning point in spring 1920.
Thread 4: Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory in Hungary, 1919-1938
The widely publicized mass murders and persecutions of Jews in Hungary and Poland in 1919-1920 made the power and impact of the Jewish-Communist myth manifest internationally at the formational time of the Nazi Party in Munich.
Thread 5: Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory in Poland, 1919-1930s
Names in this thread include Achille Ratti, Vatican Nuncio to Poland who later becomes Pope Pius XI, and the Polish Bishops Conference, in 1919-1920; and Cardinal-Archbishop Hlond and L’Osservatore Romano in the mid-1930s.
Thread 6: The Vatican’s stance on the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory, 1918-1945
As manifested publicly by the Vatican in its daily newspaper L’Osservatore Romano and by the Vatican-supervised journal La Civiltà Cattolica, and as stated privately in reports by high-ranking Vatican officials. The stance is best summarized in the title of a Munich Archdiocesan newspaper article on May 2, 1920: „Nicht Judenhass, sondern Christenschutz“ [Not Jew-hatred, but Christian-defense]. The standard historical reference on “The Vatican’s Stance on National Socialism as Reflected in L’Osservatore Romano” by Sandmann overlooks most of the articles in this thread.
Thread 7: Jewish-Masonic world conspiracy, predecessor to the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory
A study in similar modus operandi of conspiracy theorists: (1) Highlight a handful of Jews who are high-ranking Masons (or Communists). (2) Construct an elaborate theory of Jewry controlling Masonry (or Communism) worldwide. (3) Arouse fear and hatred toward the Jewish-Masonic (or Jewish-Communist) threat to the homeland, Western Civilization, Christianity, and/or the Catholic Church.
Thread 8: 19th century writings reflected in the first editions of the Protocols in early 20th century Russia
Parts of the Protocols draw upon works of Maurice Joly and Hermann Goedsche, which are well known to historians of the Protocols; the pervasive Protocols theme of worldwide Jewish control of the Masonic movement in order to destroy and dominate Christian peoples draws more upon the lesser known work of Gabriel Jogand-Pagès (a/k/a Leo Taxil) under the pseudonym Docteur Bataille.
Thread 9: Promoting the Protocols in the United States, 1918-1920
Czarist Russian intelligence officer Boris Brasol, operating in Washington DC and New York, creates the first known English language excerpts from the Protocols, when he places quotations from the Protocols at the beginning and end of his four-page concoction entitled “Bolshevism and Judaism,” which he sends to the head of US Army Intelligence, Brig. Gen. Marlborough Churchill, in November 1918; Brasol’s efforts to disseminate the Protocols in the US come to public fruition in spring 1920 via Henry Ford and his Dearborn Independent newspaper.
Thread 10: Early promotions of Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory and the Protocols in the United Kingdom
Brasol's false assertions against Jewish financiers along with his quotations from the Protocols reach England in fall 1919, but are blocked from publication by the head of MI5/MI6 under advice from the US Government; in early 1920 Jewish-Communism assertions receive public support from Winston Churchill (Feb. 8, 1920), and later that year the Protocols are published in English by the King's own publishers, Eyre & Spottiswoode.
Thread 11: Transnational network promoting the Protocols and the Jewish-Communist myth, 1918-1921
Dissemination of the Protocols in the aftermath of World War I is promoted by White Russian exiles in the US (Boris Brasol) and Bavaria (Alfred Rosenberg, Max von Scheubner-Richter, Fedor Vinberg, Piotr Shabelskii-Bork, Ivan Poltavets-Ostranitsa and others), as well as by ex-Vatican official Umberto Benigni and his international network.
Thread 12: Fr. Coughlin promoting the Jewish-Communist myth and Protocols in the US, 1938-1942
After emphasizing populist themes during the 1920s and most of the 1930s, including many attacks on financiers both Jewish and non-Jewish, Fr. Coughlin begins in 1938 to publish the Protocols serially; then, in November 1938, ten days after the nationwide pogrom of Kristallnacht in Germany, Coughlin begins to focus extensive attacks on the supposed Jewish-capitalist-Communist world conspiracy, taking material directly from Brasol's multi-page falsification as published in La Documentation Catholique in March 1920.Thread 13: Promoting the Protocols in Germany, 1919-1929
Thread 14: Promoting the Protocols in France, 1919-1929
Thread 15: Promoting the Protocols in Italy, 1919-1929
Thread 16: Jewish-Communist myth and Protocols in Argentina, 1933-1945
Thread 17: Promoting the Protocols today
Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License by Stephen H. Galebach. Non-commercial reproduction, use and sharing of the Timeline and linked Translations and Notes are permitted, provided attribution is given to the author and a hyperlink is made to this URL. All translations, unless otherwise indicated, are by Stephen Galebach, who is also responsible for copyright law analysis with respect to the documents.
Circa 1800 Napoleon’s armies set Jews free throughout Europe from ghettoes and legal discrimination, including in the Papal States.
Earliest known allegations of Jewish-Masonic conspiracy behind the French Revolution are made by Abbé Augustin Barruel, a French Jesuit priest.
1815 Following the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna re-establishes European monarchies; in the restored Papal States, Pope Pius VII re-institutes the ghettoes of Rome, Bologna and several other cities.
1819 The Hep-Hep riots in Germany, a series of pogroms in Würzburg and then cities in the Rhineland and the north, kill or injure many Jews and loot their property.
June 16, 1846 Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti is elected Pope and takes the name Pius IX; his 31-year Pontificate, the longest on record, witnesses the fall of the Papal States and the forming of the nation of Italy.
1848-1849 A popular movement establishes a democratic republican form of government in Rome and Pope Pius IX flees to Gaeta Castle near Naples.
1850 French troops overpower Roman Republic forces and institute military rule on behalf of the Pope; the following year Pius XI returns to Rome.
1858 Edgardo Mortara, a six year old Jewish boy, is seized from his family home in Bologna by Papal States police and taken to Rome, based on the statement by a domestic servant that she secretly baptized the boy several years earlier when he was sick and, she feared, in danger of death.
Pope Pius IX refuses to return Edgardo to his family; the resulting worldwide outrage undermines Austrian and French commitments to uphold Pius IX’s temporal rule.
1859 Austrian troops leave Bologna and the Romagna region of the Papal States, and democratic forces immediately rise up and form new governing bodies there.
1869 The Vatican-supervised journal La Civiltà Cattolica [Catholic Civilization] equates Judaism and the Masonic movement, describing a “vast conspiracy” by the “Jewish-Masonic sect” to attack the Catholic Church, destroy its religious orders, and steal their property. English translation of article
Historian Lebovitch Dahl has traced Civiltà Cattolica’s Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theorizing back to the journal’s first volume of 1850 and its four-part series entitled “The Hebrew of Verona.” (see Bibliography)
Also, in 1869, Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory appears as a central theme in a book by French writer Roger Gougenot des Mousseaux, who makes dozens of references to prominent Jewish French lawyer Adolphe Crémieux, the head of the Alliance Israélite Universelle and the French Masonic order, in order to insinuate that Jewry controls Masonry worldwide.Later, in 1918-1920 United States, Bavaria, France and elsewhere, the same tactic is used to insinuate that Jewry controls Communism worldwide, by identifying Jewish Communist leaders by name and generalizing to a universal identification of Judaism and Communism.
Excerpts in French original and English translation from Gougenot’s Le Juif: le judaïsme et la judaïsation des peuples chrétiens (Paris: Plons, 1869)
In 1870, Gougenot’s book receives an enthusiastic review from Civiltà Cattolica.
Sept. 20, 1870 Italian troops breach the walls of Rome, and Papal Zouaves surrender the city to the forces of Italian unification.
This marks the end of the Papal States as an entity under the sovereign rule of the Pope.
The “Roman Question,” the competing claims of the Pope and the nation of Italy to sovereignty over Rome, persists for many decades until resolved in 1929 by Pope Pius XI and Mussolini.
Jan. 1, 1871 Germany is united under Kaiser Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, and Jews receive rights of citizenship throughout the new German Reich [Empire].
1871 Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory is advanced in Germany by the Jesuit priest August Rohling in his book Der Talmudjude [the Talmud-Jew], which quickly sells multiple editions and is translated into French, Polish, Dutch, Hungarian and other languages.
English translation and German original of excerpt, including generalizing from the example of Adolphe Crémieux to a theory of universal control of Masonry by Jewry.
1878 Kaiser Wilhelm I’s Lutheran chaplain Adolf Stoecker founds the Christlichsoziale Arbeiterpartei [Christian-Social Workers Party], one of several German antisemitic parties that experience limited electoral success in the late 1800s and then decline by the time of World War I.
The name and concept of Christlichsoziale, combining antisemitic propaganda with social programs for workers, are later adopted by Karl Lueger’s political movement in Austria.
Feb. 20, 1878 Vincenzo Pecci, Bishop of Perugia, Italy, is elected Pope Leo XIII and enters upon a 25-year pontificate.
1880 E.N. Chabouty, a French Catholic priest, publishes a book devoted to Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory: Franc-maçons et Juifs: Sixième âge de l’église d'après l’apocalypse [Freemasons and Jews: Sixth Age of the Church According to the Book of Revelation] (Paris: Société générale de librairie catholique, 1880).
Dec. 1880 La Civiltà Cattolica commences a series of polemical articles against the Jewish people.
These antisemitic articles extend over a period of more than three years, appearing in approximately half the issues of this journal during that time.
Civiltà Cattolica was (and still is) a twice-monthly journal published by a select community of Jesuit priests in Rome, with each issue reviewed by the Vatican Secretary of State prior to publication.
Jan. 1, 1881 Civiltà Cattolica’s first in a series of lengthy antisemitic articles demands special laws to exclude Jews from citizenship and profitable occupations, and to counteract alleged Jewish financial and economic influence.
The article’s main points are that Jews remain foreigners in whatever country they live; that Judaism controls much of Freemasonry; that Jews universally inspire people to hate them; that Jewry should be understood as a race more than a religion; and that antisemitism should be pursued in a “just” and rational manner, rather than a passionate and vengeful manner, for “social defense” of Christian civilization.
English translation of the article
The main points of the article were, or became, a commonplace in antisemitic propaganda; they appear, for instance, in Hitler’s first known antisemitic writing, his letter to Gemlich in September 1919.
1881 Pogroms, violent attacks and riots against Jews, break out in Russia, the home of approximately half the world’s Jewish population, following the assassination of Czar Alexander II.
1882 The First Aliya begins.
Thousands of Jews emigrate from Russia and Romania to Palestine, with the foundation of settlements such as Rishon LeZion (“First in Zion”) southeast of Jaffa and Rosh Pina (“Cornerstone”) northwest of the Sea of Galilee.
Also, more than one million Jews emigrate from Russia to the United States by the end of the 19th century. Tens of thousands emigrate during this time to Argentina, which sends immigration agents to Warsaw and Odessa to recruit Jewish immigrants to the largely unpopulated country. Baron Maurice de Hirsch (from a Jewish Bavarian family living in France, having been ennobled by the King of Bavaria) finances Jewish immigration to Argentina.
Apr. 20, 1884 Pope Leo XIII issues an encyclical entitled Humanum Genus, dedicated to condemning the Freemasons and exhorting Catholics to oppose them as forces of the “kingdom of Satan” arrayed against “the kingdom of God on earth,” the Catholic Church.
This encyclical does not posit any connection between Freemasons and Jews; nor did any of Leo XIII’s encyclicals or other public statements contain any explicit denigration of Jews.
English version of encyclical at Vatican website
May 15, 1891 Pope Leo XIII issues his most famous encyclical, Rerum Novarum, on capital and labor, which continues to be central to Catholic social teaching through the 20th century.
English version at Vatican website
1894 Gabriel Jogand-Pagès, French anti-Masonic writer, under the pseudonym “Dr. Bataille,” popularizes the notion that secret assemblies of Jews control the Masonic movement.
English translation of French original
Civiltà Cattolica later praises the works of Dr. Bataille and other anti-Masonic works by Jogand-Pagès under his various pseudonyms.
When Jogand-Pagès discloses in 1897 that his writings have been a gigantic hoax, Civiltà Cattolica condemns him but states that much of what he wrote is nonetheless true.
Dec. 22, 1894 Jewish French General Staff officer Alfred Dreyfus is falsely convicted by court-martial of espionage and treason, in the midst of an antisemitic propaganda campaign against him.
1896 Theodor Herzl publishes the book that launches the Zionist movement, Der Judenstaat [The Jewish State].
Herzl, having seen the impact of the Dreyfus Affair as a journalist posted to France, argues that despite best efforts and intentions, Jews are unable to gain acceptance and toleration in any country.
Herzl’s book proposes a solution: that Jews establish or re-establish their own homeland. He also proposes that the Holy Places of Christianity and Islam, including the city of Jerusalem, be internationalized and not be part of the Jewish State.
Excerpts in English translation at Jewish Virtual Library
Additional versions of Der Judenstaat available online at Gutenberg
Also in 1896, antisemitic agitation surges in France in reaction against the pro-Dreyfusard movement, and in Austria with the electoral victory of Karl Lueger’s Christian Social Party, also known as the Antisemitic Party.
Aug. 15, 1896 Civiltà Cattolica rejoices in the “victory of the antisemites in the capital” of Austria, stating “the triumph of Dr. Lueger was such as to give the coup de grace to the old mafia of Jewish capitalism, allied in Vienna with Masonic liberalism.”
Sep. 19, 1896 Civiltà Cattolica praises the works of Jogand-Pagès, Leo Taxil, Dr. Bataille, Diana Vaughan and advertises the upcoming Anti-Masonic Congress.
Sep. 26-30, 1896 The First International Anti-Masonic Congress is held in the city of Trent, the site of the Council of Trent during the Counter-Reformation in the 16th century.
Jogand-Pagès (Leo Taxil) is invited as a keynote speaker.
Translation of Civiltà Cattolica’s Sept. 19, 1896 advertisement for the Congress
Apr. 19, 1897 Jogand-Pagès discloses that his popular anti-Masonic works have been a hoax, at a widely-attended press conference at the Geographical Society in Paris on the Boulevard St. Germain; his hoax includes all the works under the pseudonyms of Leo Taxil, Dr. Bataille, and Diana Vaughan.
May 1, 1897 Civiltà Cattolica reports at length on the Jogand-Pagès-Leo-Taxil hoax.
May 1, 1897 Civiltà Cattolica takes a stance against Zionism, arguing that a rebuilt Jerusalem at the center of a reconstituted nation of Israel would be unacceptable because it would contradict New Testament prophecies of the destruction of Jerusalem.
May 15, 1897 Civiltà Cattolica, in a four-page article about the hoax conducted by Jogand-Pagès, states in conclusion that much of what he wrote is nonetheless true.
Aug. 29-31, 1897 The First Zionist Congress is held in Basel, Switzerland, with Theodor Herzl presiding.
Jan. 13, 1898 Emile Zola publishes "J’Accuse" in L’Aurore in France, leading eventually to the unraveling of the fraudulent treason case against Major Alfred Dreyfus.
Sept. 16, 1899 Civiltà Cattolica writes this about the Third Zionist Congress, noting the Zionists are not claiming Jerusalem:
“What sort of Zionism is this, that from the start renounces Jerusalem and the ancient kingdom of Palestine? Does this not prove that they are betraying themselves and confessing that their intentions were utopian? Why not then completely give up the name Zionism? A race of murderers of God, even if supported by all the anti-Christian sects, feels itself beaten before the fight even begins, beaten by Jesus.”
Source: Minerbi, p.97, quoting in English translation from the Italian original.
July 20, 1903 Pope Leo XIII dies.
Aug. 4, 1903 Giuseppe Sarto, Patriarch of Venice, becomes Pope Pius X (1903-1914).
1903 First edition of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is published in Russia by Sergei Nilus.
Jan. 25, 1904 Theodor Herzl has an audience in Rome with Pope Pius X, who says the Catholic Church cannot support the movement of Jews to Jerusalem. The audience occurs on the Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul (Saul of Tarsus).
February 1908 Hitler moves at age 18 from his family home in Linz, Austria to Vienna, where he lives until moving to Munich in 1913.
Contrary to Hitler’s later assertions in Mein Kampf, he shows no evidence of being an antisemite during his time in Vienna.
Source: Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris (1998), pp. 60-64; Brigitte Hamann, Hitler’s Vienna (1999), pp. 347-359.
Jan. 12, 1912 In the last German election before World War One for delegates to the Reichstag, antisemites fare poorly.
Antisemitic parties, declining from their peak two decades earlier, elected only 10 delegates to the 400-seat Reichstag.
Antisemitic parties elected no delegates from Bavaria.
The largest number of seats overall were won by the Social Democrats, with the Catholic Center Party second.
Most parts of Bavaria voted Center Party, but in Munich the Social Democrats out-polled the Center.
May 1913 Hitler receives an inheritance from his long-deceased father after reaching the age of 24, and moves from Vienna to Munich. Kershaw (1998), p.68.
Aug. 9, 1913 Rome newspaper Corriere d'Italia features Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory, claiming that Freemasonry is a Jewish organization seeking to destroy Italy. Source: Issue 8/219 (Aug. 9, 1913), p.6, cited by Arpaia (2015), p.244.
Such propaganda could easily appear in Corriere d'Italia, despite its mainstream reputation, as a result of its association with two figures in the early 1910s who were later central to the dissemination of Jewish-Freemason-Communist conspiracy theory internationally and in Bavaria:Msgr. Umberto Benigni, former Vatican official heading the international spy network known as La Sapinière and Sodalitium Pianum. Cf. Nina Valbousquet, Les réseaux transnationaux de l’antisémitisme catholique [International Networks of Catholic Antisemitism]: France, Italie, 1914-1934, Doctoral Thesis, Paris Sciences Po 2016, pp. 175, 414, 674.
Fr. Bernhard (a/k/a Don Bernardo) Stempfle, who began antisemitic propagandizing in Munich shortly after returning to his home city in 1917, following years of journalistic activity in Rome. Cf. Nachlass Stempfle, Folders 1-9, Bavarian Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich.
Dec. 4, 1913 German military forces’ abuse of Alsatians during 1913 leads to the first-ever no confidence vote in the German Reichstag; Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg remains in office despite losing the vote.
June 28, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and his wife Sophie are assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina.
July 28, 1914 World War One begins with Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia.
Additional declarations of war follow, resulting in First World War between the “Central Powers,” Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the “Triple Entente,” France, Great Britain and Russia.
August 1914 Hitler volunteers for the Bavarian army. Kershaw (1998), p.90.
Aug. 17, 1914 The “Deutsche Komittee zur Befreiung der russischen Juden” [German Committee for the Liberation of the Russian Jews] is announced as part of a broader German plan to incite Jews in Russia to support revolutionary uprisings against the Czar.
Source: Friedländer (1971), p. 31.
The later conspicuous support of a small proportion of Russian Jews such as Trotsky and Radek for revolution in Russia will be cited in Germany and elsewhere to claim that Bolshevism was a Jewish plot.
Aug. 20, 1914 Pope Pius X dies.
Sep. 3, 1914 Giacomo della Chiesa, Archbishop of Bologna, becomes Pope Benedict XV (1914-1922).
Apr. 16, 1915 Italy enters World War One on the side of the Triple Entente of France, Britain and Russia, against the Central Powers, who now include the Ottoman Empire as well as Germany and Austria-Hungary.
As a condition for entering the war, Italy secures the commitment of the Allies that the Vatican will be excluded from any peace conference.
Oct. 24, 1915 Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner for Egypt, writes Hussein bin Ali, the Sherif of Mecca, that England will support the independence of the Arabs against the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
This leads to the Arab Revolt of 1916, famous for its association with British officer T.E. Lawrence.
Feb. 9, 1916 Vatican responds to a request from leaders of the American Jewish Committee asking the Pope to mediate for their confrères in Europe who are suffering travails in regions ravaged by World War One, especially the regions of the Eastern Front.
The Pope declines to address the specifics of their request but affirms, via the Vatican Secretary of State, general principles of brotherly love and natural law “toward the children of Israel as toward all men.”
Translation of response published three months later in Civiltà Cattolica
Italian original with side-by-side English translation: page 358 and page 359
May 16, 1916 Sykes-Picot secret agreement is reached between Britain, France and Russia, to allocate spheres of influence in the event the Allies defeat and divide up the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
France is to have Lebanon, Syria and Northern Iraq; Russia is to have the Istanbul region; and Britain is to have Palestine, southern Iraq and Jordan, with the parties to consider placing the Holy Land under the jurisdiction of an international commission.
Nov. 1916 Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, Vatican Secretary of State, gives detailed instructions to the new Vatican Nuncio to Bavaria, including instructions to develop a strong Catholic press in Bavaria:
“... make every effort to support and propagate the good press.”
Source: Hubert Wolf, Pope and Devil (2010), pp. 20-21, quoting in translation from “Instructions for Mons. Giuseppe Aversa, Apostolic Nuncio to Bavaria,” Nov. 1916, Vatican Secret Archives, Munich Nunciature, vol. 257, fasc. 10, fol. 1-108.
Mar. 4, 1917 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper runs a two-page article with characteristic criticisms of Social Democrat Party and its policies, without attacks on Jews.
Mar. 8-12, 1917 (Gregorian Calendar) February Revolution (per Julian Calendar used in Russia) takes place in Russia. Czar Nicholas II abdicates, resulting in a republic with Alexander Kerensky as the key figure.
Apr. 6, 1917 United States declares war on Germany and enters World War One.
Apr. 9, 1917 German Government transports Lenin, Karl Radek and fellow Bolsheviks from their exile in Zurich across Germany in a sealed train car, then assists them to cross the Baltic Sea to Sweden, and further assists their mostly successful passage through Finland to St. Petersburg.
A central figure in arranging German Foreign Office approvals is Center Party politician Matthias Erzberger. During spring and summer 1917 Germany enables approximately 400 Communist revolutionaries to get to Russia. Sources: Epstein (1959); Hahlweg (1957).
In subsequent years antisemites in Germany attack Bolshevism as a Jewish plot and do not discuss the ways in which it was a German plot.
Apr. 12, 1917 Cardinal Francis von Bettinger, Archbishop of Munich and Freising, dies.
Front page tribute to him in the Munich Archdiocesan newspaper
Several days later the Vatican Nuncio to Bavaria, Archbishop Joseph Aversa, dies.
Apr. 27, 1917 Telegram from leading Russian Jews to Jacob Schiff, Justice Louis Brandeis, Prof Gottheil, Oscar Straus, Rabbi Stephen Wise, Louis Marshall and Henry Morgenthau, sent via U.S. State Department, from U.S. Ambassador Francis in St. Petersburg to U.S. Secretary of State Robert Lansing, requesting assistance to obtain financing for the new democratic Kerensky government of Russia.
Source: U.S. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), State Dept. Records Relating to Internal Affairs of Russia and the Soviet Union (microfilm), Roll 117, M 316, State Dept. Decimal File 861.51.
The Jewish American leaders coordinate with Lansing and follow his instructions not to provide the requested funding.
Boris Brasol, a White Russian propagandist and former Czarist intelligence officer in the US, later twists the facts to accuse Schiff, Brandeis, Marshall, Straus and Wise, as well as the Warburg brothers and Rabbi Judah Magnes, of supporting Russian Bolshevism and financing Trotsky.
Secretary of State Lansing learns of Brasol’s false accusations against leading Jewish Americans in October-November 1919; he advises the British Government privately through diplomatic channels against allowing the Morning Post to publish Brasol’s “Bolshevism and Judaism” falsification, but US authorities do not publicly expose or denounce Brasol’s fraud when it is later published in France and Bavaria as “an official American report.”
Apr. 29, 1917 General Secretary of the World Zionist Congress, Nahum Sokolow, meets at the Vatican with Eugenio Pacelli, who was Secretary of the Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, reporting to Vatican Secretary of State Gasparri.
Sokolow reports that Pacelli shows him extraordinary courtesy and tells him it is essential that the Zionists define what is meant by the Holy Places, “for on this there are differences of view: some hold that they mean all the country, others - that they are only a few isolated sites. We must know in advance what you demand, in order to avoid conflicts and competition between us...”
Source: Minerbi, p.108, quoting in translation from Sokolow’s report to Chaim Weizmann, Apr. 29, 1917.
Pacelli then arranges an audience for Sokolow with Pope Benedict XV. Source: Rychlak, Hitler, p.26.
Apr. 29, 1917 Count Ernst von Reventlow, a major contributor on military and foreign affairs to the influential national Deutsche Zeitung, writes in that paper that “the influence of the Russian Jews in the revolutionary events of Russia now seems very great and growing.”
May 1, 1917 Sokolow meets with Cardinal Gasparri, who says the area the Vatican claims as Holy Places includes Jerusalem and “branching out from there to Bethlehem and Jericho, and we have demands regarding Tiberias, Nazareth, and possibly also Tabor-Nazareth.”
Minerbi, p.109, quoting in translation from Sokolow to Weizmann, May 1.
May 3, 1917 Chaim Weizmann receives a letter describing a recent meeting in Switzerland of influential Catholics, including Matthias Erzberger, to orchestrate Catholic pressure from major countries to oppose British control of Palestine and make it an internationalized territory under protection of the Pope.
Source: Minerbi, p.114.
May 4, 1917 Nahum Sokolow meets with Pope Benedict XV, who begins by recalling Rome’s destruction of Judea, which the Zionists now propose to rebuild, and concludes by repeating several times, “Yes, I think we shall be good neighbors.”
Minerbi, pp. 111-112, quoting in translation from memos of the meeting made by Sokolow.
May 10, 1917 Letter from Louis Marshall in New York to US Secretary of State Robert Lansing thanking him for meeting with Marshall, Morgenthau and Straus; reporting that the American Jewish leaders in question wish to follow advice from Lansing and defer to US policy in the matter of loans for Russia; and asking Lansing to communicate that decision by telegram to Boris Kamenka at the Don Asov Bank in St. Petersburg.
May 11, 1917 Letter from Alvey A. Adee, Second Assistant Secretary of State, to Louis Marshall, enclosing copy of telegram sent by U.S. Secretary of State to Boris Kamenka in Russia.
May 12, 1917 Telegram is sent from Lansing to Kamenka via U.S. Embassy in St. Petersburg, transmitting message from Schiff, Marshall, Straus, Morgenthau, Wise and Gottheil that they will encourage subscriptions to U.S. Liberty Loans to enable U.S. Government to make low interest loans to the Russian Government, rather than comply with Kamenka’s request.
May 13, 1917 Eugenio Pacelli is consecrated Archbishop by Pope Benedict XV in preparation for his new assignment as Papal Nuncio to Bavaria, Germany.
Two-page article in Munich Archdiocesan newspaper about the consecration ceremonies in Rome, in German: page one; page two
Also on May 13th, three shepherd children report seeing an appearance of Mary the Mother of Jesus near Fatima, Portugal.
May 26, 1917 Michael von Faulhaber, Bishop of Speyer, Germany, is announced as the new Archbishop of Munich and Freising, Bavaria, Germany.
May 27, 1917 Pacelli in Munich sends Cardinal Gasparri in Rome three detailed reports by German Catholic political figure Matthias Erzberger, in Italian, about German war goals, US intervention in the war, and the German press.
Over the next two years, Erzberger serves as a confidential informant and aide to Pacelli within the German Government, until a breach between the two in late July, 1919.
Hundreds of documents by or about Erzberger appear in the German “Pacelli Edition” word-searchable database of Pacelli's Nunciature documents, maintained by the University of Münster, in cooperation with the German Historical Institute in Rome and the Vatican Secret Archive.
May 29, 1917 Archbishop Pacelli is received as Vatican Nuncio to Bavaria by Bavarian King Ludwig III in Munich.
Pacelli also reports this day to Rome that Erzberger has donated a “most beautiful” Benz automobile, “powerful and elegant,” to the Munich Nunciature. Pope Benedict XV responds two weeks later with a letter of thanks to Erzberger. Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document Nos. 9390, 9517.
June 6, 1917 Pacelli cables Gasparri that Erzberger says Kaiser Wilhelm II will welcome a visit by Pacelli and a peace initiative by the Pope.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 4491.
June 10, 1917 Erzberger reports to Pacelli that the Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary wants a peace initiative by Catholic authorities without delay, while Erzberger believes the best time for such action will be in September or October.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 362.
June 21, 1917 Erzberger reports to Pacelli that he has initiated an international Catholic appeal for peace, communicated by a Catholic association in Switzerland to the Catholic Bishops of many countries.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 364.
June 26-30, 1917 Archbishop Pacelli meets with German Reich Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg in Berlin, and with Kaiser Wilhelm at Kreuznach, to discuss a planned peace proposal from Pope Benedict XV.
English translation of report from Pacelli to Gasparri, Italian original and German summary online at www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 366
July 8, 1917 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper runs a detailed article on Freemasonry, on the 200th anniversary of its founding; no mention of Jews.
July 19, 1917 Matthias Erzberger of the Catholic Center Party succeeds in securing a majority vote in the German Reichstag for a Peace Resolution calling for peace terms without changes in boundaries or economic impositions.
Gasparri cables Pacelli: “In the event that the conditions of the peace note present difficulties, Your Excellency should work in any event to obtain conditions that would truly be acceptable to the other side; otherwise everything is useless... Make the Chancellor reflect ...”
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 802
July 22, 1917 Pacelli cables Gasparri that newspapers are attributing Erzberger's Peace Resolution to Vatican influence; he leaves it to Gasparri whether to publish a denial; and he assures Gasparri that the Munich Nunciature played no role in the matter.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 6052
July 27, 1917 Pacelli reports to Gasparri on his discussions with the new German Chancellor, Michaelis, about terms of the planned Papal peace proposal and the timing for announcing it.
English translation - Italian original and German summary at online Pacelli-Edition
Aug. 26, 1917 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper article expresses hopes for unification with Russian Orthodox Church in wake of the overthrow of the Czar.
A follow-up article two weeks later expresses the additional hope that the long oppressed Catholic Church in Russia will now experience freedom.
Sept. 4, 1917 Nuncio Pacelli reports to Gasparri about a request from a Munich Rabbi for Vatican help to gain Italian authorization for a shipment of palm fronds in time for the Feast of Tabernacles.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Two weeks later, Gasparri responds to Pacelli that “the Holy See obviously cannot support the request.” Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Ten days after that, Pacelli reports that the Munich Rabbi was “perfectly convinced” by the explanations he gave. Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Sept. 16, 1917 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper features a pastoral letter from Archbishop Faulhaber thanking Bavarian King Ludwig III for appointing him, and Pope Benedict XV for investing him, as Munich’s Archbishop.
German original of page one
Second and third pages
Oct. 13, 1917 At Fatima, tens of thousands of Portuguese who have trudged through rain to the site of reported appearances of Mary the Mother of Jesus witness the “dance of the sun.”
Source: Lisbon newspaper O Seculo.
Oct. 17, 1917 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about his visit to a prisoner-of-war camp in Germany.
Oct. 22, 1917 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that former Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and current Chancellor Hertling have complained to him about Matthias Erzberger, who has been unique among Center Party figures in serving the Nunciature and the Holy See.
Nov. 2, 1917 The Balfour Declaration is issued by the British Government:
“His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a National Home for the Jewish People, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish Communities in Palestine or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other Country.”
Nov. 7, 1917 Lenin, previously inserted into Russia by the German Government with the encouragement of Matthias Erzberger, successfully conducts the Bolshevik Revolution and takes over the Russian Government.
Source: Klaus Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton, 1959), pp. 168-169 (Erzberger successfully lobbied the German Foreign Office and Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg to insert Lenin into Russia).
Nov. 15, 1917 Cardinal Gasparri asks Nuncio Pacelli to influence the German Government to intercede with the Turkish Ottoman authorities, allies of Germany, to protect the Holy Places and Jewish population of Jerusalem.
Source: Rychlak, Hitler, p.27, citing Hesemann (2008) and Lapide (1967).Nov. 23, 1917 The Times of London says the Bolsheviks “are adventurers of German-Jewish blood and in German pay.” Quoted in Kadish (1992), p.10.
Cf. Gasparri to Pacelli, encrypted telegram, at www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 2389 - English translation
Nov. 30, 1917 Gasparri cables Pacelli to have the German Government intervene with the Ottoman Empire concerning new regulations affecting marriage for Catholics.
Dec. 6, 1917 Munich Nunciature forwards to Rome a petition from the Jewish Women’s Association of Berlin for Papal intervention against pogroms in Galicia and Poland.
Dec. 8, 1917 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that Baron Frankenstein and others claim that Erzberger is not representative of the entire Center Party; yet Pacelli and the Vatican remain dependent on Erzberger as their main source of information in Germany.
Dec. 9, 1917 Allied forces under British General Allenby capture Jerusalem.
Also on Dec. 9, the Munich Archdiocesan newspaper publishes a joint pastoral letter of the Bishops of Germany. German original, front page and second page
Continuation on front page of Dec. 16th edition and second page and third page
Dec. 14, 1917 Pacelli cables Gasparri that he has received assurances from the German Foreign Ministry that Turkish Authorities will protect the Jewish population and the Holy Places in Jerusalem and Palestine.
Dec. 16, 1917 Munich-based Catholic journal Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland (HPB) focuses on the central question about the new Russian Revolution under Lenin, whether it will lead to peace or to continuation of the Russian war effort. “The War and Peace Question in Russia (Apropos of the Second Russian Revolution),” HPB 160:12 (1917), p. 756. German original: p. 756; p. 757; p. 758; p. 759; p. 760; p. 761; p. 762; p. 763; p. 764; p. 765; p. 766; p. 767; p. 768
Dec. 18, 1917 Bavarian Ambassador to the Vatican, Baron Ritter zu Groenesteyn, confidentially informs Nuncio Pacelli that the King of Bavaria urgently desires that Archbishop Faulhaber be elevated to Cardinal as soon as possible.
One month later, Pacelli receives explanations from the Vatican that Faulhaber will not be made Cardinal in the near future, because other German-speaking Churchmen are in line for Cardinal, and Munich is not a Cardinal-Archdiocese. Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 9610
Dec. 27, 1917 Matthias Erzberger writes to Archbishop Faulhaber in Munich, proposing a plan to reinvigorate German Catholicism and expand its influence in Germany.
Jan. 5, 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Allgemeine Rundschau explains that the Revolution of Nov. 1917 in Russia was the “Schicksalswende,” the decisive turn of fate brought about by German military success.
Article entitled “Milestone 1918”: first page and second page
Jan. 9, 1918 Munich Nunciature files of this date discuss Bolshevik Russia’s disclosure of the 1915 Entente Powers’ agreement to exclude the Vatican from peace negotiations. Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Jan. 12, 1918 The Allgemeine Rundschau welcomes the Russian Revolution and regime of “Lenin and his Bolsheviks,” in article entitled “Russia Breaks its Chains of Slavery.”
Jan. 20, 1918 The Munich Archdiocesan newspaper describes in detail the organization of Freemason lodges in Germany.
The article notes that Jews are disadvantaged within German Freemasonry because it is led by the Prussian lodges (which historically did not admit Jews).
The article thus diverges from the antisemitic conspiracy myth that “the Jews” control Freemasonry.
Jan. 22, 1918 An article in Germania, the Berlin-based organ of the Catholic Center Party, points out the Jewish surnames of Russian Bolsheviks Trotsky and Radek, and falsely claims that Lenin’s true name is Davidovich Zederblom.
Jan. 23, 1918 Count Reventlow in the Deutsche Zeitung presents his conspiracy theory that the “Pan-Jews” (Alljuden) are everywhere the leaders of revolutionary movements, in their quest for Jewish world domination.
Jan. 28, 1918 German military attaché in St. Petersburg, Russia sends a report to the German Admiralty command about the Russian Bolshevik regime, stating: “The entire current government except Lenin are Jews.” This report then reaches Kaiser Wilhelm II, who underlines the sentence quoted here.
Source: Report of military attaché Baron von Keyserlingk to Chief of Staff, German Navy, Jan. 28, 1918, reprinted in Baumgart (1967), pp. 96-97.
Original German of quoted sentence: “Die ganze jetzige Regierung außer Lenin sind Juden.”
Feb. 3, 1918 The Munich Archdiocesan newspaper warns about the influence of Freemasonry in Germany, in a way that again diverges from Jewish-Masonic conspiracy theory.
The article states that Jews are not admitted as members in the old-Prussian Great Lodges.
Feb. 4, 1918 Cardinal Secretary of State Gasparri tells Belgian envoy to Vatican that he favors an international commission administering a state extending from Galilee and Nazareth south to Jerusalem and Bethlehem, including all the Holy Places.
Source: Sergio Minerbi, The Vatican and Zionism (1990), p.23, citing Belgian Foreign Office Archives.
Feb. 13, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II, at a conference in Bad Hamburg with Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg and top military commanders Hindenburg and Ludendorff, says: “The Russian people have been handed over to the revenge of the Jews in association with all the Jews of the world. With that Freemasons.”
Source: Protokoll der Sitzung des Kronrats in Bad Hamburg, Feb. 13, 1918, reprinted in Institut für Deutsche Militärgeschichte (ed.), Militarismus gegen Sowjetmacht 1917-1919 (East Berlin, 1967), p. 219.
German original: “Russisches Volk der Rache der Juden ausgeliefert sind in Verbindung mit allen Juden der Welt. Damit Freimaurer.”
Feb. 24, 1918 Article in Germania comments that Jews are being favored by the Russian Bolshevik regime while Catholics are being persecuted, and says that a German delegation in St. Petersburg encountered Russian negotiators who were uniformly of Jewish background.
Also on Feb. 24, the Munich Archdiocesan newspaper features a pastoral letter of Archbishop Faulhaber, one of three similar occurrences during 1918. German original
Feb. 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Hochland publishes an article by Austrian priest Ignaz Seipel, the later Chancellor of Austria (1922-24, 1926-29), analyzing whether the Bolshevik government of Russia, and other revolutionary coups, are legitimate, and whether it is proper to negotiate with them.
The article makes no mention of Jews or Judaism. German text of article
Mar. 3, 1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ends hostilities between Russia and Germany.
Mar. 27, 1918 Matthias Erzberger writes Nuncio Pacelli in positive terms of the role of the Jewish and Polish minorities in Lithuania, saying that legal guarantees for the full development of their economic and intellectual potential will be of “great usefulness” to that new nation.
Italian memorandum at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Mar. 30, 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Allgemeine Rundschau publishes an article, “The Russian Peace,” advocating close economic and political ties with Russia and east European states.
The author, J. Kuckhoff, a Member of the German Reichstag, expresses fears of Panslavism and mentions nothing of Judaism or Jews. German original
Apr. 4, 1918 German military attaché in German-occupied Ukraine reports to the Chief of the General Staff of the German Army: “Abhorence is universal toward the Jews, who are branded with gusto as the instigators of the Bolshevik horrors...”
Source: “Bericht des Hauptmann Fischer zum Chef des Generalstabs des Feldheeres,” Apr. 4, 1918, reprinted in Grelka (2006), p. 180.
German original: “Allgemein ist die Abneigung gegen die Juden, die mit Vorliebe als Anstifter der bolschewistischen Greuel bezeichnet werden ...”
Apr. 6, 1918 Earliest known embrace of Jewish-Bolshevik myth by influential Catholics in Munich: the Munich Nunciature reports to Cardinal Gasparri that all ministries in the Bolshevik Russian government are headed by Jews and dominated by Jews, and that the goal of the Jewish-dominated Russian Revolution is a worldwide Jewish government.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Apr. 21, 1918 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper publishes a statement by Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett to the Bavarian Reichsratkammer (Advisory Chamber) on Church-State relations.
Cramer-Klett later develops a close relationship with Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, who in summer 1919 procures for him a Papal title of nobility. Cramer-Klett in the early 1920s serves as President and major funder of the highly antisemitic Bavarian extremist group Aufbau, which actively promotes Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory and includes among its members such early Nazis as Alfred Rosenberg, Max von Scheubner-Richter and Max Amann. Source: Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism (2005), pp. 1-17, 109-135.
German original of Cramer-Klett statement
May 11, 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Allgemeine Rundschau publishes article on “Germany’s Eastern Policy - The Russian Problem,” criticizing the Bolshevik government and the Red Army under Trotsky, and analyzing future prospects for Germany with Russia and eastern Europe, while making no mention of Judaism.
May 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Hochland publishes “Der russische Mensch,” analyzing what aspects of the Russian people led to Communist revolution, with no reference to Judaism or Jews.
Excerpt from German text of article
June 1, 1918 Gasparri sends Pacelli an explanation of a controversy in Britain over Gasparri’s alleged comments about the government to be set up for Palestine and Jerusalem, including concerns about talk of “reconstitution of the Jewish kingdom.”
June 4, 1918 Pacelli conveys a German official’s report that England plans to establish itself in Palestine with the help of Zionism and Jews of the Entente countries.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
June 24, 1918 Pacelli forwards a recommendation to Gasparri for non-intervention in favor of Jews and other categories of prisoners of war.
June 28, 1918 The date of the imprimatur conferred by the Bavarian Diocese of Augsburg for Catholic author Franz Schrönghamer-Heimdal’s first of his 1918-1919 series of antisemitic writings, namely the book Vom Ende der Zeiten. Das Wissen vom Weltende nach Edda, Wissenschaft und Offenbarung [On the End of Days: Knowledge of the End of the World According to the Edda, Science and Revelation] (Augsburg: Haas & Grabherr, 1918).
The book contains voluminous superstition from sources such as the Edda, Nostradamus und Paracelsus, along with a multi-page racial antisemitic screed that claims all Jews, including baptized ones, and including Lenin, who the author claims is a Jew, are like-minded and are striving to attain Jewish domination of the world; pp. 71-74.
German originals: Cover page and Imprimatur
Schrönghamer-Heimdal followed up this book with two further antisemitic books in 1918. Vom Antichrist. Ein Büchlein von Gott und Geld, vom deutschen Wesen und vom ewigen Juden [On the Antichrist: A Booklet about God and Money, about the German Character and the Eternal Jew (Augsburg: Haas & Grabherr, 1918) posits an eternal struggle between the German and “the Jew,” with the Jew as the Antichrist. Das kommende Reich. Entwurf einer Weltordnung aus dem deutschen Wesen [The Coming Reich: Outline of a World Order Based on German Character] (Augsburg: Haas & Grabherr, 1918), pp. 106-129, accuses the Jews of controlling finance, Freemasonry, revolution and Russian Communism in order to achieve world domination.
Schrönghamer-Heimdal later becomes the first author to publish a detailed version of the Jewish-capitalism-Communism world conspiracy theory in a major Munich-based Catholic journal, in the Aug. 30, 1919 issue of the Allgemeine Rundschau.
July 2, 1918 Gasparri sends Pacelli a further explanation of his remarks about the future governing of Palestine.
July 16, 1918 Czar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra and their children are murdered by the Bolsheviks.
July 19, 1918 Gasparri complains to Pacelli about Germany setting up a “solid public situation” for Jews and Protestants in the new state of Poland.
Aug. 10, 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Allgemeine Rundschau’s lead article focuses on the past and current state of “The Russian Church,” describing the Bolshevik government’s anti-church measures without mentioning Jews or Judaism.
German original, page one and page two
Oct. 5, 1918 The Allgemeine Rundschau reports favorably and at length about Matthias Erzberger’s newly published book proposing specifics for a League of Nations as “The Path to Peace.”
German original: first page and second pageOct. 8, 1918 The Morning Post in England editorializes that Jews control Bolshevism and anarchism in a destructive “class war against civilization.” Quoted by Kadish (1992), pp. 32-33.
Also on Oct. 8th, Matthias Erzberger asks Pacelli to inform the Pope of his recent appointment as Reich State Secretary and to convey his assurances of continuing devotion to the interests of the Catholic Church. Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 9530
Oct. 16, 1918 Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland (HPB), in an article decrying secularization and undermining of monarchs, mentions Jewry in the same breath with the Masonic Lodge - not Bolshevism - as helping to amass money that creates power superior to monarchs. German original
Nov. 1, 1918 HPB reviews a book that says liberalism and socialism, while opposite poles, are actually united in opposition to the Church and “find their unity in Judaism.” German original: first page and second page
Nov. 7, 1918 Revolution in Munich.
A mass gathering on the Theresienwiese park in Munich (site of the current-day Octoberfest) leads to the abdication and flight from Munich of Ludwig III, King of Bavaria, and the proclamation of a republic the next day, led by Kurt Eisner with an all-socialist cabinet.
Nov. 9, 1918 Revolution in Berlin.
A republic is proclaimed in Berlin following announcements of the abdication of the Kaiser and the monarchs of the various German States. Friedrich Ebert of the Social Democratic Party assumes the office of Chancellor. Matthias Erzberger continues to represent Germany as Armistice negotiator.
Hitler, as a German soldier, reportedly comments at the time, “Thank God that the kings’ crowns have fallen from the tree. Now we proletarians also have something to say.” Source: M. Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005), p.219, citing handwritten statement in 1939 by Hitler’s commanding officer in 1918, Hans Mend, in the Bavarian Main State Archive.
Nov. 10, 1918 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper reports on Nuncio Pacelli’s visit to Italian and French prisoners in a German prisoner of war camp.
Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice ending World War One is signed on behalf of Germany at Compiègne in France by Matthias Erzberger at the instruction of German army commanders Hindenburg and Ludendorff.
Pacelli cables Gasparri requesting instructions, because Archbishop Faulhaber has told him that his life is in danger and he should go to Switzerland; Faulhaber also requests the Pope to intervene with President Wilson to stop the Allied blockade of Germany. English translation - Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 6092
Faulhaber later writes that he recommended Pacelli go to either Rorschach or Menzingen in Switzerland. German original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de
Nov. 13, 1918 Gasparri cables Pacelli, authorizing him to go elsewhere as advised by Archbishop Faulhaber, namely to Rorschach in Switzerland, in light of the uncertain situation in Munich.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 2449
Nov. 15, 1918 Nuncio Pacelli sends reports to Gasparri on (a) the collapse of the German Empire and (b) the revolution in Bavaria.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation of Pacelli’s report re German Empire
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation of Pacelli’s report re Bavaria
Nov. 20, 1918 Shortly before leaving Munich for Switzerland, Pacelli reports to Gasparri how he has declined the Socialist Bavarian Government’s attempt to establish friendly relations with him.
Nov. 22-24, 1918 Polish troops, after capturing the city of Lvov (a/k/a Lemberg in German, or Lviv in Ukrainian) from Ukrainian forces, carry out a pogrom, killing and injuring hundreds and perhaps thousands of Jews, burning synagogues and homes, and looting Jewish-operated shops.
Achille Ratti (later Pope Pius XI, 1922-1939), the Vatican’s emissary in Poland, transmits to Rome a report he received, which proposes that the Lviv pogrom be attributed to popular anger against the Jews’ association with Bolshevism:
“We must call attention to the Jews’ role in the Bolshevik movement. We do not want to claim that every Jew is, ipso facto, a Bolshevik. Far from it. Yet we cannot deny the preponderant role that the Jews play in this movement, both among the Polish communists and among the Russians where - with the exception of Lenin - all the Bolshevik leaders are either Polish Jews or Lithuanian Jews.”
Source: Kertzer (2001), p.252, quoting anonymous undated memorandum entitled “Notices sur les rapports pologne-juifs” [Information about the relations between Poles and Jews], and citing documents in the Vatican Secret Archives.
The pogroms were reported in the New York Times on Nov. 30 under the headlines “1,100 Jews Murdered in Lemberg Pogroms: Hundreds Burned to Death in a Synagogue or Shot in Flight - 600 Houses Burned - Confirmatory Cables Reach Here”.
Nov. 28, 1918 Msgr. Schioppa, in charge of Munich Nunciature during Pacelli’s 10-week absence, reports on recent disclosures implicating Germany in causing World War One. English translation
Also on Nov. 28, Schioppa sends Gasparri an urgent request from Munich Archbishop Faulhaber for a Papal decision about how to fill certain parish vacancies that were previously filled by the King under the Bavaria-Vatican Concordat of 1817. English translation
Nov. 30, 1918 US military intelligence director, Brig. Gen. Marlborough Churchill, receives a four-page report entitled “Bolshevism and Judaism,” asserting that prominent American Jews financed the Russian Revolution and that the 30 leading Bolshevik figures in Russia, except for Lenin, are all Jews masquerading under non-Jewish names.
This report is authored by Boris Brasol, a Czarist Russian intelligence officer in the US, who during late 1918 and early 1919 continues to send reports to Gen. Churchill under the code name of Secret Agent B-1. Cover letter from Agent B-1 to Churchill
The “Bolshevism and Judaism” report later comes into the hands of Prince Yusopov, the exiled murderer of Rasputin, as well as England’s Morning Post, the joint head of MI5 and MI6, namely Sir Basil Thomson, and the U.S. State Department, which advises the British Government against allowing its publication in the Morning Post.
The report and Brasol as a source are severely criticized as unsupported, biased, fanatical, and unworthy of serious consideration, in reports by two Captains in the US military counterintelligence division, but Gen. Churchill continues to receive Brasol’s reports and has all of them sent to him at the Paris Peace Conference.
The same report later appears, translated into French, in the Catholic publication La Documentation Catholique on March 6, 1920.
November 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Hochland publishes an article on “The Revolutionary Spirit in Russia: A Study of the Emergence of the Russian Revolution,” by Eduard Stadtler, founder of the rightwing German Anti-Bolshevik League.
The article makes no reference to Judaism or Jews. German text of article
Dec. 1, 1918 Enthusiastic book review in Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland illuminates a path to peace and reconciliation advocated by Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster.
The review praises Weltpolitik und Weltgewissen [World Politics and World Conscience] by Foerster as “The most significant and psychologically profound book about the World War’s peace problem that has appeared in the German language.”
Foerster, a prominent professor at the University of Munich, had written prolifically for two decades on issues of education, ethics and character formation, becoming a major influence on Catholic educators in the German-speaking world, including many priests, and then became a formational influence for the inter-war Catholic peace movement that grew to 30,000 members before its demise in the 1930s. Cf. Zahn (1962).
German original of book review: p.728; p.729; p.730; p.731
Foerster was attacked vigorously starting in 1918 by a Bavarian priest who was favored by Archbishop Faulhaber, namely Franz X. Kiefl, leading to Foerster ultimately leaving Munich and losing his influence among Catholic priests and educators. The affinity of Faulhaber and Kiefl on policy issues is described by Hausberger (2003), pp. 167-171; for example, Faulhaber appointed Kiefl to a commission on March 10, 1920 based on his knack for propaganda.
Foerster remained nonetheless vocal against German nationalist antisemitism in spring 1920 at the same time as Munich Catholic opinion-makers took a decisive turn toward Nazi-style antisemitism.
Dec. 6, 1918 The Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums reports with concern the appearance of a brochure entitled Ende des Militarismus - Anfang der Judenherrschaft [End of Militarism - Beginning of Rule by Jews], which was published in Berlin. Source: Hecht (2003), p.79.
Dec. 7, 1918 Munich Nunciature report from Msgr. Schioppa to Gasparri refers to “many Hebrews” in the Bavarian Socialist revolution.
Dec. 8, 1918 The Munich Archdiocesan newspaper places a positive interpretation on the Russian Revolution, exhorting the faithful to gratitude for the fall of Russian Czarism, which was marked by hostility to Catholicism, and the demise of the Russian Orthodox Church, nine centuries after the Schism of 1054: “The enormous guilt of the year 1054 meets its punishment ...”
Fuller English translation and German original: first page and second page
This article was consistent with the initial view in the Vatican of the Russian revolutions of 1917, as an opportunity to pursue unity with, and restored Papal authority over, the Russian Orthodox Church once it lost its mainstay, the Czar. Chenaux (2009), pp. 62ff.
Dec. 14, 1918 Msgr. Schioppa reports to Gasparri that Jews and liberals as well as Catholics are joining the Bavarian People’s Party with hopes of restoring public order.
Dec. 19, 1918 Capt. Carlton Hayes of US Military Intelligence Division, counterintelligence unit, submits a report to his superiors sharply criticizing Secret Agent B-1, Boris Brasol, the author of antisemitic reports, including “Bolshevism and Judaism,” for repeatedly “lugging in the Jewish question” in a way that manifests “the raving tendency of a fanatical if not of a disordered brain.”
Hayes report page 1 and page 2
Citation for Hayes report and Grosvenor report (below): US NARA, RG 165, MID 10110-920
Dec. 20, 1918 Capt. Edwin Grosvenor of US Military Intelligence Division, counterintelligence unit, submits a report to his superiors debunking Secret Agent B-1’s “Bolshevism and Judaism” report as a “jumble of opinions formed by an ill informed, suspicious and biased individual.”
Capt. Grosvenor concludes that B-1’s assertions are totally unsupported by any evidence, “arrant nonsense” and “unworthy of serious consideration.” Grosvenor report page 1 and page 2
Despite Hayes’ and Grosvenor’s denunciations of B-1, the acting head of US Army Intelligence in Washington, Col. Dunn, refuses the request of their superiors in the counter-intelligence division to bring in Secret Agent B-1 for interrogation, and continues to send a total of 31 consistently antisemitic Brasol reports to US Army Intelligence head Brig. Gen. Churchill at the Paris Peace Conference.
Dec. 20, 1918 The Munich Nunciature sends Gasparri a protest letter by Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett against the Catholic political party of Bavaria because it is seeking to appeal to non-Catholics as well as Catholics.
English translation of Cramer-Klett’s letter
Dec. 31, 1918 Gasparri cables Schioppa that the Vatican will only negotiate about the new Bavarian Government’s right to appoint parish pastors after a different government in Bavaria is “durably constituted,” and until then the Bishops can act on their own, “possibly by setting up temporary parish administrators.” English translation
December 1918 Cardinal Gasparri expresses his opposition to Zionism to the Belgian Ambassador to the Vatican:
“There is talk of a Jewish State. I do not believe that the big Jewish bankers of England and of the United States will be so unaware of the opinions of many of their faith as to support this plan. Do we not see the Jews at the head of the revolutionary movements in Russia and in Poland?”
Source: Minerbi, p.122, quoting Van den Heuvel, Dec. 26, 1918, Belgian Foreign Office Archive.
December 1918 Munich-based Catholic journal Hochland publishes an article by its editor-in-chief, Karl Muth, about the “catastrophe” of Germany’s defeat and recent political and social revolution, making no reference to Judaism or Jews.
German text of article “Zur Zeitenwende”
January 1919 In early January Fr. Bernhard Stempfle publishes the first issue of his personal antisemitic, nationalistic Kampfblatt in Munich, entitled Leuchtkugeln: Randbemerkungen zur Geschichte der Gegenwart von Redivivus [Illumination-flares: Marginal Comments on Current History by Redivivus].
Stempfle had been active as a journalist in Italy until moving back home to Munich some time after Italy entered the First World War in 1915 on the side of the Allies.
In summer 1919 Stempfle, under the same name of “Redivivus,” began contributing many antisemitic articles to the völkisch Münchener Beobachter (renamed Völkischer Beobachter at the start of 1920 and controlled solely by the Nazi Party from late 1920 onward).
Source: Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Nachlass Stempfle 1-14, Munich.
Jan. 2, 1919 Boris Brasol report #16 to US military intelligence makes accusations against leading Jewish Americans Jacob Schiff, Louis Marshall and Oscar Strauss. Report #16 of Agent B-1 in US NARA, RG 165, MID 11010-920.
Jan. 3, 1919 Leaders of Zionist and Arab nationalist movements sign Feisal-Weizmann Agreement.
This Agreement, negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference, provides for implementation of the Balfour Declaration and large-scale Jewish immigration to Palestine, conditioned on the Arabs gaining independence for Arab areas outside Palestine. France later defeats this condition by driving Feisal out of Damascus in 1920, and the Agreement fails as a result.
Jan. 4, 1919 Vatican Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, during a stay in Rorschach, Switzerland that began in November 1918, considers returning to the Vatican Nunciature in Munich.
Excerpts of letter from Pacelli on this date to Bavarian Ambassador to the Vatican, Baron Otto von Ritter zu Groenesteyn
Jan. 5, 1919 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper says all revolutions are caused by Freemasonry.
Beginning with this issue, the paper is renamed the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung, with a subtitle reflecting its previous name, and ongoing description, as the weekly paper for the parish communities of the Munich area.
German originals: page 4, page 5, page 6, and page 7
Jan. 9, 1919 Achille Ratti, Vatican emissary in Poland, reports to Rome: “One of the most evil and strongest influences that is felt here, perhaps the strongest and the most evil, is that of the Jews.”
Source: Kertzer (2001), p.251, quoting Ratti to Gasparri, Jan. 9, 1919.
This report was made in the midst of Polish pogroms that were killing dozens or hundreds of Jews and injuring hundreds or thousands. Cardinal Gasparri had asked Ratti to look into the reported killings of Jews and “take an interest in their welfare.” Kertzer (2001), p.250, quoting Vatican Secret Archives, ANV, b.1991, prot. 439 A 172, encrypted telegram, Gasparri to Ratti, Dec. 22, 1918, pp. 512-513.
Achille Ratti became Pope Pius XI (1922-1939).
Jan. 12, 1919 Bavaria holds election for seats in the Landtag, the Bavarian State parliament.
Election results: 35% for Bavarian People’s Party, 33% for Social Democrats, 14% for German Democratic Party, 9% for Bavarian Farmers League, 3% for Kurt Eisner’s Independent Social Democrats.
Jan. 15, 1919 Communist “Spartacist Uprising” in Berlin is suppressed and its leaders, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, are killed.
Jan. 16, 1919 Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland article “On the History of Anarchism” describes the causes of the Russian Revolution as “unbridled absolutism, corruption from top to bottom, and suppression of civic and ecclesial liberty,” together with a cadre of determined extremists around Trotsky and Lenin, who came from exile in Switzerland, and then the extremists received support from soldiers councils (Soviets) in Russia.
“Lenin is the red Czar, but more cruel than his predecessors, his policy is systematic anarchy” while “Trotsky-Bronstein, as a persecuted Jew in Russia, had to feel a particular hatred”; Lenin and Trotsky’s destructive power, turning Russia into a Bolshevik hell, is based on the Soviets.
The article quotes a Swiss eyewitness and a Russian socialist woman, as well as Maxim Gorky, on the horrors of Bolshevik rule in Russia, without attributing causation or blame to Jews other than Trotsky.
German original: pages 119; 120; 121; 122; 123; 124-25; 126-27; 128
Jan. 19, 1919 Cardinal Francis Bourne, Archbishop of Westminster, visits Palestine.
Excerpt of Jan. 25, 1919 communiqué from this highest-ranking British prelate to Prime Minister Lloyd George, opposing Zionism in Palestine
Jan. 21, 1919 Boris Brasol report #25 to US military intelligence warns of imminent Russian Bolshevik-led coup attempt against the American government.
Report #25 of Agent B-1
Memorandum from Capt. Carlton Hayes to his superior in US military intelligence criticizes several recent Agent B-1 reports and ridicules report #25 as “a form of Don Quixote humor.”
US head of military intelligence Marlborough Churchill sends a cable on Jan. 22 from the Paris Peace Conference to his second-in-command in DC about the under-appreciated threat of the Bolshevik movement in the US, saying “I consider this question the most important now under consideration.”
Also on Jan. 21, the Irish war of independence begins, as Irish republican leaders declare independence from Britain and begin guerrilla warfare.
Jan. 26, 1919 Msgr. Schioppa reports to Gasparri about criticism of the Bavarian People’s Party for being open to Jews.
Feb. 1, 1919 Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland (HPB) publishes 16 pages of reports on the devastation wrought by Bolshevism upon the economy, society, religion, freedom and public order in Russia, including extensive excerpts from a speech by Hamburg businessman Rudolf Petersen, reprinted from a Berlin banking and stock market journal.
In one of the passages from Petersen, he says: “How little Bolshevism can be considered the product of the disposition of the Russian people as a whole, is apparent from the fact that 90% of the members of the government are Jews, several percent more are Latvians, and only the remainder are actual Russians.”
Citation: “Zur Geschichte des Anarchismus,” HPB 163:3 (1. Feb. 1919), pp. 159-174, here 166.
German original: pages 159; 160; 161; 162; 163; 164; 165; 166-67; 168-69; 170-71; 172-73; 174
In the same issue, the HPB says Kurt Eisner put the Bavarian crown on his own unanointed head; “in place of a kingship of God’s grace, what came to light was, not the Israelite kingship of the Old Testament, but a revolutionary despotism of the worst sort.” HPB 163:3 (1919), p. 187. The article, entitled ”Our Misery,” bewails the German revolutions of November 1918 and argues that the resulting governments of the Reich and Bavaria are illegitimate, but it does not posit a Jewish conspiracy. German original: pages 186-87; 188-89; 190-91; 192
Also in this issue of the HPB, an article on “The Crisis of Socialism” analyzes socialism at length without mention of Jews (pp. 138-49), and an article on “Lenin and Trotsky” mentions several other Bolsheviks and radical socialists (pp. 150-59) - including some Jews - but with no mention of Judaism in reference to them or anything else.
Feb. 2, 1919 Fritz Gerlich becomes chairman of the Munich League for Combatting Bolshevism [Münchener Liga zur Bekämpfung des Bolschewismus]. Morsey (2016), p. 69
Feb. 8, 1919 Pacelli transmits to Gasparri a request by Jews in Frankfurt for Papal intervention against reported pogroms in Poland and Galicia.
Feb. 11, 1919 Friedrich Ebert becomes the first President of Germany.
Feb. 13, 1919 Philipp Scheidemann, of the Social Democratic Party, becomes Chancellor of the German Reich.
Feb. 15, 1919 Ukrainian troops of Simon Petliura’s nationalist forces begin a series of pogroms in the Kiev area.
During 1919 and 1920 in Ukraine, tens of thousands of Jews are killed, and hundreds of thousands are wounded or made homeless, by the separate military forces of Ukrainian nationalists under Petliura, White Russians under Denikin, and actions by Polish forces.
Also on Feb. 15, La Documentation Catholique, a new French Catholic weekly newspaper, appears, under the auspices of the Good Press [La Bonne Presse] publishing house in Paris. The contents of the inaugural edition include:Article about “The Israelites Claim Palestine” (English translation)
Publisher’s statement on Origin and Program (French original)
Cover of first issue
Cover of first bound volume of issues in 1919
Feb. 16, 1919 HPB article, “Bloody Review of Ideas and Events,” attributes the war and the post-war revolutions and overthrows of monarchs to international Freemasonry. Citation: HPB 163:4 (1919), pp. 193-207.
This feature recurs in the HPB for the next year until the death of the author, Fr. Wilhelm Maier, in February 1920.
In the same issue, a further installment of “On the History of Anarchism” explains the origins of Bolshevik power in Finland: workers, soldiers and sailors, large numbers of whom became supporters of revolution. German original: pages 225; 226-27; 228-29
Mid-February 1919 Hitler begins acting as a Vertrauensmann [trusted agent] of the Bavarian socialist government, in a military unit based in Traunstein, Bavaria.
Source: Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris (1998), pp. 118-120; Kellogg (2005), p.220.
Feb. 21, 1919 Kurt Eisner, President of the State of Bavaria, is assassinated in Munich by Count Anton von Arco auf Valley.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation of Nuncio Pacelli’s report to Rome on Feb. 23 with details of the event and the ensuing political chaos in Bavaria
Also on Feb. 21, Alfred Rosenberg writes an article in Dietrich Eckart’s Auf Gut Deutsch [In Plain German] claiming that Russian Bolsheviks have installed an “almost purely Jewish ‘Russian’ government” and that Lenin is merely the “Russian advertisement of the Jewish undertaking.” Source: M. Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism (2005), pp. 227-228, citing Rosenberg, “The Russian-Jewish Revolution,” Auf Gut Deutsch, Feb. 21, 1919.
German original from Auf gut Deutsch: title page - article first page - second page
Feb. 25, 1919 Gasparri replies to Pacelli about the reported pogroms in Poland, conveying a report from Vatican diplomat Achille Ratti (later Pope Pius XI, 1922-39) minimizing the pogroms and stating how “incredibly numerous” Jews are in Warsaw.
Feb. 1919 Nationwide “Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund” [German Völkisch Defense- and Defiance League] is formed by members of the rightwing Alldeutscher Verband [All-German League] for the express purpose of antisemitic propaganda and action.
The organization’s activities in Munich are supported by antisemitic rightwing publisher J.F. Lehmann and the proto-Nazi Münchener Beobachter, which in late 1920 comes under Nazi Party ownership and full control, having changed its name in early 1920 to Völkischer Beobachter.
Mar. 1, 1919 Two HPB articles deal with Bolshevism:
“On the History of Anarchism, Pt. IV” focuses at length on how “Russian Bolshevism has spun its web into other countries,” in particular Switzerland, where Lenin had published extensively in exile and where a Bolshevik-led strike on the first anniversary of the Russian Revolution nearly overthrew the government; and Germany, where socialist leaders conspired with Russian ambassador Joffe to prepare for armed uprising and revolution. The article makes accusations of treason but not of Jewish conspiracy. German original: pages 282-83; 284-85; 286-87; 288-89; 290-91; 292-93
“On the German Revolutionary Parliament,” by Fritz Zinnecke, a Center Party member who describes his experience at the December 1918 “Soviets Congress” in Berlin as a soldiers council representative, including the strong influence of Bolshevik ideas and methods, and the roles of Spartacist and other left-wing leaders, with no assertion of Jewish conspiracy. German original: pages 294-95; 296-97; 298-99; 300-01; 302-03; 304-05
Mar. 2, 1919 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper, Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung, embraces the Jewish-Masonic myth in a laudatory review of a new book promoting that same myth.
Translation of the review
Excerpts of the book
Two weeks later Munich’s extremist völkisch paper, the Beobachter, devoted its lead article to the book.
Excerpts of additional March 2, 1919 Munich Catholic Kirchenzeitung article accusing Freemasons and anti-Catholics of trying to separate Church and State and end Church control of government-funded schools
Mar. 10, 1919 Pope Benedict XV speaks out against the prospect of the Paris Peace Conference granting Jews control over Palestine.
Statement in English translation objecting to Protestant influence in Palestine as well as these words against Jewish control: “For surely it would be a terrible grief for Us and for all the Christian faithful if infidels were placed in a privileged and prominent position; much more if those most holy sanctuaries of the Christian religion were given into the charge of non-Christians.”
Mar. 16, 1919 Cardinal Gasparri says privately: “The danger we most fear is the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.”
Source: Belgium’s Envoy to Vatican reporting Gasparri’s explanation to him of the Pope’s remarks of March 10th, quoted in Sergio Minerbi, The Vatican and Zionism (1990), p.131, citing Belgian Foreign Office Archive no. 57/26.
Also on Mar. 16, the Munich Archdiocesan newspaper publishes a detailed article analyzing Bolshevism with no reference to Judaism, describing Lenin as absolute dictator of Russia, and giving his name as Vladimir Ulyanov. English translationThe text of the article is the same as material in the book Bolschewismus published by Father Erhard Schlund, O.F.M. after the fall of the Räterepublik in May 1919.
Also on Mar. 16, the HPB publishes a further installment “On the History of Anarchism,” detailing Bolshevik propaganda and actions in Munich and other German cities from November 1918 onward, and mentioning Sparticist leader Rosa Luxemburg as a Russian Jewess without drawing any generalizations indicative of Jewish conspiracy. German original: pages 334-35; 336-37; 338-39; 340-41; 342-43
A further HPB article on Mar. 16,“Troubles in Bavaria,” reviews actions and speeches during Kurt Eisner’s rule, expressing concern about the danger of further and more radical revolution in Bavaria, and about “Dr. Levien” possibly leading such a revolution, still with no attempt to associate revolution with Judaism. German original: pages 375; 376-77; 378-79; 380-81; 382-83; 384
Mar. 17, 1919 Osservatore Romano defends the Pope against criticisms that his March 10th words were political, saying they were a non-political “heartful cry that the Holy Places may fall into the hands of non-Christians.”
Civiltà Cattolica also addresses the issue in March 1919, criticizing British General Allenby, the military governor of Palestine, for supporting Jews and Anglo-Saxon Protestants to establish a Jewish state in Palestine.
Source: Minerbi, p.133. Minerbi observes, “The authorized Catholic responses all note the seeming danger of handing the Holy Places to the Jews, but the real fear was of the foundation of a Jewish republic in Palestine, and the Holy Places argument was employed primarily to engage religious sensibilities and to mobilize the Catholics.”
Mar. 21-22, 1919 In the Republic of Hungary, the government resigns in the face of Entente Powers’ demands to cede Hungarian territories to neighboring countries, and a coalition of Communists and left-wing Socialists seizes power and proclaims a Soviet republic.
Source: Hanebrink (2006), pp. 71-83.
The leader of the Hungarian Bolsheviks, Bela Kun, had a father with ethnic Jewish origins, and a Protestant mother; antisemitic propagandists branded his government “Jewish.”
Tyrannical actions of the Hungarian Soviet republic, including a “Red Terror” that killed hundreds, combined with the presence of many Jews in high government positions, stoked Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy propaganda.
Mar. 23, 1919 Munich Kirchenzeitung says: “It would be extremely painful for the Holy See if a predominant position in Palestine were conceded to unbelievers.”
English translation of “Ecclesiastical Review” section
Mar. 28, 1919 Pacelli reports on the tumultuous political situation in Bavaria, as the head of the majority Social Democratics is unable to form a governing coalition, and Communist elements are vying for power.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Also on March 28th, Dietrich Eckart writes an article stating: “All in all it is about Jewish world rule. It began in Russia, now it is our turn.” Source: Kellogg (2005), p.241, quoting in translation from Eckart, “Das Karnickel,” Auf Gut Deutsch, Mar. 28, 1919.
Mar. 30, 1919 Munich Kirchenzeitung explains the “Roman Question”: why the Holy See cannot submit to Italian civil authority without “committing suicide.”
English translation of “Ecclesiastical Review” section
Apr. 1, 1919 HPB publishes further installments of:
“Bloody Review of Ideas and Events” comments on the Paris Peace Conference and Weimar National Assembly, states that the recent revolutions in Russia and Germany are a declaration of war on human society, and blames “English-French liberal world humanism” for the “modern pagan spirit” that lies at the root of Germany’s misfortunes; in the midst of bitter complaints about atheism and materialism, the article contains this passage: “Such a people, after it has allied itself to the spirit of Jewish unbelief, has truly no right to complain if upstarts of the God-rejected Jewish people, in the service and pay of princes of this world, mount those thrones that once were bestowed by God’s grace. And if finally all order is dissolved and anarchy with murder and plundering threatens to devastate the whole land, then that people must ascribe to themselves the guilt and shame of such humiliation, as Negroes and Senegalese have to come in order to re-establish order.” German original: pages 385; 386-87; 388-89; 390-91; 392-93; 394-95; 396-97; 398-99; 400-01; 402-03
“Troubles in Bavaria Pt. II” discusses danger that parts of Bavaria might secede or be severed off, and bewails the domestic and foreign policy situation of Bavaria, referring at one point to the Frankfurter Zeitung as the “Frankfurter Judenblatt.” (p. 437) German original: pages 432-33; 434-35; 436-37; 438-39; 440-41; 442-43; 444-45
The same issue of HPB contains an article “The Unchangeable and the Changeable: Against Old and New Illusions” that says: “The work of Bismarck lies in ruins before us; today we of German ethnicity have largely lost our national consciousness, as we calmly endure Semites and foreigners as leaders and rulers.” (pp. 404-20, here 418) German original: pages 404-05; 406-07; 408-09; 410-11; 412-13; 414-15; 416-17; 418-19; 420-21
Apr. 2, 1919 Count Reventlow publishes a major Jewish-Bolshevism-capitalism conspiracy article in the Deutsche Tagezeitung, alleging collaboration by English, American and French banks with the Russian Bolsheviks.
Apr. 3, 1919 Bavarian army document refers to Hitler as a Vertrauensmann [trusted agent or representative], a position that involved political education of troops on behalf of Bavaria’s socialist government. Kershaw (1998), pp. 117-118.
Also on April 3rd, Pacelli reports to Gasparri about the parish pastor appointments issue, stating that the new Bavarian Government under Minister President Johannes Hoffmann is undoubtedly legitimate, unlike Eisner’s, but that Hoffmann “harbors a profound aversion to religion” and is not someone the Church can expect to negotiate successfully with. English translation
Apr. 5-6, 1919 British and Belgian diplomats at the Vatican report Cardinal Gasparri’s statement that he prefers the “internationalization of the Holy Places to seeing Jerusalem in Jewish hands.”
Minerbi, p.135, citing foreign office archives
Apr. 6-13, 1919 Soviets-Councils Republic of Bavaria is formed in Munich, and Social Democratic State Government flees from Munich to Bamberg in northern Bavaria.
A week later, Pacelli reports about outrages of the new Bavarian government and comments negatively about its Jewish participants, including Max Levien, who was not in fact a Jew. Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Apr. 14, 1919 Hitler is elected a battalion representative in the Soviets-Councils system of the new Socialist-Communist government. Kershaw (1998), p.118.
Apr. 18, 1919 Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums 83:14 reports that reactionary elements in Bavaria are openly calling for pogroms against Jews. Source: Hecht (2003), p. 107.
Apr. 19, 1919 The Archdiocese of Bamberg sends an appeal to all parish priests in Bavaria to recruit men into the paramilitary Freikorps to combat the Soviets-Councils Republic. English translation
Apr. 20, 1919 Polish troops, after capturing the city of Vilnius (capital of modern Lithuania), carry out a pogrom, killing dozens of Jews, wounding hundreds, and sacking synagogues and Jewish-operated shops.
Apr. 24, 1919 HPB article “Politics Without God” traces the intellectual development of secularization, liberalism, positivism and state absolutism through Machiavelli, Hegel, Rousseau, Treitschke, Bismarck, arguing that liberalism got its main support from the urban bourgeois and the state bureaucracy, with Freemasonry working behind the scenes to incite recent war and revolution.
German original: pages 470-71; 472-73; 474-75; 476-77; 478-79; 480-81; 482-83
Apr. 30, 1919 Nuncio Pacelli reports aggressions and threats by Councils Republic forces against him and the Nunciature, also equating Jewish with Russian and revolutionary in reporting the collapse of the “Russian-Jewish-revolutionary tyranny” in Munich.
Also on April 30th, Communists kill a dozen hostages in Munich, including a prince, a countess, and members of the Völkisch Thule Society, as anti-Communist paramilitary forces advance into Munich. May 1, 1919 HPB features an article “Lenin” that cites Fritz Gerlich as an authority on Communism, and analyzes Lenin’s ideas and actions without reference to Judaism.
The same HPB issue features “Bolshevism in Hungary,” saying it is reported that 24 of 30 members of the new Socialist-Communist government in Budapest are Jews, yet focusing the blame for developments in Hungary on the Entente powers rather than alleging an international Jewish conspiracy. Excerpts in English translation and German original: pages 565; 566-67; 568-69; 570-71; 572
May 1-3, 1919 Paramilitary forces enter Munich and overthrow the Soviets-Councils Republic, killing Communists and many civilians unaffiliated with them.
May 3, 1919 The Bavarian Volkspartei’s newspaper in Munich, Bayerischer Kurier, proclaims the Party’s support for the lawfully elected Bavarian Government (headed by Social Democrat Johannes Hoffmann) and calls for a coalition effort across the political spectrum to rebuild Bavaria. English translation of article
The three-party joint program is published two days later in the Kurier with regret that the Social Democrats have not yet joined in the joint multi-party program and with hope that they will agree. German original
On the same day, the “Ecclesiastical Review” section of the Munich Kirchenzeitung reports Czechoslovakia and Hungary forcing priests out of the schools. English translation
HPB article “The Center Party and the Present Social-Economic Struggle” says the Party is striving to implement Catholic social-economic teaching, as it voted with the Social Democrats to create a majority in Weimar for two recent laws aimed at enhancing the participation, dignity and consultative role of workers via councils in the coal mining industry and major state-related enterprises; but this threatens to lead to socialism.
German original: pages 484-85; 486-87; 488-89; 490-91; 492-93; 494-95; 496-97; 498
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation of report to Gasparri
Excerpts in English translation and German original: pages 559; 560-61; 562-63; 564
On the same day, the Volkspartei joins in a three-party program with the Democratic Party and the Liberal Party to provide for restoration of order and democratic government. Translation of their joint program demands
Apr. 20, 1919 Polish troops, after capturing the city of Vilnius (capital of modern Lithuania), carry out a pogrom, killing dozens of Jews, wounding hundreds, and sacking synagogues and Jewish-operated shops.
Apr. 24, 1919 HPB article “Politics Without God” traces the intellectual development of secularization, liberalism, positivism and state absolutism through Machiavelli, Hegel, Rousseau, Treitschke, Bismarck, arguing that liberalism got its main support from the urban bourgeois and the state bureaucracy, with Freemasonry working behind the scenes to incite recent war and revolution. German original: pages 470-71; 472-73; 474-75; 476-77; 478-79; 480-81; 482-83
Apr. 30, 1919 Nuncio Pacelli reports aggressions and threats by Councils Republic forces against him and the Nunciature, also equating Jewish with Russian and revolutionary in reporting the collapse of the “Russian-Jewish-revolutionary tyranny” in Munich.
Also on April 30th, Communists kill a dozen hostages in Munich, including a prince, a countess, and members of the Völkisch Thule Society, as anti-Communist paramilitary forces advance into Munich.
May 1, 1919 HPB features an article “Lenin” that cites Fritz Gerlich as an authority on Communism, and analyzes Lenin’s ideas and actions without reference to Judaism.
The same HPB issue features “Bolshevism in Hungary,” saying it is reported that 24 of 30 members of the new Socialist-Communist government in Budapest are Jews, yet focusing the blame for developments in Hungary on the Entente powers rather than alleging an international Jewish conspiracy. Excerpts in English translation and German original: pages 565; 566-67; 568-69; 570-71; 572
May 1-3, 1919 Paramilitary forces enter Munich and overthrow the Soviets-Councils Republic, killing Communists and many civilians unaffiliated with them.
May 3, 1919 The Bavarian Volkspartei’s newspaper in Munich, Bayerischer Kurier, proclaims the Party’s support for the lawfully elected Bavarian Government (headed by Social Democrat Johannes Hoffmann) and calls for a coalition effort across the political spectrum to rebuild Bavaria. English translation of article
The three-party joint program is published two days later in the Kurier with regret that the Social Democrats have not yet joined in the joint multi-party program and with hope that they will agree. German original
May 5, 1919 Pacelli reports an attack on his Munich Nunciature by anti-Communist paramilitary forces.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
The Vatican Nunciature on Briennerstrasse in Munich, approx. 40m east of the Königsplatz:
May 8, 1919 Bayerischer Kurier proclaims “Death Sentence for Germany” as Versailles Peace Treaty terms first become known; also publishes Munich martial law decree and a lengthy piece on political developments and the Bavarian Volkspartei. English translation
May 8-10, 1919 Gasparri cables Pacelli instructing him to secure the Nunciature archive and go to Switzerland.
Source: Besier and Piombo, The Holy See and Hitler’s Germany (2007), p.21, citing Vatican Archive of Munich Nunciature, pos. 397, fasc. 3, fo. 11r.
Cf. encrypted telegrams of May 8th and 10th from Gasparri, at www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document Nos. 1578 and 2496 - English translations
Pacelli stays in Rorschach, Switzerland until August.
May 10, 1919 Munich’s völkisch Beobachter resumes publication, with a lead article denouncing “the reign of Jewish Bolsheviks.”
May 11, 1919 Munich Kirchenzeitung exhorts Munichers to be thankful for the overthrow of a regime that persecuted clergy and Church institutions.
An article on the same page reports that Freemasonry is trying to combat religion “like alcoholism, tuberculosis or the bubonic plague.” English translation
May 12, 1919 The Bavarian Volkspartei (BVP) appeal to voters in the local elections emphasizes issues of food, housing, medical care, law and order, and schooling along traditional confessional lines, with free tuition and books for those of modest means. English translation
The same issue of the BVP’s Munich daily paper contains an exhortation by Fr. Rupert Mayer to reconciliation and bridging the division in the Bavarian people, as well as a report on disarming civilians. English translation
May 1919 Leading Munich-based Catholic journals strongly criticize the fallen Räterepublik without branding it as “Jewish”:
Munich Kirchenzeitung on May 11 and May 18 and May 25
Historisch-Politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland, May 16 on “Natural Science, Social Democracy and Revolution” - German original: pages 615; 616-17; 618-19; 620-21; 622-23; 624-25; 626-27; 628
Historisch-Politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland, May 16 on “The Development of the Social Revolution” - German original: pages 628-29; 630-31; 632-33; 634-35; 636-37; 638-39
Allgemeine Rundschau, May 17 on “Jewry in Public Life”: Excerpts in English translation
Allgemeine Rundschau, May 17 on “Bolshevism and its Psychological Preconditions”: Excerpts in English translation
Stimmen der Zeit, May issue, “Bolshevism,” by Bernhard Duhr, S.J. - German original: pages 133; 134; 135; 136; 137; 138; 139; 140; 141; 142; 143; 144; 145; 146; 147; 148 Portions of first page in English translation:“Bolshevism is not a world issue, it is the world issue...
“For Germany the danger has already become burningly vital. Thus a precise orientation appears to be the order of the day, especially since the Bolsheviks are not only declaring everything said unfavorably about Bolshevism to be a fable, but are lauding their insane doctrine as the cure for all evils and glorifying it as the sure entryway to heaven and earth...”
Duhr’s article uses the same language as the HPB of Jan. 16, 1919, saying Lenin is the red Czar, but more cruel than his predecessors, and his policy is systematic anarchy, while Trotsky-Bronstein seeks revenge for Czarist persecutions of Jews (p. 143). Like the HPB of Feb. 1, 1919, Duhr cites extensively from Hamburg businessman Petersen but omits what the HPB reported on Petersen’s statements that the Russian Bolshevik government is 90% Jewish and Bolshevism is unrelated to the historic character of the Russian people. In his generalizations about the danger of Bolshevism to Germany and Europe, Duhr focuses on Asiatic despotism, not Judaism, and raises the specter of Asiatic invasion like that of Attila the Hun and Genghis Khan.
May 1919 The BVP’s Munich daily Bayerischer Kurier promotes throughout the month a multi-party effort among the non-communist parties to restore order, striking a mostly moderate tone and refraining from antisemitic comments in articles denouncing Bolshevism and the Räterepublik:
German original of front page, May 3, 1919, first day after fall of the Räterepublik
Front pages of subsequent issues discussing Räterepublik, Marxism and Bolshevism: May 5 - “Particularismus und Bolschewismus”
May 9 - “Am Trümmerhaufen der Kommunistenwirtschaft”
May 12 - “Bolschewismus und Marxismus”
May 17 - “Vom November zum Mai”
May 22 - “Herr Schneppenhorst und die Räterepublik”
May 14, 1919 Pope Benedict XV issues an encyclical on St. Boniface, the 8th century Apostle to the Germans, saying he is present among the German people today as “the representative of the Roman Catholic Church for Germany.” (para. 22)
Summary and excerpts of encyclical In Hac Tanta
Also on May 14, the Bayerischer Kurier publishes a notice from Erzberger along with rumors of crisis in the Reich Government in relation to the Versailles terms. English translation
May 15, 1919 Faulhaber writes to the Bavarian Bishops about asking the Pope to intervene with the Entente to soften the Versailles peace terms.
The letter reprints a telegraph from Erzberger asking the Bishops to tell the people the peace terms are unbearable and unfulfillable.
May 16, 1919 Bayerischer Kurier publishes an appeal by the Bavarian Volkspartei for solidarity in the face of the intolerable dictates of the Versailles Peace Treaty, and unity of Bavaria with the Reich in this time of national crisis. English translation
May 17, 1919 Civiltà Cattolica reports on the April 25, 1919 Papal audience with Emir Feisal, the Arab representative to the Paris Peace Conference, who visited Rome during his return trip from Paris.
Also on May 17, Bayerischer Kurier publishes a sharp critique of Bavarian Socialist leaders for naive past statements of trust in the response of Pres. Wilson and the Allies to Bavaria and Germany adopting democracy. English translation
The same issue of Bayerischer Kurier features a lengthy denial that the Vatican incited Austria-Hungary to proceed strongly against Serbia in 1914. English translation
May 18, 1919 Munich Kirchenzeitung writes about the hostages murdered by the Communist Soviets-Councils Republic and does not focus on the Jewish ethnicity of any of the Communists.
May 21, 1919 Nuncio Pacelli writes Ambassador Ritter zu Groenesteyn from Rorschach, thanking God for protecting him and hoping he can return soon to Munich.
Excerpt of letter
May 22, 1919 Page-one article in Bayerischer Kurier highlights the problem of relying on mercenary forces and calls for a charismatic, respected military leader. English translation
May 24, 1919 Bayerischer Kurier runs an article denouncing plans to transform Catholic primary schools in Munich into inter-denominational schools and an article reporting on the progress of negotiations for a coalition government in Bavaria.
May 25, 1919 The "Ecclesiastical Review" section of the Munich Kirchenzeitung publishes a telegram from a German Bishop to Nuncio Pacelli asking him to secure the Pope’s intervention to ameliorate the terms of the Versailles Peace Treaty.
The same issue contains an article on “Munich’s Devastation” by the Räterepublik, attributing problems to Bohemianism and foreigners, not Judaism by name.
May 26, 1919 Bayerischer Kurier reports the Social Democratic Party has approved the formation of a coalition government and proclaims that Bavaria “shall once again have a democratic government,” warning that: “Any step away from the ground of the democratic constitutional state leads inevitably into the abyss.” English translation
May 27, 1919 Bayerischer Kurier reports on a series of motions by the BVP in the Landtag, showing the main concerns of the Catholic party in Bavaria are addressing crises of food and shelter, public order, public finances, and care for war wounded, English translation; also with an article detailing progress toward a coalition government.
May 30, 1919 Bayerischer Kurier runs an article by Fr. F.X. Kiefl denouncing the inter-denominational school and an article by Georg Heim praising Hoffmann for agreeing to a coalition government and insisting the government must be based on democratic, parliamentary principles.
May 31, 1919 Bayerischer Kurier devotes its front page to the announcement of the make-up of the new Bavarian Coalition Government and the details of the joint program agree by the BVP, SPD and Democratic Party. English translation
May 1919 Father Erhard Schlund, O.F.M., a prominent Catholic theologian in Munich, publishes a book on Bolshevism, denouncing it as the product of the “Russian spirit,” not blaming Judaism for Bolshevism or equating the two.
Excerpts in translation
May-June 1919 Hitler is recruited by Captain Karl Mayr to become a propagandist in the refashioned Bavarian army.
Source: Kershaw (1998), pp. 121-125. During late summer 1919, Hitler begins his antisemitic propagandizing. He attacks Jews for controlling finance and capitalism in the ensuing months.
Hitler receives 20 gold Marks per week for speaking, as well as his regular army pay, until his discharge from the military on March 31, 1920. Kershaw (1998), p.127.
Spring 1919 J.F. Lehmann publishing house in Munich sets up the “Deutscher Volksverlag” for the express purpose of publishing antisemitic books, and proceeds to publish during 1919 Judas Schuldbuch: Eine Deutsche Abrechnung [The Jews’ Guilt-Book: A German Settling of Accounts] by Wilhelm Meister, pseud. for Paul Bang, with a foreword by the author dated March 1919.
Judas Schuldbuch presents major elements of the Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory, asserting that Bolshevism is in essence Jewish, that the Soviet Russian Government is exclusively Jewish, that Bolshevism is supported by western Jewish financiers, and that Russian anarchism and nihilism are Jewish in their origin.
Excerpts in German
Paul Bang was a member of the Deutsch National Volkspartei (DNVP), the most rightwing major party in Germany, which had a large following in northern Germany but little appeal among Bavarian Catholics, gaining virtually no mandates from Bavaria in the January 1919 National Assembly and Landtag elections.
Bang’s theory that Russian Bolshevism, anarchism and nihilism were purely Jewish contrasts with prominent Catholic writings in Munich such as Father Erhard Schlund’s book and the May 17 article on Bolshevism in the Allgemeine Rundschau, which attributed Bolshevism to the “Russian spirit” without mention of Jews or Judaism.
Judas Schuldbuch, shortly after it appeared, got a lengthy favorable review in Munich’s völkisch Beobachter on June 21, page 5: German original
June 1919 Fr. Bernhard Stempfle, in issue no. 5 of his four-page newspaper Leuchtkugeln: Randbemerkungen zur Geschichte der Gegenwart von Redivivus, publishes elements of Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory and threatens the Jews with a German pogrom.
Page one article “Die Schutztruppe des Großkapitals” [The Imperial Troops of Big Capital] says that the “Red” and “Golden” Internationals, at the end of the day, serve only one great purpose: “the big plans of the chosen people,” and that “nearly all the leaders of the Russian Revolution are Jews.”
Page 2 article “Ewiger Jude! Wandre!” threatens “Eternal Jew, take a hike, before the German Volk arises, after a 2000-year twilight of the gods, to do a German deed.” Citation: Leuchtkugeln: Randbemerkungen zur Geschichte der Gegenwart von Redivivus [Illumination-flares: Marginal Comments on Current History by Redivivus], no. 5 (June 1919), pp. 1-2.
June 1, 1919 HPB article “Bloody Review of Ideas and Events” blames Freemasonry, Plutocracy, and Social Democracy for recent revolutionary developments. Excerpts in English translation and German original: pages 641; 642-43; 644-45; 646-47; 648-49; 650-51; 652-53; 654
The same issue contains the article “The Development of the Social Revolution in Bavaria,” explaining revolutionary developments in terms apart from Judaism. Excerpts in English translaction and German original: pages 693; 694-95; 696-97; 698-99; 700-01; 702-03; 704-05; 706-07
June 1, 1919 Munich Archdiocesan paper, the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung, publishes article “Kommunismus?” calling out Jewish Communists of recent Munich revolutionary governments.
In the same issue, an article on “Catholics in Bohemia” attacks “liberal democratization of the political activity of Catholics.” English translation
June 7, 1919 Munich’s völkisch Beobachter begins appealing to Catholics with the front-page article “Can a Catholic Be an Antisemite?”
German original: page one and page two
Note: This viciously antisemitic newspaper was named the Münchener Beobachter in 1919, then, beginning 1920, was renamed the Völkischer Beobachter. The Nazi Party gained full ownership and control of the Völkischer Beobachter in late 1920.
June 8, 1919 The “Ecclesiastical Review” section of the Munich Kirchenzeitung tells of an outrage against Catholics in Prague.
June 10, 1919 Nuncio Pacelli writes Archbishop Faulhaber from Switzerland, asking why the Bavarian People’s Party recently agreed to the cultural policy of the Bavarian Government under Minister President Hoffmann.
German original reprinted in L. Volk, Akten Kardinal Michael von Faulhabers, vol. 1, pp. 74-75.
June 13, 1919 Faulhaber replies to Pacelli’s letter of June 10th and states his position against compromises agreed by the Bavarian People’s Party as to school issues in the Government’s cultural policy.
Also on June 13, Father F.X. Eggersdorfer writes Faulhaber, explaining the reasonableness of BVP compromises with Hoffmann, while indicating that he is already undertaking efforts to break the BVP from its coalition with the SPD and Hoffmann. English translation
June 14, 1919 Allgemeine Rundschau publishes an article analyzing the Russian Revolution in detail without reference to Jews.
German original: first page - second and third pages - last page
June 16, 1919 HPB article “The Causes of the Revolutionary Victory of the Proletariat” attributes that victory to increasing atheism, erosion of conscience, growth of proletariat, plutocrats replacing small tradesman and entrepreneurs; no word about Jews or Judaism. Excerpts in English translation and German original: pages 743; 744-45; 746-47; 748-49; 750-51; 752-53; 754-55; 756
June 17, 1919 Faulhaber writes Eggersdorfer that it will be hard for Catholics to understand why 16-year-olds cannot make their own decision whether to attend religious instruction, but he stresses the importance of following the Nunciature in Concordat- and Church-State-related questions. English translation
On the same day, Eggersdorfer writes Faulhaber that he has gotten Bamberg Archbishop’s approval for a Bishops’ commission to handle issues related to the formulation of the Bavarian Constitution. English translation
June 18, 1919 Pacelli writes to Faulhaber approving his position as to the schools issue and commending his zeal in defending the interests of the Church. English translation
June 19, 1919 Archbishop Faulhaber writes his fellow Bavarian Bishops about steps to exercise better control and influence in matters of Church-State relations and Bavarian Government cultural policy.
Also on June 19th, Pacelli sends a report to Gasparri about political dangers to the Church arising from the Socialist government in Bavaria. English translation
June 20, 1919 German Chancellor Scheidemann resigns, in the face of an ultimatum from the Allies to sign the Versailles Treaty by June 28th or suffer immediate invasion by Allied forces already advancing under General Pershing.
Catholic Center Party and Social Democratic Party leaders hastily form a new government to sign the Versailles Treaty and avert invasion, with Gustav Bauer as Chancellor and Matthias Erzberger as Vice Chancellor and Finance Minister.
June 21, 1919 US President Woodrow Wilson appoints a commission to investigate reported pogroms by Polish forces that have been covered in the US and international press.
June 23, 1919 White Russian troops begin a series of pogroms in Ukraine.
During 1919 and 1920 in Ukraine, tens of thousands of Jews are murdered, and hundreds of thousands are wounded or left homeless, by the separate forces of White Russians under General Denikin, Ukrainian nationalists under Petliura, and smaller actions by Polish forces.
June 28, 1919 German Government signs the Treaty of Versailles.
Under threat of continued blockade, starvation, and military invasion, Germany gives up extensive territory, agrees to pay massive monetary reparations to the Allies, agrees to strict limitations on the size and power of its armed forces, and acknowledges guilt for its role in starting World War One. New democracies such as Czechslovakia and Poland are set up in Central Europe. The Treaty incorporates the Balfour Declaration, under which Britain will establish a homeland in Palestine for the Jewish people.
June 28, 1919 Allgemeine Rundschau, an independent Catholic journal in Munich, publishes an article discussing the nature of Communism.
Summaries and excerpts of article saying Communism is “carried out with the Russian spirit and with Russian methods ...”
June 29, 1919 Munich Kirchenzeitung runs an article about care for blind and crippled children with photograph of Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett.
German originals: front page and second page
July 1, 1919 HPB’s “Bloody Review of Ideas and Events” laments the Räterepublik as a Jewish and foreign domination of Munich, made possible by Munich’s historic cosmopolitan and inviting nature.
Excerpts in English translation German original: pages one; 2; 3; 4-5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10; 11; 12
The same issue of the HPB has a sequel to “The Causes of the Revolutionary Victory of the Proletariat,” identifying major causes of revolution as the press, the modern school, Freemasonry and the “Los von Rom” movement. Excerpts in English translation German original: pages 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23; 24; 25
A third article in this HPB issue, “Modern Bavaria,” discusses causative factors for revolution and a Räterepublik “led by Jews and foreigners,” yet focuses on historical factors that do not include international Jewish conspiracy, e.g.: “The spirit of Treitschke and national liberalism, which wanted the German unitary state, is living a full life today.” German original: pages 47; 48-49; 50-51; 52-53; 54-55; 56-57; 58-59
July 3, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about Catholic political leaders in Bavaria advocating more strongly for Church interests.
Also on July 3rd, Achille Ratti (Pope Pius XI, 1922-1939), Vatican delegate to the new nation of Poland since 1918, is named Apostolic Nuncio to Poland and appointed titular Archbishop.
July 4, 1919 Pacelli sends Gasparri a letter he received from the head abbot of the Benedictine Order, Baron Fidelis von Stotzingen, reporting a conversation with a trusted informant in Berlin, Viktor Naumann, who says the German Government is very close to chaos and in grave danger of ending in Bolshevism. Source: Pacelli-Edition.de, Dokt. No. 8531
July 9, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri a grave danger that underground Bolshevik forces in Bavaria will emerge strongly to overthrow the Government. English translation
July 12, 1919 Bavarian Ambassador to Vatican writes a strong letter to Nuncio Pacelli urging upon him the importance of returning from Rorschach to Munich.
July 15, 1919 Hungarian paramilitary forces, formed in Szeged under ex-Admiral Miklos Horthy, begin a “White Terror” campaign of violence against Jews and others suspected of Communism.
Franciscan priest Istvan Zadravecz consecrates a flag of a paramilitary unit headed by Pal Pronay.
Source: Herczl (1993), p.32, citing Pamlenyi (1963), pp. 93-95.
Also on July 15, Pope Benedict XV sends a letter to the German Bishops encouraging them in domestic rebuilding and international reconciliation now that the Versailles Peace treaty has ended the war. This letter is later published in January 1920 by Documentation Catholique in France.
Also on July 15th, Pacelli sends Gasparri a report from Erzberger about the Center Party’s role in the last-minute formation of a new German Government to sign the Versailles Treaty and avert Allied invasion and national calamity. English translation
July 16, 1919 HPB’s “Bloody Review of Ideas and Events” complains that “Jewish throne-overthrowers feel safer in the hideout of a Lower Bavarian farmhouse than the King in his Residence,” yet proceeds to analyze Bavaria revolution by reference to influences of Luther, Lessing, Voltaire, Freemasonry, and not Jewry. German original: pages 100-01; 102-03; 104-05; 106-07; 108
July 18, 1919 Gasparri sends a letter to the German-American Association exhorting them in the name of the Pope to come to the aid of their suffering brethren in Germany.
This letter is also published in January 1920 by Documentation Catholique in France.
July 25, 1919 German Vice Chancellor Matthias Erzberger speaks in the Reichstag, accusing German militarists and right-wing politicians of bringing defeat and harsh peace terms upon Germany by refusing to negotiate in good faith in 1917 after the Pope’s peace initiative. Source: Epstein (1959), pp. 328-331.
Erzberger’s speech discloses, without Nuncio Pacelli’s permission, certain aspects of Pacelli’s role in the Papal peace initiative of 1917.
Pacelli had sent Erzberger’s request for permission to Gasparri by telegraph on July 23, but he used Vatican envoy Luigi Maglione’s telegraph facilities in Bern, 200km from Rorschach, and the resulting delays prevented his timely receipt of Rome’s response.
Maglione sent Pacelli’s July 23 request to Rome by telegraph on July 24 and reported that fact to Pacelli.
Also on July 25th, from Rorschach, Switzerland, Pacelli sends Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett’s best wishes by telegram to Pope Benedict XV on the Pope's name-saint feastday. Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.deCramer-Klett’s relationship with Pacelli, Gasparri, Pope Benedict and Faulhaber becomes increasingly evident in the Munich Nunciature documents of the early 1920s, as seen in the Timeline entries of July 25, 1919, Aug. 18, 1919, Sept. 15, 1919, Feb. 14, 1920, Oct. 23, 1920, Nov. 21, 1920, Nov. 13, 1921, Dec. 21, 1921 and Apr. 26, 1923.
Also on July 25th, the Hungarian Soviet government forbids Zionist activity, denouncing Zionism as reactionary. Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22 (1920), p.122.
Also on July 25th, Pacelli reports to Gasparri about a compromise on German school policy reached by the Center Party and the Socialists in the drafting of the Weimar Constitution. English translation
July 26, 1919 Maglione in Bern, Switzerland cables Gasparri again on behalf of Pacelli about Erzberger’s request to disclose information, which he had already in fact disclosed the previous day. English translation
On the same day, Pacelli sends a report to Gasparri about the new Reich Constitution removing Bavaria’s authority to conduct foreign relations, and Hoffmann’s assurance that he wants to preserve the Munich Nunciature. English translation
July 27, 1919 Munich Kirchenzeitung begins a regular series of “Vatican Review” sections, presenting Church-State issues and Church developments from the Vatican’s standpoint.
English translation of excerpts
Like the “Ecclesiastical Review” section of previous months, the “Vatican Review” gives inside information from the Vatican and presents various issues from Rome’s perspective; unlike the earlier section, the “Vatican Review” bears a byline, namely Friedrich Ritter von Lama.
July 28, 1919 Maglione in Bern transmits a telegram to Gasparri on behalf of Pacelli, reporting that Erzberger has made the disclosures despite Pacelli twice instructing him not to do so without Vatican approval. English translation
July 29, 1919 Pacelli in Rorschach drafts a telegram to Gasparri saying that he has issued a press statement declaring that Erzberger did not learn any content of Pacelli’s Aug. 30, 1917 letter from Pacelli. English translation
On the same day, Gasparri sends an instruction to Pacelli to return to Munich forthwith, unless there is serious proximate danger. English translation
July 30, 1919 Maglione in Bern writes to Pacelli, conveying a telegram from Gasparri saying, “it is opportune that You consent to Minister Erzberger publishing the entirety of the indicated documents.” Fuller English translation
On the same day, Maglione in Bern transmits another telegraph on behalf of Pacelli to Gasparri about the disclosure controversy in Germany. English translation
Also on July 30, the Münchener Beobachter continues its pattern of echoing antisemitic statements from Catholic publications, by reprinting assertions from Germania, the Catholic Center Party’s organ in Berlin, about the prevalence of Jews in Communist movements. German original
July 31, 1919 Pacelli sends another message to Maglione in Bern for Gasparri in Rome, responding to an accusation in Germany about insecurity and indiscretion in Papal diplomacy, and repeating that Erzberger did not gain inside knowledge from Pacelli. English translation
Aug. 1, 1919 Hungary’s Soviet government collapses under an Entente-backed Romanian invasion; Bela Kun and fellow Communist rulers flee.
White Terror attacks ensue, continuing into 1920, killing thousands suspected of Communism, and interning tens of thousands more.
White Terror paramilitary units mass murder Jews in multiple towns and villages based on equating Judaism with Communism.
Source: Hanebrink (2006), pp. 83-87.
Aug. 1919 Judas Schuldbuch, by Paul Bang of Munich under the pseudonym Wilhelm Meister, with its fairly complete Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory, continues strong sales as J.F. Lehmann’s Deutscher Volksverlag issues a third edition; still, Munich-based Catholic journals have not picked up and repeated Bang’s version of the conspiracy theory.
Aug. 1, 1919 Pacelli reports Erzberger’s disclosures of information without Vatican permission as a “deplorable indiscretion.” Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Aug. 2, 1919 Documentation Catholique publishes lengthy article “The Jewish Power - Jews and Bolsheviks.”
Original French cover and précis of contents
English translation of article
Also on August 2, Maglione in Bern sends two telegrams for Pacelli to Gasparri, responding to accusations of missteps by Papal diplomacy, and repeating that Pacelli deplores the indiscretion by Erzberger, which has nonetheless redounded to the credit of the Holy See. English translation
Aug. 3, 1919 Munich Kirchenzeitung denounces revolutionary activists as “loud ranters” from the East and says that because of matters like the struggle against the Christian school and religious instruction, “the Bavarian people have hardly ever been so unfree and enslaved as in recent times."
Aug. 6, 1919 The völkisch Munich Beobachter prints a front-page item entitled “Erzbergers „Enthüllungen“,” stating:
The reporter for the “Times” reports from Rome: Erzberger’s disclosures about the English step for peace via intermediation of the Vatican have evoked great astonishment in Rome. Both the Vatican and political circles are taken totally unawares. The Cardinal Secretary of State received the “Times” reporter this morning and declared to him that Erzberger’s disclosures were not correct. The Holy See, in view of the misunderstanding that has arisen, will publish the relevant documents.
Aug. 7, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that the new Reich Constitution will apply to Bavaria as well as to the nation, and that Pacelli is returning to Munich on August 8th.
Also on Aug. 7, a Bavarian priest complains to Pacelli that the German Bishops are giving in to subordination of Church to State while claiming to the world “that the ‘Center Party’ has really once again come to the rescue.” English translation of letter from Fr. Hollweck
Aug. 11, 1919 Weimar Republic Constitution is adopted, providing for parliamentary democratic government, with an elected President and a cabinet headed by a Chancellor (prime minister).
Aug. 14, 1919 Pacelli cables Gasparri conveying Faulhaber’s urgent request to fill vacant parish pastor positions (appointments that still required approval by the Bavarian government headed by the “anti-clerical Minister Hoffmann”).
Aug. 16, 1919 Gasparri cables Pacelli instructing that the Bavarian Bishops are to appoint temporary administrators for the vacant parishes and not attempt to resolve the presentation issue before there are comprehensive negotiations about the Concordat. English translation
Also on Aug. 16, Munich-based Catholic journal Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland (HPB) publishes article “On the Ukrainian Problem,” explaining that the Jewish population of the Ukraine, better educated on the whole than their fellow Ukrainians, has an important role to play in building the new Ukrainian nation. HPB 162:4 (1918), pp. 239, 246.
Aug. 18, 1919 Pacelli sends Gasparri the Church-State provisions of the new Weimar Constitution, also commenting on an anti-Church statement by Hoffmann; quoting Msgr. Hollweck’s critique of the Center Party; and making extenuating explanations about the Center Party’s conduct.
English translation of Pacelli’s report
Also on Aug. 18th, Pacelli submits to Gasparri a request to give Baron Cramer-Klett the Papal title of Privy Chamberlain to the Pope. Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 5204.
Gasparri asks Pacelli on Sept. 15, 1919 to inform Cramer-Klett that the Pope has conferred the requested title of nobility upon him.
Aug. 20, 1919 Prof. Franz Xaver Eggersberger informs Archbishop Faulhaber of developments in Church-State relations involving Minister President Hoffmann.
Aug. 22, 1919 Budapest Chief Rabbi seeks help from British mission because all Jews are blamed for Hungarian Soviet government even though most Jews were harshly persecuted by it.
Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22 (1920), p.122.
Also on Aug. 22, the Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums reports on the flood of antisemitism in Germany, saying it is no exaggeration that Jews are threatened with the destruction of their existence. Source: Hecht (2003), p. 107.
Aug. 23, 1919 Franz Schrönghamer-Heimdal publishes an antisemitic article declaring a spiritual war between the “eternal Jew” and the “eternal German,” in the Munich-based Catholic journal Allgemeine Rundschau.
German original and English translation of article “World-Upheaval”
Aug. 24, 1919 “Vatican Review” section of Munich Kirchenzeitung reports on conflict in the Church in Czechoslovakia instigated by the “Freemasonic” government of that country.
Aug. 25, 1919 Hitler gives a talk “über den Kapitalismus, der dabei die Judenfrage streifte” [about capitalism, which thereby touched upon the Jewish question], in the Bavarian Army political indoctrination course organized by Capt. Karl Mayr. Jäckel & Kuhn (1980), p. 88.
Aug. 29, 1919 Jews in Hungarian towns of Tolna-Ozera, Enying and Simontornya are driven out; some are tortured and some are killed.
Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22 (1920), p.123.
Aug. 30, 1919 A detailed version of the Jewish-Communist-capitalist conspiracy theory appears in the Catholic journal Allgemeine Rundschau under the byline of Franz Schrönghamer-Heimdal.
English translation and German original: first page, second page
Schrönghamer-Heimdal had previously published a trilogy of antisemitic books in Bavaria during 1918, the first of which, Vom Ende der Zeiten, bore an imprimatur from the Diocese of Augsburg.
Schrönghamer’s articles of Aug. 23 and 30 in the AR remained an outlier, in the universe of the five leading Munich-based Catholic journals, until the same conspiracy theory was promoted by the Kirchenzeitung in April 1920.
Sept. 3-4, 1919 Bavarian Bishops, meeting in their annual conference, adopt instructions for the Bavarian People’s Party on issues of schools, Church-State relations, and Bavarian Constitution.
English translation of Minutes of Bishops Conference
Sept. 6, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri, based on a discussion with a German Reich official about the Democratic Party joining the governing parliamentary coalition, that Erzberger is considered the singular will-power and force of the current Cabinet, but his “imprudence” is “most extremely deplorable.”
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Sep. 7, 1919 “Vatican Review” section of Munich Kirchenzeitung reports that relations are still strained between the Bavarian Government and Nuncio Pacelli after his return from his long absence.
English translation of article accusing Munich of “childish disregard of the Pope’s representative”
Sep. 12, 1919 Hitler for the first time attends a meeting of the German Workers Party in Munich, in his capacity as a political informant, propagandist, and agent of the Bavarian forces of the German army. Kershaw (1998), p.126.
This “Party” is a small antisemitic group, numbering only several dozen, who meet in Munich beer halls. It is relaunched on Feb. 24, 1920 as the National Socialist German Workers Party and draws a thousand or more to its inaugural meeting at Munich’s Hofbräuhaus Beer Hall.
Sep. 14, 1919 “Vatican Review” section in Munich Kirchenzeitung contains a wide range of typical insider-information on issues of importance to the Vatican, including danger of Church schism in Czechoslovakia, details of a recent Papal audience, further details about the exclusion of the Vatican from the Paris Peace Conference, and the following brief notice about Msgr. Schioppa’s near escape when Prussian military forces fired at the Nunciature during their overthrow of the Räterepublik several months earlier:
Prelate Schioppa, the Auditor of our Nunciature, who during the overthrow of the Councils dictatorship nearly became victim to some stray bullets, has returned to his post after being received in special audience by the Pope.
Nuncio Pacelli had reported on May 5, 1919 that Prussian troops directed machinegun and rifle fire at the Nunciature, with multiple shots striking Schioppa’s bedroom and bathroom there right after he turned on a light around 10pm on May 3.
On Sept. 14-16, the Vienna Morgenzeitung reports many recent attacks on Hungarian Jews, saying 3,000 have been killed.
Sept. 15, 1919 Gasparri informs Pacelli that Pope Benedict XV has agreed to give Baron Cramer-Klett the title of Papal Privy Chamberlain.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 1305.
Sep. 16, 1919 HPB article “What Bolshevik Government Has Produced in Russia” describes in detail the ruin of the Russian economy by Communism and gives an ethnic breakdown of Party members at the recent 8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party, stating 49 Jews among 301 delegates. German original: pages 348; 349; 350; 351; 352; 353; 354; 355; 356; 357; 358
Sep. 16, 1919 Hitler writes a detailed antisemitic letter to a Herr Gemlich.
The letter is noteworthy because it is Hitler’s earliest known antisemitic writing, it is written in a style different from Hitler’s earlier writings, and it focuses repeatedly on moral and spiritual issues, unlike Hitler’s earlier writings.
English translation of Hitler’s letter to Gemlich. Major themes of the letter - Jews remain foreigners in whatever country they live; they universally inspire people to hate them; Judaism should be understood as a race more than a religion; and antisemitism should be pursued in a “just” and rational rather than emotional manner - are seen in earlier antisemitic literature, e.g. Civiltà Cattolica of Jan. 1, 1881.
English translations of a representative sample of Hitler’s previous writings
English translations of Hitler’s speeches and writings from October 1919 to mid-April 1920
Sept. 18, 1919 American military mission in Vienna reports on mass murders and persecutions of Hungarian Jews and others “on the pretext that they are Communists.” Source: Katzburg (1981), pp. 39-40.
Sept. 20, 1919 Bishop Henle writes Faulhaber and says Hoffmann may go down in Bavarian history as “the author of the revolution.” English translation
Sept. 21, 1919 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung’s “Vatican Review” section comments on the number of Cardinals visiting Palestine in recent months.
Sept. 23, 1919 Bishop Lingg writes Faulhaber asking that the upcoming Bishops’ pastoral letter not raise the complaint about the funeral oration for Eisner comparing him to Jesus and John Hus. English translation
Sept. 28, 1919 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung’s “Vatican Review” section describes “culture war” against the Church in Czechoslovakia.
Oct. 1919 Hochland article “Prophetic or Marxist Socialism?” by Max Scheler discusses types of socialism ranging from Lenin-Trotsky Russian communism to Spartacists, Independents and Majority Socialists in Germany, and distinguishes his own idea of “Solidarity” or Christian socialism, without associating any type of socialism with Judaism or Jews. Hochland 17:1:1 (1919), pp. 71ff.
Oct. 1, 1919 HPB article “The Disturbances in Hungary” discusses the origin, course and aftermath of the Räterepublik under Bela Kun in Hungary without attributing it to an international Jewish conspiracy. German original: pages 436; 437; 438; 439; 440; 441; 442; 443; 444
Oct. 4, 1919 Hitler reports to his commanding officer about a meeting of the German Workers Party with 24 persons in attendance at the Sternecker Beer Hall in Munich, and Hitler requests permission to join this party.
Oct. 6, 1919 Pacelli sends Gasparri the Church-State provisions of the new Bavarian State Constitution, also reporting, in the midst of a Bavarian Government crisis, that he has arranged for Catholic Landtag deputies to pressure Hoffmann without Pacelli or the Vatican becoming known as the source of the initiative.
English translation of report
Oct. 7, 1919 Faulhaber meets with Neuffer, an organizer of Bavarian Einwohnerwehr paramilitary forces planning a putsch against Minister-President Hoffmann; Neuffer says they have weapons and ammo of which the government knows nothing, and they want to put Ernst Pöhner and Eugen Knilling into key positions.
The meeting is recorded in Faulhaber’s diary. Faulhaber later meets with the head of the paramilitary group, Georg Escherich, on Jan. 29, 1920 and authorizes priests to conduct flag-blessings for the paramilitary units. The putsch occurs during the night of March 13-14, 1920. Escherich’s first meeting after the putsch succeeds is with Faulhaber on March 14th.
Also on Oct. 7th, Pacelli reports to Gasparri that the Democratic Party has joined the governing Reich coalition, on the condition that Erzberger resign the Vice Chancellorship. English translation
Oct. 14, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that Catholic politicians in Bavaria have refused the Socialists’ invitation to enter a coalition government, thus ensuring that the Socialists bear public blame for unavoidable continuing governmental and economic crisis.
Further, because the Bavarian army is largely Socialist, it is thought that the army “would not offer to defend a Government not presided over by a Socialist against new Communist and Spartacist agitations.” English translation
Oct. 16, 1919 US Ambassador John W. Davis in London cables US Secretary of State Robert Lansing, requesting immediate investigation into Jewish-Communist conspiracy allegations, reported by an unnamed Russian officer, claiming that the Russian Bolsheviks received financial aid from prominent American Jews, among them Jacob Schiff, Felix Warburg, Otto Kahn, Mondell Schiff, Jerome Hanauer, Max Breitung and one of the Guggenheims, information which the British Morning Post is about to use for antisemitic propaganda.
Text of cable
Washington replies the next day that it has no evidence supporting the allegations but will investigate, and that British authorities should be encouraged to prevent publication of the allegations until further notice from the US.
Telegram from Alvin Adee at US State Department to Embassy in London, Oct. 17, 1919
Oct. 17, 1919 US Embassy in London sends Washington the five-page French language report allegedly by a Russian officer, claiming that Jews control Russian Bolshevism; the report begins and ends with quotations from The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Cover letter from London Embassy to US State Department in Washington, explaining that Sir Basil Thomson (head of MI5 and MI6) is preventing publication of the report by the Morning Post pending response from Washington.
Attached French original document "Bolchevisme & Judaisme," page 1, page 2, page 3, page 4, and page 5.
Note: This five-page French document, with slight modifications, was later published in Documentation Catholique on March 6, 1920.
Oct. 21, 1919 Communiqué from US Embassy in London to Washington acknowledging the antisemitic and unfounded nature of the “Bolshevism and Judaism” article, and stating “we have the whole thing in cold storage.”
Oct. 25, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about negotiations for the Vatican and the German Reich to exchange ambassadors for the first time.
Bavarian Minister-President Hoffmann has proposed that even with a new Vatican Embassy in Berlin, the Nuncio could remain in Munich.
Pacelli credits the Center Party for negotiating favorable provisions for the Church in the new German Constitution, and comments on the religious and political power of the Church in Germany. English translation
Oct. 26, 1919 Archbishop Faulhaber gives a major speech on Church-State relations to thousands gathered at the Munich Catholic Congress.
The speech appears on the front page of the Munich Kirchenzeitung - English translation of speech
Pacelli sends Gasparri a laudatory report about the speech: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 328.
Gasparri replies a month later with extensive words of praise from Pope Benedict XV for the “zelante” (zealous) Archbishop and his conduct at the Congress: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 5503.
Faulhaber's speech appears in French translation in Documentation Catholique on Jan. 3, 1920.
Oct. 26, 1919 Pacelli cables Gasparri recommending, at the request of the Bavarian government, that Archbishop Faulhaber be made a Cardinal.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 8022.
Oct. 28, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about the Munich Catholic Congress, praising Faulhaber’s Oct. 26th speech.
English translation of report
Oct. 30, 1919 Pacelli sends Gasparri a lengthy report about his detailed discussion with Minister President Hoffmann on the possible terms for a new Bavarian Concordat.
Pacelli seeks to maintain the government subsidies and privileges of the Church under the 1817 Bavaria-Vatican Concordat, while removing the State's “patronato” right to make appointments to Church offices. English translation
On the same day, Pacelli cables Gasparri about the pressing issue of resolving the appointment process to fill vacant parish pastor positions, in reference to his discussion with Hoffmann. English translation
Nov. 1919 Hochland article “Einzelnes der Judenfrage” by antisemitic author Joseph Grassl goes on for 20 pages about racial characteristics of Jews without hinting Jewish control or influence in Communism or Bolshevism.
Nov. 1, 1919 HPB article “Views of Reason and Faith upon the Puzzles and Troubles of the Day” analyzes Communism and its catchword sozialization at length without reference to Judaism or Jews. Excerpts in English translation German original: pages 551; 552; 553; 554; 555; 556; 557; 558; 559; 560; 561; 562; 563; 564; 565; 566
Nov. 6, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that Hoffmann, responding publicly to Faulhaber, claims to be against clericalism not religion.
The report refers to Hoffmann’s “pertinaciously anti-religious position and activity.” English translation of report
Nov. 9, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri the formation of a monarchist political party in Bavaria, advising that this development is not opportune. English translation
Nov. 9, 1919 “Vatican Review” section of Munich Kirchenzeitung tells readers of the Allies’ exclusion of the Pope from the Paris Peace Conference, and the serious problems for the Church in Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Nov. 10, 1919 Pacelli reports to Gasparri the agreement reached with Minister President Hoffmann about presentation rights for new parish pastor appointments, despite the “sustained difficulties of the persistent regalistic tendencies of this Minister.”
English translation of report
Report of same agreement by Faulhaber to his fellow Bavarian Bishops, in English translation
Nov. 12, 1919 Hungarian Catholic Bishop Ottokár Prohászka publishes an article saying the Hungarian Bolshevik regime had been a “Russian-Jewish invasion” and “racial imperialism.”
Source: Paul Hanebrink, A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism (Cambridge: Belknap Harvard Univ. Press, 2018), p. 44, citing O. Prohászkar, “Mi, magyarság és kereszténység,” Nemzeti Ujság, Nov. 12, 1919, reprinted in Osszegyujtött munkái, vol. 22: Iránytu, ed., Antal Schutz (Budapest, 1927), pp. 213-215.
Nov. 12, 1919 Gasparri approves Pacelli’s Oct. 30th proposals for content of a new Bavarian-Vatican Concordat. English translation
Nov. 14, 1919 Pogroms in Hungarian towns of Dissel and Topolya kill and injury many Jews. Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22 (1920), p.224.
Nov. 13, 1919 Hitler attacks as Jews: Karl Liebknecht, Matthias Erzberger, Max Lewien (none of whom were Jewish), as well as Rosa Luxemburg, Karl Radek, Kurt Eisner, and three Jewish leaders of the Räterepublik, without branding Bolshevism or the Soviet Russian government as Jewish. Jäckel & Kuhn (1980), p. 92.
Nov. 16, 1919 HPB article “Bavarian-Political Troubles” exhorts the BVP to resistance against the “ruinous regime of the revolutionary era,” namely against the Social Democrat-led Bavarian government and its school policy; all attacks are focused on Minister-President Johannes Hoffmann and his fellow Social Democrats, not on Jews. German original: pages 624-25; 626-27; 628-29; 630-31; 632-33; 634-35; 636-37; 638-39; 640
Nov. 16, 1919 Pacelli transmits to Gasparri the German Bishops’ Aug. 24, 1919 memorandum critiquing some of the church-state provisions of the Weimar Constitution.
Pacelli’s cover letter in translation
German Bishops’ memorandum in translation
Nov. 17, 1919 US State Department official transmits results of investigation into the “Bolshevism and Judaism” article.
Cover Memorandum from A.J.C. in the State Department to Mr. Poole of the Russian Division
The investigation determined that the “Bolshevism and Judaism” article was prepared by an investigator named Brazall (apparently Boris Brasol) working for the War Trade Board.
An attached three-page memo discusses efforts to make the Protocols known in the US, saying it is “tremendously unfortunate that this sort of attempt should be made to combat Bolshevism with fraud.”Page 1, page 2, page 3
Page 3 of the memo refers to British authorities who are alleging “a scheme for world dominion” by “various groups of international Jews.”
Original English language article “Bolshevism and Judaism” prepared by Boris Brasol, attached to State Department report:Page 1, page 2, page 3 (page 4 is missing or not copied in National Archives files), page 5
Nov. 19, 1919 Gasparri asks Pacelli to review and report back on Baron Cramer-Klett’s proposal of special Vatican honors for several Bavarian Catholics. English translation
Nov. 25, 1919 Russian Division of US State Department is instructed by Winslow that it should handle the “Bolshevism and Judaism” matter however they deem fit, in their complete discretion.
Memorandum from Office of the Under Secretary of State
Nov. 28, 1919 US Secretary of State Lansing cables US Embassy London that the “Bolshevism and Judaism” article “has no special validity” and that “it would seem most unwise to give it the distinction of publicity.”
Text of cable
Note: Lansing was aware of the innocent conduct of Jacob Schiff with respect to Russia, as seen in a series of events in April and May 1917. Lansing’s nephew, John Foster Dulles, was an officer at the War Trade Board during World War I, where the author of the Bolshevism and Judaism report, Boris Brasol, was said to be employed, whether accurately or as a cover for Brasol who had submitted reports to US military intelligence anonymously as Secret Agent B-1.
Nov. 28, 1919 Gasparri informs Pacelli that Pope Benedict XV was very pleased to learn of Munich Catholic Congress and the speech by the zealous Archbishop. English translation
Also on Nov. 28, Pacelli sends Faulhaber the 10 point-list of demands for new Concordat terms that he has already shared with Hoffmann. English translation
Dec. 1, 1919 Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory is denounced as absurd and dangerous by Munich-based author Fritz Gerlich, in a book favorably reviewed in an influential Munich-based Catholic journal, which calls Gerlich “one of the best experts on Communism and Bolshevism.”
Gerlich’s denunciation and ridicule of the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory is the best thus-far known explanation for Hitler’s failure to feature this conspiracy theory in his public speeches until after the theory was popularized by Bavarian Catholic authority in April and May 1920.
Gerlich was a speaker and key influencer in the Army’s political indoctrination classes that Hitler attended in 1919. Weber (2017), pp. 90-91. For its political indoctrination course in Munich, the Army purchased 500 copies of Gerlich’s book that attacked the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory. Morsey (2016), pp. 72, 79.
Excerpt from Gerlich’s book denouncing the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory, with English translation
German original of review of Gerlich’s book in Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland: first page and second page
Dec. 1, 1919 HPB article “The ‘Achievements of the Revolution’” says what has governed revolutionary Germany is not soldiers-workers councils or parliaments, but rather individuals exercising power: Ebert, Scheidemann, Hoffmann, Heine, Noske, Erzberger, etc. Excerpts in English translation German original: pages 697; 698-99; 700-01; 702-03; 704-05; 706-07; 708
Dec. 2, 1919 Bishop Lingg of Augsburg replies to Faulhaber about Pacelli’s 10 points that the Bishops and their commission cannot change them without being blamed for failing to follow Vatican instructions. English translation
Dec. 3, 1919 Bavarian priest F.X. Kiefl writes a letter to Faulhaber urging the importance of upholding the validity of the 1817 Bavaria-Vatican Concordat to provide a favorable basis for negotiations about the new Church-State relationship. English translation
Dec. 4, 1919 Faulhaber replies to Kiefl, agreeing with him, inviting him into the Bishops commission on Church-State issues, and explaining that in order to stand by the 1817 Concordat, the Church has not invoked its right under the Weimar Constitution to appoint freely to its own offices without governmental involvement. English translation
Dec. 6, 1919 Eugenio Pacelli writes his brother Francesco in Rome to request behind-the-scenes support for his efforts to preserve the Einwohnerwehr, an anti-Communist Bavarian citizen army that exists in violation of the Versailles Treaty and that is later disbanded, in 1921, under threat of invasion by the Entente Powers.
English translation and Italian original
Dec. 7, 1919 The Catholic Bishops of Bavaria jointly decree that all Catholics be instructed not to read or allow into their homes the “bad press.”
Translation of Bishops’ Pastoral Letter published in Munich Archdiocese weekly newspaper.
Article following the Pastoral Letter, exhorting Catholics to read only the “good press.”
Also on Dec. 7th, Pacelli reports back to Gasparri about Vatican honors recommended for certain Bavarian Catholics by Baron Cramer-Klett and Archbishop Faulhaber. English translation
Dec. 12, 1919 Hungarian newspaper reports Catholic priests promoting Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory and calling for defensive measures against Jews.
Source: Nemzeti Ujsag, Dec. 12, 1919, p.2, cited in Herczl (1993), pp. 31-32 & nn. 103-104.
These statements were made at a Budapest convention of the Awakening Hungarians, a movement that incited and supported the White Terror in Hungary.
Dec. 16, 1919 HPB sequel “The ‘Achievements of the Revolution’” associates Jewry with Socialism, but not with revolution, which it blames on atheism, individualism, democracy, pleasure-seeking, decline in morals, offenses against the Ten Commandments, and alienation of the masses from the Church. German original: pages 745; 746-47; 748-49; 750-51; 752-53; 754-55; 756-57; 758-59; 760
Dec. 20, 1919 Pacelli sends Gasparri a recommendation that Fr. Bernhard Stempfle be named the ecclesiastical affairs consultant and press agent for the newly planned German Embassy to the Vatican.
English translation of report, Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 985.
Stempfle was not named to this position, and became instead publicist and organizer for the Einwohnerwehr, the Bavarian paramilitary force that played a central role in the Kahr putch of March 1920.
Dec. 1919 German translation of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion is sent by its Berlin-area publisher to Munich’s Völkisch Beobachter newspaper staff.
Source: Michael Kellogg, The Russian Roots of Nazism (2008), p.68.
German edition with Foreword dated July 1919:
Protocols first German edition
Timeline of the Protocols at the website of the US Holocaust Memorial Museum
Dec. 27, 1919 Pacelli sends a diplomatic note to Bavarian Minister President Hoffmann proposing the opening of negotiations for a new Vatican-Bavaria Concordat. English translation
Dec. 30, 1919 Archbishop Faulhaber meets in Rome with Pope Benedict XV and Cardinal Gasparri; they discuss the political situation in Bavaria among other topics.
Faulhaber’s notes of his audience with Pope Benedict, in English translation
Faulhaber’s notes of his audience with Cardinal Gasparri, in English translation
Late 1919 to early 1920 More than a hundred Germans prominent in government, academia, church leadership and other spheres of German life submit statements about antisemitism to be published by the Volkskraftbund (“People Power League”).
The statements are published in a book entitled Deutscher Geist und Judenhass [The German Spirit and Jew-Hatred], which appears in 1920.
Statement condemning antisemitism and supporting the Zionist movement from Matthias Erzberger, who is the German Finance Minister and a prominent figure in the Catholic Center Party
Antisemitic statements from two Bavarian Bishops, the only two Catholic Bishops who respond to the People Power League
Foreword by the People Power League
Foreword by German President Friedrich Ebert
Jan. 1, 1920 HPB publishes article “The Center Party at the Crossroads,” by Baron Hermann von Lüninck, arguing that the Party has strayed from its roots and alienated three groups of its strongest and most faithful Catholic supporters: the nobility, farmers and academics. HPB 165 (Jan. 1, 1920), p.53.
Jan. 2, 1920 Gasparri sends two cables to Pacelli:
Instructing Pacelli to inform Catholics that the Vatican wants the Bavarian Embassy to continue in existence after a German Reich Embassy to the Vatican is established, despite rumors that the German Government wants to eliminate the Bavarian Embassy. www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Dokt 5580. English translation
Saying that Archbishop Faulhaber, visiting the Vatican, asks Pacelli to have Faulhaber’s Vicar General immediately start publicizing the reasons for maintaining the Bavarian Legation to the Vatican. www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Dokt 5581. English translation
Jan. 3, 1920 La Documentation Catholique in France publishes Archbishop Faulhaber’s speech of Oct. 26, 1919.
English translation of speech and French original comprising front page and pages 16; 17; 18; 19
Faulhaber was in Rome for nine days beginning Dec. 28, 1919, according to his diary.
Jan. 4, 1920 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about his trip to Berlin and negotiations about opening a Vatican Nunciature there; he also mentions the threatened dissolution of the Einwohnerwehr, which “has succeeded up to now in holding the Communists at bay.”
English translation of report
On the same day, Pacelli sends Gasparri two cables about preservation of the Bavarian Legation to the Vatican and Pacelli's note to Hoffmann of Dec. 27th about Concordat negotiations
Jan. 5, 1920 Pope Benedict XV makes Faulhaber a Papal Throne Assistant, a title just lower than Cardinal. English translation of Gasparri’s notice to Pacelli about this honor
Jan. 8, 1920 Pacelli cables Gasparri asking whether the Bavarian Nunciature will continue to exist once the German Reich and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations. English translation
Jan. 9, 1920 Hungarian White Terror forces abduct and kill dozens of Jews in Kecskemét, Hungary, on charges of Communism.
Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22 (1920), p.224.
Also on Jan. 9, Pacelli cables Gasparri for instructions concerning the preservation of the Bavarian Legation, prior to a trip by Minister President Hoffmann to Berlin. English translation
Jan. 10, 1920 Allgemeine Rundschau publishes an article critical of Soviet Russia and Bolshevism that does not mention Jews or Judaism. Citation: O. Färber, “Eine christlichsoziale Studienkommission nach Sowjetrußland,” Allgemeine Rundschau 2 (Jan. 10, 1920), pp. 23-24.
The same issue of AR contains an antisemitic article, “Jewish and Christian Labor Leaders,” about Marx, Engels and Lassalle, with brief mention of Eisner and a Räterepublik leader, which does not discuss Russia or any current threat of Bolshevism. Citation: E. Hartl, “Jüdische und christliche Arbeiterführer,” Allgemeine Rundschau 2 (Jan. 10, 1920), pp. 24-25.
Jan. 11, 1920 Nuncio Pacelli reports to Rome on the nature of the Bavarian People’s Party and its secession from the Catholic Center Party of Germany.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Also on Jan. 11, the Munich Archdiocesan newspaper, the Kirchenzeitung, publishes an article on “Bolshevik Hatred of Christ and Christians,” about torture and murder of Catholic priests by the Bolsheviks, with no mention of Judaism. English translation
Jan. 16, 1920 Hungarian government begins deporting Galician Jews en masse. Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22 (1920), pp. 224-225.
Jan. 16, 1920 HPB article “New Year 1920” points to two godless powers, Social Democracy and plutocracy as exemplified by the Entente, which hold power in Germany and internationally; it brands the first as Jewish-Socialism and the second as the Jewish-liberalism of Freemasonry. German original: first page; 84-85; 86-87; 88-89; 90-91; 92-93
Jan. 17, 1920 Documentation Catholique publishes two Vatican documents from mid-1919 focused on German Catholics and German-American Catholics:
Pope Benedict’s letter of July 15, 1919 to the Bishops of Germany
Cardinal Gasparri’s letter of July 18, 1919 in the name of the Pope to the Congress of the German-American Association
French original of cover and contents with Pope Benedict XV’s letter to the German Bishops and Cardinal Gasparri’s letter to German-American Catholics, as well as materials from the French Bishops
Jan. 20, 1920 Bavarian Minister President Hoffmann writes Pacelli that the Bavarian Government is prepared to negotiate a new Concordat with the Vatican. English translation
Also on Jan. 20, Bishop Lingg of Augsburg writes Faulhaber advising against the Bishops issuing a protest as to Church-State issues because the Government would take it as merely about losing State subsidies. English translation
Jan. 23, 1920 In Hungary, newly formed National Central Party denounces the “widespread idea that the Jews are to be held collectively responsible for recent events.” Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22 (1920), p.225.
Jan. 24, 1920 Pacelli sends Gasparri a copy of Faulhaber’s pastoral letter for Lent 1920 denouncing democracy, telling Bavarian Catholics that the German revolution is at root not a political issue but a religious and moral issue of Kulturkampf against the Church, conducted by enemies who are forging ever new weapons, and that Catholics must be on guard and not let their weapons get rusty.
English translation of key excerpts
Jan. 27, 1920 Gasparri sends Pacelli the Vatican’s position and fallback position for negotiating with the German Government as to an exchange of ambassadors, Berlin and Rome, and the maintenance of the Nunciature in Munich.
English translation of Gasparri’s instruction to Pacelli
Jan. 28, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano begins a series of front page articles on “The Bolshevik Menace,” saying the Russian Bolshevik Army is preparing to invade Poland in March or April.
Headlines and summaries of such articles appearing on nine days from Jan. 28 through Feb. 26
Jan. 28, 1920 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, first German edition, is advertised in the Nazi-oriented Munich newspaper Völkischer Beobachter [Völkisch Observer], with a small ad in the paid advertising section of the paper.
Jan. 29, 1920 Faulhaber meets with Georg Escherich, head of the Einwohnerwehr, and agrees that priests can discreetly conduct flag-blessing ceremonies for Einwohnerwehr paramilitary units.
Source: Escherich Diary, 13-14 March 1920, BayHStA V, NL Escherich, 6, Tagebuch, cited in Zuber (2015), pp. 153-154.
Fr. Bernhard Stempfle begins to play a leading role in the Einwohnerwehr as publicist, recruiter, organizer, and high level negotiator.
Source: Einwohnerwehr leader Rudolf Kanzler’s book Bayerns Kampf gegen den Bolschewismus: Geschichte der bayerischen Einwohnerwehren (Munich: Parcus, 1931) described specifics of Fr. Stempfle’s work with the Einwohnerwehr in February, March, April, and May 1920 in Austria and Bavaria.
Jan. 31, 1920 Documentation Catholique publishes an article recalling Rome’s conquering of Jerusalem and dispersal of the Jewish people.
The article calls for Christians and Muslims to unite against Zionism and the “invasion” of Palestine by “Jewish floods from Romania and Russia,” while Christians mobilize public opinion worldwide.
French original of cover and contents including this précis: “Zionism. - Grave problems instigated in Palestine by Jewish immigration ... The Jewish invasion in Jerusalem... Purchases of land... Precautions to take today and tomorrow: create a public opinion against Zionism, in union among Christians and between Christians and Muslims, etc.”
English translation of article
Feb. 1920 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion appears in English for the first time, published by Eyre & Spottiswoode, publishers for the British Crown.
Sharman Kadish (1992), p.31, says the significance of this translation “can only be grasped against the background of British intervention on the side of the White Russians in the Civil War,” as it was White Russian officers who brought the Protocols to the west, and the translator and publishers were in highly respectable English circles.
Historians note that the English version of the Protocols initially received no attention in the British press. Kadish, ibid.; Poliakov (2003), vol. IV, p.210.
Feb. 1920 The Munich-based Jesuit monthly Stimmen der Zeit publishes an article calling for a strong national leader and emphasizing the importance of training persons for such a role.
Feb. 1920 Czarist Russian emigré in America, Boris Brasol, publishes book Socialism vs. Civilization.
Unlike Brasol’s “Bolshevism and Judaism” concoction, which circulated anonymously shielded by his code name Agent B1, this book, published under his name, does not make extreme claims that Judaism is responsible for revolutionary movements or that Jews are in control of Russian and international Communism, even though the book includes lengthy discussions of Socialism, Marxism and Communism, and their alleged current-day threat to the US and western civilization.
Title page of book and next page showing publication dates
Table of Contents
Feb. 1, 1920 Fr. Bernhard Stempfle serves from this date until June 20, 1921 as “Pressereferent” [press officer] of the Orka paramilitary group associated with the Einwohnerwehr. Source: Certificate of appreciation from leadership of Einwohnerwehr, in Nachlass Stempfle, Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich
Feb. 4, 1920 Nuncio Pacelli, on behalf of the Vatican, transmits to the Bavarian Government a 19-point proposal for a new Bavaria-Vatican Concordat.
Source: Lydia Schmidt, Kultusminister Franz Matt (1920-1926) [Education Minister Franz Matt] (2000), pp. 197-198. German original at online Pacelli-Edition, Document No. 6617
English translation of the 19 points
Feb. 7, 1920 Documentation Catholique publishes an address of Pope Benedict XV to the Nobility of Rome (pp. 178-180).
Topic headings include the homage of the nobles to the Pope and “The Indefeasible Obligation: Love of Neighbor, Even Your Enemy of Yesterday.”
This issue contains a lengthy post-election review of French press and political discussion about Bolshevism, Socialism, collectivism and radicalism, all of it critical, yet none of it accusing Jews or Judaism of responsibility for these movements. (pp. 195-213)
One article is quoted mentioning Jews, not in connection with left-wing movements, but rather “Bolsheviks of the right: war-profiteers, Jews, ... plutocrats ... whose power is money.” (p.199)
Feb. 8, 1920 Winston Churchill publishes an article claiming that other than Lenin, the leaders of Russian Bolshevism are Jewish, and expressing the desire that Zionism and/or assimilation and nationalism prevail among Jews worldwide, rather than Bolshevism.
W. Churchill, “Zionism versus Bolshevism: A Struggle for the Soul of the Jewish People,” Illustrated Sunday Herald, Feb. 8, 1920
Churchill’s distant American relative Marlborough Churchill, head of U.S. Army Intelligence, similarly accepted allegations from Czarist propagandist Boris Brasol that all Russian Bolshevik leaders other than Lenin were Jews; Marlborough took Brasol’s allegations to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, which was also attended by Winston.
Feb. 9, 1920 Gasparri cables the Munich Nunciature saying that Pacelli’s mother is gravely ill and the Pope allows him to travel to Rome. Source: Pacelli-Edition.de, Dokt. No. 9891
Feb. 10, 1920 Msgr. Lorenzo Schioppa, Auditor of the Munich Nunciature, sends Faulhaber the 19 points that were submitted to Hoffmann on Feb. 4 and observes: “Frankly, whether the recommended points will be attainable is another question and hardly can be hoped; but nevertheless one must ask for what is fair and right.” English translation
Feb. 11, 1920 Nuncio Pacelli travels to Rome, arriving shortly after his mother dies, and does not return to Munich until the night of April 11-12.
The online Pacelli-Edition contains Gasparri's telegram of Feb. 9 authorizing Pacelli to travel to Rome, and the Nunciature's telegram explaining the next available train leaves on Feb. 11.
Feb. 14, 1920 Cardinal Gasparri instructs Pacelli to make clear to the Bavarian People’s Party leadership and Bavarian clergy that the Vatican does not favor the secession of Bavaria from the German Reich, stating that “it is the constant principle of the Holy See to stay remote from all purely political questions.” Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
On the same date, Schioppa sends Gasparri Baron Cramer-Klett’s report of his discussions with government figures in Berlin about establishing diplomatic relations with the Vatican. Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de. and English translation
Also on Feb. 14, La Documentation Catholique in France, quoting from L’Osservatore Romano of Nov. 8, 1919, tells Catholics it is “treason” to vote for Freemasons or Bolsheviks in parliamentary elections. English translation and French original of cover and précis
Feb. 15, 1920 The Minister-President of Bavaria, Johannes Hoffmann, responds to Pacelli in a discouraging fashion, stating that the Vatican’s Concordat proposals will need to be “thoroughly reviewed and evaluated,” and that this will take considerable time.
Hoffmann and the Vatican disagree over Catholic control of government-funded schools, among other issues. See L. Schmidt, above.
Feb. 15, 1920 Munich Kirchenzeitung issue no. 7 contains:
An article entitled “The Old and New Jerusalem” describing God’s fearful judgment on the Jews and their city of Jerusalem, formerly loved by God.
An article saying Freemasonry strives worldwide to take political power, overthrow monarchs, and destroy the Catholic Church, and it is permeated with Jewry and “terrorizes everyone and binds them in chains.”
A set of mandatory instructions entitled “Archbishop’s Decrees” binding on Catholics in the Munich Archdiocese
A report that the “Moslem and Christian Arabs living in Palestine have protested in a memorandum to the Pope against England’s Jew-friendly policy in the Holy Land.”
Polemics about Czechoslovakia.
Feb. 16, 1920 Faulhaber writes the Bavarian Ambassador to the Vatican about his “fight to the finish” to preserve Bavaria's Vatican Embassy as well as the Vatican's Nunciature in Munich. English translation
Feb. 18, 1920 Faulhaber writes Schioppa that Hoffmann will try to establish more onerous conditions for Bavarian dissolution of the State Church via the Reich Government than he could achieve in Bavaria, creating an “exceedingly serious” situation. English translation
Feb. 21, 1920 Einwohnerwehr leaders Escherich and Kanzler, along with Fr. Bernhard Stempfle and Bavarian Volkspartei Landtag delegate F.X. Zahnbrecher, meet with Gustav von Kahr. Source: Kanzler (1931).
Also on Feb. 21, Documentation Catholique gives increased coverage to sources in Germany, including a Bavarian Catholic association, with propaganda about “the fanatical and ferocious offensive directed against them [Christians] by militant Judaism, that eternal enemy of our faith and the doctrines of Christ our Savior and our God!” French original
Feb. 24, 1920 Public launch of the National Socialist (Nazi) German Workers Party by Hitler and others in the Festival Hall of the Hofbräuhaus in Munich.
Nazi Party’s 25-point program announced by Hitler at the event
Feb. 25, 1920 Nazi-oriented Völkischer Beobachter prints brief coverage of Nazi launch event and two longer articles about Bolshevism and Jewry.
Article “A Jewish Secret Document” with similar approach, but different content, to the Protocols. Known as the “Zunder forgery,” this document was published in English in the Sunday Times of London on April 4, 1920.
Article “Bolshevism and Jewry”
Kellogg (2005), p.232 describes an article by Dietrich Eckart in February 1920, in his journal In Plain German, quoting this spurious “Jewish Secret Document” to show identity of Judaism and Bolshevism.
Feb. 26, 1920 Faulhaber writes two missives about key Church-State issues centered on the imminent “dissolution” of state established churches in Germany, and the restructuring of schooling:
To Cardinal Bertram, head of the Fulda German Bishops Conference: English translation
To the Bavarian Bishops: English translation
Feb. 28, 1920 Gasparri instructs the Munich Nunciature that Baron Cramer-Klett’s recommendation of Feb. 14th, to accept the German Government’s proposal for diplomatic relations with the Vatican, is acceptable.
Feb. 29, 1920 Faulhaber’s letter to Prince Wilhelm von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen expresses his “Bavarian lamentations” about current affairs, including the “senile ungraciousness” of the Government, the “terrorism of the parties,” an expected Bolshevik uprising next-door in Austria, and the need for an “external grace” to rescue Germany from free-fall.
Also on Feb. 29, the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung begins a new section entitled “Aus Welt und Kirche” [From World and Church]. This issue contains a short article on “The Terrors of Bolshevism in Russia.”
The same issue describes the consolidation of various Catholic newspapers, including Munich’s Katholische Kirchenzeitung, under the Catholic Press Association of Bavaria as their common publisher and manager.
March 1920 Franz Schrönghamer-Heimdal, the most prominent Catholic author promoting the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory in Bavaria in 1919, is forced to resign from Bavaria’s Katholikenzeitung [Catholic Times] after a public denunciation of his propaganda by a Catholic Bavarian count and lawyer.
In his denunciation, Anton Graf von Pestalozza sarcastically argues that in view of Schrönghamer’s propaganda, the Katholikenzeitung “should merge itself with the Völkischer Beobachter.”
Schrönghamer-Heimdal, who joined the staff of the Katholikenzeitung in early 1920, goes from there to a similarly short stay as editor of a new monarchist paper, the Bayerische Königsbote [Bavarian Royal Messenger]. Source: Hastings (2010), pp. 80-82.
Schrönghamer also writes in early 1920 a series of articles for the Völkischer Beobachter arguing that Jesus was not a Jew.
By summer 1920 Schrönghamer gives up his 1918-20 career as an antisemitic propagandist and goes back to his earlier career writing Bavarian folk literature.
Schrönghamer later makes a return appearance in the Völkischer Beobachter to “settle accounts” with Graf von Pestalozza, republishing the Count’s denunciation along with Schrönghamer’s rejoinder. Citation: Völkischer Beobachter, Oct. 31, 1920, p.4.
March 1920 Hochland article “Russian Anarchism” suggests that despite Europeans being informed of the details about the Russian Revolution, they do not know its deeper cause and nature: the soul of the Russian people, as described by Russian authors, who reveal the manifold ways that the Russian people are disposed toward anarchy and revolution; contains no reference to Judaism or Jews.
Mar. 1, 1920 Bishop Lingg of Augsburg writes Faulhaber that if the Bavarian Government tries to give the Church her walking papers, the Government will receive its own walking papers. English translation
Mar. 5, 1920 Msgr. Schioppa, in charge of Munich Nunciature in absence of Pacelli, writes Cardinal Gasparri about refuting reports that the Vatican favors the secession of Bavaria from Germany.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 331. - English translation
Mar. 5, 1920 Alfred Rosenberg, White Russian émigré and Nazi ideologist, publishes article in Dietrich Eckart’s Auf Gut Deutsch [In Plain German] referring to “Jewish terror” in Russia.
Kellogg (2005) translates an excerpt of this article: the “most unscrupulous Jewish terror” in Russia “ruins the economy and industry; when all is said and done, it works for stock market speculators and big capitalists.” (p.223.)
Mar. 6, 1920 Documentation Catholique in France becomes the first journal to publish the Bolshevism and Judaism falsification previously peddled unsuccessfully in Britain to the Morning Post in fall 1919, and previously received by the head of US Army Intelligence in November 1918 from its author, Czarist Russian intelligence officer and propagandist Boris Brasol.
English translation of article “The Jews are the Principal Factors of Worldwide Bolshevism”
Cover of Documentation Catholique with summary of article:
La Documentation Catholique
Also on this date, the Munich Nunciature reports to Cardinal Gasparri that Baron Cramer-Klett has been informed of the Vatican’s intentions concerning diplomatic relations with Germany. English translation
Mar. 7, 1920 Munich Kirchenzeitung says the Pope has “implicitly condemned” the Versailles Treaty.
English translation of “Vatican Review” section
The same section mentions French protectorate over the Holy Land as a competitor to Britain’s promotion of a Jewish state in Palestine.
The “Vatican Review” section also describes a “ruthless culture war” waged against the Church by the “Czech powers that be.”
Mar. 9, 1920 Nuncio Pacelli replies “sharply” to Bavarian President Hoffmann about Bavaria-Vatican Concordat.
From Rome, Pacelli states that if Bavaria seeks to violate the Church’s rights in the school question, he will not be able to defend Bavaria against French efforts to include a former portion of Bavaria (now in the Saar district under League of Nations governance) in French diocesan control under a French Catholic Bishop. See L. Schmidt, p.198.
Mar. 10, 1920 Faulhaber writes Ambassador Ritter zu Groenesteyn praising Pacelli, hoping he is not moved [presumably to Berlin], and criticizing the Bavarian Government. English translation
Also on March 10, Faulhaber writes Bertram naming the Bavarian members for a joint commission, priests Kiefl, Harth and Stahler, also accusing Hoffmann of a “sneaky maneuver” to change Bavaria’s schools into non-denominational schools. English translation
Mar. 12, 1920 Matthias Erzberger resigns as Reich Finance Minister after accusations against him of perjury and tax evasion are endorsed by a judge at the conclusion of Erzberger’s lawsuit against Karl Helfferich for libel. Governmental investigations later exonerate Erzberger in June and August 1921.
Mar. 13-17, 1920 Nationalists and monarchists attempt unsuccessfully to overthrow the Weimar Republic, in the “Kapp Putsch.”
L’Osservatore Romano’s coverage in English translation
Detailed account by the Auditor of the Munich Nunciature dated March 25, in Pacelli’s absence
Mar. 14, 1920 Allies of the Kapp Putsch stage a successful coup in Bavaria and install Gustav von Kahr, a monarchist, as head of the Bavarian government; Franz Matt becomes Bavarian Minister of Education and Cultural Affairs, and Ernst Pöhner becomes head of police.
Georg Escherich, head of the Bavarian Einwohnerwehr and a central figure in the Kahr Putsch, has his first meeting on March 14th after the Putsch succeeds, with Archbishop Faulhaber. Source: Escherich Diary, 13-14 March 1920, BayHStA V, NL Escherich, 6, Tagebuch, cited in Zuber (2015), pp. 153-154.
In the aftermath of the Kahr Putsch, extremist rightwing elements, including General Erich Ludendorff, various White Russian emigrés, and Kapp’s military commanders, including Capt. Hermann Ehrhardt, find refuge in Munich. Ehrhardt’s brigade in northern Germany was the most disciplined and effective Freikorps fighting force; its members displayed swastikas on their helmets. Maser (1965), p. 213.
A violent counter-revolutionary group called Organisation Consul - under Ehrhardt as Consul - subsequently forms with its headquarters in Munich; the organization is also known as Feme, named for a medieval Teutonic secret quasi-judicial institution.
Mar. 13-15, 1920 Lorenzo Schioppa, the Auditor of the Munich Nunciature, sends Gasparri a series of five brief cables about the Kapp Putsch and the situation in Munich. English translations of the cables: first - second - third - fourth - fifth
Mar. 15, 1920 Auditor Schioppa sends Gasparri a lengthy report about the Kapp Putsch. English translation
Mar. 16, 1920 Historisch-politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland article “Views of Reason and Faith upon the Puzzles and Troubles of the Day” says that defenseless Central Europe is being plundered by innumerable English and American adventurers, Christian and Jewish merchant-agents, and that Jews and their allies are exploiting currency fluctuations to plunder entire countries.
A footnote on the first page identifies the author of this article and of the 18-part series “Bloody Review of Ideas and Events” as a Bavarian priest, Fr. Wilhelm Maier, who had recently passed away. In this article, as in his previous writings in the HPB, his antisemitic statements focus primarily on “Jewish capitalism” and do not attempt to explain Russian Communism as Jewish. German original: pages 389; 390-91; 392-93; 394-95; 396-97; 398-99; 400-01
Mar. 16-17, 1920 Schioppa sends Gasparri a series of three cables about developments in Munich. First cable - second - third
Mar. 18, 1920 Schioppa sends Gasparri a detailed report about the Kapp Putsch and its failure. English translation
Mar. 19, 1920 Schioppa sends a further report to Gasparri about the Kapp Putsch and the change of government in Bavaria. English translation
Mar. 25, 1920 Schioppa reports to Gasparri on the Kapp Putsch and its aftermath. English translation
On the same day Schioppa reports that the Bavarian People’s Party, by a 68-60 vote in the Landtag, has succeeded in overturning Hoffmann’s school policy. English translation
Mar. 26, 1920 Schioppa cables Gasparri that the Reich Government requests the Vatican’s agreement to the appointment of Diego von Bergen as the first Ambassador from Germany to the Holy See. English translation
Mar. 27, 1920 Hermann Müller of the Social Democratic Party becomes Chancellor of the German Reich.
Also on March 27th, Documentation Catholique publishes a report by English Cardinal Bourne about his fact-finding mission to Palestine and the Middle East.
Apr. 2, 1920 In Toka, Hungary, White Terror forces attack and kill 300 Jews. Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22, p.226.
Apr. 3, 1920 The leading Catholic nobleman of Germany, Prince Alois zu Löwenstein, reports in the Allgemeine Rundschau about a meeting of leading Catholic nobles of Germany, which adopted resolutions favoring monarchy and disfavoring aspects of the Weimar Republic, including a resolution to remove “the influence of racially foreign elements,” and states that the Catholic Center Party stands against all antisemitism. Löwenstein, “Der katholische Adel Deutschlands und die Politik” [The Catholic Nobility of Germany and Politics], Allgemeine Rundschau, No. 14 (Apr. 3, 1920), pp. 184-185.
Also on April 3rd, Documentation Catholique publishes a letter of Cardinal Gasparri, Vatican Secretary of State, along with a reprinted article from L’Osservatore Romano.
Apr. 4, 1920 The “From World and Church” section of the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung attacks Austrian Jewry as “a great danger to the Austrian Catholic Church” and names various Jews allegedly holding key positions in the Austrian military. English translation
Also on April 4th, the Sunday Times of London publishes an English translation of the Jewish-Bolshevik “secret document” that appeared in the Völkischer Beobachter on Feb. 25, 1920.
Apr. 4-7, 1920 Violent attacks by Arabs against Jews in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem result in several deaths and hundreds of injuries.
Apr. 10, 1920 Documentation Catholique publishes a joint pastoral letter of the 101 Archbishops and Bishops of the United States.
Apr. 10, 1920 Allen Dulles, as a young US State Department special envoy in Germany, writes a situation report from Munich describing the political-religious situation of Bavaria.
Summary and excerpts
Apr. 11, 1920 The Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung promotes the Jewish-Communist myth, endorses the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, and arouses fear and hatred in an article entitled “Jewish Imperialism.”
English translation and German original The article cites and summarizes the Jewish-Bolshevism article that appeared in Documentation Catholique on March 6th.
The same page features articles on Communism in Hungary and in the United States and Mexico.
During the night of April 11th, Eugenio Pacelli arrives back in Munich after a two-month stay in Rome following the death of his mother. His telegram to Gasparri reporting his safe arrival is in the online Pacelli-Edition, Document No. 6779.
L’Osservatore Romano gives special attention to Germany on this day, with 17 headlines and short news items about Germany on the front page.Italian original top part of page, two right-side columns
Italian original bottom part of page, three right-side columns
Apr. 14, 1920 Pacelli cables Gasparri saying that Faulhaber implores Vatican intervention with the Entente to prevent forced dissolution of the Einwohnerwehr, “our only defense against the Bolshevik menace.” English translation
Apr. 15, 1920 Poland invades Ukraine and advances rapidly toward Kyiv and Vinnytsia (the seat of a Ukrainian government under Simon Petliura allied with the Polish military).
Apr. 16, 1920 Dietrich Eckart writes an article in his journal Auf gut Deutsch about sadistic “Jewish Bolshevik” rule in Russia. Kellogg (2005), p.232.
Apr. 18, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a front-page story praising the Catholic press of Bavaria, and holding it up as an example for other countries.
Translation of article “The Catholic Press in Bavaria,” which includes mention of the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung
The article emphasizes the importance of the Catholic press in Bavaria for the “Christian education of the people.”
Apr. 18-30, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a series of articles about the San Remo Conference.
At this conference, the Allies decide to give Britain a mandate to govern Palestine for the purpose of establishing a Jewish homeland there, and to give France a mandate to govern Syria and Lebanon.
The Vatican newspaper describes lobbying by Zionists to establish a Jewish state in Palestine, including a message from the Belgian Zionist Federation to British Prime Minister Lloyd George expressing theconviction that it is a matter of urgency to settle definitively the political future of Palestine and to affirm the mandate of Great Britain under the control of the League of Nations, so that the restoration of Palestine as a national Jewish entity can be implemented without further delays, in conformity with the commitments assumed toward the Jewish people by Great Britain, by Italy and by the other Allied powers supported by the United States of America in conformity, in sum, with the ardent and irresistible will of the entire Jewish people.
The articles contain no criticism of the Allies or the Zionists.
Translated headlines and details of articles from L’Osservatore Romano
Apr. 22, 1920 Nazi-oriented Völkischer Beobachter in Munich devotes its entire front page to the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
English translation of banner headline, intro paragraph, and section headings
German original of page one
Apr. 25, 1920 Sir Herbert Samuel accepts the post of British High Commissioner for Palestine, appointed by Prime Minister David Lloyd George.
Apr. 26, 1920 Völkischer Beobachter publishes the “Jewish Imperialism” article with same text that appeared in Munich Kirchenzeitung on Apr. 11, 1920.
The “Jewish Imperialism” article appears alongside an advertisement “urgently recommending” the Protocols and identifying a bookstore in Munich where they can be purchased.
Immediately below is an advertisement for an antisemitic book by Schrönghamer-Heimdal with an endorsement from Dietrich Eckhart.
Apr. 27, 1920 Hitler incorporates the Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory about Russia for the first time into one of his speeches, saying that “only the Jew” is responsible for what has happened in Russia.
English translations of excerpts of Hitler speeches on Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy in subsequent months
Apr. 29, 1920 Völkischer Beobachter publishes a call for revenge against Munich’s Jewish community.
English translation of article accusing Jews of collective guilt for the murder of hostages by Jewish Communists in Munich one year earlier
Apr. 30, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano again praises Munich Catholicism in a lead page one story.
Headline and beginning of article about implementation of encyclical Rerum Novarum by organization based in Munich
Apr. 30, 1920 Bavarian government imposes a 10-day publication ban on Völkisch Beobachter for incitement to violence.
Translated text of ban as reprinted later in the Völkisch Beobachter
May 2, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung accuses Jews of conspiracy against the “Christian State” and proclaims “eternal war ... between Christian culture and Jewish imperialism” in article “Not Jew-Hatred but Christian-Defense!”
English translation and German original: first page and second pageMay 6, 1920 Lead article in L’Osservatore Romano features the Munich Archdiocese, with praise of Munich Archbishop Faulhaber and Nuncio Pacelli.
The same issue contains an article in praise of St. Boniface, the “Apostle to Germany” in the 8th century, for his loyalty to Rome.
See the papal encyclical on St. Boniface, May 14, 1919, above.
The Vatican newspaper similarly lavished front-page praise upon the Munich Archdiocese, its press, and its leaders, on April 18 and May 7, 1920, in the midst of the Archdiocesan newspaper’s promotion of the Jewish-Communist myth and other extreme antisemitic propaganda; in doing this, L’Osservatore Romano did not mention Judaism or Communism.
May 7, 1920 Lead article in L’Osservatore Romano focuses on Munich, with extended praise for the Bavarian Catholic Press Association, the publisher of the Munich Kirchenzeitung.
On May 7th, the Polish Army captures Kyiv.L’Osservatore Romano reports on May 12: “The Polish advance has strongly brought out the national Russian spirit and has certainly weakened the authority of the Soviet Government. From these two new factors in Russian politics, there could arise, in the not distant future, a situation of great political interest for Eastern Europe.”
Also on May 7th, Jews are attacked en masse in Hungarian towns of Izsak, Orgovany, Kiskunmazsa, Fulopszallas and Keckskemet. Source: American Jewish Year Book, vol. 22, p.227.
May 8, 1920 Times of London publishes article about the Protocols and editorializes about “The Jewish Peril, a Disturbing Pamphlet: Call for Inquiry.”
May 9, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung publishes a front page article repeating the Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory and calling for “lawful measures” against Jewry.
English translation and German original: front page and second page
The measures advocated, “Germany for the Germans” - not Jews - Christian people may not be governed by Jews - stopping Jewish economic “exploitation” and “profiteering” - and combatting the "Jewish spirit” of “materialism” - correspond in large part with demands in the Nazi Party program of February 1920.
The “Vatican Review” section of this issue says the San Remo conference that gave Britain the Mandate over Palestine “interfered directly with the rights of the Pope” and further says: “It is really the Pope who will yet have the last word in this matter.”
Spring 1920 First American edition of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion is published in Boston.
May 15, 1920 Civiltà Cattolica dismisses reports of “White Terror” in Hungary, calling the previous government a “Jewish-Communist tyranny” and defending the current one as “men of order.”
The White Terror involved the widespread internment, deportation and killing of Jews in Hungary based on the assertion that the short-lived Hungarian Communist government of 1919 was “Jewish” and that Jews were Communists. Hanebrink (2006), pp. 83-89.
May 17, 1920 The Münchener Post reports that the Vatican Secretary of State has sent a diplomatic note to the German Government for the purpose of erecting an Apostolic Nunciature in Berlin and establishing diplomatic relations between the Vatican and the German Reich.
May 20, 1920 Eugenio Pacelli asks the Vatican for a dispensation from the requirement, reported in the press, that he move to Berlin.
Italian original of encrypted telegram at online Pacelli-Edition - English translation
May 22, 1920 The Catholic Bavarian People’s Party publishes a full-page election appeal in the Allgemeine Rundschau, openly rejecting the Weimar Constitution and the Versailles Treaty. English translation
May 23, 1920 On Pentecost Sunday, Pope Benedict XV issues his encyclical Pacem Dei Munus, an appeal for universal love and peace, which also expresses his “many bitter anxieties” in the wake of the signing of peace treaties, because “the germs of former enmities remain.”
May 23, 1920 The Münchener Post, the Social Democrat newspaper of Munich, speaks out against antisemitic propagandizing as a contradiction of true Christianity and the spirit of Pentecost.
May 25, 1920 Gasparri informs Pacelli that the Pope cannot rescind his decision to transfer Pacelli to Berlin, but allows him to stay in Munich temporarily.
Italian original of encrypted telegram at online Pacelli-Edition - English translation
May 27-28-29, 1920 The Münchener Post runs more articles on Catholicism, on antisemitic propagandizing in Bavaria, and on Police Chief Pöhner’s publication ban on the Völkischer Beobachter for calling for a pogrom.
German originals: May 27 - May 28 - May 29 entitled „Folgen der antisemitischen Pogromhetze“
In its multiple articles on these subjects in May 1920, the Münchener Post does not criticize the Munich Katholische Kirchenzeitung.
May 29, 1920 The leadership of the Catholic Center Party publishes a two-page election appeal in the Allgemeine Rundschau, contrasting sharply with the previous week’s appeal by the Catholic Bavarian People’s Party. English translation
May 1920 Henry Ford’s newspaper in Michigan, the Dearborn Independent, begins to publish the Protocols of the Elders of Zion in serial form.
May 1920 Friedrich Wilhelm Foerster’s new book My Struggle Against the Militaristic and Nationalistic Germany: Perspectives on German Identity and on the Reconstruction of a New Germany contains this prophetic statement:
“Germany will meet its final downfall if the German nationalists succeed in stirring up wider circles in Germany to brutalize Jewish elements.”
Citation: Foerster, Mein Kampf gegen das militaristische und nationalistische Deutschland: Gesichtspunkte zur deutschen Selbsterkenntnis und zum Aufbau eines neuen Deutschland (Zurich, 1920), pp. 252-53
By this time Foerster had lost much of his previous influence and standing among Bavarian Catholic priests and educators, due to public attacks upon him over the preceding two years by Franz X. Kiefl, a priest close to Faulhaber. Cf. the HPB’s review of Foerster’s December 1918 book World Politics and World Conscience and related discussion with citation to Hausberger (2003), pp. 167-171.
A summary of Kiefl’s attacks and Foerster’s response, with reference to the effect upon Catholic educators and others previously influenced by Foerster’s pedagogic and other writings, is found in the Allgemeine Rundschau of Jan. 31, 1920: German original of article by University of Munich Prof. Joseph Göttler, entitled “F.W. Förster’s Christianity.”
Spring 1920 The book Deutscher Geist und Judenhass [The German Spirit and Jew-Hatred] appears with condemnations of antisemitism by hundreds of prominent Germans, but with antisemitic statements by two Catholic Bishops from Bavaria, one of whom, the Bishop of Passau, associates Jewry with Bolshevism.
Bishops’ statements in translation
The same book contains a strong statement condemning antisemitism by former German Vice Chancellor and Finance Minister Matthias Erzberger, who emphasizes that German chauvinists are using antisemitic incitement to distract from their own guilt - which included intransigence leading to abject defeat; their complicity also included inciting Russian Jews to revolt against the Czar from August 1914 on, and transporting Lenin and his fellow Bolsheviks from Swiss exile into Russia in April 1917.
These statements were made in response to a request for statements against antisemitism, sent in 1919 to German political, academic, and cultural figures, with the support of the President of Germany. Further contents in translation
June 2 and 6, 1920 Hitler develops the Jewish-Bolshevik theme in speeches at the Bürgerbräu Beer Hall in Munich.
Excerpts in translation
June 3, 1920 Pacelli reports great controversy in Germany about the establishment of a Nunciature in Berlin, and recommends the Vatican proceed in this regard with “maximum circumspection and prudence.”
Italian original at online Pacelli-Edition - English translation
June 5, 1920 The Allgemeine Rundschau publishes a poem calling for a strong national Führer to strike down domestic enemies and raise the German people up from humiliation and bondage. English translation
June 6, 1920 German Reichstag nationwide election results in the following party representation in the national legislature:
Social Democrats 22%, Independent Socialists 18%, German National People’s Party 15%, German People’s Party 14%, Center Party 14%, German Democratic Party 8%, Bavarian People’s Party 4%, Communist Party 2%, others 3%
English translation of Nuncio Pacelli’s report to Cardinal Gasparri of June 10 about the elections - Italian original and German summary at www.Pacelli-Edition.de
June 7, 1920 Gasparri cables Pacelli with instructions to have Erzberger’s Bishop order him “forcefully and with a loud voice” to desist from political activity.
English translation of telegram - Italian original at online Pacelli-Edition
Erzberger’s exclusion from the German Government is the pre-condition for the Catholic Bavarian People’s Party to cooperate with the Catholic Center Party in the German Reichstag, according to a report from Pacelli to Gasparri on June 12th. English translation - Italian original at online Pacelli-Edition
On June 16th, Pacelli reports to Gasparri that Erzberger’s Bishop has strongly exhorted him, and that Erzberger agrees he will “remain apart from everything” and will not accept a government position. English translation - Italian original at online Pacelli-Edition
June 9, 1920 The Völkischer Beobachter publishes a piece on “Catholics and the Jewish Question,” which accuses the head of the Bavarian Catholic Press Association of betraying the fight against the Jews by renouncing antisemitism at a meeting of the Israelite Community of Munich.
June 9 to July 14, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano runs a series of eight front-page articles attacking Zionism with respect to Palestine.
Translation of June 16 lead article on “Palestine and Zionism” with headings “Systematic Invasion” and “A Dangerous Policy”
Second article on June 16 front page, accusing Jewish leaders of “centuries-long hostility” against Catholics and raising the specter of Jewish “hegemony” over the Holy Land
July 14 article quoting the “eminent Morning Post” and its attack on the British appointment of a Jew to govern Palestine
June 13, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung describes the Polish invasion of Russia as driving a nail into Bolshevism.
German original of article “Ueber den Bolschewismus” in the section “From World and Church”
The same page features a racially oriented article about religious trends among African Americans.
June 16, 1920 The Catholic journal Historisch-Politische Blätter für das katholische Deutschland, based in Munich, publishes a detailed article on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Whether or not the Protocols are authentic, the article concludes, in either event they “exude throughout the Jewish spirit” and “completely reveal” the Jews’ “striving for world domination.”
The article says Jewry controls Communism, Socialism and capitalism for the purpose of creating a Jewish worldwide dictatorship and reign of terror.
Openly embracing racial antisemitism, the article asserts that the threatening imperialistic impulses of Jews are “common characteristics of the race, alive in the blood, working instinctively.”
Full English translation
German original: page 741 - 742 - 743 - 744 - 745 - 746 - 747 - 748 - 749 - 750 - 751 - 752 - 753 - 754
The Historisch-Politische Blätter was the “most influential journal of German Catholicism,” according to the Bavarian Historical Lexicon.
June 18, 1920 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that the German Government understands that after he presents his credentials as Vatican Nuncio to Berlin, he will return to Munich until the conclusion of the Bavarian Concordat negotiations.
Italian original at online Pacelli-Edition - English translation
June 21, 1920 Constantin Fehrenbach of the Catholic Center Party becomes Chancellor of the German Reich.
June 25, 1920 Sir Herbert Samuel, on his way to Palestine, goes to Rome and has an audience with Pope Benedict XV.
The Pope tells Samuel he was initially concerned by his appointment but is now reassured by Samuel’s public commitments to religious toleration and liberty, and by his recognition of the interests of the Catholic Church in the Holy Land. Sergio Minerbi, The Vatican and Zionism, p.32.
Also on June 25th, Pacelli sends Gasparri words from Archbishop Schulte of Cologne expressing gratitude that Pacelli will not be transferred to Berlin until the Bavarian Concordat negotiations are concluded. Italian original - English translation
June 27, 1920 Cardinal Gasparri tells a French diplomat at the Vatican that Samuel is going to Palestine for the sole purpose of supporting Zionism. Minerbi, p.138, citing French Foreign Ministry Archives.
Also on June 27th, the Völkischer Beobachter publishes a further article on the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, arguing that regardless of the disputed authenticity of these meeting minutes, they are a true reflection of “the Jewish spirit of power-greed, money-greed, and destruction.” German original - English translation
June 28, 1920 The Bavarian Government provides a special salon car for Nuncio Pacelli’s trip to Berlin as new Nuncio to Germany.
L’Osservatore Romano’s reports of July 14 and 15 on Nuncio Pacelli’s new appointment, his train, and his speech
June 30, 1920 Sir Herbert Samuel arrives in Jaffa as British High Commissioner for Palestine and proceeds to the administrative capital, Jerusalem.
Sir Herbert Samuel’s memoirs describing the poverty, dereliction, and lawlessness that he found in Palestine upon his arrival
July 1, 1920 Fritz Gerlich becomes Editor-in-Chief, under new ownership, of the largest Munich newspaper, the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten: Süddeutsche Zeitung, as seen in the masthead on page one that day stating “Hauptschriftleitung: Dr. Fritz Gerlich.”
July 4, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung article says “Jews are now calling Palestine ‘the land of Israel.’”
The article goes on to say: “May the Lord God thwart these two crown-pretenders [Jews and Muslims] and bestow the Holy Land upon the Christians!”
Another article in the same issue describes developments in Czechoslovakia as a grave threat to the Catholic Church.
July 14, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano reports that passions in Palestine “have been extraordinarily inflamed by bold-spirited Zionists and the animosity they have brought from Central Europe.”
July 20, 1920 The Latin (Roman Catholic) Patriarch of Jerusalem issues a pastoral letter expressing “most serious anxiety” over the changes contemplated for Palestine.
Patriarch Luigi Barlassina, claiming to speak as pastor for the entire non-Jewish population of Palestine, says their “unanimous voice” is: “Let Palestine be internationalized rather than someday be the servant of Zionism.” Minerbi, p.141.
July 21, 1920 Hitler declares that the Jews rule Soviet Russia. Excerpts of speech in translation
July 23, 1920 New Editor-in-Chief Fritz Gerlich explains on page one of the Münchner Neueste Nachrichten that he is publishing a response by a leading Bavarian Jewish businessman to an antisemitic statement published in the MNN in June.
The response describes the “hatred and division” directed against fellow Jewish citizens in Bavaria during the recent election campaign, but does not mention the role of the Archdiocesan newspaper. Second page of response
Also on July 23, High Commissioner Samuel, at the invitation of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, visits the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, which Jews had previously not been allowed to enter.
July 25, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung article on the Holy Land reports that the Christians and Muslims there have formed a union to “represent their common interests.”
The article says it is “deplorable” that Catholics worldwide have not mobilized to oppose Zionism.
This inactivity by Catholics is the reason that “the Holy See could only raise and succeed with modest demands at San Remo.”
July 25 to mid-August, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano reports almost daily on the Russian-Polish War.
Translations of headlines and excerpts on the “War of Terror” in Poland with “Bolshevism at the Gates of Central Europe”
Poland’s invasion of Ukraine in April 1920 had enabled the Bolshevik Russian Government to rally the nation, including some Czarist elements, to fight in unison for Mother Russia. By early August a Russian counterattack was approaching Warsaw and threatening to continue into a nearly defenseless Germany.
In mid-August the Polish Army, under General Pilsudski, routed the Red Army near Warsaw, ending the Bolshevik threat to Poland and Central Europe.
July 1920 The Catholic Bishops of Poland send a letter to their fellow Bishops worldwide imploring help against Soviet Russia.
The letter contains a paragraph asserting that Bolshevism is directed by a race that controls gold and the banks, that is “driven by the age-old imperialistic impulse that courses through their veins,” and that is “now directly undertaking the final subjugation of nations under the yoke of their tyranny”; Bolshevism is “the living embodiment and manifestation of the Antichrist on earth.” Hanebrink (2018), p.26.
Civiltà Cattolica publishes, three months later, a fuller version of the Polish Bishops’ letter, with a different version of this paragraph, referring in more veiled terms to the psychology of those who control Bolshevism, rather than to a race with imperialistic impulses.
Comparison of this paragraph in the two different versions
Aug. 1, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano reports in detail on the entry of the new British High Commissioner for Palestine, Sir Herbert Samuel, into Jerusalem.
The paper expresses concern that, contrary to the “noble ideals” of President Woodrow Wilson for self-determination of peoples, Palestine is now being ruled by an English Jew.
Translation of article saying Zionists reported that Samuel received loud “vivas” and acclamations from the local Christian and Muslim population, giving him what some London papers called a “triumphal entry” into Jerusalem.
On the same day, the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung reports on Czechoslovakia making July 6th a national holiday in honor of John Hus, who was burned at the stake by Catholic powers in 1415. English translation
Aug. 4, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano reports on a July 30 speech by Cardinal Bourne, the Archbishop of Westminster (London), challenging British policy in Palestine and the prospect of "a Zionist dominion" being installed there.
Aug. 6, 1920 Hitler gives a speech claiming that 430 of the 478 People’s Deputies who have governing power in the Soviet Union are Jews.
Excerpt in translation
Aug. 10, 1920 Treaty of Sèvres is signed, containing the peace terms between Ottoman Turkey and the Allies.
The treaty includes the British Mandate for Palestine agreed at San Remo in April 1920, but it never goes into effect, because of Kemal Ataturk’s overthrow of the Ottoman Government and repudiation of the treaty.
Aug. 13, 1920 Hitler claims that 90% of the Soviet Russian leadership is Jewish. Excerpt in translation
Aug. 15, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung article highlights “The Danger to Christianity in Palestine” posed by Zionism.
Aug. 16, 1920 Polish army defeats Soviet Communist invading army outside Warsaw.
In the days leading up to this decisive battle, the only foreign diplomats who remained in Warsaw, according the L’Osservatore Romano on August 16-17, page one, were Vatican Nuncio Achille Ratti (later Pope Pius XI, 1922-1939), the Italian Ambassador to Poland, and the American Chargé d’Affaires.
In the days leading up to the Polish counter-offensive, the Polish war ministry orders that all Jewish officers and soldiers in the Polish army be arrested and sent to a concentration camp in Jablonna, near Warsaw. Korzec (1980), p.111.
Following the decisive Polish victory, Jews are subjected to massacres, rapes and pillaging by advancing Ukrainian and Polish forces. Ibid., pp. 111-112.
Aug. 16-17, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano runs a lengthier and more inflammatory report of Cardinal Bourne’s July 30 speech as its lead story on page one.
The story includes a bold heading, “The Zionist Peril,” with accusations that “numerous groups of Jews” are unassimilated in Europe and “can constitute domains of dissidents and agitators.” The Vatican newspaper does not yet explicitly equate Jews with Bolsheviks.
Aug. 18, 1920 Nuncio Pacelli reports to Rome on the political situation in Germany and Bolshevism.
English translation - Italian original and German summary at www.Pacelli-Edition.de
Ventresca (2013), p.57, quotes Pacelli in this report referring to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles as an “international absurdity.”
Aug. 19, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano introduces antisemitic propaganda about Jewish Bolsheviks in recently recaptured Kiev.
The article reports that Jewish judges, with avid participation of Jewish women, tortured and killed priests, both Catholic and Orthodox.
In the Vatican newspaper’s dozens of articles about the Bolshevik menace in 1920, this appears to be the first article that focuses on Jews.
Aug. 22, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung cover story describes a Cardinal exhorting English Catholics to lobby the British Government against the “Zionist danger” in Palestine, calling this a model for Catholicism worldwide.
Aug. 28, 1920 The “World Review” section of the Allgemeine Rundschau explains how essential Orgesch, the Einwohnerwehr under Georg Escherich, is to the defense against Bolshevism.
Aug. 31, 1920 Hitler gives a speech about Jewish-Bolshevism with denunciations of several concepts and organizations that were bêtes noires from a traditional ultramontane Roman Catholic perspective:
Translation of excerpts featuring:
(a) the “proposed Zionist State of Jerusalem”
(b) underminers of “the social concept” and “the common good”
(c) the “Free from Rome Movement”
(d) the Alliance Israélite of France
(e) the Freemasons
Sept. 5, 1920 Munich Archdiocesan newspaper, the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung, runs article on “Jewish Immigrant Shirkers” in Palestine.
Sept. 11, 1920 Documentation Catholique publishes article “The Jewish Peril Expands.”
French cover and précis
Sept. 20, 1920 Hitler denounces “liberty equality fraternity” and says Soviet Russia is “heaven” for Jews. Excerpt in translation
Sept. 22, 1920 Hungarian National Assembly passes an antisemitic quota law, limiting Jews to 6% of annual university classes.
Source: Hanebrink (2006), p.83 (describing this as “the first anti-Jewish law in postwar Europe”).
Catholic Bishop Ottokár Prohászka says the law is not antisemitism but “racial self-defense.” Ibid., quoting in translation from speech of Sept. 16, 1920 in National Assembly.
Sept. 23, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano publishes the first of several articles about the Polish-Russian War and Bolshevism, with no mention of Jews.
Translated headlines and summary
Oct. 2, 1920 Civiltà Cattolica publishes a lengthy article about the Polish-Russian war, highlighting the horrors of Bolshevism and the threat to all of Europe that was turned back at the gates of Warsaw by the Polish victory.
The article reprints at length a pastoral letter of the Bishops of Poland calling Bolshevism the “manifestation on earth of the spirit of the Antichrist,” but omits a passage from the pastoral letter saying the Jewish race controls Bolshevism to gain world rule.
The article identifies Poland as a continuing bulwark against Soviet Communism.
Oct. 3, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung writes of Bolshevik Russia and “its current Jewish powers that be,” who are “well known to belong, without exception, to Freemasonry.”
The same page states that the “Czech culture war” against the Church is becoming systematic.
Oct. 9, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano runs a lengthy “in Palestine” article.
Translation of article including the following features:
(a) The British Government has “entrusted the custody of the Holy Land” to a Jew, who is being called “The Prince of Israel” by the Jews of the Holy Land.
(b) That Jew, British High Commissioner Sir Herbert Samuel, has recently been “solemnly received” in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre by the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem.
(c) These developments are contrasted to an agreement in 1916 between France and Britain to internationalize the Holy Land.
(d) The article quotes the Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem for the proposition that Jewish immigrants from Russia, Poland and Romania are all openly Bolshevik, and “this immigration constitutes the gravest danger for the future well-being of Palestine.”This is the earliest known instance of the Vatican newspaper presenting its readers with an equating of Jewry and Bolshevism.
Oct. 11, 1920 Press survey by the Italian Foreign Office concludes that the Vatican is conducting a press campaign against Zionism.
Source: Minerbi, p.143, citing Italian Foreign Office Archives.
Oct. 15, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano features side-by-side lead stories, “Zionism and Palestine: Serious Criticisms and Protests” and “A Peril.”
The type of peril is specified in a bold heading: “Jewish Peril.”
The text of the article identifies Judaism with Bolshevism in Russia, and claims a worldwide Jewish peril, illustrated by excerpts from the Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
The adjacent article on Zionism in Palestine equates Jewish immigrants with Bolsheviks, claims they seek to “destroy all the sacred vestiges of the Holy Places,” and charges High Commissioner Samuel with giving Zionist agents “free reign” even while they “are growing daily in their audacity and insolence.”
Oct. 17, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung reports the a new Vatican Nuncio to Bavaria, Archbishop Marchetti, is en route to Munich via the United States and Rome.
In fact Francesco Marchetti-Salvaggiani was Nuncio to Venezuela at this time, and was named Nuncio to Austria in December 1920. Archbishop Pacelli, even though he was named Nuncio to all of Germany in June 1920, remained based in Munich for the next five years, moving to Berlin in August 1925. It does not appear that Marchetti-Salvaggiani or anyone else took over from Pacelli the post of Nuncio to Bavaria during those five years.
German original (see second paragraph of left column)
Oct. 23, 1920 Baron Cramer-Klett alerts Pacelli that the French plan to compel the dissolution of the Einwohnerwehr, a large armed paramilitary force in Bavaria that constituted a violation of the Versaille Treaty's limits on German military strength.
Pacelli forwards to Rome Cramer-Klett's request that the Pope intervene to prevent the dissolution of the Einwohnerwehr. Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document Nos. 341 and 3434
Oct.-Nov. 1920 Secretive extremist organization named Aufbau [Reconstruction] is formed with headquarters in Munich, for the purpose of overthrowing the Weimar Republic and Russian Communism. Aufbau’s first secretary was Max von Scheubner-Richter, a Czarist Russian exile whom Hitler described after his death in the November 1923 Beerhall Putsch as the most indispensable Nazi. Aufbau’s members included many prominent White Russian exiles, and several early Nazis close to Hitler in addition to Scheubner-Richter, such as Alfred Rosenberg and Max Amann.
Aufbau promoted Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory and the Protocols and maintained close contacts with Boris Brasol, the author of the “Bolshevism and Judaism” falsification that came to print on March 6, 1920 in La Documentation Catholique and April 11, 1920 in the Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung.
Aufbau’s president and major funder in the early 1920s was Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett, whose relationship with Nuncio Pacelli, Cardinal Gasparri, Pope Benedict XV and Cardinal Faulhaber is seen in Timeline entries on July 25, 1919, Aug. 18, 1919, Sept. 15, 1919, Feb. 14, 1920, Oct. 23, 1920, Nov. 21, 1920, Nov. 13, 1921, Dec. 21, 1921 and Apr. 26, 1923.
Aufbau became more public in May-June 1921 with a five-day conference at Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria. Some leading figures of Aufbau have been implicated in the assassination of German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau on June 24, 1922.
Source: Kellogg (2005), pp. 1-16, 109-149, 218.
Nov. 7, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano article “Zionism and Palestine” says again that “the Jews of the Holy Land” are calling Sir Herbert Samuel “The Prince of Israel.”
The article says that Muslims and Christians are becoming increasingly fervent anti-Zionists because "it is a matter of life and death, since the tranquil possession of their goods and exercise of their civil rights are being threatened by an ever more powerful and intolerant Zionist organization under the protection of the Governor."
Nov. 20, 1920 Civiltà Cattolica begins a three-part series of putative news reports about Jewish-Bolshevik terrorism against civilians in the town of Vinnytsia, Ukraine. English translations
During 1919-1920 there had actually been a terrorism campaign against Jews in Ukraine, as White Russian and Ukrainian nationalist forces murdered tens of thousands of Jews in a precursor to the Holocaust.
Hitler chose Vinnytsia, a city 250 km southwest of Kiev, as his Eastern Front headquarters during 1942 and spent several months there beginning July 16, 1942.
Nov. 19, 1920 Hitler speech says in Russia, Bolsheviks govern under Jewish rule. Excerpt in translation
Nov. 20, 1920 Documentation Catholique runs articles about Bolshevism and anti-clericalism in Czechoslovakia.
Précis and article on "Marxism of Masaryk" (founder of the country) and Bolshevism
Article on Slovakia, including Catholic Bishops’ threat of secession by Slovakia from Czechoslovakia
Nov. 21, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung publishes article “A Pointed Warning to the Jews,” associating Jews with Bolshevism and containing a veiled threat of pogroms.
The article says if pogroms occur, it will have been the Jews who brought them upon themselves.
The same issue claims that the Zionist movement is bringing Bolshevik immigrants to Palestine.
Also on Nov. 21st, Gasparri informs Pacelli that the Pope, upon the proposal of Baron Cramer-Klett, is sending a train car filled with 10,000 kilograms of pasta to the Catholic student house at the University of Munich. Italian original at online Pacelli-Edition - English translation
Dec. 8, 1920 Hitler says the Jews in Russia, comprising 466 of the 674 state commissars, have taken control and are seeking to do the same in other countries to achieve “the promised world domination of Jewry.” Excerpt in translation
Dec. 12, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung publishes article entitled “French Freemasonry,” containing attacks on “Jewish Freemasonry” and presenting the claim that the Jews and Freemasons brought about World War One.
Article from same issue about brutality of Czech military against priests
Dec. 17, 1920 Nazi Party purchases sole control of the Nazi-oriented antisemitic twice-weekly Munich newspaper Völkischer Beobachter.
Dec. 19, 1920 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung runs articles on the dire threat of Bolshevism and Socialism to Germany, appealing for support for the Church to regain “influence in the public life of the people.”
Dec. 29 and 31, 1920 L’Osservatore Romano runs a two-part series on page one praising Archbishop Faulhaber of Munich.
The articles bear banner headlines and subheads: “The Social Action of a Bavarian Bishop: Capitalism in the Light of the Gospel – Work in the System of a Christian Political Economy – Capitalist and Bolshevik Economics” (Dec. 29) and “The Social Action of a Bavarian Bishop” (Dec. 31).
Feb. 12, 1921 Hitler speaks to students at a packed Hofbräuhaus Nazi event.
Source: Völkischer Beobachter, Feb. 20, 1921, quoted in Hastings (2010), pp. 93-94.
Hastings describes the effectiveness of antisemitic, pro-Nazi propagandizing among Catholic student organizations in Munich beginning in late 1920, observing by contrast that non-Catholic students and workers in Munich “were often decidedly resistant to the initial Nazi mobilization.” (p.94)
Feb. 25, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano article “Zionism and Palestine” reports that the French Government is inclined to assert French protectorship in the Holy Land.
Mar. 5, 1921 Nuncio Pacelli confides in a letter to Bavaria’s Ambassador to the Vatican, Baron von Ritter zu Groenesteyn, that he is encountering obstacles to success in his negotiations for a Bavaria-Vatican Concordat, but that he has hope that Bavarian Minister Franz Matt will move things forward.
Mar. 7, 1921 Michael von Faulhaber, Archbishop of Munich, is elevated to Cardinal by Pope Benedict XV.
Mar. 21, 1921 Franz Matt, Education Minister of Bavaria, informs Bavarian Government head Gustav von Kahr of various issues that have impeded progress on a Bavaria-Vatican Concordat. L. Schmidt, Kultusminister Franz Matt, pp. 201-202.
Mar. 31, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano’s left side lead headline is “The Triumphal Return of Cardinal Faulhaber to Munich in Bavaria, by our special correspondent in Munich.”
Apr. 7, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano reports on Winston Churchill’s visit to Palestine.
The article reports his words, as British Minister for the Colonies, to Arab, Christian and Muslim leaders: “The Jews have an obvious right to have a national center and a national land in which they can gather. And where else would a place be found on earth for this, if not in Palestine where Jews have lived for three thousand years?”
The article rebukes Churchill, saying a Jewish national center in Palestine “is an ethnical, juridical, and political absurdity.”
English translation of article
Apr. 11-12, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano’s right side lead headline is “Munich of Bavaria Honors Cardinal von Faulhaber.”
Apr. 23, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano posits a three-way identity among Freemasonry, Jewry and Bolshevism.
The article includes this passage: “The Jew remains always a Jew, even when he no longer believes in the religion of his fathers, and always, especially in the Masonic Lodges, thinks of nothing but his own interests intimately linked with those of Judaism. The label of his businesses may vary: here they will be called Zionism, elsewhere Bolshevism; but the goal is always the same, the triumph of the Jews over the Christians, the predominance of the Jewish race in the whole world, to be attained by whatever agreement, by whatever means.”
English translation of article
May 1, 1921 Arabs attack the May Day parade of Jewish workers in Jaffa, resulting in dozens of deaths on both sides, and hundreds wounded.
May 1, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano runs a “Zionism and Palestine” article explaining why the Zionist movement is not taking root among the Jews in the way its fanatical promoters would like.
English translation of article
May 8, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano’s lead headline is “Zionism and Palestine: The Genesis of Serious Disorders.”
English translation of article saying Russian Communism is identified with Judaism, and blaming anti-Jewish violence on the “Zionist invasion” and “Communist Jews”
May 10, 1921 Joseph Wirth of the Catholic Center Party becomes German Reich Chancellor.
May 15, 1921 In Italy, ex-Socialist Benito Mussolini is elected to the Italian parliament along with other Fascists, who are a loose network of nationalist thugs pitted against Socialists and other left-wing forces.
Source: David Kertzer, The Pope and Mussolini (2014), pp. 26-27.
May 28, 1921 France and the Vatican re-establish diplomatic relations after a 17-year hiatus.
May 28, 1921 Bavarian Education Minister Matt takes the position that the Vatican’s Concordat proposal as to Church control of education is irreconcilable with the Weimar Constitution and politically unsustainable. L. Schmidt, p.203.
May 30-31, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano, on its front page, says that claims of a “Jewish peril” are “not lacking for documentation.” English translation
The article says the danger is “precise” and “vast” and England is following a “Jewish policy” under pressure from “extremely influential Jewish elements.”
The article cites the Protocols and says whether they are a fraud or are true “has remained among the unsolved questions of literary history.”
May 29-June 5, 1921 A convention of White Russians and Nazi-oriented Germans meets at Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria.
The convention is organized by the Aufbau organization and financed largely by its president, Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett and associates.
Nazis Amann and Scheubner-Richter play a central organizational role. Kellogg (2005), pp. 145-149.
June 8, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano gives front page coverage to a banquet held by the Minister President of Bavaria, Gustav von Kahr, for Cardinal Faulhaber.
The article illustrates the relationship between Kahr on the one hand and Cardinal Faulhaber and Nuncio Pacelli on the other.
June 13, 1921 Pope Benedict XV speaks about Palestine at a Consistory of Cardinals.
The Pope expresses his fear that “the Jews might attain a position of preponderance and privilege in Palestine.”
He expresses concern not just for the Holy Places, but for the entire land of Palestine, because it was “consecrated by the Divine Redeemer Himself.”
The Pope goes on to say: “It is well known, in fact, that the situation of the Christians in Palestine has not only not improved but has even become worse through the new civil ordinances put in force there which tend – if not in the intentions of those responsible for them, certainly, however, in fact – to turn Christianity out of the positions it has occupied up to now and to put Jews in its place.”
English text from The Tablet
The Pope appeals for governments to exert pressure upon the League of Nations, which had not yet finalized and approved the British mandate to govern Palestine:However, inasmuch as the situation in Palestine is not yet definitely regulated, We now raise Our voice that, when the time comes to establish there a permanent condition of things, to the Catholic Church and to all Christians shall be assured the inalienable rights they hold. Certainly We have no desire that any damage shall be done to the rights of the Jewish element; what We mean is that they must in no way be put above the just rights of the Christians. And to this end We warmly urge all the Governments of Christian nations, even if not Catholic, to bring vigilant pressure to bear on the League of Nations which, it is commonly said, is to consider and adjudicate on the English Mandate in Palestine.
June 16, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano explains the Pope’s speech.
The explanation focuses on the moral and religious rights of Christianity over the Holy Places, and the ethnic and political rights of Christians and Muslims whose families have long lived in Palestine, and who have a right of self-determination under the principles of the Treaty of Versailles.
The recent bloody conflicts in Palestine, the paper says, are “the fatal consequence of unheard protests and unrestrained arrogance.”
June 16, 1921 Nuncio Pacelli visits new German Chancellor Joseph Wirth, of the Catholic Center Party, in Berlin.
On the same day, the leadership of the Center Party meets to discuss the possibility of Matthias Erzberger returning to political life. Morsey & Ruppert (1981), pp. 219-222.
June 18, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano begins a series of five “Zionism and Palestine” articles over a three-week period.
The articles emphasize the danger of a developing Jewish State in Palestine, describe recent disorders in Palestine, and attribute those disorders to Jewish-Bolshevik immigration and the native population’s natural response to it.
Also on June 18th, Pacelli reports to Gasparri on the new government of Chancellor Joseph Wirth, noting that two cabinet ministers are Jews, and a third is married to a Jew.Pacelli’s report expresses concern about Jews not as Communists, but as liberals and potential opponents to Vatican-favored Concordat terms. English translation
Pacelli notes that Wirth is a friend of Erzberger.
Erzberger tells Center Party leaders in June 1921 that he will return to political life in the upcoming Fall. Epstein (1959), pp. 382-383; Dowe (2011), p. 148. His return to the Reichstag and leadership influence in the Center Party would violate the instructions Erzberger received from the Vatican, via his Bishop, in June 1920.
June 29, 1921 Erzberger is cleared of charges of perjury, by a governmental investigation that followed his waiver of parliamentary immunity earlier in the year; but his return to a central role in the Reichstag cannot occur until after he is cleared also of charges of tax evasion in August 1921.
July 10, 1921 Pacelli explains to the Vatican his reasons for leaving Munich for 10 weeks in late 1918 and early 1919, enclosing a supporting declaration by Cardinal Faulhaber.
July 20, 1921 Hitler, in the midst of a power struggle for control of the Nazi Party, attracts a crowd of 7,000 to hear him speak in the Krone Circus in Munich. Kershaw (1998), p.164.
The Nazi Party had approximately 3,000 members at this time.
July 29, 1921 Hitler gains sole dictatorial power over the Nazi Party, confirmed by a vote of Nazi Party members meeting at the Hofbräuhaus in Munich. Kershaw (1998), p.165.
Aug. 4, 1921 Dietrich Eckart, editor of the Völkischer Beobachter, attacks the Center Party for cooperating with Marxist Jews and atheists “in perfect harmony.”
Hastings (2010) describes Eckart’s efforts in the Völkischer Beobachter to claim the mantle of true Catholicism for Nazism, while accusing Center Party leaders Matthias Erzberger and Joseph Wirth, the German Chancellor, of being untrue to Catholicism. (pp. 100-102)
Aug. 17, 1921 German governmental investigation clears Matthias Erzberger of charges of tax evasion; he immediately embarks on a plan to return to active political life as a key figure in the Weimar Coalition of the Center Party with the Social Democrats, and as an aspiring candidate for Chancellor of Germany. Epstein (1959); Dowe (2011); Haus (2011), p. 75.
Aug. 21, 1921 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung reports that in a recent Consistory of Cardinals in Rome, Pope Benedict XV “raised a demand that the League of Nations should further revise the assignment of the Palestine ‘Mandate’ and so far as possible remove it from the English, as it had been foreseeable that the English-Hebrew Governor Samuel would not be received exactly with satisfaction in Jerusalem.”
The same page of the Munich Katholische Kirchenzeitung features a racially charged piece about the "Black Shame" of French-African troops in Germany.
English translation of “Black Shame” article
Aug. 25, 1921 Ronald Storrs, the British Governor of Jerusalem, has an audience with Pope Benedict XV and addresses the Pope’s concerns about the British administration of Palestine.
In response to the Vatican’s concerns about prostitutes in Jerusalem, Storrs says there were at least 500 in a special quarter of Jerusalem when the British took over, and he abolished the quarter in 1919. Minerbi, p.52.
Aug. 26, 1921 Matthias Erzberger, while planning his return to active political life with Center Party colleague Karl Dietz, is assassinated by members of Organisation Consul, who escape from Germany with assistance from Bavarian police authorities.
L’Osservatore Romano deplores the murder while criticizing Erzberger: “His activities as a parliamentary politician, as a polemicist, and especially as a writer provided reason for criticism and strong attacks because, even though he pursued noble ends, at times he presented facts and events as realities that were actually the fruit of his own personal judgments.”
Translation of article and Vatican newspaper commentary on Erzberger
The Munich newspaper of the Social Democrat Party, long-time adversaries of Matthias Erzberger, gives him a favorable tribute.
The Nazi editor of the Völkischer Beobachter ridicules the idea of calling Erzberger a martyr and claims to be a true representative of Catholicism, in contrast to Erzberger and German Chancellor Joseph Wirth of the Catholic Center Party.
Aug. 29-30, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano reports mass demonstrations in Germany against the political assassination of Erzberger.
Translation of article, which cites only Socialist and Communist newspapers in Germany against the assassination.
Sept. 6, 1921 Nuncio Pacelli writes to Bavaria’s Ambassador to the Vatican that Franz Matt has moved the negotiations quickly forward toward a satisfactory Bavaria-Vatican Concordat.
Sept. 9, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano prints the text of a postcard that purports to be from Erzberger’s assassins while crossing the Brenner Pass from Austria into Italy, indicating that German authorities have been arresting innocent persons.
Sept. 12-13, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano quotes an Arab leader’s plea against the Balfour Declaration:
Article including this quote: “We have suffered a bitter illusion. We rebelled against Turkey but fell into the hands of Jewish immigrants from Russia, from Poland, and from other countries imbued with the spirit of Bolshevism. They have occupied the most important offices and imposed laws and levies on the people.”
The same issue juxtaposes two items: First, the British Government transmitted its best wishes to the President of the Zionist Congress. Second, a report that representatives of the free Irish parliament are meeting with British representatives.
Note: These negotiations, which led to the Anglo-Irish treaty for Irish independence in December, took place during a fragile truce in the 1919-1921 Irish War of Independence against Great Britain.
Sep. 21, 1921 Bavarian elections are held and the non-elected Commissar Gustav von Kahr is replaced by Count Hugo von und zu Lerchenfeld as Minister President.
Oct. 1, 1921 The Bayerischer Kurier of Munich quotes a statement by Nuncio Pacelli against extremes of left and right in Bavaria.
“The Bavarian people are peace-loving. But, just as they were seduced during the revolution by alien elements - above all, Russians - into the extremes of Bolshevism, so now other non-Bavarian elements of entirely opposite persuasion have likewise thought to make Bavaria their base of operation.”
Source: Rychlak (2010), p.37, quoting Bayerischer Kurier of Oct. 1, 1921, and saying, “This was Pacelli’s first published warning to people about Nazism, but it was not his last.”
The other statements by Pacelli about Nazism cited by Rychlak post-date Hitler’s failed November 1923 Putsch.
Oct. 15, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a strident attack on the Balfour Declaration by Cardinal Bourne, the highest ranking Catholic Bishop in Britain.
Article, including this passage: “I do not believe that the British people are disposed to throw away their own money to establish in Palestine a Jewish State... It would be a serious outrage to the conscience of all of Christianity if the Holy Land, torn out of the hands of the faithful today by the work of British soldiers, were to be placed under the dominion of those who have renounced the name of Christ.”
Oct. 28, 1921 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a sarcastic article about the recently founded Hebrew University in Jerusalem.
Translation of article, contrasting Zionist claims of fairness and cultural even-handedness with plans to have a Jewish studies department and to have courses taught in Hebrew.
Nov. 13, 1921 Vatican Nuncio Cerretti, in Paris, reports negatively about a proposal for Bavarian independence supported by Baron Cramer-Klett, whose letter of support denounces “the destructive and fatal influence of Judaism of Masonic-Bolshevik Berlin.” English translation
Cramer-Klett, a wealthy Bavarian nobleman, was close to Faulhaber as a major Catholic benefactor as of 1918, and developed close ties to Nuncio Pacelli and the Vatican beginning in mid-1919, as seen in the entries for July 25, 1919; Aug. 18, 1919; Sept. 15, 1919; Feb. 14, 1920; Feb. 28, 1920; Oct. 23, 1920; Nov. 21, 1920; Dec. 21, 1921; and Apr. 26, 1923. Cramer-Klett served in the early 1920s as president and major funder of the Bavarian-based Aufbau organization.
Nov. 14, 1921 Bavarian Minister-President Lerchenfeld instructs Matt to proceed with negotiations toward a new Bavaria-Vatican Concordat. Schmidt, p.204.
Nov. 15, 1921 Nuncio Pacelli writes to Ambassador Ritter zu Groenesteyn that the Reich Chancellor, in a personal meeting, has agreed to commence negotiations for a Reich Concordat.
Nov. 16, 1921 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that in the midst of acute crisis in the German Government, and the formation of a new Cabinet under Chancellor Wirth, Wirth has asked to open negotiations for a Reich-Vatican Concordat. English translation
Nov. 23, 1921 Völkischer Beobachter enthusiastically reviews an antisemitic, pro-Nazi book by a Munich priest.
Father Alois Hecker’s book Weltregierung [World Government] argues that antisemitism is “simply following the spirit of Jesus” (pp. 32-33) and promotes the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory in these terms:
“In Russia the battle against Bolshevism means the extermination of the Jews,” p.163, quoted in translation by Hastings (2010), p.97.
Father Hecker’s book attacked Matthias Erzberger as a tool of international Jewry, pp. 125-130, and reprinted with high praise the entire 25-point Nazi Party program of Feb. 24, 1920, on pp. 177-181. Hastings (2010), pp. 98, 224.
Hastings observes that Hecker “distanced himself” from Nazism after Hitler’s failed Putsch of November 1923. (p.223)
Dec. 4, 1921 Münchener Katholische Kirchenzeitung republishes the Bavarian Bishops’ pastoral letter of December 1919 on the “bad press,” which is read annually at all the masses in Bavaria on the Second Sunday of Advent.
Dec. 6, 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty provides for an end to British rule over Ireland, except for six northern counties.
Dec. 9, 1921 Pacelli explains to Gasparri why a separate Bavarian Concordat will not encourage a Bavarian separatist movement.
Dec. 11, 1921 Pacelli writes Ambassador Ritter zu Groenesteyn that “a very clumsy step” by others has aroused “acute concern” in the German Government about a separate treaty between the State of Bavaria and the Vatican.
Dec. 15, 1921 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about a “truly deplorable” leak by the Reich Government to the “Jewish-Democratic” newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung about negotiations for a Reich-Vatican Concordat.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 1168 and English translation
English translation of article “Concordat Plans” in Frankfurter Zeitung
Also on Dec. 15th, Cardinal Faulhaber visits Bavarian Government authorities to press for a new Bavarian-Vatican Concordat. Schmidt, p.204.
Dec. 17, 1921 The Wiener Morgenzeitung [Vienna Morning Times] publishes an interview between a Zionist leader and Italian priest Ernesto Buonaiuti, a professor at the Pontifical University in Rome, who says that Jesus’ words about the Temple in Jerusalem, that “not one stone will be left on another” (cf. Luke 21:5-6), mean that Jerusalem must not be restored to political significance. Minerbi, p.162.
Dec. 21, 1921 Gasparri writes Pacelli that, according to Baron Cramer-Klett, there is a Jewish-Masonic society based in Bern, Switzerland that “has its long arm in the Berlin Cabinet Ministry.”
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Jan. 20, 1922 Germany lobbies the Vatican to take a favorable stance toward Zionism.
The Foreign Office instructs Germany’s Ambassador to the Vatican, Diego von Bergen, to ascertain whether the Vatican can take a favorable stance toward Zionism, on grounds that “such improvement would contribute to the German interest because of the Jews’ relationship to German culture.” Sergio Minerbi, The Vatican and Zionism, p.164 (observing that Germany’s foreign policy interest in this objective “did not diminish throughout 1922”).
Jan. 22, 1922 Pope Benedict XV dies.
Feb. 6, 1922 Achille Ratti is elected Pope on the 14th ballot. He retains Cardinal Gasparri as Vatican Secretary of State.
Feb. 11, 1922 Achille Ratti is crowned as Pope Pius XI.
Feb. 27, 1922 In a report to Gasparri, Pacelli refers to the new German Foreign Minister, Walther Rathenau, as intelligent and able “though a Hebrew.”
Mar. 30, 1922 Impasse continues between Bavarian Government and Vatican over terms for a new Concordat.
Bavarian Government continues to insist that new Bishops be selected by the Cathedral Chapters, with the Pope having the right to confirm the choice, rather than have freedom of selection as provided by the 1917 Code of Canon Law.
Original documents at www.Pacelli-Edition.de: Kultusminister Franz Matt to Nuncio Pacelli, Mar. 30, 1922, Dokt. 10320 and Pacelli to Gasparri, Apr. 15, 1922, Dokt. 4148 (English translation)
Apr. 5, 1922 Concordat negotiations between the Vatican and Bavaria continue to bog down.
Memo from a Bavarian Bishop to Cardinal Faulhaber expressing frustration over delays in Concordat negotiations and Berlin Government’s opposition to the effort.
Apr. 8, 1922 Völkischer Beobachter reports and mocks a speech by the Bavarian Minister-President, Count Lerchenfeld, in which he says his convictions “as a man and as a Christian” compel him to oppose antisemitism.
Source: Hastings (2010), p.102. Hastings goes on to describe Hitler’s direct reaction to Lerchenfeld the next week, in a widely publicized speech on April 12th.
Apr. 12, 1922 Hitler responds to Lerchenfeld by saying as a Christian he is called to fight the Jews.
Source: Hastings (2010), who describes how Hitler’s words about following his “Lord and Savior” against the Jews became the first mass reprinted and distributed Nazi propaganda pamphlet of its kind. (p.103)
Apr. 15, 1922 Pacelli writes Ritter zu Groenesteyn about the severity of the problems he is encountering in negotiating the Concordat with the Bavarian State Government.
Also on April 15th, Pacelli reports to Gasparri about the Bavarian Government’s request that the Vatican accommodate the historic characteristics of the Catholic Church in Bavaria. English translation
Apr. 21, 1922 L’Osservatore Romano begins another series of “Zionism and Palestine” articles, with seven prominent articles bearing that headline over the next two months.
Spring 1922 Vatican seeks delay in vote by League of Nations to ratify the Mandate for Britain to govern Palestine for the purpose of establishing a Jewish homeland.
British Foreign Secretary Lord Curzon writes the British Ambassador to the Vatican on May 8, 1922 that he is “at a loss to understand in what manner the Vatican could regard itself as being entitled to intervene in the matter” of the British Mandate in the League of Nations. Minerbi, p.168.
May 13, 1922 L’Osservatore Romano covers a talk by the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, during a visit to Rome, saying Zionism intends to seize all of Palestine, erect a Zionist kingdom, expel the present inhabitants, and use terrorism to accomplish its goals.
May 15, 1922 Cardinal Gasparri sends a diplomatic note to the Council of the League of Nations objecting to the draft Mandate for Palestine.
The note argues that the Mandate would give the Jews “an absolute preponderance” over other peoples as to immigration, economic development and governmental administration in Palestine. The result is a two-month postponement of the League of Nations vote on the Palestine Mandate, from May to July. Minerbi, p.178.
May 20, 1922 Civiltà Cattolica publishes article “Zionism According to the Opinions of the Jews.”
May 24, 1922 Leaders of the Irish Republican Army and Irish republican leader Eamonn De Valera instruct their followers to stop fighting against the British Commonwealth-affiliated Irish Free State government, thus ending the year-long Irish Civil War.
June 3, 1922 Pacelli writes Ambassador Ritter zu Groenesteyn that Church authorities in Rome are wrong to assume Bavaria will readily agree to the Vatican’s terms for the new Concordat.
June 4, 1922 Assassination attempt is made against Philipp Scheidemann, former German Reich Chancellor, by members of Bavarian-based terrorist group Organisation Consul.
June 22, 1922 Hitler speech proclaims the mission of the “Germanic Reich of the German Nation” against “our mortal enemy: the Jews” with the swastika flag leading the “triumphal procession.”
Source: Völkischer Beobachter, June 24, 1922.
June 24, 1922 German Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau is assassinated by members of Organisation Consul.
Historian Michael Kellogg says “evidence suggests that at least three Aufbau members, General Biskupskii, General Erich von Ludendorff, and his advisor Colonel Karl Bauer colluded in Organisation C’s shocking assassination of Walther Rathenau ...” (p.166)
Aufbau was founded in Fall 1920 in Bavaria. Biskupskii was vice president of Aufbau; Baron Theodor von Cramer-Klett was president; and close Hitler associate Max von Scheubner-Richter was Aufbau’s organizational directing force.
Earlier in 1922, Aufbau members murdered Vladimir Nabokov, the father of the like-named novelist. Kellogg, p.168.
June 28, 1922 Start of Irish civil war between those favoring British Commonwealth status with the British monarch as Irish head of state, and those favoring full independence as a republic.
July 1922 Vatican presses Catholic countries to oppose the Mandate for Palestine in the League of Nations.
Source: Minerbi, pp. 178-188 and accompanying notes, citing reports by diplomats of multiple countries.
July 10, 1922 Impasse continues in Vatican-Bavarian negotiations for a new Concordat.
Translation of memo from Cardinal Faulhaber to the Bavarian Bishops describing Bavarian government’s resistance and the unrealistic expectations of Cardinals in Rome for a model Concordat from Bavaria because it is a “pure Catholic province.”
July 15, 1922 Civiltà Cattolica publishes lengthy article “Zionism According to the Opinions of the Non-Jews,” accusing Jewish immigrants to Palestine of bringing with them “the insanity of the most extreme Bolshevik Communism.”
This is the article’s introductory summary: “I. Zionism prejudices the rights of the Arab population that has possessed Palestine for so many centuries. - II. England is violating the treaty in which it gave Palestine to the Sheriff of Mecca. - III. The Allies promised the Arabs independence and the option of having their own government. - IV. Zionist abuses and overbearingness against the population in order to found the State of Israel. - V. Arab resentment: appeal to England with adverse results. - VI. Turmoils: protests: threats and dangers for the future. - VII. Union of all the inhabitants of Palestine against Jewish predominance in Palestine. - VIII. A vote in the House of Lords.”
English translation of article
July 19, 1922 L’Osservatore Romano runs a front page article on “The Jews of Poland,” accusing them as a group of “repellent filthiness” and Bolshevism, also alleging that Polish Zionists want to transform Poland into a “colony” of the Jewish State in Palestine.
English translationJuly 22, 1922 The new “Republic Defense Law” goes into effect in Germany, in response to the assassination of Walther Rathenau.
The law outlaws political violence, verbal and written attacks on the constitutional form of government, efforts to bring back the monarchy, and associational ties with persons or entities engaged in Hochverrat – high treason. The State Government of Bavaria refuses to cooperate in enforcing the new law, and it enacts a Bavarian Emergency Decree as a counter-measure.
July 23, 1922 German Chancellor Wirth tells Nuncio Pacelli it is impossible to get a Bavaria-Vatican Concordat approved by the Reichstag.
Nuncio Pacelli reports to Cardinal Secretary of State Gasparri that Chancellor Wirth has told him it is impossible to propose to the Reichstag a Concordat that the Vatican would like. G. Besier, p.56, citing Pacelli to Gasparri, July 23, 1922, Vatican Archives, AA.EE.SS, Germania, Pos. 507 P.O. fasc. 16, fo. 84r-v, and Secretariat of State, Affari Ecclesiastici Straordinari, Germania, Pos. 511, P.O. fasc. 21 fos 33r-34r.
July 24, 1922 The League of Nations ratifies the Mandate for Great Britain to administer Palestine for the purpose of establishing a national home for the Jewish people.
English version adopted by the Council of the League of Nations, online at Jewish Virtual Library
July 29, 1922 L’Osservatore Romano runs articles about Zionism and Palestine.
July 29, 1922 Documentation Catholique runs 30 pages of critical coverage of the British Mandate over Palestine, calling it “illegal.”
Original French cover and précis of articles
July 31, 1922 The Bayerischer Kurier publishes an article accusing the German Government and its late Foreign Minister, Walther Rathenau, of conspiring with Soviet agents in Germany to disarm German counter-revolutionary forces.
Aug. 12, 1922 The German and Bavarian governments reach a tentative agreement whereby Bavaria will accept the Reich Defense Law and Berlin will respect the rights of the states.
Source: Münchner Neueste Nachrichten [Munich Latest News], Aug. 12-13, page one, “Das Protokoll Berlin-München: Die Vereinbarung.”
Aug. 16, 1922 Hitler addresses a crowd of 50,000-70,000 on the Königsplatz [King’s Plaza] in Munich.
Hitler denounces the Weimar Republic as “Jewish-Bolshevism that is advancing under the protection of the Republic” and says: “In Berlin they live to look after Eastern Jewish Bolshevism ... the yoke of another has been placed on our neck.”
Source: Völkischer Beobachter, Aug. 19, 1922, page one, “For Germany - Against Berlin."
Aug. 17, 1922 Hitler addresses a crowd of 7,000 in Munich’s largest indoor venue, the Krone Circus.
Hitler denounces the mainstream press of Germany as “the Jewish press” and declares: “The incitement against Bavaria in the Berlin Jewish press must stop.”
Source: Bayerischer Kurier and Munich Zeitung [Munich Times], reprinted in Jäckel and Kuhn, pp. 682-685.
Aug. 21, 1922 Chancellor Wirth writes to Cardinal Faulhaber complaining about the false and incendiary article in the July 31 Bayerischer Kurier.
Wirth expresses his regret that Faulhaber does not want him to attend the upcoming nationwide Catholic Congress in Munich, and asks Faulhaber to take a stand against the dangerous mood that is prevalent in the Catholic population of Bavaria.
Aug. 24, 1922 L’Osservatore Romano reports on the visit to Munich by German First World War hero Paul von Hindenburg,
English translation of article reflecting tension at the time between Bavaria and the Weimar Republic.
Aug. 27, 1922 Cardinal Faulhaber speaks to 100,000 German Catholics at the Pontifical Mass celebrated by Vatican Nuncio Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli on Munich’s Königsplatz.
Faulhaber attacks the “Jewish press of Berlin,” denounces the November 1918 German revolution as “perjury and high treason,” and says the resulting government is “marked with the sign of Cain.”
Translated address of Nuncio Pacelli to the Catholic Congress on the same day
Coverage of the event in the Munich Neueste Nachrichten
Faulhaber and Pacelli at the Mass on the Königsplatz:
Pontifical Mass at the Königsplatz
Aug. 30, 1922 Konrad Adenauer, Mayor of Cologne and President of the Catholic Congress, tries tactfully to counter Cardinal Faulhaber’s remarks.
Translated excerpt from Munich Neueste Nachrichten, with commentary that Adenauer’s remarks met with “consternation” while the Cardinal’s remarks got “a jubilant reception.”
On the same day, the Völkischer Beobachter publishes Cardinal Faulhaber’s remarks about “perjury and high treason” and the “Jewish press in Berlin.”
The Nazi paper presents Faulhaber’s words as a rejection of the established state order and denounces the Weimar Republic as Jewish-Marxist.
An accompanying opinion piece by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg notes Faulhaber’s “remarkable” use of the phrase “Catholics of pure-racial type.”
Faulhaber’s use of this phrase, “Der Name Katholik ist ... Ausdruck reinrassiger Art,” occurred in the first sentences of his address to the crowd at mass on the Königsplatz, as seen here in English translation
Aug. 30, 1922 L’Osservatore Romano gives front page coverage to the Catholic Congress and Cardinal Faulhaber’s speech, with no mention of his words about “perjury and high treason” or the “Jewish press.”
Aug. 31, 1922 The Ingolstadt Free Press in Bavaria calls for prosecution of Cardinal Faulhaber under the Republic Defense Law for defamation of the Weimar Constitution and the founders of the Republic.
Sept. 2, 1922 Völkischer Beobachter gives further coverage to Cardinal Faulhaber’s remarks of August 27th.
Front page article applauding Faulhaber for attacking Jews in a racial sense and adopting the Völkisch critique of the Weimar Republic
Hastings (2010) observes that Cardinal Faulhaber did nothing publicly to counter the impression he had endorsed Nazi-style antisemitism until November 1923, by which time the Nazis “had already succeeded in mobilizing thousands and thousands of Catholics in and around Munich.” (p.104)
Sept. 3, 1922 Article in Catholic journal Hochland observes that Bavarian Catholics cast their monarchical reverence upon Cardinal Faulhaber as they had previously upon the King.
“It was as if the Bavarian people had transferred their previous reverence for the person of the King to the Prince of the Church.” Stehkämper (1977), quoting F. Fuchs, Hochland, vol. 20 (1922), p.105.
Sept. 5, 1922 Bavarian Bishops hear again of further delays in Bavaria-Vatican Concordat negotiations.
English translation of minutes of Cardinal Faulhaber’s report to the Bavarian Bishops Conference
Sept. 14, 1922 Cardinal Faulhaber responds to Chancellor Wirth’s letter of Aug. 21st.
Sept. 18, 1922 Hitler echoes Cardinal Faulhaber’s August 27th rhetoric in a speech to a crowd of 7,000 in Munich.
Excerpts of speech concerning “Criminals of 1918,” “Traitors to the Fatherland,” and attack on Jews
Sept. 19, 1922 Cardinal Faulhaber writes to Archbishop Pizzardo at the Vatican, expressing his gratitude that Pope Pius XI has privately said he is pleased with Faulhaber’s words of Aug. 27th.
Translation of Faulhaber letter of same date to Ambassador Ritter zu Groenesteyn, representing privately (but not publicly) that he did not intend to condemn the Weimar Republic
Early Fall 1922 Nazi Party membership numbers approximately 3,000.
Source: Hastings (2010), p.104, citing Tyrell (1975), p.32. Nazi membership increased during the upcoming 12 months to more than 50,000.
Sept. 23, 1922 Hitler repeatedly denounces the “Jewish press” in a front-page appeal in the Völkischer Beobachter.
Sept. 23, 1922 Völkischer Beobachter leverages Cardinal Faulhaber’s Aug. 27th words for another attack against “the Jewish press” as well as against Zionism.
English translation of article “Rome and Jewry”
The banner headline on page one of this edition proclaims that Jews are taking over the Bavarian beer industry.
Oct. 1, 1922 L’Osservatore Romano defends Cardinal Faulhaber against criticisms, saying he spoke at the Munich Catholic Congress “with the heart and mind of a priest.”
Oct. 2, 1922 Cardinal Gasparri sends a letter to Bishops of Italy on the proper conduct of priests in relation to political parties.
In response to criticism later that month, Gasparri instructs an Italian Diocesan censor that “public criticism of the Secretariat of State is criticism of the Holy Father; this must be borne in mind by anyone who wants to be truly Catholic.” Source: Nina Valbousquet, “Gasparri, Benigni et les catholiques intégraux,” p.12 (publication forthcoming), citing letter of Oct. 29, 1922 from Gasparri to Biagioli, Vatican Secret Archives, AES, Italia, 608 PO, fasc. 44.
Oct. 5, 1922 Cardinal Faulhaber writes to his fellow Bavarian Bishops informing them that Pope Pius XI agrees completely with Faulhaber’s speech to the Munich Catholic Congress.
Faulhaber cites the October 1st article in L’Osservatore Romano as indicative of the support he has in official Church circles.
Oct. 19, 1922 Cardinal Faulhaber writes Nuncio Pacelli stating (again only privately) that he intended only to condemn the Revolution of 1918, not the Weimar Republic.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Oct. 21, 1922 Civiltà Cattolica publishes a detailed promotion of the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory.
English translation of “World Revolution and the Jews”
This article claims that 447 of the highest 545 Soviet Russian officials are Jews.
The claim of 447 is identical to the “Who Governs Russia?” article in Der Stürmer 13 years later, with the 545 figure rounded to 550 in the latter instance.
The claim of 447 of 545 also appears in a 1922 book (pp. 5, 20, 26) by a White Russian emigré in Munich who worked closely with Hitler and the Nazis, Fedor Vinberg. His book Der Kreuzeweg Russlands: Teil I: Die Ursachen des Uebels [Russia’s Way of the Cross: Part I: The Origins of the Evil] (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1922), was translated from Russian into German by K. von Jarmersted. Kellogg (2005), p.141.
Oct. 21, 1922 The same issue of Civiltà Cattolica reverses its prior criticism of Fascism, under instructions from the Vatican, and begins a continuing effort to legitimize Mussolini and his Fascists in the eyes of Catholics.
Source: Kertzer (2014), pp. 48, 420, citing G. Sale, Fascismo e Vaticano prima della Conciliazione [Fascism and the Vatican before the Conciliation of 1929] (2007), p.27, and Civiltà Cattolica, Oct. 21, 1922, vol. 4, p.204.
Oct. 22, 1922 Nazi Party planning document proposes the expansion of the Völkischer Beobachter into a daily newspaper and powerful propaganda weapon, along with the equipping of a Nazi paramilitary force, modeled on the Italian Fascists.
The rationale for militarization is to prevent Jewish-Marxist terror from annihilating Christian-Western culture, as seen in the English translation.
Oct. 23, 1922 First mention of the Nazi Party in any of the twice-monthly political situation reports sent from Munich to Washington by US Vice Consul Robert Murphy during 1921-1923.
Excerpt of report
Oct. 25, 1922 Britain’s Vatican envoy reports to London: “Everything in the Vatican is dominated by the Pope’s fear of Russian Communism.”
Source: Anthony Rhodes, The Vatican in the Age of the Dictators, 1922-1945 (1974), p.18, cited by Kertzer (2014), p.420.
Oct. 26, 1922 Counter-revolutionary leaders in Bavaria, including Ludendorff, agree that Hitler will lead a paramilitary mobilization aiming at rising to power in Germany. Kellogg (2005), p.194.
Oct. 22-29, 1922 Mussolini marches on Rome with his “blackshirt” Fascist forces and is appointed head of the Italian Government by the King of Italy.
Oct. 27, 1922 Pacelli reports to Gasparri on the Bavarian government’s negative response to the Vatican’s latest Concordat proposal.
Nov. 8, 1922 Eugen von Knilling replaces Lerchenfeld as Prime Minister of Bavaria.
Report on Lerchenfeld’s resignation by American Vice Consul Murphy on Nov. 4th
Nov. 9, 1922 On the third anniversary of the German Revolution that Cardinal Faulhaber had condemned three months before, a coalition of counter-revolutionary groups under Hitler’s leadership is announced in Bavaria.
Source: Kellogg (2005), p.195. Kellogg says Ludendorff promoted the Nazis in this coalition effort to create “an audacious national revolutionary offensive.”
Nov. 10, 1922 First mention of Hitler by name in Vice Consul Murphy’s situation reports from Munich.
Excerpt of report stating that Hitler’s followers regard him as the “Bavarian Mussolini” and are aiming to imitate Mussolini’s recent success
Nov. 10, 1922 First mention of Hitler and Nazis in Nuncio Pacelli’s reports to Rome, referring to National Socialists as “a sort of Fascists led by Hitler.”
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Nov. 14, 1922 Joseph Wirth of the Catholic Center Party resigns as German Reich Chancellor after the Bavarian People’s Party withdraws its support.
Nov. 16, 1922 Lengthy Bavarian Government internal memorandum reflects continuing disagreement with Vatican as to terms for a Concordat.
Source: L. Schmidt, Kultusminister Franz Matt, pp. 206-207 & notes 104-107.
Nov. 22, 1922 Wilhelm Cuno, a Catholic not affiliated with a political party, becomes German Reich Chancellor in a new coalition government.
Nov. 25, 1922 American Consul Robert Murphy in Munich reports in detail on the emergence of Hitler and the Nazis as a force in Bavaria.
Text of the report
Nov. 29, 1922 Bishop Baron von Ow-Felldorf rejoices in the resignation of Catholic ex-Chancellor Wirth.
English translation of letter from Bishop Ow-Felldorf to Cardinal Faulhaber, wishing to see the “ship of state” in “hands that are equal to the increasingly urgent and assertive demands of a portentous juncture!”
Dec. 1922 A Bavarian Catholic priest publishes series of articles arguing the Nazis are anti-Catholic and anti-Christian.
Source: Hastings (2010), pp. 105-106, stating that these articles in the Augsburg Postzeitung newspaper were reprinted and distributed in 1923 by the Bavarian People’s Party, in an effort to stem the pro-Nazi tide among Bavarian Catholics.
Dec. 11, 1922 Pope Pius XI speaks to a Consistory of Cardinals about Palestine, affirming the policy his predecessor announced to the Consistory of June 13, 1921.
Excerpt of English translation from The Tablet
Dec. 20, 1922 Völkischer Beobachter publishes two short pieces about Catholic authorities and the Nazi movement, including Cardinal Faulhaber’s criticism of the Völkischer Beobachter for mocking the Christian cross.
Dec. 23, 1922 Pope Pius XI issues his first encyclical, Ubi Arcano, “on the peace of Christ in the Kingdom of Christ,” which discusses the causes of the First World War, observes that peace treaties have not put an end to human enmity and risks of war, dismisses the League of Nations as a solution, and puts forward the Catholic Church as the “institution able to safeguard the sanctity of the law of nations” and thus ensure peace.
English version at Vatican website
Dec. 28, 1922 Bavarian Government sends Nuncio Pacelli a Concordat counter-proposal that is somewhat closer than before to Vatican demands.
During the months of detailed negotiations that follow, there is strong opposition to the Concordat from some members of “Cathedral Chapters,” the committees of clerics who have the traditional right to choose successor Bishops, a right that would ultimately be ceded to the Pope under the new Concordat. L. Schmidt, pp. 208-209.
Note: The online www.Pacelli-Edition.de contains a side-by-side comparison in German of the Vatican proposal and the Bavarian counter-proposal; Article 14 shows their diametrically opposite positions as to appointment of Bishops.
Jan. 3, 1923 Banner headline in Nazi Party’s Völkischer Beobachter proclaims “Our Mission for 1923”: to hasten the day when a new nationalist government will “run out the criminals,” i.e., the Weimar Republic government.
Jan. 1923 French military forces begin the occupation of the Ruhr Valley industrial region after Germany defaults on reparation payments to the Allies.
Jan. 13, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter banner headline: “Down with the November Criminals!”
Jan. 14, 1923 US Vice Consul Robert Murphy reports Hitler’s recent dramatic rise from insignificance to now addressing “ten over-flow meetings in a single evening,” seeking to imitate Mussolini and his recent Italian coup d’etat.
Text of Murphy’s report to the US State Dept, identifying Hitler’s main message as antisemitism, combined with anti-Communism.
Jan. 15, 1923 Munich Police estimate Nazi SA stormtroop numbers in Munich at 1000-1500.
Source: Kellogg (2005), p.200, citing report in Munich Police Headquarters files at the Bavarian State Archive in Munich.
Jan. 19, 1923 Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri hold a secret meeting in Rome and agree on a go-between to maintain regular communication between the Vatican and Mussolini.
Source: Kertzer (2014), pp. 51-53, 89.
Father Pietro Tacchi Venturi played a continuing role as messenger between Pius XI and Gasparri on the one hand, and Mussolini on the other, through 1920s and 1930s.
Jan. 22, 1923 Pacelli cables Gasparri that Baron Cramer-Klett has learned the Reich Government will resist the Allies’ occupation of the Ruhr Valley.
Italian original at Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Jan. 24, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter announces upcoming Nazi Party Congress with mass gatherings in all the great halls of Munich and a “consecration of flags” on Sunday morning.
English translation of advertisement
Jan. 24, 1923 A Catholic priest publicly answers the Bavarian People’s Party’s accusations that the Nazis are anti-Catholic.
Source: Hastings (2010), p.112, quoting Fr. Magnus Gött, “Nationalsozialismus und Religion,” Völkischer Beobachter, Jan. 24, 1923.
Hastings describes the highly visible back-and-forth publicity campaigns between the Nazis and the Bavarian People’s Party from late 1922 into 1923, over who was truly Catholic. (pp. 105-115)
Feb. 2, 1923 Murphy reports that Hitler held a successful Nazi Party national convention in Munich on Jan. 27-29, filling 12 large halls to overflowing.
The Bavarian Government’s prohibition of the convention was reversed under pressure from Gustav von Kahr and another royalist official.
Text of Murphy’s report
Feb. 3, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter announces it is becoming a daily newspaper, expanding from twice weekly publication.
English translation of announcement
Feb. 22, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter runs an article by Catholic Nazi author Schrönghamer-Heimdal arguing Nazism is compatible with Catholicism and the Center Party is not, because of its cooperation with Jews and socialists.
Source: Hastings (2010), p.112, citing “Der Feldzug der Verleumdung” [The Campaign of Defamation], Völkischer Beobachter, Feb. 22, 1923.
Hastings describes the Nazis, from late 1922 into 1923, emphasizing “warrior Christianity” in contrast to “the alleged complacency, hypocrisy, and weakness” of non-Nazi Catholic politicians. (p.112)
Mar. 3, 1923 Murphy reports the wide extent and extreme intensity of Hitler’s agitation in Bavaria.
He says Hitler is appealing to “the illusion of Bolshevism” and attacking “above all the Jews,” with a party platform based throughout on opposition to the Jews.
Nazi stormtroop paramilitary ranks have increased to 4,000.
Text of report
Mar. 18, 1923 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that a critic put Cramer-Klett's name into the press, “but by good fortune, to no effect.”
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 1086
Mar. 23, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter attacks the “Jewish press” of Germany and of Prague, Czechoslovakia.
Mar. 29, 1923 In a report to Gasparri, Pacelli counters accusations that the Vatican has participated in separatist movements in Bavaria.
Pacelli's report includes a third party's short list of Germans with close ties to the Vatican, including Baron Cramer-Klett along with German Cardinals, the King of Saxony, and two Abbots.
Source: www.Pacelli-Edition.de, Document No. 1087
Apr. 6, 1923 Hitler gives a speech claiming Nazism is true “warrior Christianity” and the Center Party “most seriously threatens Christianity through its connection with Marxist atheism.”
Source: Hastings (2010), p.113, quoting in translation from Völkischer Beobachter, Apr. 8-9, 1923.
Apr. 11, 1923 Nazi SA stormtroops are the largest component in the counter-revolutionary military mobilization of 1923 in Bavaria; other forces participating with the SA included Reichsflagge and Bund Oberland.
According to Kellogg, Munich police reports of April 28th and June 21st indicate increasing public mobilization of these forces during spring 1923. Ibid.
Apr. 11, 1923 Nazi Völkischer Beobachter exhorts Germans to join the Nazi army to fight against treason flowing from Berlin, under the headline: “Bolshevism: Jewish Revenge,” in a programmatic lead article by Nazi ideologist Alfred Rosenberg.
Also on April 11th, a Munich police report describes Nazi military mobilization in Munich involving 6,000 men. Kellogg (2005), p.200, citing report in Munich Police Headquarters files at the Bavarian State Archive in Munich.
Apr. 17, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter advertises outdoor gathering at the Mars Field in Munich where Hitler will speak on “The Peace Treason of Versailles as the Eternal Curse of the November Republic.”
Apr. 20, 1923 Hitler addresses another crowd at the Mars Field on “Politics and Race: Why Are We Antisemites?”
Apr. 26, 1923 Baron Cramer-Klett writes a strong letter rebuking Konrad Adenauer for criticizing Cardinal Faulhaber in relation to Faulhaber’s Aug. 27, 1922 words to the German Catholic Congress.
English translation of the letter
Apr. 28, 1923 Newspaper in Miesbach, Bavaria reports that Father Lorenz Pieper, the Secretary of the Volksverein für das Katholische Deutschland [People’s Association for Catholic Germany], has joined the Nazi Party.
Source: Miesbacher Anzeiger, Apr. 28, 1923, p.1.
Father Pieper proceeds to give pro-Nazi speeches in Bavaria during the next four months, a time of rapid Nazi recruiting and paramilitary mobilization.
The editor of the Miesbach Anzeiger, Father Bernhard Stempfle, who earlier was recommended by Pacelli for a post in the German Embasssy to the Vatican, becomes an advisor to Hitler in 1923, helps Hitler in preparing Mein Kampf in 1924, and helps maintain the Nazi Party archives in the second half of the 1920s. Father Stempfle is later killed at Hitler’s direction in the Night of the Long Knives, June 30, 1934.
Apr. 29, 1923 Nazi stormtroop mobilization event in Ingolstadt, Bavaria features a public mass and flag blessing ceremony conducted by a parish priest.
English translation of announcement of the event, from the Völkischer Beobachter
Report of April 29th event in Nazi paper on May 1st
Apr. 30, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter begins weekly feature listing all the Sunday mass times for the Munich Catholic Churches.
Hastings (2010) describes this and a series of other features by which the Nazi Party portrayed itself as strongly pro-Catholic during its recruiting campaign of spring-summer 1923. (pp. 114-138)
Spring-Summer 1923 Nazi mobilization campaign expands Nazi Party membership from 20,000 as of February 1923 to 55,000 as of November 1923.
Source: Ian Kershaw, Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris, p. 190.
Kershaw says most new members joined out of “protest, anger, and bitterness” in the midst of economic and political crisis. He does not mention any contributory role of Catholic authority and Catholic clergy in 1923 or any other part of the 1920s.
The works of German historians on the Nazi Party in the early 1920s likewise do not touch upon this aspect. See works by Auerbach, Deuerlein, Franz-Willing, Maser, Tyrell, and Winkler cited in the Bibliography.
May 1, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter reports on the Ingolstadt stormtroop festivities of April 29th.
English translation mentioning the “inspiring nationalist sermon” by the Catholic pastor who celebrated mass for the SA and blessed their swastika flags.
English translation of article on same page boasting of the “enhanced recruiting activity” of the Nazi Party.
Hastings (2010) describes this event and similar favor shown by Catholic priests in Munich and throughout Bavaria, in spring and summer 1923, for Nazi paramilitary mobilization events. (pp. 120-135)
Hastings also describes an instance when a Catholic Church official in Regensburg denied permission for a special mass in a church for SA forces in uniform. (p.135)
May 1, 1923 Nazi stormtroops, 2000 strong with combat gear and sidearms, demonstrate in Munich to intimidate a workers’ and Socialists’ May Day parade.
May 2, 1923 L’Osservatore Romano gives coverage to Hitler mobilizing against Communists.
Translation of article saying Hitler responded to Communists announcing their intent to parade through Munich with Soviet flags and symbols
The article states: “the leader of the National Socialists, Hitler, responded with a statement that the Communist demonstrations would be met with force. It seems that all Hitler’s units had indeed been mobilized.”
According to Kellogg (2005), the Bavarian government, police, and army reacted negatively to the Nazi mobilization of May 1st. (p.201)
May 2, 1923 Counter-revolutionary groups in Bavaria form the Kampfgemeinschaft Nationaler Verbände [Combat Group of Nationalist Associations] under the joint leadership of Hitler and Ludendorff.
Kellogg (2005), p.202, citing reports of May 3 and 23, 1923 in the files of the Reich Commissar for Oversight of Public Order, in the German Federal Archives in Berlin.
Late April-May 1923 Cardinal Faulhaber makes a speaking and fund-raising tour in the United States.
L’Osservatore Romano reports his fund-raising appeal in detail - English translation
May 7-12, 1923 King George V of Great Britain becomes the first head of state to visit Italy under Mussolini; King George confers a Knighthood on Mussolini and meets with Pope Pius XI.
In Italy, Il Messagero exults over the recognition thus given to Fascism: “Italy sees with legitimate pride that the Sovereigns of the powerful British Empire are the first to visit this nation after the success of the bloodless Fascist revolution ...” Source: Manchester Guardian, May 7, 1922, p.7, reprinting in translation.
The Vatican newspaper reports extensively on the events, including the visit of King George V to the Pope. Articles in translation
In England, the Morning Post reports that Pope Pius XI expressed his hope that the meeting with the King “would assist their mutual efforts for a satisfactory solution of the various problems of a religious character existing between them.” English original
King George V makes Mussolini a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, as reported in the Manchester Guardian.
May 13, 1923 Vice Consul Murphy reports about the May Day demonstrations in Munich.
He describes the intrusion of 2000 armed, uniformed Nazis in Munich on May Day.
Murphy says the Socialist events were “an orderly celebration” that “proceeded quietly enough” before the Nazis arrived.
He reports the Bavarian Premier saying it is now a question of who is sovereign, the State or the Nazi Party.
Text of report
May 14, 1923 Irish republican leaders meet and decide to end the Irish civil war.
May 15, 1923 Nazi military mobilization is described in a German government report as systematically preparing for a putsch to overthrow the Weimar Republic.
Source: Kellogg (2005), p.202, citing report in the files of the Reich Commissar for Oversight of Public Order, in the German Federal Archives in Berlin.
Kellogg states that the military mobilization was well-funded by Thyssen financial interests and White Russians in Germany, and by money from Henry Ford transmitted via Boris Brasol. (pp. 203-204)
May 21, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter listings of Sunday worship schedules are juxtaposed with a prayer for Hitler.
German original with side-by-side English translation
Citation: Völkischer Beobachter, Sun./Mon., May 20/21, 1923, p.4.
May 27, 1923 Albert Schlageter is executed by French occupation forces in the Ruhr district of Germany for sabotage and terrorism.
Schlageter, a Catholic, is immediately celebrated as a martyr and role model by the Nazis.
May 28, 1923 Vice Consul Murphy reports the “usual Sunday parades and exercises of Hitler’s ‘shock troops’” are now being held 60km outside Munich rather than within the city.
Excerpt of report
June 7, 1923 L’Osservatore Romano gives laudatory front page coverage to Baron von Cramer-Klett for a lecture at the University of Munich.
June 12, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter devotes its front page to a Hitler speech, a Catholic mass, and paramilitary celebrations in memory of Schlageter.
Translation of Hitler’s reported speech
Abbot Schachleiter’s sermon at mass for Nazi and Völkisch paramilitaries
Description of liturgical practice with Nazi and Völkisch flags at mass
Further article in same issue about swastika flags at Schlageter’s funeral
Mid-1923 In the wake of Catholic liturgies for Nazi mobilization events, large numbers of young Catholic men, as well as Bavarian World War One veterans, join the Nazi Party.
Among them is a 23-year-old who regularly attended mass and went to confession, according to his diary entries, Heinrich Himmler, who became Nazi Party member no. 42,404 shortly after the Catholic Schlageter memorial ceremonies in Munich. Hastings (2010), pp. 154-155.
Hastings describes how Himmler renounced Catholicism after the Putsch, during a time when Catholic Nazis either left the Nazi Party or rejected the Catholic faith. Hastings pp. 144ff.
Hastings describes the majority of Catholic priests who supported the Nazi mobilization of 1923 distancing themselves from the Nazi Party after the Putsch, and in some cases becoming opponents of Nazism.
June 17, 1923 Munich Kirchenzeitung publishes article by Father Erhard Schlund endorsing the Völkisch movement’s emphasis on “purity of the German race” and supporting “moderate” antisemitism.
English translation of article “Deutsch-Völkisches: Antisemitismus, Faschismus, Nationalsozialismus”
June 28, 1923 Pope Pius XI’s open letter to the French Government about their conduct toward Germany, including occupation of the Ruhr district, is published in L’Osservatore Romano.
July 1, 1923 Munich Kirchenzeitung exhorts Catholics to look to the Church as the infallible guide in the midst of the “errors and confusions” of the present era.
English translation of article “Mehr katholischen Mut!”
On the same page, the Kirchenzeitung publishes a short piece critical of the swastika.
English translation of article “Ave Crux!”
July 5, 1923 Pope Pius XI and Cardinal Gasparri privately communicate their decision that Father Luigi Sturzo must resign as head of the Italian Popular Party.
This decision removed a key political leader who opposed Mussolini’s efforts to increase his power, and signaled the Vatican’s withdrawal of support from the main Catholic political party of Italy.
During the ensuing months, Fascist thugs attack priests and other supporters of the Popular Party, killing at least one priest. Pope Pius XI responds privately by claiming that Communism is a greater threat than Fascism. Source: Kertzer (2014), pp. 58-59.
July 11, 1923 German Social Democratic newspaper Vorwärts [Forward] publishes a front page article under the headline “Bavarian Priests as Supporters of the Swastika: Rebellion Against the Pope?”
Excerpt: “It is no secret that a large part of the Bavarian clergy completely devotes itself to supporting the swastika... In Bavaria there is today no nationalist event at which some Catholic priest does not give his ‘blessing.’”
Source: Fr. Kevin Spicer, Hitler’s Priests (2008), p.33; Hastings (2010), pp. 108-109.
Hastings (2010) says the article appealed to the Vatican and the German Bishops “to stem the growing flow of Catholic clergy and laity into the Nazi movement.” (p.109)
July 24, 1923 Father Lorenz Pieper speaks at a Nazi gathering in Munich explaining that the swastika has close historical associations with Christianity, affirming the swastika as a “battle symbol” and “holy symbol” for the National Socialist movement.
Pieper, a diocesan priest from the Paderborn-Dortmund area of northern Germany, spends the spring and summer of 1923 in Bavaria giving talks that further the Nazi Party’s 1923 recruiting drive among Catholics.
Aug. 2, 1923 Munich theologian Fr. Erhard Schlund writes that the Nazi Party in Bavaria is a “Catholic-oriented movement,” in contrast to anti-Catholic Völkisch movements in other parts of Germany.
Source: Hastings (2010), p.110, citing Schlund, “Der Münchener Nationalsozialismus und die Religion” [Munich Nazism and Religion], Allgemeine Rundschau, Aug. 2, 1923, p.31.
Aug. 12, 1923 Wilhelm Cuno resigns as German Reich Chancellor.
Aug. 13, 1923 Gustav Stresemann of the German People’s Party, a Protestant, is appointed Chancellor of Germany.
Aug. 15, 1923 Bavarian Education Minister Franz Matt concludes that the Vatican’s latest position on the draft Bavaria-Vatican Concordat is unacceptable to the Bavarian Government and unlikely to get the support of the Bavarian parliament. Schmidt, supra.
Aug. 18, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter reports a field mass and consecration of flags by a priest from Augsburg for paramilitary forces.
Aug. 22, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter reports on a mass and SA stormtroop flag blessing for 2,000 Nazis in rural southwest Bavaria.
Translation of article describing outrage at the “unprecedented” denial of permission for flag consecration inside the church
Aug. 24, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter reports on a speech by Father Pieper to a Nazi gathering in Bavaria, at which Pieper affirms Nazi racism.
English translation including:
“God himself created the peoples differently according to blood, character and type, and thus wants the distinctions of blood, Volk and races. He also desires that what he created be kept and preserved pure. So we must turn away from everything that impairs racial purity. For this reason the racial viewpoint of National Socialism corresponds completely with Christianity.”
Aug. 28, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter reports another speech of Father Pieper, saying that he demonstrated from pronouncements of “high princes of the Church” that racial purity is a duty and that antisemitism, rather than un-Christian, is a command of God.
Aug. 1923 Regensburg diocese forbids a diocesan priest to conduct a swastika blessing.
Source: Fr. Kevin Spicer, Hitler’s Priests, p.33. Note: It is unclear whether this was an absolute prohibition or rather a refusal to allow such a blessing to occur inside a church, as occurred in southwest Bavaria during the same month; see August 22, above
Sept. 1, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter reports 50,000 attendees at a Völkisch paramilitary rally in Nuremberg.
English translation of article
This “German Congress” leads immediately to the formation of the "Patriotic Fighting League," co-led by Hitler and German WWI General Erich Ludendorff, and two months later to the unsuccessful “Beer Hall Putsch” of November 8-9, 1923 in Munich.
Sept. 4-5, 1923 Cardinal Faulhaber reports to the Bavarian Bishops Conference on the parlous state of negotiations for a new Bavarian-Vatican Concordat.
Translation of report, noting the Bavarian Government’s distrust toward the Pope and the resistance of some Cathedral Chapters
The minutes also reflect the Bavarian Bishops’ continuing emphasis on controlling what Catholics are allowed to read: “The pastoral letter against the bad press is to be read annually on the Second Sunday of Advent, not on a later day, from all pulpits.”
Note: Nuncio Pacelli later described, in a 1929 report to Rome, the "grievous" obstructing of the Concordat by Cathedral Chapters and Theological Faculties.
Sept. 11, 1923 Pacelli writes Bavarian Education Minister Franz Matt that if the Bavarian Government does not yield and agree to the Pope having power to choose Bishops, the Government will be responsible for the failure of the Concordat negotiations.
German original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Sept. 12 and 14, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter headlines proclaim the “criminal” and “treasonous” nature of the “November Republics” of Bavaria and Berlin.
English translations of headlines and excerpts of articles
Sept. 13, 1923 Successful coup in Spain by Miguel Primo de Rivera.
Spanish King Alfonso XIII legitimizes the coup by appointing Primo de Rivera as prime minister, similar to Italian King Victor Emmanuel legitimizing Mussolini’s power-play in Rome in 1922.
Sept. 15, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter devotes banner headline to Spanish coup, proclaiming “Fascist Contribution by Spanish Circles”
English translation of Völkischer Beobachter headlines proclaiming successful Fascist coup in Spain
Note: According to historians Gerhard Besier and Anthony Rhodes, Vatican Secretary of State Gasparri tells a British diplomat that the military government “might very well introduce a healthier atmosphere.” Besier 156, quoting A. Rhodes, Papst, 96 note 1, citing Gasparri to Dormer, British embassy (21 Sep 1923).
Sept. 17, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter headlines proclaim “Bolshevik Germany – The Nature of Bolshevism – The Jewish Dictatorship in Russia – Jewish Decomposition of Germany” alongside a front page article celebrating the Sept. 13 Fascist coup in Spain.
Fall 1923 Nazi Party membership exceeds 55,000.
Source: Hastings (2010), p.138, citing Maser (1965), p.376.
It took three years for the Nazi Party to attain a membership of 3,000 in early Fall 1922, and one year to grow from 3,000 to 55,000.
Hastings observes: “The Catholic-oriented membership drive, while by no means the only relevant factor, was without question an essential component of the rapidly growing Nazi appeal in and around Munich throughout the summer of 1923.” (p.138)
Sept. 24, 1923 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about his discussion in Berlin with the new Reich Chancellor, Stresemann, about dangers of Bolshevik revolution in Germany, and the National Socialists on the opposite extreme.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Sept. 24, 1923 Hitler appeals to combat veterans to enlist in the Nazi SA.
English translation of Hitler’s appeal
Sept. 26, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter headlines proclaim that Hitler has now been named the sole Führer of the Patriotic Fighting League.
This development places Hitler over General Ludendorff, who commands the military forces of the Patriotic Fighting League.
English translation of articles on page one
Page one features an announcement that Hitler will speak sequentially at each of 14 mass gatherings the next evening in the large beer halls of Munich.
Sept. 27, 1923 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about his meeting with new Bavarian Commissar Gustav von Kahr, who says he wants to work gradually with Hitler, viewing the Nazis as overly “ardent” but pursuing a “good cause.”
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Sept. 29, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter reports the appointment of Gustav von Kahr as Commissar of Bavaria with power to rule by decree.
English translation of article about von Kahr, who is a monarchist supporter of the Wittelsbach family.
The article presents the Nazi viewpoint that monarchism is irrelevant to the real struggle between “Jewish-internationalism” and the German Völkisch movement.
Sept. 30, 1923 Hitler prepares for Nazi uprising in Bavaria by ordering all local Nazi Party organizations in Bavaria to join in the Patriotic Fighting League.
English translation of announcement in Völkischer Beobachter
Oct. 1, 1923 US Vice Consul Murphy in Munich reports to Washington the decree of the Bavarian State Government, signed by all cabinet ministers, appointing Gustav von Kahr as State Commissar with dictatorial powers.
Text of report
Oct. 3, 1923 Pacelli reports to Gasparri about Commissar von Kahr, Hitler and the Nazis, and Bavarian Concordat negotiations.
Italian original and Germany summary at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Oct. 4, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter runs banner headline “The Imploding Reich Government” along with a notice that Commissar Kahr imposed a 10-day publication ban on the Völkischer Beobachter.
Oct. 5, 1923 Gasparri instructs Pacelli that the Pope wants him to divide his time between Munich and Berlin, because the Reich Government and the Diplomatic Corps desire his presence in Berlin.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Oct. 6, 1923 Bavarian Catholic political leader Heinrich Held writes to Cardinal Faulhaber imploring him to speak out and stop the trend of Bavarian Catholics, including clergy, to support and follow the Nazi Party.
Translation of letter, including statement that the current danger is “enormously great”
Oct. 7, 1923 Pacelli writes Archbishop Pizzardo in the Vatican to explain that despite Gasparri's instruction he must stay in Munich to avoid further delays in the Bavarian Concordat negotiations.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Oct. 8, 1923 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that Bavarian separatist and monarchist movements will not move forward under Commissar von Kahr.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Oct. 13, 1923 Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, writes a desperate letter to Cardinal Faulhaber asking him to speak up for the Weimar Republic.
Letter in English translation
Oct. 23, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter continues its rhetoric against Weimar Republic “treason” and the Nazis’ mission with the banner headline: “The Only Task: Rooting Out Marxist High Treason”
On this date, Hitler tells a Patriotic Fighting League meeting that Bavarian Commissar von Kahr cannot be the one to lead a putsch against the Weimar Republic. Kellogg (2005), p.208.
Nov. 4, 1923 In his All Souls’ Day sermon at the Munich Cathedral, Cardinal Faulhaber denounces those who would deny Jews food and shelter.
Excerpt: “With blind hatred against Jews and Catholics, against farmers and Bavarians, no wounds will be healed.” Source: Bayerischer Kurier, Nov. 6, 1923.
The Völkischer Beobachter responds by accusing Cardinal Faulhaber of inconsistency with his statements to the Munich Catholic Congress, and by accusing the churches of "protecting the Jews from time immemorial." Translation of article
Nov. 5, 1923 Bavarian Commissar von Kahr summons the leaders of the Patriotic Fighting League to inform them that the Bavarian government, police and army will not participate in a putsch against the Weimar Republic. Kellogg (2005), pp. 208-209.
Nov. 6, 1923 US Ambassador to Germany, Alanson Houghton, cables Washington to describe the precarious position of Chancellor Stresemann, whom Houghton expects to fall imminently because he has “lost the confidence of Bavaria.”
Text of cable
Nov. 6, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter steps up its campaign against the Weimar Republic, placing accusations about “treason” and “criminals” in many headlines.
English translations of headlines on page one
This issue also includes:
A piece entitled “An Arab Hate-Prayer Against Zionism”
A news item about the German Government’s effort to stabilize the hyperinflated Mark
A series of articles on page 2 about “the November crime,” desperate efforts to save the Weimar Republic from overthrow, and “Fear of the National Socialist Movement”
The article on “Cardinal Faulhaber as Jew-Protector”
An appeal for German men, including students, to enlist in the Nazi paramilitary forces, and for all Germans to donate warm clothing, shoes, and old army uniforms.
Nov. 6, 1923 Cardinal Faulhaber replies to Chancellor Stresemann’s letter of October 13, 1923, declining Stresemann’s requests on grounds of health and Church laws against political involvement.
Nov. 8, 1923 On the fifth anniversary of the “November crime” that gave rise to the Weimar Republic, Hitler launches his Putsch at the Bürgerbräu Beer Hall in Munich.
The Putsch initially appears successful, as Commissar Kahr and two other key figures declare their support of Hitler to the large crowd in the Beer Hall.
Also on November 8th, Cardinal Faulhaber writes Nuncio Pacelli that an acceptable draft of the Bavarian-Vatican Concordat is at hand. Schmidt (2000), p.211, citing Munich Archdiocesan Archive, Nachlass Faulhaber, file no. 7480 (document not included in L. Volk’s edition of the Faulhaber Papers).
Nov. 8-9 (nighttime) Vice Consul Robert Murphy sends cable stating putsch by Hitler and Ludendorff has succeeded, has the support of the key political and military figures of Bavaria, and will proceed to march on Berlin.
Text of cable
Nov. 9 (early morning, around 3 a.m.) Proclamations signed by Franz Matt, Bavarian Minister of Culture and Religion, are posted around Munich, declaring that the constitutional state government still stands, and those acting against it will be dealt with as traitors.
Translation of poster
Some historians assert that Matt was dining with Cardinal Faulhaber and Nuncio Pacelli on the evening of Nov. 8th. E.g., Charles Flood, Hitler (1989), p.508.
Nov. 9, 1923 Völkischer Beobachter publishes article about the exchange of letters between German Chancellor Stresemann and Cardinal Faulhaber. English translation
This Nov. 9th edition of the Beobachter, published hours before the Putsch is suppressed, brands the Weimar Republic as Jewish, the fruit of Jewish Revolution, and concludes that the Jewish International is waging war against the German Volk. English translation
Nov. 9, 1923 (10 a.m.) Cable from US Ambassador in Berlin says German Government has decided to fight the Putsch in Bavaria, and Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria has ordered his friends to oppose the Putsch.
Text of cable
Nov. 9, 1923 (morning to early afternoon) Hitler and Ludendorff learn that Kahr and the Bavarian Government are opposing the coup.
Nazi forces march to government buildings in Munich and are stopped as they approach the Odeonsplatz [Odeon Plaza] by Bavarian police and military forces, who fire on them, killing some and dispersing the Nazi forces, thus ending the Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch.
Nov. 9, 1923 (midday or afternoon) Bavaria’s Ambassador to the Vatican sends a cable reporting his discussion about the Hitler Putsch with Cardinal Gasparri.
Translated text of cable, noting that the Vatican press is not commenting on the Putsch, and explaining Vatican concerns over a dictatorship in Bavaria in reference to the Concordat: a Concordat entered into with a dictator might later be repudiated by representatives of the people.
Nov. 10, 1923 L’Osservatore Romano publishes articles datelined Nov. 9 showing a widespread belief on the morning of Nov. 9, in Berlin, France, the United States, and elsewhere, that the Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch had succeeded.
Nov. 11, 1923 L’Osservatore Romano publishes the official German Government report about the suppression of the Putsch and the taking of Hitler and Ludendorff as prisoners.
English translation of headlines
Nov. 14, 1923 Pacelli reports to Gasparri on the anti-Catholic character of the Nazi uprising in Munich; this is the earliest documented criticism of Nazism by Pacelli.
Nov. 1923 - Spring 1924 Protests continue against Cardinal Faulhaber for allegedly betraying the Putsch by influencing von Kahr, Matt, etc. during the night of November 8-9 to turn against Hitler and the Putschists. The Cardinal denies involvement.
Nov. 15, 1923 Germany introduces a new Mark pegged at 4.2 Marks to one US Dollar, ending the German hyperinflation of 1922-1923.
Nov. 16, 1923 US Ambassador in Berlin reports that Chancellor Stresemann’s government is about to fall, that the head of the German Army, von Seeckt, now dominates the situation, and that Germany is now a republic in name only.
Text of cable
Nov. 23, 1923 Gustav Stresemann resigns as German Reich Chancellor.
Nov. 30, 1923 Wilhelm Marx of the Catholic Center Party becomes Chancellor.
Dec. 1923 Negotiations for a new Concordat between Bavaria and the Vatican, which had proceeded slowly over the preceding several years, now move rapidly to conclusion.
Dec. 4, 1923 Cardinal Faulhaber writes to Kahr, saying it is “unbelievable what lies and slanders have been spread” about the events in November.
Source: L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, pp. 320-321.
Dec. 7, 1923 Pacelli reports to Gasparri that the terms of the Vatican-Bavaria Concordat have been “quasi-definitively” agreed, and that he has received assurances that the Reich Government will not object; but Chancellor Marx has said it is impossible to fulfill Pacelli's repeated requests for an immediate Concordat between the Vatican and the German Reich.
Italian original at www.Pacelli-Edition.de and English translation
Dec. 7, 1923 Cardinal Faulhaber meets with Vatican Secretary of State, Cardinal Gasparri, in Rome, about Hitler Putsch, money to respond to protests, the new Vatican-Bavaria Concordat, and other issues.
English translation of Faulhaber’s notes of the meeting
Dec. 8, 1923 Cardinal Faulhaber meets with Pope Pius XI about Hitler Putsch, monetary donations, slanders, Concordat, other issues.
English translation of Faulhaber’s notes of the meeting
Dec. 28, 1923 Archbishop Schulte of Cologne writes to Faulhaber expressing his sympathies for the attacks Faulhaber has endured recently, in which “parts of the student body showed themselves so lacking in character.”
Source: Munich Archdiocesan Archive, Nachlass Faulhaber, reprinted in L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, p.324.
Dec. 30, 1923 Nuncio Pacelli writes Heinrich Held concerning the Bavarian Concordat, “I trust in your adroit and loyally solicitous collaboration for the interests of the Church all the more in the imminent concluding negotiations.” Kessler (1971), p.486.
Jan. 9, 1924 A Bavarian Bishop writes Cardinal Faulhaber, expressing sympathy over the continuing slanders and calumnies against the Cardinal.
Bishop Mergel of Eichstätt writes that it is a “bad sign” that the revolutionary Hitler and the anti-Rome Ludendorff have “such a large following even today.”
Source: Munich Archdiocese Archive, Nachlass Faulhaber, reprinted in L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, pp. 329-330.
Jan. 26, 1924 Bavarian Education Ministry, under Franz Matt, forwards to Nuncio Pacelli the final version of the Bavarian-Vatican Concordat. Schmidt, p.211.
Feb. 1924 Gustav von Kahr resigns as Commissar of Bavaria. Authority reverts to Eugen von Knilling, the State Minister President of Bavaria.
Feb. 15, 1924 Cardinal Faulhaber praises Hitler in a speech to the Catholic Academic Committee of Munich Universities and refers to Hitler’s movement as an “originally pure spring” that became poisoned by anti-Catholic elements. Fuller translation
Faulhaber later includes these words in a book he publishes in 1925.
The “originally pure” ideas of the National Socialist party, to judge from its original Party Program proclaimed by Hitler on February 24, 1920, consisted of rejection of the Versailles Treaty followed by a series of antisemitic legislative and policy proposals. Faulhaber’s Archdiocesan newspaper approved similar measures in articles on the 2nd and 9th of May 1920, thus justifying any informed person to conclude these were aspects of the “originally pure spring.” The same paper promoted the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory, thus certifying it as “originally pure” to Bavarian Catholics, before Hitler incorporated it into his public propaganda.
The Nazi Program of 1920 also included socialist-type policyproposals, but there is no contemporary evidence from spring 1920 that Cardinal Faulhaber or publications under his authority had any favorable inclination toward socialist policies during the first months of the National Socialist party.
Feb. 26, 1924 Start of month-long trial of Hitler and other Putschists for treason, which leads to a conviction of Hitler and others, and an acquittal of Ludendorff.
Mar. 11, 1924 Letter from Cardinal Faulhaber to Cardinal Bertram, Prince-Bishop of Breslau, complaining of continuing agitation among Catholic students against Faulhaber and the Catholic Church in relation to the Hitler Putsch.
Mar. 20, 1924 German Reich Chancellor Marx advises the Bavarian Government that he will not object to the Bavarian-Vatican Concordat.
Mar. 27, 1924 Hitler’s speech at the conclusion of his trial for treason admits leading the Putsch but says it is the Weimar Republic officials who committed treason against Germany, and he was taking the patriotic initiative to undo their treason.
Mar. 29, 1924 Bavaria-Vatican Concordat is signed by Nuncio Pacelli and representatives of the Bavarian state government.
Apr. 1, 1924 Hitler is imprisoned in comfortable quarters in Landsberg Prison, where he dictates his book Mein Kampf, aided by Rudolf Hess and Father Bernhard Stempfle; Hitler’s sentence for treason is five years, with eligibility for parole after six months.
Apr. 6, 1924 In elections of delegates to the Bavarian Landtag [state parliament], a Nazi-Völkisch coalition wins 35% of the votes in Munich, outpolling all other parties in that city and cutting deeply into the Catholic Bavarian Peoples Party’s vote total.
In the days following the elections, large Catholic rallies are held in Munich, at which thousands of Catholics pledge fidelity to Cardinal Faulhaber and the Pope.
Apr. 6, 1924 In Italian parliamentary elections, Fascists win majority of seats.
In its April 5th issue, Civiltà Cattolica says the Fascists have done more for the Catholic Church than the Catholic Popular Party, including the doubling of government payments to Bishops.
Fascist thugs attack Popular Party activists and their priest supporters in areas that voted strongly for that party. Source: Kertzer (2014), p.66.
Apr. 24, 1924 Nuncio Pacelli reports to Rome that the Nazis are conducting a “vulgar and violent campaign” in the press against Catholics and Jews.
Source: Rychlak (2010), p.45.
Rychlak states: “From this time on, updates on National Socialism were always present in Pacelli’s reports to Rome due to the threat that it clearly posed to Christianity and the Catholic Church.” (p.45)
Apr. 26, 1924 Nuncio Pacelli recommends that the Vatican quickly advance beatifications and canonizations of some Bavarian Catholics in order to counteract the continuing agitation in Bavaria against the Catholic hierarchy in the wake of the failed Nazi Putsch.
Source: G. Besier, The Holy See and Hitler’s Germany (2007), p.35, citing Vatican Archives, ANM, pos. 396, fasc. 7, fo. 76v.
May 1, 1924 Nuncio Pacelli identifies nationalism or National Socialism as the most dangerous “heresy” of the era, in a report to Vatican Secretary of State Gasparri.
Sources: Compare G. Besier, The Holy See and Hitler’s Germany, p.35, citing ANM, pos. 396, fasc. 7, p. 79v (“nationalism is perhaps the most perilous heresy of our time”) with R. Rychlak, Hitler, the War, and the Pope (2010), p.44, citing ANM, 396, fasc. 7, pos. XIV, Bavaria, p.75 (“Nazism is probably the most dangerous heresy of our time”).
Note: The online publication of Nuncio Pacelli’s reports more recently shows that this report refers to nationalism and attacks by the German Völkisch press upon the Pope, Cardinals including Faulhaber, and the Nuncio; none of the attacking press organs cited by Pacelli were identified in his report as Nazi.
The original Italian says “il nazionalismo sia forse la più pericolosa eresia dei tempi nostri.” Citation: Pacelli to Gasparri, 1 May 1924, Dokument-Nr. 181, online at www.pacelli-edition.de/dokument.html?idno=181 (accessed Sept. 1, 2020)
May 4, 1924 Nuncio Pacelli writes, “The heresy of Nazism puts state and race above everything, above true religion, above the truth and above the justice.”
Source: Rychlak, p.44, citing ANM, 365, fasc. 7, pos. XIV, Bavaria, p.83.
Note: The online publication of this report of Nuncio Pacelli shows that he was referring to nationalism, not Nazism, in a second report (compare report of May 1, 1924) about propaganda from German Völkisch sources, none of which were identified in the report as Nazi.
Original Italian: “... la eresia del nazionalismo, la quale cioè pone l’idolo nazionale o di razza al di sopra di tutto, della veea religione, della verità e della giustizia.” Citation: Pacelli to Gasparri, 4 May 1924, Dokument-Nr. 182, online at www.pacelli-edition.de/dokument.html?idno=182 (accessed Sept. 1, 2020)
May 30, 1924 Italian opposition leader Giacomo Matteotti speaks in parliament to demand the annulment of the April elections on grounds of voter intimidation. Source: Kertzer (2014), p.69.
June 10, 1924 Mussolini’s henchmen murder Matteotti, sparking the months-long “Matteotti Crisis,” which threatens to bring down Mussolini as Prime Minister of Italy.
Summer 1924 In Italy, leaders of the Catholic People’s Party and the Socialist Party work to form a coalition to force out Mussolini as Prime Minister.
As Mussolini loses the support of conservative newspapers and other elements in Italy, he despairs over the impending demise of his regime.
Pope Pius XI takes steps to keep Mussolini in power, including articles in L’Osservatore Romano and Civiltà Cattolica telling Catholics they have a religious obligation to respect and obey the Mussolini Government.
Mussolini sets up a commission to review laws affecting Church-State relations; it includes three Church representatives secretly designated by the Vatican; the commission’s work leads by 1926 to the beginning of negotiations that produce the 1929 Lateran Treaty and Concordat.
Source: Kertzer (2014), pp. 74-76, 99; see articles below, Aug. 16, Sept. 12, Sept. 14 and translations.
July 19, 1924 Civiltà Cattolica denounces violence as a characteristic of Communist, Socialist, anarchist, liberal, Masonic, and Fascist movements.
July 23, 1924 Cardinal Faulhaber and all Bavarian Bishops refuse a request from the Reich Government to celebrate the anniversary of the Weimar Republic Constitution on August 11th by ringing church bells.
Source: L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, pp. 337-338.
Aug. 2, 1924 Civiltà Cattolica changes its previous messaging against Fascist violence and now tells Catholics they must support and obey the “legitimately constituted” government of Mussolini.
Aug. 16, 1924 Civiltà Cattolica publishes lengthy article warning Italian Catholics against forming a coalition with Socialists.
In late summer or early fall 1924, the Vatican forces into exile Father Luigi Sturzo, the most influential anti-Mussolini voice in the Catholic People’s Party of Italy.
Sept. 10, 1924 Bavarian Bishops Conference prohibits blessings of political party flags such as swastika, and proposes three Bavarian candidates for beatification and canonization, thus furthering what Nuncio Pacelli proposed to Rome on Apr. 26, 1924.
Translation of minutes of Bavarian Bishops Conference
Sept. 12, 1924 L’Osservatore Romano reports that Jewish immigration to Palestine is diminishing, because worldwide Jewish hopes of a free and sovereign state have been disappointed by the reality of a British colony exploited for British economic interests.
Sept. 12, 1924 L’Osservatore Romano reports on a widely publicized address of Pope Pius XI, prohibiting the Catholic People’s Party from cooperating with Socialists.
Sept. 14, 1924 When the Catholic People’s Party calls for freedom for Italian Catholics to make decisions in politics based on conscience, L’Osservatore Romano responds that conscience means obeying the Pope’s directive.
English translation of articles in three consecutive issues of the Vatican paper on this issue
Oct. 3, 1924 Pacelli writes Abp. Giuseppe Pizzardo asking for Vatican guidance concerning Catholics in the right-wing German Nationalist People’s Party, reporting his meeting with their leaders and his pressing them to produce votes for ratification of the Bavarian-Vatican Concordat. English translation
Dec. 1924 German national parliament (Reichstag) elections; Nazi Party receives 3% of votes.
Dec. 19, 1924 Cardinal Faulhaber writes Pope Pius XI, proposing candidates from Germany to advance toward sainthood.
The letter concludes by praising Nuncio Pacelli for “the work of the century” in bringing the Concordat to the point where it will be ratified early in the new year, 1925, which is a Holy Year for pilgrimages to Rome. L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, pp. 352-353.
Dec. 20, 1924 Civiltà Cattolica publishes “An Episode of Zionism in Palestine” demonstrating the “rabid animosity brought by Zionism into the Holy City.”
Dec. 20, 1924 Hitler is released from prison.
Jan. 3, 1925 Mussolini gives a defiant speech taking personal responsibility for Fascist violence in Italy and challenging his opponents to stop him.
“The third of January marked the beginning of Mussolini’s dictatorship ...” Adrian Lyttelton, The Seizure of Power (2004), p.267.
Jan. 4, 1925 Hitler meets with Bavarian Minister-President Heinrich Held.
Hitler promises to oppose anti-Catholicism in the Völkisch movement, and Held grants Hitler permission to publish the Völkischer Beobachter and refound the Nazi Party after a more than year-long ban on both.
The meeting was arranged by Theodor von Cramer-Klett. Hastings (2010), p.156; Kershaw (1998), p.262.
Hastings observes (p.157) that after his time in prison, Hitler never professes Catholic faith, rather he expresses toleration of Catholics and Protestants equally within the Nazi Party, and admiration for the organizational strength of the Roman Catholic Church, as seen in Mein Kampf later in 1925.
1925 Cardinal Faulhaber’s book Deutsches Ehrgefühl und Katholisches Gewissen appears.
The book praises Fascism and Hitler in particular, repeating Faulhaber’s words from February 15, 1924 about Nazism being “an originally pure spring.”
Excerpts in English translation
Cardinal Faulhaber’s book contains an Afterword by Faulhaber dated January 8, 1925.
Jan. 15, 1925 Wilhelm Marx resigns as German Reich Chancellor and is succeeded by Hans Luther.
Jan. 24, 1925 The Bavaria-Vatican Concordat is ratified in the Bavarian Landtag by a vote of 73 to 52.
Feb. 3, 1925 Letter from Cardinal Faulhaber to all German Bishops outside Bavaria praises Nuncio Pacelli for his “towering spirit and unlimited patience” in bringing the five-year-long Concordat negotiations over “many critical times and deadlocks.” L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, p.359.
Feb. 7, 1925 Civiltà Cattolica publishes an article-by-article summary of the Bavaria-Vatican Concordat.
Feb. 8, 1925 Friedrich Ebert dies, having served as President of Germany since his election by the Weimar constitutional assembly in February 1919.
Cardinal Faulhaber refuses to allow churches to rings their bells in Ebert’s honor. Kershaw (1998), p.268.
Mar. 29, 1925 In the first nationwide election for President of the German Reich, no candidate receives a majority, resulting in a three-way runoff election in April.
Apr. 26, 1925 Runoff election for President is won by Paul von Hindenburg (48%) against Wilhelm Marx of the Center Party (45%) and Ernst Thälmann of the Communist Party (6%).
June 30, 1925 Sir Herbert Samuel steps down as High Commissioner for Palestine and is replaced four months later by a British General who is not Jewish.
July 1925 Hitler’s Mein Kampf appears.
In it Hitler clearly states the meaning of the swastika as the symbol of the antisemitic "mission" of the Nazi Party.
The word “mission” occurs more than two dozen times in the German text, along with several occurrences of the more Germanic synonym “Sendung.”
Hastings (2010) writes that after the Putsch Hitler “demonstrated an increasing obsession with justifying his ‘mission’ in near-messianic terms.” (p.163)
Aug. 20, 1925 Eugenio Pacelli moves from Munich to Berlin five years and two months after being named Vatican Nuncio to Berlin, and seven months after the ratification of the Bavaria-Vatican Concordat.
Contemporaries and historians attest to the high regard in which Nuncio Pacelli was held by leading Germans, and to his detailed knowledge of German and European political matters.
Hastings describes articles in the Völkischer Beobachter denigrating Nuncio Pacelli in the August 23-24 and August 25 issues. (pp. 158, 241)
The Nazi paper also attacked Cardinal Faulhaber repeatedly. Hastings, p.159, with citations.
Dec. 11, 1925 Pius XI issues his encyclical Quas Primas, saying that peace will be attained only through the Kingdom of Christ, calling for the “restoration of the Empire of Our Lord” over individuals and states, and proclaiming that the Catholic Church “is the Kingdom of Christ on earth.”
English version at Vatican website (cf. paragraphs 1 and 12)
1925 L’Osservatore Romano and Civiltà Cattolica neither repeat nor revoke promotions of Jewish-Communist myth during the year 1925.
1926 During this year, Jewish immigration to Palestine drops to less than 14,000, compared to 30,000 in 1925.
May 17, 1926 Wilhelm Marx of the Catholic Center Party becomes German Reich Chancellor for the second time.
May 28, 1926 In Portugal a military coup led by General Gomez da Costa ushers in five decades of dictatorship.
July 6, 1926 Völkischer Beobachter features Hitler’s words about the "holiness" [Heiligtum" of the swastika flag stained with the blood of those who died in the Putsch.
The article described Hitler’s personal "consecration" ceremony for this “Blood Flag,” which was then repeated annually. Hastings, p.165.
Sept. 1926 Pope Pius XI’s private emissary to Mussolini, Father Pietro Tacchi Venturi, S.J. gives Mussolini a pamphlet Sionismo e Cattolicismo [Zionism and Catholicism] with arguments that Judaism is using Bolshevism and revolution “to destroy current society and dominate the world by themselves...”
Source: Kertzer (2014), p.89, citing Italian Foreign Ministry archives.
Autumn 1926 Vatican condemns French nationalist, antisemitic group Action Française.
Source: Carlo Falconi, The Popes of the Twentieth Century (1967), p.181.
Nov. 18, 1926 Pope Pius XI issues his encyclical Iniquis Afflictisque on persecution of the Catholic Church in Mexico.
The encyclical decries those Mexican Catholics who are conducting “a cruel persecution against their own brethren, Our most beloved children of Mexico.”
English version at Vatican website
1926 L’Osservatore Romano and Civiltà Cattolica neither repeat nor revoke promotions of Jewish-Communist myth during the year 1926.
1927 During this year, Jewish immigration to Palestine drops to around 3,000, compared to 30,000 in 1925 and 14,000 in 1926. Numbers remain in the low single digit thousands for the next several years.
Mar. 2, 1927 Hitler writes a letter to a Catholic priest in Bavaria.
Translation of letter expressing Hitler’s desire that the German Volk stand united, without Protestant-Catholic distinctions, “with the swastika on the left or sword-side as the banner of the struggle in this world, but the cross of the Lord on the right as the symbol of faith and the struggle for the eternal.”
Sept. 1927 Louis Billot resigns as Cardinal, immediately following a meeting with Pope Pius XI.
The meeting and resignation occurred after Billot questioned the Pope’s condemnation of Action Française and said the Pope should not control the activities of the French monarchist movement.
Source: “Religion: Billot v. Pope,” Time, Oct. 3, 1927.
Sept. 24, 1927 Cardinal Faulhaber writes the Bavarian Bishops that he cannot allow the ringing of church bells in Munich on the occasion of the 80th birthday of President Hindenburg.
His explanation: “I cannot consider Herr President Hindenburg as the successor of the King of Bavaria without making it into a political demonstration.” L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, p.421.
Dec. 17, 1927 Civiltà Cattolica’s lead article “After Ten Years of Bolshevism” contains nothing about Judaism.
Headlines and summaries of articles on Palestine, England and Bolshevism in this journal during 1927
1927 L’Osservatore Romano and Civiltà Cattolica neither repeat nor revoke promotions of Jewish-Communist myth during the year 1927.
Civiltà Cattolica’s lengthy articles during 1927 on Palestine, British religious circumstances, and Islam do not contain attacks on Zionism, criticisms of British administration in Palestine, or advocacy for the cause of Muslims and Arabs in Palestine.
Jan.-Feb. 1928 Civiltà Cattolica features two lengthy articles on Bolshevism, with no mention of Jews or Judaism.
Titles and citations of articles
Mar. 14, 1928 Prince Löwenstein writes Cardinal Faulhaber expressing his understanding that Pope Pius XI wishes to consolidate all activities of the Catholic laity into “Catholic Action.”
Source: Munich Archdiocese Archive, reprinted in L. Volk, Faulhaber Papers, vol. 1, p.423.
Mar. 20, 1928 Cardinal Faulhaber writes Prince Löwenstein explaining why the consolidation into Catholic Action has not been accomplished yet in Germany, and says it will be in the future.
Mar. 25, 1928 Vatican suppresses the Friends of Israel and simultaneously issues official condemnation of antisemitism.
English translation of Vatican decree
May 19, 1928 Civiltà Cattolica publishes article “The Jewish Peril and the ‘Friends of Israel,’” explaining that the March 25 decree condemns hatred but not rational defense against Jews.
Defense is acceptable against aggressions such as financial and commercial domination and Jewish-Masonic-Bolshevik conspiratorial activity. The article debunks the Protocols as “fantastical” like the works of Leo Taxil.
English translation of article
May 20, 1928 German national parliament (Reichstag) elections; Nazi Party receives 2.6% of votes.
June 28, 1928 Hermann Müller of the Social Democrat Party becomes German Reich Chancellor.
Sept. 5-9, 1928 Archbishop Pacelli inaugurates Catholic Action in Germany at a nationwide Catholic Congress of representatives of Catholic organizations and prominent Catholic individuals, at Magdeburg, Germany.
Sept. 1928 Father Ludwig Kaas becomes head of Germany’s Center Party, the first time a priest has held a leadership position in the Party during its more than 50-year history.
Feb. 11, 1929 Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty and Concordat, establishing the sovereign city state of the Vatican, formally known as the Holy See, comprising somewhat more than 40 hectares or 100 acres within the Vatican walls, surrounded by the City of Rome.
Feb. 22, 1929 Völkischer Beobachter publishes speech by Hitler saying the Vatican has shown it trusts Fascism more than liberal democracy, and proposing that Fascists in Germany pursue the same course with the Church as Mussolini has done in Italy.
June 14, 1929 Vatican Concordat with German state of Prussia is signed by Nuncio Pacelli and representatives of the Prussian state government.
Nov. 18, 1929 Nuncio Pacelli’s report to Vatican about Germany says it is a “delusion that one could be a Catholic and a socialist.”
Source: Pacelli to Parosi, 18 Nov 1929, AA.EE.SS., Germania, Pos. 511, fasc. 24, fo. 16v, cited in Besier.
In this report Pacelli is “massively critical” of the Center Party. Besier, p.72.
Nov. 27, 1929 L’Osservatore Romano article says international Jewry is allied with Bolshevism. Source: Lill (1970), p. 364 & n. 28
Dec. 12, 1929 Archbishop Pacelli leaves Berlin for Rome.
Dec. 16, 1929 Eugenio Pacelli is made a Cardinal.
Feb. 7, 1930 Cardinal Pacelli becomes Vatican Secretary of State.
Feb. 28, 1930 Cardinal Faulhaber sends a letter to the Bavarian head of the paramilitary Stahlhelm organization, employing colorful turns of phrase against Bolshevism while professing to approve only spiritual weapons against it, and rejecting the idea of an anti-Bolshevik “combat front.”
Mar. 29, 1930 Heinrich Brüning of the Catholic Center Party becomes German Reich Chancellor.
Sept. 6, 1930 A military coup in Argentina ends six decades of a stable democratic republic whose economy had grown to fourth in the world in per capita income.
The succeeding decade, known in Argentina as the decada infama, is marked by corrupt government, rigged elections and increasing antisemitism.
Sept. 14, 1930 German national parliament election; Nazi Party skyrockets from a dozen seats in the Reichstag to more than 100, with over 18% of votes, making it second only to the Social Democratic Party.
Sept. 1930 Vicar General of Mainz confirms in writing the diocesan policy that Catholics may not join the Nazi Party and will be denied the sacraments if they do.
The Mainz Diocese explains that Hitler’s Party’s policy of “racial hatred” is un-Christian and un-Catholic.
Sources: K. Scholder vol.1, 132-134; H. Müller, Katholische Kirche und Nationalsozialismus, Dokumente 1930-1935 (1963), 13-15; Cornwell, Hitler’s Pope (1999), p.109 (following Scholder).
Sept. 1930 Cardinal Pacelli meets with Fr. Ludwig Kaas, head of German Catholic Center Party, in Innsbruck, Austria.
The German ambassador to the Vatican reports that this meeting may be with a view toward “accepting relations with Hitler.” Besier, p.83 and note 49, citing Report of the German Embassy to the Holy See, Sept. 30, 1930, No. 229, A633, Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes; Botschaft beim Heiligen Stuhl, Best. 29, vol. 1/Lfd. No. 441, unfoliated.
Oct. 11, 1930 L’Osservatore Romano takes a stance against Nazism as “incompatible with the Catholic conscience, just as in general it is completely incompatible with membership of socialist parties of all shades.”
Jan. 1931 L’Osservatore Romano “modifies its grounds for opposition to Nazism” because of “elements in its program that are incompatible with Catholic teaching.”
K. Scholder, op. cit., p.150, citing J. Nötges, Nationalsozialismus und Katholizismus, p.27.
Feb. 10, 1931 Bavarian Bishops Conference issues a pastoral statement to clergy warning against Nazism “so long and so far as it proclaims culture-policy views that are not compatible with Catholic doctrine.”
The statement strictly forbids priests from cooperating with the Nazi movement.
It bans Nazi formations and flags at worship services.
English translation of Bishops’ Pastoral Instruction
Feb-Mar. 1931 Multiple Catholic Bishops conferences in Germany adopt policies against Catholics joining the Nazi Party.
Mar. 17, 1931 Proclamation by the Bishops of the Paderborn Church Conference denounces National Socialism and its swastika symbol.
April 1931 According to the diary of a French Cardinal in the Vatican, Pope Pius XI rebukes Cardinal Pacelli for approving the blessing of a Fascist flag.
Source: Ventresca (2013), pp. 67, 332, citing the diaries of Cardinal Baudrillart, Les Carnets du Alfred Baudrillart (Paris, Editions du Cerf, 1994-2003), 1931 vol., pp. 714, 818-819.
April 1931 Joseph Wirth of Center Party in Rome has contentious audience with Pius XI. Scholder 151, citing R. Morsey, Zentrumspartei, 301
May 15, 1931 Pope Pius XI issues his encyclical on the reconstruction of the social order, Quadragesimo Anno.
June 20, 1931 Civiltà Cattolica article “Bolshevism: Destroyer of All Christian Civilization” says the Pope is raising “a voice of warning to the peoples” about this enemy of God and mankind, with no mention of Jews or Judaism.
June 29, 1931 Papal encyclical Non Abbiamo Bisogno (“We Have No Need”) protests against Mussolini’s persecution of Catholic Action in Italy - defined by Pius XI as “the participation and the collaboration of the laity with the Apostolic Hierarchy.”
English version at Vatican website>
Aug. 1931 German Chancellor Brüning meets with Mussolini in Rome and pays a visit to the Vatican, where Cardinal Pacelli insists he form a governing coalition with the Nazis for the sake of attaining a Concordat between the Vatican and the German Reich.
English translation of excerpts of Brüning’s memoirs
Brüning’s account was disputed by some historians, but a recent work by a German historian argues that Brüning’s account is consistent with other evidence that Pacelli sought for several years to achieve a coalition of the Catholic Center Party with the right (of which the National Socialists were the largest party) in preference to earlier Center Party coalitions with the Social Democratic Party. Cf. Christoph Hübner, Die Rechtskatholiken, die Zentrumspartei und die katholische Kirche in Deutschland bis zum Reichskonkordat von 1933 [The Rightwing Catholics, the Center Party and the Catholic Church in Germany up to the Reich Concordat of 1933] (Münster: Beiträge zur Theologie, Kirche und Gesellschaft, vol. 24, 2014)
Immediately after Brüning’s meeting with Pacelli, Brüning has an audience with Pope Pius XI, who commends the German Bishops for their principled opposition to erroneous doctrines of Nazism.
Sept. 1931 Mussolini agrees to stop persecution of Catholic Action; Vatican agrees that Catholic Action will stay out of politics and that all its activities will be subject to the Bishops.
Sept. 3-8, 1931 Völkischer Beobachter runs daily articles about the death of the Nazi Gauleiter of Hesse, Peter Gemeinder, and the refusal by the Diocese of Mainz to allow a Catholic funeral for him.
Sept. 10, 1931 The flagship newspaper of the Catholic Center Party says the deceased Gauleiter has suffered the consequences of joining a movement contrary to Catholicism and disobeying a clear order from Church authority.
Translation of article "Konsequenzen"
Sept. 12, 1931 Nazi PR chief sends letter to Hitler urging a risky, but ultimately successful, strategy for handling the nationwide controversy over the Bishop of Mainz’s stance against Nazism.
Translation of letter
Dec. 20, 1931 Ritter, Bavarian Ambassador to Vatican, reports that Pius XI is open to temporary, purpose-specific cooperation with the Nazis, to avoid a greater evil. Scholder, pp. 154-157; R. Morsey, Zentrumspartei, pp. 302, 310 n.23; Franz-Willing, Bayrische, p.231.
Feb. 11, 1932 Mussolini and Pope Pius XI meet and confirm agreement between them about Catholic Action.
Mussolini’s notes of the meeting say Pius asked him to suppress Protestantism in Italy – despite Mussolini’s response that Protestantism had few adherents in the country. Peter Kent, The Pope and the Duce (1981), 192.
Feb. 1932 Hitler becomes a naturalized citizen of Germany, having been a citizen of Austria by birth.
Feb. 1932 In Ireland, the ex-soldiers Army Comrades Association is formed, later leading into the Irish Blueshirts organization under Eoin O’Duffy. Nelis (2015), p. 108.
Mar. 2, 1932 Cardinal Faulhaber writes a Bavarian politician that the concerted action of the German Bishops against the Nazis has met with unconditional support from Rome, and cites an article in L’Osservatore Romano as evidence.
English translation of letter
Mar. 13, 1932 In the first round of a nationwide popular election for President of the German Reich, no candidate gains a majority, leading to a runoff election the following month.
Apr. 10, 1932 Runoff election for President is won by Hindenburg (53%) against Hitler (37%) and Thälmann of the Communist Party (10%).
May 30, 1932 Heinrich Brüning resigns as Chancellor.
June 1932 Father Ludwig Kaas spends summer in Tirol writing about Lateran Treaty as precedent for building a bridge between Rome and Berlin.
Source: K. Scholder, op. cit., pp. 161, 167.
June 1, 1932 Franz von Papen is named Chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg.
June 20-26, 1932 International Eucharistic Congress in Dublin; accompanying the Papal Legate were Msgr. Francis Spellman and Msgr. Tardini of the Vatican Secretariat of State, and Papal Major Domo Msgr. Caccia. Irish Independent, June 20 & 21, 1932, pp. 8-9.
Aug. 2, 1932 Bavarian Ambassador Ritter zu Groenesteyn reports that Cardinal Pacelli is open to a German governing coalition with the right.
Sources: Franz-Willing, pp. 231ff.; Ludwig Volk, Der Bayrische Episkopat unter das Nationalsozialismus (1966), p.46.
Sept. 29, 1932 Pope Pius XI issues his encyclical Acerba Animi on persecution of the Catholic Church in Mexico.
Oct. 12, 1932 Vatican Concordat with German state of Baden is signed by Cardinal Pacelli and representatives of the Baden state government. Besier, p.103.
Nov. 17, 1932 Papen resigns as German Chancellor.
Nov. 1932 Father Ludwig Kaas finishes an article praising the Italian-Vatican Concordat as a model and expressing the desire that the Vatican’s encounter with the "totalitarian state" not be a fleeting episode, but a "viable ongoing action"; the article is published in early 1933 by a prestigious German law journal.
German original of article entitled “Der Konkordatstyp des Fascistischen Italien” [The Concordat Model of Fascist Italy], from the Max Planck Institute journal of international law
Dec. 3, 1932 General Kurt von Schleicher is named Chancellor of Germany by President Hindenburg.
Jan. 30, 1933 Hitler is named Chancellor of Germany by President Hindenburg.
L’Osservatore Romano’s daily coverage of the seizure of power, from Jan. 29 to Feb. 5
Jan. 31, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a Cardinal’s statement that the upcoming Holy Year of 1933-1934 will effectively address “the crises of society,” that it will be a “year of action” as well as prayer, and that “the future belongs to the strong.”
Feb. 3, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano reports that the three Papal implementing documents for the Holy Year will bear the date January 30, 1933.
Previous Holy Years had almost always been held on years ending in 00, 25, 50, and 75; there is no record of a Holy Year in a year ending in 33, until 1933.
Feb. 27, 1933 Reichstag (parliament building) in Berlin is heavily damaged by a fire, which Hitler and Nazis immediately blame on a Communist, using the occasion to get President Hindenburg to decree emergency suspension of civil rights.
Feb. 28, 1933 Hindenburg issues decree suspending the Weimar Constitution’s equivalents of the US 1st and 4th amendments.
John Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches (1968), p.17: “Under the plea of preventing Communist terrorist activities, the ordinance annulled the seven articles of the Weimar Constitition which safeguarded the freedom of the individual, the rights of free speech, the rights of meeting and assembly, and the security of the citizen from house searches or from interference with his postal, telegraph and telephone communications.”
Mar. 5, 1933 New elections are held for delegates to the Reichstag, in which the Nazi Party uses state-funded propaganda and suppression of opposing publicity to increase its representation.
Results: Nazi Party 44%, Social Democrats 18%, Catholic Center and Bavarian People’s parties 14%, Communist Party 12%, Nationalist Coalition 8%, five other parties combined 4%.
Mar. 10, 1933 Cardinal Faulhaber has a private audience with Pope Pius XI.
English translation of Faulhaber’s notes of the meeting
Mar. 10, 1933 At a consistory in Rome, Pope Pius XI tells the Cardinals that he is pleased with Hitler, because he is the first statesman who has spoken up against Bolshevism.
Mar. 12, 1933 Chancellor Hitler and President Hindenburg co-sign and issue provisional flag decree about the German imperial tricolor and the swastika flag.
The decree provides that until a final decision as to the national flag, the swastika flag shall be flown with the red-black-white German tricolor at civilian installations, but not at military installations, which shall display the German war flag (tricolor with iron cross).
English translation of text of flag decree
Mar. 18, 1933 Vice Chancellor Papen proposes to Cardinal Bertram, the head of the German Bishops Conference, that the Bishops remove their prohibitions on Catholics joining the Nazi Party.
Cardinal Bertram replies that is impossible unless the Nazis fundamentally change their program and ideology.
Mar. 23, 1933 German Parliament enacts the Enabling Act by the necessary two-thirds majority vote, thus empowering Hitler and his cabinet to rule by decree for the next four years.
Before the vote, Hitler gives a speech on domestic and foreign policy, in which he calls for the building of a “real Volk community” (German: Volksgemeinschaft), connoting solidarity among Germans and exclusion of Jews.
Hitler declares he will cultivate “friendliest relations with the Holy See” and a cooperative relationship between Church and State.
Excerpts of Hitler’s speech in translation
The four-year Enabling Act is later renewed, and Hitler usurped absolute dictatorial power upon Hindenburg’s death on August 2, 1934.
Mar. 28, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano reports why the two Catholic parties of Germany voted for the Enabling Act, to promote “concord” and “the work of national salvation.”
On the same page, the Vatican newspaper publishes a further announcement of the Holy Year.
Mar. 29, 1933 German Bishops unanimously remove their prohibitions on Catholics joining the Nazi Party, while keeping in place their warnings about Nazi ideology.
The Bishops allow Nazis to come to mass in uniform, but they do not express approval of the swastika: “The bringing into the Church of flags of this and other political organizations is to be prevented by informal advance agreement to the extent feasible, because this would tend to give the impression of a political party demonstration, which is unbecoming to the sanctity of a house of worship.”
Source: Bernhard Stasiewski, ed., Akten Deutscher Bischöfe über die Lage der Kirche,[German Bishops’ Papers about Church Matters] (Mainz: Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, 1968-1985), vol. 1, p. 34.
Mar. 30, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano reports the German Bishops’ joint statement removing prohibitions on Catholics joining the Nazi Party
Apr. 1, 1933 Nazis conduct first nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses.
English translation of L’Osservatore Romano’s coverage
Apr. 4, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano covers the opening of the Holy Year, together with reasons why the German Bishops now allow Catholics to join the Nazi Party.
Apr. 4, 1933 Cardinal Pacelli sends a communiqué to Archbishop Orsenigo, Vatican Nuncio to Germany, stating in reference to possible papal intervention against antisemitic excesses in Germany (nationwide boycott against Jewish businesses):
“Given that it is part of the traditions of the Holy See to carry out its mission of universal peace and charity toward all men, regardless of the social or religious condition to which they belong, by offering, if necessary, its charitable offices, the Holy Father asks your Excellency to see if and how it is possible to be involved in the desired way.” Source: Rychlak, Righteous, p.14.
Apr. 5, 1933 Cardinal Faulhaber issues an Instruction to Clergy prohibiting blessings of political flags, limiting attendance at mass in uniform, and strictly controlling the ringing of church bells on governmental or political occasions.
Apr. 7, 1933 Hitler and cabinet issue a decree ousting Jewish Germans from public service positions; at the insistence of President Hindenburg, Jewish veterans of World War One are exempted.
Apr. 12, 1933 Saint Edith Stein, a Jewish convert to Catholicism, forced out of her university post as a philosophy professor by the April 7 decree, writes a letter to Pope Pius XI saying that both Jews and Catholics “have been waiting and hoping for weeks for the Church of Christ to raise its voice to put a stop to this abuse of Christ’s name” by German antisemitic measures.
Stein’s letter states that loyal Catholics “fear the worst for the reputation of the Church if this silence goes on much longer.”
In response, Cardinal Pacelli requested the abbot of the Benedictine monastery where she was staying temporarily to inform her that her letter had reached the Pope. Source: Besier, pp. 125-126.
Apr. 16, 1933 German Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen travels to Rome for Easter and meets with Cardinal Pacelli and then Pope Pius XI around Easter Sunday, which fell on April 16th. Papen’s Memoirs recall the Pope’s praise of Hitler.
Excerpt translated from Papen’s Der Wahrheit eine Gasse [A Breakthrough for the Truth] (1952)
Apr. 20, 1933 Father Ludwig Kaas, who had left Germany permanently at the beginning of the month to work with Cardinal Pacelli in the Vatican, sends birthday greetings to Hitler by telegram from Rome.
Apr. 26, 1933 Bishop Berning of Osnabrück meets with Hitler, who says he intends to do a great service for the Church by combatting the danger posed by the Jews.
English translation of Berning’s report of the meeting
May 8, 1933 Nuncio Orsenigo sends a detailed report about the Berning-Hitler meeting to Cardinal Pacelli, including a full account of Hitler’s words about the “Jewish question.”
June 3, 1933 German Bishops Conference issues a joint pastoral letter welcoming the “new state” and expressing gratitude for the Nazi regime’s struggle (Kampf) against Bolshevism. Stasiewski, vol. 1, pp. 239-248.
June 18, 1933 Cardinal Pacelli, the Episcopal Protector of the Austrian-run German-language chapel and residential college in Rome, the “Anima,” consecrates the Rector of the Anima, Alois Hudal, as a Bishop. Hudal’s official position and duties remain unchanged.
English translation of invitation to the event in Cardinal Faulhaber’s papers
June 28, 1933 Nazis commence the arrest of 200 prominent Catholics in Bavaria, including 100 priests. Source: Conway, p.30.
June 30, 1933 Cardinal Gasparri, retired Vatican Secretary of State, sends a memorandum to the Vatican urging accommodation with Hitler, dissolution of the Catholic Center Party in Germany, and avoidance of “political and religious struggle with Hitlerism.”
July 4, 1933 Catholic Bavarian People’s Party declares its dissolution, and Nazis release Catholics arrested on and after June 28th.
July 5, 1933 Catholic Center Party of Germany declares its dissolution.
July 8, 1933 Vatican-Germany Condordat is initialed in Rome by Cardinal Pacelli for the Vatican and Vice Chancellor Papen for Germany.
July 9, 1933 Hitler issues a decree stating, “The conclusion of the Concordat seems to me to give sufficient guarantee that the Reich members of the Roman Catholic confession will from now on put themselves without reservation at the service of the new National Socialist state.” Besier.
July 14, 1933 Hitler declares at a meeting with his cabinet ministers that the concluding the Germany-Vatican Concordat will be “particularly significant in the urgent struggle against international Jews.”
Source: Ventresca (2013), p.82, citing Documents on German Foreign Policy, ser. C, vol. 1, pp. 651-653.
July 20, 1933 Vatican-Germany Concordat is signed in Rome by Cardinal Pacelli and Vice Chancellor Papen.
Online text of Concordat: in German and Italian.
English summary of Concordat provisions
July 21, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano publishes full text of Vatican-Germany Concordat on page one.
July 24, 1933 Cardinal Faulhaber sends a telegram to Hitler, praising him for accomplishing more in six months than the parliaments and political parties of Germany had accomplished in six decades.
Source: Conway, The Nazi Persecution of the Churches, p.61, citing Hans Müller, Katholische Kirche und Nationalsozialismus, p.55.
July 26, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano publishes an explanation of the Concordat.
July 29, 1933 Cardinal Pacelli asks the Austrian Ambassador to expunge from Austrian archives any trace of criticisms the Austrian ruler has made against the Vatican-Germany Concordat.
Source: Ventresca (2013), p.85, citing Vatican Secret Archives, AES, Stati Ecclesiastici, P.O. 430b, fasc. 360 (1933-1940), “Audience of July 29, 1933.”
Aug. 19, 1933 British Diplomat Ivone Kirkpatrick reports to British Foreign Office that Cardinal Pacelli has told him how much he abhors Nazi antisemitism and totalitarianism and terror, and that he only signed the Concordat because he had a gun to his head, in the sense that failure to sign would have led to far worse Nazi outrages against the Church.
Excerpts from Kirkpatrick’s report
Aug. 29, 1933 German Bishops Conference considers whether to relax prohibitions on blessings of swastika flags and adopts a tactful way of saying No:
“Concerning the ‘consecration of flags’ the customary practices of the individual dioceses remain unchanged.”
Source: “Minutes of the Plenary Conference of the German Bishops,” Aug. 29-31, 1933, reprinted in Stasiewski, Akten deutscher Bischöfe über die Lage der Kirche, 1933-1945 (Mainz, 1968-1985), vol. 1, p. 337.
Aug. 30, 1933 Bavarian Bishops Conference considers whether to relax prohibitions on blessings of swastika flags and adopts a formulation that neither authorizes nor strictly prohibits flag blessing ceremonies:
“On the question whether the swastika flag, now explained to be a Reich flag, shall be consecrated: the Conference has until now rejected the consecration of political flags and today is still of this view, that with the admittance into the worship services in the nave of the Church a certain consecration is conferred, without the rite of consecration. The Conference does not want to insist on a strict veto, since the decree of the [Vatican] Congregation of Rites of December 15, 1922 and March 26, 1924 leaves open the possibility of such a consecration of flags, cf. AAS [Acta Apostolicae Sedis] 1924 No. 4, Apr. 1, p.171.”
Note: In light of the resistance of Cardinal Faulhaber and other Bishops to displaying the swastika flag on churches on designated “patriotic days” or holidays in 1934, the effect of the Bavarian Bishops’ resolution of Aug. 30, 1933 appears to be that Bishops did not bless or consecrate swastika flags, but also did not threaten priests with strict discipline if they did so.
Sept. 9, 1933 Cardinal Pacelli lodges a confidential protest with the German government against persecution of Catholics of Jewish descent.
Sept. 10, 1933 Vatican-Germany Concordat is ratified by the Vatican and the German Reich. Within days, the Nazi regime suppresses Catholic newspapers and associations in Germany.
Oct. 15, 1933 L’Osservatore Romano publishes enthusiastic statements about the Nazi regime from three prominent Catholic prelates, followed by articles about an Arab protest against Jewish immigration in Palestine, and about protection of Jews in Germany.
The same page features articles entitled “Arab Agitation in Jerusalem” and “For the Protection of the Jews”
Oct. 21, 1933 Hitler withdraws Germany from the League of Nations.
Nov. 4, 1933 Civiltà Cattolica article on the Concordat calls it “a new event in the history of the Church” and says what is most important is Germany’s national re-organization, from a religious perspective especially, as well as the social restoration, which is most urgent since the worldwide upheaval of these past two decades and the fearsome advance of the Bolshevik and Communist tempest, which already broke upon Germany, threatening European Christian civilization itself with the peril of a new barbarism.”
Italian original: pages 217; 218; 219; 220; 221; 222; 223; 224; 225; 226; 227; 228; 229
Nov. 12, 1933 Referendum in Germany confirms Hitler’s decision to withdraw from the League of Nations, with 95% in favor.
Nov. 18, 1933 Civiltà Cattolica article on the Concordat describes a “great moment” for Germany and all of Christian Europe, furthering a religious and civil “program of reconciliation and restoration” in Germany, and offering a model for other countries concerned to combat Communism and Bolshevism.
Italian original: pages 331; 332; 333; 334; 335; 336; 337; 338; 339; 340; 341; 342; 343; 344; 345; 346
Nov. 24, 1933 Letters written by German Bishops show that the Vatican is making the decisions concerning any issue that is a “causa major” including issues arising under the Vatican-Germany Concordat.
Nov. 24, 1933 Catholic paper in northern Germany quotes Bishop Berning of Osnabrück on Catholics’ duty of “true adherence to the Führer” and Catholics’ “cultural assets for the upbuilding of the Volksgemeinschaft.”
English translation of Bishop Berning’s remarksDec. 3-10-17-24-31, 1933 Cardinal Faulhaber delivers a series of Advent and St. Sylvester homilies to overflow crowds in the largest church in Munich, St. Michael’s, denouncing aspects of Nazi ideology that reject the Old Testament and demonize Judaism of pre-Christian times.
These sermons are soon thereafter published as a book, Judentum Christentum Germanentum (Munich: Huber, 1934), and published in English that same year as Judaism, Christianity and Germany (New York: Macmillan, 1934).
Jan. 24, 1934 Hitler appoints Alfred Rosenberg as head of ideological and intellectual formation for the Nazi Party.
Details about Rosenberg, his antisemitic and anti-Christian views, and Vatican reaction against him
Jan. 30, 1934 Nazi regime institutes memorial day with display of tricolor and swastika flags nationwide, on anniversary of Hitler coming to power.
Details of conflict with Catholic Bishops who resist displaying swastika flags on churches on memorial days
Feb. 6, 1934 In Paris, demonstrations by far-right groups including the Croix de Feu against the Cartel des Gauches [left-wing coalition] parliamentary government are violently suppressed, and prime minister Edouard Deladier resigns the next day to be replaced by conservative Gaston Doumergue. Nelis (2015), p. 164.
Feb. 7, 1934 Cardinal Karl Schulte, Archbishop of Cologne, meets with Hitler and complains about Rosenberg.
Schulte’s report of his meeting with Hitler
The Vatican newspaper, L’Osservatore Romano, denounces Rosenberg hours after Schulte-Hitler meeting, in article "A Book of Odious Falsity for German Youth"
Feb. 19, 1934 Vatican Nuncio Orsenigo visits the German Foreign Office to complain about requirements to display swastika flags on churches.
German official’s memo describing the meeting
Mar. 2, 1934 Pope Pius XI tells Cardinal Pacelli the Vatican cannot side either with the Arabs or with the Zionists in Palestine.
Source: Ventresca (2013), p.70, quoting in translation from Pacelli’s notes of audience of Feb. 19 and Mar. 2, 1934, Vatican Secret Archives, AES, Stati Ecclesiastici, IV Periodo, P.O. 430b, fasc. 360, and P.O. 430a, fasc. 349.
Mar. 6, 1934 Nazi official writes to Rector of Munich Cathedral objecting to failure to display swastika flag on recent memorial day.
Excerpt of letter in English translation
Mar. 14, 1934 German Government officially protests reluctance of German Bishops to display swastika flags.
Excerpt of diplomatic note from German Government to Vatican in English translation
April 1934 Pope Pius XI extends the 1933-1934 Holy Year for an additional year.
May 1, 1934 Austria-Vatican Concordat is ratified.
Austrian ruler Engelbert Dollfuss is praised by Cardinal Pacelli for reconstructing the Austrian state “on the basis of traditional loyalty to Christ and his Church.” Besier and Piombo, The Holy See and Hitler’s Germany (2007), p.90.
May 14, 1934 Vatican responds to German note of March 14 and defends German Bishops’ resistance to swastika.
Cardinal Pacelli’s response states: “Beginning on the day when the swastika is no longer connected by its partisan champions with meanings and missions whose anti-Christian tendency offends the faithful, the resistance based on religious considerations will diminish of its own accord.”
May and early June 1934 Cardinal Pacelli sends a total of ten diplomatic protest notes to the German Government.
Summary of diplomatic notes May 4 through June 14
June 6, 1934 German Bishops Conference prepares a joint pastoral letter, but delays publication during negotiations over implementation of the Concordat.
June 17, 1934 German Vice Chancellor Franz von Papen gives a speech expressing loyalty to Hitler while criticizing some currents in the Nazi movement.
Coverage of Papen’s Marburg speech in L’Osservatore Romano and in Civiltà Cattolica
June 19, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano reports on a speech by Hitler stating his peaceful intentions.
Civiltà Cattolica’s coverage of same speech
June 22, 1934 In the wake of Papen’s Marburg speech, L’Osservatore Romano reports on page one that Papen remains Vice Chancellor.
“There are reports that von Papen on Monday placed his government position at the disposal of Hitler, who immediately refused to consider the possibility of his leaving the government in consequence of the events of last Sunday [June 17].”
June 27, 1934 Hitler meets with three-Bishop negotiating committee and says he wants to reach agreement for implementation of the Concordat.
Bishop Berning’s report of the meeting in English translation
June 29, 1934 Nazi regime and German Bishops reach agreement on implementation of the Concordat.
Catholic associations that are purely religious, charitable or cultural, and are under the umbrella of Catholic Action, supervised by the hierarchy, will be protected. Other Catholic associations will be dissolved and their assets folded into Catholic Action.
June 29, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano’s front page lead story denounces Soviet Union for falsely proclaiming peaceful intentions.
Italian original with translation superimposed
June 30, 1934 Hitler’s henchmen kill the SA’s leadership and many others on Hitler’s kill list, including Erich Klausener of Catholic Action and a number of other prominent Catholics, in the “Night of the Long Knives.”
Reaction of Vatican Nuncio and Bishops in Berlin
Coverage in L’Osservatore Romano
July 3-15, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano covers the Night of the Long Knives and its aftermath with no critical words toward Hitler.
July 4, 1934 Cardinal Pacelli sends two diplomatic notes to the German Government.
One note protests a ban on German seminarians studying in Innsbruck, Austria; the second note says it is urgent that the Holy See receive a response to the earlier note of May 9th concerning pressures on Catholic students to engage in swordfighting and dueling.
July 13, 1934 Hitler speaks to the Reichstag and defends his decision to kill dozens of persons to protect the Reich.
Coverage in L’Osservatore Romano and in Civiltà Cattolica
July 13-15, 1934 Newspapers throughout Argentina cover decision by Government of Buenos Aires Province prohibiting public display of the swastika flag.
Press clippings from German Embassy file in English translation
July 18, 1934 German Ambassador seeks approval of Argentine Foreign Minister for display of swastika flag jointly with German tricolor.
Translated memorandum from Ambassador Thermann to Foreign Minister Carlos Saavedra Lamas
The Argentine Foreign Minister responded that the Buenos Aires Province decision will have no effect.
July 18, 1934 Cardinal Pacelli sends protest note concerning adverse changes in the regulation of Catholic denominational schools in Germany.
July 20, 1934 Hitler publicly thanks the SS (Schutzstaffel, under Heinrich Himmler) for the “great services” they rendered in the Night of the Long Knives and elevates the SS to equality with the SA, with both reporting directly to Hitler.
July 25, 1934 Nazi coup attempt in Vienna fails, but kills Austrian ruler Engelbert Dollfuss.
Front page coverage in L’Osservatore Romano; Italian original with translations of headlines and excerpts
July 28, 1934 Hitler appoints Papen as special ambassador to Vienna in a move that helps quell international outrage over the Nazis’ assassination of Dollfuss.
Front page coverage in L’Osservatore Romano
July 31, 1934 German Ambassador to Vatican cables Berlin that the Pope has been “deeply affected” by news of the shooting of leading Catholics in Germany and Chancellor Dollfuss in Austria.
Aug. 1, 1934 Hitler’s Cabinet decrees that he will automatically assume the office of Reich President upon the death of President Hindenburg.
Aug. 2, 1934 President Hindenburg dies. All military personnel are required to take an oath of loyalty to Hitler rather than, as before, to the German Constitution.
Text of oath
Aug. 4, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano focuses extensively on developments in Germany:
Front page headlines about death of Hindenburg; Hitler as “New Head of the Reich”; Change of the Constitution; Plebiscite to Ratify that Change; and Army’s New Loyalty Oath to Hitler
Front page article about implications of Hitler gaining absolute power: “No one could now prevent Hitler from completely carrying out the famous program of February 23, 1920. The original idea of National Socialism, proclaimed at the outset of the movement, will enter into a decisive phase of realization.” Italian original: page one. Compare Reuth (1996), p. 274 description of Hitler’s power after death of Hindenburg: “Jetzt, im Besitz der totalen Macht, verfügte er über die Voraussetzung, um seinen Kampf gegen das 'Weltjudentum’ aufzunehmen.”
Compare “originally pure spring” of Nazism in 1924 and 1925 with statement of “original idea of National Socialism” published or reprinted by the Vatican in its newspaper in 1934.
Page two of L’OR: publication in Italian of the German Bishops’ pastoral letter of June 7, 1934; English translation
Aug. 4, 1934 Civiltà Cattolica reports that a “great impression” was made internationally by Hitler’s appointment of Papen.
The article also recited Hitler’s professions of peaceful intent toward Austria, vol. 3, p.444.
Aug. 10, 1934 Pro-Nazi priest Abbot Albanus Schachleiter, O.S.B. meets with Hitler.
Excerpts from Cardinal Faulhaber’s report to Cardinal Pacelli about the meeting
Aug. 17, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano reports two days before the plebiscite that “Hitler has boundless confidence” and will increase his authority “prodigiously.”
Aug. 19, 1934 German nationwide referendum confirms Hitler’s usurpation of the office of President. Almost 90% vote Yes.
Aug. 19, 1934 Völkischer Beobachter publishes a statement by Bishop Berning of Osnabrück saying that all Germans have an obvious duty to vote Yes.
Aug. 21, 1934 Bishop Berning writes a letter to all German Catholic Bishops regretting the undue pressure that the publication of his statement placed upon the consciences of Catholics.
Aug. 30, 1934 Criterio, Catholic journal in Buenos Aires, publishes article about Nazi persecution of Catholic Church, along with German Bishops’ pastoral letter of June 1934.
Sept. 2, 1934 Pacelli sends note to German Government saying what the Reich is offering to the Church is less than what the Concordat requires.
Excerpt in English translation
Sept. 5-10, 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg.
L’Osservatore Romano’s daily coverage of Hitler and the Nazi Party Congress, Sept. 5-12, 1934
Note: The ringing of church bells for Hitler upon his arrival in Nuremberg, described by L’Osservatore Romano in the Sept. 5 and 6 editions, was an honor that had been refused by Bavarian Bishops for the 80th birthday of German President Hindenburg in 1927 and for the annual celebration of the Weimar Republic Constitution on August 11th during the 1920s.
Sept. 6, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano praises Mussolini for publishing an article the previous month on the question: “Is the White Race Dying Out?”
Headings in the article include: “One Must Congratulate Mr. Mussolini,” “The Divine Is Necessary,” and “Mussolini Understood That.”
Sept. 7, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano runs a non-critical article entitled “Nazi Art: Hitler Reaffirms the New Esthetic of Blood and Race.”
Sept. 12, 1934 Vatican Nuncio Orsenigo heads diplomatic delegation calling on Hitler in Berlin.
Coverage in L’Osservatore Romano
Sept. 13, 1934 Hitler calls on Orsenigo at the Vatican Nunciature in Berlin.
Coverage in the Völkischer Beobachter
Sept. 18, 1934 Nazi Reich Bishop Müller gives a speech calling for a united German church "free from Rome": “The goal we are fighting for is one State, one Volk, one church!”
Sept. 23, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano reports that Reich Bishop Müller has denied, or retracted, the words attributed to him the previous week about one German church.
Sept. 28, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano states the “mission” of Germany against Bolshevism, from the mouth of Bishop Hudal, in an article juxtaposed with a photograph of Cardinal Pacelli. English translation
Historians have recognized the centrality to Hitler’s ideology of the “mission” to be a bulwark against Bolshevism. E.g., Waddington (2007), pp. 1-11 and historians cited therein.
No historian yet identified has mentioned this Vatican article about Germany’s mission, or the similar statement of that mission in the 1937 Encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge.
Sept. 30, 1934 Archbishop Santiago Luis Copello blesses the swastika flag in Buenos Aires.
English translation of article in La Prensa, Oct. 1, 1934
The only known photograph of this swastika-blessing ceremony appeared 10 months later in Nazi Germany, as seen here.
Oct. 1934 Bishop Hudal meets with Pius XI and discusses proposal for book on the Foundations of National Socialism.
Excerpts of Hudal’s memoirs, translated
Oct. 9-16, 1934 Cardinal Pacelli visits Buenos Aires for the 32nd International Eucharistic Congress.
L’Osservatore Romano’s coverage of Cardinal Pacelli’s arrival
Oct. 11, 1934 German Ambassador to Vatican, Diego von Bergen, has an audience with Pope Pius XI.
Bergen’s report to Berlin about the meeting, including the Pope’s comment about the Eucharistic Congress in Buenos Aires and his concern that a schismatic German National Catholic Church is being formed.
Oct. 14, 1934 Cardinal Pacelli celebrates Pontifical Mass with swastika flag in honored position near altar, and Pope Pius XI addresses the million-strong crowd via loudspeakers.
Documentation in the form of photographs, Buenos Aires newspaper coverage, and the Official Proceedings of the 32nd International Eucharistic Congress.
Because this Pontifical Mass was celebrated during the extended Holy Year of 1933-1935, by the Pope’s Legate a Latere, attendees could receive indulgences same as a Holy Year pilgrimage to Rome.
Photo of Pius XI speaking to crowd by radio-telephone connection
Oct. 16, 1934 Cardinal Pacelli goes on an airplane ride with German Ambassador Edmund von Thermann and Archbishop Copello.
Thermann’s account of his interactions with Pacelli, in post-War Allied interrogation report
Photograph of Pacelli disembarking from German plane from La Prensa, Oct. 17, 1934, p.17
Oct. 17, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano’s front page is devoted to the Eucharistic Congress, including news that the Pope radio telephone speech to the Congress was broadcast by radio in Germany, and a news item about the relations between the Vatican and the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo.
Oct. 20, 1934 Civiltà Cattolica publishes the first of a two-part series entitled “‘The Jewish Question’ and National Socialist Antisemitism,” endorsing some aspects of Nazi antisemitism and criticizing some others.
Oct. 31, 1934 Hitler reinstates two Lutheran Bishops who had been deposed by the Reich Bishop for refusing to accept his authority over a union of Protestant churches in Germany.
Coverage by the Völkischer Beobachter, Nov. 1
Nov. 1, 1934 Bishop Hudal gives a sermon on All Saints Day in Rome on the topic, “The Führer Role of the Catholic Priesthood.”
Excerpts of Bishop Hudal’s sermon from Cardinal Faulhaber’s files
Nov. 2, 1934 Cardinal Pacelli arrives back in Italy as the Conte Grande docks in Genoa.
Sr. Pascalina Lehnert’s postcard to a fellow nun, postmarked this day from Genoa, describes her trip as “himmlisch, aber für den Reisenden sehr anstrengend,” identifying her fellow travelers as Cardinal Pacelli, Ludwig Kaas, Pio Rossignani, the Cardinal’s nephew Giulio Pacelli, and the Cardinal’s niece Elena.
Source: Postcard in the archives of the Barmherzigen Schwestern in Munich, quoted in Martha Schad, Gottes mächtige Dienerin (Munich: Herbig, 2007), pp. 67-68.
Nov. 3, 1934 Civiltà Cattolica publishes the second part of “‘The Jewish Question’ and National Socialist Antisemitism,” claiming that Bolshevism “was in great part a creation of Judaism.”
The article begins: “The worst and most inexcusable wrong of the antisemitic writers of the Handbook - of which we wrote in the article in our preceding issue - is their constant pertinacity in wanting to trample with the same accusations as Judaism, others who do not deserve it: the Popes, that is, and Catholics, as well as Catholicism as such.” The article goes on to quote approvingly: “the Jew as a danger to the human race.”
Nov. 17, 1934 Civiltà Cattolica article reviews at length Bishop Hudal’s book Die Deutsche Kulturarbeit in Italien [German Cultural Activity in Italy] and describes Hudal as a German.
Dec. 26, 1934 Statement by German Bishops of the Cologne Catholic Church Province positing a duty of Catholics to "stand up for the greatness" of Germany in the upcoming referendum in the Saar, which will decide whether that former region of Germany will return to the German Reich.
Dec. 30, 1934 L’Osservatore Romano publishes an article praising a new book by Bishop Hudal.
The article highlights Hudal’s statement that Rome and Catholicism are consistent with rather than incompatible with the “German race.”
Excerpts from Hudal’s book Rom, Christentum and Deutsches Volk [Rome, Christianity and the German Volk], in English translation
Jan. 8, 1935 Goebbels praises Catholic Bishops for telling Catholics to support the return of the Saar to Germany.
Völkischer Beobachter’s coverage of Goebbels’ statement, in translation
Jan. 13, 1935 Saar residents cast more than 90% of their votes for returning to Germany rather than for continued League of Nations rule or French rule.
Jan. 15, 1935 Pope Pius XI writes a letter to Hitler.
Jan. 1935 Exiled German Catholic philosophy professor Dietrich von Hildebrand has an audience with Cardinal Pacelli in Rome.
Excerpt of Hildebrand’s memoirs about Pacelli saying it is important that “the moderate elements” in Nazism gain the upper hand
Feb. 2, 1935 Civiltà Cattolica reviews Bishop Hudal’s book Rome, Christianity and the German Volk.
Feb. 2, 1935 Civiltà Cattolica reports Nazi regime plans to ban marriage between “racial Aryans” and non-Aryans.
English translation of article pre-figuring the Nuremberg Laws of September 1935
Mar. 1, 1935 Catholic Bishops of Trier and Speyer attend ceremony with Goebbels, celebrating return of the Saar to the German Reich.
Mar. 12, 1935 Cardinal Pacelli writes a private letter to Cardinal Schulte, Archbishop of Cologne denouncing the Nazis.
Excerpts of letter, in translation
Mar. 16, 1935 Hitler institutes military draft in Germany, in violation of Versailles Treaty.
Mar.-Apr. 1935 Cardinal Pacelli sends confidential diplomatic note to German Government protesting violation of secret addendum to Vatican-Germany Concordat.
The secret addendum exempted Catholic clergy and seminarians from military service in the event of a German military draft, while requiring that they be available for chaplain or other non-combatant services. The provision is reprinted in L. Volk, Das Reichskonkordat vom 20. Juli 1933 (1972), pp. 244, 254.
Apr. 28, 1935 Cardinal Pacelli speaks critically of Nazi ideology at Lourdes in France.
Pacelli’s remarks condemn totalitarian systems, both those based on “superstition of race and blood” and those pursuing “social revolution.”
Source: Halecki, p.79, O’Shea, p.126.
Apr. 1935 Nazi regime announces intent to put an end to the Catholic youth movement in Germany, and the Catholic labor movement.
Source: Conway, pp. 123, 125.
May 21, 1935 Nazi regime officially decrees that Jews cannot serve in the German military.
May 1935 Nazi regime begins criminal prosecutions against Catholic clergy and nuns for alleged violations of Germany’s restrictions on sending funds outside the country.
July 1935 Nazi demonstrations are held against Catholic Bishops in Münster, Trier and Paderborn.
Source: Conway, p.127.
July 16, 1935 Nazi regime appoints Hanns Kerrl as the top Government official for church affairs.
July 15-21, 1935 Der Stürmer publishes the only known photograph of Archbishop Copello’s swastika blessing ceremony of September 30, 1934:
Caption: “At the Cathedral in Buenos Aires Archbishop Dr. Luis Copello blesses the Swastika Flag of the German Pilgrim Group that had gone to the Eucharistic Congress in Argentina. This ceremony was attended by the German Ambassador and the Argentine Foreign Minister”
Source: Der Stürmer, 1935, no. 29, third week of July 1935.
Full page with photograph and translations of headlines
Full page plain
Translations of articles in this issue of the Stürmer
An article to the right of the photo on this page entitled “Who Governs Russia?” contains the same exaggerated statistics about Jewish predominance in Soviet governing positions, 447 out of 545 (or, rounded, 550) officials supposedly being Jews, as the extraordinary propaganda piece that appeared in Civiltà Cattolica on Oct. 21, 1922. It is not known whether the same statistics appeared in any other source in the interim. The citation given in the Stürmer article appears to be false.
The same page of the Stürmer includes Jewish-Masonic-Communist conspiracy theory, referring to “the affair of Jews, Freemasons and Jews' lackeys [Communists].” See Full Page, “Der Hitlerjugendführer gibt die rechte Antwort.”
As summarized on the US Holocaust Memorial Museum website, Nazi propaganda repeatedly linked Jews and Masons, and the Stürmer regularly published cartoons and articles portraying a Jewish-Masonic conspiracy.
Stürmer display case
July 31, 1935 Nuncio Orsenigo visits the German Foreign Office to protest material appearing at the Stürmer display case in the neighborhood of the Nunciature.
Translation of memorandum of visit prepared by an official in the German Foreign Office
July 1935 Cardinal Pacelli sends a total of 14 diplomatic protest notes to the German Government during the 6-month period from Jan. 26 to July 26, 1935, and none thereafter until Nov. 1935.
Aug. 3, 1935 Civiltà Cattolica enthusiastically reviews a new two-part antisemitic novel, with titles El Kahal and Oro, by the Argentine head of the Press and Public Relations Committee for the 1934 International Eucharistic Congress, which presents for Argentina a terrifying version of the Jewish-Communist myth and the Protocols.
English translation of Civiltà Cattolica article
Cover of novel El Kahal:
Table of Contents of El Kahal
Cover of novel Oro
El Kahal and Oro explicitly use the serpent as the symbol of the world Jewish plot exposed in the Protocols, arousing fear and hatred toward world Jewry that is targeting Argentina in its long-developing plot to destroy Christianity and take over the world.
Aug. 4, 1935 Nazi propaganda chief Goebbels gives a speech in Essen, Germany on Church-State relations.
Excerpts of speech in translation
Aug. 4, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a front page article on “The Religious Situation in Germany.”
Aug. 17, 1935 Nazi regime orders all Masonic Lodges dissolved and their assets confiscated.
Reinhard Heydrich, head of security police under Himmler, declares his intent to wipe out not only Jews and Masons, but also the “Jewish, liberal, and Masonic infectious residue that remains in the unconscious of many, above all in the academic and intellectual world.” Source: “Freemasonry under the Nazi Regime,” US Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org.
Also on Aug. 17th, Civiltà Cattolica publishes article on “The Religious Persecution in Germany.” English translation
Aug. 25, 1935 German Bishops’ joint pastoral letter is read from pulpits throughout Germany.
The Nazi regime allows this, unlike 1934 when the regime banned the Bishops’ annual pastoral letter.
The 1935 pastoral letter contains this passage:
"The Catholic Church’s marriage laws, such as prohibition of marriage between close relatives and prohibition of barbaric divorce, have been an infinite blessing for the purity of blood and the hereditary health of the family. It would be morally fatal to consider marriage, contrary to Christian laws, only from the standpoint of maintaining the purity of the race. It would be a terrible affront to German honor, in front of the whole world, if the old watchword of Communism about the equal value of maternity within marriage and outside marriage were to be taken up again and promoted among the people ..."
Aug. 1935 German Bishops jointly issue an assurance that the oath of obedience to Hitler for government functionaries is acceptable for Catholics without any special reservation or restriction.
The oath states: "I will be faithful and obedient to the Führer of the German Reich and Volk, Adolf Hitler; I will observe the laws and conscientiously fulfill the duties with which I am charged."
The Bishops’ statement explains that a solemn oath before God never contains, by its nature, anything in contradiction with one’s obligations to God.
German press gives extensive coverage to a new Bishop, Preysing of Berlin, taking his oath of loyalty to the German Government.
Source: La Documentation Catholique, Sept. 28, 1935, pp. 404-410. French original of cover and précis of articles, pages 403-404, pages 405-406, and pages 409-410
Aug. 1935 Bishop Hudal gives lectures in Salzburg, Austria that are published in book form as Der Vatikan und die Modernen Staaten
Excerpts of book in translation
Sept. 1935 Special Edition of Der Stürmer for the upcoming Nazi Party Congress devotes two dozen pages to the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory.
Excerpts in English translation
Sept. 7, 1935 Civiltà Cattolica covers Nazi regime persecution of Catholic youth groups and describes a growing pattern of violence against Jews in Germany.
Sept. 13, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano covers the opening of the Nazi Party’s annual Congress in Nuremberg, including extensive quotations from Hitler’s speeches and a description of the prominent role of Julius Streicher, editor of the Stürmer.
Sept. 14, 1935 Goebbels delivers a major speech equating Judaism with Communism, on the eve of Germany enacting the antisemitic Nuremberg Laws at the Nazi Party Congress.
The Völkischer Beobachter publishes the entire hour-long speech. Excerpts in translation and German original: pages one; 2; 4
On the same day, Nuncio Orsenigo in Berlin sends a communiqué to Cardinal Pacelli in Rome about the upcoming Nuremberg Laws. Excerpt in translation
Sept. 15, 1935 The Nuremberg Laws declare the swastika the national flag of Germany, strip all Jews of German citizenship, and prohibit marriage and sexual relations between Jews and Aryans.
On the same day, L’Osservatore Romano summarizes Goebbels’ Sept. 14 speech about Jewish-Communism, commenting that “Germany and its Leader are carrying out a mission for which all the nations should be grateful” [la Germania e il suo Capo compiono una missione di cui devono esser grate tutte le nazioni], a mission against the gravity of the danger that Jewish-inspired communism represents for their culture and their existence [contro la gravità del pericolo che il comunismo, di ispirazione ebraica, rappresenta per la loro cultura e la loro esistenza]. English translation
Italian original (as received by Harvard library in 1935)
Italian original (as received by the Banca Piccolo Credito of Bergamo, Italy in 1935 and maintained today in the Bergamo library)
Italian version from CD provided more recently to librarians and historians, with article about Goebbels’ speech moved to page 8 and text from page 8 moved into its place on page 1
Sept. 16, 1935 Völkischer Beobachter publishes the text of the three-part Nuremberg Laws. German original: pages one and two
Sept. 17, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano publishes the text of the Nuremberg Laws and a detailed report of Hitler’s speech explaining their rationale in terms of defending against Jewish-Communist revolution.
L’Osservatore Romano criticizes Hitler for restricting preaching by priests on issues of morality and doctrine, which is “annihilating the Gospel.”
Sept. 18. 1935 L’Osservatore Romano covers Hitler’s speech to German troops at Nuremberg.
English translation of Hitler’s remarks about “indestructible faith,” sacrifice, “salvation” of Germany, and duty of obedience
L’Osservatore Romano article about rollout of swastika flag in German merchant marine
Sept. 18, 1935 Völkischer Beobachter runs page one headlines accusing Catholic associations in Germany of being under the control of Moscow.
English translation of headlines
Sept. 19, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano reports that the German law prohibiting marriages between Aryans and Jews will have effects in the Netherlands.
English translationSept. 20, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano reports on new implementing regulations for display of the swastika flag.
Sept. 21, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano reports that Jews are now considered foreign visitors in Germany without a homeland.
Sept. 24, 1935 Bishop Hudal’s book The Vatican and Modern States, containing a concise formulation of the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory, receives an imprimatur from Catholic authority in Austria.
Excerpt in English translation
Sept. 25, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano reports Hitler being “extolled” by Rudolf Hess for “the work realized with the new decrees.”
Oct. 5, 1935 Civiltà Cattolica covers the Nazi Party Congress.
Nov. 17, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano reports on new German implementing regulations for the Nuremberg Laws.
Dec. 7, 1935 Civiltà Cattolica reports the names of Catholic prelates who will be elevated to Cardinal at an upcoming Consistory in Rome, including Santiago Luis Copello [Italian: Giacomo Luigi Copello], Archbishop of Buenos Aires.
Dec. 16, 1935 Archbishop Copello is elevated to Cardinal by Pope Pius XI in Rome.
Dec. 25, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano reports that a Jewish leader in Germany approves the Nuremberg Laws.
Dec. 28, 1935 L’Osservatore Romano, back page: A typical advertisement for subscriptions to L’Osservatore Romano, in which the newspaper describes itself as “Faithful Interpreter of Papal Directives”
Feb. 4, 1936 Wilhelm Gustloff, founder of the Nazi Party’s foreign organization in Switzerland, is assassinated at his home by David Frankfurter, a Croatian Jew.
Feb. 6, 1936 Winter Olympics open in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
Also on Feb. 6th, L’Osservatore Romano’s lead article denounces “propagandists of hatred” in Europe: Soviet Communist ones. English translation
Feb. 23, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano headlines an “Antisemitic Speech by Goebbels,” saying that with “impressive words” he “spoke of the world enemy [nemico mondiale], the Jew,” and citing burnings of churches in Spain as evidence of the international reach of “Jewish intrigue.”
The Vatican paper adds a critical comment at the end, about Goebbels’ claim that order prevails in Germany, objecting that he must be overlooking what is happening in the German judicial system.
Mar. 7, 1936 German Army enters the Rhineland, German territory west of the Rhine River, in violation of the Versailles Treaty of 1919 and the Locarno Pact of 1925, with no adverse consequences.
Mar. 17, 1936 An Osservatore Romano commentary stresses the importance of fidelity to agreements in the midst of the international controversy over the Rhineland militarization.
Historian Robert Ventresca interprets this article as a “clear message to the Germans about the immorality of their violation of a key provision of the Versailles Treaty.” Ventresca (2013), p.98.
The Vatican commentary concludes with a paragraph about the great and growing peril of Communism. English translation Germany’s commitment to fighting this peril was repeatedly highlighted to readers of L’Osservatore Romano before and after this time.
March 1936 Cardinal Hlond of Poland issues a Lenten Pastoral Letter referring to the “Jewish problem” and calling the Jews “the vanguard of godlessness, of the Bolshevik movement, and of subversive action.”
Source: Saul Friedländer, Nazi Germany and the Jews, Vol. 1, The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939 (1997), pp. 216-217.
May 1936 In Spain, a left-wing Popular Front coalition comes to power, comprising Communists, Socialists and Republicans, after winning national parliamentary elections earlier in 1936.
Also in May, the Nazi regime begins “morality trials” against German Catholic clergy. Source: Besier and Piombo, p.143.
Also in May, Archbishop Gröber and Cardinal Faulhaber recommend Bishop Hudal to Helene Froelicher, envoy of the American Christian Committee for German Refugees, as the person to head an office in Rome to help Catholics who were forced to leave Germany because of Jewish heritage or opposition to the Nazi regime. Besier and Piombo, p.136.
June 4, 1936 Léon Blum, a Jew and a Socialist, becomes Prime Minister of France, at the head of the Popular Front coalition of left-wing parties, including the Socialists, Communists, Radical Socialists and Socialist Republicans.
June 19, 1936 Franz von Papen meets with Hitler and Goebbels to present a prepublication copy of Bishop Hudal’s book The Foundations of National Socialism and to solicit Hitler’s support for the book’s proposals.
Source: Goebbels Diary, vol.3, p.962
The book contains a passage stating that Catholics have no reason to defend Jews because they are responsible for Communism. English translation of passage
July 11, 1936 Austria and Nazi Germany enter into the “July Agreement” declaring friendly relations and saying that Austria regards itself as a German State.
Shortly after, L’Osservatore Romano publishes the full text of a joint German-Austrian statement about the agreement. Italian original
Also on July 11th, L’Osservatore Romano runs a lead article mentioning Bishop Hudal as a co-founder of the organization Pax Romana [Roman Peace] and raising the issue of Austria’s role in promoting Catholic, Christian civilization. Italian original
Summer 1936 Nazi regime commences and publicizes “morality trials” against Catholic clerics for alleged sexual abuse of minors.
July 17, 1936 Spanish Civil War begins, when British pilots fly General Franco from Canary Islands to lead uprising from Spanish Morocco.
Nazi Germany immediately supports Franco, providing a fleet of JU-52 aircraft to transport Franco’s army from Morocco to Spain.
Hitler continues to provide war materiel and training from late July onward; later in the war, German units such as the Condor Legion engage in combat operations against Spanish government forces.
Aug. 1, 1936 Olympic Games open in Berlin, and Nazi regime temporarily stops anti-Jewish propaganda. Friedländer (1997), pp. 180-181.
Sept. 8, 1936 Anti-Comintern exhibit opens in Nuremberg.
The opening address by Goebbels’ deputy proclaims that “all important posts in Moscow, as also all agent posts in the Red world network of the Communist International, are in the hands of Jews. Wherever the Jew appears, he shows that he is the grave-digger of nations. The events in Spain are the most recent proof of this.”
German original of article, “World Enemy No. 1 - World Bolshevism,” Völkischer Beobachter, Sept. 9, 1936.
Sept. 9-10, 1936 At the annual Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg, Hitler and Goebbels present Germany’s war in Spain as a defensive action against international Jewish Communism.
Hitler says Bolshevism seeks to “subject the Aryan peoples to foreign Jewish elements ... Just as in Russia 98% of the entire current leadership of the Soviet and commune republics is in the hands of Jews ... so we are experiencing in recent weeks, as Marxism in Spain begins to rage, the same process of striking down and rooting out the racially appropriate völkisch and governmental leadership in Spain, by means of Jewry, partly native there and partly coming from other countries...”
Goebbels develops the theme of international Jewish Communism threatening Spain, by means of examples such as Bela Kun allegedly going to Spain, and insinuations such as, “How does it come about that the Popular Front government in Spain thanks a Soviet Jew for the support of French Communists?”
Excerpts of Hitler’s speech and Goebbels’ speech, translated from Völkischer Beobachter, Sept. 11, 1936.
Sept. 12, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano gives front page, uncritical coverage to Goebbels’ speech about the threat of Jewish Communism.
The Vatican paper quotes Goebbels at length, including his statement that Bolshevism is a “crazed pathological and criminal invention of the Jews for the purpose of destroying the peoples of western civilization, to subject them to an international Jewish dominion.”
Sept. 13, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano’s lead article carries headlines “The Anti-Communism of Nuremberg - The National Socialist Congress - The struggle against Communism as the motive of German foreign policy ...”
The lead article reminds readers, without criticism, that Nazism considers Communism to be a “Jewish phenomenon.”
Another article on the same front page quotes Hitler at length, as he emphasizes the “spiritual transformation” of Germany, concluding with his call for peace and his denunciation of “Jewish Bolshevism,” all under the headline, “The Great Agreement Among Nazi Political Leaders at Nuremberg.”
Italian original of front page Sept. 13th
Excerpts in English translation
Sept. 14, 1936 Pope Pius XI gives an audience to 500 Spanish exiles at Castel Gandolfo and addresses the Spanish Civil War. Griech-Polelle (2015), p. 226
Sept. 16, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano devotes three columns to Hitler’s concluding remarks and ceremonies at Nuremberg.
Emphasizing Hitler’s commitment to fighting Communism, the article includes this passage from his Sept. 9 speech: “Bolshevism can no longer deny that in Russia 98 percent of the governing positions are in the hands of the Jews ...”
Excerpts in English translation
Oct. 1, 1936 Cardinal Pacelli sets sail from Italy for the United States, the first time a Vatican Secretary of State has visited North America.
Oct. 3, 1936 Civiltà Cattolica article on “The Jewish Question” explains at length that, though seeming contradictory at first, it is true that the Jews control both capitalism and Communism. English translation
The article claims that “the most recent revolutionary leaders of modern socialism and bolshevism are all Jews.” Kertzer (2014), p.211. Kertzer comments on the absurdity of claiming Jewish control of Russia from the mid-1920s to 1930s, i.e., the Stalin era, pp. 211-212.
Civiltà Cattolica also reports uncritically Hitler’s words about Jewish-Communist world conspiracy at the 1936 Nazi Party Congress.“The Hebrew revolutionary headquarters is preparing the world revolution with indefatigable tenacity”; ... “Bolshevism cannot deny that in Russia 98 percent of the governing positions are in the hands of Hebrews ...”
Immediately following, Civiltà Cattolica reports “disguised emissaries of the Jews from Moscow” controlling the World Congress of Youth for Peace in Geneva. English translation
Oct. 4, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano reports the arrest in Warsaw of 40 Jewish Communist agitators.
Oct. 8, 1936 Cardinal Pacelli lands in New York City.
He spends the next month visiting the major cities of the US, meeting with prominent figures in the Church and American life, while inviting Italian government representatives to multiple high level meetings.
Speculation abounds in the American press about what if anything Cardinal Pacelli will do about Father Charles Coughlin, the “radio priest” who regularly attacks President Roosevelt in broadcasts heard by tens of millions of Americans, and who earlier in 1936 co-founded the Union Party to run a populist and isolationist campaign for Congressman William Lemke against President Roosevelt and Republican Alf Landon in the 1936 US presidential campaign.
Coughlin’s radio broadcasts up to 1936 featured attacks on financiers and Wall Street without prominent antisemitic emphasis and without allegations of Judeo-Communist conspiracy.
Oct. 25, 1936 Germany and Italy enter into a treaty of friendship, which Mussolini refers to the next month as creating an “axis.”
Oct. 28, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano reports another group of 18 Communist leaders arrested in Warsaw, who are “almost all Jews.”
Oct. 30, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano reports a protest in South Africa against Jewish immigrants entering the country.
The article quotes a protest leaflet saying that Jews already in South Africa send large amounts of money to finance “the plans of the Jews in all the world.”
Nov. 3, 1936 President Franklin D. Roosevelt (61%) overwhelmingly wins popular vote over Republican Alf Landon (37%) and a third-party candidate (2%) promoted by radio priest Charles Coughlin.
Nov. 4, 1936, 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Cardinal Faulhaber meets with Hitler at Hitler’s retreat in the Bavarian Alps, on the slopes of the Obersalzberg mountain overlooking the town of Berchtesgaden.
English translation of Faulhaber’s report to Pacelli
Papen meets again with Hitler this day about Hudal’s book, with Bormann and Goebbels in attendance. Source: Goebbels’ Diary.
Nov. 5, 1936 Cardinal Pacelli has a two-hour luncheon meeting with the US President at Roosevelt’s Hyde Park, New York estate home.
Pacelli repeatedly warns Roosevelt of the threat of a Communist takeover of the United States. Source: Gallagher, pp. 87-88; Kertzer (2014), p.250.
Nov. 7, 1936 Father Coughlin announces in his weekly radio broadcast: “I am hereby withdrawing from all radio activity in the best interests of all the people.”
Coughlin also announces that his National Union for Social Justice “hereby ceases to be active.” He denies that his Bishop or his superiors in Rome have anything to do with his decision. Coughlin and his Bishop, Michael James Gallagher of Detroit, had long resisted pressures from within the Catholic Church in the US to stop or moderate his intemperate radio attacks on President Roosevelt and other personalities.
Also on Nov. 7th, L’Osservatore Romano reports that 40-50 Communists were just arrested in three cities in Romania, and the “majority of the arrestees are Jewish.” English translation
Nov. 10, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano gives extensive coverage to the 13th anniversary of Hitler’s failed Beer Hall Putsch.
Under the headline “For three and a half years German factories have worked day and night for the defense of the Country,” the Vatican paper covers Hitler’s speech at length, concluding with his statement that “Germany will be recognized by the rest of Europe as the strongest safeguard of human and European civilization.” English translation
A second article on the same page describes Hitler, Goering, Hess and Streicher paying homage to the Nazis who fell in the 1923 Putsch.
Above that article, the Vatican paper describes a “historic day” in the capital of Romania, where 100,000 people marched with an antisemitic leader against Bolshevism and “declared war on Communism, false democracy and Judaism.” Full English translation
Nov. 13, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a notice disavowing sponsorship of Bishop Hudal’s book The Foundations of National Socialism.
The same page contains a news report equating Jews and Communists in Hungary. English translation of both articles
Italian original with superimposed English translations
Nov. 25, 1936 Anti-Comintern pact is concluded between Germany and Japan.
The two countries agree to cooperate against the Communist International (Comintern), and Germany agrees to recognize the Japanese puppet state “Manchukuo” in Japanese-occupied northeastern China.
Shortly before the agreement, L’Osservatore Romano quotes Goebbels stating that Nazism, in contrast to Communism and Marxism, does not want to impose its ideology on other peoples but is preventing Communism from triumphing and menacing international peace. Italian original
After the agreement, L’Osservatore Romano's lead article is headlined “Berlin-Tokyo against the Comintern,” with a summary of the agreement and supportive quotes from Goebbels. Italian original
Dec. 1, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano quotes a speech by Soviet Commissar Molotov against antisemitism, in which he says that Marx was a Jew and that “Israelites in the U.S.S.R." have become “defenders of socialism.”
Dec. 21, 1936 L’Osservatore Romano is quoted in the December 21, 1936 issue of Social Justice, praising Father Coughlin for being a priest “at the forefront of the campaign for reform” who “by his eloquence inspires and moves an immense number of followers, and keeps the politicians on their guard.” (p.11)
Dec. 24, 1936 Christmas Eve joint pastoral letter of the German Bishops praises Hitler for his battle against Bolshevism and pledges the support of the Church.
Dec. 28, 1936 Father Charles Coughlin, while continuing to refrain from radio broadcasting, writes in his Social Justice weekly: “At the present moment it is our duty to lend every assistance possible to President Roosevelt and the administration.” (p.12)
Dec. 30, 1936 Cardinal Faulhaber sends a copy of the German Bishops’ pastoral letter to Hitler, with a cover letter saying he had arranged the pastoral letter “consistent with our agreement” on November 4th.
Jan. 3, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano gives front page coverage to Hitler’s message to the Nazi Party and the German armed forces.
In terms similar to the German Bishops’ pastoral letter, the article presents Hitler and Nazi Germany as “representing European civilization in the face of Bolshevik barbarism,” and Germany’s task for 1937 as “the continuation of the struggle against Bolshevism.” The article neither repeats nor retracts the notion that Bolshevism is closely related to Judaism.
In addition to quoting these words from Hitler, the article presents Goebbels’ words about Germany’s achievements for peace and order. Italian original
Jan. 5, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports that the German Bishops’ “joint pastoral letter against Bolshevism, signed by all the Catholic Bishops, was read yesterday in all the churches in the Reich.”
Four days later, L’Osservatore Romano publishes excerpts of the pastoral letter, beginning with the passage praising Hitler for foreseeing the advance of Bolshevism and concentrating on the defense of “the German people and the entire West against this enormous peril.” Italian original
Jan. 23, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports the formation of the “Blue Cross Movement” in Hungary, whose motto is “struggle against Bolshevism,” concluding that this organization will “fight against the Jews and Jewish influence in public life.”
Jan. 25, 1937 Goebbels notes in his diary that show trials in Soviet Russia continue to be directed against Jews such as Radek, that Hitler is wondering whether Stalin is antisemitic, and that the Soviet military is supposedly strongly antisemitic.
Source: Friedländer (1997), pp. 185-186, quoting Goebbels, Tagebücher, pt. 1, vol. 3, p. 21.
Jan. 31, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano’s front page reports on attacks on the Catholic Church in Germany and deep concerns of the German Bishops.
On the back page of the same issue, L’Osservatore Romano reports the enthusiastic reception given to Hitler in Berlin on the anniversary of his coming to power. English translation
Feb. 2, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano cites the Nazi Party newspaper “pointing out the merit of Germany’s realistic policy that fully confronts the Bolshevik peril that menaces Europe.”
Feb. 7, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports a speech by Goebbels in which he says “it is essential to save western civilization from the peril represented by Asiatic-Jewish Bolshevism. No State should close its eyes in the face of this peril.”
Feb. 24, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports that the Arab press and the Jewish press in Palestine are denouncing, respectively, the “peril of Jewish Communism in Palestine” and “the perils of religious agnosticism and Bolshevism among Zionists in Palestine.”
Feb. 26, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports on the formation of a joint German-Austrian cultural committee, saying there is hope that a way will be found to “facilitate the Austro-German solidarity that the two peoples ardently desire.”
Mar. 14, 1937 Papal Encyclical Mit Brennender Sorge [With Burning Anxiety] subjects actions and policies of Nazi regime to strong criticism, while exhorting Nazi Germany to fulfill its God-given “mission,” and encouraging Germans to build a “true Volksgemeinschaft.”
Excerpts in translation from the original German
German original on Vatican website
Vatican website’s English translation
Also on March 14th, the official Nazi newspaper runs an article with the headline “Establishing a True Volksgemeinschaft.” German original of article in Völkischer Beobachter, Mar. 14, 1937, p.3. In Nazi ideology, Volksgemeinschaft meant community-solidarity of the German Volk, which by definition in the 1920 Party Program excluded Jews.
Mar. 19, 1937 Divini Redemptoris, encyclical against Atheistic Communism, is issued.
Excerpts in English translation
Full English translation of encyclical on Vatican website
Pope Pius XI does not explicitly follow the written advice of the Superior General of the Jesuits to allude in this encyclical to the dominant role of Jews in Communism. Pollard (2014), p.134, quoting Ledochowski, S.J., “Alcune Note Esplicative Sullo Schema dell’Enciclica sul Communismo,” Vatican Secret Archives, AES, IV Periodo, 548 571.
But the Vatican newspaper makes a prominent point on April 14, 1937 that Jews control Soviet foreign policy, even while Stalin is purging some of the old Jewish Bolsheviks. This lead article also informs readers that, contrary to reports, Stalin is not antisemitic.
The text of Divini Redemptoris includes veiled references to “enemies of the Church who from Moscow are directing the struggle against Christian civilization” and to the “yoke” imposed on the Russian people “by men who in very large part are strangers to the real interests of the country.” In light of material the Vatican published in its daily paper in the 1920s and 1930s, these references could reasonably be understood by knowledgeable readers as references to Jewish-Communism.
The encyclical was in fact understood as a condemnation of Judaism along with Communism in Argentina, according to Ben-Dror (2008).
Mar. 23, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano publishes Mit Brennender Sorge in German and Italian.
The Italian translation uses the word missione in the exhortation to Germany to fulfill its God-given “mission.”
Front page with German version of encyclical
Page 3 with first part of Italian translation of encyclical
Page 4 with final part of Italian translation of encyclical, including Germany’s “missione” at end of fourth to last paragraph.
Apr. 14, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano’s lead article explains that while Stalin has removed Lenin’s largely Jewish old guard from power, Soviet foreign policy is still under Jewish control.
Stalin’s show trials in recent months against some Jewish Bolshevik figures such as Radek had raised the possibility, even in the minds of Hitler and Goebbels, that the Soviet Government was antisemitic rather than Jewish-controlled. Friedländer (1997), pp. 185-186 (quoting Goebbels’ diary and noting that nonetheless “the equation of Jewry and Bolshevism remained the fundamental guideline” in the Nazi Party and State).
Apr. 15, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano prominently features Bishop Hudal declaring the “mission” of Austria: “safeguarding the union of Christianity in the name of Rome and of German-ness for the entire German people.”
English translation of front page article
Apr. 18, 1937 Bishop Hudal holds a position of honor as the opening speaker for a two-month series of conferences at the Catholic World Press Exhibition in Rome.
L’Osservatore Romano gives Hudal daily front page coverage for an entire week. English translations
Apr. 20, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano summarizes the Nazi Party newspaper’s denial of a Germany-Russia rapprochment, stating that Germany has timely recognized the threat of international Communism annihilating European culture.
May 1, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports on page one the trial, conviction, and sentencing to 11 years imprisonment of a German priest from the Peace League of German Catholics (Fr. Joseph Rossaint of the Friedensbund Deutscher Katholiken). Italian original
May 4, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano publishes an article entitled “From Germany: Catholic Resistance,” focusing on a parish priest who is being attacked for his criticism of the Nazi regime.
May 5, 1937 Front page articles in L’Osservatore Romano focus on Nazi persecution of the Church, and on priests who are World War One veterans and now “in the front line” defending the Church in Germany.
May 12, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports on a new measure prohibiting German Jews from receiving university degrees.
May 26, 1937 Vatican appoints Edward Mooney, a veteran of the Vatican Secretariat of State, as Archbishop of Detroit, thus enhancing the ability to control Detroit’s radio priest Charles Coughlin.
Mooney served 1926-1931 as the Vatican’s diplomatic representative (Apostolic Delegate) to India, and 1931-1933 in the same role to Japan.
At the same time, the Vatican raises Detroit to an Archdiocese, and shortly afterward Mooney is visited by Giovanni Battista Montini, Pacelli’s deputy in the Secretariat of State (Sostituto for Ordinary Church Affairs), who later becomes Pope Paul VI.
June 5, 1937 Civiltà Cattolica, in a lengthy piece on “The Jewish Question and Zionism,” explains in detail that Jewry controls both capitalism and Communism to achieve worldwide Jewish rule. English translation
The article quotes a letter from Karl Marx to a “Baruch Lévy” as a greatly significant admission that Communism is a Jewish instrument to gain “supreme and absolute dominion of the Jewish race over the entire world.”
The supposed Karl Marx letter was identifiably fraudulent at the time. The article called Marx a Jew without noting that he was baptized into the Lutheran Church as a child, or that he wrote negatively about Judaism.
June 17, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a German Bishop’s statement about the morality trials conducted by Nazi Germany against some priests.
June 18, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports that most of the morality trials in Germany are against lay persons involved in teaching and health care.
June 22, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports a protest by the Cardinal Archbishop of Cologne against arbitrary searches of his Archdiocesan offices by the Gestapo.
July 3, 1937 Civiltà Cattolica, in a lengthy article on the Jewish question, exhorts Christian countries to “stem the dual disruptive Jewish preponderances” over finance capitalism and revolutionary movements, while not resorting to antisemitism, which the Church condemns. Excerpts in translation
Aug. 2, 1937 Archbishop Edward Mooney, a Vatican Secretariat of State veteran as former Apostolic Delegate to India and then to Japan, arrives in Detroit.
Archbishop Mooney thus becomes the new superior of radio priest Charles Coughlin, who had ceased his radio broadcasts in November of the prior year.
Aug. 10, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports the principled stand of a priest (Blessed Rupert Mayer, S.J.) in Munich who was put on trial for speaking out against Nazi regime policies.
Aug. 17, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports on the struggle against Christianity by the Nazi regime as preparations begin for the annual Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg.
Aug. 21, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports Cardinal Faulhaber’s words about the Nazi culture war against the Church in Germany, including his statement that “the time has come to speak.”
Sept. 8-15, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano covers the Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg with terse articles on the back page.
Unlike the previous year, the coverage omits Hitler’s and Goebbels’s equating of Soviet Communism with world Jewry even though, as Friedländer (1997) observes, the Nazi anti-Judeo-Bolshevik propagando crescendoed there. See pp. 183-185.
In speeches at the 1937 Nazi Party Congress, Hitler claims that the leaders of Jewish-Bolshevism are seated in Moscow, that Jewish-Bolshevism threatens the “community of Europe’s civilized nations,” and that in Soviet Russia “more than eighty percent of the leading positions are held by Jews.” Friedländer (1997), p. 185, citing M. Domarus, ed., Hitler’s Speeches and Proclamations, vol. 2, pp. 939-941.
Sept. 15, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano, in the wake of the annual Nazi Party Congress, publishes an article about “the Nazis’ continued transgressions of their obligations and promises related to the church in Germany.”
Source: Ventresca (2013), pp. 121-122, citing “After the Nuremberg Congress,” L’Osservatore Romano, Sept. 15, 1937, p.1. English translation of article
Ventresca describes the interactions of Cardinal Pacelli and Pius XI in reviewing and approving this article, citing Pacelli’s notes, Vatican Secret Archives, AES, IV Germania, P.O. 720, fasc. 323, fo. 14-18.
Sept. 29-30, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano covers Mussolini’s state visit to Germany.
Oct. 6, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano reports a German school regulation for teaching a Nazi version of Christianity, including attacks on clericalism and Judaism.
The Vatican newspaper’s commentary on the regulation protests the Nazis’ distortion of Christianity and their racist and anti-clerical presentation of Jesus. English translation
Nov. 7, 1937 Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan sign the Anti-Comintern Pact in Rome on the 20th anniversary of the Russian Revolution.
L’Osservatore Romano publishes the text of the Pact on page one, along with supportive articles.
The Vatican paper continues with more favorable commentary two days later.
On November 10th, the Vatican paper reports Hitler speaking on the anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch and acclaiming the tripartite unity of Germany, Italy and Japan. Italian original
Dec. 25, 1937 L’Osservatore Romano publishes Pope Pius XI’s Christmas allocution to the Cardinals, concerning persecution against the Church in Germany.
The Pope protests against the accusation in Germany that the Catholic Church is political: “We do Religion, we do not do politics: everyone knows it, everyone sees it who wants to see.”
Feb. 5, 1938 Civiltà Cattolica repeats its historical calls for defensive measures against the Jewish threat. Kertzer (2014), p.290, citing vol. 1, p.460.
Mar. 11, 1938 Austrian Nazis stage a coup and take over the Austrian Government.
Mar. 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria in the “Anschluss.”
Mar. 15, 1938 Hitler meets in Vienna with Cardinal-Archbishop Theodor Innitzer, who orders his priests to read a statement in the churches endorsing Hitler and Nazi Germany:
“Those who are entrusted with souls and the faithful will unconditionally support the great German State and the Führer ...”
Source: Kertzer (2014), p.276, citing secondary sources.
Mar. 16, 1938 Cardinal Pacelli writes Mussolini, thanking him for intervening with Hitler on behalf of oppressed Catholics.
Source: G. Sale, Hitler, p.525, citing Vatican Archives, AA.EE.SS., Germania, Pos. 735 P.O. Fasc. 353 fo. 4.
Mar. 18, 1938 The Austrian Bishops issue a statement to be read from all pulpits urging Catholics to vote Yes in an upcoming plebiscite to ratify the Anschluss. Kertzer (2014), pp. 277-278.
Apr. 2, 1938 Civiltà Cattolica article on Zionism says the Jews’ “corrupted messianism and fatal yearning for financial and temporal dominion in the world is the true and profound cause that renders Judaism an incitement of uprisings and a permanent danger for the world.” Excerpt in translation
Apr. 5, 1938 Pope Pius XI, having summoned Cardinal Innitzer from Vienna to the Vatican, compels him to issue a partial retraction of the Austrian Bishops’ approval of the Nazi takeover of the country.
Kertzer (2014), pp. 278-279. The retraction was published in L’Osservatore Romano on April 6th.
Apr. 10, 1938 Austrian plebiscite produces 99.75% endorsement of the Anschluss, under conditions of Nazi voter intimidation, falsification of voting results, and exclusion of Jews from polls.
Apr. 19, 1938 Joseph Kennedy transmits to President Roosevelt a private memorandum from Cardinal Pacelli about the Vatican’s position following Nazi Germany’s annexation of Austria.
Pacelli’s memorandum states that the German Government has taken an attitude against all clauses in the Concordat since soon after it was signed, and that the possibility of an agreement between the Vatican and Germany “is out of the question for the time being.”
The memorandum suggests the American Government should send a diplomatic representative to the Vatican to “make the world think over the ever increasing necessity in the present troubles of keeping in touch with the Supreme Moral Powers of the world...”
Source: English original reprinted in Rychlak (2010), pp. 398-400.
Spring 1938 The official publication of the Italian association of Catholic clergy publishes article entitled “The Jewish Invasion in Italy Too,” advocating “defensive antisemitism” against the “invasion.”
Source: Kertzer (2014), p.291. Kertzer describes a campaign in the Catholic press in Italy to prepare the way for the Italian racial antisemitic laws that followed later in 1938.
May 3-9, 1938 Hitler makes a state visit to Mussolini in Rome and Florence.
The Vatican unsuccessfully tried to arrange for Hitler to call on Pope Pius XI at the Vatican. Besier, p.183. According to Besier, Bishop Hudal was photographed next to Hitler. Pius XI went to Castel Gandolfo before Hitler arrived in Rome and stayed there for the duration of the visit.
Pius XI, in public remarks at Castel Gandolfo, lamented the presence in Rome of “another cross that is not the Cross of Christ.” Kertzer (2014), p.284; Besier, p.185.
July 14, 1938 Mussolini has a manifesto published in Italy declaring that “Jews do not belong to the Italian race.” Kertzer (2014), p.292.
July 16, 1938 Civiltà Cattolica article on Hungary and the Jewish question refers to the “Jewish-Bolshevik cataclysm” of 1919, says Jews are in solidarity with revolutionaries, and endorses antisemitic legislation as a defensive measure against Jewish “messianic craving for world domination.” English translation
Also on July 16th, L’Osservatore Romano republishes statement that “Jews do not belong to the Italian race” without criticism. Source: Kertzer (2014), pp. 293, 478, citing “Fascism and the Racial Problem,” L’Osservatore Romano, July 16, 1938, p.2.
July 18, 1938 In the United States, radio priest Charles Coughlin’s weekly newspaper Social Justice commences the serialized publication of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.
Social Justice continues to present excerpts from the Protocols to its readers weekly until November 1938, when Father Coughlin begins radio attacks on the “Jewish-Communist” world conspiracy.
Aug. 8, 1938 Father Coughlin's Social Justice cites the Documentation Catholique Jewish-Bolshevism article of March 6, 1920, publishes inflammatory excerpts from it, and claims it is a report of “the American Secret Service.”
Excerpts from Social Justice
August 1938 Fascist Italy decrees antisemitic laws similar to Nazi Germany’s Sept. 1935 Nuremberg Laws.
Aug. 14, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano uncritically describes the antisemitic laws of the Papal States, barring Jews from holding public office among other measures.
Kertzer describes the influence of this article as it was picked up in other Italian newspapers and “offered a blueprint of the anti-Semitic laws that Mussolini would begin enacting less than three weeks later.” (p.309)
Aug. 20, 1938 Civiltà Cattolica reports the Italian antisemitic laws and their “defensive” rationale, and reprints a Fascist governmental reference to “the historically accepted equation in these past twenty years of European life between Jewry, Bolshevism and Masonry.” English translation
Aug. 1938 Pope Pius XI communicates privately to Mussolini that he does not oppose “defensive” antisemitic measures but only those that are “inhumane and unchristian.” Kertzer (2014), p.305, and sources cited therein.
The Vatican reaches agreement with Mussolini, privately, that the Italian antisemitic laws will subject Jews to treatment similar to that previously imposed in the Papal States. Kertzer (2014), pp. 307-309.
Sept. 1, 1938 Mussolini revokes Italian citizenship for all foreign-born Jews who became citizens after 1919.
Also on Sept. 1st, Hitler demands that Czechoslovakia cede its ethnically German border areas, known as the Sudetenland, to Germany.
Sept. 2, 1938 Jewish teachers are fired from all levels of Italian schools and universities, and Jews are prohibited from attending public schools in Italy.
Civiltà Cattolica endorses antisemitic laws based not on racial theory but on “legitimate defense of the Christian people against a foreign nation among the nations in which it lives and sworn enemy of their well-being.” (vol. 3, pp. 559-561)
Sept. 6, 1938 Pope Pius XI, in an audience with Belgians, says: “Anti-Semitism is inadmissible. Spiritually we are all Semites.” Kertzer (2014), p.320.
At the same time, the Pope endorsed “defensive” antisemitic measures: “We recognize that everyone has the right to self-defense and can undertake those necessary actions to safeguard his legitimate interests.” Ibid.
L’Osservatore Romano reports the Pope’s audience but not his words about antisemitism. Those words appear later in France in Documentation Catholique.
English translation of L’Osservatore Romano’s report
Sept. 11, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano features a lead story, filling half the page, about Manchukuo (Japanese puppet state in Japanese-occupied northern China) paying homage to Pope Pius XI.
Italian original with photograph
Sept. 30, 1938 Munich Accord is signed by Britain, France, Italy and Germany.
The Sudetenland, the ethnic German border areas of Czechoslovakia, is given to Nazi Germany, without Czechoslovakia represented at the conference in Munich.
British Prime Minister Chamberlain returns to London proclaiming “Peace in our time.”
Oct. 1, 1938 Civiltà Cattolica publishes an article advocating antisemitic laws and refuting “the liberal argument” against them.
Oct. 16, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano runs article on back page entitled “A Proposal for the Solution of the Palestine Problem," dealing with the Mufti of Jerusalem.
Nov. 7, 1938 Assassination of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in Paris by 17-year-old Jewish Polish teenager Herschel Grynszpan provides the rationale for organized nationwide German attacks on Jews on the 15th anniversary of Hitler’s failed putsch.
Nov. 8, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano covers a Hitler speech to stormtroops in which he says that Germany’s development is “miraculous,” that the German people are peace-loving, and that Germany must remain united with Italy and its other friends in Europe.
English translation of article
Nov. 9, 1938 Völkischer Beobachter blames assassination of vom Rath on “international Jewish murder-inciters.”
Nov. 9-10, 1938 Kristallnacht, the “Night of Shattered Glass,” is a nationwide pogrom against the Jewish people of Germany.
Nazi stormtroops, thugs and police burn down synagogues throughout Germany, destroy shop windows and loot Jewish-owned enterprises, kill or injure thousands of Jews, and throw tens of thousands of Jews into concentration camps.
Nov. 10, 1938 Father Bernhard Lichtenberg begins to offer public prayers in the Berlin Cathedral for the persecuted non-Aryans.
For this he is later arrested and dies in transit while being transported to Dachau. He has been declared Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem and Blessed by the Catholic Church. He is the only instance commonly cited of Catholic clergy in Germany speaking against Kristallnacht.
Also on Nov. 10th, L’Osservatore Romano gives detailed coverage to Hitler’s commemoration of the anniversary of the Nazis’ failed Beer Hall Putsch of 1923. English translation of excerpts of article.
Translations of adjacent articles about (a) resisting Communism in Switzerland and (b) Hitler consenting to the designation of “the famous Church of St. Nicholas in Magdeburg in memory of German combat veterans”
Nov. 11, 1938 Völkischer Beobachter features Goebbels calling for lawful measures, rather than further violence, against Germany’s Jews as a response to the “Jewish murder” of vom Rath.
Translation of article, “Weltecho des jüdischen Meuchelmordes”
Also on Nov. 11th, L’Osservatore Romano covers the assassination of German diplomat von Rath and burning of synagogues in Germany. English translation of article about von Rath
English translation of article on same page about Kristallnacht
English translation of article on same page about Palestine and Zionism
Italian original of front page analysis on Palestine, saying that Britain’s abandonment of partition plans will likely end Arab terrorism, which was directed against partition in an Arab and a Jewish State
Nov. 12, 1938 Goebbels says the assassination of vom Rath is part of world Jewry’s “annihilation plan against Germany.”
Translation of lead article on page one of Völkischer Beobachter
Also on Nov. 12th, L’Osservatore Romano runs side-by-side articles about Kristallnacht and the upcoming Palestine conference in London. English translation of “After the Antisemitic Demonstrations in Germany”
English translation of “The Imminent Meeting in London of the Conference for Palestine”
Nov. 13, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano reports Goebbels’ explanation that “the Jewish problem will be resolved by means of law,” also reporting about Jews being injured, “especially in cases where they resisted.”
The report quotes Nazi Bavarian commissar Wagner as saying that all Jews’ businesses will be taken over, and that “the fight against the Jews will proceed to their complete extermination.”
Nov. 15, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano’s lead article criticizes the new Italian racial laws only insofar as they infringe the Church’s role in deciding whom Catholics may marry.
Civiltà Cattolica publishes in November the Italian antisemitic laws and their rationale, without criticism. (vol. 4, pp. 269-271)
Nov. 16, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano publishes an article about Cardinal Hinsley and other English Catholics signing a protest to Hitler about persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany.
Ventresca (2013), p.127, says Hinsley implored Pacelli to have the Pope make a statement condemning the brutal acts of Kristallnacht, and that Pacelli asked Hinsley to speak up generally on behalf of those suffering unfairly.
The Nov. 16th issue of L’Osservatore Romano also has an article on “The Fate of the Jews in Germany”
Nov. 17, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano runs articles on front page about aftermath of Kristallnacht and on page 6 about Palestine.
English translation of article “After the German Antisemitic Demonstrations”
Italian original of article “Britain Military Forces Control All of Palestine Today”
Nov. 18, 1938 L’Osservatore Romano runs side-by-side lead articles about “The Antisemitic Question in Germany” and Arab demands on Britain concerning Palestine.
The same issue features an article on demonstrations against the Archbishop of Munich. English translation
English translation of articles in Osservatore Romano on the aftermath of Kristallnacht and Palestine issues, continuing through November
Nov. 20, 1938 Father Charles Coughlin launches a series of radio broadcasts on the Jewish-Communist conspiracy.
Coughlin makes factual assertions based on the Documentation Catholique article of March 6, 1920.
He also claims that 56 of the 59 members of the central committee of the Russian Communist Party were Jews as of 1935, and that the others, including Stalin, are married to Jews.
Excerpts of radio broadcast
Coughlin continues his attacks on “Jewish-Communism” month after month, year after year, from 1938 through 1941, reaching tens of millions of listeners.
Coughlin had previously used the Documentation Catholique propaganda piece in the August 8, 1938 issue of his weekly Social Justice newspaper.
Efforts by prominent Catholic figures to have the Vatican stop or restrain Coughlin’s propaganda are unsuccessful; he is finally stopped in 1942 after threats of federal prosecution after the US enters World War II.
Nov. 28, 1938 With the US and UK publicly considering the admission of persecuted Jews from Germany, Father Coughlin begins propaganda campaign against Jewish immigration. Excerpts from Social Justice
Nov. 30, 1938 Cardinal Pacelli sends letter to Archbishops and Bishops internationally about helping Jewish refugees from Germany.
Source: Actes et Documents du Saint Siège relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, vol. 6, pp. 48 (re converted Jews).
Cardinal Pacelli sent a later similar letter on January 10, 1939, not limited to Jews who had converted.
Dec. 3, 1938 Civiltà Cattolica, reporting on Kristallnacht, criticizes German press for blaming “Judaism in general” for the recent assassination of vom Rath, and warns against “a system of making responsible for a crime all the members of a race or co-religionists of a criminal.” English translation
Dec. 5, 1938 La Documentation Catholique publishes Pope Pius XI’s words of Sept. 6, 1938 to Belgian Catholic radio officials, saying that antisemitism is inadmissible, and that everyone has the right of self-defense against those who threaten their legitimate interests.
English translation and French original
Immediately following, Documentation Catholique publishes an article presenting statistics from a German journal, Wirtschaft und Statistik [Economics and Statistics], about the number of Jews on each continent, and in each major country and city of the world. English translation
Jan. 30, 1939 Hitler, in a speech to the Reichstag, purports to give a prophecy: “If international finance Jewry within and beyond Europe should succeed in plunging the nations yet once again into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevizing of the earth and thereby the victory of Jewry, but rather the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe!”
Excerpts in translation
This speech also asserts that Nazi Germany is allowing free exercise of religion and subsidizing the churches liberally, while threatening to annihilate any priests who oppose the Nazi regime politically. Conway, Nazi Persecution, p.219.
Feb. 10, 1939 Pope Pius XI dies.
Mar. 1, 1939 Eugenio Pacelli is elected Pope and takes the papal name Pius XII.
Mar. 3, 1939 An American diplomat writes from Germany about the newly elected Pope, summarizing views that Pacelli expressed to him privately in 1937 about Nazi Germany.
Concerning Hitler and Nazism, Consul A. Klieforth wrote: “He said that he opposed unalterably every compromise with National Socialism. He regarded Hitler not only as an untrustworthy scoundrel but as a fundamentally wicked person...”
Source: Rychlak, Hitler, 2010, pp. 401-402, reprinting communiqué of March 3, 1939 from Klieforth to Jay Pierrepont Moffat, Chief of the Division of European Affairs, US Department of State.
Mar. 12, 1939 Eugenio Pacelli is crowned as Pope Pius XII.
Cardinal Copello of Buenos Aires stands at the right hand of the papal throne during the coronation.
Mar. 13, 1939 Monsignor Josef Tiso, leader of the provincial parliament of Slovakia, a province of Czechoslovakia, flies to Germany to meet with Hitler.
Hitler tells Tiso that Slovakia faces a “historic hour” and must act immediately or be swallowed up. Source: Goebbels Diary, Mar. 14, 1939
Mar. 14, 1939 Monsignor Tiso, having returned to Bratislava, proclaims the secession of Slovakia from Czechoslovakia.
Slovakia comes into existence as a puppet state of Nazi Germany, under Tiso as Premier, and remains unoccupied by German forces until the Slovak Uprising of 1944.
Mar. 15, 1939 Nazi Germany invades what remains of Czechoslovakia at early dawn; Czech forces do not resist.
Mar. 16, 1939 Appearing in Prague, Hitler proclaims the “German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.”
Mar. 23, 1939 Slovakia and Germany sign a treaty.
Apr. 7, 1939 Fascist Italy invades Albania and takes over the country within a week.
Aug. 23, 1939 Stalin-Hitler pact of mutual non-aggression is signed between German and Soviet foreign ministers Ribbentrop and Molotov.
Sept. 1, 1939 Germany and Slovakia invade Poland.
Sept. 3, 1939 Great Britain and France declare war on Germany.
Sept. 17, 1939 Soviet Union invades Poland and occupies the eastern portion of the country.
Oct. 20, 1939 Pope Pius XII issues his first encyclical, Summi Pontificatus [Supreme Pontificate].
English version at Vatican website
This encyclical speaks generally against “the dread tempest of war” but contains no criticism of Germany, Slovakia or Russia for invading Poland, nor of Italy for invading Albania.
Winter 1939-1940 “Phony War” in Europe has no major land engagements or further invasions by the warring powers.
Winter 1939-1940 Munich lawyer Josef Müller shuttles between Germany and Rome in what Müller later said was Papal effort to see Hitler removed, the war ended, and Poland restored as a buffer state between Germany and the Soviet Union.
Source: Ventresca (2013), pp. 162-164, citing multiple sources including Müller’s testimony in the canonization process of Pius XII.
April 1940 Nazi SS official Reinhard Heydrich orders ongoing surveillance of Catholic Bishops and their staff, as to their private lives and ecclesiastical activities.
John Conway, Nazi Persecution, pp. 243-244, reprints the major points of this detailed order.
May 9-10, 1940 Germany invades France, Luxembourg, Belgium and Netherlands, leading to the rapid collapse of Allied land forces.
June 10, 1940 Italy declares war on France and Great Britain.
June 22, 1940 France surrenders, signing an armistice with Germany at Compiègne, the same place where Germany submitted to Allied armistice terms on November 11, 1918.
Nazi Germany allows the “Vichy Government” under French Marshal Pétain to govern central and southern France, while Germany occupies northern and western France, and Italy occupies a portion of southeastern France.
Oct. 3, 1940 Vichy France, under Pétain, enacts Statut des Juifs [Jewish Status Law] forcing Jews out of the military, the press, and the civil service.
Also on Oct. 3rd, Pope Pius XII authorizes a donation of 3,000 Lire for “those who suffer for reasons of race.” Source: Rychlak, Hitler, 2010, p.403, reprinting in translation a letter from Vatican Secretary of State Maglione conveying the authorized sum.
Nov. 29, 1940 Pope Pius XII grants 10,000 Lire to an Italian Bishop “for the support of Jews interned in your diocese.”
Source: Rychlak, Hitler, 2010, pp. 403-404, reprinting in translation a letter of Archbishop Montini (later Pope Pius VI) transmitting the authorized sum.
June 20, 1941 L’Osservatore Romano publishes the articles of a new treaty of friendship between Turkey and Nazi Germany, signed by German Ambassador von Papen.
June 21, 1941 L’Osservatore Romano reports on a series of agreements negotiated between Italy and Germany from the 3rd to the 19th of June.
English translation of headlines
June 22, 1941 L’Osservatore Romano publishes the articles of a new treaty between Croatia and the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy and Japan.
English translation of headlines
June 22, 1941 Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union.
Specialized SS-directed killing units are deployed to murder all Jews behind the advancing German front lines.
Hitler issues a proclamation to the German people saying the invasion of Russia is not directed against the Russian people but against Jewish-Bolshevism.
Translated excerpt of speech as published in the Völkischer Beobachter
June 23-24, 1941 L’Osservatore Romano reports on page one Hitler’s proclamation to the German people about the invasion of Russia:
“I have taken the stance that, as the leader responsible for the German Reich and as the conscientious representative of European civilization, I am obligated to take.”
June 28, 1941 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a report from Berlin:
“Knowledgeable sources repeat today that the Reich is not conducting the war against the people of the Soviet Union, but rather solely against Bolshevism and its responsible exponents.”
June 29, 1941 L’Osservatore Romano publishes a report from Madrid that “innumerable Spaniards” are volunteering to fight in the front ranks against Soviet Russia, and that “the entire Country is conscious of the necessity of this anti-Bolshevik crusade.”
July 18, 1941 SS Chief of Staff issues instructions for political-ideological education about the Soviet Union emphasizing the role of Jews in Russian Communism. Source: “Anweisung des Chefs des Kommandostabs Reichsführer SS,” reprinted in Matthäus (2003), p. 199
Sept. 1941 Slovakia decrees antisemitic laws similar to Nazi Germany’s Nuremberg Laws.
Slovakia, under the rule of Catholic priest Josef Tiso, later pays Nazi Germany 500 Marks to take each of approximately 100,000 Jews to their death.
Oct. 2, 1941 Hitler issues a proclamation to the German soldiers on the Eastern Front incorporating the Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory to explain their struggle. Source: Exhibit, Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.
Excerpt in translation
Nov. 1941 German Catholic Bishops protest to the Nazi regime a proposal for compulsory dissolution of Jewish-Gentile marriages.
The Bishops’ protest letter says the Bishops do not underestimate “the harmful Jewish influences upon German culture and national interests.” Conway, p.266, quoting Lewy, p.289.
Nov. 16, 1941 Goebbels writes, “The Jews want their war, and now they have it”; further, repeating Hitler’s menacing words of Jan. 30, 1939 that war will mean the extermination of the Jews of Europe rather than the triumph of Jewry through the Bolshevizing of the earth. Source: Goebbels, “Die Juden sind schuld” [The Jews are guilty], in Das Reich, no. 46 (Nov. 16, 1941), p.1
Nov. 20, 1941 German General von Manstein issues an Order of the Day on the Eastern Front incorporating Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy theory.
“Since June 22 the German nation is in the midst of a life and death struggle ... The Jewish-Bolshevik system must be eradicated once and for all.”
Source: Exhibit, Yad Vashem Holocaust History Museum, Jerusalem, Israel.
Dec. 7, 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor brings the United States into World War II.
Jan. 20, 1942 Wannsee Conference is held near Berlin among Nazi officials, including Eichmann, to plan the transporting of Jews from Nazi-occupied Europe to extermination camps in Poland.
May 1942 Father Coughlin ceases broadcasting, after the US Dept. of Justice threatens to prosecute him for sedition and Archbishop Mooney of Detroit orders him to stop.
Many high ranking Catholic prelates and American politicians had tried to persuade the Vatican and Mooney to stop Coughlin after he returned to the air in 1938 with vicious antisemitic propaganda that included the Jewish-Communist conspiracy theory, but without success.
July 16, 1942 Hitler moves his headquarters to Vinnytsia, Ukraine, as his forces advance to Stalingrad and the eastern shores of the Black Sea.
Hitler spent 100 days in total at this headquarters, which he named Werwolf, leaving it for the last time on March 13, 1943.
Source: Blaine Taylor, Hitler’s Headquarters (2007), 159-168.
The Führerhaus at Werwolf HQ, Vinnytsia:
Vinnytsia was centrally featured in a three-part narrative series about Jewish-Bolshevism in Civiltà Cattolica in late 1920.
July 16-17, 1942 Mass arrest of the Jews of Paris by French police who impound them at a Velodrome and turn them over to Nazi Germany.
Dec. 25, 1942 Pope Pius XII gives lengthy Christmas address over Vatican Radio and refers to “the hundreds of thousands of persons who, without any fault on their part, sometimes only because of their nationality or race, have been consigned to death or to a slow decline.”
Source: Ventresca (2013), p.184, quoting New York Times, Dec. 25, 1942, p.10, and citing Acta Apostolicae Sedis, vol. 35 (1943), pp. 9-24.
Oft-disputed is whether or not this passage was an intervention in favor of persecuted Jews.
A more explicit reference to Judaism was made privately by Pope Pius XII in his Christmas speech to Cardinals and Prelates of the Curia in 1942: “Jerusalem answered his invitation and grace with rigid blindness and stiff-necked ingratitude, which put it on the path to guilt for deicide.”
Source: Lill (1970), p.369 n.34, quoting Discorsi e Radiomessagi di S.S. Pio XII, IV, Milan 1943, p.321; AAS, 1943, p.7.
Feb. 18, 1943 Sophie and Hans Scholl, leaders of the White Rose group, are caught distributing anti-Nazi leaflets at the University of Munich.
Feb. 22, 1943 The Scholl siblings are tried for high treason, along with fellow White Rose member Christoph Probst, and executed immediately after the trial.
English language sources include the film Sophie Scholl: The Final Days (2005) and Michael Verhoeven’s 1983 book and film The White Rose.
June 4, 1943 Military coup in Argentina. Cardinal-Archbishop Copello and the Catholic daily newspaper of Buenos Aires, El Pueblo, manifest support for the coup. Hugo Wast (Gustavo Martínez Zuviría) is named Argentine Minister of Justice and Education.
Oct. 4, 1943 Himmler tells assembled SS leaders in Posen it is essential to kill all Jews for the defense of the German Volk, and that this will be “the most illustrious page of our history.” Source: Schröder (2010), quoting transcript of Nuremberg trials of German war criminals.
October 1943 Around the time of the Nazis’ sending Rome’s Jews to their death, a Catholic Church instruction allows males and females alike to be sheltered in monasteries and convents. Source: Ventresca (2013), p.195, noting the assertion, and lack of confirming evidence, that Pope Pius XII gave this instruction.
Oct. 16, 1943 Nazi SS send more than 1,200 Jews from Rome to death camps.
March 1944 Hungary begins to send more than 800,000 Jews to Nazi death camps.
June 25, 1944 Pope Pius XII writes the ruler of Hungary asking him “to do everything within your power so that so many unfortunate people,” who are suffering “due to their nationality or race,” would be “spared further grief and pain.”
Source: Ventresca (2013), p.215, citing Pius XII to Horthy, Regent of Hungary, Actes et Documents du Saint Siège Relatifs à la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, vol. 10, p.328.
May 8, 1945 Germany surrenders.
During the Shoah, Pope Pius XII makes no explicit public reference to Jews, neither repeating nor retracting the association of Judaism and Communism made publicly by the Vatican newspaper and the Vatican-supervised Civiltà Cattolica from October 1920 to June 1941.
Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License by Stephen H. Galebach. Non-commercial reproduction, use and sharing of the Timeline and linked Translations and Notes are permitted, provided attribution is given to the author. | <urn:uuid:6c0d46aa-d52e-4f63-b3d8-05b08689f138> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://galebachlaw.com/itimeline.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.904636 | 101,960 | 2.90625 | 3 |
We make our program codes and numerical simulation models (FEM, CFD) that we have developed over time available to the public in the sense of open source collaboration. We have also compiled the experimental measurements of our relevant scientific work as Open Data.
| Open Source | Open Data | Open Access |
We look forward to your valuable feedback and an interactive, stimulating exchange in the context of knowledge transfer in open digital education, as well as publicly funded applied research and access to open development.
Numerical Simulation of MEMS
Raw data of the experimental measurements on MEMS devices, i.e. optically using a laser vibrometer (Polytec) and electronically using a impedance/gain-phase analyzer (HP4194A: Keysight-4194A-Datasheet) are listed here: | <urn:uuid:4df584e7-af9f-4981-b233-e539e28735fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tfconsult.com/github-software-repositories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.764091 | 482 | 1.570313 | 2 |
As the coronavirus pandemic swept the world, The New York Times Magazine asked 29 authors to write new short stories inspired by the moment — and by Giovanni Boccaccio’s “The Decameron,” which was written as a plague ravaged Florence in the 14th century. We’ve selected two for you to hear today.
These stories were written by Tommy Orange and Edwidge Danticat. They were recorded by Audm. To hear more audio stories from publishers like The New York Times, download Audm for iPhone or Android.
Alternative Bank Solution
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Checkout IXFI Friendly Crypto Exchange | <urn:uuid:990b2a70-1708-4465-8189-101bfdba8dd4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://facembine.com/the-sunday-read-the-decameron-project/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95547 | 142 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Have we lost our minds? Because that is what it’s beginning to feel like. And no, I haven’t been living under a rock this last decade. I’ve definitely found myself entangled with a healthy number of “trolls” over the years, but since the beginning of this year, it feels like the venom, vitriol and hatred is cranked to full volume. Part of me, the calm, empathetic, hopeful, caring side wants to see past it. To dig down, unearth the humanity, see past the hateful words, brush aside the personal projections and send over a virtual hug. These are just people in pain who don’t know how to express themselves. Right? I mean, online bullies are harmless, right?
This may sound completely off topic, but it’s related, I promise. My little British Columbian town is going through a bit of a racial reckoning, shall we say. Hot off the heels of the Black Lives Matter movement, and all of the awareness said movement has brought to towns and cities across North America, a resident of my town used her social media platform to shine a light on a problematic piece of our own history. The dust and fuss that was kicked up by this post had all the makings of a good old fashioned ‘Western.’ I’m not going to delve into what it was all about (if you’re curious, you can read about it in our illustrious local paper). But I will say that it was a racial issue, was absolutely worth discussing, and in the end, some legitimate progress was made to slow the perpetuation of the issue. And for the first time, it gave a voice to those who shared the sentiments of the resident who first brought the issue to light. And as a Bi-Ethnic woman, I agreed with her. I was on the side of retiring a piece of history that was problematic. Still am.
But it wasn’t actually the racially charged issue that I found so egregious. It was the violent, immature and hateful discourse that ensued on a public platform.
You’re probably thinking by now..yeah…so?! People behave like high school bullies online all the time, what’s so shocking about that?
Well, it’s one thing to have to fend off trolls, fake accounts or keyboard warriors. Cowards who get off hurling insults at strangers over the internet and hiding behind their relative anonymity. It’s an entirely different game when you’ve exchanged pleasantries at the grocery store with these individuals. Or supported their business by purchasing goods from them. Or spent some time with them at the playground while your children played together. What do you do when you find out a group of women you thought you knew, were a bunch of bullies? And worse, a bunch of prejudiced bullies?
In a particular Facebook group that I belong(ed) to, I watched grown women gang up on each other like a pack of wolves. No, worse, wolves have tact. I watched one woman tell another woman to “shut the fu** up, and to go back to where she came from.” I watched grown women hurl threats, profanities, and racial prejudices like it was nothing. I watched women I had gone to for advice and pearls of wisdom dissolve into belligerent school yard bullies. Women who were supposed advocates for causes I believe in. Women’s whose past advocacy work can only be seen as performative now, and nowhere near authentic. Finding out someone you respect and hold in esteem is just another online bully is disheartening. Especially when you’re someone who always tries to see the good in others.
I found myself to be the target of a few of these online bullies when I made the mistake of calling for cool heads and rational discussion on a particular thread. My my private messages were invaded with notes of hate. “This isn’t your town, you’re not even local.” Or, “I feel sorry for your son, having a mom with no backbone.” And my favourite, “Stay out of this, leave the big talk up to the adults, and shove your rainbows and sunshine up your ignorant a**.”
If you’re wondering how I responded to these ridiculous messages, I didn’t. I blocked them, unfriended them, and refuse to support their businesses. I didn’t tell them I was doing it, I didn’t feel it was necessary. I would be lying if I said my feelings weren’t hurt. I am human. But it was also a tremendous weight lifted off my shoulders. I know who they are now. What they’re capable of. And they don’t get to be influencers in my life for another minute.
I know I sound like I’m picking on women, and that is not my intention. I’m just speaking to my experiences within this group, that happens to be women only. When the particular controversy I was alluding to went down, the local online discussion boards and Facebook groups were abuzz with offensive comments from men and women. I just wasn’t receiving hate in my inbox from men.
So here’s how I feel about online hate and the online bully. If you behave like a decent human in the flesh, and online you think nothing to hurl profanities and insults from your self righteous soapbox, you are not a decent person. You are inauthentic, a coward and a bully. And you have issues that need to be addressed. When you comment on a thread, in response to something some has said, and you don’t agree with it and your only recourse is to attack, belittle, intimidate, threaten, or hurt that individual, you are a bully. Your accomplishments in life are not impressive when deep down, you stepped on and over whomever you could to get there in the flesh and online. You are a bully.
You have a choice.
When you engage online YOU HAVE A CHOICE not to be an online bully. You have a CHOICE not to hurt an individual. If all you care about is being right, you might as well go argue with a tree. Before you furiously strike at your keyboard with the meanest zinger you can come up with, STOP! Take a step back,close the laptop, put the phone down, take a deep breath and ask yourself “why is it so important that I respond, or worse, why is it so important that I am cruel?” If you wouldn’t stand up at your job, and speak to another individual the way you practice online discourse in a public forum, than how do you justify being an online bully?
It is perfectly possible to have robust, passionate, and animated disagreements online without resorting to ad hominem attacks. You just don’t see it very often. I don’t believe that everyone has to agree with everything, how boring would life be if that were the case? However, you lose all credibility in a discussion when you resort to venom and vitriol.
And remember: The internet is forever. FOREVER. Someone can screenshot an off-the-cuff remark you make about something, take out of context and re-post it somewhere else. Next thing you know, your employer finds out, and you lose your job. Your partner finds out and you could lose your relationship. Your friends find out and they lose respect for you. Or worse, your children find out, and you’ve humiliated them or put them in danger.
Words are powerful. Don’t use them to be inhuman.
If you are an online bully. You are an offline bully. If you don’t feel like you control this aggressive behaviour, you need to seek out help immediately.
If you find yourself the victim of cyberbullying or offline bullying, or are in need of help to stop your own bullying behaviour, here are some excellent resources to help you: | <urn:uuid:6a737c33-f91b-47b3-b669-cae1a34e9fc7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://urbanxenophile.com/2020/07/17/rant-i-have-no-love-for-the-online-bully/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.966347 | 1,694 | 1.671875 | 2 |
Gray Hair01/03/2018 Off By Suzanne
The evolutionary imperative selected dark hair without a single gray strand in it because gray hair subliminally signalled “old age.”
However, within an urban environment, gray hair could also translate as “money” and thus could appeal to the nurturing instincts of young females of child-bearing age.
Looking at the matter from Edward Wilson’s “Sociobiology” perspective, gray hair put the young females in a bind by broadcasting two conflicting signals simultaneously — “damaged genes” and “wealthy protector.”
These days, in this age of international terrorism, nuclear proliferation, outsourcing, downsizing, bird-flu and global warming, perhaps the “nurturing” aspect of gray hair is winning the subliminal argument.
Here is Taylor Hicks, the winner of the fifth round of American Idol contest, and his prematurely gray hair.
Did you know that a total of 60 million viewers voted for him? That also means 60 million votes for gray hair, hurray! It’s in for sure.
And then there’s Anderson Cooper of CNN, a very energetic and serious young (38yrs) professional with a “nurturing” signal.
There are a lot of brainy creative women who for quite some time showed up in public with prominent gray hair as well. Writer Susan Sontag, for example. Or the singer Emmylou Harris, 59. It did not hurt their career one tiny bit. | <urn:uuid:ed7d5128-c1ef-4e24-a865-f92d2d4d9cce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.serpere.info/gray-hair | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948504 | 323 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Macular degeneration has become the leading cause of vision loss for people above 65 years old. Macular degeneration is a progressive disease which could cause old people loses the central vision with no cure so far. There is something that you can do to prevent your eyes from developing macular degeneration. There are some main symptoms of macular degeneration that I would like to introduce. The first sign of the AMD (age-related macular degeneration) is macular drusen which are yellow or off white deposits in macular which is a common situation for people above 65. Yet only macular drusen won't cause vision loss. With AMD, you may have blurred vision, central scotoma and difficulty in distinguishing colors and so on. Straight lines in your eyes might be bent or wave. First of all AMD is hereditary. The genetic factor increases the risk of getting AMD. Yet there is still something you could do to prevent it. Wearing sunglasses to prevent UV-A and UV-B sunrays to reduce the damage to eyes. Cardiovascular exercise does not only benefit your body but also your eyes. It could help our circulatory system, also increasing the efficiency blood supply to our retina. Taking anti-inflammatory diet is critical. Fish oil could greatly benefit our brain and eyes. Besides, antioxidants, lutein and zeaxanthin could help prevent from developing AMD as well.
Well, it is hard to say how long does the macular degeneration progress. For it all depends on the types and the causes. Generally speaking, macular degeneration is a chronic eye condition most common in people over 60. In common, it can lead to blindness. If you get it, it may make you lose their central vision, which is the ability to see straight ahead. On the other hand, the peripheral vision can be remained. And there are two kinds of macular degeneration, which is classified with dry and wet. In common, dry one can progress slowly, while wet one can be faster. For more questions, you can console it with doctors.
Yes, the macualr degeneration is a nature rule that we can hardly prevent it. It is often happened among people above old age. Because of the aging problem, our eye nerves, especially the macular area, will cause the problems. Once you get the macular degeneration, the lutein in your eyes will be decreased year by year. Some people may get blindness after five years. Thus, you'd better go to the hospital to accept the professional treatment.
Most cases of AMD progress very slowly over a period of years. Vision may remain stable between annual eye examinations, and many patients retain a reasonable amount of peripheral vision. However, wet AMD typically progresses much more rapidly than dry AMD. The majority of people who experience severe vision loss from AMD have the wet form. | <urn:uuid:c43bcc68-aac9-4c6f-b75d-fd175baa5d3b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://answer.firmoo.com/question/8236.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953103 | 584 | 2.890625 | 3 |
NURS 4240: Research Process in Professional Nursing
Finding the Evidence
Nursing and Health Sciences Databases
Finding Systematic Reviews
Systematic Reviews are scholarly articles that identify and synthesize the literature available to answer a particular research question. A systematic review may include a Meta Analysis, which is an analysis of data from several different trials.
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews provides high quality systematic reviews of research in health care and health policy.
- CINAHL and MEDLINE also contain systematic reviews. To find them, add either "systematic review" or "meta analysis" as a keyword in your search.
sample search for a systematic review
Getting Journal Articles
The Brandel Library can often provide a link directly to the PDF of the article you need. After searching a library database, links with the phrase "Full Text" should all resolve to the PDF of the article.
Some of the time, however, the library won't have access to the full text of the article. In those cases, you will need to use the "Request via WorldShare Interlibrary Loan" link to request the article. The WorldShare Interlibrary Loan service is free to students and most articles arrive within 4 days.
Print, Email, Save and Cite!
Most databases have options to email, save, and print articles. There is also an option to CITE the article in APA format. Remember to double check your citations, databases often make formatting errors. | <urn:uuid:95e730bc-d3b5-4b8b-92bf-f3d81b56a17c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://guides.northpark.edu/c.php?g=329076&p=2210692 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.88473 | 303 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Many people do not understand a family’s choice to home educate. Both parents and children face questions. Although I welcome questions, please stop quizzing my homeschool kids.
I have learned I need to be prepared for questions if we are out in public during school hours. Friendly people that enjoy engaging kids will invariably ask why they are not in school.
One day I made the mistake of stopping at Costco on our way home from an appointment. While checking out, my kids were asked why they weren’t in school. They mentioned the appointment and further explained they are homeschooled so our schedule is flexible.
The man checking us out decided my kids needed a pop quiz. He rang up the final item and asked, “So if your mom gives me $200 in cash, how much change do I give her back?”
I was stunned.
I heard nervous laughter from my two math-hating kids. One muttered how he’d already done his math homework for the day.
As I searched for an appropriate response, my left brain number-loving boy looked up to the imaginary whiteboard in his mind and slowly gave an answer as he completed his calculations. Then, he looked the man straight in the eye and with true wonder asked, “So, is that right?!?”
My kids have been quizzed by extended family, medical staff, Sunday school teachers, and more. Math skills are the most common test questions, in addition to naming state capitols or past presidents.
I have often wondered why these self-assigned auditors don’t administer the same questions to public schooled students.
Please stop quizzing my homeschool kids. I do not believe there is ill intent in the questions. Extended family may want to verify I’m actually teaching them something. Random strangers seem genuinely curious about home education.
Instead of administering a quiz, there are better questions that can be asked:
- What are you learning in school?
- What is your favorite subject?
- Have you read any good books recently?
- What’s your favorite thing about being homeschooled?
- Do you have any hobbies?
- Do you play any sports?
These questions are not that different from what could be asked of a publicly educated student, and I expect the answers will be similar. Almost every kid I know will claim lunch is their favorite subject. My six-foot son insists he is a tall hobbit and second breakfast should be on our schedule.
I appreciate it when people take the time to engage my kids and show an interest in what they are doing or learning. It builds relationship and affords them the same community connection adults are looking for.
A loving parent is invested in the growth, development, and education of their child. Parents are qualified to teach their children.
Please stop quizzing my homeschool kids, and rest assured they are being educated. Talk to them. Enjoy their childlike answers. If you have questions or concerns about how I am homeschooling my children, ask me. I welcome questions. Even the blunt ones, when asked respectfully. | <urn:uuid:b1d579b0-296f-4c14-a009-50aac69e7424> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://teresabrouillette.com/stop-quizzing-my-homeschool-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970833 | 649 | 1.890625 | 2 |
From the Americas Society/Council of the Americas. AS/COA Online’s news brief examines the major—as well as some of the overlooked—events and stories occurring across the Americas. Check back every Wednesday for the weekly roundup.
Leaders from Across Americas Reach out to Chile
In the days since an 8.8-magnitude earthquake in Chile claimed roughly 800 lives and devastated infrastructure, leaders from across the Western Hemisphere have rallied to show their support for relief efforts. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton each traveled to Chile in the wake of the disaster to pledge assistance. Peruvian President Alan García, who has not traveled to Chile in a year due to a maritime-boundary dispute, also visited to pledge humanitarian aid, saying: “We need to strengthen our fraternity, our closeness, and in these moments of need, work toward a true union of peoples.” Bolivian President Evo Morales announced that he will donate half his salary to Chilean and Haitian earthquake relief efforts. Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and Peru are among the countries sending crucial supplies, such as satellite phones, field hospitals, medical equipment, and blankets.
Access an AS/COA Online resource guide to the Chilean earthquake, with links to maps, images, and additional sources of information.
Social Media Tools Support Chilean Rescue Efforts
Faced with a natural disaster, people both in and outside of Chile used social media to help with rescue efforts. Worldfocus profiles Ushahidi, a “crisis mapping” site coordinated by Columbia University students. The project, first started to aggregate news about post-election violence in Kenya’s 2008 election, collects information that then gets mapped out to give a picture of where emergencies and relief efforts are taking place on the ground. Ushahidi-Chile will eventually be run by Chilean volunteers.
Foreign Policy’s Passport blog takes a look at how Chileans used Twitter to share news and support rescue efforts. “It’s clear that Twitter has become a tool for everyday navigation in a country that is, for the moment, a bit chaotic,” writes Elizabeth Dickinson.
Quake Hits Chile’s Economy, but Experts See Rebound
Early estimates say the price tag for economic damage caused by the Chilean earthquake could rise to about $15 billion. But experts say the country’s disciplined economic policy has led to a low debt and strong savings and Chilean economic consultant group LarrainVial still places the country’s GDP growth for 2010 at 5 percent. “I actually think Chile will grow quite substantially in 2010 because, while the impact of the earthquake will be felt in the first quarter, maybe the second, clearly reconstruction from the earthquake will have a stimulating effect on the economy,” said AS/COA President Susan Segal in a Worldfocus interview.
Bachelet Presidency Paves Way for Gender Equity in Chile
Even as Chile deals with a catastrophic natural disaster, it is also in the process of political transition, as President Michelle Bachelet prepares to hand the presidency over to Sebatian Piñera on March 11. IPS News reports that, because of gender-equity policies her administration implemented, Chile “will be the Latin American country with the most gains to show at the March 1 to 12 meeting of the UN Commission on the Status of Women.”
Secretary Clinton, on Six-Country Tour, Presses Brazil on Iran
U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton tours Latin America this week with stops in Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Costa Rica, and Guatemala. In Montevideo she attended the inauguration of President José Mujica. In Buenos Aires, she encouraged Argentina and the United Kingdom to dialogue over their dispute on drilling in the Falklands. In Chile, she pledged U.S. assistance for earthquake relief and delivered satellite phones. She will end her trip in Central America.
But her toughest test may be in Brazil, where she hopes to win support for tougher sanctions against Iran over its nuclear program. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva has deepened ties with Iran, hosting President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in November and planning a trip to Tehran for May. Lula signaled Wednesday that he would not succumb to pressure on the matter, saying: “It is not wise to push Iran into a corner. It is wise to establish negotiations.”
“No doubt Brazil is a sovereign nation and can pursue its regional and global interests as it sees fit,” writes COA’s Eric Farnsworth in The Huffington Post. “At the same time, nations that aspire to leadership must be cognizant of the responsibility that comes with leadership.”
Colombian Court Rejects Uribe Reelection Referendum
By a vote of 7 to 2, Colombia’s Constitutional Court on Friday voted against a referendum that would have allowed President Álvaro Uribe to run for a third consecutive term. The court rejected the referendum as unconstitutional, saying that it was not only laden with irregularities but “substantial violations to democratic principles.” Although Uribe polled ahead of other candidates, the public’s support for a referendum waned as the court’s vote neared. Revista Perspectiva’s blog ponders Uribe’s legacy and what his post-presidency political role will be. La Silla Vacía writes that, “without reelection, now begins the fight for succession” and reports on who could serve as Uribe’s heir in the race for the May 30 election.
Read an AS/COA analysis about the constitutional court’s vote.
Transportation Strike Hits Bogota
A strike by transit workers in Colombia’s capital entered its third day on Wednesday in a dispute between the city government and transit unions over costs associated with exchanging old buses for new ones. The strike has left commuters stranded, leading to frustration and outbursts of violence that caused an estimated $400,000 in damage.
Colombia, Peru Reach Trade Deal with EU
After nine rounds of talks, the European Union concluded negotiations of a free trade deal on March 1. The free-trade pact will be signed during the May 8 EU-Latin America summit in Madrid.
Colombia also initiated its second round of talks on free-trade negotiations with South Korea this week.
Sino-Peruvian Trade Deal Takes Effect
A Chinese-Peruvian free-trade agreement took effect on March 1. The pact, signed in April 2009, will eradicate tariffs on 90 percent of goods traded between the two countries. China Daily reports that bilateral trade hit $7.5 billion in 2008, an increase of 24 percent from the year before.
Cuban Dissident’s Death Could Chill U.S. Engagement
The February 23 death of Cuban hunger striker Orlando Zapata Tamayo could cool Washington’s attempts to engage Cuba. Though President Raúl Castro made a statement saying he was “ lamenting” Zapata’s death, in a television report this week Havana denied playing a role in the dissident’s passing and published another report labeling him a common criminal. Nick Miroff writes for GlobalPost that “the island’s dissident community, meanwhile, has been galvanized by Zapata’s death.”
Yoani Sanchez’s blog on The Huffington Post includes a column from a guest blogger profiling another Cuban human rights activist, Guillermo Farinas, whose health is failing following 23 days on a hunger strike.
Members of Brazil’s opposition criticized Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who arrived in Havana shortly after Zapata’s death, for not taking a harder stance against Cuban human rights abuses.
Spanish Judge Links Venezuela to ETA-FARC
Judge Eloy Velasco, a justice on Spain’s National Court, accused the Venezuelan government this week of working with Basque separatists ETA and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) in assassination plots against Colombian officials traveling in Spain. According to Velasco’s report, ETA and FARC collaborated in plots to kill current Colombian President Álvaro Uribe and Vice President Francisco Santos, as well as former President Andrés Pastrana. The judge’s report also accused Arturo Cubillas Fontán, who worked for Venezuela’s Agriculture Ministry in 2005, of serving as a link between ETA and FARC.
Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero requested an explanation from Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez about the terrorist groups’ alliance and Caracas’ possible connection. Chávez denied the charges but said he would cooperate in efforts to clarify the situation. Meanwhile, Colombia has requested to have a dialogue with Venezuela over the charges.
IACHR Issues Human Right Report on Venezuela
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IAHCR) issued a 300-page report last week on the human rights situation in Venezuela, condemning limits on freedom of speech, the executive branch’s control over other arms of government, erosion of the rule of law, and politi cal intolerance. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez responded by calling the IAHCR a “mafia.”
Insulza Presents Candidacy for Reelection as OAS Head
In a special March 3 session of the Organization of American States, José Miguel Insulza will make the case for his reelection to a second five-year term. He’ll need 17 of 33 votes come March 24, and 15 countries have signaled they will back him. Washington has not signaled which way it will go. Thus far, Insulza is the only candidate.
Blogging for Americas Quarterly Liz Harper argues that the OAS is ready for a change, “[n]ot another five years of hesitancy and helplessness.”
Argentine President Issues New Debt Decrees
Just after Argentina’s Congress came back into session, President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner scrapped one controversial decree that would have allowed her government to use Central Bank reserves for debt repayment and replaced it with two others. Her original proposal to use $6.6 billion of reserves for debt relief sparked a political crisis and would likely have been rejected by lawmakers. The two new decrees include one that transfers $2.18 billion to service debt payments while the second would allow the $4.38 billion in reserves to go to private creditors.
Mujica Takes the Reins in Uruguay
Former Tupamaro guerilla fighter José “Pepe” Mujica was sworn in as Uruguay’s new president on March 1 and declared his commitment to Mercosur and poverty alleviation. The Guardian looks at austerity measures Mujica has already taken, such as a promise to give away 85 percent of his salary, choosing his farmhouse as a residence over the presidential palace, and urging officials to use economical cars.
Assessing a U.S.-Mexican Border Enforcement Pact
Writing for ISN Security Watch, Samuel Logan covers an enforcement pact that outlines cooperation efforts in the Sonora-Arizona border area. The deal was signed February 18 by U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano and Mexican Secretary of Public Security Genaro García Luna. “Some success from this border initiative would give [presidents of Mexico and the United States] measurable achievement in a political arena marked by more bloody headlines than success stories,” writes Logan. “Building on any success could open doors for more sensitive discussions, such as immigration or adding more U.S. support for training and cooperative missions inside Mexico.”
Before Midterm Elections: Analyzing the Latino Swing Vote
A new report by America’s Voice explores 40 upcoming congressional races and documents not only why the Hispanic electorate is of increasing importance in U.S. elections, but also analyzes trends in how Latinos decide to vote. “While trending Democratic overall, at least one segment of the Latino electorate—foreign-born, naturalized U.S. citizens of Latino descent, who represent 40 percent of the Latino voter population—has proven to be a true swing constituency,” according to the report.
Guatemalan Police and Drug Czar Arrested for Trafficking
Both Guatemala’s national police chief and the anti-drug czar were arrested in connection with a March 2009 cocaine heist that left five police officers dead. This marks the second time within a year that a Guatemalan police chief was arrested for links to drug trafficking. It also comes on the heels of President Álvaro Colom’s dismissal of his interior minister, who was tied to an embezzlement case.
State Dept.: Drug Trafficking Shifts to Central America
The State Department released its annual report on the drug trade and counter-narcotics efforts on Monday and found that, given increased enforcement efforts in Mexico, smugglers are shifting transit routes further south into Central America. The report also said Bolivia and Venezuela have fallen short when it comes to anti-drug efforts, citing the latter for failing to slow shipments from hidden airstrips. The Venezuelan embassy contested the charges, saying its rate of drug seizures rose by 11 percent in 2009.
NYC Looks to Bogota for Public Transit Model
New York’s transit department announced plans this week to create an express lane for crosstown buses traveling on 34th Street. The proposal is based on ideas from Bogota’s TransMilenio project, launched in 2005, which boosted efficiency in the Colombian capital’s public transportation system. The TransMileno project, in turn, borrowed ideas from the transit system of Curitiba, Brazil. | <urn:uuid:008a0fad-965e-48a4-bc70-308fd46b2629> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.americasquarterly.org/blog/weekly-roundup-from-across-the-americas-15/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.945375 | 2,876 | 2.03125 | 2 |
In the context of the climate crisis and the accompanying social change, the project explores the relationship between Berlin and the Spree, the urban space, the citizens and the body of water. How can the river be given its own "political" voice and what can help to create more awareness about the Spree and the influence of humans? With the help of the buoy developed in the project, the water body draws attention to pollution. Digital tools and media such as measuring devices and app record the actual state of the river and communicate this to citizens in an accessible way. Exciting historical and current contributions around the topic are also communicated. In the hot summer months, the buoy also pumps oxygen into the river and supplies it to the Spree and it’s creatures. The planet-centric approach provides a holistic and "green" solution to the various problems and ensures a healthier balance between the stakeholders involved. | <urn:uuid:32d30352-4703-4822-845b-d18737fa0f23> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://germandesigngraduates.com/spreeberlin/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929964 | 183 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Her voice fits the song perfectly; I’ve never heard a female vocalist perform this version.
Somebody with a name like Tara Bloch-Vere is difficult to forget.
Once you’ve heard Tara sing, you’ll never forget her.
She’s not your usual siren-style singer with a sweet tone.
Her voice is deep, rumbling, and forceful, rising to a firm, solid tone.
Tara attracts everyone’s attention on The Voice Norway with her distinctive flair.
She performs “The Sound of Silence” by Simon and Garfunkel, a song that has gained worldwide recognition as a result of its revival and numerous covers.
The rock group Disturbed may be the group that has covered the song the most times.
The song was written by Paul Simon over the course of several months in 19963 and 1964.
The song was written for the album “Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.,” which came out on October 19, 1964.
The album’s sales were disastrous.
Up until 1965, when the song started playing on the radio and Simon and Garfunkel split up and went their separate ways, Tom Wilson, the song’s producer, decided to rework the music.
Unaware, Paul and Art quickly got back together and entered the studio.
Watch the video here: | <urn:uuid:b1b8177c-4ff8-4c75-bdd1-ba509c88097d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://armrususa.ru/2022/07/25/a-woman-wowed-the-audience-with-her-rendition-of-sound-of-silence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965005 | 292 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Frequently Asked Questions
A career consultant is an expert who helps you solve specific career problems by offering professional or technical advice. He or she serves in an advisory capacity and generally works with you to achieve short-term goals, including career exploration, effective job search strategies, resume and career marketing, and interview preparation. The answers to your questions come from the consultant.
A career coach is a professional who helps you explore what you want to achieve in life, and assists you in finding and achieving your potential. Instead of offering advice, a coach listens, asks good questions, provokes thought, and challenges you to generate your own solutions and strategies. He or she also may serve as an accountability partner to help you implement your solutions or strategies. The focus of career coaching is achieving long-term goals. The answers to your questions come from YOU.
Great question! You may want to consider hiring a career consultant in three instances: (1) when you're feeling stuck in your job or career and have tried everything you can think of without success; (2) when you've sent out more than 100 resumes in the last 3-6 months and have received only two responses; and (3) when you've been seriously considering a major career jump for a long time, but cannot seem to move forward. Definitely, do your homework to find the right person for you. Solicit recommendations from friends and colleagues outside of your own company. Ask for a free, initial consultation before you hire a consultant (or coach). Take the time to interview several people for the job. You want to find the right "fit" for you in terms of expertise, personality, and cost of services. | <urn:uuid:7732d583-db24-4f16-9147-73105d90403b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.debgaut.life/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.970445 | 339 | 1.695313 | 2 |
A comment the other day reminded me that the Bible sometimes makes comparisons between soldiers and believers. However, before we get too far into the subject let me remind you that analogies can only be stretched so far before they break. There are similarities worth looking at. Still, it may surprise you where I’m going with this one.
First of all, we have to remember that in historical context, being a soldier today is not the same thing as it was in the ancient pagan world. The king was often considered a deity. When anyone swore allegiance to the king, it was the same as swearing allegiance to a god. Therefore, you literally were the property of the king. When Paul makes comparisons between being a soldier and being a Christian, then, it is a very apt comparison. A Christian is literally the property of God.
However, the Kingdom of Israel was not a pagan nation. Israel was different because the civil and religious authority was split between two groups. This helped to maintain a certain level of checks and balances. Being a soldier, then, wasn’t so much about allegiance to the king as it was about allegiance to YHWH (or, at least it should have been).
Notice that when Jeroboam split off the northern tribes from Judah that he asserted his authority over the religious affairs as well. He set up the golden calves (1Ki 12:28). He appointed the priests (v 31; 13:33). Jeroboam himself offered incense (v 1). In other words, he not only led the people into idolatry, but, like the pagan nations around him, he exalted the authority of the king over religious matters as well as civil.
For a little while, though, the House of Judah somewhat maintained that separation. Sometimes the influence of the kings would ebb and flow over religious matters, but there was a degree of separateness for the most part. It is probably one of the reasons that Judah lasted longer than Israel as well.
Think about it, though. Who had the ultimate authority? The king? The priest? No, it was the one they had to acknowledge! It pointed to the fact that it is not men who are ultimately in charge. Therefore, a soldier’s loyalty shouldn’t have been so much to the king (or even the nation, for that matter) as it was to God!
You know, modern Israel isn’t so much different than ancient Israel, when you think about it. Not only is the ideal that loyalty be to the nation yet “under God”, but also in the continual deterioration of that ideal over time are there striking similarities. More and more, politics instead of moral convictions rule our land.
Have you considered that under the ideal there are grounds for a soldier to disobey? Under the Geneva Convention, a soldier is supposed to do and not do certain things. If an officer orders you to kill innocent civilians, you are supposed to disobey that “unlawful order”. Same rules are supposed to apply to torture as well, which is a huge topic unto itself.
If Christians are compared to soldiers, what does this mean? Simply put, it means that like the soldiers of ancient Israel, we are supposed to acknowledge that there is an Authority higher than men. We in the COG should be fully aware that if the boss wants you to do ordinary work on the Sabbath, you respectfully disobey (there are very rare exceptions, which I won’t get into). If your teacher or professor wants you to attend class on Saturday, you respectfully disobey. I think that we in the COG already know these things.
However, what if your minister wants you to steal? What if a deacon encourages you to cheat on your taxes? I’m making these up, but how different is this than someone telling you now that the law has been done away?
Who wanted Jesus crucified? The religious authorities. Who beat John and Peter and then commanded they stop preaching in the name of Jesus? The religious authorities. Who commissioned Saul to persecute the Church? The religious authorities.
Don’t get me wrong. We are to respect authority, even if it is misguided (Mt 23:1-3). However, it is also clear that we are to disobey when it goes against God’s word (Ac 5:29).
In a very real manner, we are responsible for our own salvation (Php 2:12).
Keep proving all things. Keep on your knees. Don’t look to anyone but your Savior to save you. Listen to those guided by the Holy Spirit. How will you know who that is? Because you have kept reading God’s word, and you haven’t stopped proving all things.
I keep asking myself, “Why do people fall for false prophets like Ronald Weinland?” The answer keeps coming back to looking at a mere man for answers. The answer keeps coming back to not believing the Bible. The answer keeps coming back to blinding themselves to the truth. The answer keeps coming back to listening to an “authority” rather than God.
Christian soldiers, real soldiers, know that authority is granted by God and God alone. It isn’t that they have a right to rebel against unlawful orders – it is a responsibility. It isn’t that they have a right to stop following men not led by the Holy Spirit – it is a responsibility. Frankly, since authority is granted by God, then it is not rebellion unless it is against God’s will! If a leader is not following God’s will and you stop following him, then it is not rebellion!
Could it really be that plain? Yes. If they are not following God, then why follow them? They are part of the confusion – the Babylon – the deception that engulfs the rest of the world.
We constantly see God calling His people out of Egypt, out of Sin, out of Babylon. It is a command!
Are you part of GCI? Come out of her! Are you part of Ronald Weinland’s group? Come out of her! Are you part of PCG? Come out of her! You are following men!
There are at least 397 other groups to choose from! Surely, you can find at least one that comes closer to the truth than that! One that does not condone putting aside 3/4ths of God’s word. One that does not take expensive trips to Jerusalem to show he is a “prophet”, and so he can continue in his blasphemy and lies! One that does not steal funds from widows and orphans to build an auditorium! If you do not, then do not be surprised when Jesus tells you, “I never knew you; depart from me, ye that work iniquity.” | <urn:uuid:5f673f58-e2fc-4582-92b6-e6b827d913d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.churchofgodperspective.org/2010/01/27/onward-christian-soldier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970977 | 1,430 | 2.59375 | 3 |
OpenSpace has a total of 60 patents globally, out of which 16 have been granted. Of these 60 patents, more than 76% patents are active. The United States of America is where OpenSpace has filed the maximum number of patents, followed by Europe and India. Parallelly, United States of America seems to be the main focused R&D center and also is the origin country of OpenSpace.
OpenSpace was founded in 2017 by Michael Fleischman and Philip DeCamp. OpenSpace develops an automated 360 video job site capture and mapping. Its construction photo documentation software captures images every half-second and automatically ties them to project plans.
Read about some of the most popular patents of OpenSpace which have been covered by us in this article and also you can find OpenSpace patents information, the worldwide patent filing activity and its patent filing trend over the years, and many other stats over OpenSpace patent portfolio.
How many patents does the Founder and CEO of OpenSpace have?
The Founder Michael Fleischman has 65 and Philip DeCamp has 16 patents and the CEO Jeevan Kalanithi has 12 patents.
How many patents does OpenSpace have?
OpenSpace has a total of 17 patents globally. These patents belong to 5 unique patent families. Out of 17 patents, 15 patents are active.
How Many Patents did OpenSpace File Every Year?
Are you wondering why there is a drop in patent filing for the last two years? It is because a patent application can take up to 18 months to get published. Certainly, it doesn’t suggest a decrease in the patent filing.
|Year of Patents Filing or Grant||OpenSpace Applications Filed||OpenSpace Patents Granted|
How many OpenSpace patents are Alive/Dead?
How Many Patents did OpenSpace File in Different Countries?
Countries in which OpenSpace Filed Patents
|United States Of America||9|
Where are Research Centers of OpenSpace Patents Located?
The Research Centers of all OpenSpace Patents is the United States of America.
What Percentage of OpenSpace US Patent Applications were Granted?
OpenSpace (Excluding its subsidiaries) has filed 9 patent applications at USPTO so far (Excluding Design and PCT applications). Out of these 4 have been granted leading to a grant rate of 100.0%.
Below are the key stats of OpenSpace patent prosecution at the USPTO.
Which Law Firms Filed Most US Patents for OpenSpace?
|Law Firm||Total Applications||Success Rate|
|Fenwick & West Llp||9||100.00%|
EXCLUSIVE INSIGHTS COMING SOON! | <urn:uuid:289c9ee3-a6bb-4509-ac4f-93eff3fea497> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://insights.greyb.com/openspace-patents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.900892 | 612 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Source: untitled, The Rinking World & Picture Theatre News, 25 December 1909, p. 14
Text: ‘Hale’s Tours of the World,’ in Oxford Street, hard by Messrs. Gilbey & Co.’s Pantheon, are at once the oldest-established and the most educative of all London’s picture shows. Nothing approaching them has in our day been designed or so effectively carried out. Time was when Hamilton’s Diarama’s were all the rage; these have no worthily supplanted them. Seated in a veritable Pullman car, which appears to be travelling on the ever-present metals through mountainous scenery, over bridges, across vast prairie lands, or Eastern deserts, as the case may be, the illusion is perfect. Not the slightest suspicion of cinematograph lantern rays have the quasi-travellers, for the reason that the views are thrown on the screen from a great distance behind … The conductor of the Pullman Car, who snips the tickets, lectures pleasantly all the time, though in the darkness he remains unseen. Moreover, throughout the imaginary journey, the travellers are treated to pervading sounds as well as sights. The shrill whistle of locomotive and steamboat, the fearsome syren [sic] of an ocean greyhound, the roar of falling waters or tossing sea waves, the pattering of rain, the rolling of thunder, and the shouts of people add a keen zest to the excursion. From a chat with Mr S.B. French, the Secretary, we learned that his company have a contract with the New South Wales Government for the regular supply of films, and also that their operating representatives enjoy a free run on the great American railroads, and on certain British railway systems.
Comments: Hale’s Tours of the World was an entertainment which placed the audience in a replica of a railway carriage, with a film taken from the front of a moving train projected onto a screen at the front of the carriage. The carriage rocked to and fro, there were sound effects, and the conductor served a lecturer to explain the films and the experience. It was invented by the American George Consider Hale and the first Hale’s Tours in Britain opened in London’s Oxford Street in May 1906. It was arguably the first cinema in London (the Daily Bioscope near Liverpool Street station opened the same month), hence the reference to it being the ‘oldest-established’ of London’s picture shows. | <urn:uuid:a88d29c6-e223-4854-8c8c-020e6e27bffe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://picturegoing.com/?p=3693 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958688 | 524 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Program graduates first class of 15
If Eugene Chien had one wish, it would be to give everyone a bright, healthy smile.
“Often we think we need to go abroad to help those less fortunate, “says Chien, whose family moved from Taipei to Vancouver when he was a child. “But if you really look around the city, there are a lot of people who aren’t on dental plans and can’t afford to get their teeth looked at.”
Chien is one of 15 students in the first graduating class of the Bachelor of Dental Science in Dental Hygiene “entry-to-practice” degree program. Established in 2007, this program offers an alternative to the Bachelor of Dental Science in Dental Hygiene degree that UBC launched in 1992 for dental hygienists who already hold a college diploma.
At the Faculty of Dentistry, Chien distinguished himself as an enthusiastic leader representing student issues. He also organized numerous free community clinics in New Westminster. Aimed at diverse communities, these oral health initiatives involved UBC faculty and student volunteers from both dental hygiene and dentistry programs.
“Overall, I’ve matured a lot. I know how to conduct myself in front of clients, how to be professional,” says Chien.
Midway through his degree, Chien was thrilled to land a work-study position as a research assistant to Dentistry Dean Dr. Charles Schuler, looking at the causes of cleft palate. “When I started at UBC, I never dreamed I would be doing actual biomedical research.”
Chien was able to hone interpersonal skills in settings including Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside and a long-term care facility for seniors. Some of the care home residents faced cognitive difficulties such as dementia or Alzheimer’s and would forget to brush their teeth or improperly store their dentures. Others with arthritis would struggle to hold a toothbrush.
“In these cases, we’d work closely with the care providers,” says Chien. “For example, we’d suggest posting a reminder on the bathroom mirror or having them help clients with brushing.”
Chien says he values the BDSc degree for opening up numerous career possibilities. “We can work not only as clinicians, but also as researchers, administrators or health advocates.” | <urn:uuid:721d42ff-c354-475f-8d17-3b866fcf319c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.ubc.ca/2011/05/06/research-a-dental-hygiene-degree-highlight/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958086 | 500 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Doodles come in all shapes and sizes. And every time you turn around, there is a new hybrid that is more fantastic than the last. What started with just the Labradoodle and Goldendoodle is now a billion-dollar industry. With so many options, it’s hard to narrow down what’s compatible with your lifestyle best. Today, we are going to talk about Whoodles. By comparing the Whoodle and Goldendoodle, you can see how they fit into your family.
The most obvious difference between the Whoodle and Goldendoodle is their heritage. All Doodles are part Poodle and therefore share a few aspects. For example, most Doodles are hypoallergenic because of the Poodle’s curly coat. Doodles are intelligent and loyal due to the Poodle’s hunting background.
But there is a second part to every Doodle that makes them unique. Whoodles are half soft-coated Wheaten Terrier. These dogs have a background in being the best farmhand a person could own. Not only did they herd, but they also protected their flocks and ran off pests. The Wheaten is known for their energetic and loving personalities.
Goldendoodles are half Golden Retriever. Hunters purposely bred these dogs for their soft mouths and eagerness to please. They made the perfect dogs for duck hunting, and before long, people fell in love with their calm temperaments.
When you bring home a Whoodle, you are getting a fun-loving dog like no other. These dogs love to play games and tricks on their owners. They have big personalities and even larger hearts. Your Whoodle will love you and your family with equal attention. You might even forget what it was like before getting a dog.
Goldendoodles are even-tempered balls of love wrapped into a puppy package. And this temperament never goes away. Your Goldendoodle loves to do any activity you do as long as they get to go along. So no matter if you have an active lifestyle or you don’t get out a lot. Your Goldendoodle will mold itself to your likes and needs.
Intelligence And Training
Doodles are known for their training ability and intelligence. These minds are ready for your training. Both of these Doodles learn quickly and love the challenge. Your puppies will potty train without a hitch and learn basic commands. In fact, they will come to love and crave that time with you.
A positive reinforcement style speeds the training process up as well. The reason this style is the best is that it hones in on your dog’s temperament. Since both of these Doodles are eager to please, they willingly do tricks for affection. With a tasty treat and telling them that they are the best, you can get your dog to do anything.
There is a small difference, though, in training a Whoodle. Whoodles can sometimes come off as high strung and hard-headed. With some patience and these useful training techniques, your Whoodle will learn quickly.
But with this intelligence comes great responsibility. Dogs with higher intelligence also need more stimulation than other dogs. In addition to regular training sessions, you will need to invest in plenty of brain teasers. Puzzles chew toys, and interactive toys are great tools to have under your belt when you are away for too long.
When looking at the Whoodle and Goldendoodle, energy levels are slightly different. Goldendoodles are moderately active. This means that they love to play and romp around, but they are just as happy hanging out at home. You can keep your Goldendoodle happy and healthy with a 30-45 minute walk daily. But since they are so loyal to their people, they are excited about being on the go if you are.
Are Whoodles hyper by comparison? We wouldn’t say that a Whoodle is hyper-active. But they do require more activity than most dogs. Taking regular walks and plenty of one-on-one playtimes is in your future with Whoodles.
If you start to think that your Whoodle is too hyper, it might be that they aren’t getting enough exercise. Dog’s technically can’t have ADHD. But if they aren’t burning off all their energy, it will seem like it. A dog that doesn’t get enough exercise might start developing anxiety, marking, chewing, and running away. So be prepared for lots of outings with a Whoodle.
Doodles of all kinds are famous for their hypoallergenic coats. Each Doodle breed comes in three coat types: curly, wavy, and straight. Both the Whoodle and Goldendoodle more commonly have wavy to straight coats.
But multigeneration crosses that have the signature curly coats that are deemed more hypoallergenic. If having a hypoallergenic dog is essential to you, talk with your breeder about your concerns. A reputable breeder can identify curly coats as early as six weeks old. They can also suggest the best generation and parents for a low shedding puppy.
In addition to coming in different coat types, they also have several colors. Both the Whoodle and Goldendoodle come in every color imaginable. No matter what your dream dog looks like, you can find it in these Doodles.
Because these dogs have similar coat types, they also have the same grooming. Their hypoallergenic coats are great for allergies and less shedding, but they are very high maintenance. Your Doodle will require daily care, as well as regular professional grooming.
For daily care, you will need a few tools at home. We recommend having at least three different brush types for this job: slicker, comb, and dematting rake. The safest way to detangle your Doodle is to use a comb to find all knots. If the knots are too large, you can use the dematting rake to take them out. And then top it all off with a slicker brush for an excellent finish.
Doodles also need to see a stylist every 6-8 weeks for a hair trim. They might even get a bath and nail trim at this time for a puppy spa day. When your Doodle gets out, he or she will feel like a million bucks. These treatments are not only crucial for hygiene but also mental well being too.
Size And Lifespan
Since the Poodle comes in toy, mini, and standard sizes, you can have Doodles in multiple sizes. By breeding a female Wheaten or Golden Retriever with a male Poodle of different sizes, you can manipulate your perfect sized Doodle.
The standard Whoodle size is anywhere from 20-45 pounds. But every breeder has slightly different size guides that they follow. Some breeders create medium-sized Whoodles that range closer to the 20-pound mark. And have even bred mini Whoodles that are under 20.
Goldendoodles have a few more size options. Goldendoodles can come in mini, small standard, and standard sizes. The Mini Goldendoodle size is only 12-35 pounds and perfect for anyone who wants a smaller dog. The small standard weighs in at 40-50 pounds, and the standard at 50-90. These size variations make it easy for any Doodle owner to choose the perfect match.
And the best part about these Doodles is that they have a long lifespan. The average Whoodle lifespan is 12-15 years, and Goldendoodles live 10-15. If you are looking for a dog with a longer lifespan, smaller breeds are your best bet. Smaller dogs live longer on average than giant breeds.
We all like to think that our puppies will live long and healthy lives. Unfortunately, in their old age, they become prone to common diseases. Some of these illnesses are the result of age and improper care. But some conditions are the result of genetics.
Reputable breeders make it their mission to reduce the chances of genetic conditions. When you buy from a breeder, they might cost more. But they also come with a guarantee and DNA health analysis from the parents.
Some common Whoodle diseases are:
- Eye diseases
- Ear infections
- Hip dysplasia
- And allergies
Goldendoodle health concerns include:
- Heart conditions
- Hip dysplasia
- Joint issues
- Skin ailments
- And eye disease
While Doodles are known for their hybrid vigor, there technically isn’t such a thing. DNA doesn’t follow the rules that we always want them to. So even though there is a very slim chance of disease passing down, it is still possible. To keep your dog healthy and happy, keep up with routine vet checks.
And our final point of comparison is the price. The average Whoodle will cost you anywhere from $1,200-$5,500. And for the Goldendoodle, between $1,500-$2,500. At the lower end of the scale, these two Doodles are very comparable. But for rarer colors, you might spend more for a Whoodle.
If you wish to adopt your Doodle, there are a few options. Most states have prominent Doodle or Poodle rescues. But finding a Whoodle is a little more complicated. Goldendoodles are very common in shelters. You don’t even have to go to a breed-specific rescue to find them.
What Do You Think?
Goldendoodles have won the hearts of many people all over America. But after comparing the Whoodle and Goldendoodle, you now know the Whoodle better. Have we turned you into a Whoodle lover too?
Below is a Pinterest friendly photo…. so you can pin it to your Doodle Board! | <urn:uuid:55bcc1c6-b9ba-4e6f-a367-ad32af2827cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.loverdoodles.com/whoodle-vs-goldendoodle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.956326 | 2,072 | 1.546875 | 2 |
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