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Microcars, or bubblecars or whatever you call them, were very much a product of their time, an era that came and went quickly, but has left the world with some unique, and strangely loveable collectors items. Soon after their demise, bubblecars became status symbols for people who love quirky things. Ironically, the reasons for their latter-day popularity is what caused consumers at large in the 1950s to turn their back on them.
Microcars had their origins in the years following World War II, when motorcycles were common. To provide better weather protection, three-wheeled microcars began increasing in popularity in the United Kingdom, where they could be driven using a motorcycle licence. Microcars also became popular in Europe, due to their greater fuel efficiency than larger cars. The advent of the 1956 Suez Crisis, which led to the rationing of fuel and soaring prices due to a worldwide shortage of petroleum products, greatly boosted the microcar trade.
Several microcars of the 1950s and 1960s - mostly produced in Germany - were nicknamed bubble cars. This was due to the aircraft-style bubble canopies of cars like the Messerschmitt KR175, Messerschmitt KR200 and the FMR Tg500. Other microcars, such as the Isetta, also had a bubble-like appearance.
German manufacturers of bubble cars included former military aircraft manufacturers Messerschmitt and Heinkel. BMW manufactured the Italian Iso Rivolta Isetta under licence, using an engine from one of their own motorcycles. Other examples from Germany and other European countries include the Citroen Prototype C, FMR Tg500, Fuldamobil, Heinkel Kabine, Isetta, Messerschmitt KR175, Messerschmitt KR200, Peel P50, Peel Trident, Trojan 200 and Kleinschnittger F 125. Microcar designers popped up all over Europe - most were home-based engineers who hoped their hand-built prototypes could be sold to manufacturers and make them millions.
One of the first microcars was the British built 1949 Bond Minicar. Joining the Bond in United Kingdom marketplace were licence-built right-hand drive versions of the Heinkel Kabine and the Isetta. The British version of the Isetta was built with only one rear wheel instead of the narrow-tracked pair of wheels in the normal Isetta design in order to take advantage of the three-wheel vehicle laws in the United Kingdom. There were also indigenous British three-wheeled microcars, including the Peel Trident.
The introduction of the Fiat 500 in 1957 and the Mini by UK manufacturer BMC two years later heralded the end of the age of the bubble car - both were inexpensive, frugal vehicles that could seat more than one at not much more money than the bubble cars. Furthermore they looked like real cars, and not something that had landed from another planet. The Mini in particular could seat four adults and was a much more comfortable way of covering longer distances at comparable running costs.
Other European manfacturers introduced new baseline models - the Citroen 2CV, Renault 4, Hillman Imp etc. - and by the end of the 1960s, production of microcars had largely ceased.
One of the few microcar success stories was the BMW Isetta. So successful was this novel vehicle, it singlehandly saved BMW from bankruptcy! It was the Isetta's bubble shape that led not only to it being nicknamed the "bubble car" - but that nickname being applied to the whole microcar genre. Initially manufactured by the Italian firm Iso SpA, the name Isetta is the Italian diminutive form of Iso, meaning "little Iso". Iso's owner, Renzo Rivolta, was one pioneers of the microcar revolution. By 1952 his engineers Ermenegildo Preti and Pierluigi Raggi had designed a small car that used the motorcycle engine of the Iso Moto 200.
The Isetta caused a sensation when it was introduced to the motoring press in Turin in November 1953. It was unlike anything seen before. Small (only 2.29 m long by 1.37 m wide) and egg-shaped, with bubble-type windows, the entire front end of the car hinged outwards to allow entry. In the event of a crash, the driver and passenger were to exit through the canvas sunroof. The steering wheel and instrument panel swung out with the single door, simplifying access to the single bench seat. The seat provided reasonable comfort for two occupants, and perhaps a small child. Behind the seat was a large parcel shelf with a spare wheel located below. A heater was optional, and ventilation was provided by opening the fabric sunroof. Power came from a 236 cc, 7.1 kW (9.5 hp) split-single two-stroke motorcycle engine.
Renzo Rivolta wanted to concentrate on his new Iso Rivolta sports car, and set about establishing licensing deals. Plants in Spain and Belgium were already assembling Isettas and Autocarros using Italian-made Iso components when BMW began talking with Rivolta. In mid-1954 BMW bought not just a license but the complete Isetta body tooling as well. After constructing some 1000 units, production of the Italian built cars ceased in 1955. In that year, the BMW Isetta became the world's first mass-production car to achieve a fuel consumption of 3 L/100 km (94 mpg‑imp; 78 mpg‑US). At a time when BMW’s business was teetering on the edge, the tiny ISO was just the right car at the right time.
BMW made the Isetta its own. BMW redesigned the powerplant around a BMW one-cylinder, four-stroke, 247 cc motorcycle engine which generated 10 kW (13 hp). Although the major elements of the Italian design remained intact, BMW re-engineered much of the car, so much so that none of the parts between a BMW Isetta Moto Coupe and an Iso Isetta are interchangeable. The first BMW Isetta appeared in April 1955 and remained in production until May 1962, three years after launch the conventionally modern-looking BMW 700. A total of 161,728 units had been built, making it the top-selling single-cylinder car in the world, a record it still holds today.
Messerschmitt, a Gemman aircraft manufacturer before and during World war II, was temporarily not allowed to manufacture aircraft after the war, had turned its resources to making other products. In 1952, Prof. Willy Messerschmitt was searching for a project to keep his RSM division busy, and a timely visit by his former employee Fritz Fend with a concept for a tandem two-seat vehicle resulted in a deal being struck.
By the summer of 1952 a prototype was ready. Called Fend Kabinenroller FK-150, it was based on his Fend Flitzer invalid carriage. It included all the elements of the first production the 150cc motor and the plexi dome. The latter was added my Messerschmitt as a way to initially use up left-over pilot canopies from the company's fighter aircraft.
Production began in February 1953, but early feedback indicated that the car was far from perfect: the suspension was very hard, it was noisy and rattled, and the hand clutch didn't come off well in practice. By June of 1953 some 70 modifications had been made. In 1956, around a year after West Germany joined NATO, Messerschmitt was allowed to manufacture aircraft again and lost interest in Fend's microcars. Messerschmitt sold the Regensburg works to Fend who took over manufacture of the car under the name FMR.
Around that time, the demand for basic economical transport in Germany was rapidly diminishing as the German economy boomed. A similar situation developed in other parts of Europe such as in the manufacturer's biggest export destination, the United Kingdom, where sales were particularly affected by the increasing popularity of the Mini. A total of 30,286 units of the KR200 were built Production of the KR200 was heavily reduced in 1962 and ceased in 1964.
Introduced in 1953 as the 'Fend', after its co-designer Fritz Fend, the Messerschmitt Kabinenroller microcar was soon being marketed under its manufacturer's name. Later models carried the diamond-shaped FMR badge, standing for Fahrzeug und Maschienenbau GmbH Regensburg. The four-wheeled TG500 cabriolet offered is closely related to the more frequently encountered Messerschmitt KR200 three-wheeler, albeit endowed with considerably greater performance courtesy of its 490cc twin-cylinder two-stroke engine. Only some 60 or thereabouts TG500s are believed to survive.
Heinkel was chiefly an German aircraft manufacturing company, which was founded in Warnemünde in 1922. Heinkel briefly turned to making cars after World War II, and was responsible for the iconic “Kabine” bubble car.
Heinkel began building aeroplanes shortly after the restrictions in place following World War I were relaxed. Their first commercial success came with the construction of a mail plane and airliner in 1932. Heinkel is primarly known as one of the aircraft companies in Germany to have supplied aeroplanes to the Luftwaffe during World War II and managed to build jet fighters, which saw action in the very much latter stages of the war.
Due to new aircraft building restrictions in place after World War II had ended, Heinkel turned its attention to producing cars, bicycles and motor scooters, returning to the skies soon after, building fighter planes, this time for West Germany. Heinkel's demise came in 1965, merged into Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke, eventually becoming part of European aerospace giant EADS.
The Heinkel Kabine bubble car was built by Heinkel for two years between 1956 and 1958, the only car made by Heinkel, featuring a 1-cylinder air-cooled 4-stroke engine. It was an iconic design of its time, comparable to the BMW Isetta in appearance, accessible via a front door hatch, with the engine situated in the rear. Models came in 3- or 4-wheel designs, engine sizes varying from 174cc (using the same engine as their Tourist brand of scooter) to 204cc. The design was licenced to other manufacturers, namely Trojan Cars Ltd. in the UK and Los Cedros S.A. in Argentina, both continuing to produce Kabine design cars right up until the mid 1960s.
Fuldamobil cars were produced in Fulda, Germany,between 1950 and 1969. Various designated versions of the car were produced. Though overall numbers produced were relatively small, the cars attracted sufficient attention to see licensed construction on four continents including Europe. The car underwent significant development, modification and changes in appearance throughout its production life. In its ultimate configuration it is said to have inspired the term "bubble car". It is acknowledged as the first car in the world to feature a negative scrub radius, now recognised as a major advance in driving safety.
Series production began in February 1951 using a wooden framework for the bodies. Material used for the external panelling varied from car to car, the majority used plywood sheets covered with a synthetic leather fabric. Fabric car bodies were common in the 1920s, and in post-war Germany the scarcity of sheet steel, coupled with low manufacturing cost and light weight, briefly countered more negative factors such as an old-fashioned appearance and relatively poor durability.
At the start of 1957, work began on developing a new, lighter fibreglass body for the Fuldamobil.It made its first public appearance at the Swedish motorcycle show in March 1957. As it now required no wooden framework underneath, the bodies for this model were much simpler to mass produce and it quickly became the most successful type in attracting licensed manufacture in other countries, where the number of cars produced would ultimately be significantly higher than at the Fulda works, even if most of this licensed production was very short-lived in comparison.
Cars were sold under a variety of names, such as the Nobel in Chile, UK and Turkey, the Bambi in Argentina, the Bambino in the Netherlands, Fram King Fulda (Usually abbreviated to FKF and later shortened to King) in Sweden, Attica and also Alta A200 in Greece, and Hans Vahaar in India. It was also manufactured in South Africa under the original German name, also Zimbabwe then Rhodesia. A pickup version called "Sporty" based on the coupé was also available in Argentina.
There were minor detail changes throughout its production life, but the most significant was forced upon it when Fitchel and Sachs ceased production of their 200cc engine in 1965.
Peel Trident (left) and P50
The Peel Trident is the second three-wheeled microcar made by the Peel Engineering Company on the Isle of Man. An all-new design from its one-seat counterpart the Peel P50, the Trident has two seats. The Trident was launched at the 1964 British Motorcycle Show held at Earls Court. The Trident was manufactured in 1965 and 1966.
The seat, stated as being 79 cm wide, was intended to provide for use as an occasional two-seater. The glass-fibre shell was a monocoque with coil-sprung, undamped wheels. It featured a clear bubble top and either two seats or one seat with a detachable shopping basket. Li.ke its predecessor, it was marketed as a "shopping car" or a "Saloon Scooter". Like the P50, it uses a 49 cc (3.0 cu in) DKW engine which generates 4.2 hp (3.1 kW), and a top speed of 28 mph (45 km/h).
In 2011, Peel Engineering Ltd. started re-manufacturing the Peel Trident once again in Sutton-in-Ashfield, near Nottingham, England. All vehicles are hand-built to order in petrol and electric form.
Kleinschnittger was a German company that produced microcars between 1950 and 1957. They were powered by a 125 cc single cylinder two-stroke engine that produced 4 kW and a top speed of 70 km/h. It was very fuel efficient and consumed less than 3 litres per 100 km. The body was in aluminium. The car was also made in Belgium under the name Kleinstwagen and in the Netherlands as the Alco.
A more powerful model, the F250 (above), was fitted with a 250 cc engine from ILO giving 11 kW (14.8 hp).
Peel Trident (left) and P50
Citroen Prototype C
The Citroen Prototype C was a planned range of vehicles created by Citroen from 1955 to 1956 under the direction of Andre Lefebvre. The idea was to produce a water drop-shaped, very lightweight vehicle, which would be more modern and smaller than the 2CV. One of the prototypes, the Citroen C-10 has survived and is still owned by Citroen. The vehicle, also nicknamed Citroën Coccinelle (Ladybird in French), was equipped with the same 425 cc engine as the 2CV. The car was abandoned in favor of the Citroën Ami 6.
1951 Bond Minicar
The pioneer of the minicar phenomenon, the Bond Minicar is a series of economical three-wheeled microcars manufactured by the British car manufacturer Sharp's Commercials Ltd (renamed Bond Cars Limited in 1964), in Preston, Lancashire, between 1949 and 1966. The basic concept for the minicar was derived from a prototype built by Lawrence "Lawrie" Bond, an engineer from Preston. During the war, Bond had worked as an aeronautical designer for the Blackburn Aircraft Company. In the early part of 1948, he revealed the prototype. It and early models utilised stressed skin aluminium bodywork, though later models incorporated chassis members of steel.The Minicar was amongst the first British cars to use fibreglass body panels.
The cars were powered initially by a single-cylinder two-stroke Villiers engine of 122 cc (7 cu in). In December 1949 this was upgraded to a 197 cc (12 cu in) unit. The engine was further upgraded in 1958, first to a single-cylinder 247 cc (15 cu in) and then to a 247 cc (15 cu in) twin-cylinder Villiers 4T. These air-cooled engines were developed principally as motorcycle units and therefore had no reverse gear. However, this was a minimal inconvenience, because the engine, gearbox and front wheel were mounted as a single unit and could be turned by the steering wheel up to 90 degrees either side of the straight-ahead position, enabling the car to turn within its own length.
The Bond Bug is a small British two-seat, three-wheeled automobile which was built from 1970 to 1974, initially by Bond Cars Ltd, but subsequently by the Reliant Motor Company. It is a wedge-shaped microcar, with a lift-up canopy and side screens instead of conventional doors.
The 1964 Reliant Supervan which became a star of the BBC-TV series, "Only Fools And Horses".
Not quite a minicar but built with the same idea in mind, the Reliant Regal was a small three-wheeled car and van manufactured from 1953 to 1973 by the Reliant Motor Company in Tamworth, England, replacing the earlier Reliant Regent three-wheeled cyclecar van. A light-commercial version with a side-hinged rear door was marketed as the Reliant Supervan.
Built to be as lightweight and economical as possible, the Reliant Regal and Supervan were a hit in Great Britain, and have grown to become the automotive equivalent of a cult classic. The Regal (and successor the Robin) were made famous by the likes of the BBC’s “Mr. Bean” and “Top Gear” (and Newton’s “Laws of Motion” for its uncanny ability to topple over at will), the latter being a quaint little tribute to a minimalist approach.
Goggomobil was a series of microcars produced by Hans Glas GmbH in the Bavarian town Dingolfing between 1955 and 1969. Glas produced three models on the Goggomobil platform: the Goggomobil T sedan, the Goggomobil TS coupe, and the Goggomobil TL van. The engine was an air-cooled, two-stroke, two-cylinder unit originally displacing 250 cc, but later available in increased sizes of 300 cc and 400 cc.
Goggomobil TS coupe
The Goggomobil had an electric pre-selective transmission built by Getrag and a manual clutch. The engine was behind the rear wheels. Suspension was independent all round using coil springs with swing axles. 214,313 sedans, 66,511 coupés, and 3,667 Transporter vans and pickups were built from 1955 to 1969.
Between 1957 and 1961 some 700 sports cars called Goggomobil Darts were produced by Buckle Motors Pty Ltd in Sydney, Australia. Other Goggomobil models were also produced under licence, including saloon, coupe, coupe-convertible and light van variants. These were fitted with Australian produced fibreglass bodies in place of the steel bodies of their German counterparts. Australian production totalled approximately 5,000 units.
The Stuttgart-based German manufactuer Brütsch were best known for producing a large number of different microcar designs, but only produced small numbers of each design and the primary function of the company appears to have been that of the development and promotion of each design to sell licences to manufacture to other companies.
Between 1952 and 1958, eleven different models of car were manufactured by Brütsch, but the total production of all models by the company is believed to be only eighty-one cars. Many of the bodywork designs were simple two-piece mouldings of polyester reinforced with fiberglass, bonded at a waistline join, which was then covered by a protective strip. Chassis and suspension design was very rudimentary and after a misguided court action in 1956 by Brütsch against a licensee, at least one of Brütsch's designs was condemned as dangerous.
Produced from 1956 to 1958, the Brustch Mopetta is the most well known of the company's vehicles. It is a single seat, 3-wheeled roadster, powered by a single cylinder 49 cc engine driving through a three speed gearbox. Top speed was around 45 km/h (28 mph) and fourteen cars were produced. Production was licensed to former Opel dealer Georg von Opel, who planned to build the Mopetta at a former Horex motorcycle factory, however this plan appears to have resulted in nothing more than the production of sales literature. Due to its unusual design and rarity, the Mopetta has been subject to many replicas.
The Brütsch V2 (1956-1958) (above) was a 2-seater, 4-wheeled roadster. Powered by either a single cylinder 98 cc Fichtel & Sachs engine giving a top speed around 65 km/h (40 mph) or a single cylinder 247 cc Maico engine giving a top speed around 99 km/h (62 mph). Both versions had a four speed gearbox and in total twelve cars were produced.
The Brütsch Zwerg (1955-1957) was a 2-seater, 3-wheeled roadster, powered by a single cylinder 191 cc Fichtel & Sachs engine driving through a four speed gearbox. Top speed was around 85 km/h (53 mph) and twelve cars were produced. Also built under licence by Air Tourist Sàrl of France with minor changes and sold as the Avolette. Only four examples of the 2-seat Zwerg is known to still exist in England and are currently awaiting restoration.
Similar in shape to the Zwerg, the Brütsch 200 Spatz (German for sparrow) was a 3-seater, 3-wheeled roadster, powered by a single cylinder 191 cc Fichtel & Sachs engine driving through a four speed gearbox. Top speed was around 90 km/h (56 mph) and about five cars were produced. Also built under licence by A. Grünhut & Co of Switzerland with minor changes and sold as the Belcar. Another licence was sold to Alzmetall for production by Harald Friedrich GmbH of Germany, but so many faults were found with the original design that their production model, the Spatz Kabinenroller was fundamentally a different car. Because of this Brütsch took Alzmetall to court to ensure payment of his licence fees but lost the case.
The Victoria 250 is a four-wheeled microcar that was built between 1956 and 1958. The car was originally conceived by Egon Brütsch as the Brütsch 200 "Spatz" (see above), a Fiberglass three-wheeler with the suspension of the front wheels and the rear wheel attached directly to the body shell. As such the car's engineering proved unsound and trial runs on rough roads led to severe cracks in the bodywork.
In 1955, German engineer Harald Friedrich transformed the Brutsch 200 Spatz from an egg-shaped, flimsily-built, unsalable three-wheeler to a strong, elegant, mid-engined four-wheeler with an excellent frame and modern car suspension and brakes. The first examples were delivered in June 1957, to a cheering public and press, but at the Auto Show in September, there already was too much competition from other makers, thus initializing the writing on the wall for the small microcar manufacturing firms. Victoria decided to quit, and their last car was delivered in February 1958. 1,588 were built between 1956 and 1958, 859 as "Spatz", 729 as "Victoria 250".
This prototype was built by Otto Daus in Hamburg, Germany in 1954. Daus was the chief engineer for Tempo, a German three-wheeled truck manufacturer. This car uses a 197cc single-cylinder making 9.5 horsepower. It can do 46 mph and was never registered for the road in Germany when it was built and it never entered production.
Champion launched its 250 in 1948 to provide low-cost transport, with power provided by a supercharged single-cylinder 200cc rear-mounted two-stroke engine. In 1951 the 400 joined the 250, with a 398cc two-cylinder engine, roll-back cloth roof and improved suspension. Inspired by the VW Beetle, it was the Wolfsburg-built car that would prove the Champion's undoing as it was much more usable and cost much the same.
When Champion went bust for the last time in 1955, its assets were available at a knock-down price, so motorcycle manufacturer Maico waded in to continue production of the two-seater 400; a four-seater version of this car arrived soon after. Next came a 452cc version of the 400, now called the Maico 500 (pictured), but the car couldn't compete with more mainstream rivals. A last-ditch attempt to continue with car production led to 10 examples of the 500 Sport Cabriolet prototype being made but the money ran out. Maico managed to stave off bankruptcy and stuck with motorcycle production until the brand's demise in 1986.
Wilhelm Meyer started to make three-wheeled invalid carriages in 1948, but in 1953 he moved up a gear with the 200, a bubble car-style model with a single wheel at the back powered by a 197cc single-cylinder engine. Bizarrely, the 200 featured just a single door on its front, much like the Isetta, but this door was just half the width of the car, preventing larger passengers from getting in at all. Production ran to 530 units by the time the company went broke in 1956.
As with so many of the companies here, Gutbrod began by making motorbikes (in 1926). Set up by Wilhelm Gutbrod, his son Walter took over the business after his father's death in 1948, by which point the company had moved into manufacturing small two-stroke cars, most notably the Superior. Gutbrod closed down in 1954 but between 1975 and 1990 an identically named company set up shop in Germany, to build small four-wheel drive farm vehicles.
Gustav Kroboth had two stints at building cars. Between 1931 and 1932 his company made about 150 two-stroke two-seaters but it's the post-war stint that he's best known for – not that Kroboth is what you could call a high-profile brand. That's largely because between 1954 and 1955 he made just 55 or so Allwetter-Roller three-wheelers, each powered by a 197cc single-cylinder engine – there were a few four-wheelers made too, with a 174cc engine, but by the mid-1950s Kroboth ceased manufacturing cars.
The U1 prototype was built in 1953 by Steyr-Daimler-Puch in Steyr, (after 1955 car production in Graz), Austria and designed by Erich Ledwinka. This was the first prototype for a Steyr passenger car, two others (U2 and U3) were built before it was decided in 1957 to use the Fiat 500 bodyshell. The entry into the U1 was only possible after the folding back the roof. The two-seater microcar had a motorcycle-derived two stroke engine. The later prototypes U2 and U3 had four stroke engines.
Tempo, a German automobile manufacturer based in Hamburg, experimented with microcars in the early 1950s. Three and four-wheeled sedan prototypes were unveiled, but neither entered production. Powered by a 400cc Heinkel engine, the Tempo microcar (1954) swas neither better nor worse than its contemporaries, such as the Champion 400 and Maico 400 (with which it shared an engine). But with a range of vans, the Hanseat, Boy, two versions of the Matador, and two versions of the Viking in production simultaneously, there really wasn't capacity to produce other vehicles.
Not made in heaven, as the picture suggests, but by Max Curt Gick of West-Germany and presented at the Motor Show in 1950 in Berlin. This small 3-wheeler had no doors, externally mounted headlights and a fin on the rear. Drum brake acted only on the rear wheels. The Gnom was powered by a 123cc single-cylinder two-stroke Ilo engine, to be started with a rope.Top speed was 60kmh. No sponser could be find. Gick only built 3 copies and could not find a backer to put the car into production.
Polish engineer Josef Przybylski looked happy with his Brütsch-like creation, built in 1958. There were production plans for this 250cc 3-wheeler at the WFM-factory in Warsaw, but the Polish authorities withheld funds to finance the tooling.
Twenty Jerry cars with diverse bodyworks were made by the Argentinian manufacturer Rolmar in 1958. The car was initially called Convert. It was powered by a 150cc 2-stroke Siambreta (Vespa) engine. Picture found on Dynastart.
Autobianchi Bianchina Transformabile
Released in 1957 by the Italian automaker Autobianchi, the Transformabile (convertible) was one of five versions of the same vehicle, the Bianchina, which was based on the Fiat 500. Each had a 0.479-litre engine that turned out 18 hp; some versions were capable of 21 hp. They were just big enough for a quick trip to the market or a Sunday jaunt across the countryside. The 1966 movie "How to Steal a Million" with Audrey Hepburn and Peter O'Toole features Audrey driving a red Autobianchi Bianchina cabriolet.
The Zündapp Janus was a microcar model made by Zündapp in Germany between 1957 and 1958, the only car ever built by the company. Zündapp was a motorcycle maker, but in 1954 decided to make a more weatherproof vehicle. They looked for partners who could design such a vehicle, and approached Kroboth, Brütsch, and Fuldamobil before settling on the ready-developed vehicle from Dornier, an aircraft manufacturer.
The novel developed design featured a front-opening door for access to the front seat, as well as a rear-opening door for access to the rear-facing rear seat. This "coming or going" design was given the name of the Roman god, Janus, usually pictured having two faces: one looks forward while the other one looks back. The car was powered by a mid-mounted two-stroke, single-cylinder, 245 cubic centimetres (15.0 cu in) engine unique to the Janus, developing 14 hp (10 kW), enabling a top speed of 80 km/h (50 mph).
Production started in June 1957. However, whilst in racing and sports cars the mid-engine configuration leads to optimal car handling, the engine in the Janus was much lighter than the rear passengers, leading to a variable centre of gravity. The car was not low priced, and only 1,731 examples were made in the first six months. By mid-1958, having made only a total of 6,902 cars, Zündapp abandoned the project and sold the factory to Bosch.
The Dornier Delta, Dornier's original design
The Kei Car
While Europe was developing the minicar or bubble car, Japan was developing its own version of the miniature road-legal passenger car, the Keijidosha ("light car") or Kei car. The kei car category was created by the Japanese government in 1949, and continues to this day. The regulations have been revised several times since but the princple has remained the same. These regulations specify a maximum vehicle size, engine capacity of 660cc and power output, so that owners may enjoy both tax and insurance benefits. In most rural areas they are also exempted from the requirement to certify that adequate parking is available for the vehicle.
The Kei-car legal class originated in the era following the end of the Second World War, when most Japanese could not afford a full-sized car, but many had enough money to buy a motorcycle. To promote the growth of the car industry, as well as to offer an alternative delivery method to small business and shop owners, the kei car category and standards were created. Originally limited to a displacement of only 150 cc (9 cu in) (or just 100 cc for two-stroke engines) in 1949, dimensions and engine size limitations were gradually expanded (in 1950, 1951, and 1955) to tempt more manufacturers to produce kei cars.
Similar Japanese categories exist for microvans, and Kei trucks. These vehicles are most often the Japanese equivalent of today's Western/European A-segment, commonly known as "city cars". Kei cars have always been very successful in Japan - consisting of over one third of domestic new car sales in 2016. The vehicles featured here are limited to those produced during the same era as Europe's minicars - 1940s to 1960s, known in as the Kei Car's 360-cc era.
The Subaru 360 is a rear-engined, two-door city car manufactured and marketed from 1958 to 1971 by Subaru. As the company's first automobile, production reached 392,000 over its 12-year model run. Noted for its small overall size, 1,000 lb curb weight, monocoque construction, swing axle rear suspension, fiberglass roof panel, and rear-hinged doors, the inexpensive car was designed to comply with Japan's Kei car regulations. Nicknamed the "ladybug" in Japan, the 360 was one of Japan's most popular cars and was available in a single generation in two-door, station wagon, "convertible" (coupe with roll-back fabric roof) and sport model variants.
The Honda N360 is a small front-engine, front-wheel drive, two-passenger two-box automobile manufactured and marketed by Honda from March 1967 through 1970. After a January 1970 facelift, the N360 became the NIII360 and continued in production until June 1972. A larger-engined variant, the N600, was marketed through 1973.
The N360 was the first model Honda to be sold in Australia. Honda used the "N" prefix in its model name, designating "norimono" (translating from Japanese to English as "vehicle" ) — to distinguish the car from its motorcycle range.
The Mazda R360 is not only a kei car but the company's first automobile — a two-door, four-seat coupé. Introduced in 1960, the R360 featured a 69 inch (1753 mm) wheelbase, weighed 838 lb (380 kg) and was powered by a rear-mounted air-cooled 356 cc V-twin engine producing 16 hp (12 kW) and 16 lb·ft (22 Nm) of torque. The car was capable of 52 mph (84 km/h) and featured a 4-speed manual or two-speed automatic transmission. The suspension, front and rear, was rubber "springs" and torsion bars. A Mazda B360 Pickup that was sold in Japan in 1961. Mazda put an R360 on display at the 1960 Sydney Motor Show, and sent one to Western Australia to test and evaluate under Australian road conditions in 1962.
Within a few years of introducing the R360, Mazda had captured much of the lightweight (kei car) market in Japan. The R360 was augmented by the Mazda-Carol Mazda P360 Carol in 1962, as well as a convertible version in 1964. Production of the R360 lasted for six years. Both cars had one of the smallest four-cylinder automobile engines in history, only Honda's 356 cc DOHC alloy inline-four unit (used in the T360 truck) was smaller.
Daihatsu Fellow Max
The Daihatsu Fellow Max began life as the 2-door, 4-seat Daihatsu Fellow, which was introduced on 9 November 1966. Originally only available in DeLuxe and Super DeLuxe equipment levels, a Standard version joined in February 1967. Also available with a wagon body (Fellow Van), as a mini-pickup truck and as a panel van. It was built with a front-mounted 356 cc, water-cooled two-cylinder two-stroke engine already seen in the Hijet minivan, a four-speed manual transmission and rear wheel drive.
The first Hijet received a 360 cc two-stroke engine, as was dictated by the kei car laws of the time. The first generation Hijet used a conventional front engine, rear-wheel-drive format with the driver sitting behind the engine, in a similar pickup fashion. In 1964, the Hijet received a facelift, replacing its cheerful body-colored grille with a more conventional chromed unit.
Suzuki Suzulight SF
Designed to look like a much larger conventional vehicle than it actually was, the Suzuki Suzulight SF was a true Kei car. It was Suzuki's first entry into automotive manufacturing, having previously only produced motorcycles. The Suzulight sedans and light vans all had transversely mounted engines and front-wheel drive. The Suzulight Carry trucks and vans were the first to use the Carry label, which the company still uses today.
Introduced in April 1955, "SF" stood for "Suzuki Four-wheel car". The first model was closely based on the Lloyd 400, chosen after Suzuki also having considered the Citroen 2CV and Renault 4CV. The Suzulight SF shared the Lloyd's transversely mounted, front-wheel drive layout and the two-cylinder, two-stroke engine was a narrow-bored copy of the Lloyd's. Because of the smaller bore and resulting 359.66 cc (21.9 cu in) engine, it met the Japanese Keijidosha ("light car") legislation.
Small-scale series production began in October 1955, with 3-4 cars being built per month. By February 1956, however, monthly production had jumped to about 30 cars. In January 1958, after sluggish sales and to take advantage of economies of scale, the range was whittled down to a single model. In October 1959 , the new Suzulight TL was released, replacing the SF. Only available with a split folding rear seat and a large tailgate opening to the side, its layout was far ahead of its time.
In March 1962, the TL-based Fronte TLA passenger was released. The name was meant to symbolize Suzuki's position at the front of Kei car development, as well as alluding to its FF (front-engine, front-wheel-drive) layout. The first four-wheeled Suzuki sold under the company's own name rather than as a Suzulight was the Suzuki Fronte 800, presented in August 1965.
The Cony Guppy is a small pickup truck manufactured by Aichi, a Japanese aircraft manufacturer which produced several designs for the Imperial Japanese Navy. The vehicle had suicide doors and rotating amber beacons on the B-pillar. The brake lights were tiny and circular. The engine, which rests behind the seats, is a two-valve, 199 cc single-cylinder unit that produces 11 horsepower. Aichi rated the Guppy's fuel economy at 50 km/l and top speed at 80 k/hr. Its low price made it attractive to small business owners and cargo transporters. Other features include a four-wheel independent suspension and a torque converter for clutchless driving.
Nissan donated 100 cars based on the Guppy to the Kodomo no Kuni Children's Park in Hazu, Aichi, in 1965. This was long after the Guppy had been taken out of production; Nissan built them from leftover parts acquired as a result of their gradual takeover of the Aichi company. Called the "Datsun Baby" they had a speed limiter, limiting top speed to 30 km/h (18.6 mph). Otherwise they were mechanically identical to the Guppy, but with different bodywork.
The Suzuki CV1 is a microcar first presented at the 24th Tokyo Motor Show in 1981. Displayed under the banner of Suzuki community vehicle, the CV1 was a single-seat, four-wheeler, with a narrower track at the rear. It had a single door in its fiberglass body and had a claimed maximum speed of 20 mph (32 km/h). The vehicle could be driven on a moped licence in Japan and was sold in very limited numbers on a trial basis at a price of 300,000 Yen. The car had windows on either side that could be slid upwards and early versions had a single headlamp. Production ended in 1985 when Japanese licensing laws were changed. | <urn:uuid:8e48477d-3664-450d-9b09-569970fa6948> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://pocketoz.com.au/afe/motoring-bubble-cars.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.976021 | 8,805 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Big American museums, Holland Cotter argues, tend to present devotional art “purely in aesthetic terms,” with little or no attempt to explain the spiritual, political, or ideological meaning they held for their original audiences. This is not the case, however, for the Met Cloisters’ exhibit on the religious art of Spain at the start of the 11th century, which also reflects the often-peaceful exchanges of culture among three major religions:
Politics, and specifically geopolitics, is the underlying subject of Spain 1000-1200: Art at the Frontiers of Faith at the Cloisters. The show is a classic Met product. Its 40-plus objects—sculptures, textiles, manuscripts, most from the museum’s holdings—are top-shelf items, distinguished by outstanding rarity, beauty, or both. And in their Cloisters setting, the element of faith is writ large.
The show is installed in the museum’s Fuentidueña Chapel Gallery, a space defined by a full-scale architectural work, the complete apse of the 12th-century church of San Martín from the town of Fuentidueña in central northern Spain. The apse was transported, stone by stone, to the Cloisters in the late 1940s as a long-term loan from the Spanish government. With its high, clean Romanesque lines, and a fresco of the Virgin and Child (from a different church) spanning its dome, it’s a charismatic backdrop for a presentation of art from an era in which three religions shared highly contested terrain. . . .
The notion of three major faith-based cultures interacting peaceably and productively has an attractively utopian spin. And the art in the Met show, with its hybrid beauties, to some degree backs it up.
In a manuscript painting at the Cloisters, a 10th-century Christian monk named Maius makes the Heavenly Jerusalem look a lot like the Great Mosque of Cordoba. A 14th-century Hebrew Bible shimmers with Islamic interlace patterns. Islamic textiles, some with Arabic inscriptions, were used to wrap the relics of Christian saints. A sapphire embedded in a spectacular silver frame surrounding an ivory crucifix is inscribed with four of the 99 Beautiful Names of Allah. | <urn:uuid:1698b901-541e-45da-b207-1163f094a2ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/arts-culture/2022/02/a-new-exhibition-of-christian-muslim-and-jewish-art-spanning-200-years-in-spain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.948011 | 473 | 3.046875 | 3 |
New Iowa Laws Now In Effect Include Gun Law Changes
Why, hello summer! It's officially July and that means the start of the fiscal third quarter and some new laws that are now in effect in the state of Iowa. One of which has brought national attention to the Hawkeye State. Let's explore the new Iowa laws.
No more statute of limitations for child sex abuse
The new law eliminates the statute of limitations for child sex abuse. According to KCRG, the now previous law stated that anyone who was abused as a child had 15 years after turning 18 to press criminal charges. Now, there's no time cap on doing so. People born after 1986 may press charges at any time.
New alcohol laws make it easier to get booze
This law isn't getting a lot of attention because, in the past 15-or-so months, alcohol laws in Iowa have been tweaked due to COVID. Still, there are a couple of new booze-related law changes. First off, The Gazette reports local distilleries and breweries can now obtain a second license allowing them to open an additional retail location.
Another law now on the books allows Iowa bars and restaurants to deliver cocktails through third-party delivery vendors like DoorDash, UberEats, and GrubHub. As has been well documented, these delivery services were a lifeline for our local bars and restaurant operators during the pandemic.
A new law on defrauding drug tests
There are now criminal penalties for people who defraud drug and/or alcohol testing conducted by public or private employers.
Gun permits are a thing of the past
The most controversial new law has garnered some national attention. After 2020 brought Iowa 353 gun-related fatalities, a 23% increase in gun deaths, as of July 1, it's easier for Iowans to purchase and carry guns in the Hawkeye State. The constitutional carry law means Iowans will no longer be required to have a permit to purchase or carry a handgun. Previously, state law required Iowans to get permits from their local sheriff’s office.
KEEP READING: Here are the most popular baby names in every state
Iowa Born Sports Stars | <urn:uuid:1127d197-42cd-444e-bf4e-27a883101343> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kdat.com/new-iowa-laws-now-in-effect-include-gun-law-changes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.956876 | 447 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Example of: Place Planning and Community Engagement
Client: City of Subiaco
The Subiaco Place Plan is dynamic and a practical list of 49 actions to be completed in a three year period, guided by a deep understanding of the place, people and vision.
Town Team Movement was engaged to prepare a town centre place plan. This work included a review of the existing town centre strategic framework, conducting a background place audit of the town centre, supporting capacity building of the local Subiaction town team and engage with stakeholders and the wider community. Our team prepared a suite of place-driven policies, ‘how to’ guides, a renewed vision and on-going place guidance.
Subiaco Place Plan Process:
Our background audit uncovered an existing mix of 47 strategies, 15 visions and more then 400 actions to improve the Subiaco town centre, with little accountability and direction. We also found that the City’s recent town centre improvement efforts were being implemented in a siloed, department-based approach and could be improved through a targeted place approach.
Subiaco Town Centre Discovery and Character Observations
Engagement methods included targeted stakeholder workshops, internal officer discussions, one-on-one meetings with businesses and a Community Block Party / Engagement workshop, which resulted in more than 2,900 comments.
Our team faced difficult challenges along the journey, including competing stakeholder priorities and shifting from vision to implementation aspirations.
Subiaco Engagement Outcomes
Our engagement phase concluded with a workshop to prioritise all community feedback and previous actions from adopted plans and strategies into the top 40 actions that Council and community feel have maximum impact and maximum ease. These actions are also categorised into guiding principles, responsibilities for council, stakeholders and community groups, a performance measurement guide and a three year timeline to get things done!
Place Enabling & Actions Workshop Outcomes
Year 1 Action List Examples
The project has recently been successfully completed, with strong support from councillors, staff and the local community. The plan was recently supported unanimously by the City’s internal Economic Development Working Group and adopted by Council without the standard 30 Day consultation period of a major strategy, which is a testament to the process undertaken and level of support across all stakeholders.
You can read the Subiaco Place Plan on this link. | <urn:uuid:1bd16632-ab26-4a66-9e0d-290451863558> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.townteammovement.com/subiaco-place-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.931904 | 475 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Both Big Data and the IoT are the biggest names in the technology trend these days. There are definitely differences between the two, but there are also similarities that boost systems and operations.
As sensors spread throughout almost every industry, the internet of everything will trigger a massive huge data influx. With IoT solutions and Microsoft Big Data big nowadays, it is often the question is the differences of the two.
Author: Dhrumit Shukla | <urn:uuid:7eb5e10e-2b18-4b5f-a32a-7cf6c4055958> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bicorner.com/2017/11/13/making-the-connection-between-big-data-analytics-and-the-internet-of-things/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.950472 | 100 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Elementary and Secondary School Emergency Relief (ESSER) Funds
Updated: May 27, 2022
INTENDED STRATEGIES AND OUTCOMES OF ESSER INVESTMENTS
The pandemic exposed the social and emotional needs of students in collaboration with maintaining grade-level curriculum. Investing in staff and the technical support to connect students to opportunities and resources is key to ensure equitable outcomes for all current and future students. Columbus City Schools cannot return to instructional methods prior to the pandemic but will look to maximize technical resources for transformational educational opportunities for students, teachers, and staff.
Overarching Goals: High-level outcomes for ESSER investments
- Safely reopen schools for all students.
- Address pre- and post-pandemic unfinished learning.
- Build lasting, equitable systems of teaching and learning.
Emerging High-Level Strategies For Achieving These Goals:
- Attend to the immediate health and safety requirements as well as the social, emotional, and mental health needs of students and adults.
- Ensure grade-level, standards-aligned instruction with just-in-time academic and social-emotional support.
- Invest in staff capacity and lasting infrastructure that closes the opportunity, resource, and digital divides and ensures equitable outcomes for all current and future students
ESSER Funds Feedback Form: Provided to CCS community in May 2021 with over 80% community approval of established priorities.
CCS ESTABLISHED FOUR PRIORITIES FOR ESSER FUNDS
ESSER Priority 1: Learning Recovery and Supports for Schools
Social-Emotional Learning and Support:
- Hire additional school counselors to allow for a dedicated full-time school counselor in every school by Fall 2022.
- Planned cost - $42 million, $90 per student.
- Program Supports to improve student attendance which has been impacted by the pandemic.
- Whole-Child supports to focus on Restorative Practices in schools.
Curriculum and Accelerated Learning:
- Power On initiative designed to implement school-based acceleration and engagement programs for students and staff after school hours.
- Career Technical Education classes for middle school: two more CTE classes - Family Consumer Science and Small Engine Repair - will be added to the curriculum at Hilltonia MS next year.
- One of the priorities in the CCS Strategic Plan is strong learning communities in every region. By expanding CTE programs districtwide at middle schools like Hilltonia, the District is providing more flexible course offerings that improve student learning experiences.
- BlendEd is reaching multiple stakeholders through our unique online learning process. We are able to provide quality teacher-driven instruction across multiple virtual platforms and materials.
- Enrollment for 2021-2022 = 600.
- Enrollment expected for 2022-2023 = more than 800.
- Planned cost $4.7 million, $101 per student, with a plan to continue after ESSER funds are exhausted.
- LETRS Reading and Training for Elementary teachers, administrators
- $19 million planned cost, $409 per student.
- Literacy Specialists and Support - Teachers trained to provide evidence-based interventions to support literacy instruction.
Family and Student Engagement:
- Family Ambassadors for every school. We currently have 120, including 12 bilingual ambassadors, with a goal of 130 Family Ambassadors.
- Planned cost - $7 million, $151 per student.
- Bilingual Engagement Liaisons - Trained bilingual liaisons will support the work done in our schools by Family Ambassadors, focusing on the needs of English learners and their families.
- We have 11 liaisons to date, who speak Spanish, Somali, Arabic, Nepali, Somali Mai Mai, or French/Kinyarwanda with a plan to add another who speaks Pashto/Dari and can assist with Afghan refugees.
- Vulnerable Youth Advocates - Increase services and supports provided to homeless and vulnerable youth.
ESSER Priority 2: Infrastructure Improvements and Operations
- 16 school buildings to receive HVAC upgrades over the summer of 2022.
- This will result in air conditioning in all CCS buildings.
- Planned cost $44 million, $946 per student.
- Updates of enhanced audio-visual equipment and technology for socially-distanced and blended learning environments.
- 52 custodians hired with a goal of 68 this year and another 45 next year.
- Investment to date $1,881,394 - planned through summer 2022 - $3,559,101
ESSER Priority 3: Technology
Laptops, Chromebooks, and Computing Devices
- Every student to have their own device, and all staff to have the technology needed to carry out their work.
- Currently more than 46,000 active student Chromebooks.
- Planned cost $18 million, $387 per student.
Hot Spots and Broadband Access
- Additional internet hot spots and broadband technology to ensure all students are able to access online resources at school and at home.
- CCS has distributed hot spots to more than 4,000 families to date.
ESSER Priority 4: Development and Professional Learning
- A new team of learning designers and educational specialists will roll out a PK-12 curriculum repository that will ensure teachers, students, and families can benefit from high-quality curriculum and resources in a one-stop-shop.
- Canvas course writing has begun, and the platform is being piloted.
- Canvas will be implemented for the 2022-2023 school year for all core content areas.
- Planned cost $5 million, $108 per student.
- Training specialists will provide professional development for all 9,000 teachers and staff across the district.
- Training for Classified staff has begun with nearly 1,000 participants.
- Planned cost $1 million, $22 per student. | <urn:uuid:71302a39-f866-4d32-a382-8c36b474e218> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ccsoh.us/domain/4441 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.901827 | 1,236 | 2 | 2 |
Contact Us For:
- Accident Site Photo logs
- Advanced Scene Investigations
- Analysis of Physical Evidence
- Biomechanics of Injury
- Collision Dynamics
- Crash Data Retrieval [CDR]
- Exemplar Vehicle Examinations
- 3D Forensic Mapping
- Forensic Vehicle Examinations
- Highway Design & Traffic Control Analysis
- Human Factors Forensics
- Impact Dynamics
- Low Speed Collision Analysis
- Motorcycle Accident Investigations
- Occupant Dynamics
- PC Crash Analysis
- Pedestrian & Bicyclist Accident Reconstruction
- Principal Direction of Force [PDOF] Analysis
- Seat Belt/Air Bag Examinations
- Traffic Accident Investigation and Reconstruction
- Trucking Accident Investigations
- Vehicular Dynamics
PC Crash allows for simultaneous simulation of up to 2 vehicles (PC-Crash 2D), or 32 vehicles (PC-Crash 3D), with up to five axles per vehicle.
Interface to Specs (North American), ADAC, Vyskocil, DSD (European and Japanese), and KBA vehicle databases.
2D or 3D kinetic calculation model.
Front/rear brake force distribution model plus ABS braking model.
ESP (Electronic Stability Program) model
Specification of driver reaction, accelerating, braking, steering, and other parameters in the form of sequences. | <urn:uuid:f3021e48-a278-4b35-9b49-80f497687ca5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.liskeforensics.com/practice-areas/view/pc-crash-analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.744446 | 290 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Photos of university / #ualberta
Whether you have the goal of working in international relations or becoming a great writer, psychologist or pianist, you can find what you’re looking for in a Bachelor of Arts. Students with aptitudes ranging from mathematics, to art, to social studies and more can find their place in liberal arts. The liberal arts allow you to understand the components of the world around you and approach them from an informed and open-minded viewpoint. Let the liberal arts free you and take you where you want to go!
Students who choose to major or minor in Art and Design may take courses in studio disciplines in Fine Arts, Design Studies, and the History of Art, Design, and Visual Culture. Students explore the many aspects of art and design, and develop skills in critical thinking, communication, creativity, and commitment in both academic and practical course work.
This degree is designed to provide students with a diversified education and specialization in at least one subject. Students must complete either a major and a minor, or a double major.
In order to graduate you must complete a total of 120 credits with a minimum of 63 credits in Arts.
Basic Requirements (BR)
36 credits (equivalent of 12, 3-credit courses)
- Junior English (6 credits)
- Social Sciences (6 credits)
- Language other than English (LOE) (6 credits)
- Humanities (6 credits)
- Fine Arts (6 credits)
- Study of Sciences (6 credits)
Major & Minor
Your primary and secondary focuses respectively. You must select a major and minor, or double major to fulfill requirements for convocation (graduation). Your major must be from the Faculty of Arts.
Bachelor of Arts General students must choose a Major and Minor or Double Major.
Major: Min 30 credits to a Max 48 credits at the senior level (200 or higher level)
Minor (Arts, Science, Native Studies): Min 12 credits to a Max 42 credits at the senior level (200 or higher level)
- Social Sciences
- Fine Arts
- Interdisciplinary Studies
- Native Studies
- Christian Theology
- Arts Cultural Management
Courses outside of Basic, Major, Minor, or Faculty Requirements. May use courses outside of Arts. (You may take a max of 18 credits outside of Arts or Science.)
You may complete up to a maximum 48 credits at the 100 level.
All undergraduate applicants to English-speaking and bilingual programs need an adequate level of English Language Proficiency prior to admission, regardless of their citizenship status or country of origin.
The University of Alberta reserves the right to use discretion in determining language proficiency. In some cases, additional English language testing, conducted by the Faculty of Extension, may be required. Fulfillment of one of the listed requirements does not guarantee admission.
UAlberta will accept one of the following:
- TOEFL: At least 86 with a minimum score of 21 points in each section in iBT; or 580 in Paper based;
- IELTS: At least 6.5 with no band less than 5.0;
- CAEL (Canadian Academic English Language assessment exam): At least 70;
- CAE (Certificate in Advanced English, also known as Cambridge English: Advanced): At least B;
- CPE (Certificate of Proficiency in English, also known as Cambridge English: Proficiency): At least C;
- MELAB (Michigan English Assessment Battery): At least 85;
- PTE (Academic) (Pearson Test of English Academic): At least 59.
Standardized test results must be issued directly from the testing office. Photocopies will not be accepted.
Test scores must be valid and verifiable. Scores more than two years old will not be accepted.
Graduation from a secondary/high school program that would make you admissible to university in your home country (generally 12 years of education).
Competitive average/Grades on five subjects
Your competitive average is calculated using the marks/grades you achieved in five high school subjects, based on the program to which you’re applying.
To attract top students, the University of Alberta offers more than CAD$22 million in undergraduate scholarships each year.
These award competitions require students to complete a separate scholarship application:
University of Alberta Centenary Scholarship
Value: Variable from $20,000 - Payable over four years
Quantity available: Up to 5
Awarded to students on a Study Permit with superior academic achievement entering the first year of an undergraduate degree program at the University of Alberta. Selection based on academic standing, demonstrated leadership qualities based on involvement in extracurricular and community activities, and a counselor's letter of recommendation.
International Entrance Leadership Scholarship
Quantity available: Up to 15
Awarded to student(s) with superior academic achievement entering their first year of an undergraduate degree program and who are studying on a Study Permit. Selection based on leadership qualities as demonstrated by involvement in extracurricular and community activities and academic standing.
Scholarships students will be considered for these scholarships after they have received admission to UAlberta:
- University of Alberta International Country Scholarship
- University of Alberta Transfer Award
- University of Alberta International Baccalaureate Diploma Scholarship
- International Advanced Placement Scholarship
- International A-Level Scholarship
- International Student Scholarship
- University of Alberta Academic Excellence Scholarship Competition
- Campus Saint-Jean International Scholarship
If you are interested in coming to the University of Alberta on an exchange program, your first step will be to contact your home institution’s International or Study Abroad Office; who will be able to inform you whether your home institution has a formal exchange agreement with UAlberta.
If such an agreement exists, you must be officially nominated by your home institution, in order to participate in an exchange program at UAlberta.
Admission requirements and application procedures vary according to the particular exchange agreement. Exchange students normally pay tuition fees at their home institution, even while studying at UAlberta.
The following supporting documents must be included in your application:
- Official transcripts (in English);
- Proof of English Language Proficiency;
- Copy of passport particulars page.
Every course at the University of Alberta has a fee index. This is represented by the (fi X ) beside each course listed in the University of Alberta Calendar. Most undergraduate courses have a fee index of 6 for a three-credit course or 12 for a six-credit course. The cost of a course is therefore determined by multiplying the fee index of each course by the fee index value that is determined by the Board of Governors. | <urn:uuid:5fcb0fe6-73c8-467f-94ed-83534e9b6862> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://studyqa.com/program/art-and-design-bachelor-in-university-of-alberta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.921823 | 1,443 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Meeting Sustainability Requirements for SRC Bioenergy: Usefulness of Existing Tools, Responsibilities of Involved Stakeholders, and Recommendations for Further Developments
Artikel i vetenskaplig tidskrift, 2012
Short rotation coppice (SRC) is considered an important biomass supply option for meeting the European renewable energy targets. This paper presents an overview of existing and prospective sustainability requirements, Member State reporting obligations and parts of the methodology for calculating GHG emissions savings within the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and shows how these RED-associated sustainability criteria may affect different stakeholders along SRC bioenergy supply chains. Existing and prospective tools are assessed on their usefulness in ensuring that SRC bioenergy is produced with sufficient consideration given to the RED-associated criteria. A sustainability framework is outlined that aims at (1) facilitating the development of SRC production systems that are attractive from the perspectives of all stakeholders, and (2) ensuring that the SRC production is RED eligible. Producer manuals, EIAs, and voluntary certification schemes can all be useful for ensuring RED eligibility. However, they are currently not sufficiently comprehensive, neither individually nor combined, and suggestions for how they can be more complementary are given. Geographical information systems offer opportunities for administrative authorities to provide stakeholders with maps or databases over areas/fields suitable for RED-eligible SRC cultivation. However, proper consideration of all relevant aspects requires that all stakeholders in the SRC supply chain become engaged in the development of SRC production systems and that a landscape perspective is used.
Short rotation coppice | <urn:uuid:ad748083-bc48-47ae-ad17-f51d793f0650> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://research.chalmers.se/publication/163451 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.903645 | 340 | 2.21875 | 2 |
PhD Student Financial Aid
As announced by the University of Chicago in October 2019, all newly enrolled PhD Students will be guaranteed to have funding support from the University of Chicago, external sources, or a combination of the two for the duration of their program.
Financial support is essential to allow students to fully focus on their research, and every enrolled PhD student who matriculated in Summer 2016 or later will receive full tuition coverage, paid individual premiums for UChicago’s University Student Health Insurance Plan (USHIP), and funding for the duration of their program at least at the guaranteed stipend level (subject to applicable taxes). The guaranteed stipend level for the 2019-2020 academic year is $31,000.
The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is not required to qualify for University fellowships because these fellowships are merit-based, not need-based. Please note, however, that the FAFSA is required for certain need-based funding, federal student loans, the federal work-study program, and for many external scholarships and grants.
Every year, there is intense competition for admission to our doctoral programs. Since we have a limited number of students who we can fund, every year we must turn away many stellar applicants because of limited resources.
Students with external funding may have their University funding adjusted depending on the amount of the external funding. The University is committed to ensuring guaranteed funding levels, and students whose external funding is less than the guaranteed stipend and health insurance, will receive appropriate supplement to their external awards. Questions should be directed to Associate Dean of Students Kelly Therese Pollock.
MA Students Financial Aid
All MA applicants who indicate on the graduate application that they would like to be considered for financial aid will be reviewed for merit-based scholarships; there are no separate forms to complete. The Division of the Social Sciences has limited resources, which are allocated based on the criteria of academic record and scholarly promise; financial need and United States citizenship are not factors.
The Division is unable to provide extensive financial support for students in our stand-alone master’s degree programs. We offer a limited number of partial tuition scholarships (one-third tuition, one-half tuition, two-thirds tuition) along with a very small number of full-tuition awards. Students who we admit without a financial award or with partial tuition scholarships pay the balance of tuition from a combination of their own resources and educational loans.
The Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) is not required to qualify for University fellowships because these fellowships are merit based, not need based. Please note, however, that the FAFSA is required for federal student loans, the federal work-study program, and for many outside scholarships and grants.
Loans for Domestic Doctoral and Master’s Students
Admitted students may need to apply for private or federally-supported loans and/or the federal work-study program to cover any tuition and living expenses not covered by a university award. If you need to subsidize your graduate studies through loans and/or work-study, complete the Free Application for Student Aid (FAFSA) and apply for student loans through the University’s Office of Graduate Financial Aid. When submitting the FAFSA, be sure to fill out the form that corresponds to the year in which you plan to matriculate.
The FAFSA should be filed with the Federal Student Aid Information Center by May 1. The University’s FAFSA code is 001774.
Visit the Office of Graduate Financial Aid website to download loan forms and to search the frequently asked questions. Admitted students who wish to be considered for a student loan should submit a loan application to the Graduate Financial Aid office by the May 31 priority deadline; notifications concerning loan approval are sent out in the summer. Graduate Financial Aid also determines eligibility for the work-study program, but job assignments cannot be made until the student is actually on campus. Visit the Office of Graduate Financial Aid website to download loan forms and to search the frequently asked questions
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We’re now over three decades into the cloud era, and looking back, it becomes more and more apparent that Intel has been driving cloud innovation since day one. Find that hard to believe? Well, at Intel’s recent exclusive Tech Field Day event, they detailed just how integral a part they have played in the growth, advancement, and now dominance of the cloud in today’s enterprise IT space.
The History of Intel in the Cloud
When the cloud first came to prominence in the early ’90s, Intel was the company to create silicon that was completely dedicated to cloud implementations. Their first entrant to the cloud processor space, Drake, marked the beginning of their Xeon line of processors, replacing the Pentium Pro as the go-to server building block.
Since then, Intel has continued to innovate their cloud offering, with over twenty-five iterations across their server stack portfolio supporting the improvement and expansion of cloud computing and storage capabilities for both public and private clouds. With each new iteration, more and more compute capabilities were packed into smaller, more scalable packages, allowing for the building of larger and more capable servers for less.
As that portfolio has expanded, so have the capabilities of Intel’s cloud-focused silicon line, including the introduction of virtualization and end-to-end encryption, as well as crypto-acceleration. Ultimately, as we have seen nowadays, Intel also paved the way for hyperscale cloud operations, including the ability to add machine learning-driven artificial intelligence to modern compute and cloud workloads.
Intel’s Cloud Product Line
It’s all thanks to the breadth of Intel’s cloud-forward portfolio. At the helm of it all is their Xeon series of scalable processors, the most recent iteration of which Intel announced at a recent exclusive Tech Field Day event, the 3rd generation is dubbed “Ice Lake”. With it pairs Intel’s Optane persistent memory chips, as well as their line of FPGA SmartNICs, known as ARRiA, to ensure high performance as data scales. Intel Ethernet and Silicon Photonics provide secure connections between server stacks, maintaining high data transfer velocity — even over long distances.
Intel’s software entrants are also key to running an effective cloud. For example, Intel SGX provides cloud security, specifically for data in use, tucking it away in enclaves that protect it from attack while being used in applications or other data operations. Intel DL Boost facilitates deep learning at hyperscale, allowing for robust artificial intelligence analytics and other operations.
Used in concert, the Intel product line serves as the basis for nearly any cloud operation, public or private, hyperscale or not. In light of Intel’s history in the cloud and their current product line, let’s take a look specifically at a few numbers surrounding their presence in the public cloud market as it sits today.
Intel’s Cloud Presence Today
AWS, the leader in cloud infrastructure services, uses Intel products in all their 25 service regions, 80 availability zones, and across every country that they service as well. Likewise, for Azure, the runner-up in the cloud infrastructure market, you’ll find Intel-based instances are available across all their serviced regions, availability zones, and countries. Last (and somewhat least in the cloud market compared to the other two), Google Cloud leverages Intel across all their regions, availability zones, and countries, cementing Intel’s position as a veritable backbone of the public cloud market.
Added up, all that cloud availability amounts to more than fifteen million double socket servers built off Intel silicon, for a grand total of over thirty million sockets. Beyond that, Intel’s own virtual machine infrastructure spans every region, availability zone, and country, making them even more ubiquitous than Intel’s presence in the public cloud market.
All that said, it’s clear that Intel is well ingrained in the cloud market, or rather, the cloud market is deeply steeped in Intel products. But, in light of this information shared, why does all this matter?
Digging Deeper: Intel + Microsoft
Well, during their exclusive Tech Field Day event, Intel’s Joe Opdahl, cloud solutions architect and cloud services expert, presented on the Intel cloud silicon stack and how it’s affecting the cloud market — both public and private. Amidst his discussion, Opdahl noted, in particular, the partnership between Intel and Microsoft, and how Intel’s cloud silicon has helped advance the Microsoft Azure cloud to the level it is today.
After giving a brief overview of Intel’s history similar to the one above, he started by detailing just some of the Intel products at play in the Azure ecosystem. This graphic shows several of the key Intel technologies touched upon:
Leveraging nearly all of Intel’s cloud solution portfolio, Microsoft Azure has a strong basis around which they build their cloud service. Of course, like in the product stack breakdown shared earlier, Azure is built around Xeon scalable processors, ensuring their cloud computing is as quick as possible to handle practically any workload their customers need. ARRiA and Optane ensure that Azure server stacks are optimized to tackle workloads at hyperscale, leveraging SmartNIC architecture to offload processes to their agile FPGAs while also reducing data loads and query times through persistent memory.
Intel’s SGX software acts amidst these workloads, creating data enclaves so that Azure data in use is protected from being preyed upon during the most critical parts of the process. Thanks to silicon photonics transceivers, the Azure cloud can efficiently transfer data at scale across entire data centers in mere seconds, even going so far as being able to transfer data over multiple kilometers at a time. And, building off all of this silicon with Intel’s open-source ML frameworks, Azure and its customers can leverage AI at blistering paces, making it easy to analyze and operate upon data through iterative ML models.
Intel + Azure = High Performance Cloud Capabilities
What does the Intel cloud portfolio provide Azure? For starters, Microsoft, as well as other Intel cloud silicon customers, have seen a 68% faster performance on financial service industry (FSI) computing workloads. They’ve also been able to achieve up to three times increase in throughput for digital rendering, two and a half times increase in cloud-native container SSL performance, thirty times faster AI inferencing, five times increase in automatic speech recognition speeds, and finally, an almost eight times improvement in storage compression.
Adding all of those numbers up, it’s apparent that Intel is pushing the capabilities of cloud platforms like Microsoft Azure to astonishing new heights. These massive performance improvements mean that, ultimately, customers of these platforms, as well as proprietors of private clouds, achieve the agility and dependability that so many organizations turn to the cloud for. At the end of the day, it’s all thanks to Intel and their suite of cloud-driving hardware and software.
If at this point, the cloud isn’t synonymous with Intel in your mind, then I’m not sure what to tell you. The impact that Intel’s Cloud silicon stack, as well as their software features like SGX, DL Boost, and others, have had on the cloud services market is more than apparent. Not only were they first in the space, but Intel has also continued to innovate and expand their solutions portfolio so that any cloud implementation — regardless of source — operates at the highest possible performance.
Want to learn more about Intel’s entire cloud portfolio? Be sure to watch all of Joe Opdahl’s presentation, as well as the rest of Intel’s appearance at their exclusive Tech Field Day event. You can also read this whitepaper detailing the various benefits customers experience using Intel technology in the cloud. And, as always, for more technical documentation and other valuable resources, check out Intel’s website. | <urn:uuid:a2aad301-2a60-42fa-9c0c-18e653419af5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gestaltit.com/tech-talks/intel/intel-2021/zach/the-cloud-is-powered-by-intel-and-heres-why-that-matters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.941902 | 1,661 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Garry Wills on the Creation of the National Security State
Wills is informed, bold, and controversial, in keeping with the best tradition of the public intellectual (Bertrand Russell, William F. Buckley, Henry Steele Commager, Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., etc.). A positive review of “Bomb Power” from The New York Times Book Review can be found here; a mixed review from the Washington Post is here.
Wills’ remarks at The Commonwealth Club were unscripted; they have been lightly edited here for clarity. The talk was part of the club’s “U.S. Constitution in the 21st Century” series underwritten by the Charles Geschke Family.
Here is a list of this Website’s articles on the Cold War.
Wills begins his remarks with background on the Manhattan Project, the crash effort of the U.S. government to build an atomic bomb during the Second World War. – H.F.
The Manhattan Project was miraculous. Many of the people involved in it doubted that an atomic bomb could be built. And especially built in the short time that the President of the United States was asking them to build it. In order to do it, extraordinary powers were given to those in charge of the project. Illegal powers, throughout.
The project was entirely outside the cognizance of Congress. The money was not authorized by Congress, it was channeled through fake conduits through money laundering. The chain of command of the military was bypassed. General Leslie Groves, who was in charge of it – his superiors in the military didn’t even know what he was doing. It was so secret that most of the people at Los Alamos, in that tight little community, severely guarded and spied upon by the director, didn’t know what they were doing. I have a friend who was a girl at Los Alamos, seven and eight years old, growing up there. I said, “Did you know what your father” – a famous physicist – “was doing?” She said, “No.” “Did your mother know?” “No.” Even the people who were living there with the physicists didn’t know. Local workers who were brought in to do various kinds of maintenance, construction, the yard work, and that kind of thing, didn’t know.
There were three concentric circles at Los Alamos, patrolled by Jeep and horseback, 24 hours a day. In the innermost circle, only the top physicists could go inside. And they had to speak in code, so when they went outside, they wouldn’t tell what they were talking about. They never used the word “bomb,” they used the word “gadget.” They never called themselves physicists. They had come there under assumed names. They were told, if they came from the same university campus, to go to different cities to make their flight arrangements so nobody would know that there was this influx of physicists from one place. They could not get driver’s licenses; they could not vote because they had fake names. It’s extraordinary – they exploded a test of the Bomb at Alamogordo, and nobody knew! Sen. Truman, who was running a very energetic investigation of federal expenditures, didn’t know. When he became vice president he didn’t know. When he became president, for several days he didn’t know. Only then was he informed. It was that controlled and secret.
The director, Leslie Groves, had almost dictatorial power. He spied on everybody within the organization and he spied on people outside the project. He spied on foreigners. He sent a man to assassinate Werner Heisenberg in Europe because he thought (Heisenberg) had atomic information that the Germans could use. He had his own private air force. He took planes off the production line – all of this was done through various ruses – and trained pilots – he even reconfigured the planes to drop the Bomb, which was bigger than would go through the ordinary bomb bay. He had secret air force bases. He had Tinian Island to fly them from, toward Japan. He flew to Japan, with various dummy Bombs, the same size and weight, before the real Bombs went there. And dropped them, to think about atmospheric conditions, and the operation of the bomb bays, and the operation of the bomb sites, and that kind of thing.
All of this was done in total secrecy. Now, there were some internal spies, who let the Russians know some of what was going on. They were acting, most of them, on what they considered patriotic grounds, because Russia was our ally at the time. But the Germans never caught on. Nor did the Japanese.
Now, all of that was illegal. And normally in a war-time situation, you get illegal operations. The emergency of the times brings emergency powers. Suspension of habeas corpus in the Civil War; interning of Japanese Americans in World War II – but at the end of the war there’s a return to the Constitutional order in most cases. The Supreme Court said after the Civil War that suspending habeas corpus was unconstitutional. It happened; it’s sad that it happened; but it was a war-time necessity, people thought. The same with the Japanese internment during World War II. But after World War II, there was no attempt to repudiate all of the illegalities of the Manhattan Project. Because we were happy that it had worked. President Truman called it the “greatest thing in history.” And we were determined to imitate its methods – its secrecy, even its attempt to assassinate foreign leaders – and the dictatorial control that Leslie Groves had over the project. After the war we went into an emergency of a new kind, the Cold War. We didn’t relax. We didn’t demobilize. We didn’t re-convert, as after most wars. We went from one emergency to another, from World War II to the Cold War and then eventually to the War on Terror. And presidential powers were granted very similar to those that Leslie Groves had had.
For instance, the Atomic Energy Act said that the President of the United States, for the first time in our history, could initiate war on his own without consulting anyone. The Constitution says Congress shall have power to declare war. That was obliterated. In an instant. And the rationale was this: that we’re now in the nuclear era; if another nation gets the Bomb and attacks us, there will not be time to talk about it. Either to anticipate or to retaliate. There must be an instantaneous reaction. And that can’t be trusted to Congressional committees or even to the Cabinet, or even to outside experts who might be consulted – one man can do it. The president. First time. Totally outside the Constitution.
Now as I say, there was a certain rationale for that at the outset. But when President Truman decided to go into the Korean War, Secretary of State Dean Acheson said to him, “This is not a nuclear war. Your sole prerogative to initiate war is not technically at issue, but we do not want your sole prerogative to be challenged in any way – so go into Korea on your own initiative and don’t consult Congress in any way.” Truman did (this). From that time on, there’s been no Congressional declaration of war. The president has initiated war in various ways, sometimes consulting Congress in an informal way, but there’s been no Congressional declaration of war. And after the War Powers Act, even that was not followed.
Not only did the president have a new power to initiate war on his own, something no president had had before, he was given a whole series of instruments to protect, develop, and deploy the Bomb.
The people who took over from Leslie Groves said, “Our Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs are primitive. They’re clumsy. They’re hard to deploy. They’re huge. We can make more destructive bombs which are more deployable, and we will put them up in the Strategic Air Command and so forth, but we’ve got to have a very strict secrecy around them as we did with the Manhattan Project.” And so new instruments were created. The National Security Council. The National Security Agency. The Central Intelligence Agency. All of them operating under tremendous rules of classification of secrets, and clearance of only selected people to know what was going on. We created the Strategic Air Command to have planes flying the bombs around the world; we wanted to have bases where they could land safely and refuel and be repaired, so we started creating a secret empire of sites which would be safe for us to deploy our bomb power. And then of course we had nuclear submarines, with nuclear weapons. And then we had missiles. And we wanted to have missile sites, before we had intercontinental missiles; so we had Turkey, for instance, as a site of missiles. And there were missile sites all around the world. All cloaked in secrecy. Very few Americans knew either the extent or the location of all of these sites. Only the president, presiding over this national security state that had been created for him, knew what this was all about.
Well, that changed the way we looked upon the president. The president began to seem the warmaster. When the Constitution was drawn up, we were very proud of the fact that there was civilian control of the military, that we were not going to have a man on horseback, somebody like the people in Latin America who were generals and also rulers of the country. But now, more and more, we began to think of the president as our commander in chief. Commander in chief was initially a rather modest title. It came from the British. It meant that when admirals of the British Navy, the most powerful force in the world at the time, were in various theaters of the ocean, they might have conflicting authority. They were all admirals. And so Parliament said, “Well, Admiral So-and-So will be commander in chief, for this theater, for this campaign.” He was an admiral before, he’d be an admiral after, “commander in chief” didn’t change that, it just meant that in that period of action, the others had to defer to him.
When George Washington was sent to Boston in the Revolution, there were militia generals, there were other conflicting authorities, and the Continental Congress said, “You will be the commander in chief of all the forces of whatever colonies.” And when the Constitution was drawn up, it said that the president will be commander in chief of the military. They thought that meant at war. Because they were not conceiving that there would be a standing army in peacetime. He would be commander in chief of the militias of the states when they were called into federal service. Which Congress was supposed to do. So the president is not even the commander in chief of the National Guard, the descendant of the militias, unless they are federalized. And he’s certainly not the commander in chief of civilians. But when I wrote an Op-Ed in the New York Times saying, “Whatever else he is constitutionally, the President of the United States is not my commander in chief,” I got the most extraordinary mail. Saying, “If he’s not your commander in chief, you’re NOT AN AMERICAN. Get out of this country!”
Not only is he (perceived today as) our commander in chief – when the president now gets off the helicopter or Air Force One, he’s saluted. By Marines. And he salutes back. Why is that? The military procedure is that you salute the uniform. A general out of uniform is not saluted. You only salute an officer superior to you who’s in uniform. The president’s not in uniform. Why do they salute them? Well! He’s our commander in chief! But he’s not a military officer. That was proved in a court case. After the death of George Washington, part of his estate, part of his holdings was in the state of New York. And heirs to him there said, “In Duchess County of New York, military veterans get tax exemption. So George Washington’s heirs should get tax exemption.” It went to court and the court decided, “Yes, he was a military man, when the Continental Congress commissioned him, and paid him, and pensioned him. But that was before the existence of the United States.” Which came into existence with the Constitution of the United States. Under the Constitution he was not a military officer, he was a president. And a president is not a military post. He does not get military pay. He does not get a military pension. He can’t be court-martialed as all military officers can. He can only be impeached, which is a civilian offense. So, he’s a civilian, not a military man. It was part of the genius of the Constitution that we would have civilian control of the military. A civilian as head of the military. We’ve forgotten that. We now treat him as a military officer and salute him. That’s recent. It’s since Reagan’s time. And once you start these things, you can never stop. If Obama stops saluting, he would instantly be called not an American. I was called not an American simply for saying he’s not my commander in chief. It’s like the way the president commits troops in the field; once they’re there, it’s very hard, almost impossible, for Congress to cut off funds. Because they’re accused of being unpatriotic or treasonous.
So this power of the presidency, and the bastioning of it with a vast outwork of secrecy, and a secret empire of outposts around the world, originally established to service the Bomb, has continued to grow in extraordinary ways. And in this case, they are, like Gen. Groves in the Manhattan Project, outside the Congressional and political process, and outside the military chain of command. And the proof of that is this. (The federal government has in place a line of Constitutional succession to the presidency.) But the people in the Reagan White House said, “That’s not good enough. Let’s suppose the devolution of presidential authority goes to the speaker of the house. He or she is not equipped to launch nuclear war.” (Launching nuclear war) is a very complicated process. It’s made deliberately complicated so that accidents won’t happen; there are all kinds of procedural checks and counter-checks. And in any case, with every launching you have to re-target and re-navigate what’s going to happen according to the attack that’s anticipated or occurring. So the Reagan Administration set up a procedure of their own. Outside public knowledge entirely. Outside Congress. Outside the Constitution. They had members of the White House staff, and the Cabinet, called up, and said, “Leave your home tonight, and go to (a secret) location. Do not tell your wife; do not tell anyone.” And Rumsfeld and Cheney were among the people who were instructed to do that, and they did it. And when they went to the undisclosed location, they set up a nuclear attack force. And were instructed in the procedures. So that if anything happened, they would run the war. Not the people who were constitutionally authorized to do that. And not anybody in the military chain of command. And that continued, secretly, without the Congress or the public knowing.
And the astonishing thing is that it was put into practice. When the attack occurred on the Twin Towers, Dick Cheney, still in the White House but now the vice president rather than a staff member, was there, and the president was flying around somewhere, and Cheney was informed by intelligence agencies that there were other terrorist planes up there with new targets besides the Twin Towers. He thought “planes” – plural. Not the one that went down. And he authorized the scrambling of jets to shoot them down. Without asking the president. His attitude was, “We’ve gotta stop them before they reach the target, I don’t have time even to ask the president.” Scooter Libby, standing at his elbow, said, “He did not hesitate more than a batter hesitates when he sees the pitch coming toward him.” Libby said that to praise Cheney. His decisiveness. And the 9/11 Commission verified that although Cheney called the president right after he gave the order, he didn’t talk to him before he gave it. It was what he had been trained to do. In those exercises. To respond to nuclear war. Of course, this was not a nuclear attack – it was a bad attack, but it was not a nuclear attack. He acted outside the Constitution, outside the Congress, outside the military chain of command, outside the president. That’s how far we’ve gone in our institutionalization of the same procedures that were used in the Manhattan Project for a very contained purpose. And now has spread out throughout the executive. It’s quite scary.
Questions From the Audience
Q. Hasn’t the extension of presidential powers actually been quite successful, if you look back at the Cold War, and the efforts to defend the United States? You may criticize what has happened, and deplore it, but hasn’t it actually been successful in achieving what it aimed to do?
A. What was that?
Q. To provide for the defense of the United States.
A. Well, could it have been done without the deceptions and the evasions of the Constitution? You would have to prove that to me for me to say “It doesn’t matter.” You’re saying, in effect, “All right, we scrapped the Constitution, who cares? It worked.” That was the defense of the Manhattan Project. And now that’s being extended to the whole thing. Could we not have prevailed against the Soviet Union without the national security state? With all this secrecy and classification? I don’t think that that’s proved. After all, other countries did not set up a national security state. Britain when it came out of the war, and it was more involved than we were, and more endangered than we were, was so happy to demobilize that they threw out Churchill. And went exceedingly pacific at the time.
Now, it’s true that there are certain parts of the national security state that are useful. And were meant to be useful and should have been useful. Secrecy, after all, does have a rationale. The point of secrecy is to keep information from an enemy. If you’re going to invade Europe you don’t tell them where and when D-Day is going to occur. But once D-Day has occurred, the secret’s out, and you forget about it. Now we keep secrets forever. For the whole point of keeping secrets. And the aim is not to deceive an enemy, but to deceive the Congress or the people or the press. My favorite example of that is a “Doonesbury” strip, I liked so much I asked Garry Trudeau to give me the original of it, and it hangs on my wall. He has his character Fred go to Cambodia. And Fred looks around at a flattened country, and a ruined house, and a couple standing in front of the bombed-out house. And he says, “This is an historic site! This is the locale of the secret bombing of Cambodia!” And the man in front of the house says, “Well, it was not really a secret. I said to Martha, ‘There are the bombs.'” It was not secret from them. It was secret from the Congress. Because Nixon did not want Congress to know he was invading a new country. He had started a new war with a new country without Congressional authorization. And he was using funds that Congress had authorized for Vietnam in a different place. And it worked. Secrecy does work. But it mainly works to deceive ourselves, not the enemy. And especially secrecy when it is extended (to) classification of almost everything, and the exclusion of almost everyone who doesn’t have clearance. There are many examples of that I can go into, but I’ll entertain another question first.
Q. John Yoo spoke here recently and argued that the Constitution does permit the expansion of presidential authority, to allow enhanced interrogation techniques. What is your view of John Yoo’s theory of the Constitution?
A. I discuss it at length in “Bomb Power.” It is so laughable, that the fact that Dick Cheney and David Addington adopted it, and told the president to adopt it, is a national disgrace. John Yoo said that the president can not only initiate war – remember the Atomic Energy Act allowed him to initiate nuclear war, then the president went on to initiate other wars, which were not even in the Atomic Energy Act – but Yoo says, “Not only can the president initiate war, only the president can.” The obvious objection (to that idea) is that the Constitution says “Congress shall declare war.” Yoo said, “Well, we know what ‘declare’ means. We found out from Samuel Johnson, in his 18th century dictionary – it means ‘publicize.'” Now, it’s true that that’s one meaning that Johnson gives. But it’s not the legal meaning that’s in many, many other documents. In his original book on war powers, (Johnson is) the only authority Yoo gives. Not a legal authority. “Declare” in every legal context meant “authorize.” Think to yourself – when a minister says, “I now declare you man and wife,” is he saying, “I’m publicizing the fact that you’re sleeping together”? That’s the level of argument he used! It’s disgraceful! I’m ashamed even to think that he’s a law professor at Berkeley when he makes arguments of that absurdity.
Q. How far in your view has the subverting of the Constitution gone? Is it in the power of an individual president to change things?
A. Extremely good question. It’s very difficult. We know that certain presidents, to a certain degree, have tried to reverse this. Jimmy Carter did. President Clinton for instance started a massive declassification program which Bush immediately reversed, and reclassified to a greater degree than before. We know that the War Powers Act was a Congressional attempt to rein in the usurpations of the presidency. And it was not very successful. It hasn’t been observed since. We know that the Church Committee found out about CIA assassinations and tried to rein in the CIA and it was not very successful; so much so that Sen. Moynihan had to resign his position on the Intelligence Committee out of protest at the fact that the CIA was continuing to lie to Congress and continuing to carry on sabotage of foreign governments. So it’s very difficult for a president. President Obama came in promising that he was going to be against many of these things. Against extraordinary rendition, or military tribunals, or holding prisoners without legal representation, or signing statements, or a whole series of things. But he has backed off on almost of them. CIA nominee Leon Panetta went before the Congress and said, “Well, we might have to consider detention as a tool, down the road. And we have had the idea that we’ll put some people up for civil trial, but we have to think military tribunals will be used also.” On torture Obama has said, “We’re against torture, we won’t do it again, but we’re not going to investigate it, and we’re not going to publicize (its past use).” I don’t know if you read the newspaper today, the New York Times, that we have told the British they can’t publicize the torturing of prisoners who end up in their courts because Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said, “We won’t have free exchange of secret information with you if you reveal torture incidents.” Well, you know, we need foreign intelligence to fight terrorism. To say we’ll cut it off is to cut off our nose to spite our face.
Why is the president backtracking? Why did he issue signing statements? I don’t know President Obama, I’ve met him at the White House, but I don’t know him and I’m not a mind reader, but I can imagine the pressures on a president. When he comes in, he finds out all kinds of things he didn’t know. Where our secret bases are. What are the procedures that were built up over a long time. And I imagine that people in the CIA and other areas come to him and say, “Well, be careful now. Don’t tear down what it took us years to build up. You may need us down the road. And don’t demoralize our people. And don’t turn our assets against us.” We have so-called “assets” from all these operations – we’ve got more contractors in Afghanistan and Iraq now than we have military people. And they know a lot of secrets that they can blab. And so the pressures on him to control this kind of secret empire are very great. The CIA can be a deadly enemy to a president. When the Church Committee called for information on foreign assassinations, William Colby, who was then the director, turned them over, and he was denounced by his own people as a traitor, that he should not have turned over the information to Congress. That the Congress had no right to it. The CIA owned it and the president owned it. When Richard Helms testified before Congress about what he had done as the director, he lied to Congress, and he was praised as a hero. So, this is a kind of Frankenstein’s monster – once you create it, it can turn on you, very easily. And that can be very intimidating to a president. So can a president buck it? It would be very hard.
Q. How then could, in your view, this shift in the balance of power towards the executive be addressed? In your book you conclude on what read to me like a rather somber not-very-optimistic note, where you said some of us think the Constitution, though quaint – (a word) used ironically – remains absolutely vital, but you don’t offer the reader a reason for being hopeful or a way to act.
A. I say the odds are against us. But fighting against the odds is what makes us human. I quote Cyrano: “One doesn’t fight only to win.” And it will be hard. There are certain developments – the end of the Cold War, and the fact that we have bungled so badly in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars – that make it possible to see some sort of redress. The only immediately steps I can think of is to go to the few people in Congress who have shown spine, and celebrate them and support them and promote them, in an attempt to shame others. I think for instance of Al Franken, who has just gone to Congress. He introduced a bill that said, “We now know that there were contractors in Iraq raping American women soldiers. Congress should say there will be no more money to those contractors.” When he said that, he was attacked! (People said), “You’re crippling the war effort. You’re hurting our troops. You’re doing all these things.” But he kept at his guns and the bill is going forward. There are very few people like that, but when we get them, we should hug them to us. And say, “Finally, we’ve got somebody standing up for us.”
Q. Do you think there’s a role for citizen groups in this? Or do you think the way to work is through Congress instead, in a sense, as the institution that has lost power to the executive?
A. I think there is room for citizen groups, because action from the bottom up has worked in domestic affairs. On the rights of women. On the rights of labor unions. On the rights of Native Americans. On the rights of the gays. On the rights of the handicapped. All of those started out with the odds against them, and agitation and the effort to get champions in Congress and in local government and state legislatures and in municipal councils – that has worked. It’s worked spectacularly. There has never been a time in history – our history or anybody else’s history – when the rights of human beings were better recognized than in the last few decades of our history. That hasn’t extended to foreign affairs, because most Americans are not very good at foreign affairs. Not very interested. When I travel to Europe every year I read the newspapers abroad. They’re full of foreign information. When I come back home, there are things going on, investigations going on, foreign insurgencies going on, and they’re not anywhere in the New York Times. And I’ve asked, when I’m abroad, “Why do you think that is?” And they say, “Well, we’re all involved in the world. For one thing, we’ve all been colonial powers. Uncle George served in India. So we know about that. And they were considered to be part of our governmental problem and process.” America was isolated for a long time. We were protected by our insulation, two oceans buffering us on both sides. And there was not that same kind of intimate involvement with the rest of the world. I suppose that’s one reason why we have not caught up to the same kind of pressure we could put that we put on domestic issues. But more and more, especially as terrorism becomes the problem, I think that we may wake up to those possibilities.
Q. In your book you present the Manhattan Project as a kind of original sin. The question I have is, President Obama has embraced the idea of ridding the world of nuclear weapons. Admittedly not probably in his lifetime. Do you think the elimination of nuclear weapons would remove the consequences that followed from the Manhattan Project, or are those much more widespread now?
A. They are entrenched. They certainly are entrenched. It would be very hard. But that would be the beginning, obviously. It would break the tyranny of secrecy. The big secret was the Bomb, and the big secret that was kept out through these agencies was always connected with the Bomb. It may be utopian to say that the way to get rid of bomb power is to get rid of the Bomb, but I should remind you that Paul Nitze, who was a champion of the Bomb all his life, toward the end of his life said, “It’s not protecting us at all. It’s endangering us. We should get rid of it.” Certainly we should get rid of the hydrogen bomb. We should never have invented it and we shouldn’t have it. Oppenheimer said of it, “This is many, many, many times more powerful than Hiroshima. It’s unusable except with deliberate intention to commit genocide.” And of course he was vilified, and extruded from the atomic community for saying that. But that’s a start.
President Eisenhower tried to restrict the use of the atom. President Kennedy restricted testing. There have been various efforts and they are commendable and should be extended. When one problem disappears, say, the Soviet Union – (Russian nuclear weapons) didn’t disappear but (they’re) less menacing – others arise, obviously. Nuclear proliferation, and the problem of policing that, or restraining that. So, yeah, the effort to continue reducing the nuclear risk is always worth doing. It’s always difficult, and it gets more difficult as more people get the Bomb. You know that, at the outset, there were people who said, “We’ve got to restrict the spread of the Bomb.” And they came up with various plans. Oppenheimer and others said, “A universal patrol of the sources of uranium would be the way to go.” And that proposal was put together to put before the UN, and Bernard Baruch, who went there, didn’t follow that. He said, “No, we should have the right to investigate everybody’s nuclear production possibilities.” And Russia of course said, “We’re not going to have people poking around in our industrial capacity.” So they vetoed that. If it had had any chance of passage, Bernard Baruch shot it down. And Oppenheimer said at that time, “We’re done for.”
Q. Should the United States have dropped the Bomb on Japan?
A. Very good question. I think not. The rationale that was come up with, later, is that if we had not dropped the Bomb, we would have had to invade Japan, and (the effort) would have taken tremendous casualties. The strategic bombing survey used thousands of experts to go to Japan and study that question. They concluded that ability to resist in Japan had been fatally defeated. General Eisenhower and General MacArthur said invasion is not necessary; continue the blockade and continue the firebombings, we’ve brought them to their knees at this point. Their economy was wrecked, their communications and logistics for supplies were wrecked; the will to fight was wrecked. The strategic bombing survey said they had all – many of them had been displaced – Curtis LeMay, in a ruthless campaign – he said, “Their houses are all of wood and paper. All we have to do is firebomb them, and it will create a firestorm which will race through the city and destroy it.” And it did. In fact, when it came time to drop the atom bombs, Truman was told, “We have to find a virgin city, we have to find a city that has not been destroyed by the firebombs, because otherwise, we won’t demonstrate how powerful this bomb is. If there’s competing destruction, it won’t work.” Which also goes against the idea, some had said, that we dropped the Bomb on strategically important targets. Nonsense. We’d been going after the strategically important targets with our firebombs. So, the idea that you had to drop it without an invasion is I think false.
Why did they drop it. Because they had to. Their attitude was, we built it to drop it. The idea – some people say, “We should have dropped it on Hiroshima and decided whether Japan was going to surrender at that point. And then dropped it on Nagasaki.” That was never the question. Truman authorized the dropping of both bombs at the same time. And Oppenheimer wanted him to drop them on the same day on two cities to make it clear how destructive they were. And Leslie Groves said, “No, we can’t do that, because we aren’t totally sure how effective it’s going to be.” The Trinity test was under very controlled conditions, it was on the ground, in a tower, with total control over atmospheric conditions, no problem of flying and anti-aircraft fire and bomb bay and bomb site malfunctions. So Groves said, “We’ve got to drop it in the first place to see if there are any problems that we can rectify when you drop the second one.” So they were always going to do that. And the aim was to – Oppenheimer said, “If we show how destructive it is, it will never be used again. People will be horrified at it.” That was the aim. They wanted it to be horrifying.
There was another motive. If they considered – some of the people said, “Oh, we’re going to have to invade, and it will cost a lot.” Well, the people who said that were people like Leslie Groves. They wanted to justify using the Bomb. Their attitude was, if there is an invasion, or even if there’s significant casualties, after we have the Bomb, and don’t use it, the American people will be so upset – especially, say, relatives of people who were killed, if not by invasion, by kamikaze planes hitting battleships or whatever – they’ll say, “My son, or husband, or brother, died and you could have prevented it by dropping this weapon that you created? After all, we gave you the money – we didn’t know we were giving it to you – but we did. And you drained off all this talent” – our top intellectuals went into this at a time when there was a great demand for intellectuals to do all kinds of other war projects – bomb sights, and radar, and diffusion artillery, and all kinds of other things. “And you used all that manpower, and all that money, all that breaking of the law, and you didn’t use it?!” It was very conceivable to them that the president would be impeached and Groves would be court-martialed. That we had made this bomb and didn’t use it. And President Truman said, in the Korean War, “It’s a weapon. We made it. We can use it. That’s what weapons are for.”
Q. The Bomb has not been used in warfare since August, 1945. Have we been lucky? Is there some deeper reason? And do you take any comfort from that fact?
A. Well, there is a nuclear stand-off. And there should be. (Use of the Bomb has been) considered, at times. The most overt consideration of it occurred during the Korean War when MacArthur foolishly pushed too far and was thrown back in a tremendous rout. The biggest retreat in the history of America. And there was a call to use the Bomb. And Truman publicly said, “I could turn the bomb over to MacArthur for use in Korea.” There was such an outcry – the British sent an immediate embassy, saying, “It’s bad enough that YOU control it; you’re going to turn control of the Bomb over to MACARTHUR?” Dean Acheson had to take Truman through a whole complicated series of withdrawals in which he kept the right to use it himself but said, “Of course, we will not turn that right over to other people.” When China first got its nuclear capacity there was a call from some people to take out the Chinese bomb. But in general there was mutual assured destruction. We were afraid to use it for fear that Russia had something just as bad and could use it against us. So it hasn’t been used. But the idea that you have to keep it ready for use with all of these deployment mechanisms and all this secrecy and all these agencies has not only been maintained but has grown. And as I say, the hydrogen bomb increased the stakes, and increased the necessity for secrecy, and protection of our capacity. The capacity has always been there and has always been considered vital. Luckily it hasn’t been used and I hope it never will be, but it’s dangerous simply to own these things. Because accidents can happen. Near-accidents have happened. Submarines with nuclear weapons can go down in the sea and be brought up by enemies. Terrorists can come across nuclear weapons that are being traded around the world. It’s an evil thing to exist. Once we have it, we probably can’t get rid of it easily, but we’re right to be scared of using it.
Q. Given the influence of the military – industrial complex of the national security state, can that actually lead to the U.S. becoming a failed state in some sense?
A. In what way?
Q. It so undermines the Constitution, it so emphasizes the priorities of military power and security, that other aspects of public life and public policy get neglected.
A. Well, we can limp on with a crippled Constitution for a very long time. The proof of that, as I say, the Constitution is surviving very well in things like domestic human rights. Probably what we have to fear more is economic failure. That we are spending foolishly around the world. And neglecting the fact that our dependence on oil is crippling; our use of our military is backfiring. Consider: President Obama said, “I’m not against war, I’m against dumb war.” Well Afghanistan is a very, very dumb war. We’re throwing all that manpower and money and womanpower and materiel into a country that is unstable and corrupt and based on a narcotic economy. There’s no way we’re going to build a secure base even for ourselves much less for them. Our military is over-extended. You have multiple deployments. You have the National Guard being used for purposes it was never originally intended for. You have our equipment being ground down. Joseph Stiglitz is very good on simply the costs of what we’ve done to our tanks and planes and artillery. How long can we go on doing that? It’s a dumb war because terrorism is a crime, not a country. It metastasized. It’s all around. It crosses border. It has to be sought down in its separate cells by the use of excellent intelligence by ourselves and our friends, and targeted actions against the terrorists. Terrorism now gets launched out of London! That’s not going to be affected really by invading Afghanistan. So I think that the drain on our economy, and the oil dependence, and the fact that we keep having to fight to maintain our oil dependence on the Middle East – all those factors may be more eventually destructive of us than the fact that we have ignored the Constitution.
Q. A question about Israel, which has never admitted that it has the Bomb. What do you think of this as a tactic for its security?
A. It keeps its secrets all right. But not really – we all know they have the Bomb! It’s hard to compare our national security state with other countries. Because they don’t have the United States Constitution. They may be democracies but they’re quite different democracies. England for instance doesn’t have a First Amendment. And it’s very hard to judge. Some of the countries that are getting the Bomb are autocracies. North Korea, or Iran if it gets it. So Israel’s strategy is based on the fact that it’s a small country surrounded by big countries, big enemies. And its only recompense is the outsized-force of the atom. By the way, that’s the same calculus that Fidel Castro made (in 1962). Fidel Castro initially didn’t want to accept the missiles onto his island because why would he want that to be the center of a nuclear conflict when that whole island would disappear in the blink of an eye? It would evaporate if there were nuclear war. So the idea that Cuba would launch a nuclear war, and instantly die, makes no sense. Why did Castro accept the missiles? It’s because he knew what the American people didn’t know – it’s again, secrets are kept not from the enemy but from us – he knew that Operation Mongoose and other things were trying to assassinate him, sabotage his crops, mine his harbors – all of this was going on at Bobby Kennedy’s urgent, urgent insistence. And Castro rightly thought, “The military is using these things, hoping that I will respond in some way that will justify an invasion of my island by this great big superpower on top of us.” And he thought, “The only way I can prevent that is to accept these missiles.” President Kennedy got up and said, “There is no conceivable defensive reason for these missiles. None at all. They only exist there for an offensive purpose, to invade us.” That made no sense. If they invaded us, they’d disappear! In a minute! They WERE there for a defensive purpose – they were there to deter an invasion. So President Kennedy was lying to us. As happens with our presidents constantly under the regime of secrecy. He didn’t fool Fidel Castro. And he didn’t fool Khruschev. They knew why the missiles were there. But if you’re in the position of Fidel Castro, there’s not much you can do as a small country against a big country except get the atom. And of course that’s the position of Israel.
Q. Do you think, then, the temptation for other small states too, like North Korea –
A. Absolutely. After all, we invaded Iraq because they didn’t have the Bomb. We have not invaded other countries that are threatening to us because they do have the Bomb.
Q. A rather broad final question. The context of your book is the period since World War II, and the impact of bomb power on the Constitution, crippling the Constitution, as you put it. How do you view this in terms of the whole history of the Constitution – do you think there may be a pendulum swing, or do you think the institutions of the national security state will persist in a way that will continue to cripple the Constitution? Or do you think that the greater involvement of the U.S. in the world also presents challenges for reverting to a more equal balance of power between the branches of government?
A. Well, that’s true, more interdependence, more globalization, more technology, all of those things certainly do affect the position of the executive in the world and at home. When you talk about a swing back and forth – there have been swings back and forth in presidential power. Before World War II you had weak presidents and strong presidents; you had Jackson, and (you had) many nonentities; but we have never had a systematic denial of the right of Congress to declare war, for instance. We’ve had no declaration of war since the 1940s; we had many before then – 1812, Mexico, Civil War, World War I, World War II – they were all declarations of war. And the presidents, even the strong presidents, didn’t try to deny that Constitutional situation. So there were pendulum swings back and forth within a certain restricted arc before then. But there has not been anything like that since then. We went from commonplace declaration of war to no declaration of war. From some varying degree of executive secrecy to constantly growing, never-reversed executive secrecy over the last half-century. So I don’t think that – people who say “Oh, presidents have grasped at power before, why is this different?” Boy, is it different. ● | <urn:uuid:4fea5d8c-cbc4-40ea-a53f-46bcfa589ba5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.historyaccess.com/new/garry-wills-presentation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.979377 | 10,036 | 2.125 | 2 |
THE TRANSMISSION GALLERY
|Photos by Andy Dolman||Page last updated: 2022-06-22|
|As the previous contributor points out, the Cleckheaton relay is not actually in Cleckheaton, but in the Hightown area of neighbouring Liversedge. Some additional equipment (airwave ?) has been added since the original photos were taken.|
In this part of West Yorkshire reception from Emley Moor is usually very strong, but with edge of Pennine geography there are locations on the "wrong side of t'hill" where higher ground shields the signal. For many locations like that in this area, its simply a case of turning the aerial to face Bilsdale or even Keighley, but in this case there is another area of higher ground to the north of the intended coverage area.
Most of the aerials facing this low power relay are actually below the site, in the Ashbourne area to the west of Hightown Road where elevations drop sharply towards the Fire station. Maybe the relay has a downward tilt?
Interestingly, the locations with the best view of this relay, are across the valley on the roads leading up to Cleckheaton Library, but there is also direct line of sight to Emley Moor here and I couldn't find a single vertically polarised aerial on this side of the valley.
|The Tx aerial at the top, and the Rx aerial half way up facing Emley Moor have been joined by some additional equipment|
|The view from the north east side where the farm land is quite steep|
|From the south east side|
|Looking towards the intended coverage area, although it appears|
everyone using this relay are on ground much lower down
Back to TX Gallery index | TX main index | <urn:uuid:7c6e4ce6-8237-40bc-bc7a-7c11437ba55d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://tx.mb21.co.uk/gallery/gallerypage.php?txid=391&pageid=4221 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.948476 | 403 | 1.5 | 2 |
Majuli Tour: Convention on Heritage Conservation of Majuli (Vol. IV)
Mini Digital Video
4 of 8
Convention on Heritage Conservation, Majuli Assam, Ethnic Food, Brahmaputra, Speech, Arun Sharma, Instrumental Music, Traditional Food, Evening Cultural Programme, Gayan Bayan, Kamlabari Sattra, Ram Vijaya, Ankiya Nat, Majuli, Assam
This recording documents “Convention on Heritage Conservation Majuli” held in Majuli island, Assam. In the video, we can view shots of preparation and partaking of ethnic food by people, on the banks of the Brahmaputra. This is followed by a coverage of Boregeet sung by local artists and cultural programme by artists from Kamlabari Sattra, Majuli.
Mini Digital Video ( MDV )
H.264 / AVC / MPEG-4 AVC / MPEG-4 part 10
This item is part of a library of books, audio, video, and other materials from and about India is curated and maintained by Public Resource. The purpose of this library is to assist the students and the lifelong learners of India in their pursuit of an education so that they may better their status and their opportunities and to secure for themselves and for others justice, social, economic and political.
This library has been posted for non-commercial purposes and facilitates fair dealing usage of academic and research materials for private use including research, for criticism and review of the work or of other works and reproduction by teachers and students in the course of instruction. Many of these materials are either unavailable or inaccessible in libraries in India, especially in some of the poorer states and this collection seeks to fill a major gap that exists in access to knowledge.
For other collections we curate and more information, please visit the Bharat Ek Khoj page. Jai Gyan! | <urn:uuid:ff81c7f6-a273-4807-adab-97801e19615e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.apple.com.wstub.archive.org/details/dni.ncaa.IGRMS-MINI_DV_89-MDV | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.862292 | 534 | 1.71875 | 2 |
In the past months, I had very interesting conversations with @amiika concerning his Ziffers library. My live coding toolset being built around the usage of Vim/Neovim, I was encouraged to develop an alternative editor for Sonic Pi that I could use from the command line to test quick Ziffers snippets.
Sonic Pipe is a new command-line based tool made possible by the recent introduction of Sonic Pi 4.0. It is written in Python (> 3.9) and meant for users willing to play with Sonic Pi from Vim/Neovim. It can also be used as a regular Python library if you wish to use Sonic Pi in your Python scripts. Sonic Pipe can now:
- boot a headless Sonic Pi client or connect to a running Sonic Pi instance.
- pipe code from a Vim/Neovim buffer to the Sonic Pi Server.
- display logs, error messages and various messages emitted by Sonic Pi.
- display custom help files, including user-made help files.
- save/autosave a Sonic Pipe session to a
.rb file. Consult history of the current session.
The new version of Sonic Pi made it possible to run headless versions of the Sonic Pi Server to be used outside of the official/main GUI. This is one of the first tools (to my knowledge) exploring this new given possibility. Feedback is much appreciated! I hacked this tool for my own use, but I am sure that a critical eye and the action of new collaborators could make this tool even better!
It is now full of bugs and corner cases issues but I already use it for making music and for fun!
I could ‘pip install’ it on windows.
It seems to be restricted to vim/neovim.
So just form the git doc
i do not understand how to use it just for sonic-pi ‘play :c’.
Would you mind to give some help?
It is not really restricted to Vim/Neovim but using it is recommended. To use Sonic Pipe, you are basically supposed to find a way to pipe text coming from a text buffer to the buffer containing a running instance of the script. I know that it is possible to accomplish something similar using Emacs or VSCode but it is currently not documented.
Sonic Pipe is not meant to be used standalone in the terminal just like the old sonic-pi-cli was. However, I believe that it is possible to write a script that will run some Sonic Pi commands. You just need to have an instance of the SonicPipe object running using a daemon like so:
from sonic_pipe import SonicPipe
pi = SonicPipe(use_daemon=True)
pi.pipe("play :c, amp: 0.25")
having the code above in the script ‘run_play_c.py’ still fails to play
under Windows 10 with the follwing
C:\Users\ab2\Documents\Sonic Pi\y2\Sonic-LP-main>python run_play_c.py
Der Befehl "ruby" ist entweder falsch geschrieben oder
konnte nicht gefunden werden.
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\ab2\Documents\Sonic Pi\y2\Sonic-LP-main\run_play_c.py", line 2, in <module>
pi = SonicPipe(use_daemon=True)
File "c:\users\ab2\documents\sonic pi\y2\sonic_pipe-main\sonic_pipe\SonicPipe.py", line 101, in __init__
File "c:\users\ab2\documents\sonic pi\y2\sonic_pipe-main\sonic_pipe\SonicPipe.py", line 287, in boot_daemon
while self._values is None:
I can’t read german but by translating it it seems that
ruby is not installed on your computer. Sonic Pi may wrap its own version of Ruby. You will need to install it by following instructions for your OS: Download Ruby
After installing ruby (which is not said to necessary in the SonicPipe Readme.md)
I am getting the following on the cmd-Line when running the script
ruby: No such file or directory -- C:/Program/ (LoadError)
Where does this PATH come from?
I did certainly not specify it.
And have only the following in C:\
Volume in Laufwerk C: hat keine Bezeichnung.
Verzeichnis von c:\
09.08.2022 01:56 <DIR> Program Files
10.06.2022 09:52 <DIR> Program Files (x86)
0 Datei(en), 0 Bytes
2 Verzeichnis(se), 520.484.720.640 Bytes frei
Yes, that’s for sure but I am warning users that the script is still very unstable and experimental for the moment. Errors were to be expected. It is also written in the README that Windows is
Currently not tested and unsupported. I don’t have access to a Windows computer until the end of the month but I’ll try to make a new version that you can boot easily . I would suggest looking for the alternative of running Sonic Pi with the very recent Neovim plugin that was posted on the forum a few days ago.
Actually inspired by the literate programming post
I was looking for a remote interface to Sonic PI to possibly run/play from a mdbook
edited code as in the mdbook example given there.
But this seems not to be easily available jet. | <urn:uuid:f0584a6d-88fc-4e12-971d-f82de6ed9a8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://in-thread.sonic-pi.net/t/sonic-pipe-sonic-pi-from-the-command-line-4-0/6947 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.86144 | 1,297 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Right now in Australia, eleven million ‘battery’ hens1are confined to small cages in which they are unable to exercise most of their natural behaviours. Despite increasing community awareness about their plight, the vast majority of egg-laying hens live this way, warehoused with hundreds of thousands of other birds.
Over 10 million layer hens are housed in intensive battery cage systems in Australia. These outdated and inadequate cages have been banned, or are being phased out, in a number of global markets including most member states of the European Union, New Zealand and Switzerland. For the first time, Australia is now on the brink of banning battery cages, acknowledging the significant and inherent risks they pose to the health and welfare of hens. Read more below about the issues with all systems of egg production, and how you can help achieve an end to the use of battery cages in Australia.
Battery cages are used on factory farms to confine egg-laying hens. Despite increasing community awareness about their plight, the vast majority of egg-laying hens are permanently warehoused with tens of thousands of other birds until their slaughter.
Hens in battery cages spend their lives in artificially lit surroundings designed to maximise laying activity.1 Each hen has anywhere between 3 and 20 cage mates.2 Depending on their body size, the number of hens per cage, or in which jurisdiction they reside, each hen can be allocated space less than that of an A4 sized piece of paper.3 This is insufficient room to act on natural instincts and behaviours like wing flapping, grooming, preening, stretching, foraging and dust bathing.4
According to animal welfare expert Dr John Webster, “the unenriched battery cage simply does not meet the physiological and behavioural requirements of the laying hen, which makes any quibbling about minimum requirements for floor space superfluous”.5
Although nesting is a behavioural priority for a hen, hens are unable to lay eggs in a discrete, private or enclosed nesting space when they are kept in conventional battery cages.6 Hens housed in battery cages have been found to display agitated pacing and escape behaviours which can last for up to four hours prior to laying their eggs.7 Ian Duncan, Emeritus Chair in Animal Welfare at the University of Guelph, states that the most significant source of battery hen frustration is “undoubtedly the lack of nesting opportunity.”8
Battery hens may also experience chronic pain from the development of lesions and foot problems, as a result of standing on often sloping wire floors that are designed to facilitate egg collection.9 Extreme inactivity also results in hens developing disuse osteoporosis, leading to chronic pain from bone fractures.10
Due to the suppression of many of their natural instincts and social interactions, such as choosing a suitable nesting place to lay their eggs, hens raised in battery cages can become frustrated, fearful and aggressive. This may trigger behaviours such as hen pecking, bullying and cannibalism.11
Evidence suggests that battery hens have insufficient room to maintain a normal ‘personal space’ and to escape from bullying by companions. Physiological stress levels are also higher in birds subject to spatial restriction.12
In an attempt to prevent this behaviour from causing injuries to other hens, producers routinely conduct beak-trimming or ‘debeaking’ on chicks.13 This most commonly involves the amputation or searing off of a portion of the upper and lower beak using an electrically heated blade.14 Re-trimming may also be carried out if a hen’s beak grows back.15
Debeaking causes tissue damage and nerve injury, particularly in older birds. In addition to the pain caused during and immediately following amputation, scientists believe the process can cause the beak to develop long-lasting and painful neuromas or tumours, which deter hens from using their beaks to forage or exhibit other natural behaviours.16
In Australia, the ACT is the only jurisdiction to have outlawed the practice of debeaking.17 In other Australian jurisdictions, debeaking is permitted to be performed as a matter of routine without pain relief.18
One of the most unknown aspects of egg production for all production systems (including free range) is the mass slaughter of male chicks. As males are not able to lay eggs and have not been selectively bred for their size or meat quality, male chicks are generally considered unsuitable for meat production, and accordingly, are slaughtered following hatching.
These practices ignore the research which demonstrates that chickens have preferences, particularly in terms of the environment in which they are kept, and experience physical sensations and emotional responses such as pain, fear, anxiety, pleasure and enjoyment.21 Studies have also shown that chickens are highly social animals with complex cognitive abilities.22
Despite this, battery hens are afforded little protection under the Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Domestic Poultry (4th Edition) (the Poultry Code) or State and Territory animal welfare laws, which permit permanent confinement and debeaking.
Overseas, the European Union (EU) legislated to phase out battery cages by 2012,25 with the UK having met this target and the European Commission threatening non-compliant member countries with legal action.26
In 1981, Switzerland established new requirements for the housing of chickens which came into effect in 1991, effectively eliminating battery cages in Switzerland and making aviaries the most common method of raising hens.27
Eight US states have implemented bans on the use of battery cages for egg production.
Over the last decade, Australian consumers have increasingly embraced the global ethical food movement. A 2014 Voiceless national survey of 1,041 adult Australians found 61% of respondents have bought ‘free range’ or ‘humanely’ derived animal products on animal welfare grounds. This is consistent with a 2011 Voiceless study, which found 80% of individuals supported a battery cage ban.
Help end battery cages in Australia
State and territory governments are currently in the process of considering whether to phase out the use of battery cages for egg production in Australia. Agriculture Ministers are deciding on the Australian Animal Welfare Standards and Guidelines for Poultry, and have the power to ban battery cages forever.
The new Standards and Guidelines will replace the outdated Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals Domestic Poultry which permits the use of battery cages despite overwhelming public concern. Research has found that 3 in 4 Australians are concerned about the welfare of battery-caged hens, and 8 in 10 want to see battery cages phased out. Although Voiceless believes that all hens should be free from exploitation and systems of industrialised factory farming, this is an opportunity to make history and set the bar higher for over 10 million hens confined in cramped barren cages.
If you support a phase-out, find out who your local MP is and reach out to let them know what you think. All the information you need is outlined below in Voiceless’s comprehensive report exploring hen welfare in the Australian egg industry.
- Access a detailed list of resources exploring factory farming and the law in Australia here.
- Read and share Voiceless’s ‘Briefing on hen welfare in the Australian egg industry‘, which provides an overview of facts about the Australian egg industry and the key welfare issues for hens and their chicks.
- For more in-depth information, see our report: ‘Unscrambled: The hidden truth of hen welfare in the Australian egg industry‘, which provides a greater insight into hen suffering and assesses the key animal protection issues with the use of battery cages, barn-laid and free range systems from an animal welfare and scientific perspective. You can flip through the report below.
Last updated July 2021
- Tina Widowski et al, ‘Part 1: Overview Of International Egg Production, Hen Housing and Animal Welfare Standards’ in Welfare Issues and Housing for Laying Hens: International Developments and Perspectives <http://www.aph.gov.au/~/media/Estimates/Live/rrat_ctte/estimates/bud_1213/daff/5_aecl_c.ashx>; Primary Industries Standing Committee, Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals- Poultry (4th Edition) (2002) (‘the Poultry Code’), paragraph 5.
- Dr David Witcombe, ‘Layer hen welfare: a challenging and complex issue’ (Speech delivered at Animal Welfare Science Centre, Department of Primary Industries, Atwood, Victoria, 8 June 2007) <http://www.animalwelfare.net.au/article/scientific-seminars>. See also Tina M. Widowski et al, ibid: “The number of hens housed in a conventional cage can vary with size of the cage and space allowance provided, but generally ranges from 3 to 7 birds.”
- The permitted stocking densities differ in each State and Territory, and depending on the weight of the hens and the number of hens crammed into one cage. In NSW, for example, if the average weight of the hen in the cage is less than 2.4 kilograms, she will be permitted a space of around 550 cm2: Regulation 10(5)(a), Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Regulation 2012 (NSW). An A4 sheet of paper, with sides of 21.0 cm x 29.7 cm, has an area of 623.7 cm2.
- Dr John Webster, Animal Welfare: Limping towards Eden (2005, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford), 121; Bernie E Rollin, Farm Animal Welfare: Social, Bioethical, and Research Issues (1995, Iowa State Press, Iowa), 120; Michael C Appleby et al, Poultry Behaviour and Welfare (2004, CABI Publishing, Wallingford), 46.
- Webster (2005), ibid, 120.
- LayWel Project, ‘Welfare implications of changes in production systems for laying hens’ (2004, University of Bristol <http://www.laywel.eu/web/pdf/deliverable%2071%20welfare%20assessment.pdf>; J Mench, ‘The welfare of poultry in modern production systems’ Poultry Science Review (1992) 4, 112; K Lorenz, ‘Animals are sentient beings: Konrad Lorenz on instinct and modern factory farming’ Der Spiegel (November 17, 1980) 34(47), 264; Ian Duncan, “The pros and cons of cages”, World’s Poultry Science Journal (2001) 57(4), 381-90.
- Mench (1992), ibid.
- Duncan (2001), n 6, 385.
- R Tauson, ‘Health and production in improved cage designs’, Poultry Science (1998), 77, 1820–1827; Michael C Appleby, ‘Do Hens Suffer in Battery Cages?’, Compassion in World Farming (October 1991), <http://www.ciwf.org.uk/includes/documents/cm_docs/2008/d/do_hens_suffer_in_battery_cages_1991.pdf>; Rollin (1995), p 126; Duncan (2001), n 6, 387.
- Webster (2005), n 4, 121; Duncan (2001), n 6.
- Dr Lesley Rogers, The development of brain and behaviour in chicken (1995, CABI Publishing, Wallingford), 219; Philip Glatz et al, ‘Beak Trimming Training Manual’ Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) (2002), 1 <http://www.aecl.org/assets/RD-files/Outputs-2/SAR-35AA-FInal-Report.pdf>.
- LayWel Project, n 6.
- Poultry CRC, ‘Beak trimming’, Poultry Hub <http://www.poultryhub.org/health/health-management/beak-trimming/>.
- Poultry CRC, ibid. Continuing welfare concerns regarding the use of a hot blade for beak trimming has prompted research into the development of alternative methods including laser trimming. See: Philip Glatz, Laser Beak Trimming; A report for Australian Egg Corporation Limited (July 2004) <http://www.aecl.org/assets/RD-files/Outputs-2/SAR-45AA-Final-Report.pdf>.
- Poultry CRC, n 13.
- B O Hughes and M J Gentle, ‘Beak trimming of poultry – its implications for welfare’ (1995) Worlds Poultry Science Journal 51, 51-61; Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAWC), ‘Opinion on Beak Trimming of Layer Hens’ (November 2007) <http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20121007104210/http://www.fawc.org.uk/pdf/beak-trimming.pdf>.
- Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT), s 9C.
- Poultry Code, paragraph 13.2; Animal Welfare Act (NT), s 79 (compliance with the Poultry Code is a defence); Animal Welfare Act 2002 (WA), s 25 (compliance with the Poultry Code is a defence); Animal Welfare Act 1985 (SA), s 43 (compliance with the Poultry Code is a defence); Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1986 (VIC), s 11(2) (compliance with the Poultry Code is a defence); Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1979 (NSW), s 34A(3) (compliance with the Poultry Code can be admitted as evidence of compliance with the Act). In Tasmania, the Poultry Code is advisory in nature and the Animal Welfare Act 1993 (TAS) silent on the issue of de-beaking.
- Poultry Code, paragraph 14.1.
- There is limited data available on the number of male chicks slaughtered each year as part of Australian egg production. The 10 million figure is based on the number of battery hens kept in Australian cage systems each year.
- Michael C Appleby et al, Poultry Behaviour and Welfare (2004, CABI Publishing, Cambridge), 130-142; R B Jones, ‘Environmental enrichment: the need for practical strategies to improve poultry welfare’ in G C Perry (ed), Welfare of the Laying Hen (2004, CABI Publishing, Cambridge, MA), 216; Rogers (1995), n 11, 219.
- Rogers (1995), n 11, 219; Carolynn L Smith And Sarah L Zielinksi, ‘The startling intelligence of the common chicken’, Scientific American (2014) 310(2).
- Animal Welfare Act 1992 (ACT), s 9A.
- Animal Welfare (Domestic Poultry) Regulations 2013 (TAS), r 5.
- In 1999 the EU agreed a Directive on Laying Hens (1999/74/EC) that resulted in the banning of the barren battery cage (enriched cages are still permitted to be used). Producers were given a 12 year phase-out period, bringing the ban into effect on 1 January 2012.
- FarmingUK, ‘Italy and Greece to face European Court on battery cage ban’ (26 April 2013) <https://www.farminguk.com/news/italy-and-greece-to-face-european-court-on-battery-cage-ban_25426.html>.
- Bruce A Wagman and Matthew Liebman, A Worldview of Animal Law (2011, Carolina Academic Press, Carolina), p 69. | <urn:uuid:631cc2c3-6310-443d-824d-ac99b468de96> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://voiceless.org.au/hot-topics/battery-hens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.887387 | 3,323 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Social isolation can even lead to changes in brain structure
About 80,000 Americans are incarcerated in solitary confinement on any given day, a practice that has been deemed cruel and unusual punishment by the United Nations Committee on Torture. Those in solitary confinement typically have no physical contact and little interaction with others. This extreme isolation can be damaging and may cause or worsen depression, anxiety, and other mental illness.
A roundtable including a prisoner held in solitary for 29 years explored the psychological and neurobiological burdens of solitary confinement at Neuroscience 2018, the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience.
Robert King was held in solitary in Angola Prison in Louisiana from 1972 to 2001, when his conviction for killing a fellow inmate was overturned. Since then, he has been an activist for the abolition of solitary confinement. Speaking about his own experience, King told the meeting:
“People want to know whether or not I have psychological problems, whether or not I’m crazy — ‘How did you not go insane?’ I look at them and I tell them, ‘I did not tell you I was not insane.’ I don’t mean I was psychotic or anything like that, but being placed in a six by nine by 12–foot cell for 23 hours a day, no matter how you appear on the outside, you are not sane.”
Meals for these prisoners and communications with prison staff normally come through slots in the solid steel doors of their cells. Some are permitted an hour of daily exercise day, alone. They can be denied visits, telephone calls, television, reading materials, and art supplies.
Neuroscientists, lawyers and activists such as King have joined forces to get solitary confinement described as cruel and unusual punishment.
The Neuroscience 2018 conference highlighted some physical damage experienced by isolated prisoners. “Social deprivation is bad for brain structure and function. Sensory deprivation is bad for brain structure and function. Circadian dysregulation is bad,” said Huda Akil, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Michigan who was also on the panel. “Loneliness in itself is extremely damaging.
Social isolation has been shown to heighten stress hormone responses and change structures within the brain. It may also lead to post-traumatic stress disorder. While solitary confinement is an extreme example affecting a relatively small portion of the population, social isolation and persistent loneliness are a growing problem in the United States. As the population ages, so does the number of individuals living in nursing homes, where isolation and loneliness are common. Social isolation and loneliness are associated with depression, hostility, heightened stress response, sleep fragmentation, and increased mortality.
- How long can you put off seeing the doctor because of lockdowns? - December 3, 2021
- House of Lords debates assisted suicide—again - October 28, 2021
- Spanish government tries to restrict conscientious objection - October 28, 2021 | <urn:uuid:0bcf0898-5727-4cc0-b9e5-135ee4a3bdbe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bioedge.org/medical-practice/is-solitary-confinement-cruel-and-unusual/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.953849 | 627 | 3.234375 | 3 |
How to cite “A change is gonna come” by Various
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Various. (2017). A change is gonna come. Stripes Publishing.
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Formatted according to the Chicago Manual of Style 17th edition. Simply copy it to the References page as is.
Various. 2017. A Change Is Gonna Come. London, England: Stripes Publishing.
Formatted according to the MLA handbook 9th edition. Simply copy it to the Works Cited page as is.
Various. A Change Is Gonna Come. Stripes Publishing, 2017.
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|Title||A change is gonna come|
|Year of publication||2017|
|City of publication||London, England| | <urn:uuid:582f8653-4ddc-4f1b-a4a7-a83fd9e6c075> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bibguru.com/b/how-to-cite-a-change-is-gonna-come/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.821355 | 314 | 1.679688 | 2 |
When it comes to raising queen honeybees there is no more welcome sight than the first blossoms of the year. After a long dearth of pollen and nectar, a fresh and abundant new pollen source dramatically raises the activity of the bees. The queen bees begin to lay eggs in earnest and bee populations begin their spring explosion. In Southern California, early signs of spring often appear near the end of January, punctuated by the spectacular yellow blossoms of acacia.
The honeybees in the queen-rearing yard come to life with the big fluffy yellow blossoms that are loaded with nutritious pollen. Once the acacia pollen starts coming in, the breeder queen bees accelerate their brood rearing. Shortly after the appearance of the first blossoms, the queen bees will begin to rear the first drones of the season.
There are over 800 species of acacia in the world, making it one of the world’s largest tree species. Acacias are found in Australia, Africa, Hawaii, and Central America. They are also well established in the United States, specifically in California, Arizona, and South Carolina. The acacia tree blossoms are pea shaped and, at least in California, are a very bright and bold yellow. California acacias are not a particularly strong honey producer, but the bees thoroughly enjoy the flowers for pollen!
Although acacia honey is renowned and highly prized, believe it or not, most “acacia” honey actually does not originate from acacia trees – but rather from black locust trees! Black locust is also called “false acacia.” The black locust tree is found in Southern Europe as well as in the United States. This “acacia” honey is some of the most delicious tasting honey in the world; pale and clear with exquisite flavor, and well worth a try if you can find it. | <urn:uuid:596820ac-065b-4a5f-92b2-29a6c30dc03d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wildflowermeadows.com/tag/garden-blossoms/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.931878 | 386 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Pcomp Midterm Concept And Progress
17 Oct 2019 - Jake Sherwood
Rangefinder controlled ghost
PCOMP Midterm - Concept and Progress.
For the PCOMP midterm we were paired up in groups to build a physical computer interaction.
Loosely themed on a Halloween theme but we could do something completely different if we wanted to.
My partner was Zoe and she already had some ideas based around the Halloween theme so we decided to just go with one of those.
We settled on the spooky ghost machine… name still pending.
Concept: The plan is to have it hidden and when someone gets close, it jumps out into view and scares them.
Zoe quickly made our initial ghost, using some fabric and one of the spooky masks from the week 6 applications group. We still plan to add to the ghost to make it a bit more spooky.
I was tasked with getting the servo motor set up to show the ghost.
I did a late night prototype with a ghost drawn on some paper towels. For the prototype I just used and FSR to control the movement but the final version will be controlled by a range finder.
paper ghost servo prototype
Having that roughly together.
Next we need to solidify our concept and decide how / where we would install this ghost, what sensor to use, and who would do what.
Working with Zoe had been pretty organic and we just kinda dived up work as we brainstormed how to do each task.
I would continue with the servo motor and figure out how we need to mount it so it would swing into view but hopefully not smack someone in the face.
I did some sketching to try to figure out how we should build the stand to hold everything. I also took some measurements from where we want to install.
ghost stand sketches and measurements
Once I had my general measurements written down I started to look for some materials.
I had some scrap wood I was hoping I could use but it wasn’t long enough. I was looking for 36” from the windowsill so it would hopefully be high enough to not smack people in the face. My buddy Nikhil hooked me up with a perfect scrap of his the met our size requirements.
I planed to mount the servo on the top of the stand. I used brass tapping inserts and standoffs to mount it. I did a test mount on another scrap before I installed on the main material.
servo mount test
servo mount tapping inserts
The tapping mounts and the standoffs really gave it a nice snug fit and look.
pcomp midterm ghost stand w servo installed
We still plan to add sounds to the installation. But the holes in the scrap I got from my friend were perfect for speaker placement. I plan to look into playing random sound files with a SD card and an array of sounds.
ghost stand speaker placement
ghost stand test with FSR sketch
ghost stand corridor placement test
Zoe would continue to work on the ghost and write some code to interface with the rangefinder.
She got the rangefinder up and running pretty quick but we still need to confirm it will be sensitive enough for what we need.
range finder test
range finder corridor test
Things to still do
1)The arm of the ghost needs to be longer, so we can have the stand further into the windowsill and more hidden
2)Confirm sensitivity of sensor
3)Sort out sounds
4)Spookify the ghost more
5)Clean up / finish the stand
7)Clean up and combine Arduino sketchs
8)Decide if we can do everything on one Arduino or if we need two | <urn:uuid:821b1d09-7dd5-4cb7-8fdf-3c721738bbdc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jakesherwood.com/blog/pcomp/pcomp-midterm-concept-and-progress | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.950879 | 771 | 1.523438 | 2 |
This is a list of things not to say to people with a chronic illness.
Why? Here are a few reasons!
- We see our doctors very frequently, I for example speak to my doctor every 2 to 4 weeks (yes that frequent!), and they know better than you.
- Some of us have had this for decades and will never get any better! We have tried many things over the years and what you are suggesting we try, we have already probably tried before or it is just not something that would help.
- It is incredibly rude and also ableist as you are suggesting you know better than us by suggesting things to try to try to fix us or reasons we are chronically ill. We know our health better than you as do our doctors.
- People say these things to us all the time so we are constantly having to repeat ourselves as to why it won’t help and what is wrong with us, when we shouldn’t have to but you make us have to.
Here is the list of things not to say to a chronically ill person:
1. “Have you tried?”
My all-time least favourite and I hate hearing it!
The answer is usually yes I have tried it and it doesn’t work as I have had pain almost 20 years and tried everything going, or that is not something I can physically do or that is not something that will help; but either way, I end up having to explain and justify myself over and over when I never asked for any advice from a healthy able-bodied person to start with.
Quite simply we do not want this unsolicited advice from anyone let alone from people that have not experienced the same condition.
Here are some of the things I have had suggested to me by random people:
- hot baths to fix chronic pain
- yoga & walking (when I can barely walk and can’t stand long)
- changing diet
- varieties of over the counter painkillers for minor pain when I am on Fentanyl and still have pain as my pain is so incredibly severe
- One person suggested a buccal anti-nausea pill I have already tried, and when I said I still vomited them up and they didn’t work they told me it is impossible to vomit them up as they stick to your lip (basically calling me a liar), even though it is me that experienced it about 20 times and saw them floating in the toilet when I had been sick but of course, they know better!
- CBD and countless other things.
2. “I know how you feel or I am tired too”
You have no idea how I feel. You are healthy and never experienced the illnesses I have.
My chronic pain is so bad I can barely move and hurt so much it is horrific and it affects every second of my life. You have no idea what that feels like.
When you have chronic fatigue the thing that you want to hear from someone that does not have chronic fatigue, is that they are tired too.
Chronic fatigue is not “tired”, it is constant severe fatigue where the smallest thing causes us to be severely exhausted. The fatigue is constant and no amount of sleep or rest helps.
I have severe chronic fatigue and have to sleep 10-11 hours minimum and still feel exhausted just getting out of bed.
I never feel awake and refreshed, and any less sleep than that and I feel dreadful. I constantly feel like I have run a marathon and have no energy whatsoever.
Chronic fatigue is not just tired and my chronic pain is not just an ache, so comparing your mild tiredness or aches and pains to someone with chronic fatigue and chronic pain is rude and selfish!
3. “I hope you feel better soon” or “are you feeling any better”
These are chronic illnesses, they will never go away and I will never feel or get better! I know that you mean well saying but you are not making me feel better and it can make me feel worse as I know that can’t happen. I have bad days and horrific days, I never feel good.
4. “It could be worse”
I can barely walk, can’t stand long, never get out of the house and in severe pain plus severely exhausted 24/7.
Yes, it could be worse but by you saying that to me, you make me feel much worse as you aren’t taking into consideration how awful I have it and how horrific I feel every day.
It is not a competition as to who has it worse and you won’t make me feel any better by saying this.
5. “Are you still ill?”
Chronic means just that. Permanent or long term conditions.
I will never get better, I will only get worse. My pain will get worse and one day I probably won’t be able to walk. Some days my pain is horrific, other days are severe. I personally don’t have good days, just bad and worse.
Yes I am still ill, yes I am still in severe pain, yes I am still severely exhausted. These are chronic conditions! Asking over and over if I am better or things like that is just pointless and we honestly don’t want to hear it as we won’t get better.
6. “You should get out more”
I would LOVE to get out more! I am sure all chronically ill people would but it is not that easy. Sadly my health plus lack of money due to being unable to work won’t allow that.
I can’t stand or walk far and get severely exhausted by the smallest things and I even wake up fatigued. My mood is so low and I am so tired all the time that I can barely be bothered getting out of bed.
The medications I am on make me even more tired so I can barely be bothered doing anything as much I would love to be out doing something else, it is not that easy.
I personally only get a tiny amount of money a month which isn’t enough for anyone to live off. I can’t afford a car and being pretty rural the bus service is once an hour and very unreliable. I can’t stand waiting at the bus stop and if I got to the nearest town, there isn’t much there so would have to walk around which I can’t do anyway. I am literally stuck in my house permanently. If I had a lot of money I am sure I could get out more as I could get a car, electric wheelchair, carer etc. The list goes on. Sadly that won’t ever happen. | <urn:uuid:c633394e-584f-44d9-9e00-8bfc68984ba3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chronicheather.eu.org/2020/03/13/things-not-to-say-to-chronically-ill-people/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.97695 | 1,405 | 1.609375 | 2 |
News is starting to spread about the new Google+ Project. While most people are comparing it to Facebook, I also look at it and see how it is taking on everything from Foursquare to you name the latest niche social network flavor site. It seems like they are going after it all: social networking, location services, conferencing, recommendations, etc. But two important features will make it something to watch for educators: the focus on creating small groups to share with and a focus on privacy.
If you can create your own “Circles” as they call them, and then share what you want with them and even do video chats – you pretty much have the beginnings of a Learning Management System. If they integrate Circles with other services (like Blogspot) – that would make it even more interesting. You could make a blog private and then with one click allow access to one circle (course).
Like Google Wave, invitations are limited (and will probably be highly sought after for a while). But will the failure of Google Wave make people too cautious to try this? And when was the last time Google had a big hit idea on their hands? Who will want to start using this and then have it canceled in a year or two?
Okay… I do want to give it a shot. And you probably do to. But Google Wave (and Lively and…) all showed us that major interest from the educational world is not enough to keep a Google project going. Which is one reason why I tend to doubt we will ever see a Google LMS.
Matt is currently an Instructional Designer II at Orbis Education and a Part-Time Instructor at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. Previously he worked as a Learning Innovation Researcher with the UT Arlington LINK Research Lab. His work focuses on learning theory, Heutagogy, and learner agency. Matt holds a Ph.D. in Learning Technologies from the University of North Texas, a Master of Education in Educational Technology from UT Brownsville, and a Bachelors of Science in Education from Baylor University. His research interests include instructional design, learning pathways, sociocultural theory, heutagogy, virtual reality, and open networked learning. He has a background in instructional design and teaching at both the secondary and university levels and has been an active blogger and conference presenter. He also enjoys networking and collaborative efforts involving faculty, students, administration, and anyone involved in the education process. | <urn:uuid:95a29b78-6959-4d36-8a69-0d27499aec3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.edugeekjournal.com/2011/06/28/google-pretty-much-decides-to-take-on-every-social-website-at-once/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.96016 | 504 | 1.78125 | 2 |
The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) has released a free, online sleep disorders resource guide for primary care physicians and professionals.
The sleep disorders guide serves as a practical introduction to sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, circadian rhythm disruption, parasomnia, sleep-related movement disorders, and more, according to the NSF.
The guide can be accessed on portable devices such as iPad and E-book readers, and allows physicians or caregivers to reference it anywhere, including clinical settings.
“Finding sufficient time for sleep care education within formal medical school and other health care training programs has remained an elusive goal for decades,” said David Cloud, CEO of the NSF. “To address this challenge, the National Sleep Foundation is proud to make this Sleep Disorders resource accessible through a free and easy-to-navigate web resource. We developed this resource specifically for the non-specialist who needed a free, fast, and convenient tool.”
The guide is an updated web version of The Sleep Disorders (1977), written by the late Peter Hauri, PhD. Hauri was a psychologist and the former director of the Mayo Sleep Disorders Center, according to the NSF. The book has long served as a sleep care primer for generations of non-sleep medicine physicians and technologists, the NSF said.
The guide, which is designed for primary care physicians and professionals, is also open to the general public. It can be accessed on the NSF’s website. | <urn:uuid:f10a7840-1dc7-4cef-96bf-3527b6a0d9a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sleepreviewmag.com/sleep-disorders/hypersomnias/narcolepsy/nsf-creates-sleep-disorders-guide-for-primary-caregivers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.936956 | 307 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Polish immigrants in the U.K. launch #PolishBlood blood donation campaign to combat anti-immigrant sentiment
- Andrzej Rygielski developed the idea as a productive protest against rising anti-immigrant activity in the U.K.
- The protest is promoted as a positive demonstration in contrast to the planned workers’ strike next week.
- More than 1,000 have pledged to donate blood on August 20, which the National Health Service says will begin helping to address the more than 200,000 donors who still need to be recruited this year.
“It seems that thousands of Poles and other people have joined the Polish blood campaign, not just in opposition to the strike but to show that Polish and migrant energy can be harnessed to achieve positive and extraordinary things – and that is what we should be aiming for. Not for division, not for hatred, not for inequality – but for inclusiveness, positivity and tolerance.”
Read the full story at the Independent.
(Image Credit: Getty Images, via The Independent) | <urn:uuid:c514e37e-f5b1-496c-b5d3-317e02084cae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://outlas.org/2015/08/11/u-k-news-polish-immigrants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.951884 | 218 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Before antibiotics, diseases were serious – sore throats and scarlet rash (or scarlet fever) were often fatal. It is hard sometimes to read these old letters – I find myself growing fond of my ancestors, their siblings, their friends, and the friends’ families, and grieve for their losses.
In December 1870, Joan Murray (a friend to both Mary Howard Affleck and her sister, Sarah Howard Forrer) wrote to Sarah, apologizing for a delay in replying to a letter. Her delay was understandable – the death of Joan’s grandaughter Bessie – “scarcely nine years old – a quiet, sensitive womanly child”
“- Mary has not written you of our stricken household by the fell disease scarlet fever – about the middle of Aug, dear little Bessie was taken sick with every appearance as I thought of this disease. The Dr would not call it this until three others were taken sick – Bessie was apparently recovering – but took cold and her joints were swollen and painful so as to make her unable to walk for three weeks, then recovered from that affliction and we all looked upon her as slowly improving but a short breath and some cough lingered about her. … – congestion of the heart was the immediate cause (induced by the disease leaving her limbs) of her leaving the dear ones here below….
….In looking over some old letters last evening I came across one of yours written directly after the death of your brother John’s three children – how many households have been made desolate by that same disease”
This same disease was the cause of death for Mary’s little sister, Jane, at age 3, and the deaths of her two sons in 1834. | <urn:uuid:8b5a4676-b687-4527-8741-9cfc07657ea6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ellengtodd.com/wp/?p=185 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.985977 | 359 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Do you have students in your orchestra who have the “too good for this group” attitude? Here are some solutions from MENC March 2009 Orchestra Mentor, Constance E. Barrett, PhD, to dealing with the best players with poor attitudes:
- Appeal to them for community service and encourage them to help out their school — it’s not all about THEM. They should serve as mentors to less advanced players.
- Challenge them. Assign a student to teach another student to play a difficult passage and grade him or her on how well the student plays the passage. This will surely make the student invested in the other student’s success.
- If they really do their part, offer them a special opportunity to play a solo with the orchestra.
- Insist that they learn how to play 2nd violin. Make the sections more even by putting one of them as principal 2nd, one as concertmaster, and the third at the back of either section. Rotate them around. Be clear that they are not being demoted; they are being placed where their skill set can best help the orchestra.
- Talk to these students individually and let them know that they need to change their attitude. They should not disrespect or bully other players. Three or four stellar players make a nice chamber group, but they don’t make an orchestra. Teamwork is essential.
What the best students have, regardless of how they play, is a team spirit and a love for playing that goes beyond the level of music the orchestra performs.
Remember: Attitude is Everything
MENC member Dr. Constance E. Barrett (www.kanicello.com) is a string specialist for the Greenwich, Connecticut, Public Schools. She is a 2007 recipient of the Yale University School of Music Distinguished Music Educator Award. A cellist, she frequently performs in the greater New York metropolitan area.
— Nicole Springer, September 16, 2009. © National Association for Music Education. | <urn:uuid:64c46fd4-d135-4150-8570-4bbb2f3b8f43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nafme.org/best-players-poor-attitude/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.962167 | 409 | 2.609375 | 3 |
According to the 29 February 2020 article, Hillary Innocent Taylor Seguya, a Ugandan studying for a master’s degree at Harvard University in the US, is suing Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni for blocking him on social media platform Twitter.
(Note: The student is usually called “Hillary Innocent Seguya Taylor” in the media. He calls himself “Hillary Innocent Taylor Seguya” on his blog, and we have done the same.)
Seguya claims “he suffered mental anguish to which he seeks general damages for being inconvenienced”, says the Tuko article.
The article was flagged as potentially false by Facebook’s fact-checking system. We investigated.
Widely reported in mainstream media
This story was widely reported in the media, within Uganda, in Africa, and internationally, in August 2019.
According to the reports, Seguya, who lives in the US, alleges that he was blocked by Museveni or his aides in July 2019, after referring to Museveni as a “dictator” on Twitter.
Seguya corroborates details
On 26 August 2019, Seguya tweeted that he had “filed a lawsuit” against Museveni, the Ugandan government spokesperson Ofwono Opondo P'Odel, and Asan Kasingye, spokesperson for the Ugandan police. He said the three were “illegally blocking me from their handles”.
Seguya tweeted that he had filed the case at Uganda’s high court.
On 3 March 2020 Seguya posted videos of himself being interviewed by journalist Eddy Micah for Deutsche Welle, a German news organisation which broadcasts internationally.
Seguya also spoke to Africa Check directly. He said: “I asked the court to award me damages of USh6 billion for costs and mental anguish. Converted to US dollars, I want the equivalent of $1.7 million.”
Seguya is suing the Ugandan president in the local currency, the Ugandan shilling. In Kenyan shillings, this is approximately KSh170 million, not the KSh247 million reported by Tuko. But the rest of the details in the article are correct. – Grace Gichuhi
For publishers: what to do if your post is rated false
A fact-checker has rated your Facebook or Instagram post as “false”, “altered”, “partly false” or “missing context”. This could have serious consequences. What do you do?
Click on our guide for the steps you should follow.Publishers guide
Africa Check teams up with Facebook
Africa Check is a partner in Meta's third-party fact-checking programme to help stop the spread of false information on social media.
The content we rate as “false” will be downgraded on Facebook and Instagram. This means fewer people will see it.
You can also help identify false information on Facebook. This guide explains how. | <urn:uuid:b8f2ac37-652f-485c-817b-78988ecfa098> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://africacheck.org/fact-checks/meta-programme-fact-checks/yes-harvard-student-suing-ugandan-president-museveni-less | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.95492 | 641 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Creates a Qt plugin target.
The command is defined in the
Core component of the
Qt6 package, which can be loaded like so:
find_package(Qt6 REQUIRED COMPONENTS Core)
This command was introduced in Qt 6.0.
qt_add_plugin(target [SHARED | STATIC] [CLASS_NAME class_name] [OUTPUT_TARGETS variable_name] )
If versionless commands are disabled, use
qt6_add_plugin() instead. It supports the same set of arguments as this command.
Qt plugin targets have additional requirements over and above an ordinary CMake library target. The
qt_add_plugin() command adds the necessary handling to ensure these requirements are met. It should be called rather than the built-in CMake
add_library() command when defining a Qt plugin target.
By default, the plugin will be created as a
STATIC library if Qt was built statically, or as a
MODULE library otherwise. You can override this default by explicitly providing the
Note: Non-static plugins are meant to be loaded dynamically at runtime, not linked to at build time. CMake differentiates between these two scenarios by providing the
MODULE library type for dynamically loaded libraries, and the
SHARED library type for libraries that may be linked to directly. This distinction is important for some toolchains (notably Visual Studio), due to the way symbol exports are handled. It may not be possible to link to
MODULE libraries, and generating a
SHARED library with no exported symbols can result in build-time errors. If the
SHARED option is passed to
qt_add_plugin(), it will therefore create a
MODULE library rather than a
Every Qt plugin has a class name. By default, this will be the same as the
target, but it can be overridden with the
CLASS_NAME option. The class name corresponds to the name of the C++ class that declares the metadata for the plugin. For static plugins, it is also the name passed to Q_IMPORT_PLUGIN, which imports the plugin into an application and ensures it is available at run time.
If the plugin is built statically,
qt_add_plugin() may define additional internal targets. These facilitate automatic importing of the plugin for any executable or shared library that links to the plugin. If the project installs the plugin and intends to make it available for other projects to link to, the project should also install these internal targets. The names of these targets can be obtained by providing the
OUTPUT_TARGETS option, followed by the name of a variable in which to return the target list.
© 2022 The Qt Company Ltd. Documentation contributions included herein are the copyrights of their respective owners. The documentation provided herein is licensed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License version 1.3 as published by the Free Software Foundation. Qt and respective logos are trademarks of The Qt Company Ltd. in Finland and/or other countries worldwide. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. | <urn:uuid:398e1dff-bf62-477c-beff-6bcfe0e9a4f3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://doc-snapshots.qt.io/qt6-6.3/qt-add-plugin.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.868311 | 671 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Air Science® manufactures a complete series of high efficiency ductless fume hoods, ductless workstations, laboratory filtration products, and custom enclosures designed to protect the user, the process and the environment from hazardous vapors, fumes, and particulates.
Our products and manufacturing processes are designed to minimize environmental impact to your community, and to support efforts to comply with LEED and other recommended practices in laboratory and facility management.
Located in Fort Myers, Florida, USA our 45,000 square-foot, state-of-the-art manufacturing facility and corporate headquarters houses an integrated sales administration, research, engineering, testing, production, technical service and logistics group working on behalf of our customers worldwide.
ARE DUCTLESS FUME HOODS SAFE?
Yes. Ductless fume hoods are as safe as ducted fume hoods when matched to the appropriate application. Ductless hoods are a good choice for laboratories to avoid costly HVAC upgrades and still be able to manage a variety of filtration requirements.
HOW VERSATILE ARE DUCTLESS FUME HOODS?
As your needs and applications change over time, ductless fume hoods can be adapted to fit new air filtration needs. Filters in ductless fume hoods are interchangeable and can be customized to protect against a wide variety of chemical families.
DO DUCTLESS FUME HOODS MAINTAIN CONSISTENT FACE VELOCITY?
Ductless fume hoods have high capacity air handling systems to deliver 100 FPM face velocity. This velocity is sufficient to contain chemical fumes and particulates. Advanced monitoring technology also ensures that this face velocity is maintained consistently, if velocity decrease an audible alarm sounds to warn technicians.
WILL A DUCTLESS FUME HOOD WORK IN MY LABORATORY?
Yes, if paired with the application correctly. There are certain considerations to take into account, such as what chemical families you are filtering, how much of each chemical, and whether the environment is caustic or corrosive. Ductless fume hoods are designed for easy installation. Mobile models can be moved around the laboratory as needed.
HOW DO I MONITOR MY CARBON FILTERS?
Each ductless fume hood is equipped with a filter saturation alarm that alerts you when the filter needs to be changed, ensuring complete safety for your technicians and equipment. Filter management programs help busy laboratories manage the lifespan of the various ductless fume hood filters that are in use in the laboratory.
ARE THERE SAFETY FILTERS IN DUCTLESS FUME HOODS?
Yes. Ductless fume hoods can include optional safety filter to offer increased protection across the range of chemicals used in an application. A pre-filter is standard and is coupled with either a customized carbon filter or HEPA / ULPA filtration.
ARE DUCTLESS FUME HOODS AS TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED AS OTHER TYPES OF HOODS?
Yes, and sometimes more so. Ductless fume hoods have a variety of built-in alarms to monitor airflow and filter saturation. Manual speed controllers manage fan speed and a variety of control options can be operated independently or tied into a larger, remote controlled monitoring systems.
WHAT TYPES OF FILTRATION ARE AVAILABLE IN DUCTLESS FUME HOODS?
Carbon filters that protect against a variety of chemical families are available, as are HEPA and ULPA filters. Filtration guides are available to help choose the correct filter based on the chemicals in use in your hood. Additionally, a full application review can be performed to ensure that technicians are fully protected by the filters chosen.
HOW QUIET ARE DUCTLESS FUME HOODS?
Most fume hoods have a noise level of less than 55 dba at one meter. Some units are even quieter, depending on the fan used and the required airflow inside the hood.
ARE DUCTLESS FUME HOODS ECONOMICAL?
Yes. Ductless fume hoods not only save money on extensive HVAC and laboratory utility upgrades for installation, but also cut costs over time by operating more efficiently than other laboratory hoods. Efficient fan motors, low maintenance designs, and complete monitoring systems mean that ductless fume hoods can cut utility costs and provide a low cost solution for filtration in a variety of laboratories.
WHAT INDUSTRIES CURRENTLY USE DUCTLESS FUME HOODS?
Most laboratories are good candidates for ductless fume hoods. Ductless hoods are installed around the world in a variety of industrial and laboratory applications. Ductless fume hoods can be used in the life sciences, pharmaceutical manufacturing, forensics and evidence collection, industrial research, education and environmental sciences.
CAN I USE DUCTLESS FUME HOODS AND DUCTED FUME HOODS IN THE SAME FACILITY?
Yes. In most laboratories, a combination of ducted fume hoods and ductless hoods is an effective way to ensure complete filtration for all chemical applications. Ductless fume hoods can be incorporated to help expand the capabilities of an existing lab, while avoiding additional construction costs and ongoing HVAC and utility expenses. Ductless hoods can also be on casters to allow the hood to be moved around within a facility, providing ultimate flexibility of placement.
CAN DUCTLESS FUME HOODS BE TIED INTO MY EXISTING CONTROL NETWORK?
Yes. Many ductless hoods can have PLC-style control systems installed, which can then tie into your existing facility control and monitoring systems. This permits seamless control system integration and easy operation.
DO DUCTLESS FUME HOODS RUN CONTINUOUSLY?
No, they do not have to run continuously, but can if that is what your application requires. If continuous operation is not required, power switch controls turn off the fan and other monitoring systems. This can help cut utility costs and save on equipment wear and tear.
HOW DO DUCTLESS FUME HOODS AFFECT FUTURE FACILITIES PLANNING?
Ductless fume hoods are invaluable in future facilities planning. If you only have a short term research contract, are a start-up operation, or are located in a building with no existing HVAC system or where one would be difficult to install, ductless fume hoods can allow you to get to work immediately. Once installed, you can have complete confidence that your investment will be 100% portable and re-usable.
CAN DUCTLESS FUME HOODS INCREASE PRODUCTIVITY?
Yes, ductless fume hoods can increase productivity and safety. Locating hoods directly at the point of use, such as directly at the technician’s work station, eliminates lost time while technicians walk around the laboratory to find an open vented fume hood. | <urn:uuid:b20701df-32cf-431e-ab9a-a24d2dc462fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ductless.com/about-us/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.910196 | 1,467 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Parenting Coordination Services
Parenting Coordination Explained
When children are exposed to conflict between their parents, they are at significant risk for developmental problems, social, academic, and mental health problems. Parenting coordination can support parents by reducing parents’ conflict and may shield children from exposure to their parents’ disagreements. The parenting coordinator can help parents resolve child-related issues in a timely manner without court involvement and can protect and sustain safe, healthy, and meaningful parent-child relationships. Most importantly, the parenting coordinator can help parents focus on the best interests of their children, rather than on their conflict and anger toward one another.
What is Parenting Coordination?
Parenting coordination is an alternative dispute resolution process combining assessment, education, case management, conflict resolution, and, sometimes, decision-making functions. A Parenting Coordinator (PC) helps parents implement, modify and comply with the parenting plan. Moreover, PC's help parents who are unable or unwilling to jointly make parenting decisions, communicate effectively, comply with parenting agreements and orders or shield their children from the impact of parental conflict. PCs assist parents by providing the following:
(1) education about co-parenting and parental communication
(2) the psychological and developmental needs of the children
(3) strategies to manage conflict and reduce the negative effects on children
(4) effective post-separation parenting.
To further assist parents and children, PCs facilitate referrals to community providers when necessary and collaborate with other professionals who may already be involved with the family. Any decisions made by the PC are subject to the review of the court, which is an important safeguard to the process.
Why use our services?
We have been trained and can assist when the following concerns are present:
there is a high rate of litigation, especially concerning the implementation of a custody order or parenting plan;
mediation has not been successful or has been deemed inappropriate;
parents need assistance developing, modifying, or implementing their parenting plan;
parents have difficulty communicating information about their child’s welfare;
parenting are unable to agree on substantive issues concerning their child;
there are complex child-related or family issues that require intensive case managing; and
parents can afford to pay for the parenting coordinator’s services vs having to "fight it out" in court
**Parenting coordination is not for cases in which it has been determined that the process may compromise the safety of parents of the minor children.**
Information was obtained from the AFCC website.
For more information, please visit The
Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC) online at www.afccnet.org
Click here to request a consultation and to learn more about this service. | <urn:uuid:8c6b4e99-c644-4a97-b5a6-7ac20e0411d0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.inspiredlifepsychsvcs.com/parentcoordination | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.94461 | 573 | 2.625 | 3 |
Fundamentals of Effective Fundraising
Led by Rick Dunham, Founder and CEO of Dunham+Company, this course gives a comprehensive view of the fundamentals of effective fundraising gleaned from nearly 40 years in the fundraising profession.
Engineered for organizations any size, this course includes the following sessions:
Introduction (4 minutes)
In this brief overview of the Fundamentals of Effective Fundraising, Rick provides an overview of what you can expect out of this course and how it will benefit you.
Session 1: Top 10 Fundraising Mistakes (16 minutes)
Join Rick Dunham, CEO of Dunham+Company, to take advantage of hard-won lessons learned through his over 40-plus years of fundraising experience. Maximize your full funding potential by avoiding 10 fundamental fundraising mistakes that organizations continue to make.
Session 2: Building a Proper Fundraising Framework (19 minutes)
The fundraising process is composed of several unique disciplines. Juggling this complexity often leads organizations to excel in one or two areas to the neglect of the others. Ultimately, this shortsighted approach unnecessarily stunts organizational impact. Take basic, repeatable steps toward developing your holistic fundraising methodology to drive sustained, scalable revenue.
Session 3: Database Best Practices (10 minutes)
It may not be flashy, but your database sits at the epicenter of all fundraising activity. If your database is healthy, your organization will be empowered to consistently produce and measure fundraising performance. Avoid six key database management pitfalls to ensure your organization is primed for success.
Session 4: Importance of Brand Strategy (12 minutes)
The emotional and relational impression people get when they think of your organization has everything to do with your effectiveness. So the question is, what has your organization done to intentionally shape this experience so that it actually communicates your vision? Gain objective tools to demystify the development of your brand essence and messaging platform.
Session 5: Key Principles of Online Fundraising (23 minutes)
Developing a holistic online fundraising strategy is now mission-critical as organizations increasingly find themselves competing for funding in today’s techno-centric culture. But where do you begin? Get over a dozen tips, tricks, and guidelines for creating your comprehensive digital fundraising strategy.
Session 6: The Fundamentals of Major Gift Development (13 minutes)
Throughout history, deep relationships stand at the center of every significant movement. Similarly, major donor relationships play a vital role in the current success and legacy of your organization. Discover six industry-leading best practices and four principles to better cultivate and care for your major donor relationships.
Session 7: Closing Thoughts (1 minute)
The prospect of building and implementing a comprehensive fundraising framework can be overwhelming. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or new to the industry, you’ll find encouragement to drive for sustained and scalable results with fundraising fundamentals every single day.
For nearly 40 years, Rick has helped nonprofit organizations exceed their fundraising goals and increase their impact. Since founding Dunham+Company in 2002, he’s served organizations around the world creating fully integrated fundraising and marketing strategies. He is also a well-respected voice on issues surrounding charitable organizations. | <urn:uuid:99cd3e1d-32c1-491f-a31e-89ef095eee75> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dunham.institute/store/RAUFaPqJ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.904807 | 642 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Establishing lifelong learning: rooted in knowledge, enriched by experience
Kids eat for £1 at Asda
Supermarket giant Asda has announced a new scheme to help with the cost of living crisis that has been impacting the nation.
Children across England and Wales will be able to get a hot or cold meal for £1 a day across all Asda cafes, seven days a week. Adults will not need to meet a minimum spend to gain access to this £1 deal. Children aged 16 and under can access a hot or cold meal for just £1.
The chain says it hopes to be able to help families tackle holiday hunger by offering these meals. There are 156 cafes across England and Wales, There are 12 Asda stores in London and the meals will be dependent on if the cafe is open. If it is open, a cold or hot meal, or both, will be on offer.
The Kids Eat for £1 deal is available all day long from July 25 until September 4 during cafe opening hours. Baby food will also be a part of the deal with little ones being able to enjoy a free pouch of Ella's Kitchen baby food. | <urn:uuid:d25d0c57-775e-4095-8e4b-e6493ec77a13> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.alexandra.kingston.sch.uk/https/wwwalexandrakingstonschuk/news/latest-news/kids-eat-for-1-at-asda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.96359 | 236 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Beta-Blockers and ACE Inhibitors in the Battle Against Heart Disease or Failure-Part I
Please see Part II of this article: Beta-Blockers and ACE Inhibitors in the Battle Against Heart Disease or Failure-Part II
(4/7/04)- As a follow up to our item about the C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test in this article several weeks ago, the Centers for Disease Control and the American Heart Association has issued guidelines for the usage of this test. The test is not a replacement for traditional cholesterol and blood pressure tests. It should be used for patients whose risk already appears to be high from these other tests.
The guidelines are as follows: a reading below 1.0 is low risk, 1.0 to 3.0 is moderate risk, and over 3.0 indicates high risk. A report from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom was based on an 18,560 patient heart study in Iceland. It found that C-reactive protein did indeed predict heart attack risk independent of other factors. It did find however that the predictive finding was lower than earlier studies had shown. This study used 2.0 as the level for high risk instead of the 3.0 level as called for by the guidelines.
The FDA had previously approved the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) blood test, which costs about $20 to $50, for those who are at high risk of having a heart attack. Incidentally over one-half of the people who have heart attacks exercise regularly, don't smoke and have normal blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Insurance does cover the test for those who are at high risk of having a heart attack.
There are many physicians who believe that inflammation in the arteries cause heart attacks. The inflammation can lead to formation of plaque, hidden inside the artery walls. Levels of CRP rise when there is an inflammation, so elevated levels may indicate that there is a problem. Studies show that people with the highest CRP levels have a three to six times greater risk of heart attacks compared with those who have the lowest levels.
Researchers led by Dr. Paul M. Ridker, director of the center for cardiovascular disease prevention at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston concluded that women with high C-reactive protein were twice as likely to have a heart attack or stroke as women with high cholesterol. The CRP test was performed on President Bush when he had his annual exam in August. His level was low. About 650,000 Americans will suffer their first heart attack this year.
Most medical professionals consider the global risk score the most reliable tool for estimating the risk of a heart attack. The score is derived from a point-based formula derived from a combination of age, cholesterol level, blood pressure, whether or not the subject has been a smoker, and if the subject has diabetes. The score arose from the Framingham Heart Study, which has tracked the development and progression of heart disease in residents of Framingham, Mass. for the last 50 years.
The main problem with the CRP test is that there is no definitive answer as to what course patients and doctors should follow after seeing the results of the test. As we go on to show in this article, which type of treatment is best for a potential heart attack victim?
The protein is measured in milligrams per liter of blood and the lower the level the better. A high level is a reading of over 4.0. The measures already approved to treat and/or prevent heart attacks also lower the level of protein. These include exercise, weight loss, aspirin, smoking cessation and the use of the statin drugs. According to Dr. Robert Bonow, president of the American Heart Association, the association and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention will meet shortly to issue guidelines on this matter.
The researchers in the Ridker study measured levels of C-reactive protein and LDL cholesterol. They concluded that compared with high cholesterol, high protein was linked to about twice the risk of stroke, coronary disease or cardiovascular death. Their report was based on analysis of blood samples from nearly 28,000 participants in the Women's Health Study.
AstraZeneca PLC announced that Dr. Ridker would conduct a 3 1/2-year study, which will involve 15,000 patients to see if their statin drug Crestor can cut the risk of serious heart problems among patients with high levels of C-reactive protein. The trial will enroll male patients over the age of 55 and women over 65 who have LDL cholesterol under 130 and a C-reactive protein score over two, which indicates a moderate to high risk. Half of the patients will get 20-mgs a day of Crestor, which is known generically as rosuvastatin. The other half will get a placebo. The drug has not been approved for marketing yet in the U.S.
Although Bristol-Myers Squibb's "Prove-It" study seemed to have backfired on its cholesterol-lowering drug Pravachol, it does not seem to have effected sales of the drug according to the earliest data from ImpactRx Inc., a Mount Laurel, N.J., market research firm. The data garnered on a weekly trailing 7-day basis of a network of physicians shows that Pfizer's Lipitor upped its new prescription sales numbers from 27% as of March 4, to 40% as of March 18, the numbers for Pravachol remained about the same. On the other hand AstraZeneca's Crestor seemed to be effected the most, since new prescriptions for this drug fell to 17% from 28% as of March 4.
Since Crestor is more effective than Lipitor in lowering LDL, many analysts and physicians thought that Crestor would be a beneficiary of the study also. Some experts attributed the decline in the usage of Crestor to the fact that the advocacy group Public Citizens issued a call to the FDA to withdraw its approval of the drug because of potentially life threatening side effects. "Crestor is a very strong drug, but doesn't have much hard data to go for it, " said George Dangas, a cardiologist at the Lenox Hill Heart and Vascular Institute.
The Prove-It study, which was sponsored by Bristol-Myers, hoped to show that high-doses (40-mgs) of Pravachol would be more effective than high doses (80-mgs) of Lipitor. The study was conducted at the Harvard Medical School. The lead investigator was Christopher Cannon, a cardiologist at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston and Harvard Medical School. The results suggest that for every 25 patients taking Pravachol, one will die or suffer a serious event that would have been avoided by taking Lipitor.
National guidelines show that the levels of LDL cholesterol should be below 100 milligrams per deciliter in high-risk patients. The Prove-It study of 4,162 patients hospitalized for a sudden attack of chest pain from heart disease would be better off if the LDL was even lower than 100 mgs. When the study started all patients had cholesterol levels at 100 mgs or lower. Those patients who took the Lipitor saw that their LDL level dropped to 62-mgs, compared with the 95-mg level among those who took the Pravachol.
The study found that 26.3% of the patients on Pravachol had either died, suffered a heart attack or had other serious complications of treatment compared with the 22.4% of those on Lipitor. Of the patients on Pravachol, 3.2% died from any cause within 2 years, compared with 2.2% of those on Lipitor, a 28% reduction. Bristol_Myers had previously acknowledged that Lipitor reduced bad cholesterol more, but it theorized that the benefits of LDL lowering began to fade once the levels got down to the 120-125 mgs range.
The test also showed that the Lipitor patients who received high-doses of the drug started showing lower LDL numbers within 30 days of initiation of treatment with the drug. On the negative side of the study was the fact that 3.3% of patients who were on Lipitor had a high level of enzymes that are a predictor of liver problems, compared with 1.1% on Pravachol. Researchers were not sure whether Lipitor's edge over Pravachol was due solely to its cholesterol-lowering power or involved other factors as well. Lipitor proved to be more effective than Pravachol in reducing levels of an inflammatory marker called C-reactive protein. There is a theory that when plaque is inflamed, it is more likely to burst open.
AstraZeneca PLC has launched its new cholesterol-lowering statin drug Crestor, and thus has joined 25 other countries where the drug is now being sold. According to drug analysts, the statin category of cholesterol-lowering drugs is thought to be about $20 billion annually.
Cardiovascular disease is thought to be effected by high cholesterol levels, and is the number one cause of death worldwide. Statins lower the level of harmful cholesterol in the body, and raise the level of good cholesterol. Crestor which is to be taken once a day, will sell for $2.53 a dose, wholesale.
The FDA approved AstraZeneca PLC's Crestor for sale in the U.S. following a yearlong delay caused by concerns about possible side effects. The approval is for dosages up to 40 mgs. Astra announced that it is prepared to spend as much as $1 billion on advertising for the drug. Its main rivals in this market are Pfizer Inc.'s Lipitor with $8 billion in annual sales last year and Merck & Co.'s Zocor, which had $5.6 billion in sales last year.
Lipitor was the number one selling drug in the world last year. Sidney Wolfe, who is a consumer advocate with Ralph Nader's Public Citizen urges caution in connection with the usage of Crestor. There have been some negative side effects associated with the drug such as muscle tics and also kidney toxicity's seen in some studies. As with all statins, patients need regular monitoring for adverse signs associated with taking the drug.
In July 2003, the endrocine and metabolic-drug advisory panel of the FDA voted 9-0 to approve AstraZeneca PLC's new cholesterol lowering drug Crestor. The review process had been delayed about a year because the FDA had requested additional clinical data.
Crestor is the newest and most potent of the cholesterol lowering drugs known as statins. Statins lower cholesterol by slowing an enzyme in the liver that produces LDL, the "bad" cholesterol that delivers fat to the arteries. Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world. Safety issues were of primary concern to the panel especially in connection with the 40-mg dosage of the drug. There was a question that had arisen in connection with patients who took the 40-mg version of the drug having bad kidney and muscular side effects.
The panel did recommend the drug even in the 40-mg dosage because it was felt that this dosage level could help the sickest patients. The panel did call for patients on this dosage to be monitored closely, and for the company to do postmarketing studies. The FDA decided last year not to approve the 80-mg version of the drug, since this dosage was too risky.
The 40-mg version of Crestor is more powerful than the highest dosage of 80-mg for Pfizer's cholesterol fighting drug Lipitor. Experts feel that Crestor lowers bad cholesterol more than any other drugs in the class on a per-milligram basis, according to an FDA data report given to the panel. Most patients will be started on the 10-mg dosage level of Crestor, while patients with very high cholesterol levels will be given the 20-mg version of the drug. It is estimated that Lipitor will do over $8 billion in sales this year. The drug has been approved in 23 countries not including the U.S. and Japan. Astra licensed the drug from the Japanese company Shionogi & Co. in 1998.
A study, involving more than 12,000 patients showed that giving a drug called perindopril could reduce the chances of heart-related deaths or heart attack by 20%. The drug is one of the drugs in the ACE inhibitor category, but we caution that Servier SA of France the manufacturer of the drug, is also the company that sponsored the study.
Kim Fox, a cardiologist at Royal Brompton Hospital, London, and co-chairman of the study, presented the findings of the study at a meeting of the European Society of Cardiology in Vienna. A majority of the patients were already on recommended therapy, including aspirin, a beta- blocker and a statin, which is a cholesterol lowering drug.
In a trial that compared Pfizer's Lipitor and a placebo it was determined that Lipitor does significantly reduce the risk of strokes and heart attacks in patients with diabetes. The four-year trial was stopped in min-stream to allow all study patients to receive Lipitor. The trial included 2,800 patients in Britain and Ireland with Type 2 diabetes and no previous history of heart disease or stroke.
In a study of Pharmacia Corp.'s blood-pressure drug epelerenone (brand name Inspra) conducted on more than 6,600 patients who showed signs of developing heart failure within two weeks of suffering a heart attack, the drug improved survival by about 15%. About half of the patients were given epelerenone in combination with beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors. The other half got the standard treatment of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors alone.
The findings reinforced the idea that a hormone called aldosterone plays a major role in the damaging effects of heart failure, and that blocking its action offers a compelling treatment strategy. The results of the study was presented at the annual meeting of the American College of Cardiology held this year in Chicago. In addition to the overall survival benefit, patients given eplerenone had a reduction in deaths from heart disease and reduced hospital-related stays. It also helped to reduce deaths due to sudden heartbeat irregularities by 21%, said Bertram Pitt, a University of Michigan researcher who directed the study. The blocking of aldosterone is similar to the results shown in some studies involving the generic drug spirononlactone.
Eplerenone's major benefit over spiranonlactone is a lack of sex-related side effects for both sexes. Both however can raise potassium levels in the body to dangerous levels, so its use has to be monitored closely by the treating doctors. Eplerenone was approved as a blood pressure treatment in November of 2002, but Pharmacia has not released the drug yet.
The Wall Street Journal issued dated November 3, 1999 contained a terrific article entitled "Heart-Failure Patients Get New Hope, Thanks to a Forgotten Drug" by Ron Winslow. The article tells the story of a 40-year-old heart drug that is no longer on patent named Aldactone. The company involved with the drug is G.D.Searle a division of Monsanto, which in turn has become a division of Pharmacia. One of the key players in this still evolving story is Alfonso Perez their senior medical director.
When first introduced in the late 60s the drug was used to block the action of a hormone called aldosterone. Doctors had determined that a common trait in failing hearts was a tremendous amount of fibrous connective tissue in spaces between the cells of the heart. It was determined that these fibrous tissues caused a constrictive force upon the muscles of the heart.
Through some tedious testing it was determined that it was aldosterone hormone that caused the growth of this fibrous tissue. The Searle researchers began a test in March 1995 involving 1,663 congestive-heart-failure patients in 15 countries. The test involved giving half the patients a diuretic and an ACE inhibitor while the other half received Aldactone as well as the diuretic and an ACE inhibitor. The test was supposed to run till the end of 1999.
The test was halted in August of 1998 because of the substantial decrease in the death rate of those subjects who combined the Aldactone with the other medications over those who did not take the Aldactone. It was determined that although the ACE inhibitors had originally blocked the aldosterone production, once the circulatory system was stable the ACE inhibitors served to stimulate the fibrous production resulting from the aldosterone hormone.
The Aldactone would serve as a preventative for the fibrous tissue growth. Searle has subsequently developed a "better and cleaner" Aldactone, which is named epelerenone, which is presently undergoing testing for the treatment of high blood pressure and heart failure. Searle will protect this latter drug under patent. Incidentally the generic spironolactone sells for about $10 for a month's supply. Aldactone sells for about $40 for a month's supply.
According to a study, led by Paul Whelton, senior vice-president of health-science at Tulane University, doubt has arisen about the effectiveness of the statin medications in benefiting or even significantly reducing the chance of a major heart problem. Bristol-Myers statin medication Pravochol was the one used in connection with the study.
The study known as the Allhat study indicated that patients on diuretics had better blood pressure control, fewer strokes and less congestive heart failure than did the other patients who were not on diuretics. The study further determined that those patients who were on calcium channel-blockers had little, to no benefit in lessening the number of heart attacks, or were helped in the prevention of heart-related deaths.
The federal study has lasted for 10 years, and has determined that diuretics are the best first option for people suffering from high-blood pressure. There has been a loud uproar from the medical profession in regards to this opinion that is now making its opinion heard in the medical community. An Australian study has given the opposition some factual material to base their dissent on.
The Australian study observed 6,083 hypertensive patients over the age of 65 for a median period of 4.1 years. The patients were started on either a diureticof an ACE inhibitor. The Australian government and Merck & Co funded the study. Many physicians feel that a combination of diuretics and ACE inhibitor, Beta-blocker or calcium channel-blocker is the most appropriate was to treat patients suffering from heart problems. Each patient must be treated on an individual basis since there is no hard and fast rule in these situations.
Johnson & Johnson's new form of stent, called Cypher is stirring up quite a debate in the area of both the treatment of heart disease and the surging cost of medical treatment in this country. Many medical experts feel that the new device is so superior to anything else around that it is well worth the cost. The Cypher stent costs about $3,100 apiece. Boston Scientific's stent, which is also chemically treated to prevent blood clotting costs about $2,900. A non-chemically treated stent costs about $300 apiece.
Yet the cost is so high for the new stent that the medical community is considering asking the patient if he/she wants to receive it, and if they do, are they willing to pay the premium that the stent will cost. The stents that are now being used in artery-clearing procedures cost between $900 and $1,200. The J&J Cypher stent, which is coated with a tiny amount of a drug that gradually seeps into surrounding tissue and prevents the formation of scarring that can reclog the artery is expected to cost about $3,100 per stent. About 160,000 Americans have to undergo additional procedures after having the first artery clearing one. J&J argues, that in preventing the need to undergo additional clearing procedures, the new stent in effect will thereby save many millions of dollars in medical costs to the patients that use it.
An estimated 15 million Americans are now taking cholesterol drugs, commonly called statins. As a matter of fact the statin category of drugs take in more sales than any other type of prescription medication. There is however a growing concern that we do not know as much about them as we should.
Many patients taking the statins are beginning to report a wide range of side effects including muscle pain, weakness, fatigue, burning and tingling in the hands and feet, memory problems and erectile dysfunction. Many of these problems are associated with the aging process so they had not been reported by a lot of the people who were on these medications. An estimated 5% to 15% report these problems.
A simple blood test is used to determine whether the statin is the culprit in muscle pain. The test looks for creatine kinase, or CK, an enzyme released when muscle damage occurs from any cause. An elevated CK level prompts the doctor to lower the dose or change the drug. Unfortunately however this is not proving to be the case in a lot of the statin drug situations with the patients. Patients with normal CK levels are reporting many of the adverse symptoms mentioned above. The National Institute of Health is sponsoring a large study , led by the University of California, San Diego to assess the variety of reactions being reported by patients on statin medications.
According to a study, led by Paul Whelton, senior vice-president of health sciences at Tulane University, put into question the fact that one of the statins, namely Bristol-Myer Squibb's, Pravochol failed to improve survival rates or prevent heart attacks when compared with patients who got what was called "usual care". It was the first time in a large study that one of the statin class of medicines didn't show a survival benefit or significantly reduce the chance of major heart problems. The large federal study of patients with high blood pressure is known as Allhat.
According to the FDA website listing Paragraph IV patent certifications, a patent challenge was recently filed against Pfizer's Lipitor for the 10-mg, 20-mg, 40-mg and 80-mg doses. Lipitor sales in 2002 are expected to be in the $5.3 billion range.
Pfizer lists 5 patents in the Orange Book that expire between 2009 and 2015. Thirty-five percent of Pfizer's worldwide pharmaceutical sales are at risk (on a stand-alone basis) for Paragraph IV challenges. In addition to Lipitor, there are ongoing patent challenges to Neurontin, Norvasc, Glucotrol XL and Accupril.
AstraZeneca announced that the Medicines Evaluation Board in the Netherlands had approved its cholesterol-lowering drug, Crestor, for the management of hypercholesterolaemia and mixed dyslipidaemia. Crestor has been approved at 10, 20 and 40-mg dosages. Many independent experts have spoken about the fact that Crestor may be the best of the statin drugs that will be available to safely reduce high-levels of cholesterol.
The approval of Crestor in the U.S. remains dependent on the results of ongoing studies of 40-mg Crestor, and the FDA will not be affected by the Netherlands ruling. Since the Netherlands is a member of the European Union, the other countries in the Union will give recognition to Crestor also.
After a 10-month review, the FDA approved Schering-Plough Corporation's cholesterol lowering drug Zetia (ezetimibe). Schering will market the drug through a joint venture with Merck. Studies showed that Zetia further reduced cholesterol levels when combined with Merck's Zocor or Pfizer's Lipitor.
Zetia inhibits the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines, unlike statins, which work mostly by blocking cholesterol production in the liver. The clinical trials for Zetia showed that the combination of a statin plus Zetia cuts cholesterol more effectively than a statin alone. The companies intend to develop a pill combining ezetimbe and Zocor, which is Merck's biggest selling drug.
A study done by a team based at Oxford University and led by Dr. Robert Clarke concluded that levels of homocysteine in the blood might not be very helpful in predicting heart attacks. Dr. Kilmer McCully did a study in 1969 that found that high levels of the chemical might be a cause for arteries to clog.
Dr. Clarke's study was a "meta-analysis", blending data from 30 studies. It looked at the records of almost 17,000 people who collectively suffered 5,073 heart attacks and 1,113 strokes. His study found after allowing for other risk factors such as high blood pressure and smoking, that a person who lowered his homocysteine level 25% cut the heart-attack risk 11% and the risk of stroke by 19%. The earliest studies done in the70's on patients who had a heart attack or stroke, found an extremely high correlation with the homocysteine levels.
One study found that 5% of patients with the highest levels had a greater than three times the risk of the others. Later studies done on healthy male and females found that after a five-year period of time that there was a much smaller correlation. According to Dr. McCully that "Even if the test method isn't perfect, it does give some information. And it does show some connection between homocysteine levels and risk."
Does the lowering of cholesterol levels reduce or even prevent heart attacks or strokes? This is an open question that still has to be answered. A study of 20,000 patients with high blood pressure began in 1998 in several European countries. Study participants were required to have hypertension and at least three other risk factors, such as being 55 years of age or older, smokers or have diabetes.
The study called ASCOT was designed to compare the effects of newer anti-hypertensive medicines with standard therapies in reducing cardiac events. Half of the patients enrolled in the study received either a 10-mg dose of Lipitor or a placebo to measure the effects of lowering cholesterol in patients who had high blood pressure and cholesterol levels that were normal or slightly elevated.
According to Dr. Joe Feczko, President of Worldwide Development at Pfizer, "These initial results from the ASCOT study suggest a clear cardiovascular benefit from diligently lowering cholesterol levels in this particular population of patients with high blood pressure."
In a study presented at the European Society of Cardiology meeting in Berlin, AstraZeneca's cholesterol lowering drug Crestor proved to be more effective than Pfizer's Lipitor. According to an announcement from Astra, Crestor consistently showed greater reduction in LDL cholesterol than did Lipitor across a range of doses. This new data will be included in the presentation that the company makes for the approval of the drug from the FDA later this year.
Astra previously had announced that there would be a further delay in the launch of its cholesterol lowering statin drug Crestor. The delay appears to be related to high-dosage (80-mg) patients. The company hopes to provide the new data to the FDA by the end of the first quarter in 2003. It normally takes the FDA at least 6 months to review the new data. This in turn means that the earliest that the drug can be on the market would be in the fourth quarter of 2003. AstraZeneca said that it no longer intends to seek approval to sell an 80-mg version of the drug.
AstraZeneca received an "approvable" letter from the FDA in June of this year but the company declined to reveal the contents of the letter at the time. An "approvable" letter usually describes the remaining conditions that need to be met before a drug can be put on the market.
Although high-dosage patients represent a small percentage of the market, a clean profile is critical for the drug since it will be trying to take market share away from the statins that have already been in the market for several years. The delay will further throw into doubt the safety of the drug versus the other statins that have been on the market for several years now.
AstraZeneca had presented the results of its Phase III results at a meeting of the American College of Cardiology. The results seemed to demonstrate Crestor's superior efficacy and confirmed its status as the "superstatin". There has been a great deal of conjecture as to whether or not Astra will market the drug by itself, or if it will find a co-partner in such a venture. Bristol-Myers and American Home Products have been mentioned as possible co-marketing partners with Astra. Astra has a lot riding on Crestor since they will be losing their patent on Prilosec, its anti-ulcer drug which was the best selling drug in the U.S. last year with sales of $4.2 billion.
The FDA has refused to approve Vanlev, even as a drug of last resort in the battle against high-blood pressure. Trial of the drug showed that usage of the drug led to facial swelling (angioedema), which in turn could lead to life-threatening airway constriction. People at the highest risk for cardiovascular problems-Afro-Americans and smokers were much more likely to experience angioedema.
Vanlev was originally supposed to have been launched in June 2000 and it held a great deal of promise in the battle against cardiovascular disease and stroke. Unfortunately the study of the drug failed to prove its superiority and Bristol Myers has halted further studies on the drug. The drug represents a new class of drugs for hypertension, the vasopeptidase inhibitors. Vasopeptidase inhibitors have a dual mechanism of action because they block two enzymes, ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) and NEP (neutral endopeptidase).
Vanlev is aimed at significantly reducing both systolic blood pressure (the high number) and diastolic blood pressure. Most anti-hypertensives have little affect on the systolic pressure. The drug filed in December 1999 and received expedited review status.
The company originally announced on April 19th, 2000 that they had withdrawn their application for the drug. The withdrawal was an outgrowth of questions raised by the FDA because of the severe reaction in 4 patients on the drug. The reaction closed down their airways due to angioedema, which is a swelling of the lips, cheeks and tongue which in turn causes constriction in the airway passage.
Recent studies seemed to indicate that the cholesterol lowering statin drugs helped patients live longer lives and avoid heart attacks after undergoing angioplasty procedures. In a four-year study involving 1,677 patients the drug fluvastatin reduces the risk of heart attack, death and other heart problems following the procedure by 22%. Dr.Patrick Serruys. Professor of interventional cardiology at Erasmus Medical Center, University Hospital, in Rotterdam, Netherlands led the study. The patients on average had normal cholesterol levels at the time of their angioplasies, but were given the cholesterol lowering drug anyhow.
Researchers reported that Pharmacia Corp.'s experimental drug eplerenone may be effective in treating high blood pressure for African-American patients. In the study that compared this drug to Merck & Co.'s losartan over a16-week period, eplerenone (which is an improved version of Aldactone) blocked the hormone aldosterone more effectively, and lowered the blood pressure as well. The aldosterone hormone regulates salt and water retention in the body.
Several studies have shown that ACE inhibitors are less effective in blacks than in whites. Black Americans are at a much higher risk for stroke and advanced kidney disease than whites-ailments that result in part from hypertension. Elijah Saunders, professor of medicine at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore led the study that was done on 551 patients of whom 348 were blacks.
Lovastatin is a generic version of the cholesterol lowering class of medications called statins. It costs about $36 for 30 pills (30 mg) versus the $68 for Mevacor and about $59 for Lipitor. Remember to ask your doctor if this generic version of the drug is one that you may use if you have a high cholesterol count.
Many questions have arisen however in connection with the side effects associated with taking statins. An article in the February 1, 2002 edition of the Wall Street Journal, entitled "Cholesterol-Drug Use Soars, Raising Questions About the Side Effects" looks into this issue. The most common side effects that users of the statins complain about are muscle aches and memory loss. Another common complaint is irregular bowel movements. Pharmaceutical companies dispute the notion of memory loss and are actually studying the possibility of using statins to treat Alzheimer's disease.
The University of California at San Diego is presently studying the side effects of statins under a $4.4 million grant from the National Institutes of Health. Approximately 1,000 patients are involved in the blind study in which they are taking Zocor, Pravachol or a placebo. Some of the patients have quit the study because of irritability, pain or memory problems.
The top selling statins include Merck & Co's Zocor (about $6.7 billion in sales in 2001), Bristol-Meyers Squibb Co.'s Pravachol and Pfizer's Lipitor. AstraZeneca has also added its name to the battle over the $13 billion global market (about $10 billion in sales in the U.S. last year) for drugs that can reduce risk of heart attack by lowering cholesterol with its drug which is still in trial phase called Crestor. Lipitor incidentally racked up $4.72 billion in sales last year. At present about 13 million Americans take a cholesterol-lowering drug. The results of a clinical studies involving nearly 80,000 patients using Lipitor is due to be reported on over the coming months. So far Pfizer has spent almost $500 million on these studies.
Merck was recently given a 6-month extension for the patent life of Zocor by the FDA under the pediatric extension provision that Congress passed in 1997. This means that Merck's patent for Zocor will not expire until June of 2006. This provision in the law is due to expire, unless renewed by Congress, by the end of this year.
Although this series of articles deals with the battle against heart disease or failure, Alzheimer's disease is also a topic on which we have written many articles. It would be a real added bonus if further reinforcement is given to some studies that indicate that the cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins prove to be effective in the battle against Alzheimer's disease.
Robert Green, a Boston University neurologist and epidemiologist headed a study group that concluded that taking statins resulted in a 79 % reduction in a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's. The researchers examined the risk factors and medication history in 912 people with probable or definite Alzheimer's disease, and 1,669 of their family members who did not have dementia. Dr. Green says the statins interfere with the production of the protein beta-amyloid, which is thought forms a covering of the brain of people with Alzheimer's disease.
The results of a study headed by Hershel Jick, director of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program, Lexington, Mass. seemed to indicate that the popular cholesterol lowering drugs called statins may also help reduce a person's risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
Analysis of the data base of patients who were 50 years or older found that those who were prescribed statins were 70% less likely to develop dementia than those in the other group. Statins work by lowering levels of low intensity lipoprotein, or LDL, the "bad" form of cholesterol that builds up in the walls of coronary arteries causing atherosclerosis.
The results of the study have been published in the medical journal Lancet. The patients ranged in age from 50 to 89 and were tracked for a 6-year period of time ending Jan.1, 1998. The final analysis was based on 285 patients who were diagnosed with dementia during that time and another 1,080 who served as controls. Dr. Jick and his associates examined the medical records of more than 60,000 patients culled from a database of more than 3 million residents of the United Kingdom. Dr. Jick's surveillance program is affiliated with Boston University School of Medicine and was supported by grants to the program from Bristol-Myers.
A 5-year trial involving Merck's Zocor is nearing completion now and may offer some additional information on the result's of Dr. Jick's study. According to Jonathon Tobert, executive director for clinical research at Merck Research Laboratories "it would be plausible if statins had an effect on dementia".
In an interesting development involving the whole area of drug pricing, Pfizer, Inc. the world's largest drug company announced that the Justice Department was investigating its pricing for Lipitor for the years 2000 and 2001.
Lipitor, which is a drug used to treat high cholesterol levels, is Pfizer's biggest selling drug. The investigation concerns whether or not the payments to certain health plans and pharmacy benefits managers should be considered rebates or grants. If they are considered rebates the government should have gotten a cheaper price for the Medicaid patients who used the drug during the period covered by the investigation.
According to an article that was published in the Mayo Clinic Proceedings men over 60 who took aspirin or another non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug daily were half as likely as those who didn't to be diagnosed with prostate cancer during a six-year Mayo Clinic study. The benefit was even greater for men over 70 who took the daily dosage of aspirin.
Dr. Rosebud O. Roberts led the study, but she stated that she considered the study's results to be too preliminary to be a basis for treatment recommendations. She further stated that she suspected that the older men showed greater benefits from taking the aspirin because they have been taking the aspirin for a longer period of time, and that the drug has a cumulative benefit.
The NY Times issue of April 18, 2000 had an excellent article written by Abigail Zuger entitled " Aspirin: Superhero or Problem Pill ". In the article she states " Aspirin continues to show tantalizing promise for medical conditions far afield from its original uses: recent studies suggest it may be able to help prevent dementia, stroke, (and) even cancer."
She refers to the fact that ambulances and emergency rooms now carry and administer aspirin for heart patients as part of their standard procedures. "When aspirin is given to a person having a heart attack, it lowers risk of death by about 25 percent, and risk of a second heart attack by 50 percent." We do not know where she derives these figures from but everything that we have read on this topic leads us to concur with the statement that: "Aspirin's benefits for men and women with heart disease remain unchallenged."
The article further discusses a study undertaken in the 1980's that was conducted on 22,000 healthy male American doctors over the age of 45. Half of the group took an aspirin tablet a day, while the other half was given a placebo. "After 5 years, the aspirin group had 44 % fewer heart attacks than the other".
Many healthy men refused to participate in the study because of possible intestinal problems that may arise as a result of regular usage of aspirins. The group that used the aspirin had almost twice the rate of strokes caused by bleeding into the brain than did the placebo group. A British study was not able to concur with the results of the American study. A study testing results of aspirin usage for healthy older women has not been finalized yet, with the results not due until 2002.The article also discusses the possible beneficial effects from aspirin usage in the fight against dementia, strokes and cancer prevention.
Just because you have a "normal" cholesterol level does not exempt you from having a heart attack. Just about one half of the people who have a heart attack have normal cholesterol levels. About 150,000 people died last year who had no prior history of heart problems. The National Cholesterol Education Program of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (a division of the National Institutes of Health) has established new guidelines. To see who should be on a cholesterol lowering diet and what the diet consists of please go to www.nhlbi.nih.gov.
An interesting development seems to be taking place in connection with Eli Lilly and Co.'s osteoporosis drug Evista , which is generically known as raloxifene. According to a study done at the University of California at San Diego and elsewhere, the drug sharply reduced (40%) the number of heart attacks and strokes among the older women taking the drug.
Recent research also pointed to a sharply lower rate of breast cancer among women taking the drug. Since it hit the U.S. market in 1998 Evista has not met the sales figures that were originally projected for the drug. Lilly can not promote the drug for any of these other uses since the FDA has approved it only in connection with osteoporosis. Scientists at Emory University in Atlanta are now conducting a much larger study on Evista and its effect on strokes and heart attacks in older woman.
In a study involving 20,536 patients in 69 hospitals in England, it was found that the cholesterol lowering drugs reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke in high-risk individuals by about one-third. The study was begun as a pilot project in England in 1987, and has been paid for by the British government's Medical Research Counsel, the private British Heart Foundation and by Merck which makes Zocor and Roche. The study was expanded in 1994 and will continue for several more years. Dr. Rory Collins led the researchers for the study at Oxford University.
The study used the cholesterol- lowering statin simvastin, or Zocor, and involved a large number of women, elderly people, diabetics and people with average or below-average cholesterol readings. The study also showed that using the popular anti-oxidant vitamins C, E and beta-carotene, did not prevent heart attacks or strokes. It is estimated that about 25 million people are now taking statins.
According to Dr. Collins, who is a cardiologist and epidemiologist,the most surprising result of the study was the finding of the definite reduction in risk of stroke from the use of a cholesterol reducing statin drugs. He said that blood cholesterol levels had been strongly linked to the risk of heart attack, but not to the risk of stroke. He further stated that the findings apply only to those with risk factors for heart attacks and strokes, and not to other people.
Although simvastatin was the drug used in the study, Dr. Collins felt that the same results would ensue from the usage of the other statin cholesterol-lowering drugs. He also felt that the longer people took the drug, the greater the benefit. Many of the patients were also taking standard treatments like aspirin and blood-pressure drugs. The benefits from using the statins were in addition to the benefits that would ensue from taking these other drugs. He would not advise using the statins for patients without risk factors for heart attacks and strokes, or for people younger than 40.
The drug companies had no say in how the money for the study was spent, the day-to-day operation of the study, the analysis of the data or the way the findings were reported. The first statin to reach the market, Merck's Mavacor, goes shortly.
Preliminary research has indicated that patients taking the ACE inhibitor ramipril, which is sold under the name of Altace reduced their risk of diabetes by more than 30%. The study involved 5,720 patients, 55 and older with vascular disease or other diabetes risk factors. Dr. Salim Yusuf of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, led the researchers. The participants received a placebo or ramipril for an average of four and one-half years. Diabetes developed during the study in 102 people in the ramipril group, 3.6%, compared with 5.4% of patients with the placebos.
The patients reported that diabetes had been diagnosed in them, since the study did not attempt to confirm the diagnosis. Aventis Pharmaceuticals, the manufacturer of rampiril (Altace) was one of the financers of the study. People with kidney disease from high blood pressure have a better chance of reducing the risk of kidney failure if they take an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, according to a National Institutes of Health study in the "Journal of the American Medical Association" on June 6.
The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) found that the ACE inhibitor ramipril (Altace) slowed kidney disease by 36 percent and slashed the risk of kidney failure and death by 48 percent in patients who had at least a gram of protein in the urine. The drug was compared to the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine (CCB, Norvasc(r)). Results were not related to blood pressure control, which was comparable between study groups.
ACE inhibitors have been the preferred treatment for kidney disease of diabetes since 1994, and now AASK doctors are recommending it for kidney disease because of hypertension, especially for people who also have protein in the urine.While CCBs help many patients, particularly African Americans, control blood pressure and reduce the risk of stroke and heart disease, patients may need an ACE inhibitor to protect the kidneys.
News in connection with promising new developments in the battle against heart disease and failure is breaking almost even faster than the Internet can keep up with. One such development involves the usage of an ACE inhibitor (Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors) named ramipril in conjunction with other drugs such as aspirin, beta-blockers and lipids in preventing heart failure. The drug costs about 85 cents a day to take, and is marketed in the U.S. by King Pharmaceuticals Inc. of Bristol, Tenn. as Altace. A study has indicated that many of thousands of people's lives amongst the 10 million coronary risk individuals in the U.S. can be saved through usage of the drug.
The study was conducted using 9,297 high-risk heart patients 55 years or older. The participants had a least one high risk factor (high blood pressure, increased cholesterol level, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or to be a cigarette smoker) for heart disease or stroke. The individuals in the study had not suffered from heart failure.
Salim Yusuf, director of cardiology at McMasters University, Hamilton, Ontario headed the study which was financed by the Canadian government and by the drug company Hoechst Marion Roussel of Kansas City, Mo. The drug has been marketed the last 8 years to combat high blood pressure. The study was meant to last for 5 years, but was stopped ahead of schedule because the safety monitoring committee found a clear benefit from ramipril.
Ramipril is one of 11 ACE inhibitors on the market. It specifically is aimed at the high blood pressure market and it is not known at this time whether or not the other ACE inhibitors will show the same result. ACE inhibitors relax or dilate the blood vessels by blocking a protein known as angiotensin-converting enzymes, which among other things help regulate blood pressure. Dr. Yusuf said other research indicates that angiotensin plays an important role in causing fatty deposits in the coronary arteries that rupture and cause heart attacks.
Dr. Yusuf said that doctors should consider prescribing ramipril for those who take aspirin to prevent heart attacks. The study indicated that ramipril (10 mg once per day orally) reduced the risk of death, heart attacks, and strokes by about 20 to 25 % in a broad range of high-risk patients.
The findings were published in The New England Journal of Medicine's, Jan.20th, 2000 edition. The study also indicated that those suffering from diabetes could also benefit from the drug. We would like to point out that the chemical structure of 11 ACE inhibitors on the market differ to some extent from each other. The mechanics of diabetes differs from that of high blood pressure.
A study done by Canadian researchers of ramipril that was reported on in the journal Circulation indicated that it can slow the buildup of the plaques that clog the carotid arteries in the neck and lead to strokes. Interestingly enough a group of Swedish researchers led by Dr. Goran Berglund of Malmo University, reporting on the beta-blocker metoprolol, found that it slowed the rate of progression of the buildup of the plaques that clog the carotid arteries in the neck by 40%.
Dr. Yusuf's team also studied the effect of Vitamin E on a group of 4761 high-risk heart patients for a period of 4.5 years. They concluded that the ingestion through food and in supplements of Vitamin E over the 4.5-year period of time had "no apparent effect on cardiovascular outcomes. (N Engl. J Med. 2000; 342:154-60.)"
A study done at the Wake Forest University School of Medicine, headed by Curt D. Furberg, a physician and professor at the school concluded that calcium channel blockers are less effective in preventing heart attacks and congestive heart failure than other blood pressure pills. Pfizer's Norvasc is the leading calcium channel medication with annual sales of more than $3 billion in 1999. The study concluded that patients who take calcium channel blockers face a 27 % higher risk of heart attack than patients who are on other blood-pressure pills. The study further indicated that the patients on calcium channel blockers faced a 26 % higher risk of heart failure than patients who are on ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers and diuretics
With Baycol, the cholesterol-lowering drug made by Bayer being withdrawn from the market the following chart shows the other leading drugs available in this area:
Source: Deutsche Bank Bayer
Early results show that Pfizer's Lipitor has captured almost 40% of the former Bayer's Baycol users. A battle royal is now going on among the cholesterol lowering prescription drug companies to replace Bayer's Baycol as the drug of choice. In a page and one third ad in the August 20th edition of the NY Times, Bristol offered a coupon to be used by the former Baycol users along with the patient's doctor's prescription, for a free 30-day supply of its drug Pravachol.
On the other hand Pfizer had a page and one-third ad in the same edition extolling the virtues of its cholesterol-lowering drug Lipitor. Please keep in mind Novartis is offering a free 60-day supply of its cholesterol lowering drug Lescol if you fill out a coupon which you submit along with your doctor's prescription to a participating pharmacy. Merck has taken out a page and one third ad aimed at the former Baycol user which tells you to ask your physicians for free samples of their drug Zocor. Also please keep in mind that AstraZeneca's Crestor may be on the market in about 1 1/2 years, and early indications seem to show it has advantages over the other statins.
Doctors and researchers are trying to find new tests to be able to detect heart disease sooner. A recent article in the Wall St Journal entitled "New Tests Go Beyond Cholesterol to Find Heart-Disease Risks." "Electron beam tomography (EBT) scans artery walls for calcified plaque buildup, an early sign of heart disease. Blood tests can monitor c-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine and Lp(a) levels, all of which may signal heart disease. Advanced cholesterol screening methods can also provide more information."
The article goes on to point out however that insurance companies may not be willing to pay for these tests unless there is a prior family history of heart problems. Although these tests may show that there is increased risk of heart problems, methods to treat these problems may not be available. Then there is the VAP test that breaks down the readings of LDL, HDL and triglycerides levels to lipid subclasses that might be a factor in heart disease.
Last year cardiovascular disease lead to the death of more than 505,000 woman in the U.S. This was the number one cause of death amongst woman in 2000. This compares with 250,000 woman who died of cancer, which was the number two killer of woman in 2000. Thus one out of every two deaths of women resulted from heart disease or stroke compared to 1 in 25 who died from breast cancer.
Researchers have found that women are much more concerned with cancer than they are with heart attacks and strokes. This may arise from the fact that heart disease sets in about 10-years later in women than it does with men (age 55 for women compared to age 45 for men). Statistically it has been determined that one year after a heart attack, 44% of the women will die versus 27% of the males.
For some unexplicable reason heart attacks show different symptoms in women than they do with men. The pain from the heart attack shows up much lower in women's chests than they do with men, so it may seem as if it is merely a stomach pain. Nausea, extreme fatigue and back pain also may occur. Women should be made aware that they should be following their cholesterol count much more closely.
Women should also pay special attention to their triglyceride levels, which are a more significant risk factor for women than for men. The NIH has developed a calculator for both women and men to help determine their risk for heart attack over the next 10 years. To find the calculator, go to http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/cholesterol and click on patient information.
Science has been aware of the fact that blacks are more than twice as likely to suffer from heart failure, as are whites. The question continues to perplex scientific researchers. Two new studies reported on in the New England Journal of Medicine provided no answers to this question, but did come up with some interesting information in this matter.
In one of the studies, usage of Vasotec an ACE inhibitor made by Merck & Co. led to a 44% reduction in hospitalization for white patients suffering from heart failure, but provided no decline in hospitalizations for African-American patients with the same condition.
In the other study that was done on Coreg, a beta-blocker that is marketed by GlaxoSmithKline, the drug reduced the risk of death or hospitalization by 48% among blacks and 30% among non-blacks. This contrasted sharply with a study done on another beta-blocker, bucindolol, which failed to show any significant benefit to blacks.
According to Clyde W. Yancy, a cardiologist at the University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas "There is virtually an epidemic of heart failure among African-Americans". Derek V. Exner of the University of Calgary in Alberta led the study of Vasotec.
In March of 1998 Sanofi-Synthelabo SA and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., co-marketed the anti-clotting drug Plavex (clopidogrel) for short-term use in patients who have undergone balloon angioplasty and stent procedures to open obstructed coronary arteries. The drug became a blockbuster racking up sales of $1.19 billion in 2000.
According to a study directed by Salim Yusuf, director of cardiology at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Playvex when taken continuously also reduces the chances of a new heart attack, stroke or death by 20%. The study was conducted on over 12,500 patients in 28 countries. The drug is targeted at the estimated 2 million Americans who report to hospitals each year with unremitting heart pain, which is usually a precursor of a heart attack.
Plavex costs about $3 per pill and now may be prescribed for more of the elderly population. There was one significant negative side effect in connection with its usage, namely a 30% increase in major bleeding versus the trial group that took only aspirin. Thus Plavex has an increased cost over aspirin and a greater risk of increased bleeding than does aspirin. Remember also that aspirin in and of itself has an increased risk of causing bleeding.
We have been keying in on the issue of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors. A long-held assumption that beta-blockers shouldn't be used in patients with severe heart failure or heart-attacks has been challenged as a result of two studies using the drug carvedilol.
This drug is a beta-blocker co-marketed in the U.S. by GlaxoSmithKline PLC and Roche Holding under the brand name Coreg. Roche is the sole marketer of the drug throughout the rest of the world under the brand names Coreg, Dilatrend and Kredex. The study was stopped after a periodic review by an independent monitoring board, which found that patients taking carevedilol had a death rate at least 34 % lower than patients not taking the drug.
Milton Packer, director of the Heart Failure Center at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons chaired the committee that directed the study involving the heart-failure patients. Henry J. Dargie, professor of cardiology at Western Informary in Galsgow, Scotland, headed the study involving the heart-attack patients.
In the other study done on 1,900 patients who had suffered at least one heart attack that significantly weakened their heart's pumping capacity, Coreg reduced the chance of death from any source by 23%. It reduced the chance of a second heart attack by 41% within 15 months compared to patients who did not get the drug. In a second-study done on 2,289 heart -failure patients with severely weakened hearts, the death rate was reduced by 35% compared with the group given a placebo or standard treatment. Previous results for beta- blockers showed that beta-lockers reduced death rates in patients with mild to moderate heart failures.
Although we are not medical doctors we have been helped in connection with some of the technical details by a good friend or ours who is the head pharmacist at a leading New York area hospital.
On the other hand ACE inhibitors are much more costly than beta-blockers. The first of the ACE inhibitors are beginning to come off patent protection so that some generic ACE inhibitors are now being produced. Incidentally the diuretic pill costs about $1 apiece.
It has come to our attention that there is a generic version of beta-blockers that many physicians recommend which is just as effective as is the brand name version. We are not medical doctors so we certainly recommend that you consult your personal physician before acting on this matter. Specifically we are referring to Cappopril which costs about $10-20 per 100 for the typical 25-mg dose. Compare this cost to the brand name beta-blockers wherein the cost is about $100 per 100 for the typical 25-mg dose.
Both the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology have strongly recommended usage of beta-blockers for most first-time heart attack patients who are over 65 years of age. Dr. Harlan M. Krumholz, headed a research group at the Yale School of Medicine, that according to the Journal of the American Medical Association, concluded that beta blockers were being under prescribed for most first time heart-attack patients over 65 years of age. In December 1998 the AMA issued a "quality care alert" warning physicians that these potential life saving drugs were being underutilized.
The researchers examined the records of more than 115,000 patients 65 and older who were hospitalized for a heart attack in 1994 and 1995. According to their determination fewer than half the eligible candidates for the drugs received them when they left the hospital.
Beta-blockers decrease the amount of work your heart has to do and the amount of oxygen your heart needs. They inhibit the speed and force of two of the hormones that affect the heartbeat. About 10% of the patients taking beta-blockers feel tired or dizzy. See our article on Dizziness-Trying to Prevent Falls. Depression, diarrhea, or skin rash may be some of the other problems that ensue as a result of taking the medication. Dr. Krumholz's study found that 50% more of the patients in the 65-74-age category survived, who took the beta-blockers, than those who did not within a one-year period of time. The survival rate was almost 25% in the 74-85-age category.
There are many professionals who feel that taking aspirin is a more cost-effective methodology for survival. Research on patients with unstable angina has proven that taking an aspirin every day reduces the risk of heart attack or death. Tylenol and Advil do not have the same positive results as taking aspirin
Once again the cost question enters into the picture when examining beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors. Although beta-blockers are much older and less costly than ACE inhibitors many professionals prefer the ACE inhibitors. At the present time there is a substantial movement afoot to have prescription drug coverage for the elderly under Medicare. ACE inhibitors cost much more than beta-blockers. Are they worth the difference in cost? Should they be used in conjunction with each other instead of being used separately?
According to guidelines issued by the American College of Chest Physicians, that was published in the journal Chest, aspirin in combination with another blood thinning medication is more effective at preventing stroke and mini-stroke than aspirin alone. Previous studies had indicated that aspirin alone was helpful in preventing the reoccurrence of ischemic stroke, which occurs when a blood clot interrupts the flow of blood to the brain. The combination of aspirin and an extended release dipyridamole capsule, which is marketed under the name Aggrenox, was found to be very helpful in preventing the reoccurrence of strokes. Please see our article The Role of Aspirin and Heparin in Ischemic Stroke-Part IV
The latest data released from the study done on the results of Integrilin, which was given after angioplasty operations, has now become available. It indicates that it does significantly reduce the chance of death, another heart attack or need for a repeat procedure to reopen clogged coronary arteries for at least a 6-month period of time.
According to James E. Tcheng, a cardiologist at Duke University Medical College in North Carolina, the leader of the study group said the findings show the drug "provides a sustainable, long-term benefit" for patients undergoing the heart procedures. The study indicated that the drug reduced the risk of heart attack and death by 35% over that incurred by the placebo group. It lowered the occurrence of death, heart attack or need for a repeat heart procedure by 22% compared with the placebo group. Sales of Integrilin now exceed the sales of ReoPro, which is produced by Johnson and Johnson. Integrilin costs about $450 a patient while ReoPro costs about $1,350 a patient. The question that still has to be answered however is, will these figures hold up for longer than the 6-month period entailed in this study?
The August 13th, 1999 edition of the New England Journal of Medicine reported on the results of a study of the drug eptifibatide on patients with acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). The study was done under the leadership of Dr. Robert Harrington at the Duke University Medical College in North Carolina, and at Erasmus University in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The study involved 10,948 patients in 28 different countries.
The drug was administered intravenously, along with aspirin and heparin. COR Therapeutics in conjunction with Schering-Plough announced the temporary halt of a study of their drug Integrilin + stents, which is the brand name for the drug. Their ESPIRIT study was halted because the analysis showed a nearly 50 % reduction in death/MI over 30 days vs. the placebo group. This compared very favorably with the Johnson and Johnson results in their EPISTENT trial in which ReoPro + stents showed a 51% reduction in death/MI. ReoPro is co-marketed byEli Lilly & Co and the Centocor division of Johnson and Johnson. New drugs are constantly coming on-stream in the attempt to find a better medication to help fight heart disease or heart failure.
A heart attack can occur as a result of an occlusive clot in one of the coronary arteries depriving oxygenated blood to heart muscles. This clot consists of a clump of small blood components, called platelets, held together by strands, known as fibrin. A stent is utilized after balloon angioplasty to help prop open the artery. The stent in particular has become an area where the clumping takes place.
The FDA had approved the drug Integrilin in 1998 for the treatment of unstable angina, the severe chest pains that often precede a heart attack, and for patients receiving balloon angioplasy. Integrilin works by blocking the receptor on the platelets responsible for the clumping, the platelet receptor GPIIb/IIIa. There were no increases in severe bleeding among patients on Integrilin vs. the placebo group. There are more than 700,000 angioplasty procedures done yearly in the U.S. The drug GPIIb/IIIa is an inhibitor that prevents platelet clumping and potential complete occlusion of coronary arteries.
Integrilin is priced at $365-$500 vs. ReoPro which is the leader in this market right now at $1,350. Eptifibatide is the generic that some doctors may prescribe to their patients in these cases. The results of a study headed by Maarten Simoons,a cardiologist at the University of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, concluded that ReoPro showed no benefit in reducing death or heart attacks among patients suffering from uncontrolled chest pain (unstable angina). The study did not question the results of the use of ReoPro or its competitors such as Integrilin in patients undergoing angioplasty and stent procedures to reopen blocked coronary arteries.
Merck & Co. had hoped that their anti-clotting agent Aggrastat would be able to best ReoPro in a study of 5,000 patients done at the Cleveland Clinic under the leadership of Eric J. Topol, chairman of the cardiology department. The results however showed that 7.6% of those given Aggrastat suffered a heart attack or other major adverse event within 30-days compared with 6% on ReoPro. Aggrastat is approved for use to treat some heart conditions, but isn't approved specifically for use in stent patients.
Sometimes a drug that looks promising in early trials fails to deliver in the long run. Such appears to be the case with Novarits AG's blood pressure drug Valsartan. In a study involving 5,010 patients using Valsartan against beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors the drug appeared to have little or no benefit for patients already using the other 2 drugs. Valsartan is one in a class of drugs known as angiotensin II receptor blockers, which work by obstructing the activity of angiotensin, a hormone that, among other things, causes blood vessels to constrict and raises blood pressure. The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota, under the leadership of Jay N. Cohn.
The Federal Drug Administration has approved a new drug to treat heart attack victims. The drug, Tenecteplase can be administered in one quick injection versus the 90 minutes that it takes to administer the clot dissolving protein tissue plasminogen activator (T.P.A.) which is known under the brand name as Activase.
The injection takes 5 seconds to administer, and it begins to work immediately to dissolve the clots that choke off the heart's blood supply. Genentech Inc., a subsidiary of Roche Holding Ltd., manufactures the drug, and is the same company that makes Activase. By dissolving the blockage it prevents further permanent damage to the coronary system. Tenecteplase will be sold under the brand name of TNKase. Activase costs about $2,200 per dose and the pricing for TNKase will be announced shortly.
A cloud has now arisen in connection with the administration of clot-busting drugs to heart attack victims over the age of 75 years. The results of the drugs known as thrombolytics were studied based on the analysis of medical records of 2,659 heart-attack patients in Minnesota hospitals. It was shown that 20.1 % of those over 75 who received the drugs died during their hospital stays, as opposed to 16.5% who did not receive the drug during their stays.
It was further determined that in the group that was considered perfect candidates for the drug, and who were administered the drug promptly, the risk of dying increased significantly with each year of age. A group headed by Stephen B. Soumerai, a researcher at Harvard Medical School, prepared the report. The results of a similar study done at Yale University Hospital should be announced shortly. It previously had been estimated based on some other studies that the risk of stroke after taking clot-busting drugs was about 2 to 2.5 % in people over 75 years of age, compared with 1 % in the rest of the population. The American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology recommend that people of all ages get clot-busters as soon after a heart attack as possible.
We first began to look at heart failure in our article "Cardiovascular Disease: Congestive Heart Failure". Since that original article we have followed up with several other articles on the topic of prescription drugs. In our article "Prescription Drugs and the Cost of Advertising Them" we discussed how on average the cost of advertising prescription drugs is rising at a much higher percentage than is the cost for Research and Development. Please also see our articles " Prescription Drugs and the Elderly" and "Prescription Drugs and Medicare".
FOR AN INFORMATIVE AND PERSONAL ARTICLE ON PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS WHEN SELECTING A NURSING HOME SEE OUR ARTICLE "How to Select a Nursing Home"
By Allan Rubin
Updated April 7, 2004
To e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com
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Natural gas futures fell in New York, heading for the first weekly decline in three weeks, on signs that U.S. supplies are ample to meet winter demand for the heating fuel.
More than two thirds of Minnesota homes are heated with natural gas, according to 2000 data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Gas dropped after a government report yesterday showed that inventories of the heating and power-plant fuel were 10 percent above the five-year average for the week ended Nov. 26. The surplus has expanded in eight of the past 10 weeks.
"Storage is near record levels, and Gulf Coast supplies are virtually running at maximum capacity," said Stephen Schork, president of the Schork Group energy advisory company in Villanova, Pennsylvania.
Natural gas for January delivery fell 3.8 cents, or 0.9 percent, to $4.305 per million British thermal units at 1:23 p.m. on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The futures have dropped 2.1 percent this week and 23 percent this year.
Underground storage of natural gas in the Gulf of Mexico producing area is at 97 percent of estimated capacity, according to the Energy Department.
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The number of oil and natural-gas rigs operating in the U.S. jumped to a 23-month high, gaining 26 to 1,713, according to data published by Houston-based Baker Hughes Inc.
Gas rigs rose by 8 to 961, Baker Hughes said. The total was down 40 percent from a peak of 1,606 in September 2008.
Gas traders also track economic data for signs of strength or weakness that would affect demand for raw materials.
Employers added fewer jobs than forecast in November and the unemployment rate unexpectedly increased, Labor Department figures showed Friday in Washington. Payrolls increased 39,000, less than the most pessimistic projection of economists surveyed by Bloomberg News, after a revised 172,000 increase the prior month, the department said.
The jobless rate rose to 9.8 percent, the highest since April, while hours worked and earnings stagnated. | <urn:uuid:85182821-f60a-4f40-9656-6e8c3946cd58> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mprnews.org/story/2010/12/03/natural-gas-futures | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.954712 | 468 | 1.742188 | 2 |
With the impending launch of Biarri’s workbench and our ongoing close relationship with Schweppes for the daily routing of soft drink deliveries (an application of perhaps the most well known operations research problem: the vehicle routing problem), I thought that the following excerpt from a journal article submitted to the Asia Pacific Journal of Operations Research would be a very timely blog post.
The journal article is entitled “Real-Life Vehicle Routing with Time Windows for Visual Attractiveness and Operational Robustness” and it describes the vehicle routing algorithm we have implemented for Schweppes.
The excerpt details a specific example encompassing two things we are very passionate about at Biarri. First “Commercial Mathematics” – that is making OR (well not strictly just OR) work in the real world. And second, the revolutionary capabilities that the advent of cloud computing has for the delivery of software.
“Vehicle routing problems manifest in a remarkably wide range of commercial and non-commercial enterprises. From: industrial waste collection to grocery delivery; underground mining crew replenishment to postal and courier collection and delivery; inbound manufacturing component transportation to finished car distribution; in-home primary health care delivery to pathology specimen clearances from surgeries for analysis; and from coal seam gas field equipment maintenance to beverage distribution, to name but a few.
Automated planning systems used by industry at present are predominantly client-server or desktop based applications. Such systems are often: expensive, requiring a large upfront capital investment; accompanied by a large software deployment project requiring initial and ongoing IT department cooperation; customisable to a particular organisations requirements, however commonly retain a large amount of exposed functionality due to the breadth of the existing client base; and require substantial user training as the workflow is usually not restricted in a linear fashion …. Each of these characteristics constitutes a barrier to adoption of automated planning systems, and for most small to medium enterprises these barriers prove insurmountable.
With the advent of cloud computing and software as a service (SaaS) these barriers are being removed. SaaS: embodies a different commercial model; has essentially no IT footprint; mandates (as vendors may never directly interact with potential clients) simple intuitive linear workflows; and involves almost no end user training beyond perhaps an optional demonstration video.
The emergence of this new avenue for the delivery of optimisation based planning systems heralds, a heretofore, unparalleled opportunity for operations research practitioners to engage with a wider potential consumer base than ever before. However, the nature of the delivery mechanism requires the algorithms developed: to be robust and flexible (within their domain of application they must be capable to dealing with a wide range of input data); to have very short run times (the user base is more likely to be under time pressure than ever before); to produce high quality solutions (noting the inherent trade off between run time and solution quality); to be wrapped in a simple linear workflow (meaning it is always obvious what the next step in the planning process is); but above all, be able to produce real-life, practically implementable solutions, without the need for user training and/or experience.
For pure delivery, or pure pick up vehicle routing applications, real-life, practically implementable solutions are often synonymous with geographically compact, non-overlapping routes with little or no intra-route cross over. There are numerous reasons why such solutions are preferred …. If a customer cannot be serviced at the preferred time (e.g. the vehicle cannot get access, the customer is closed, another delivery is taking place, the customer is too busy), because the route stays in the same geographical area, it is easy to return to the customer at a later time. During busy traffic periods drivers are loathe to exit and re-enter a motorway to service individual customers. Even though such customers may be enroute to the
bulk of the customers the route services, thus incurring a minimum of additional kilometres, they may nevertheless be far from the majority of the customers the route services. If there is severe traffic disruption, it is easier to use local alternate routes between customers in a route that is geographically compact to ensure that pick-ups or deliveries can still be made. Third party transport providers, which prefer routes to be as simple as possible, may exert some influence over the planning process. Finally … it is easier to maintain customer relationships by assigning drivers to routes that routinely service a similar geographical area. In summary, solutions which are more visually attractive are more robust, and thus more likely to actually deliver the full extent of the cost savings that should flow from the use of automated planning systems.
This paper describes an algorithm for the vehicle routing problem with time windows, …. The algorithm is: robust and flexible; fast; wrapped in a user interface utilising a simple linear workflow and so requires no user training or experience; and produces high quality, visually attractive and practically implementable solutions.” | <urn:uuid:6d708fd0-1972-4c1c-8fa3-36192fb554b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://biarri.com/operationthe-launch-of-biarris-workbenchs-research-cloud-computing-the-impending-launch-of-biarris-workbench/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.934164 | 1,005 | 1.609375 | 2 |
An online relationship is a romance between individuals who have met over the internet, and most instances to know the other person purely throughout the Internet. On-line relationships are extremely similar to true coop pal romances, except that you cannot find any physical contact. This marriage can also be platonic, romantic, or perhaps based totally on business is important. While there are many benefits for this type of internet dating, there are also a large number of disadvantages.
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Some internet relationships perform survive the onslaught of infidelity plus the attacks of denial, distance, and feigned unawareness. These kinds of online interactions are the ones with strong defenses, because they are true and they deal with reality. That they realize that their relationship provides problems, plus they try to workout their issues. Unfortunately, even though they try, they even now fall back to the online world. It can be then that they have to deal with the defense mechanisms of best russian bride sites the web relationships.
One of many defenses of online romances is the excessive amount of time that may be spent communicating with each other. On the internet world, period is funds. Many persons spend an inordinate length of time communicating with one another. This makes a perception of intimacy. If a person feels that they are currently being connected to their particular significant other often than they will become if they were spending that same amount of time in the real world, they will view that as being „special“ and „more than my spouse. “
The challenge arises when the perceived intimacy of online romantic relationships is paired with the belief that the web relationships aren’t susceptible to the typical predators that may target even more direct associations in the physical world. Those people who are looking into getting into a more immediate relationship tend to be targets with the sloaner. Designed for the sloaner, the understanding of intimacy in the online environment is translated into the sense of protection. The sloaner knows that the client that he’s targeting is much less likely to record back to him if he or she makes virtually any attempts to leave the relationship. This security that the sloaner gives the internet partner is normally enough to keep that person inside the online romantic relationship for the long term.
One final defense system that many people use to handle the fear to be betrayed by the opposite making love, is to join in online dating. That’s where the individual will make a whole fresh social network of friends and uses that group to air out the same fearfulness that are being resolved in the online connections. In this way, similar perception of security is made. It is not much a different opinion, but it can be one that is employed to address the situation of being tricked. Online dating companies have come and have presented a unique chance for people to help to make some lengthy distance associations and have identified that this is a lot easier and more effective ways of interacting in the real world. | <urn:uuid:0786e22d-4bae-408e-94cd-c687a3ac426f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.appartement-gimpl.at/how-do-i-know-if-an-individual-is-really-a-sloan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.967506 | 665 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Guidelines For Winning Rhetorical Analysis Essay
The introduction tells readers what textual content youâll be discussing, supplies relevant background data, and presents your thesis assertion. Students require written examples and a rhetorical essay outline template to know the writing process and its structure. To make our college students study the key rhetorical ideas, the following is a rhetorical essay outline example.
They train you this in college to offer you a better sense of how to convince your audience and how to provide you with a standpoint about a matter and stick by your standpoint. This form of writing may even educate you the importance of supporting your claims earlier than diving into an argument, even if it is in real life. If you can help your statements, you convince almost anyone in your life. If you want to get a clearer picture of what your last rhetorical analysis essay should seem like, you can find an essay instance here. To carry out the perfect analysis of the text you’ve been provided with, you’ll need to study it thoroughly. Start by highlighting the details to turn into an argument or try to establish the writerâs standpoint.
Subject – Here we search to display the implies https://glengallegosforcuregent.com/contact/ that the creator uses to reach their purpose in the rhetorical analysis essay. For example, if the objective is to promote or promote a product than the scholars should take a look at what topic the author chose to focus on to assist promote that services or products. Language – The sort of language used (e.g., formal, informal, road slang, etc.) is all the time an excellent indicator of the mood the author is making an attempt to instill. The rhetorical evaluation essay should assess how the creator makes use of his âwriterâs voiceâ to create the ambiance and set the scene throughout the piece.
We are proud to have the best and most certified writers to deal with your define. Also, we offer you high quality papers at affordable price. We well perceive that college students are at a instances low in funds. Because of this, our costs are value efficient to fulfill your wants.
Donât forget to mention the textual content or speech youâre analyzing. Males use real-life experiences where one time he watched certainly one of his wounded males combating for his life. He shows great accountability and efficient management whereas on the battlefield. He says that he was liable for making all the selections and would reside along with his mistakes. However, his command at the firebase makes severe mistakes. In one, one of many platoonâs mortals drops a brief spherical, wounding three marines.
Next, using your thesis statement as a basis, handle your ideas and proof right into a coherent define. Identify and describe the rhetorical appeals utilized by the speaker, as correctly as other units, corresponding to tone, syntax, imagery, etc. A rhetorical evaluation is an essay that examines and evaluates a textual content material primarily based totally on its rhetoric. Rather than focusing on what the precise message is, a rhetorical analysis seems at how that message is created and delivered. Based on this understanding, it is acceptable to utilize totally totally different current methods of writing analysis to discover numerous works.
In most instances, authors appeal to readersâ emotions by drawing pity or sympathy and galvanizing anger in the direction of the discussion. You should pay special consideration to who the creator is, their target market, the essayâs primary function, and the setting of the text. Custom-Writing.org blog is a go-to place for any student, and it doesnât matter if itâs their first or last yr of studying. Set âlonely island of povertyâ and âocean of fabric prosperityâ as examples. You shouldnât just rewrite the thesis from the introduction. The restatement is usually used to reveal a deeper understanding of your point.
The Five Steps of Writing an Essay, the way to writing an essay. Instead of taking up the topic as an entire, break it into bits and items and take care of each section individually. Once you’ve divided your matter into elements, determine the connection between completely different elements. Examine the methods utilized by the author and their impact upon the reader. | <urn:uuid:2a103ebd-f5c1-4c8e-9682-5ac51288cae3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://appliedsustainabilitygroup.com/uncategorized/guidelines-for-winning-rhetorical-analysis-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.939455 | 870 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Latent Prints and Footwear
The Latent Prints and Footwear Unit examines items of evidence using a variety of physical and chemical processing methods to enhance and visualize both latent prints and footwear impressions.
Latent print analysis is the examination of friction ridge impressions left behind on a surface by the friction ridge skin on a person’s fingers, palms, or feet. Because friction ridge skin is highly discriminating and persists in the same pattern throughout a person’s lifetime, questioned friction ridge impressions can be compared with known standards in an effort to identify a person as having touched an object or exclude a person from having left a particular impression.
Additionally, questioned friction ridge impressions can be searched in the Wisconsin Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) and FBI Next Generation Identification (NGI) to attempt to identify the source of the impression.
Footwear analysis is the examination of questioned footwear impressions left behind on a surface due to a shoe, boot, etc. impacting a two-dimensional or three-dimensional substrate and transferring characteristics and/or features onto it. These questioned impressions can be compared to submitted known footwear standards to establish identity, exclusions, or associations.
The WSCLB eliminated tire track analysis from its scope on January 1, 2016. For more information please see this announcement.
**New Footwear Investigative Lead Service**
The Wisconsin State Crime Laboratories are excited to announce a NEW footwear investigative lead service at the Madison Crime Laboratory.
If no suspect shoe standard is located, footwear impression evidence may now be submitted to the Wisconsin State Crime Laboratories for a footwear investigative lead search. Potential footwear investigative leads can be located through a search of the SoleMate® FPX database, the Wisconsin State Crime Laboratories’ footwear standard reference collection, as well as a number of online resources. A footwear investigative lead search can yield information about a shoe’s possible make(s) and model(s) which may provide the investigator with valuable leads that would otherwise go unknown.
What and how to submit impressions for a footwear investigative lead search:
Items of physical evidence, or digital images, that contain questioned footwear impressions can be submitted.
- Submit physical items or images on electronic media directly to the Madison Crime Laboratory.
Latent Print Analysis
- Chemical & physical processing of submitted evidence for questioned friction ridge impressions
- Comparing questioned friction ridge impressions with known standards to identify or exclude individuals
- Searching questioned friction ridge impressions against the Wisconsin repository of known friction ridge standards (AFIS) and the FBI’s repository of known friction ridge standards (Next Generation Identification – NGI)
- Generating reports based on the results of friction ridge examinations and providing expert testimony on reported findings
- Providing assistance with identifying unknown deceased individuals
- Assisting law enforcement agencies with cold cases
- Chemical & physical processing of submitted evidence for questioned footwear impressions
- Comparing questioned footwear impressions with known footwear standards to identify, exclude, or associate the footwear
- Generating reports based on the results of footwear examinations and providing expert testimony on reported findings
Footwear Investigative Lead Searching
- Providing the possible make(s) and model(s) of the footwear that made a questioned impression in a timely manner to aid in the collection of known footwear
- Generating reports based on the results of the investigative lead search
For questions regarding Latent Prints and Footwear, refer to the contact information for the lab in your service area. | <urn:uuid:e06255ce-231f-4548-8c02-6ef9bace9e57> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.doj.state.wi.us/dles/wscl/criminalistics/latent-print-and-footwear | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.906564 | 718 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Solar panels on roof at 1724 Park Road NW
Making your home greener can do more than help the environment — it can also impact your bottom line. Below are some of the ways that the DC government makes it easier and cheaper for city homeowners to make their homes more eco-friendly.
All owners of single-family homes in DC are eligible for a free energy audit from the District Department of the Environment. A consultant will visit your home and inspect it for efficiency levels, looking at insulation, window efficiency, and so on. The individual will give your home a rating and offer cost-effective suggestions, like caulking up gaps, to make it more efficient.
Solar Power and Water Heating
If you have the space for a solar panel or water heater, a federal tax credit of up to 30 percent will help mitigate costs, and DC’s renewable energy energy incentive program offers rebates of up to $16,500 to offset the cost of installation. While solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, solar water heaters collect water and use the heat of the sun to warm it up. This is much easier for single-family homeowners than condo owners, who will need the approval of their condo association before moving forward.
Air Sealing and Insulation
According to the folks from Groundswell, air sealing and insulation are the first things a homeowner should concentrate on when greening their home, and both have the potential to seriously lower energy costs. Check your windows, doors, attic and basement for cracks and get to work sealing them up and adding layers of insulation. If you are thinking of working with a contractor and want to negotiate a deal, Groundswell uses collective bargaining to negotiate lower rates for groups of homeowners.
As we’ve reported in the past, DC subsidizes gardens through the RiverSmart Homes program. They offer several services and products, including bayscaping, tree planting and pervious pavers. Rain gardens are a particularly easy way to both green your home and cut down on lawn maintenance. Rain gardens are strategically placed to capture rain water, reducing stormwater runoff and often require less maintenance than a traditional lawn. RiverSmart Homes will send a consultant to your home to find the best place for the garden and will offer you a rebate of $1.25 per square foot of impervious land that can be turned into a rain garden, with a minimum $500 rebate and a maximum of $1,000.
This article originally published at https://dc.urbanturf.com/articles/blog/the_various_ways_that_dc_makes_it_cheap_to_green_your_home/5624.
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DC Real Estate Guides
Short guides to navigating the DC-area real estate market
We've collected all our helpful guides for buying, selling and renting in and around Washington, DC in one place. Visit guides.urbanturf.com or start browsing below!
Intro guides for first-time home buyers
Awesome and unusual real estate from across the DC Metro | <urn:uuid:f04d145f-1865-4220-bf09-75c798d81646> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dc.urbanturf.com/articles/blog/the_various_ways_that_dc_makes_it_cheap_to_green_your_home/5624/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.928478 | 987 | 2.359375 | 2 |
What Is a Miter Saw
Miter saw a.k.a. chop saw is an instrument/tool used mainly in carpentry. The main function of the miter saw is to cut wood, aluminum, PVC, and other materials at certain angles. People often confuse a miter saw with a table saw and bandsaws.
Miter saw offers a lot of accuracy and precision to the work, that’s why it’s extremely practical to ensure a perfect quality finish in different projects in which it is used like wood frames, windows, etc.
If you’re using a miter saw you have to maintain the highest security precautions such as wearing protective gloves and glasses to avoid any mishaps and accidents.
However good maintenance of this tool is equally essential, it is advisable to clean it at the end of every job you do on my dresser and frequently clean all dust particles and pieces of wood, as well as time to time greasing of the component, is also recommended. Have a Look at our Beginner’s Miter Saw List.
Parts Of a Miter Saw
Its job is to elevate (rise) and lower the cutting blade.
ARM RELEASE BUTTON
It works together with the handle and serves or is used to release the arm that cuts.
It is the most important protection component that covers the cutting disc (blade). The blade guard is moveable and allows the disc to be released and cut the object.
A piece against where the word or the fiber plates rest and then secures or prevents them from moving during the cut.
In simpler words, it’s a rotating circular-shaped blade, it can vary in diameter and thickness but only the good sharpness of the disc can make your cuts precise and accurate.
with this element, you can select the desired cutting angle. It can go from 45 to 90 degrees.
This component allows you to make a cut with a bevel effect with ease. A few miter saw models don’t come with this feature, however, it is not something that is commonly used.
This component is also called a vacuum cleaner or dust port. Its functionality is to collect the dust and chips that are produced in the cutting process and it also allows you better visibility of the work area.
It is an extension that allows you to cut larger board pieces.
Types Of The Miter Saw
There are many types of miter saws available in the market. If categorized, there are manual and electric versions of miter saws. But electrical miter saws are more famous and in demand.
1. Manual Miter Saw
These are the old fashion models that have been used for generations. They are generally the lightest and most efficient in cutting common angles the most basic version and also known as a miter box.
Some manual miter saw models come with a built-in saw and allow to cut the wood at 45°.
2. Electric Miter Saw
Miter saws powered by electricity has been gaining popularity over the past few years in woodworking they have a motor powered by electrical energy that is what generates the movement of the circular saw if you’re looking to purchase an electric miter saw, you must take into account its size the power of the motor and the disc
According to the features it’s further divided into many types, like the one with table, telescopic and motor powered.
Miter Saw With Table
It’s like an upgraded version of a traditional or manual miter saw but with a table and has the capability to cut different materials with precision, thanks to its rotating circular blade.
This could be the best choice for you if you’re looking for a miter saw for DIY projects.
Telescopic Miter Saw
The most prominent feature of this type is that it can work with more angles than just 45°. It has the ability to cut larger pieces and different materials which expands the possibilities of its use.
It has a built-in laser that gives you more precision when making cuts, blades are replaceable, and come with quick-adjusting pliers.
Motor Inn Miter Saw
This is very similar to telescopic but the difference between them is that the engine is powered by gasoline. This type is not common or easy to find and generally used in areas that have limited access to electricity.
If defined further, many miters saw manufacturers incorporated multiple features in a single miter saw to make them more efficient for the users. And commonly available in these types:
3. Sliding Miter Saw
As its name, a sliding miter saw has a sliding rail that allows the circular blade disc to move forward and backward. It has the capability to handle and cut much wider material than a basic miter saw or compound miter saw. However, it acquires more space than a compound miter saw due to its sliding feature.
Recommended Sliding Compound Miter Saw at a Glance:
4. Dual Bevel Sliding Miter Saw
It allows you to cut larger capacities for different materials like siding and 4×4. It is also very important to know that this is a dual bevel miter saw which is going to allow you to keep your piece in one spot, change the angle of the saw rather than constantly maneuvering your material.
Best Double Bevel Sliding Miter Saw in the Market:
5. A Compound Miter Saw
Compound Miter saw has a single bevel which allows you to cut 45° to the left but it also reduces the cut capacity as well. It’s important to keep in mind when you’re looking at the material you need to cut and how much reach that blade to make
Best Top Of The Line Compound Miter Saw:
6. Dual Bevel Compound Miter Saw
If you want the nice compact style but you want to have that dual bevel feature, the dual bevel compound miter saw maintains the compact compound miter saw style but it allows you to bevel 45° to the left and 45° to the right for your convenience.
Type Of Cuts Made With Miter Saw:
A simple 90 degree cut straight. Cut perpendicular to the grain of the wood. 0° miter and 0° bevel
Angles cut on the face of the wood.45° miter and 0° bevel
Angled cut to the edge of the wood.0° miter and 45° bevel
A combination of both miter and compound cut. Angled cut to the face and edge of the wood.45° miter and 45° bevel.
Cut Sizes of Miter Saw
The size of the cut is also an essential part when choosing the miter saw. If the saw is fixed, the size of the cut will be slightly smaller than the disc you can use.
For instance, if the blade has a diameter of 200mm, then how much it can cut? The correct answer is 200mm or less. This is because when you’re lower the disc there’s always a gap behind the wood support.
It means the diameter of the disc is completely related to the dimension or size of the cut we can achieve. And if you select a miter saw with a telescopic arm, the cuts will be a bit larger than the size or disc.
Making a Simple Cut in 5 Steps with a Miter Saw
Follow these steps to make a precise cut with a miter saw
Draw a line on the wood with a bevel or ruler.
Place the wood on the table and push it against the fence. Line up the furthest end of the mark towards the middle of the open part of the fence.
Release the table lock, turn the saw according to the desired angle or keep it straight if you want to make a cross-cut, lower the blade and lock it securely.
Raise the blade, press the trigger and wait till the blade reaches its maximum rotational speed. Then, slide down the arm with a rotating blade on the wood until it stops falling further.
Release the trigger, raise the blade and wait for the wheel to stop before removing the wood
How To Make Accurate Cuts
Miter saw cutting is pretty simple and straightforward, as long as you draw precise lines, make all adjustments and follow safety guidelines, it became very easy to achieve amazing results. However, some kind of cuts like compound cuts can be challenging than others and requires techniques and experience.
There are some pro tips, you can follow them to make an accurate cut with a miter saw
Video Guide For Using a Miter Saw: For Beginners
Tips to Follow Before Buying Your Miter Saw
You should take these safety precautions before using while using, and after usage of the miter saw in order to prevent any accident
Before The Use:
During The Work:
After You’re Done: | <urn:uuid:e872a8f4-3168-4edf-85d6-2fcac0277609> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stewarttools.com/miter-saw-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.937733 | 1,933 | 2.875 | 3 |
URGENT CALL TO ACTION: Support the UN Resolution Against Unilateral Coercive Measures
Dear Friends of Peace and Justice in the U.S. and Around the World,
As you are well aware, for decades the U.S. government and its European allies have been illegally using unilateral economic sanctions (“Unilateral Coercive Measures”) as a weapon of war and mass destruction to topple governments that do not submit to the U.S. and European states’ domination of their country. The main objective of these unilateral sanctions is to destroy those small countries’ economies and bring their people to their knees through mass starvation so they will be left with no choice but to revolt against their own government.
This criminal, anti-human policy of targeting defenseless populations, which is in clear violation of United Nations Charter and international law, has now become the new weapon of choice for these powerful states since they are faced with strong opposition from the majority their own population to the endless wars of occupation that they are already involved in. Through these illegal sanctions, these powerful states hope they can achieve their imperialistic goal of “regime change” and domination in a silent, calculated manner without arousing the wrath of their own and international public opinion.
According to some UN reports, there are currently over 33 countries (15 percent of all countries of the world) and dozens of non-state entities that are targeted by these illegal sanctions. Among them are Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua, Iran, Syria, Zimbabwe, Belarus, and many others, whose population are suffering from hunger, lack of medicine, homelessness and disruption of their educational system and other vital social services. Prior to the invasion of Iraq in 1991, fifteen years of U.S. economic sanctions led to the death of half a million Iraqi children. In Venezuela today, over 40,000 people have died as a result of illegal sanctions and the number is rising daily.
In response to these blatant criminal acts, which are nothing but crime against humanity, the Group of 77 countries + China is submitting a resolution to the General Assembly of the United Nations, which, among other measures:
1. Urges the international community to adopt urgent and effective measures to eliminate the use of unilateral economic, financial or trade measures that are not authorized by relevant organs of the United Nations, that are inconsistent with the principles of international law or the Charter of the United Nations …;
2. Calls upon the international community to condemn and reject the imposition of the use of such measures as a means of political and economic coercion against developing countries …;
This proposed resolution is currently being discussed at the Second Committee of the UN General Assembly and the Second Committee will be taking the final vote on it on November 14.
We consider it our paramount responsibility to mobilize massive support for the passage of this resolution by the UN General Assembly. To this end, we have drafted a public letter of support for the resolution to be signed by a massive number of organizations and individuals in the U.S. and around the world to be delivered to the voting session of the UN Second Committee on November 14.
We urge all defenders of peace and justice to sign this letter. We need to collect a large number of signatures in a short period to time. We request that you act urgently.
* To add your name as an individual, please CLICK HERE.
* To add the name of your organization, please CLICK HERE.
(Please do not use this link if you are signing as an individual). | <urn:uuid:a1350c06-60ce-442d-b9bd-4ba57c735d4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://peoplesmobe.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.95163 | 715 | 1.789063 | 2 |
My day is not complete unless I’ve been upside down. There are many studies and scientific research on the benefits of going upside down from a physical stand point. In addition to that, Inversions create calmness, and bring clarity into your life.
In yoga, inversions are part of the practice. They teach us patience and balance. It’s one thing to get up into a headstand for a second, it’s another to hold for 5 minutes.
Through consistent practice, we become more at ease with turning our life upside down, and clearer about our goals and our dreams. Sustaining an inversion is a feeling of weightlessness. A feeling of humbleness, and pin point focus and clarity. The balance and peace cultivated upside down start to carry into your daily life. I know it sounds cliche, but you change your perspective when you do inversions regularly. Our everyday choices become easier. It becomes clearer and clearer what we really want in our lives.
Inversions are a balance of the pose and a balance of life. With a regular yoga practice, you ultimately find your flow in life. When you add inversions, you go to another level of awareness, grace and clarity. You don’t sweat the small stuff.
When I teach, I tell my students, If you can do yoga, you can do anything; and I mean it. The confidence it builds, the humbleness it brings, the clarity that unfolds and the unwavering balance, are all part of yoga. As Pattabhi Jois said, “Do yoga and All is coming.” | <urn:uuid:7be42600-c4b2-41e7-85d8-6b5dfbae239a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://noradaylive.com/go-upside-down-for-clarity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.940118 | 335 | 1.5625 | 2 |
What are the benefits of listing a property on the Local Register of Historic Resources? Besides designation being an honor, a building owner may use the more flexible California Historical Building Code when making repairs or alterations. In addition, a historic property can qualify for exemptions under the City’s zoning ordinance (i.e., property development standards). Commercial property owners may apply for a 10 percent or 20 percent federal tax credit for income producing properties that were put into service prior to 1936. A designated historic property is protected under both the local ordinance as well as the California Environmental Quality Act. In addition, historic designation normally raises the property’s value, helps to stabilize a neighborhood and is an important aspect of heritage and cultural tourism. For additional information please call 559.621-8520. What follows are a few frequently asked questions about the City’s Historic Preservation program.
Historic Preservation FAQs
The list of Local and National Register properties for Fresno can be found in “A Guide to Historic Architecture in Fresno, California” (www.historicfresno.org). One can also access this website through a link on the City’s historic preservation page.
For buildings, structures, objects or sites to be considered for listing on the Local Register, they must (usually) be at least 50 years of age and have historic significance. The City’s Historic Preservation Ordinance also includes the criteria for listing.
Not exactly true. Only activities that require a permit are reviewed by the Historic Preservation staff and, on occasion, by the Historic Preservation Commission. Application of exterior and interior paint does not require a permit, nor does general maintenance, trimming of vegetation etc.
There is currently no specific source of funds for historic preservation in Fresno. However, a property owner may qualify for the Senior Paint or minor rehab program or, for “commercial” properties, claim the 10% federal tax credit.
The California Energy Commission has shown that windows are NOT a major culprit in energy loss, or gain. Rather look to your roof insulation, leaks around duct work etc. In addition, it will take up to 20 years to recap the expense of the new windows through savings on your energy bill. Changing out windows can also be detrimental to a home’s historic look and thus its resale value. | <urn:uuid:3f192fdf-9d74-4a87-9eef-bb513ecdded6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fresno.gov/darm/historic-preservation/historic-preservation-faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.923748 | 473 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Messages given by spirit ring true to heart and mind, resonate deep within the human heart. Spirit speaks in symbol and metaphor. Spirit communicates with you when you ask for guidance. Spirit reveals how all beings depend on each other.
Spirit heals, it does not judge or curse. Spirit reveals oneness and belonging, not division and separation.
Spirit selects no enemies, no villains, no fall guys, deems no one less worthy than another.
Spirit knows and sees the wholeness of all that is. Each living being is accounted for in the web of life, each blade of grass. Spirit does not focus on flaws or faults or rain punishment upon those deemed unworthy by human decree and practice. | <urn:uuid:c0e9f7ac-e963-4831-b0d6-6a3375c031d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://askgrandmothercottonwood.com/2021/03/16/more-about-spirit/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.90267 | 142 | 1.632813 | 2 |
At 2012 Music Education Week presented by the National Association for Music Education (NAfME) in Baltimore, Maryland, Levy and her students participated in the Popular Music Academy.In a segment called “It’s Only Rock and Roll,” Levy and her students showed how to integrate rock music into the school curriculum and how they collaborate.
That particular segment of the academy included info on songwriting, broadcasting, while other segments explored hip hop, jazz.Clinician Jamie Knight from the Huntington Beach (California) Academy for the Performing Arts, shared the pros and cons of using popular music in the classroom, how to conduct classroom instruction and how to select materials and even explore fundraising efforts to help support the school music program.
Marvelene C. Moore, chair of the NAfME Council for IN-ovations, said innovative music programs can attract new students to school music programs, even perhaps demonstrating the vitality of a music program if budget cuts are a possibility. Moore is professor of music education and James A. Cox Endowed Chair at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville.
In this video Levy describes the Rock and Roll segment of the Music Education Week Popular Music Academy.
Roz Fehr, NAfME, managing editor for news
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Richard Iton’s Solidarity Blues was so good for thinking not just about how race and the American left have articulated, but the nature of the left in general. I use that word ‘left’ often, struggle with it, often distinguish between an elite left and a grassroots left (you all know which one I’m for). Iton takes a step back, to look at the broader ideas in motion:
I attempt to understand how the forces of individualism and collectivism interact in different contexts. (5)
This is much broader than the ‘left’, starts to capture some of the things that happen outside of movement. But I like his broad understanding of the left as well, looking at it in three different aspects:
the conventional conceptions, labor movements and socialist parties
the availability of a certain set or type of public goods
the prevalence of a certain sensibility or set of cultural values. (6)
I like too, this case for just how different America is from the other ‘developed’ nations and how it contrasts with other countries where:
certain things are taken for granted: comprehensive health care, inclusive voter registration procedure, affordable higher education, and a certain standard of public safety. (7)
Not in the US as everyone knows. Which begs the question:
Why so slow, so reluctant to provide public goods?
the answer — constructions of race — and instead of choosing to allow race to disappear or lose its significance,
at every opportunity the choice has been made to remake race in some potent form at the cost of community. (22)
So, to summarise Iton’s arguments on the articulation of race with these three principal aspects of the Left.
Labour Movements and Socialist Parties
Labour movements are sustained by a collective identity of labour opposed to capital. In the US, this collective identity was fractured by race in three principal ways — that follow one from the other and that in themselves show the complexities of this I think.
the popular identification of organized labor with racial progressivism (an association that was accurate at times and ironic at others)
the energies consumed by internecine battles within the labour movement between nativist and racist constituencies and those advocating a more inclusive movement
the decisions made by nativists, racists and their opponents to forego challenging the racial status quo and organizing immigrant workers, in the belief that a successful labour movement could be sustained without the participation of those groups, and that these issues and constituencies could be dealt with at some later point… (25)
This helps explain the rise of someone like Samuel Gompers in the AFL — fucking Samuel Gompers, the UK has some responsibility for him too as he was born here. He promoted a focus on today’s battles rather than a broader struggle or movement — small wins, craft unions, the exclusion of people of colour, such an ugly politics that wasn’t arguably even practical given it created large pools of strikebreakers. He actually fought while in the cigar makers union to have white labels placed on cigars made by white labour so racists would know and could but white and union.
No wonder you get Du Bois writing that the ‘AFL not a labor movement, but monopoly of skilled workers’.
There are some brighter lights, though they may have shone briefly. Hurrah, for instance, for the Western Federation of Miners, founded in 1893 in Montana (Montana! No longer somewhere such a movement could blossom I think). From them grew the IWW in 1905 — and of course Iton notes the greater homogeneity of the west coast and how it shaped their politics, it was easier not to be racist. But still. While Iton argues their importance was more symbolic, he does quote Dubovsky:
so feared were the Wobblies that probably no group of labor agitators before or since has as suddenly or disastrously experienced the full wrath of state and national authorities. (51)
On the whole though, Labor’s record in the US is dismal.
labor’s job is to ensure that its constituency can control the circumstances of its existence. Organized labor in the United States has largely either been afraid to do so, or, because of internal and external compromises, been unable to do so. (78)
Where it has been successful in building solidarity, Iton notes, it has actually been along racial lines rather than lines of work or labour.
Southern Politics and Parties
Nothing establishes better the broad weaknesses of the left, and how racial conflicts have prevented it from creating a more collectivist society, than a hard look at the impact of Southern ‘Democratic’ party politics. Iton summarises his argument that it created a:
- constant division of leftists activists over issue of whether organizations would be interracial, segregated, or separate but coordinated.
- popular rejection of those movements which have pursued interracial alliances …IWW, UMW, CIO
- …the race issue has just been a problem to be solved at some future date (84)
Jim Crow disenfranchised Blacks, but also increasingly poor whites, concentrating power in Southern elites against which the whole country has been held hostage through the Democratic party.
There was, of course, that brief period when Lenin in the 2nd congress of 1920 directed the Communist Party to support the self-determination of oppressed peoples within nations — this included the Irish and African negroes as revolutionary groups, which ensured that the CPUSA for a time did its best to pursue equal rights for blacks, and in South proposing in proposed a black belt nation. In the North, party activists began doing grassroots organizing work with tenants, particularly around rent strikes and the unemployed councils. In 1936 they formed the National Negro Congress, and at this time also began reaching out to other race communities, such as Mexican farmworkers.
‘By 1935…11 percent of the party’s roughly 27,000 members were black, and in the South, blacks composed an even higher percentage. (118)
Change in CP policy led widespread abandonment of earlier causes, but this isn’t really mentioned. It does help explain some of the automatic connection between race equality and communism that is still so prevalent today, though I mostly think this has been a convenient labeling to facilitate isolation and repression. Of course, it meant the red scare had an even greater impact on those fighting for racial equality. Like Gerald Horne, Iton writes of this period after WWII, which saw:
a unique collapsing of the realms of racial and class politics…the effective end of the traditional left in American politics and a further truncation of the acceptable range of debate concerning economic issues and alternatives. (125)
The radical politics emerging from the Great Depression could have been a time when working classes came together, but instead they split over race. Party politics since then has not sought to challenge current attitudes, but work within the very limited gains staying within them can achieve… White privilege was just a little too strong I suppose. Old FDR himself maintained a 2nd home in Warm Springs Georgia, and promoted himself in 1932 election as a “Georgia planter-politician’.
And now? Iton cites Robert Greenberg’s 1985 study of Macomb ,Michicgan and the switch from Democrat to Republican among white working to middle-class Americans
These white Democratic defectors express a profound distaste for blacks, a sentiment that pervades almost everything they think about government and politics. . . . Blacks constitute the explanation for their vulnerability and for almost everything else that has gone wrong in their lives; not being black is what constitutes being middle class; not living with blacks is what makes a place a decent place to live. (129)
Beyond the Left
Iton describes how race conservatism has allowed rights to vote to be curtailed, slowed and reduced medicare and medicaid, opposed fair employment practices committee, ensured no best practices taken from Europe as US the only superpower post WWII. But this is a question that continues to pester me:
While I do not want to overstate the importance of the cultural politics of the post-McCarthy era from a progressive standpoint, the inability of the American left to survive the era that produced the civil rights movement and second-wave feminism says something about the American left, as well as American society. (218)
For Iton the why is at least partially found here:
the characteristically American resistance to collective strategies reflects an attachment to the rights and prerogatives of individuals over and above and particular communities. (234)
This of course emerges from Turner’s ‘frontier thesis, or Louis Hartz or Seymour Martin Lipset’s work. But this doesn’t go deep enough, why this push towards individualism?
The liberal individualism Hartz and others have cited has been rhetorical residue remaining after the battles among the competing “we” claims promoted by different ethnic and racial communities. In other words, while an examination of the speeches of politician might reflect a particularly American preference for individual liberties, the unstated realities have often been shaped by the ethnic and racial calculations made by different groups. (235)
This has never been dealt with by the left in its goal to appeal to the broadest number of people and rejection of the call to help with the ‘maintenance and relaization of a collective sensibility and human civilization.’ (245-246). There is more to dig into here about the way that race has structured capital (see Cedric Robinson), or about how racism has help form a concept of whiteness tied to privilege (as does David Roediger), but the result has been tragic. The book ends with this thought:
The particular and exceptional extent to which the American left has been removed from the main stage of American life has been a direct function of its inability or unwillingness to transcend these hurdles in an especially demographically diverse context, and a result of the popular attachment to a realm — race — that can generate few larger meanings, resilient identities, or practical moralities. (246)
Iton, Richard (2000) Solidarity Blues: Race, Culture and the American Left. Chapel hill and London: University of North Carolina Press.
Laura Pulido is one of my heroes, and returning to Environmentalism and Economic Justice now that I have some disposable income to buy it…well. It’s brilliant. (Though actually I am realising I don’t actually have any real disposable income at all. Breaks my heart). It brings together the theory that I believe most needs to be brought together, using the postcolonial and subaltern theory to look at struggles in the US and knocking apart some of the most frustrating aspects of writing around ‘new social movements’ and social movement in general. Then rebuilding it of course, in ways I find particularly useful and illuminating.
Subalternity is not often used in relation to the U.S. — this is how Pulido describes the economic structures and the role of racism in creating conditions of subalternity:
…subaltern environmentalism is embedded in material and power struggles, as well as questions of identity and quality of life. Dominated communities engaged in environmental struggles do not disaggregate their various identities and needs. Although they may engage in strategic essentialism, the practice of reifying aspects of one’s identity for political purposes, they recognize the multiple identities and the various lines of domination and power that need to be resisted and challenged. They build complex movements which simultaneously address issues of identity as well as a wide range of economic issues (production, distribution, and uneven development), thereby defying the various models and paradigms social scientists have created to impose meaning on collective action, in particular, environmentalism. (xv)
This is because for some communities, environmental problems are not just simple quality of life issues, rather:
From the perspective of marginalized communities, environmental problems reflect, and may intensify, larger existing inequalities and uneven power relations. (xv)
While Pulido celebrates the new, postmodern opening up to struggles beyond production such as identity, I love her argument against ditching political economy. Love that she looks to Watts as well as to Arturo Escobar to bring the two together. Because poor people of color experience a complex reality in which resistance is required along lines of both class and race among other things. We need to understand
how multiple forces interact in creating inequality and oppression, and how complex struggles form to overcome it. (xviii)
Elsewhere she writes this intersectionality:
Even though their struggles may be categorized as class conflict, racism, or patriarchal resistance, what is usually at stake are multiple forms of domination, exploitation, and resistance, that narrow applications of class may prevent us from appreciating. (5)
The two studies featured in this volume were chosen to complement the principal focus of environmental justice work at the time, on toxics primarily in urban areas. I like how this expands the focus — though of course, so much work has been done in the past eleven years to further develop this, as can be seen in The Colors of Nature or The Environmental Justice Reader.
A final ingredient is the focus on struggle, and that of course, it recognises that oppression also helps create the conditions for its resistance:
For oppressed communities, a dignified life means being able to live free of cultural oppression and racial and ethnic inequality. Hence, while culture and racism are critical to understanding oppression, they are also essential to illuminating the process of mobilization (xx).
So a good summary of the subaltern nature of environmental justice struggles:
This new form of environmentalism goes by a variety of headings: grassroots, popular, livelihood, resistance, environmental justice, and resource struggles. What they all share is a counterhegemonic, or subaltern, location — they exist in opposition to prevailing powers. (4)
New Social Movements (NSMs)
For NSM researchers, identity has emerged as as a key area of focus…understanding how individuals coalesce and fashion new collective identities is the crucial question in understanding the emergence of social movements.
I understand why she has to engage with this literature more broadly, it was the thing after all. But still I am frustrated with its limitations. Of course Pulido also brings in old favourites — on the transition to post-fordism, she looks to Stuart Hall (1991) to understand the new decentring of self and identity, and how we are made up multiple identities and positions, identify in multiple different ways. Gilroy is in here too on the complexities of it all.
The claim that NSMs are only about quality of life issues, or the disagreement over whether racial struggles are NSMs or should be catagorised among older movements? Not so useful. Pulido writes:
The concept of NSMs has become problematic precisely because it has been so widely applied. In reality, its true value is in helping us see what is unique about a limited number of movements. (12)
The idea that some people have to struggle on multiple fronts? Obvious I would have thought, and yet…apparently not to everyone. But it is to subaltern scholars:
Subaltern movements are simultaneously about both material concerns and systems of meaning, thereby challenging the notion that identity issues are not of concern to those struggling to survive.
She quotes Arturo Escobar rather extensively (I love Escobar, haven’t managed to write about him yet, and will find it difficult precisely because of the desire to quote him even more extensively than I usually quote people, his book is full full full of underlining)
It is essential to recognize the importance of economic factors and their structural determinants. But just as crucial as the reconstruction of economies — and indelibly linked to it — is the reconstitution of meanings at all levels, from everyday life to national development. Social movements must be seen equally and inseparably as struggles over meanings as well as material conditions, that is, as cultural struggles… Contemporary social movements in Latin America have a multiple character, as economic, social, political and cultural struggles.(Escobar 1992b)
I would argue that the same could be said for the environmental struggles of the subaltern, regardless of their location. (13)
It works well, I think, to see the struggles of people in the colour and potentially the poor more broadly in the US in these terms, and I like the opportunities it opens up for broader alliances across race and nationality and particularly across national borders. I also think there is still a lot of work to be done here:
Activists are acutely aware that racism is manifest in every corner of society and that racist attitudes are deeply entrenched and institutionalized, but they have not developed a textured understanding of how racism interacts with various economic forces and hegemonic forms of cultural life. Instead, they have emphasized overt forms of discrimination… (17)
At the same time I think this is worth saying (and so eloquently):
It could be argued that for racially oppressed groups, racism is the primary axis of domination. All encounters of the oppressed–whether in the job market, at school, at home, or as a consumer–are experienced through racial subordination. Conversely, the racialized structure of the United States results in a benefit to whites. White privilege is so hegemonic that few whites are even cognizant of it. (18)
This stuff is… really hard, and I think people are all over the place in terms of how clearly they understand it and how well they are able to articulate it. It certainly shapes struggle though, and where communities are at. Pulido quotes Robert Bullard’s insight that African Americans really came to understand the importance of environmental issues only after linking them to civil rights and inequality.
The key to … inclusion rest on linking environmental issues with the social justice concerns of minority communities… (Bullard 1993a)
I’m wondering for how many other issues this might be true, and what this means for white consciousness. But the point is well made:
This is critical to understanding the dominant discourse of subaltern environmental struggles in the United States. Racism and the struggle for equality are the entry point for marginalized groups in the United States; livelihood is the entry point for Third World communities. (19)
I found Pulido’s thinking here so so useful in thinking about positionality in a robust and useful way, something I feel like I’ve been stumbling around my whole life with gradually increasing clarity:
I argue that the issue of positionality is most important in distinguishing mainstream and subaltern environmentalism. Activists of all sorts may be involved in the same environmental issue and even have the same political line, but mainstream and subaltern actors hold different positions within the socioeconomic structure that, in turn, frame their struggles differently. It is important to realize that positionality does not refer to a specific person or group per se but is rather a position that can be filled by any individual.
Contrary to mainstream efforts are the actions of subaltern environmental movement who, because of their position, are not in control of the economy and, in general, do not benefit from a continuation of the status quo. For these individuals, environmental issues are important in that they affect their livelihood or impact their health and physical well-being. Consequently, not only are they more physically and socially vulnerable, but they may require a change in the prevailing social relations tor each a satisfactory solution. Hence, on a very fundamental level, participants in subaltern struggles encounter environmental concerns not only from a different perspective, but also from a different structural position that may entail entirely different solutions and course of action. (28)
It emerged so clearly in both our organising and my own research the ways that these structural positions demand recognition in both strategy and goals in ways that people outside the struggle often do not understand:
Due to their position, the subaltern are not able to distance themselves from the political or economic consequences of either the problem or the proposed solutions. (29)
I think the key here is, does someone, do you benefit from the maintenance of the status quo? If you do, better said where you do because almost all of us have aspects of our identity that do not, then it is certain you’ll have some blindspots. It is nice to see it so clearly explained why there cannot just be one axis. But also the way Pulido grounds her work in economic relations, so she is also able to:
recognize how economic relations are mutually constituted by racism and issues of identity. A materialist analysis is crucial in identifying the structures and forces leading to the formation of subaltern environmental struggles. (31)
And highlights some of the key questions in looking at movement and thinking about resistance:
The task is to identify the ways in which racism, cultural oppression and identity interact with economic forces to create unique forms of domination and exploitation. (32)
Above all this book explores how important culture is to these positions — and the ability to find strength there:
For subaltern groups, quality-of-life issues are expressed within their economic projects. “People fight not only for more but for the possibility of defining a way of life expressive of deeply held values” (Plotke 1990, 93)
Given the development of white supremacy, these values are often key both to imagining alternatives, and to challenging the constantly promoted superiority of whiteness.
Racism must be challenged in the economic, social and cultural spheres.
Consequently, while the UFWOC’s [United Farm Worker of California] movement is a class conflict, it was also an antiracist struggle. It was antiracist in its efforts to counter the racialized division of labor, a racist class structure, as well as the larger racist ideology which rendered rural Chicanos as a despised population. (32)
Again this is part of identifying the multiple modes of oppression, of fighting on all fronts:
When poverty, racism, and culture come together to oppress people, they also interact to create unique forms of oppression that become the basis of resistance. Each of these factors must be countered individually and collectively, and one of the first steps in attempting to do so is the creation of an affirming, collective identity. (33)
Some axes, some definitions
I struggled a lot with why I have not focused on gender in my own work, and again Pulido nailed exactly why I did not and why I was uncomfortable with doing so artificially — in the struggles she studied gender was not articulated as an axis of domination and resistance, so she chose not to include gender as its own axis as it were. While ever present as an issue, Pulido writes:
Emphasizing this line of inquiry, however, would have take the analysis in a different direction, emphasizing unspoken forms of consciousness and interaction. … the fact remains that gender was not strategically used by the organizations in either understanding their oppression or mobilizing against it. For this reason I did not make it a separate category. Instead, it us interwoven throughout the discussion and reflects not only individual gender consciousness, but its intersection with other dynamics that create fully textured lives. (33)
The definitions found here are great, especially in the ways that they build on — while also moving beyond — traditional Marxist understandings:
In short, there are many ways to be poor and economically marginal which are beyond the bounds of class. Understanding the specific conditions and relationships which give rise to poverty and inequality is essential in order to analyze them and ascertain the motivating force of struggles. (34)
Looking at Northern New Mexico, and its underdevelopment it becomes more clear just how this works, and how this is connected to space and place:
Because they have been relatively exempt from the homogenizing forces of modernity, such communities often carry the illusion of a traditional lifestyle…
It is imperative to understand the role of capital in the creation of places. (35)
This does not discount the importance of class, or the division of labour as an important analytical category in all advanced economies, but it explores the complexity of this as it intersects, or too often overlaps far too perfectly, with race. While there may be contradictions, too often
there may be an almost perfect fit, leading to a racialized division of labor. Nowhere is this seen more clearly than among California farmworkers. (37)
Like Harvey’s more flexible reading of Marx, Pulido emphsasis the relational aspect of class, an individual can occupy more than one class position. At the same time there is often a collective relationship rather than just an individual one.
Of course, neither poor people nor workers automatically constitute a class. Only when people unite to struggle on issues related to production, the appropriation of surplus value, and domination — only when they exist in opposition — do they then become a class. (39)
This raises the question of domination and power, and resistance to it.
Race is socially constructed. Of course. She uses Peter Jackson’s definition of racism (1987) which I hadn’t come across before (I don’t think?)
…a set of interrelated ideologies and practices that have grave material effects, severely effecting black people’s life chances and threatening their present and future well-being (1987, p 3)
But expanded beyond the Black/white binary of course. I like this definition very much. Another key:
In order to be effective, a racist ideology must become so pervasive and natural that it becomes hegemonic, and therefore, rarely questioned. (43)
Interesting too, how this becomes transferred to behaviours:
Although much of our racial discourse centers on the words “color” and “skin” — and although many people continue to be racist based solely on the idea of phenotype — skin color has essentially become a signifier for behavior considered objectionable by the dominant group. (44)
and both become tied up with neighbourhood and place, as described by Charles Mills.
As NSM literature demonstrates, the formation of a collective identity is a necessary first step in building a movement. People, regardless of how oppressed they might be, do not inevitably have a common identity. A shared identity must be cultivated and refined through interaction and struggle with other groups. (46) … while an affirmative identity will not necessarily lead to mobilization, it is, at the least, crucial to retaining one’s dignity in the face of oppression. (47)
The point is how to make it an affirming, positive identity, and as inclusive as possible…it would be good to think more about that and I think some people are. Strategic essentialism is part of this perhaps. For those who complain endlessly about identity politics:
Obviously, the creation of an affirmative identity can never be fully distinguished from resistance because the action and consciousness required to build such an identity, even if it simply allows one to live with a shred of dignity, is an act of resistance and an exercise of power in itself. It is the power of self that is the crucial first step in imagining the possibility of resistance or another reality. In my study of subaltern Chicano environmental struggles, ethnicity was the primary form of identification, and culture provided much of the raw material for that identity. (47)
The question, as I say, is how this is developed through struggle and conscientização so that it builds towards alliances, solidarity, broadening of movement.
Quotes Aldrich, Carter, Hone and McEvoy (48):
Ethnicity is the identity which members of the group place upon themselves, race is a label foisted on to them by non-members… While racial identity may be a crippling disability, ethnicity acts as a positive force for the protection and promotions of group interests.
I never thought of it like this… I have so much more reading to do I know. I still think of it as defined on the immigration forms I helped people fill out long ago.
Anyway. To end. Without getting much into the struggles themselves, whose inspiration fills the bulk of the book and I loved and might find time to write more about.
Bringing it all together?
So how does Pulido connect political economy to these concepts, these axes of domination and subordination? She describes three cultural concepts that are helpful:
- Bauman’s concepts of differential and hierarchical culture (1973). Anglo-American culture is regularly seen, described, taught as better than others, part of the necessary struggle is that subaltern cultures turn this on its head.
- Values, beliefs and material culture… different cultural forms exist in subaltern struggles which can become outward symbols and expressions of cultural differences and ways of proclaiming that there is an alternative. Examples are UFWOC’s use of La Virgen de Guadalupe, or Ganados anchoring their economic development project in wool and weaving.
- Praxis. She defines this in a unique way (to me, I am wonderig if this is how it is used in postcolonial studies) and I like how it brings together resistance, culture and material struggle:
Praxis is action. It is the social relations that actually create a culture. It is the stuff of which culture (and life) is made. Praxis usually refers to practices of which people are not overtly conscious but which appear to be the natural way of doing things. An illustration of praxis is how people organize their family life. Praxis is critical to understanding domination, mobilization and resistance. … In order for a movement to be successful, it must begin where people are. It must begin with the familiar and everyday. One reason that both of these case studies were successful was the emphasis on praxis, which allowed people to feel comfortable in new experiences and situations. (55)
Drawing the Global Colour Line by Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds — such a good book. It charts how whiteness as an identity was constructed across the British Empire rather than just within individual colonies — it’s a brilliant examination of global formations of racism and its rhetoric, especially given the usual focus on a national context. I might quote with exaggerated enthusiasm here because much of this was new to me when I read it, though I realise it is much more familiar to those working in postcolonial theory. I’m catching up slowly.
This book argues, following Du Bois, that the assertion of whiteness was born in the apprehension of imminent loss…and it charts the spread of whiteness as a transnational form of racial identification, that was, as Du Bois noticed, at once global in its power and personal in its meaning, the basis of geo-political alliances and a subjective sense of self. (loc 73, 84)
This combination of the global and the personal, the connection between privilege and great fear of its loss, are shown to be key to understanding many of white racism’s dynamics, and it was eye-opening to read the constructions of racist beliefs growing in concert and conversation.
In recent scholarship, ‘whiteness studies’ have emerged as a productive new field of historical enquiry, but most investigations have conceptualised their subject within a national frame of analysis, identifying local dynamics at work within histories deemed distinctive or even exceptional.15 Studies that now acknowledge the necessity for a global context still confine their own analyses within a national interpretative frame and that has been especially the case with United States scholarship.16 But, as DuBois and contemporaries on the other side of the colour line saw clearly, the emergence of the ‘new religion’ of whiteness was a transnational
phenomenon and all the more powerful for that, inspiring in turn the formation of international movements of resistance, such as the pan-African and pan-Asian alliances… (loc 99)
A little more on the purpose of the book itself, its focus on racial technologies, and the nature of the global colour line. I find the authors most eloquent so these are long quotations:
In Drawing the Global Colour Line, We trace the transnational circulation of emotions and ideas, people and publications, racial knowledge and technologies that animated white men’s countries and their strategies of exclusion, deportation and segregation, in particular, the deployment of those state-based instruments of surveillance, the census, the passport and the literacy test. The project of whiteness was thus a paradoxical politics, at once transnational in its inspiration and identifications but nationalist in its methods and goals. The imagined community of white men was transnational in its reach, nationalist in its outcomes, bolstering regimes of border protection and national sovereignty. (loc 103)
Again, the importance of understanding what is happening at different scales, differences around particular implementations and histories but also to a great degree unified, particularly around a shared glorious racial past and the sharing of ‘best practices’.
Though recently established, white men’s countries sought legitimacy through locating themselves in the long tradition of Anglo-Saxon race history that dated back to the mythic glories of Hengist and Horsa. They shared an English-speaking culture and newly ascendant democratic politics, priding themselves, as Anglo-Saxons, on a distinctive capacity, indeed a genius, for self-government. It was their commitment to democratic equality that made racial homogeneity seem imperative. In the tradition of J. S. Mill, they argued that democracy could only survive in the absence of distinctions of caste and colour.
White men’s countries rested on the premise that multiracial democracy was an impossibility. (loc 139)
They used specific wordings to promote such ideas, which underline the geographies of race and democracy:
Colonial leaders preferred, however, to speak not of ‘local’, but of ‘self-government’, which they would later invoke to argue their sovereign right to racial homogeneity. (loc 614)
This connection between ideas of democracy and the need for racial homogeneity is a particularly important one to my own research, and seen over and over again. It is also one that continues to emerge in these days of ours, though often divorced from such openly racist rhetoric. Yet at the same time it is a connection glossed over or completely left out of most work on democracy and its workings.
Previous studies have charted racial discourse across the British Empire or drawn attention to the links between the anti- Chinese policies of California and the Australian colonies, but few have analysed the inter-relationship of British and American racial regimes in the same analytical frame.29 Yet, crucially, the idea of the ‘white man’s country’ crossed and collapsed the imperial/republican divide, drawing on the discursive resources of both traditions to enshrine the dichotomy of white and not-white. The British Empire drew a distinction between ruling and ruled races; republican ideology drew a distinction between races fit and not fit for self-government. United States naturalisation law rested on the dichotomy of white and not-white.
In the figure of the white man, the imperialist became a democrat and the democrat an imperialist.
Mills’ The Racial Contract is brilliant on exploring the underpinnings of this in terms of ideas of democracy, ‘social contract’ and race, but more on that later.
This worldview worked to simplify, to make binary a complex reality:
One indicator of the global ascendancy of the politics of whiteness was its ability to recast the previous multiplicity of nations, races and religions – Aryan, Caucasian, Chinese, Hindus, Kanakas, Islanders, Malays, Blacks, Lascars, Moslems, Japanese – in binary terms as ‘white’ or ‘not-white’. English-speaking countries were pace-setters in this regard. (loc 180)
We still suffer from this binary, still don’t quite have the words to deal with its falsity imposed over reality given it has wielded and continues to wield such force.
The Racialisation of Labour: Workers and Masculinity
There is clearly an important connection to be made here with masculinity as well as with democracy:
…when ‘glorious manhood asserts its elevation’, in the words of New South Wales republican poet, Daniel Deniehy, when pride of manhood found expression in pride of race to enshrine the white man as the model democrat. In the New World encounters of diverse peoples, the masculine democracies of North America and Australasia defined their identity and rights in racial terms: the right of Anglo-Saxons to self-government and the commitment of white workers to high wages and conditions, against those they saw as undermining their new-found status, whether they be aristocrats of ‘coolies’.
When glorious manhood asserted its elevation, white men monopolised the status of manhood itself. Coolies, Islanders, Asiatics and Blacks were cast as not simply deficient as workers, colonists and citizens, but also as men. They were docile, servile, dependent, unfree. Hence, the struggles of coloured and colonised men to achieve recognition, or restitution, of their manhood as well as national independence.
So many remarkable interchanges occurred between countries despite the thousands of miles between them, as interesting as the differences.
Anti-Chinese agitation began to centre on complaints of cheap labour, low wages and unfair competition. Industrial employment as well as gold were claimed as the exclusive preserve of white men.
Agitation against the Chinese in Australia was frequently inspired by the example of California.14 A significant proportion of the miners on the Victorian fields had come directly from the lawless districts of the Pacific Slope and they often carried their preference for direct action with them. (loc 271)
Ah, the old spectre of grassroots violence. Makes it a bit harder to talk about the ‘grassroots’ as positively as we so often do.
Workers were in movement, and so were ideas, organising strategies and racism — here from California to Melbourne but drawing on anything useful, with labour pressuring the government to stop immigration (a familiar sort of current, I wish I could say differently today):
The Commission recommended a Californian-type tax to ‘check and diminish this influx’, but the Victorian government also introduced the first form of ‘immigration restriction’, utilising, at the suggestion of the Colonial Office, the British Passengers Act, that limited the number of passengers for health and safety reasons to one passenger for every two tons of ship’s burthen. (loc 300)
A goldfield in Australia called Jim Crow…Jesus:
Agitation against the Chinese continued. In 1857, for example, a public meeting at Geelong ‘numbering not less than one thousand persons’ sent a petition demanding the parliament ‘check any further increase of the Chinese race in Victoria’; the Local Court at Castlemaine presented a Memorial against the ‘Chinese influx’ while miners at a goldfield named ‘Jim Crow’ near Ballarat collected 345 signatures in favour of Chinese exclusion.23 (loc 315)
A transnational identity as a man and as a worker is being crafted here, but a racialised one:
When anti-Chinese activists thus campaigned against the Chinese as colonists, citizens and workers, they also impugned their manhood. ‘Rice-eating men’, declared Australians and Californians in chorus, had neither the rights nor responsibilities of masculine ‘beef-eating’ men. (loc 412)
I remember reading very similar phraseology at this same point in time from authors like Henry Mayhew writing about the Irish in London, and the ways they can live on a single potato or on nothing at all. Hardly surprising, I suppose, that it should be used independently or displaced against others, often by the Irish themselves.
International doctrines of freedom of movement thus collided with the ascendant democratic power of white manhood. In an age when “glorious manhood asserts its elevation”, in the words of republican Australian poet Daniel Deniehy, Chinese labour, represented as docile and servile, was cast as a profound threat to the new-found status of the independent, upright working man, a figure increasingly coded as ‘white’.47 (loc 415)
Workers were white men, and they were white men ‘under siege’:
In demanding the exclusion of Chinese workers, the labour movement increasingly defined the by his “civilized” standard of living. The difference between the Chinese worker and the white worker, said one supporter in the Victorian parliament, sounding an international theme, was the difference between ‘a rice-eating man and a beef-eating man”. “People who can subsist on a handful of rice and content themselves with the barest shelter are formidable opponents of European labor”, said a colleague.64 Moreover, the “unfairness of the competition is added to by the intense industry of these Asiatics. They stand in as little need of rest and recreation, apparently, as they do of a generous diet or wholesome housing…” (loc 473)
These constructions of masculinity were emerging both from workers and politicians, intertwining with more upper-class justifications and discourses of Empire:
Just as British statesmen looked to the United States as a future ally, so Americans looked to British imperialism as a model for a re-invigorated United States manhood. On a visit to Britain in 1895, the previously sceptical Lodge was impressed by the role of imperial government in building English manhood. ‘I am more than ever impressed with the vast difference between the Englishman who has travelled and governed abroad and those who have not’, he wrote on his return. ‘The latter are insular and self-absorbed and stiff as a rule and the former are almost always agreeable and worth meeting’.65 Imperialism was character-building, for man, nation and race. ‘I believe in the expansion of great nations’, Roosevelt affirmed to his friend, Spring Rice, in December 1899. India had done a great deal for ‘the English character. If we do our work well in the Philippines and the West Indies, it will do a great deal for our character’.66(loc 1569)
Women could only suffer in this equation, being pushed further into roles of pure motherhood to uphold the race. One example:
The Royal Commission placed the blame for the decline of the birth rate on the selfishness of women.64 A copy of the report was sent to the United States at the request of the Department of Commerce and Labor.65 White men’s countries shared the preoccupation with race suicide. (loc 2226)
The other tragic result? The focus in so many liberation movements on ‘recovering’ the masculinity of men of colour. We watched Marlon Riggs’ awesome documentary Black I is, Black I ain’t last night, which is eloquent in showing the cost of this to women of colour and to those finding themselves outside of definitions of masculinity through their sexuality or expressions. To those facing demands to conform or ostracisation.
Motherland v Colony: the complexities of Empire:
One of the most enlightening things for me were the differences, at least initially, in the attitudes and discourses (though not in levels of racism itself) of Britain as the coloniser of a far-flung empire, and its subjects who established settler colonies. I had never quite grasped the strength of the idea of a multi-racial commonwealth, all subject to the Queen. This created complex allegiances amongst the empire’s members, even in its highly imperfect state.
I remember a strange loyalty to this idea puzzling me to some extent in Gandhi’s biography when I read it very long ago, and I am fascinated by quite what that meant, and how it shifted along with power, technologies of exploitation and discourse:
But the imperial status in which Gandhi invested so much – the status of British subject – was fast being eclipsed in the self-governing colonies by the ascendant dichotomy of white
and not-white. In making an argument that Natal should follow New South Wales rather than the United States and declare explicitly against the immigration of Asiatics, one member of parliament was moved to observe that colonists should forget about Colonial Office objections on behalf of coloured British subjects, for ‘the idea of the British subject was fading more and more every year’. (loc 1905)
This kind of attitude was made possible by the nature of empire, by governing from a country that remained white, an illuminating quote:
The shoe doesn’t pinch us; for in the first place each Asiatic in Natal must be multiplied by eight hundred to produce a proportionate effect on the population at home; and secondly this country being already fully populated, a relatively large influx of a foreign element could only be brought about by a corresponding displacement of the native element.36
Racial hierarchies existed within these limited categories of colonial subject, though all as a rule were seen as unfit for the duties and responsibilities of white men:
But there was a further problem in Natal: the presence of several hundred thousand ‘natives’. Even if a few Indians were to be granted self-government, they could not be trusted to govern blacks. The Colonial Office noted the impossibility of one subject race being governed by another:
In the contingency which this Bill deals with – that of Asiatics becoming the majority in a tiny electorate – a result would appear, which no-one ever contemplated, and which would be most anomalous and perhaps hazardous in itself viz the Government of a subject Race, which itself does not understand and is permanently unfit for representative Government, by another Race which does not understand it either which has no experience of it, and whose capacity to work it must be doubtful representative government is the monopoly of the European Races.37 (loc 1754)
Yet they remained subjects — a limited status yet one that settler colonies demanded be stripped. Thus it was the colonies that drove this process, and remarkably late in a sense — the end of the 1800s, which also saw the end of reconstruction in the US and the rise of Jim Crow:
The Australian legislation of 1896, in dividing the world’s peoples between white and not-white, regardless of their standing as powers or status as British subjects, marked a radical new departure in international relations. But the move was a logical development of the binary thinking that governed British imperial rule – the division between Crown colonies and self-governing Dominions or between ‘advanced’ and ‘backward’ races – and United States naturalisation law, that divided the world’s peoples into white and not-white. White Australia was produced in a convergence of these binary classification systems with the result that a vast range of diverse nationalities, ethnicities and religious groups Afghans, Chinese, Japanese, Hindus, Moslems, Negroes, Indians, Malays and Pacific Islanders – were lumped together (loc 2036)
Again, this underlines how this growing understanding of whiteness as identity, the creation of whiteness came from both bottom up and top down as it were, to return to the workers:
The project of White Australia was thus a contest over the meaning of civilisation itself. Much Labor vitriol was directed at the Japanese demand to be recognised as a civilised power. The Australian Worker reported the story of a confrontation between a local Labor man determined to ‘take down’ ‘a Jap standing outside a laundry’, who dressed above his station:
There you are looking like a crow decked out with peacock’s feathers thinking, I suppose, that you represent an up-to-date and enlightened nation. A great Power you call yourself, with your navy and your army, that you haven’t paid for yet, and your factories and other such western civilised innovations wherein you don’t earn enough in a week to keep a white man in beer and tobacco for the same period. (loc 2148)
But it’s all happening a bit later than I usually think of it, though the roots go very deep. We see Labour taking up the rhetoric of justice and democracy only when both are restricted racially:
In the new Commonwealth of Australia, Liberal and Labor parties agreed on the necessity of the state protecting the wages and conditions of white working men, an approach given expression in the policy of New Protection, so named because tariff protection would depend on employers paying workers a fair and reasonable wage. Deakin explicitly theorised White Australia as an exercise in social justice: ‘it means the maintenance of conditions of life fit for white men and white women – it means equal laws and opportunities for all; it means protection against the underpaid labour of other lands; it means social justice so far as we can establish it, including just trading and the payment of fair wages’.55 (loc 2171)
I hate seeing words social justice appearing in sentences like the one above. This was not, of course, only happening in Australia, and it became part of a political toolbox, part of the increasingly hegemonic mix of ideas through strong-held faith alongside canny manipulation and political operating within and between nations:
Above all, metropolitan governments realised that here was an issue capable of mobilising whole communities and creating new transnational ones, of changing voting behaviour and political allegiances . The British Ambassador to the United States, James Bryce, noted ‘an identity of feeling and of interests (real or supposed)’ between the Canadian inhabitants of the Pacific Coast and their neighbours in the United States.86 Washington and Ottawa talked about the possible secession of British Columbia, Washington, Oregon and California – “where the same question is agitating the public mind, and threatens to combine all classes, irrespective of boundaries, in one common cause” – leading to their amalgamation into a new republic.87 The British government feared that the United States would stand forth as the leader and protector of white men’s interests… (loc 2606)
I had to pause a moment to imagine the ‘what if’ of a west coast nation, especially given the onset of Trump. But really what is important is that it should be international rivalry in leadership pushing the British Empire to move away from earlier ideas that bestowed some rights and some degree of humanity within the term ‘subject’:
The British, too, worried about the Empire disintegrating, Britain being marginalised and the United States assuming leadership of a new white men’s alliance. In his paper ‘Suggestions as to Coloured Immigration into the Self-Governing Dominions’, prepared for the Colonial Office, Charles Lucas observed that this was ‘a question second to none in difficulty and importance’ for the Empire. The British government should endeavour therefore to show some leadership on the question:
There is also to my mind a constant and serious danger that, if we do not take the initiative, the United States may stand out on and through this question as the leaders of the English-speaking peoples in the Pacific as against the coloured races. This is not my own view alone.92 (loc 2621)
Roosevelt’s world tour with his ‘Great White Fleet’ in 1907 helped to establish US naval power while also consolidating ideas and a solidarity amongst the white settler nations, working to push England to a similar position.
Provocatively, he told a correspondent of the New York Times that the visits (New Zealand was added to the itinerary) were intended to ‘show England – I cannot say a “renegade” mother-country – that those colonies are white man’s country’.33
The drive towards this conception in the colonies was, of course, a lot about the white ownership of land…
Whites in California had been critical of Japanese arrivals, even while they appeared as birds of passage, but their concern turned to alarm when the new settlers established themselves as successful farmers in settled communities. As Yamato Ichihasi observed, agitation in parliament and the press continued unabated. By 1913, it concentrated on the question of ownership and control of land. The claim to be a white man’s country was fundamentally a proprietorial assertion. Senator J. D. Phelan, who had become the most powerful figure in the state Democratic Party machine, set out his case for forcing the Japanese from the farming districts in an article published in the New York journal, the Independent, the same journal, ironically, that had published W. E. B. DuBois’ ‘Souls of White Folk’ on the claims of whiteness to the ownership of the earth forever and ever.
The second post looks more at the intellectual architects and popularisers of ideologies to support conquest, settlement, white democracy and genocide. I’ll end this terribly long one with some timely thoughts on some of the results on whites themselves:
According to a Frenchman, Baron d’Estournelles de Constant, who had been to the fore in summoning the second Hague conference in 1907, the brutality of imperial rule was not only destructive to the colonised, but rebounded on white men themselves and their ‘mother-states’:
Where is the white man, however excellent, who can be perfectly certain that in the great wide spaces of our various European colonies he will be able to resist the terribly demoralising effect of unlimited power, conjoined with the influences of solitude and climate? Where is the white man who has not in Africa and Asia felt himself to be more or less master, with power to act as he will, with power to oppress? There is . . . a regrettable and retrograde tendency among white men once left to their own devices to cultivate and foster deliberately a brutality whose evil traditions they then bring back with them to their mother-state.45 (loc 3338)
Israel Joshua Singer is Isaac Baschevis’s older brother. His book The Brothers Ashkenazi (1936) blew me away. Written in Yiddish about the Jews of Łódź, Poland, it reads to me like a working out of demons — a deep and knowledgeable, very Marxist examination of capitalism and justice, yet the most chilling of conclusions about the power of hate.
All of these things find an equally chilling physical manifestion in the ghetto of Podgórze and the remains of Płaszów Camp.
The Brothers Ashkenazi begins, of course, in the Łódź ghetto, and contains the first of many things that struck me like blows, the similarities of segregation in Poland and that of African-Americans in the US:
At first, the Jews confined themselves to their own quarter. Seemingly overnight the houses already standing sprouted additional stories, annexes, wings, extensions, ells, attics, and garrets to accommodate the flow of newcomers converging upon Lodz from the surrounding areas…
Gradually the Jews began to spill out of their congested area in Wilki, which was officially closed to them. The first to stick a toe inside the restricted area were the more affluent, audacious Jews; presently the more timorous followed.
Then, like a torrent overflowing its banks, the Jews smashed down all barriers set up to include them.
Here too is an examination of real estate, and strategies for overcoming racial and religious restrictions as seen through the wheelings and dealings over building a new residential suburb. A savvy character named Preiss sees the potential, and buys land from a heavily indebted noble family, pretending it is for a factory.
Forgetting the fact that a Polish nobleman was obliged to address a Jew by his first name only, the Kanarskis abjured protocol and were almost civil to their visitor.
They are furious when they find out it is to become a residential area for Jews rather than an industrial one, but too late — the new municipality of Baluty is built, swallowing up peasant huts and transforming the lives of the gentiles within them in a new cultural melding.
This is also a story of the lived experience of Hasidic Judaism, of the unique battles between tradition and modernity faced by those raised in such traditional households. It explores the many contradictions of religion and capitalism, as well as the complicated relationships between family through the complex relationship between the twin brothers Ashkenazi, Simha Meir (Max) and Jacob. Both become successful, though in very different ways, both leave Hasidic Judaism for the most part behind them. Both love the same woman. There are a host of characters that seem drawn directly from life in all of their quirks and hypocrisies. My favourite is perhaps Feival, who works to recruit young men away from the Hasidim and into the intellectual heresy of their choice.
In his large house, strewn with daughters, papers, promissory notes, and bedding, stood bookcases filled with books for which he had paid fortunes.
His wife and daughters hate him…I was impressed by how Singer exposes quite relentlessly the oppression of women, their limited possibilities, the ways that it twists and distorts their lives and dreams. Not so impressed at the consistently shallow figures of haridans running around the novel (with one exception), but no one in this is whole.
What most fascinated me, however, is how with all of this emotional complexity of life and religion as they are lived, this also manages to be a story of the industrial revolution. A story of the rise of capitalism. It describes the practice of Jews buying factories through gentile front men, and hiring only gentiles so their factories can run through the Sabbath ‘with impunity and a clean conscience.’ Simha Meir becomes Max in his quest to become the ‘King of Łódź’.
More than ever he spent sleepless nights, scheming how to squeeze even more profits out of the factory.
He cuts out middle men, reduces quality of the materials used, reduces the amount of material, improves technology from hand looms to steam, reduces wages, increases hours. It explains the whole process of piecework and subcontracting. It describes in detail manufacturing at the beginning of the 1900s, here is just a sample:
A giant cloud of steam, moisture, and stench hovered over the dyeing rooms. the directors grimaced at the half-naked workers clattering in wooden clogs over the slippery stone floors. they laundered the goods, rinsed and dried them before huge ovens, steamed them, threw them into bins, and passed them through the press.
By now the visitors had had enough, but Ashkenazi wouldn’t let them go.
There are ongoing strikes and the organizers are complex and sympathetic characters appearing throughout the book. The strikes are mostly broken — it is Simha Meir who reports its organizers to the police. Thus the workers come to study Marx:
Ironically, there was no place in tsarist Russia that offered such splendid opportunity to study Marxism as prisons.
As the strike falls apart, religious violence is unleashed as Catholics rampage through Jewish streets. The fragile solidarity built between workers is nowhere near enough to contain the fury and violence.
As the Jewish community mourns its dead and rebuilds what has been destroyed, industry and business push forward into a new time of prosperity for the few and increased misery for the workers.
The contradictions of capitalism emerge, as the huge bubble of credit spurring prosperity eventually bursts. Fires break out across the city as factories, warehouses, spinneries burn for the insurance. Simha Meir stays ahead. Rebuilds.
More violence is unleashed as the Austrian army occupying Poland unravels, and war breaks out. Singer writes:
The only ones with no homeland to return to were the Jews. Hooligans of all persuasions daubed their homes and shops with obscene and threatening slogans. the sounds of nationalistic and religious songs were accompanied by the tinkle of shattered Jewish windowpanes.
This is eerie. Just as is the descriptions of the 1918 massacre/pogrom of Lviv (Ukrainian)–Lwów (Polish)–Lemberg (Austrian).
When the Crocuses arrived and drove off the Ukrainians, the Jewish quarter was offered to them as a prize. A mob of priests, clerks, streetwalkers, nuns, housewives, criminals, teachers, monks, nurses, and assorted civilians gathered to egg on the conquerors. “Get the sheenies!” they howled. “Hang them by their beards! Smoke them out like rats!”
The mob is everyone, it unites the city across all other barriers because who does not appear in this list? Legionnaires disarm the Jews, hang the leaders. The next morning they set up machine guns at all the strategic corners and open fire. Then they go from house to house stripping them of valuables, raping women and killing at whim babies and grandmothers and anyone who resists.
“Let no Jewish seed remain in Christian Poland!” the officers cried.
On the second night they do their best to burn the quarter down to the ground.
Singer’s despair weighs on you like a stone. This insanely violent and destructive anti-Jewish sentiment makes a mockery of Marx — not in terms of the functioning of capitalism and industry and the resulting desperation and misery of the workers, but in the hopes for the unity of the working class to overturn it. You arrive at this conclusion with Singer, and it fucking hurts. Because he understands the plight of the workers all too well, and his sympathies are always with the agitators fighting for change:
Like flies caught in spider webs, the men, women, and children of Balut sat glued to their looms, working until they dropped. But all the millions they earned weren’t enough to prepare for the Sabbath.
Yet in a world where capitalism has intertwined with gentile power and hate, capitalism is impossible to overturn and attempts to do so will only bring another wave of Christian violence crashing down on the Jewish community. Another strategy is required.
Had Jews adopted the gentile’s ways, they would have already long since vanished from the face of the earth. But the Jews perceived that theirs had to be a different course, and it was this perception that had lent them the moral strength to endure and accumulate the only kind of force the gentiles respected — intellectual and economic power.
You can read this book perhaps as a commentary of the emptiness, the unhappiness of In Max Ashkenzai’s life, where he only finds a measure of fulfillment in reconciling with his family through mutual tragedy. Yet I don’t think Singer lets us off that easily. In the face of hatred he shows how Max’s life — despite its ruthless exploitation of his fellow Jews along with gentiles, its emptiness and unhappiness — is perhaps the best Jews can achieve. It is a victory and a revenge against Polish society that needs celebration. Thus, at his funeral, Max is acknowledged the King of Lodz, and beloved of his people:
Piotrkow Street was black with people, droshkies, carriages, and cars. Wild-bearded Hasisdim walked next to top-hatted bankers, grimy vendors, clerks, brokers, herder students, beggars, thieves, workers. In Max Ashkenazi’s passing they say the demise of Lodz itself. His funeral was its funeral.
It was hard reading this to remember that it was published during the Nazi’s rise to power, that these conclusions were reached with such desperate sadness before anyone knew the unthinkable thing the Nazis planned. These conclusions seem even more apt in grappling with the meaning of the holocaust, and I have found a little more insight I think, into today’s politics and all the ugliness of Israel’s actions. I still hate them, and watch, with heart breaking, oppression beget oppression.
“Let no Palestinian seed remain in Jewish Israel!” the officers cried.
While Krakow’s museums and plaques and self-descriptions rightly celebrate the stories of those who stood against the Nazis — among them Tadeusz Pankiewicz, the Catholic owner of the Eagle Pharmacy in Podgórze who continued operation and helped the resistance, or Schindler (with all his complications) whose factory also sits in Podgórze — they fail signally to engage with this longer history.
We did not visit Auschwitz-Birkenau — the thought of visiting a place of such horror as an attraction, with a guided tour for tourists as you must, filled us with dread. Instead we spent a day exploring the remnants of the ghetto on our own.
Between 1941 and 1943, Nazis carried out mass murders of Jews here in Plac Bohaterów Getta/ Plac Zgody — the staging point for their deportation to other camps from the ghetto. The Nazis ordered all Jews to leave Krakow in 1940; 17,000 remained and all were forced into the ghetto. In 1942, the Nazis carried out a mass deportation of people to Bełżec death camp. Those remaining they divided into sections “A” and “B”, employed and unemployed, useful and not useful. I think it is this kind of organizational detail that I find most terrifying. Those in group “A” were later marched to Płaszów Camp just down the road, while the people of “B” were murdered on the spot or sent to Auschwitz.
This is also the square on which the Eagle Pharmacy sits.
A later picture I found: the plac in 1958, with an advertisement in the background for Nova Huta…the past invisible here, and only a looking forward to the future.
We hunted down the remnants of Podgórze’s walls, built to contain and cage:
Today, here is a view of the old ghetto framed by the remaining section of wall on the left:
A terrifying picture of the clearing out of the ghetto, pieces of the wall in the background, ‘normal’ life beyond them:
From Podgórze, we crossed the highway to climb a prehistoric mound, mythologised as the resting place of King Krakus, Kraków’s founder. It is the oldest human-made structure in Krakow, and normally I would have been much more excited about that. Alongside it, as you can see, sits a huge quarry. Used by Spielberg in filming Schindler’s list, it was also a site of work for groups from Płaszów Camp:
We continued on along a fairly overgrown and narrow track alongside the quarry and with a Catholic cemetery on the other side. Finally we reached Płaszów Camp:
It was dusk, and I know some of the ruins still exist at the other end, where the main entrance sat. We did not go and find them. But we looked out over the site from above, eerie and empty. You want to be alone with your thoughts in such places, don’t you.
This is what sat here once:
This history of violence and contradiction lingered. It is not something that should be, or even could be, reconciled, contained, fully understood, capped off, or put behind us. This issue of how not just to bridge what divides us — and there is the whole grab-bag to choose from such as race, religion, gender, sexuality and any other difference we choose to invest with such meanings — but to find strength and beauty in our diversity, remains the key challenge for liberatory praxis I think.
This is a story about tractors for my amazing nephew Eli.
There are two tractors who live on the farm. A lot of the time we work, while they sit around in the farmyard resting.
But when it’s time for the really big jobs? We think they are amazing. I am going to show you just some of the jobs they can do.
One of the things they do is cut the grass, so all of the animals can have food in the winter time when snow covers the grass and they live inside.
Sometimes little tractors can’t do everything themselves, so the tractors that live next door come and help!
This one pushes all of the grass into rows that are the perfect size. This is the daddy tractor:
The son tractor follows behind him, scooping up all the grass into his baler. The baler takes all the grass and spins it into a big ball.
Imagine cutting all this grass without a tractor!
Afterwards the baler covers the ball in plastic, and then just drops it onto the field. Poom!
You can watch it if you want to.
Riding in the tractor is fun, but you have to climb up up up to get into it! This is how big the neighbour tractor is:
Inside you can see everything from really high up:
When we need to move these bales off the field and stack them up, we put these funny arms onto our tractor. It’s important we don’t break the plastic, or the animals won’t like the food inside!
For moving hay bales, you need the spiky arms instead. It’s so cool you can change the tractor’s arms to do all kinds of different things.
These bales are SO BIG! See, here I am sitting on some in the barn.
You can only move these big bales with a tractor.
Tractors can also make little hay bales when you connect this machine to it. This one is very old, but it still works and makes the hay nice and small so you can sit on it easier, and people can move it around!
But best of all, tractors are really good at cleaning up HUGE messes. The cows and the sheep live inside the barn all winter, and they poop and pee and spill their food and it is so yucky.
With a tractor you can just move it all away. People only have to clean a little bit in the places where the tractor can’t reach. That still takes us hours, but look at what the tractor can do!
I bet your mom wouldn’t mind having a tractor for your messes! But maybe you can use your little tractor to help her clean up. Because tractors love to help. Look at how much work this tractor has done, putting all the mess into just one shed.
The tractor especially loves helping her animal friends. Like Sandy the calf:
and Lilly the Kid:
And all of the chickens. This one is Natasha:
Mimi and Mishka the lambs:
They all say bye bye Eli, maybe we will tell you another story sometime!
It takes a lot of work, salad.
So. Much. Work.
This is because today we worked picking for the market, for the ‘city folk’, not for our own meal. I know now I never appreciated enough where my usual salad came from.
It took two of us much of the morning to harvest two boxes of spinach and one of chard. True, it’s near the end of the harvest and they are just at the point of bolting, but still. So much work. Back — aches. Hands — itch from that one sneaking nettle. Bending over to pick leaf by leaf, not too much on any one plant so more can be harvested. I know spinach disappears when you cook it, but it does the same damn thing filling a box.
I also picked and washed and de-slugged lettuce. I thus discovered today there are not two kinds of slug — the fat round kind and the long slithery kind with antlers. The slitherers roll up. Life was all right when I didn’t know that.
Mizuna, roquette (this is the same as arugula, who knew? Maybe I knew, but I have also been known to state I’ve never had ‘rocket’ in the US. Perhaps this forgetfulness arises from the fact I don’t care so much for it…) and a third I can’t remember. Those you can just cut all the leaves in a satisfying bunch about an inch and a half above the roots and they will grow back better than ever. Those were a pleasure to harvest. A little chicory, endive, some calendula petals and my salad bags for market tomorrow were a pleasure to behold.
There is, of course, also the choosing of varieties, preparing of beds, planting, watering and etc. Today’s labour was only the end of a much longer labour of hours and thought.
The afternoon we spent weeding around the chard and spinach, and weeding and weeding. But these polytunnels are amazing.
Today’s moral: appreciate your damn salad.
My last day at the farm, sheep-shearing day which I am so happy I got to see. It hardly seemed real to be leaving, hardly seems I was there now I am in Bristol. Everything fades so fast, though the soreness of my arms and tiredness implies it was in fact real.
Today as I sat at the train station — before being joined by an Afro-Carribean pensioner on a day-trip from Bristol doing her photography who boldly stated that Blair and Bush should be brought to the Hague for prosecution for their wars that were for nothing more than oil and was a bit taken aback I think when I wholeheartedly agreed so continued on with her arguments as if I had disagreed — before being joined by her, I was thinking how much I have enjoyed my time so far. I feel like I’ve been cracked open a little bit, horizons expanded a little bit so I have more room to grow. There is all this new experience that I can now own as mine, and the humility of knowing it could fill a thimble of what there is to know.
Today the sheep-shearer came. Martin. I watched him work and like yesterday herding sheep with T I was hit by just how very beautiful human beings are when they are in their element doing things they are expert in. I think sometimes this is the fascination of sport, because in office life, city life, you almost never see this. You forget just how amazing it is to watch someone with true expertise move and perform the very difficult tasks that they are best at. It seems effortless, every movement is sure, practiced, with the weight of years behind it. It looks easy, but you know it is the opposite.
It struck me that in this kind of physical labour you can find one aspect of true beauty visible nowhere else.
I will miss it the way I miss stars. Both of these things, I think, are things generally lacking in urban modern life, a reminder to be a little humbler in how we walk on the earth.
He had already done a few hundred sheep this morning before he came to do our 51 (the ewes with lambs will be shorn later in the summer) — most farms have several hundred at least. He spends three months a year in New Zealand shearing sheep like this every day — there are farms there with 80,000 of the things. Teams spend weeks shearing. Then there is part of his year traveling up and down England shearing sheep every day, and he has just added winter months in Finland and Latvia to the rotation — sheep there are kept inside for whole of the winter into the very late spring.
It never occurred to me that people could travel the world shearing sheep. A different kind of migration than what we usually hear about.
In England, where there is barn capacity (unlike the farm where I was working though plans are for that to soon change), ewes are often shorn in December before they lamb, and then kept inside until spring. They only need an inch and a half to two inches of wool coat to be perfectly happy outside in the winter weather, the rest of that immensely heavy fleece has all been bred for our own use.
The sheep file up this ramp — it was easier than I expected though often enough a ewe grew tired of waiting there and backed a waiting line right back into the pen. Often enough one of the stupid things sat stubbornly sideways across the entrance blocking it. They snorted and started around the pen when I got in to encourage them up. They act as if they are afraid of you every time you move, but when you are still you often feel their hot breath on your hands, and they will attempt to nibble away at wellies and sweater and jeans.
The shearer grabs them under their chin and by the foreleg and as he pulls them down he flips them over and there they lie strangely quiescent for the most part as he follows the same routine in removing their fleece, moving their dead-weight deftly to do so with practiced holds. Off the great thing comes. It is an amazing thing to watch.
I was expecting someone burley and older and grizzled. Not a rather puckish looking slender guy who is very possibly stronger than anyone else I have ever met.
The clippers are razor sharp and the skin very thin though the fleece is generally ready to come off at this point, seemed mostly to just peel away. From scattered conversation it also seems that certain kinds of sheep are much easier in this respect to shear than others, and some fleeces much more ready to come off. On one of the ewes who kicked there was a deeper cut, and he sewed it up himself there and then with something very thick and a huge needle.
That made me a little queasy I confess.
T rolled up the fleeces as they came off, into bundles that filled these massive great sacks that need massive muscles to haul into trucks and make this a bit more of a manly occupation than it needs to be. The sacks belong to the wool board, a cooperative that collects the wool from around the country and sells it all for the best price possible for large and small farmers alike. I love this, the only problem for T & I is that they don’t get a check for the wool until the following year. Not a huge problem for large farms, but often quite difficult for small holdings as you could imagine.
Sheep are so funny when shorn, but so clearly very happy and they even frisked a bit like lambs might — these were the year-old ewes who still hadn’t lambed, so still young I suppose.
He did the two ewes that didn’t lamb and the ewe whose lamb died and the four rams as well — those last cost quite a bit more trouble, and then one of them jumped the hurdles, a rather astonishing feat for something so heavy. An annoying one too as it meant a much more tiring day for us. Martin’s sheep-dog Jack helped round him up which was immensely helpful, but it meant he ended up penned separately with two of the shorn ewes so we had to separate them, get all the ewes into the orchard, get the rams together, load them up into the trailer, and return them to their fields.
We had the best bacon butties I have ever eaten when we finally had done. Showers and hot water seem extra special as well.
And then there I was waiting for the train. Feeling a little sad to be going I confess. Before I left I got a shot of the very helpful poster of sheep, cattle and pig breeds, though a bit of reflection from the sunny day
Wonderful thing to do, this farming malarkey, though I am quite happy to have a good long rest before me.
Aliens came, they stayed a while without saying hello and left without saying goodbye, having both transformed and trashed the places they inhabited around the world. Humans are left to shift through their incomprehensible and often deadly garbage. Ursula le Guin writes in the preface to this wonderful new translation:
Here, the visitors from space, if they noticed our existence at all, were evidently uninterested in communication; perhaps to them we were savages, or perhaps pack rats. There was no communication; there can be no understanding. (Le Guin – vii)
And there never is understanding, just a mix up of hope and fear. There is one scientist, Kirill, who sees in it the potential of knowledge and utopia and inspires Red, who works with him, just a little:
‘Mr Aloysius Macnaught!’ I say. ‘You are absolutely right. Our little town is a hole. Always was and always will be. Except right now,’ I say, ‘it’s a hole into the future. And the stuff we fish out of this hole will change the whole stinking world. Life will be different, the way it should be, and no one will want for anything. That’s our hole for you. There’s knowledge pouring through this hole. And when you figure it out, we’ll make everyone rich, and we’ll fly to the stars, and we’ll go wherever we want. That’s the kind of hole we have here…’
At this point I trail off, because I notice that Ernie is looking at me in astonishment, and I feel embarrassed. (42)
Because while this is Red drunkenly speaking, these are Kirill’s words, Kirill’s utopia. It’s possibly what the zone could have meant, or could always partially mean and what remains part of its lure. It is always the promise held out by science, the bright and shining dream of it. It’s not completely disproven here, but questioned.
I love that these new translations have afterwords from Boris. He describes the process, and shares the Strugatskys’ notes for the story written in February of 1970. This after wandering ‘the deserted, snow-covered streets’ of Komarovo on the Gulf of Finland, with all its resonance as a retreat for poets and scientists and writers of what was then Leningrad…I so want to go.
The growth of superstition, a department attempting to assume power through owning the junk, an organization seeking to destroy it (Knowledge fallen from the sky is useless and pernicious; any discovery could only lead to evil applications). Prospectors revered as wizards. A decline in the stature of science. (195-196)
Prospectors! It was only later they came up with stalkers, used the English word thus bringing it into the Russian language (very cool).
I do like the term prospectors though, this drunken dangerous lifestyle seeking fortune and escape is so reminiscent of prospecting. Even without understanding anything, some of the new technology can be put to work, money can be made. So corruption and dealing abound. Seemingly harmless things like batteries on the one hand, but so much of the detritus deals in death and disfigurement, and there has always been big money in those.
And there is poverty in this town. So you have the stalkers, men like Red who cross government lines to enter, to pick up what they can and sell it on the black market. The danger and skill and knowledge of the work has its on pull, but you can never forget the factors prodding men into it, particularly those who do not wish to spend their whole lives in jobs they hate to get nowhere:
Now I get really depressed. I’ll have to count every cent again: this I can afford, this I can’t. I’ll have to pinch pennies…No more bars, only cheap movies…And everything’s gray, all gray. Gray every day, and every evening, and every night. (47)
This is my own fear, that I will tumble into this. It fills book after worthy book, which is why I quite love sf that brings colour to the gray without denying its existence, that tells of wonder and danger and the exploration of the meanings of our lives in new ways. This is so much about how we are transformed by things beyond our understanding, whether it is technology or other human beings:
All these conversations had left a certain sediment in his soul, and he didn’t know what it was. it wasn’t dissolving with time, but instead kept accumulating and accumulating. And though he couldn’t identify it, it got in the way, as if he’d caught something from the Vulture… (162)
I love how this resonates with some discussions of cities, of formations of inequality in ghettos as sedimentation. But the alien artifacts have much deeper transformative effects — the children of the stalkers are not fully human and love for them and their loss is also central to this.
With the spread of the artifacts through channels legal and illegal, the rest of the world is slowly changing to. This shit can’t be contained.
I love how Roadside Picnic makes humanity the sideline, incidental to the big picture. I hate to drop that conceit even for a short time. But in many ways, of course, this could be read with ourselves as the aliens, forever transforming areas of the planet and sowing it with destruction for the species that live there. I see rivers flowing polluted with oil in my mind, like the recent spills into the Amazon. Chernobyl. Abandoned landscapes, extinctions. Scenes you stumble over everywhere humans have been, here in Bristol as eerily as almost anywhere.
Perhaps because humans are the sideline, they are allowed to just be with everything good and bad about them. But then, this is one of the things I particularly love about the Strugatskys. So does le Guin:
Humanity is not flattered, but it’s not cheapened. The authors’ touch is tender, aware of vulnerability. (vii)
And the ending, oh, I did love the ending. The awareness of just how little choice there ever was, just how little understanding. But the idea that that does not define your life, and it is something to be human.
Look into my soul, I know–everything you need is in there. It has to be. Because I’ve never sold my soul to anyone! It’s mine, it’s human! Figure out yourself what I want–because I know it can’t be bad!
And who doesn’t want this in the end? What better thing to wish for on a great golden ball that supposedly grants wishes, though someone must die springing the trap first, and so it is surrounded by splodges of soot.
‘HAPPINESS, FREE, FOR EVERYONE, AND LET NO ONE BE FORGOTTEN’ (193)
Sherwood Anderson published Poor White in 1920, but it feels as though it is from an earlier era (and describes one sure enough). I haven’t read anything else by him, haven’t read Winesburg, Ohio though it is the one on all the lists of American classics…It centers on this guy:
Hugh McVey was born in a little hole of a town stuck on a mud bank on the western shore of the Mississippi River in the State of Missouri. It was a miserable place in which to be born.
In his fourteenth year and when the boy was on the point of sinking into the sort of animal-like stupor in which his father had lived, something happened to him.
It’s all too easy sinking into animal-like stupor, lying on a riverbank. He gets a job at a railroad station, stays with the station master there and falls under the influence of the station master’s wife, who has grand ideas:
When Sarah grew into young womanhood and went about among the young people in the new country, she heard much talk of mortgages and of the difficulty of making ends meet, but every one spoke of the hard conditions as temporary. In every mind the future was bright with promise. Throughout the whole Mid-American country, in Ohio, Northern Indiana and Illinois, Wisconsin and Iowa a hopeful spirit prevailed. In every breast hope fought a successful war with poverty and discouragement. Optimism got into the blood of the children and later led to the same kind of hopeful courageous development of the whole western country. The sons and daughters of these hardy people no doubt had their minds too steadily fixed on the problem of the paying off of mortgages and getting on in the world, but there was courage in them. If they, with the frugal and sometimes niggardly New Englanders from whom they were sprung, have given modern American life a too material flavor, they have at least created a land in which a less determinedly materialistic people may in their turn live in comfort.
This is a book of broad generalisations, of sweeping statements, of attempts to plumb the broad changes in the white American psyche during the rise of the industrial age. We learned about it in school as the gilded age, the time of the robber barons and railroad giants. It describes a man who I struggle to imagine now, though I’d never deny the possibility of his existence. Someone so isolated from his fellow men he doesn’t know how to talk to them, doesn’t know the birds and the bees, doesn’t know anything we might read in books or papers, doesn’t understand relationships of any kind. He wanders in a sad isolation, wondering at the strange human beings around him.
This was part of my Chicago reading, what the city meant for this great metropolis, how it connected to the people of the countryside and the towns that filled it. Here is what this simple lad up from riverbank animal-like stupor thought of his few hours in the big city:
In the spring of the first year of his wandering he passed through the city of Chicago and spent two hours there, going in and out at the same railroad station.
He was not tempted to become a city man. The huge commercial city at the foot of Lake Michigan, because of its commanding position in the very center of a vast farming empire, had already become gigantic. He never forgot the two hours he spent standing in the station in the heart of the city and walking in the street adjoining the station. It was evening when he came into the roaring, clanging place. On the long wide plains west of the city he saw farmers at work with their spring plowing as the train went flying along. Presently the farms grew small and the whole prairie dotted with towns. In these the train did not stop but ran into a crowded network of streets filled with multitudes of people. When he got into the big dark station Hugh saw thousands of people rushing about like disturbed insects. Unnumbered thousands of people were going out of the city at the end of their day of work and trains waited to take them to towns on the prairies. They came in droves, hurrying along like distraught cattle, over a bridge and into the station. The in-bound crowds that had alighted from through trains coming from cities of the East and West climbed up a stairway to the street, and those that were out-bound tried to descend by the same stairway and at the same time. The result was a whirling churning mass of humanity. Every one pushed and crowded his way along. Men swore, women grew angry, and children cried. Near the doorway that opened into the street a long line of cab drivers shouted and roared.
Hugh looked at the people who were whirled along past him, and shivered with the nameless fear of multitudes, common to country boys in the city…. They came in waves as water washes along a beach during a storm. Hugh had a feeling that if he were by some chance to get caught in the crowd he would be swept away into some unknown and terrible place.
Hugh doesn’t understand it, flees it. But this is a time when small towns have their hopes and dreams of greatness too. This book is as much a biography of their change as it of the inventor Hugh, who builds machines, helps create the new age, makes a fortune. This is what they were for a while, before the industrial age:
In even the smallest of the towns, inhabited only by farm laborers, a quaint interesting civilization was being developed. Men worked hard but were much in the open air and had time to think. Their minds reached out toward the solution of the mystery of existence. The schoolmaster and the country lawyer read Tom Paine’s “Age of Reason” and Bellamy’s “Looking Backward.” They discussed these books with their fellows. There was a feeling, ill expressed, that America had something real and spiritual to offer to the rest of the world. Workmen talked to each other of the new tricks of their trades, and after hours of discussion of some new way to cultivate corn, shape a horseshoe or build a barn, spoke of God and his intent concerning man. Long drawn out discussions of religious beliefs and the political destiny of America were carried on.
Genocide is half way completed, swathes of land are clear and ripe for development.
In all the towns of mid-western America it was a time of waiting. The country having been cleared and the Indians driven away into a vast distant place spoken of vaguely as the West, the Civil War having been fought and won, and there being no great national problems that touched closely their lives, the minds of men were turned in upon themselves. The soul and its destiny was spoken of openly on the streets… Every one had something to say. Even Charley Mook, who dug ditches, who stuttered so that not a half dozen people in town could understand him, expressed his opinion.
There is such a curious commentary on the need for homogeneity, for safety, for sameness and security so that people can open up and become philosophers:
Within the invisible circle and under the great roof every one knew his neighbor and was known to him. Strangers did not come and go swiftly and mysteriously and there was no constant and confusing roar of machinery and of new projects afoot. For the moment mankind seemed about to take time to try to understand itself.
There is a similar prejudice against foreigners, who are just even more strange strangers I suppose:
Like the other people of Bidwell, Hugh did not like to see foreigners about. He did not understand them and when he saw them going about the streets in groups, was a little afraid. It was a man’s duty, he thought, to look as much as possible like all his fellow men, to lose himself in the crowds, and these fellows did not look like other men. They loved color, and as they talked they made rapid gestures with their hands.
And in this white utopia still aware of hard work and just how hard life can be tied to the soil and struggle, still moving on rural time not city time, still not convinced in the universal belief that profit is the only thing that matters — in this brief time, philosophy begins to flourish:
The judge, an ex-politician from the city of New York who had been involved in some affair that made it uncomfortable for him to return to live in that city, grew prophetic and philosophic after he came to live in Bidwell. In spite of the doubt every one felt concerning his past, he was something of a scholar and a reader of books, and won respect by his apparent wisdom. “Well, there’s going to be a new war here,” he said. “It won’t be like the Civil War, just shooting off guns and killing peoples’ bodies. At first it’s going to be a war between individuals to see to what class a man must belong; then it is going to be a long, silent war between classes, between those who have and those who can’t get. It’ll be the worst war of all.”
This is just one of the men, some of the thoughts burgeoning. But it is already doomed to a short life by progress itself. I haven’t read such sweeping statements as this book contains since Victor Hugo, but the action sections aren’t nearly as good.
I still find myself fascinated by this very particular casting of myth:
A new force that was being born into American life and into life everywhere all over the world was feeding on the old dying individualistic life. The new force stirred and aroused the people. It met a need that was universal. It was meant to seal men together, to wipe out national lines, to walk under seas and fly through the air, to change the entire face of the world in which men lived. Already the giant that was to be king in the place of old kings was calling his servants and his armies to serve him. He used the methods of old kings and promised his followers booty and gain. Everywhere he went unchallenged, surveying the land, raising a new class of men to positions of power. Railroads had already been pushed out across the plains; great coal fields from which was to be taken food to warm the blood in the body of the giant were being opened up; iron fields were being discovered; the roar and clatter of the breathing of the terrible new thing, half hideous, half beautiful in its possibilities, that was for so long to drown the voices and confuse the thinking of men, was heard not only in the towns but even in lonely farm houses, where its willing servants, the newspapers and magazines, had begun to circulate in ever increasing numbers. At the town of Gibsonville, near Bidwell, Ohio, and at Lima and Finley, Ohio, oil and gas fields were discovered. At Cleveland, Ohio, a precise, definite-minded man named Rockefeller bought and sold oil. From the first he served the new thing well and he soon found others to serve with him. The Morgans, Fricks, Goulds, Carnegies, Vanderbilts, servants of the new king, princes of the new faith, merchants all, a new kind of rulers of men, defied the world-old law of class that puts the merchant below the craftsman, and added to the confusion of men by taking on the air of creators. They were merchants glorified and dealt in giant things, in the lives of men and in mines, forests, oil and gas fields, factories, and railroads.
And all over the country, in the towns, the farm houses, and the growing cities of the new country, people stirred and awakened. Thought and poetry died or passed as a heritage to feeble fawning men who also became servants of the new order.
Ah, the passing of poetry. The passing of men of true greatness, rather than men made by their publicists and their ability to make money. It didn’t have to be like this, for there is the special kind of man like Hugh, the inventor who does not care for money:
All men lead their lives behind a wall of misunderstanding they themselves have built, and most men die in silence and unnoticed behind the walls. Now and then a man, cut off from his fellows by the peculiarities of his nature, becomes absorbed in doing something that is impersonal, useful, and beautiful. Word of his activities is carried over the walls. His name is shouted and is carried by the wind into the tiny inclosure in which other men live and in which they are for the most part absorbed in doing some petty task for the furtherance of their own comfort. Men and women stop their complaining about the unfairness and inequality of life and wonder about the man whose name they have heard.
There is everything such men achieve — Anderson signals a moment when the invention of new machinery lightens the terrible burden of toil and allows men to philosophise:
Hugh’s machine took all of the heavier part of the work away. It cut the corn near the ground and bound it into bundles that fell upon a platform. Two men followed the machine, one to drive the horses and the other to place the bundles of stalks against the shocks and to bind the completed shocks. The men went along smoking their pipes and talking. The horses stopped and the driver stared out over the prairies. His arms did not ache with weariness and he had time to think. The wonder and mystery of the wide open places got a little into his blood. At night when the work was done and the cattle fed and made comfortable in the barns, he did not go at once to bed but sometimes went out of his house and stood for a moment under the stars.
This is the moment we perhaps could have clung to. Instead money rather than dreams and the stars became what mattered. This is the fuel for the move of America’s centre from the countryside to the city, a new breed of mice rather than men:
Modern men and women who live in industrial cities are like mice that have come out of the fields to live in houses that do not belong to them. They live within the dark walls of the houses where only a dim light penetrates, and so many have come that they grow thin and haggard with the constant toil of getting food and warmth. Behind the walls the mice scamper about in droves, and there is much squealing and chattering. Now and then a bold mouse stands upon his hind legs and addresses the others. He declares he will force his way through the walls and conquer the gods who have built the house. “I will kill them,” he declares. “The mice shall rule. You shall live in the light and the warmth. There shall be food for all and no one shall go hungry.”
The little mice, gathered in the darkness out of sight in the great houses, squeal with delight. After a time when nothing happens they become sad and depressed. Their minds go back to the time when they lived in the fields, but they do not go out of the walls of the houses, because long living in droves has made them afraid of the silence of long nights and the emptiness of skies. In the houses giant children are being reared. When the children fight and scream in the houses and in the streets, the dark spaces between the walls rumble with strange and appalling noises.
It is the passing of the craftsman, content to do his work well, to earn enough to live on. This is embodied by Joe the old harness maker, mocked and eventually pushed into the corner by his young apprentice Jim, who tells him:
“Can’t you understand what you’re up against? The factories are bound to win. For why? Look here, there can’t any one but some old moss-back who has worked around horses all his life tell the difference between hand- and machine-sewed harness. The machine-made can be sold cheaper. It looks all right and the factories are able to put on a lot of do-dads. That catches the young fellows. It’s good business. Quick sales and profits, that’s the story.”
The arrival of the heavy-handed metaphor of Joe killing Jim in a frenzy without making any change in the system or with the remotest change for the better in his own system doesn’t come as much surprise.
There is not much depth in any of the men, just a whole lot of confusion and isolation, with a dash of poetry perhaps. There are some truly egregious imaginings of women, especially in an attempt to enter the interior emotions of Clara:
There was something back of her desire for a man. She wanted something more than caresses. There was a creative impulse in her that could not function until she had been made love to by a man. The man she wanted was but an instrument she sought in order that she might fulfill herself. Several times during those evenings in the presence of the two men, who talked only of making money out of the products of another man’s mind, she almost forced her mind out into a concrete thought concerning women, and then it became again befogged.
She has a deep friendship with a woman in the big city before returning to her hometown — and it’s curious this friendship with Kate Chancellor who is clearly a lesbian, encouraging Clara to think herself equal of any man, to face life without one. Clearly, she failed, though it doesn’t seem to be for lack of trying. The descriptions of Clara are confusing, in that she doesn’t seem at all worth the effort.
Clara grew tired of thinking, and listened to the talk. The name of Hugh McVey played through the persistent conversation like a refrain. It became fixed in her mind. The inventor was not married. By the social system under which she lived that and that only made him a possibility for her purposes.
Ah, you can see this is trying to be a critique of the social system. It notes that:
She was very hungry for love, but might have got that from another woman. Kate Chancellor would have loved her.
This all reaffirms the ‘natural’ need for a man, for children. How this is strangely tied in to the changing times (I don’t think this means anything more, but maybe it does)
The woman at the window, like every one else in her town and in all the towns of the mid-western country, became touched with the idea of the romance of industry.
That and procreation. The romance of industry and the myth of the great man, not interest in his actual ideas or any sense of who he actually is, or the benefits that could come to others through his work. It is all very sad.
Her father was a schemer; he had even schemed to get her married, perhaps to further his own plans. In reality his schemes were so ineffective that she did not need to be angry with him. There was but one man of them all who was not a schemer. Hugh was what she wanted to be. He was a creative force. In his hands dead inanimate things became creative forces. He was what she wanted not herself but perhaps a son, to be. The thought, at last definitely expressed, startled Clara, and she arose from the chair by the window and prepared to go to bed. Something within her body ached, but she did not allow herself to pursue further the thoughts she had been having.
See? All about procreation. No wonder poor Kate had no chance, with just an ability to talk and think and laugh. To fight. She is a curious figure and I begin to wonder if this post shouldn’t have been all about her instead. But she is too much a caricature, even if a surprising one to find here.
I found the myths rather fascinating, however, all in all. And there are moments I liked. So I will end with one of them:
He looked at the towns and wanted light and color to play over them as they played over the stones, and when that did not happen, his mind, filled with strange new hungers engendered by the disease of thinking, made up words over which lights played. “The gods have scattered towns over the flat lands,” his mind had said, as he sat in the smoking car of the train, and the phrase came back to him later, as he sat in the darkness on the log with his head held in his hands. It was a good phrase and lights could play over it as they played over the colored stones… | <urn:uuid:b926867b-a5bc-4b3b-a271-eb754da94b81> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.writingcities.com/tag/labour/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.969178 | 22,577 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Search for supersymmetry in hadronic final states with missing transverse energy using the variables alpha(T) and b-quark multiplicity in pp collisions at root s=8 TeV
Sirunyan, A. M.
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An inclusive search for supersymmetric processes that produce final states with jets and missing transverse energy is performed in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 11.7 fb(-1) collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC. In this search, a dimensionless kinematic variable, alpha(T), is used to discriminate between events with genuine and misreconstructed missing transverse energy. The search is based on an examination of the number of reconstructed jets per event, the scalar sum of transverse energies of these jets, and the number of these jets identified as originating from bottom quarks. No significant excess of events over the standard model expectation is found. Exclusion limits are set in the parameter space of simplified models, with a special emphasis on both compressed-spectrum scenarios and direct or gluino-induced production of third-generation squarks. For the case of gluino-mediated squark production, gluino masses up to 950-1125 GeV are excluded depending on the assumed model. For the direct pair-production of squarks, masses up to 450 GeV are excluded for a single light first-or second-generation squark, increasing to 600 GeV for bottom squarks. | <urn:uuid:bd6e493f-6a4f-4055-90e2-705598c8f36a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://earsiv.gop.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12881/5462 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.838147 | 387 | 1.726563 | 2 |
You have requested access to download the full text of the source (SourceID: 191603):
Budaeva N.E., Jirkov I.A., Savilova T.A., Paterson G.L.J. (2014). Deep-sea fauna of European seas: An annotated species check-list of benthic invertebrates living deeper than 2000 m in the seas bordering Europe. Polychaeta. Invertebrate Zoology. Vol.11. No.1: 217–230 [in English]. | <urn:uuid:63bb72d0-7b79-4f19-b061-d4edf3513a7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://marinespecies.org/polychaeta/aphia.php?p=sourcereq&id=191603 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.693335 | 112 | 1.859375 | 2 |
A proper paint job requires a lot of preparation. One of the most important things before painting a wall is to ensure that the paint will stick properly, ensuring durability and a wall that looks good. Even when using high-quality paint like the kind purchased at Surepaint LLC, you still need to put in the work to ensure that such good paint is applied to a conducive wall.
Painting a wall is more than just sprinkling paint and using a brush to apply it. It involves prep work that includes cleaning and using sandpaper, if necessary, to ensure that the wall surface is smooth enough for the paint.
Of course, not every wall surface will require a lot of preparation before painting it. However, those that do should be worked on to prevent paint from peeling off prematurely.
Do the following things before painting your walls.
Cleaning your walls
Even before painting, keeping your walls clean should be part of your regular house maintenance routine. Dirt on walls can make them look uninviting and affect the paint. Most walls can be cleaned using lukewarm water and a sponge or piece of soft rag. Stains and other forms of dirt can go unnoticed, especially on seemingly clean walls with colors that tend to mask oils. Gently scrub the wall surface with the sponge after soaking it in the warm water. When necessary, you can use regular household detergents for the greasy stuff. Like those in kitchens, some walls tend to have more oily residues due to the culinary activities usually carried out there. In such cases, you need grease-cutting detergents that can deal with the high-density oils that tend to stain kitchen surfaces.
Ensure to give the wall surface enough time to dry. Applying paint or primers to wet walls can lead to problems like blistering.
Mildew can be a stubborn problem that refuses to go away. Before painting any walls, ensure that they’re mildew-free. Otherwise, painting over mildew will only result in more problems. Mildew can grow and penetrate the paint surface, meaning you’ll have to re-paint the wall.
To avoid any future problems of mildew, ensure to treat any mildew-infested walls with bleach. Usually, mixing three-parts water to one-part bleach gives an ideal solution for getting rid of mildew. Sprinkle enough of this mixture on the walls, focusing more on areas with visibly dense mildew. After a few minutes, gently scrub the wall before rinsing with water. Bleach can cause some skin irritation. As such, always wear gloves and goggles when mixing the bleach and scrubbing the walls.
An uneven wall surface can make the paint lose its gleam later on. That’s why it’s crucial to ensure that the wall surfaces to be painted are smooth and even. Whether it’s a wall being painted for the first time or one that’s being repainted, always ensure to smoothen the wall surface. Sandpaper works well. A sanding block can also get the job done. Use either one to scrub the rough and uneven surfaces. After all the scrubbing, use a cloth soaked in warm water to wipe away the dust from the wall surfaces.
Give the walls enough time to dry before applying the paint. Before using sandpaper, it’s important to know if a wall was previously painted with high-gloss paint or a water-based one. This is because removing water-based paint, for example, requires fine-grit sandpaper, while medium-grit sandpaper is more suited to removing oil-based paints.
Additionally, painting on cracked and flaking paint surfaces should be avoided. All such cracks of paint should be removed entirely before applying fresh paint.
Priming walls before painting
Think of primers as providing a firm foundation for the paint. Primers are ideal for covering up stains that won’t go away. Walls with porous surfaces can also benefit from the application of primers before painting. Primers help the paint gloss over all the imperfections and blemishes on a wall surface, creating a gleaming, uniform wall appearance. Of course, some types of primers are better suited for certain types of walls. Oil-based primers, for instance, are better for wooden wall surfaces. Besides offering great surface protection, such primers also dry quickly.
Follow the above steps to get your walls ready for fresh paint. Issues related to painting over wallpaper can be tricky. As a general rule, don’t paint over wallpaper. This is because it’s nearly impossible to hide their seams. It’s best to contact a painting contract to have the wallpaper removed before any paint job is performed. | <urn:uuid:1d7c0a04-0f34-430b-8837-5ff9755ac9da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thebuzzie.com/how-to-prep-your-walls-for-painting/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.939123 | 984 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Green iguanas are very strong creatures. Their tail is sharp so they can whip it at other predators. They are herbivores and they eat plants, leaves, fruits, and flowers. They live in rain forests like in Mexico, Texas, and Florida. There is extra skin under a green iguana’s neck that is used to regulate their temperature.
In the future, because of global warming, the North and South poles are melting. Our oceans are rising and the temperature is going up. I think green iguanas would change and live in the water. They would grow gills and webbed feet and hands. Their tail would grow a fin to help them swim better. They would eat all types of underwater plants. The reason I think green iguanas should live underwater is because they are cold blooded and they cannot withstand extremely hot temperatures and the green iguana will not survive.
Thank you for your interest in contacting Future Engineers. We look forward to connecting with you! | <urn:uuid:f83ad033-fcde-4ec8-9c77-4f76ca46ff21> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.futureengineers.org/futurecreatures2020-21/gallery/48387 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.96846 | 206 | 3.515625 | 4 |
UK household cost-cutting led by choosing cheaper food brands
The number of Britons changing their spending habits to cut down on household expenses has hit its highest level for two years, according to Nielsen’s latest Global Survey of Consumer Confidence and Spending Intentions.
Over half of Britons (53%) admitted to taking cost-cutting measures in the second quarter of this year, the highest level since 56% did so in Q2 2015. This is in stark contrast to last year when household cost-cutting activity hit its lowest level on record (40%), two months after the Brexit vote.
Nearly half of Britons (45%) think the country is in a recession. Fifty-five percent of these people think it will last for at least another year.
“A variety of factors has contributed to people tightening their purse strings,” said Steve Smith, managing director, Nielsen U.K. and Ireland. “The pound’s weakness against both the dollar and the euro is finally feeding through to shop prices which means real inflation is running at over 2.5%. In turn, this remains ahead of general wage growth and consequently, real household disposable income is being squeezed.”
Switching to cheaper grocery brands is now the most popular tactic for saving money (cited by 30% of Britons), followed by saving on gas and electricity bills (27%) – both of which have overtaken spending less on new clothes, which was the most popular cost-cutting tactic two years ago.
“Shopping behaviours are changing in a way that is reminiscent of the aftermath of the financial crisis in 2008/9,” notes Smith.
“Shoppers are well trained to use their household grocery budgets as a way to manage overall household costs, particularly as the desire to treat themselves remains. This is shown by the fact relatively fewer people are willing to sacrifice entertainment, holidays, and takeaway meals.”
How the UK compares
British Consumer Confidence fell seven points from 106 in the final quarter of 2016 to 99 in Q2 2017, but still remains higher than the European average of 85. Global confidence increased two points to 104. A score over 100 indicates degrees of optimism, below 100, degrees of pessimism.
Immediately before the Brexit vote, the UK was the second most confident country in Europe (behind Denmark), now it’s the ninth.
The Philippines (130) has the highest score globally, Greece the lowest (52).
The scores are derived from Nielsen’s study, established in 2005, which measures attitudes each quarter on topics including personal finances and job prospects among 30,000+ internet consumers in 63 countries. | <urn:uuid:abc247d2-3051-4e06-a9a8-e54008a79630> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newfoodmagazine.com/news/43698/uk-household-cost-cutting-led-choosing-cheaper-food-brands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.959326 | 542 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Iridescent Bismuth Crystal Ball Tower Pendant Necklace
I attached a natural quartz crystal ball to an iridescent bismuth crystal and added a 24 inch silver filled chain. These crystals were grown in the U.S. I think they look like miniature Art Deco skyscrapers.
Bismuth is an element of transformation and can have a calming influence. It helps to heal emotional trauma and feelings of isolation.
Bismuth is a naturally occurring element and was originally found in Peru. Many of the geometric crystals are lab grown and form wonderful patterns that look like a maze, skyscraper, or stair-steps. This spiral structure is the result of a higher growth rate around the outside edges than on the inside edges. The iridescent color of the bismuth crystal is the result of a thin oxide layer on its surface.
Bismuth is used in a wildly varied assortment of manufactured items including Pepto Bismol, cosmetics, and shotgun shells.
Crystal balls have been used for centuries in healing and cleansing rituals, as well as for divination. The sphere represents infinity and the circle of life. While a wand uses focused energy, the crystal ball sends out energy in all directions. This makes it a great resource for discovering the complete circumstances surrounding a question.
Quartz crystal is the most abundant gemstone in the earth's crust. It is found on every continent. Clear quartz is considered a power stone and can enhance the metaphysical properties of other stones. Quartz Crystal has a similar vibration as humans. Using a crystal to meditate and wearing or keeping a crystal helps to a better understanding of yourself.
Stones listed as natural, raw, or rough may have some imperfections and inclusions. Be sure to check all photos, including the zoom feature, for details about a particular stone. Please see photo with ruler for size. Colors may vary with individual monitors.
Many stones are susceptible to fading, and they should be kept out of direct sunlight. Do not use hot water or salt water to clean them. Stone properties and descriptions are for informational purposes only and do not offer any guaranteed outcomes. Also, they are not intended as a substitute for medical care.
We Also Recommend | <urn:uuid:68a3e97e-46ed-431b-832b-fb2ac77f9ded> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mymysticgems.com/products/iridescent-bismuth-crystal-ball-tower-pendant-necklace | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.931212 | 453 | 1.625 | 2 |
Bedbugs no longer have it all their own way (Image: Tim Flach/Getty)
BEDBUGS have had it their own way for a long time, sucking our blood while we sleep and evading detection by dint of their nocturnal lifestyle and millimetre-scale bodies. Our first visit to a comet could mark the point where the tables began to turn. A portable bedbug detector that sniffs out the chemical signals they send to one another is just one of many unusual spin-offs from the Rosetta mission, which arrived at comet 67P late last year (see “Rosetta’s timeline“).
It’s not surprising that many space technologies soon make their way into less rarefied domains. “Space stands for low-weight, robust, temperature-resistant technology that has to work,” says Frank Salzgeber, head of technology transfer for the European Space Agency, which launched Rosetta. “Failure is not an option.”
Space tech is low-weight, robust, temperature-resistant and has to work
Rosetta is an extreme example, first because of its decade-long journey through frigid, radiation-fried space to reach its target 800 million kilometres from the sun, and second for the fiddly operation to get its Philae lander on to comet 67P’s rough surface. “Just imagine you ordered your car 12 years ago and got it 10 years ago,” says Salzgeber. “You don’t refuel it, it never gets any maintenance and you really treat it like shit: you go to the desert, to Siberia and then on the last day you go to Monza, the motor-racing circuit. The car’s papers say it will run at 250 kilometres per hour, so you test it. And …
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Inclusive of applicable taxes (VAT) | <urn:uuid:0e54ec20-1a11-4e2d-8ba8-382bb077a0d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22630200-400-rosettas-real-revolution-is-right-here-on-earth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.934774 | 443 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Powell Butte Nature Park (PBNP) is a former homestead and dairy farm purchased by the City of Portland, OR in 1925 and later converted into a nature park by Portland Parks & Recreation (PP&R) in 1987. Sitting atop two 50-million gallon underground reservoirs managed by the Portland Water Bureau, the 611 acre nature park includes a variety of upland forest and grassland habitats. Upon completion of the second underground reservoir in 2015, PP&R began to conduct significant habitat improvements in the park including the creation and/or restoration of approximately 210 acres of open prairie and oak-savannah habitat. Our research at PBNP will focus on grassland bird populations in restored prairie habitat and thus will provide valuable information on the success of past and future restoration efforts over time. Many grassland bird species are of high conservation concern due to the extensive loss and/or degradation of prairie habitat in the United States and worldwide. Of 46 grassland-breeding birds found in the United States, almost half are of conservation concern and report significantly declining populations. In Oregon’s Willamette Valley it is estimated that less than one percent of the original extent of prairie habitat remains with most converted for farming or development. Most of the remaining prairie habitat in the Willamette Valley occurs in small patches such as the restored prairie at PBNP, and such isolated patches are important refuges for the persistence of many grassland bird communities.
Long-term monitoring of the impacts of restoration projects on wildlife populations is often not included in habitat restoration plans. However, monitoring of physical and biological response variables to restoration treatments is important to: 1) document and measure the effects of restoration actions; 2) evaluate responses with respect to expected outcomes; and 3) contribute to the science and practice of restoration ecology. Our research focuses on the response of grassland bird populations; however, we will also collect data on the overall landbird community at PBNP in order to provide additional information regarding the success of restoration efforts. We are monitoring landbird populations using a demographic study of focal grassland bird species in restored prairies and a Community Science (or Citizen Science) study collecting data on the overall landbird community found at the nature park.
Our research includes three main monitoring objectives to measure the response of landbird communities to habitat restoration actions at PBNP: 1) quantify the numerical response in species abundance by breeding, migrating and wintering landbirds (passerines and raptors); 2) quantify changes in demographic rates of focal grassland bird species breeding in restored prairie habitat over time as restoration advances; and 3) develop a species list and characterize bird community composition and abundance at PBNP using Community Science. We expect that the grassland bird community should become more diverse over time as restoration advances, and that the abundance of grassland obligate species (e.g., Western Meadowlark Sturnella neglecta) should increase. We also expect that demographic rates for grassland birds already breeding at PBNP (e.g., Savannah Sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis) should increase as prairie habitat is expanded and improved further via removal of woody vegetation and control of invasive plants. Finally, we expect that the overall landbird community at PBNP should become more diverse and that the park should support a greater abundance of many landbird species.
Johnson Creek Watershed Council
Portland Parks & Recreation
Portland Water Bureau
Portland Bureau of Environmental Services
Click on the button to find out how to participate in our Community Science project!
Ever come across any color-banded Savannah Sparrows at Powell Butte? Now you can report these sightings to us! Click on the button below to find out how reporting your sightings can help us out. | <urn:uuid:8beacdd7-72d7-4f5a-aca6-9387b57cc11b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://conservationinsight.org/powell-butte | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.922254 | 778 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In the past few years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has evolved from a disruptive technology into a social phenomenon. IoT has had a profound effect on our perception of the devices around us as well as the modern environment we live in.
This intersection of machine and human worlds is ushering in a new era in which technology will be embedded into everything we do. In this post, we’ll take a look at the top trends in IoT development and related disciplines that are making this happen.
Integrating IoT With AI
Perhaps no other technology right now garners as much attention as artificial intelligence (AI). But with all the advancements this field has brought us already, it’s well-warranted.
In 2019, Gartner predicts that 14.2 billion connected devices will be in use. This will undoubtedly result in an immense mountain of data, the lifeblood of IoT. After all, IoT is really a network of connected hardware that pushes, pulls, and acts upon data from the real world to produce results.
Of course, it’s not so much about the amount of data as it is about the quality and how it’s used; smart analytics are key to optimizing the value that organizations get from data. Businesses are always looking to employ the best technologies to sharpen and streamline their analytics, and AI is front and center in these endeavors.
As processing power continues to increase, so does machine learning productivity. So it makes sense that machine learning and AI will become an integral part of every digital leader’s arsenal going forward.
Today, many companies rely on clouds to store and access their data. But the costs of these services can be expensive. On top of this, cloud storage often requires substantial bandwidth to access data.
Last but not least, the current options available are not cutting it for many companies. Organizations are realizing that only a public cloud, private cloud, or a private data center will not satisfy their needs. But a mix of them could do the trick.
As a result, connected clouds are rapidly gaining momentum. They can meet companies’ needs for an array of applications such as cloud-source storage, app deployment, networking, and security. Going forward, many businesses will implement a mix of public, private, and hybrid cloud environments to achieve the secure and seamless service their operations require.
Edge Computing Will Unlock More IoT Value
When it comes to some time-sensitive events, centralized and cloud computing will not suffice. As IoT gets refined and more of these situations are realized, we’ll start seeing a dramatic shift away from centralized and cloud architectures to edge architectures.
Edge computing is a powerful paradigm of processing that’s incredibly flexible, seamless, and fast. Instead of having analysis and computing done remotely, edge architectures allow these things to happen on the device itself. As we mentioned, this is extremely useful for situations where nanoseconds matter, like in self-driving car decisions.
Beyond this, edge architectures also mean less chance for a data breach affecting a network to harm the edge computing devices as well. These devices are expected to continue working despite any cybersecurity attacks or network outages. The world of IoT has been struggling with security for quite some time, so this boost in safety is much needed.
It’s important to note that edge computing will eventually evolve into something more; the set of layers associated with edge architectures will form what’s known as a mesh architecture, an unstructured architecture that comprises a range of devices and services all dynamically connected. In turn, mesh architectures will allow for more flexible, responsive, and intelligent IoT solutions.
The Rise of Digital Twin Technology
In recent years, a new buzzword has taken the Internet and tech scene by storm: digital twin. Essentially, a digital twin is a virtual replica of something physical such as a product, process, or system. They act as a data bridge between the physical and digital worlds.
Basically, sensors collect real-time data about a real-world entity. The data is then used to build a digital duplicate of the entity. This allows the item to be analyzed and manipulated so it can be understood and optimized better. If you haven’t heard of the term “digital twin” before, you may know it by its many other names: hybrid twin technology, virtual twin, digital asset management, virtual prototyping… there’s a bunch.
Digital twins are already being used as simulation tools to work on improving machine learning, AI, and IoT. They’re also being used to connect systems in healthcare and commercial real estate to yield unprecedented insights.
Before, digital twins were only used to represent single items, but they’ve now expanded to denote systems of interconnected things. As a result, more businesses are seeing digital twins as an opportunity to optimize their operations and improve their products and services.
5G Is Coming
5G, short for fifth-generation cellular networks, will forever change how we use smartphones and emerging technologies like the Internet of Things.
But what is it? 5G is the next generation of a set of rules and practices used to establish the functionality of a cellular network. This includes aspects like the radio frequencies used and how devices like computer chips share data and transmit signals.
Because it will optimize a variety of performance factors like power consumption, latency, bandwidth, and operating cost, 5G will open up a plethora of new capabilities for IoT devices and other technologies.
In 2019, we can expect to see a piecemeal rollout of 5G across the United States, with cities like San Francisco, Chicago, and Minneapolis getting it first. But it probably won’t be available nationwide until 2020.
More IoT Innovation Awaits
With each of these trends beginning to take off, we’re about to see a whole new era of innovation in the Internet of Things. The past few years have been great for IoT, but they’ll pale in comparison to what’s in store for the future.
What IoT trend are you most excited about? Which one do you think will have the greatest impact on society? Let us know in the comments!Tags: 5G, 5G infrastructure, app developers san francisco, cybersecurity, intenet of things, internet of things app developer, internet of things app development, internet of things devices, IoT app developer, IoT app developer San Francisco, iot app developers, iot app development, IoT app development San Francisco, IoT cybersecurity, IoT development, mobile app developers San Francisco, mobile app development San Francisco | <urn:uuid:e75eebfb-bd66-40ff-8586-0bb80ed8ac5e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dogtownmedia.com/the-top-iot-trends-youll-see-over-the-next-few-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.933324 | 1,360 | 2.578125 | 3 |
One of the biggest complications https://laghuvit.net/2021/12/31/how-to-calculate-damages-for-investments-by-microfinance-institutions/ to get small businesses is raising the funds essential for operations. It is rather difficult to draw in banks and investors. Venture capital and angel investing contain dominated the investment environment in recent years. But microfinance is a extremely popular alternative, and many business people have observed it to become a useful tool with regards to raising capital for their businesses. This article will look at the benefits of microfinance and the various options available to small business owners.
The primary objective of microfinance is to support SMEs expand. It does this kind of by providing tiny loans with regards to various uses, including business treatments, housing, and working capital. It also serves as a catalyst for the purpose of economic production in the weakest areas. The loan disbursed by microfinance institutions can help these small enterprises compete with greater competitors. Additionally , microfinance institutions aim to inform underserved masse about microfinance and its role in financial growth and development.
Microcredits were first introduced more than 30 years ago in Bangladesh when a basket-weaver acknowledged an educational. She told him that she necessary EUR 35 to start her business. There was not a way she may secure that loan of that sum. With the microloan, she bought bamboo to weave containers. This lady later repaid the loan with interest. This success version is still getting replicated today in producing countries. | <urn:uuid:20fa0f32-104e-4ab8-b7aa-174b0ccc7868> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.platab.com/benefits-of-microfinance-to-get-small-businesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.969726 | 323 | 2.421875 | 2 |
There are endless benefits to being a mother. No matter the dose you’ve been given, motherhood will result in a long series of moments that will bring you excessive amounts of joy. Your baby will look at you with eyes that say you are the most beautiful woman in the world. Your toddler will lay a big wet kiss on your lips, and you will realize this is the person that you’ve waited for all your life, when you didn’t even know you’d been waiting. The words “I love you” will leave your child’s innocent lips and silence all the other noise around you.
A simple hug with little arms circled around your neck will make you long for nothing else. The laughter from a child will fill a room so full that you’ll think it might explode, along with your heart. You will experience immeasurable peace as you silently watch the rise and fall of a sleeping child’s chest, your heart swelling with love.
Motherhood heals places in your soul that you didn’t know were broken and it fills places in your heart that you didn’t know were empty.
But despite even the most wonderful of benefits, motherhood may also cause some serious side effects.
Exhaustion. Motherhood will cause you to lose countless nights of sleep. You will often be too tired to shower or even get dressed. You will spend your days managing children who refuse to adhere to the schedules you set. The piles of laundry and dirt on the floors with multiply, while the food in the pantry and money in the bank account disappear before your eyes. Your hands won’t be able to keep up with all the tasks needing attention, and just the thought of your to-do list will make you collapse.
A weakened immune system. Motherhood will cause your immune system to weaken due to your children contaminating the home with germs, parasites, and bacteria. Children regularly fail to wash their hands, use tissues, or cover their mouths when they cough. They sneeze on you, puke on you, and wipe boogers on you. You will become a victim of their bad habits and germs, as you find it impossible to avoid illness.
Worry. Motherhood will cause you to worry excessively, especially about your abilities as a mother. You will constantly question your mothering skills, and worry that you are not properly providing for your children in any capacity. The constant worry about their physical, emotional, and spiritual health will often make it difficult for you to function at all.
Stress. Motherhood will cause you to be excessively stressed, as you will be responsible for taking on more roles than that of just mother. You will become a chef, teacher, nurse, housecleaner, and chauffeur. You will take on the role of a security guard and HAZMAT worker. You will plan, schedule, and budget. You will be expected to carry out each of these roles, and more, all while caring for children who demand your constant attention. It’s a lot for one person to take on and these responsibilities may overwhelm you.
Mood swings. You may experience mood swings due to the unpredictability of motherhood. You may laugh, cry, and scream all within a 30 second time period. Children say the funniest things and are always good for a laugh. But they might also tell you they hate you while scribbling on the walls with crayons, just to spite you. Being a mother may shatter the sense of control that you once had, and while you try to accept this fact, it may be difficult to regulate your moods.
Loneliness. You may experience loneliness even though you will rarely have a moment alone. It will be difficult to connect with both old friends and new friends as your days will be packed with commitments to your children. You will miss your husband even when he’s standing right in front of you. Your role responsibilities outlined above will leave very little time for anyone else and adult interaction will become sparse.
There may be times when the side effects of motherhood seem to outweigh the benefits. You may question why you even accepted the dose you were offered, and you may wonder if it’s worth it.
When this happens, remember the benefits. The hugs and kisses. Looking into the eyes of a child whose life is complete simply because of you.
And then give yourself a generous dose of Jesus, and allow him to heal and restore your mind, body, and soul. With Him, you will find strength, courage and rest. He will help you to persevere through even the worst side effects and remind you why you were given the gift of motherhood in the first place. | <urn:uuid:72654605-3b71-42b7-96a7-1ad6526fddad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jennyalbers.com/the-side-effects-of-motherhood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.959237 | 982 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Four Key Population Categories Identified for Minimizing Spread of COVID-19 and Reducing Fatalities
Researchers in China identified four key population categories useful in guiding COVID-19 public health policies aimed at minimizing the spread of the disease and reducing fatalities. The team, led by Dr. Baoguo Jiang of the Department of Orthopedics & Traumatology at Peking University People’s Hospital, published their findings in the journal Precision Clinical Medicine on May 28.
“Our research develops a decision-making support model to describe SARS-COV-2 infection, and can be adjusted to reflect local transmission characteristics and public health capabilities,” Dr. Jiang said. “This model will be instrumental for local authorities to determine the optimal disease suppression strategy in a data-driven and science-driven manner.
The study divided subjects into four main categories: “Isolated” (via quarantine or hospitalization), “not infected,” “infected and not isolated,” and “removed” (recovered or deceased). Within those broad categories, they analyzed the effectiveness of the three main things public health policy can control — whether face masks and other heightened hygiene measures are required in public, mandatory lockdowns, and mandatory social distancing.
One of the study’s key findings was that face masks and social distancing were not enough to reverse upward trend of the disease.
Data collected were from Wuhan, China, where the COVID-19 outbreak began last year. In designing the study, the researchers calibrated the model based on 32,583 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Wuhan between December 2019 and March 2020. The “infected and not isolated” category presented an extra challenge, because not all infected persons displayed symptoms, yet had the potential to infect many others. To control for this, their model allows for a predetermined number of subjects presumed infected but not showing symptoms to progress to the “removed” (and recovered) category.
Public health officials in Wuhan estimated the probability of having close contact with someone infected with COVID-19 was reduced by about 75 percent amid stringent quarantine conditions. Implementing mandatory face masks and hygiene practices in public was estimated to reduce the likelihood of transmitting the infection by 50 percent.
“Our research demonstrates that implementation of case isolation and mass quarantine is the most effective measure to the complete suppression of COVID-19 outbreak,” Dr. Jiang said.
The research team found that their study model could be applied in the U.S., U.K., and Italy, with only minor adjustments in likelihood of person-to-person transmission within each of the four main population categories. Population density accounted for most of those differences, explaining why cities like Wuhan and New York saw the disease spread more rapidly.
One of the study’s key findings was that face masks and social distancing were not enough to reverse upward trend of the disease. Wuhan only saw reversal in COVID-19 infection rates after adding contact tracing and strict quarantines to their containment policy. Further, they found that if no quarantine was implemented and the disease was allowed to spread unchecked, over 10 million people in Wuhan alone — or about 91 percent of the population — would become infected before the population would achieve herd immunity. “Starting mass quarantine and case isolation earlier greatly improves the effectiveness of disease suppression and also demands fewer health care resources,” Dr. Baoguo said.
Another important finding was that quarantine must be implemented at a rate of at least 50 percent, and a maximum of 10 weeks after the start of a COVID-19 outbreak to have a chance at reversing the infection rate. If less that 40 percent of the population remains quarantined or the quarantine begins more than 11 weeks after onset of the outbreak, it is too late, the study says.
Dr. Jiang said his team plans to further investigate how to optimally allocate prevention and control measures.
“On the one hand, through arduous efforts, our fight against COVID-19 has achieved major results with strategic significance,” Dr. Jiang said. “The prevention and control measures have been normalized. On the other hand, an increasing number of asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers have been reported recently. More study on transmission characteristics of the disease among asymptomatic persons is necessary to better control the epidemic.”
Reference: “A four-compartment model for the COVID-19 infection—implications on infection kinetics, control measures, and lockdown exit strategies” by Tianbing Wang, Yanqiu Wu, Johnson Yiu-Nam Lau, Yingqi Yu, Liyu Liu, Jing Li, Kang Zhang, Weiwei Tong and Baoguo Jiang, 28 May 2020, Precision Clinical Medicine. | <urn:uuid:a77fa8ab-2df7-4962-85d6-bfe9f4e745f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scitechdaily.com/minimizing-spread-of-covid-19-and-reducing-fatalities-face-masks-and-social-distancing-not-enough/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.939751 | 1,015 | 2.71875 | 3 |
You don’t need to travel forward in time to get a car that speaks to you – your Honda already communicates with you when something is wrong — but it sometimes helps to have a translator at hand. If your Honda displays the “Maintenance Due Soon” message while you’re driving between Nicholasville and Georgetown, your car may be alerting you that it’s time to have it serviced. If this is the case, you should take your vehicle in for service. Fortunately, Honda service codes are a simple language to learn, and Auto Alternative is here to translate and break down the information so you can get your car fixed and back to use as soon as possible. In addition to the 15 percent Oil Life message, an alphanumeric code will be displayed on the same screen simultaneously as the 15 percent Oil Life message. Here are the codes and the translation of what they are telling you:
A: Oil and filter should be changed.
B: Engine oil and the oil filter should be changed. Clean and lubricate the brakes on both the front and rear wheels. Adjust the parking brake if necessary. Inspect the brakes and related components.
0: Multi-point examination should be carried out.
1: A tire rotation service is required.
2: Check and replace the cabin and engine air filters as needed.
3: Replace the transmission fluid in the vehicle.
4: Replace the spark plugs, the timing belt (if installed), and the valves as needed.
5: The coolant in the engine has to be replaced.
6: If the vehicle is equipped with a rear differential, the fluid must be replaced.
7: Refill the brake fluid tank.
What is the Honda Maintenance Minder, and how does it work?
Your Honda maintenance minder tells you everything you need to know about the health of your car, but you may be wondering how exactly it works. The maintenance reminder system uses the engine operating conditions to determine the remaining engine oil life, which is shown as a percentage on the vehicle’s screen. For customers, the Honda Maintenance Minder system shows the engine oil life on the information display as a percentage that begins at 100%, and you may monitor your oil over-life percentage as you put miles on the car.
Allow Us to Take Care of Your Honda
When these Honda Maintenance Minder codes arise, schedule service as soon as possible, and make sure to adhere to your maintenance schedule. Moreover, you may look into even more useful aspects, such as how frequently to rotate your tires, how often to replace your oil, and how to check your car’s oil. For additional information, don’t hesitate to get in touch with us or book an appointment online today. | <urn:uuid:720b4cf6-a13d-4821-8acd-e435e9cbe711> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kantuckee.com/what-do-the-honda-maintenance-codes-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.93397 | 566 | 1.804688 | 2 |
The male bias of the expedition era has left its mark upon the anthropology of Polynesian culture. Until recently the objects of analysis have been almost exclusively the chiefly system and warriorhood, which were ethnocentrically interpreted. However, women were active and central in transmitting high rank and Polynesian history provides examples of women who became important chiefs. The question then arises: what in traditional society explains the prominence some females achieved? As mediators between a bounded structure and what lay beyond it, be it political authority, supranormal spheres, or Western culture-bearers, the female played a decisive role. They also acted as chiefs, sometimes even as warriors. This poses a paradox, for the structural position of women, cosmic in nature, does not allow for female chieftaincy. What is important here is a gendered category and not particular males and females. Thus, whole social groups and islands can be regarded as “warriors” or as “females.” Actual women who have historically achieved chieftaincy do so as sociological males, not as females, for, while women are a means to the end of chieftaincy, chieftaincy is still gendered as male. But becoming male for a female is as possible as becoming female is for a male, just add the causative prefix ‘aka and act like one. | <urn:uuid:478c99d4-bfab-4ca1-9926-7bbfe76334ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.toksavepacificgender.net/research-paper/chiefs-gender-and-hierarchy-in-ngaputoru/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.975497 | 283 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Kebayoran Lama is a subdistrict of South Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia. The rough boundaries of Kebayoran Lama is Kebayoran Lama Road - Palmerah Barat Road to the north, Grogol River to the east, Jakarat Outer Ring Road to the south, and Pesanggrahan River to the west.
Kebayoran Lama contains some green areas of moderate size, some of this area are concentrated within the Tanah Kusir Cemetery, famous for being a burial place of Mohammad Hatta, the first vice president of Indonesia.
Pondok Indah is an upscale residential area located in Kebayoran Lama.
Kebayoran Lama consists of the word Kebayoran (Betawi for kabayuran, meaning "stockpiles of bayur wood (Pterospermum javanicum)") and Lama (Indonesian for "old"). Several stockpiles of timber (including bayur wood) were built there in earlier time. Bayur wood is known for its strength and resistance to termite attack.
During the colonial era, Kebayoran was a kawedanan (an administrative area below a Regency, above a Subdistrict), headed by a wedana. Kebayoran Kawedanan was part of the Meester Cornelis Regency, whose area also included Ciputat.
Jakarta/dʒəˈkɑːrtə/, officially known as the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (Indonesian:Daerah Khusus Ibu Kota Jakarta), is the capital and largest city of Indonesia, (though Jakarta is also a province) and one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world.
Located on the northwest coast of Java, Jakarta is the country's economic, cultural and political centre, and with a population of 10,075,310 as of 2014. The official metropolitan area, known as Jabodetabek (a name formed by combining the initial syllables of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi), is the fourth largest in the world, yet the metropolis's suburbs still continue beyond it. Its unofficial built-up (metropolitan) area covers Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, Karawang, Serang, Purwakarta, Sukabumi and Subang regencies (123 districts) including also Tangerang, Bekasi, Tangerang Selatan, Depok, Serang and Cilegon Municipalities was home to 30,214,303 inhabitants as of 2010 census.
Established in the fourth century, the city became an important trading port for the Kingdom of Sunda. It was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies (known as Batavia at that time). Today, the city has continued as the capital of Indonesia since the country's independence was declared in 1945. The city is currently the seat of the ASEAN Secretariat as well as houses important financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia, the Indonesia Stock Exchange, and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations. Jakarta's business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over Indonesia, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures.
Jakarta! is the first novel by writer Christophe Dorigné-Thomson published by the Indonesian media conglomerate Kompas Gramedia Group in 2012.
Jakarta! was widely promoted in the media and endorsed by major Indonesian figures such as businessman and owner of football club Inter MilanErick Thohir, businessman Sandiaga Uno, politician Irman Gusman, Minister of Education Anies Baswedan or actor Rio Dewanto.
The novel tells the story of a young European who travels the world on missions paid by governments or multinationals to kill high-level targets. The book is in fact a disguised essay on geopolitical shifts and their consequences.
The SouthJakartaPopulation and Civil Registration (Dukcapil) Sub-agency opened a service post at the fire victims evacuation site in RT 05/01, Kebayoran Lama Utara, Kebayoran Lama ... fire victims on Jalan Masjid Al Huda RT 05/01, Kebayoran Lama Utara.
The fire socialization was recently given to residents of RW 1, Cipulir Urban Village, Kebayoran Lama Sub-district today. Tens of residents seemed enthusiastic about participating in the fire socialization which was demonstrated by officers from SouthJakarta Gulkarmat Sub-agency's Fire PreventionSection and Kebayoran Lama FirePost.
Thousands of visitors flocked the Setu Babakan Betawi Cultural Village (PBB), Jagakarasa, SouthJakarta, on Wednesday (5/4) ... Pendi (45), a resident of Kebayoran Lama, South Jakarta admitted that he often takes his children on vacation to Setu Babakan to introduce them to Betawi snacks. "I regularly visit Setu Babakan with my family ... .
The JakartaYouth and SportAgency (Dispora) is about to repair 13 youth centers at the sub-district level in four administrative cities. They consist of 4 youth centers in East Jakarta, 3 youth centers in West Jakarta, 4 youth centers in South Jakarta, and 2 youth centers in Central Jakarta ... South Jakarta ... - Kebayoran Lama Sub-district Youth Center.
The SouthJakartaGovernment continues to be committed to developing household waste management through the establishment of waste banks with a smart city concept in every RW. This commitment was marked by the inauguration of a smart city concept waste bank at Duta Pondok Indah Housing, Pondok Pinang, Kebayoran Lama.
Until November 26, 2021, as many as 240,000 residents or around 82 percent of total 266,000 targeted residents in Kebayoran Lama Sub-district, SouthJakarta, have been injected with first dose COVID-19 vaccine ... Kebayoran Lama Sub-district Head, Iwan Santoso mentioned, with this ... | <urn:uuid:626c8596-f525-45ba-8180-6c7d6efb20ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wn.com/Kebayoran_Lama,_South_Jakarta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.931484 | 1,286 | 2.296875 | 2 |
Height x Spread: 75cm x 60cm
A member of the species of Phlox commonly known as 'Meadow Phlox', 'Alpha' has narrow linear, glossy green leaves covering upright stems which bear cylindrical clusters of fragrant lilac-pink blooms during early summer.
Deadheading will prolong flowering throughout the summer. Phlox maculata need a sunny or partially shady situation with a humus-rich soil. A winter mulch will help this Phlox thrive. Divide every three to four years in either autumn or spring. | <urn:uuid:6ab26f22-cfa7-4fa3-b884-1b4a5abcac4e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hardysplants.co.uk/perennials/phlox-maculata-alpha | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.916374 | 118 | 1.640625 | 2 |
July 25, 1955 – November 29, 2019 (Stony Brook, NY)
Lina M. Obeid, M.D., was the SUNY Distinguished Professor of Medicine, Dean for Research and Vice Dean for Scientific Affairs at the Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University. Dr. Obeid’s clinical focus was on geriatric medicine, but she was a renowned physician-scientist and biomedical researcher known for her revolutionary work defining the role of sphingolipids in aging. Dr. Lina Obeid received her MD in 1983 from the American University in Beirut, Lebanon. She conducted her residency in Internal Medicine at Duke University, fellowship training in Endocrinology and Geriatrics, and post-doctoral work with Professor Robert Lefkowitz at Duke. Dr. Obeid rose through the ranks at Duke University to become Associate Professor of Medicine and Cell Biology. In 1998, Dr. Obeid was recruited to the Medical University of South Carolina in Charleston, where she served as the Boyle Professor of Medicine in the Division of Geriatrics, and as Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Staff Physician at the Charleston Veterans Affairs Hospital. In 2012, Dr. Obeid was recruited to become Professor of Medicine and Dean for Research at Stony Brook University. She was promoted to SUNY Distinguished Professor of Medicine in 2017. Dr. Obeid launched her research career by studying the role of signaling lipids in cell stress, aging, inflammation and cancer. She was the first to identify the role of the lipid ceramide as a regulator of cell senescence and apoptosis. Her research focused on the role and regulation of bioactive sphingolipids in inflammation and cancer with specific interest in the enzymes sphingosine kinases, ceramidases and ceramide synthases and their respective roles in regulating ceramide and sphingosine phosphate levels in cells. She had contributed to more than 230 scholarly publications and was continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health. Dr. Obeid and her husband, Yusuf A. Hannun, M.D., at the Stonybrook University School of Medicine were dual recipients of Eicosanoid Research Foundation’s Lifetime Achievement Award at the 16th International Conference on Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation and Related Diseases, which recently took place in October 2019. Both separately and as longtime collaborators, Drs. Hannun and Obeid were trailblazers in the field of bioactive lipids. Dr. Hannun is a Cancer and Metastasis Editorial Board Member.
April 23, 1932 – July 30, 2019 (Nashville, TN)
John Alexander Oates, III, was a medical professor, clinical researcher and physician. Dr. Oates served as chairman of Vanderbilt University’s Dept. of Medicine (1983-1997) and the director of the Center for Clinical Pharmacology there. He is best known for his research in the areas of hypertension, heart disease, and prostaglandin biology. While he retired as chief of medicine at VU at age 65, he was still actively involved in medical research until his final illness. Dr. John Oates was a pioneering investigator who elucidated mechanisms of drug action, physiology and disease with imaginative studies in humans based on precise and qualitative methodology. He was the Lifetime Achievement Award recipient at the 10th International Bioactive Lipids Conference in Montreal Canada (2007) for his work on Elucidation of the metabolism and biosyntheses of eicosanoids and development of new approaches to quantifying their production in humans. Dr. Oates will be remembered for his vision and for establishing the innovative and collaborative approach used now for clinical pharmacologic research. His focus on experimental medicine has become fashionable again in the era of translational medicine.
May 15, 1958 – November 18, 2015 (Toledo, Ohio)
Christopher Harris was dedicated administrator for the Department of Pathology at Wayne State University in Dr. Kenneth V. Honn’s research laboratory since 2001. Chris was a talented entrepreneur, remarkable organizer, fundraiser and meeting planner. He had a gift for bringing individuals together and making friends around the world. He was the exclusive meeting organizer for the very successful international conference on Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation and Related Diseases which showcases the cutting edge of science on the role of lipid mediators in various physiological and pathological processes. Chris managed these conferences starting in Chicago (2003), San Francisco (2005), Montreal (2007), Cancun (2009), Seattle (2011), San Juan (2013), and Budapest (2015). Chris’s exemplary organizing prowess and business expertise has greatly contributed to the success of this meeting series. He was also the founder of Victor’s Hope Foundation, a humanitarian organization, SMART BINZ, and HarrisHolmberg, Inc., an approved and certified professional event management company by International Air Transport Association (IATA), a trade association of the world’s airlines; 250 airlines, primarily major carriers, hotels, all travel agents, convention bureaus and event management companies.
August 24, 1942 (Kanpur, India) – October 2, 2007 (Berlin, Germany)
A founding member of the Eicosanoid Research Foundation and the International Conference on Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation and Related Diseases, Dr. Nigam had received degrees in Food Technology (Dipl.-Ing.) and in Chemistry and Biochemistry (Dipl. Chem. &Biochem.) from the Technical University Berlin (1966 –74) and a degree in Medicine and his MD from the Free University Berlin. He did doctoral research in Fritz Haber Institute of the Max-Planck Society and Hahn Meitner Institute for Nuclear Research, Berlin and received PhD in Radiation Biology (1976) from the Technical Univ. Berlin. Following post-doctoral and sabbatical scientific work in Brunel University of West London, Uxbridge, UK and Harvard University, Boston, MA, he joined 1977 the Dept. of Clinical Pharmacology of Free University Medical Centre Berlin as Senior Researcher and became 1980 head of the Experimental Endocrinology and GC-MS Centre in the Dept. of Gynecology and Obstetrics. There he rose to Head of the Eicosanoid- & Lipid Research Division (1982) and Centre for Experimental Gynecology & Breast Research (2001). He was 1982-84 Regional Director of National Foundation for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD and 1984-94 Project Director of the Association for Int. Cancer Research, UK. Dr. Nigam was the first to give 1994 the “Lategan Prestige Lecture” in post-apartheid Univ. of Orange Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. He was awarded 1996 Academic Medal by the University in recognition of his contribution to the South African Fryer Oil Initiative, which led directly to strict legislation prohibiting the use of abused fats and oils. The same University awarded him 1999 Honoris causa (DSc. Hon.). Dr. Nigam was 1989 Visiting Scientist in Dept. of Hematology at Brigham & Women´s Hospital, Boston, MA, Visiting Professor in Dept. of Biochemistry at Brunel University of West London, Uxbridge, UK (1990-1993), Visiting Professor in Radiation Oncology at Wayne State University, Detroit, MI (1993 – 1999), Visiting Professor in Dept. of Veterinary Science at the Penn. State University, PA (1995 – 2001) and Extraordinary Professor in the Dept. of Microbiology and Biochemistry at the University of Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa (1996 – ). Dr. Nigam´s research interests were in studying the role of eicosanoids in breast and cervix cancer and the regulation of 12/15-lipoxygenase enzymes. His group described a cascade of novel potent fungal eicosanoids, called 3-OH-eicosanoids”and characterized a novel enzyme “Hepoxilin A3 Synthase” which plays a crucial role in diabetes. Since 2004 he had been an active member of the Priority Program “Fungal Infection” of the “Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)”. Dr. Nigam authored more than 120 research publications and editor of 14 books. He was a member on the editorial boards of several scientific journals. He also servered as a member on several research boards in various European countries. He was cofounder of the Free Radical Research Association (1975), presently known as “Society for Free Radical Research (SFRR)”, “Foundation for Asthma Research, Berlin” (1978) and “Free Radicals in Medicine” (1988). Dr. Nigam was the initiator of several cyclic conferences, 1989 the “International Conference on Eicosanoids and Other Bioactive Lipids in Cancer, Inflammation and Related Diseases” together with Dr. Honn and Dr. Marnett, 1999 the “International. Conference on Phospholipase A2” with Dr. Dennis, and 2000 the “International. Conference on Nonmammalian Eicosanoids and Other Bioactive Lipids” together with Dr. Gerwick (La Jolla, CA), Dr. Brash (Nashville, TN) and Dr. Kock (Bloemfontein, South Africa). Moreover, Dr. Nigam had been engaged for more than a decade in supporting developing countries in Africa and Asia.
1927– 2013 (Patchogue, New York)
Dr. McGiff, a leading cardiovascular and renal researcher achieved international distinction while leading the Department of Pharmacology for more than three decades, he passed away peacefully at his home on Long Island on Saturday/February 2, 2013. Dr. McGiff received his BA from Georgetown University, MD degree from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, served in Korea and Japan with the Marines as Senior Medical Officer and Flight Surgeon. After completing an American Heart Association Research Fellowship at Columbia University, he completed his clinical training and was appointed a joint faculty position in Medicine and Pharmacology at the University of Pennsylvania in 1962, served as Chief of Cardiology at St. Louis University. In 1974, Dr. McGiff joined Nobel Laureate, Sir John Vane in England for two years prior to becoming Professor and Chair of Pharmacology at the University of Tennessee. Dr. McGiff was appointed Professor and Chair of Pharmacology at NYMC in 1979 until his retirement in 2010.He is the Founder and Chairman of the International Winter Eicosanoid Conference, which is an ongoing conference in Baltimore, MD. Throughout his tenure, Dr. McGiff was the recipient of many grants, awards and achievements. Dr. McGiff, a world renowned scholar and scientist, a man of uncompromising principles and keen intellect, a free-spirited firebrand whose prowess as a researcher and an educator leaves a legacy that shapes the world’s understanding of the heart, blood and lungs. | <urn:uuid:6a8c4681-f614-4d09-b9c4-b5c524f894fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bioactivelipids.org/in-memoriam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.953546 | 2,296 | 1.765625 | 2 |
In this still from a video shows naughty Akiwe steal the milk left in the bottle.
If you plan for a wildlife safari, Africa has the most distinct and stunning locations and the best source to be electronically unplugged from the modern world (internet is available, but ignore it; turn off the cellphone; no newspapers, radio or television).
The diversity of game in Kenya is simply astounding. Many videos of elephants on the Internet are brilliant, humorous and sometimes testimonies of their mischievous behaviour.
A similar case has been reported in relation to the young elephant, Akiwe, who is at the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust, a wildlife restoration centre near the Kenyan capital, Nairobi, where elephant orphans are rescued.
In this video, the elephant is trying to steal the milk left in the bottle. Twitter users were very happy to see that and expressed his extraordinary interest in it, while others said how the elephant behaved like a naughty human baby.
It should be noted that this video clip of an elephant is the best example of interesting videos available on the internet.
This video has been shared on Twitter and it's so good it can't be missed!
The eight ethnic Maasai women known as "Team Lioness” are part of 76 community-based rangers guarding leopards, elephants, giraffe and other wildlife in the 147,000-hectare (363,000-acre) area surrounding Kenya’s Amboseli National Park.
At the heart of the majestic plains of the Maasai Mara, the coronavirus pandemic has led to economic disaster for locals who earn a living from tourists coming to see Kenya's abundant wildlife.
Friday turned out to be a tough day in the office for the forest department in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu's Dharmapuri district, as they were confronted with a herculean task of pulling out a female elephant, who fell into a well.
Since Friday, the animal's movement inland had been blocked by a lock at Saint-Pierre-La-Garenne, 70 kilometres northwest of Paris, and its health had deteriorated after it refused to eat.
The bear successfully maneuvered the handle outside the door, possibly in hunt for food — but seemingly couldn't work out how to open it again from the inside.
Miyake even detested being called a fashion designer, choosing not to identify with what he saw as a frivolous, trend-watching, conspicuous consumption. | <urn:uuid:d38c9b95-f8a2-43f4-8663-c99c2b953a75> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gulftoday.ae/lifestyle/2021/06/30/naughty-elephant-s-stealing-milk-video-becomes-viral | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.954959 | 510 | 1.59375 | 2 |
is a community theater that offers space and a stage for artistic work.
For them, the development and strengthening of each person are in the foreground.
Theatrical art is their tool and expertise:
- through theater they bring people together
- through theater they enable and encourage dialogue
- through theater they explore and test the potential of diversity and poetry
- through theater they strengthen personal growth and support social change
- through theater they shape (living) spaces and our neighborhood together
In the worlds of Expedition Metropolis: “
In expeditions, plays, workshops and research laboratories, we have been on a journey of discovery for over 20 years: we are seekers, learners and creators at the same time and agree on a common goal that we want to achieve. Our diverse, cross-generational and cross-cultural projects are tailored to the people who want to participate.
We develop a dialogical theater that perceives and transforms impulses, understand this theater as a social gathering from which contemporary artistic narratives for self-determination and shaping the future emerge. We are not only open to, but rely on the greatest possible variety of languages, forms of expression, perspectives and experiences of its artists and its audience. They create a place where people can grow in their complexity and contradictions.
As a theater of social art, ExMe stands methodically and physically for an art of short distances. It creates access for new groups of visitors and creates meeting spaces for people who are looking for new perspectives in dealing with the issues of their time.
Located in Kreuzberg, the Berlin district with the highest population density, ExMe is also physically close for many people as a theater within walking or cycling distance. This breaks down barriers and makes it easier for families with children to attend performances. Low-income city dwellers benefit from social pricing and donation-based events.
What is developed at ExMe are poetic narratives as a catalyst for local and global perspectives.
Especially against the background of dynamic challenges of the present and the future, further artistic impulses can and should be effective from the described location ‘Alte Disinfectionsanstalt’ in connection with the mature methodical practice of Expedition Metropolis: dialogue, mobility, transformation, transformation, participation and promotion of democracy.” | <urn:uuid:b701583a-8aea-40a0-932e-72c7a21dd97c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://icafrotterdam.com/makers/expedition-metropolis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.947469 | 470 | 2.375 | 2 |
THEY ARE OFTEN CALLED SINGERS, 2021
WINNER OF 2022 SPOTLIGHT AWARD
ALUMINIUM AND PERSPEX ACRYLICS
200 X 168 X 168 CM
Growing urban populations require additional infrastructure, which in already dense population areas means taller buildings. In London alone, more than 200 tall building projects have been built or have started construction in the last 10 years (CTBUH Skyscraper Center 2020), and according to New London Architecture's annual review there are a total of 587 “tall buildings” in project in London, with 310 in full planning permission and 127 under consideration.
But while the benefits of such structures are many, they can have a detrimental environmental impact on their surroundings.
In 1980, City of London planners earmarked an area known as the Eastern Cluster for the development of tall buildings above the medieval tapestry of narrow passageways and streets, in response to the increasing demand for office space. Since then, this area has become home to a series of skyscrapers, synonymous with London's financial prowess and power; also, synonymous with strong winds and large shady areas, which is already an everyday experience.
They Are Often Called Singers works as a poetic instrument of communication, focusing its narrative on the "wind microclimate" and on how the imposing vertical architecture of the Eastern Cluster of the City of London originates frenetic wind phenomena capable of modifying the qualities of thermal comfort, generating specific microclimates in the urban framework and thus dramatically affecting public spaces, compromising their use. This could be understood as a phenomenon that ceases to be fully meteorological to become subject to other power infrastructures which manage the urban and architectural development of the city.
It is part of a larger ongoing project, which investigates through different artistic territories between visual and sound, the confluence of urbanism and the interpretation of the conditions and experiences of people in those urban environments of London. In this way, it raises questions that seek to open new spaces for dialogue in the relationships between design ideas, the built form and social life.
The idea is to encourage questioning as a starting point, and not as an answer.
The piece invites us to explore space in another way, understanding the parts that make up its structure, turning contemplation into an activity and observation into a journey. The fine aluminum structures sustain the presence of the act of building as a continuous process, while its transparent rings make it intimately related to its surroundings, pushing our perception to the limit and mutating as we move through space, constantly redefining our experience. The geometric interconnections develop a rhythm, creating and recreating a relationship that facilitates a visual and mental engagement with the work, where the object is an idea, but the idea ultimately resolves into a presence.
Through a network of associations and analogies in which E. Canetti addresses the concept of the wind (Crowds and Power, 1960), I open a semantic space by establishing an interaction between what the words suggest, what memories are invoked and imagination. In this way, written language triggers the configuration of images, which invoke and reinvest the interior of the representation and create a tone that allows us to delineate invisible and abstract things. Then the landscapes appear: The interior landscapes.
This is precisely what helps me to be able to articulate my own experience and that of the spectator. Each text is a three-dimensional object, an autonomous sculptural phenomenon that allows us to live within it, that accompanies us throughout the journey and uses light to present us with a constellation made up of words, one on top of the other, where poetic language seems float freely in space permeating the surrounding natural context.
CONTEMPORARY SCULPTURE FULMER 6TH EDITION | <urn:uuid:fc768e42-40de-469a-9c1b-be35b33e86ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.danielsolomons.com/copia-de-the-resistance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.933951 | 770 | 2.171875 | 2 |
1 Chapter 12. Aggregate Expenditure and Output in the Short Run Instructor: JINKOOK LEE Department of Economics / Texas A&M University ECON Principles of Macroeconomics
2 Aggregate Expenditure (AE) Aggregate expenditure model: A macroeconomic model that focuses on the short-run relationship between total spending and real GDP, assuming that the price level is constant. In any particular year, the level of GDP is determined mainly by the level of aggregate expenditure. In 1936, the English economist John Maynard Keynes published a book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. The book systematically analyzed the relationship between changes in aggregate expenditure and changes in GDP.
3 Aggregate Expenditure (AE) Keynes identified four components of aggregate expenditure that together equal GDP: 1 Consumption (C): This is spending by households on goods and services. 2 Planned investment (I): This is planned spending by firms on capital goods and by households on new homes. 3 Government purchases (G): This is spending by local, state, and federal governments on goods and services. 4 Net exports (NX): This is spending by foreign firms and households on goods and services produced in the United States minus spending by U.S. firms and households on goods and services produced in other countries.
4 The Difference between Planned Investment and Actual Investment Notice that planned investment spending, rather than actual investment spending, is a component of aggregate expenditure. Inventories: Goods that have been produced but not yet sold. Actual investment will equal planned investment only when there is no unplanned change in inventories. In this chapter, we will use investment (I ) to represent planned investment.
5 Macroeconomic Equilibrium For the economy as a whole, macroeconomic equilibrium occurs where total spending, or aggregate expenditure, equals total production, or GDP: Aggregate expenditure = GDP The Relationship between Aggregate Expenditure and GDP
6 Consumption Consumption follows a smooth, upward trend, interrupted only infrequently by brief recessions.
7 Consumption Five most important variables that determine the level of consumption: 1 Current Disposable Income: Disposable income is the income remaining to households after they have paid the personal income tax and received government transfer payments. 2 Household Wealth: A household s wealth is the value of its assets minus the value of its liabilities. 3 Expected Future Income: Most people prefer to keep their consumption fairly stable from year to year, even if their income fluctuates significantly. 4 The Price Level: The price level measures the average prices of goods and services in the economy. 5 The Interest Rate Nominal interest rate is the stated interest rate on a loan or a financial investment Real interest rate is the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.
8 The Consumption Function The Relationship between Consumption and Income,
9 The Consumption Function Consumption function: The relationship between consumption spending and disposable income. Marginal propensity to consume (MPC): The slope of the consumption function MPC represents the amount by which consumption spending changes when disposable income changes. We can also use the MPC to determine how much consumption will change as income changes:
10 The Relationship between Consumption and National Income Disposable income = National income + (Government transfer payments - Taxes) Net taxes = Taxes - Government transfer payments Disposable income = National income - Net taxes National income = Disposable income + Net taxes
11 The Relationship between Consumption and National Income
12 The Relationship between Consumption and National Income If we calculate the slope of the line between points A and B, we get a result that will not change whether we use the values for national income or the values for disposable income. Using the values for national income: Using the corresponding values for disposable income from the table: National income and disposable income differ by a constant amount, so changes in the two numbers always give us the same value.
13 Income, Consumption, and Saving For the economy as a whole, we can write the following: National income = Consumption + Saving + Taxes Y = C + S + T Change in national income = Change in consumption + Change in saving + Change in taxes Y = C + S + T To simplify, we can assume that taxes are always a constant amount, in which case T = 0 Y = C + S
14 Income, Consumption, and Saving Marginal propensity to save (MPS): The amount by which saving changes when disposable income changes. We can measure the MPS as the change in saving divided by the change in disposable income (again ignoring the difference between national income and disposable income). or, When taxes are constant, MPC plus MPS must always equal 1 because additional income not consumed must instead be saved.
15 Income, Consumption, and Saving Fill in the blanks in the following table. For simplicity, assume that taxes are zero.
16 Planned Investment Investment is subject to larger changes than is consumption. Investment declined significantly during the recessions.
17 Planned Investment The four most important variables that determine the level of investment 1 Expectations of Future Profitability: The optimism or pessimism of firms about the economy is an important determinant of investment spending. 2 Interest Rate: Borrowing takes the form of issuing corporate bonds or receiving loans from banks. A higher real interest rate results in less investment spending, and a lower real interest rate results in more investment. 3 Taxes: Firms focus on the profits that remain after paying taxes. Investment tax incentives provide firms with tax reductions to increase their spending on new investment goods. 4 Cash flow: The difference between the cash revenues received by a firm and the cash spending by the firm. The greater its cash flow and the greater its ability to finance investment.
18 Government Purchases Total government purchases include all spending by federal, local, and state governments for goods and services It excludes transfer payments by the federal or by local governments. Government purchases grew steadily for most of the period, with the exception of the early 1990s. During 1990s, the federal budget deficit caused real government purchases to fall for three years.
19 Net Exports Net exports: Spending by foreign firms and households on goods produced in the United States - Spending by U.S. firms and households on goods produced in other countries.
20 Net Exports Net exports were negative in most years between 1979 and Net exports have usually increased when the U.S. economy is in recession and decreased when the U.S. economy is expanding. Although they fell during most of the 2001 recession. The three most important variables that determine the level of net exports: The price level in the United States relative to the price levels in other countries The growth rate of GDP in the United States relative to the growth rates of GDP in other countries The exchange rate between the dollar and other currencies
21 Keynesian Cross The 45 Degree line diagram is sometimes referred to as the Keynesian cross. Points such as A and B, at which the quantity produced equals the quantity sold, are on the 45 degree line. Points such as C, at which the quantity sold is greater than the quantity produced, lie above the line.
22 Relationship between Planned Aggregate Expenditure and GDP Every point of macroeconomic equilibrium is on the 45 degree line, where planned aggregate expenditure equals GDP. At points above (below) the line, planned aggregate expenditure is greater (less) than GDP.
23 Relationship between Planned Aggregate Expenditure and GDP All points of macroeconomic equilibrium must lie along the 45 degree line. However, only one of these points will represent the actual level of equilibrium real GDP during any particular year. The aggregate expenditure function: the amount of planned aggregate expenditure that will occur at every level of national income, or GDP.
24 Macroeconomic Equilibrium
25 Relationship between Planned Aggregate Expenditure and GDP Macroeconomic equilibrium occurs where the aggregate expenditure (AE) line crosses the 45 degree line. The lowest upward-sloping line, C, represents the consumption function. The quantities of planned investment, government purchases, and net exports are assumed to be constant. So, the total of planned aggregate expenditure at any level of GDP is the amount of consumption at that level of GDP plus the sum of the constant amounts of planned investment, government purchases, and net exports. We successively add each component of spending to the consumption function line to arrive at the line representing aggregate expenditure.
26 Macroeconomic Equilibrium
27 Macroeconomic Equilibrium Macroeconomic equilibrium occurs where the AE line crosses the 45 degree line. In this case, that occurs at GDP of $10 trillion. If GDP is less than $10 trillion, the corresponding point on the AE line is above the 45 degree line, planned aggregate expenditure is greater than total production, firms will experience an unplanned decrease in inventories, and GDP will increase. If GDP is greater than $10 trillion, the corresponding point on the AE line is below the 45 degree line, planned aggregate expenditure is less than total production, firms will experience an unplanned increase in inventories, and GDP will decrease.
28 Showing a Recession on the 45 Degree Line Diagram Macroeconomic equilibrium can occur at any point on the 45 degree line. Ideally, we would like equilibrium to occur at potential GDP. At potential GDP, firms will be operating at their normal level of capacity, and the economy will be at the natural rate of unemployment. At the natural rate of unemployment, the economy will be at full employment: Everyone in the labor force who wants a job will have one, except the structurally and frictionally unemployed. For equilibrium to occur at the level of potential GDP, planned aggregate expenditure must be high enough.
29 Showing a Recession on the 45 Degree Line Diagram
30 Showing a Recession on the 45 Degree Line Diagram When the aggregate expenditure line intersects the 45 degree line at a level of GDP below potential GDP, the economy is in recession. The figure on last slide shows that potential GDP is $10 trillion. But because planned aggregate expenditure is too low, the equilibrium level of GDP is only $9.8 trillion, where the AE line intersects the 45 degree line. As a result, some firms will be operating below their normal capacity, and unemployment will be above the natural rate of unemployment. We can measure the shortfall in planned aggregate expenditure as the vertical distance between the AE line and the 45 degree line at the level of potential GDP.
31 The Important Role of Inventories Whenever planned aggregate expenditure is less than real GDP, some firms will experience unplanned increases in inventories. If firms do not cut back their production promptly when spending declines, they will accumulate inventories. Firms will have to sell their excess inventories before they can return to producing at normal levels, even if spending has already returned to normal levels. In fact, almost half of the sharp decline in real GDP during the first quarter of 2009 resulted from firms cutting production as they sold off unintended accumulations of inventories.
32 A Numerical Example of Macroeconomic Equilibrium We can capture some key features contained in the quantitative models that economic forecasters use by looking at several hypothetical combinations of real GDP and planned aggregate expenditure.
33 The Multiplier Effect
34 The Multiplier Effect The economy begins at point A, at which equilibrium real GDP is $9.6 trillion. A $100 billion increase in planned investment shifts up aggregate expenditure from AE 1 to AE 2. The new equilibrium is at point B, where real GDP is $10.0 trillion, which is potential real GDP. Because of the multiplier effect, a $100 billion increase in investment results in a $400 billion increase in equilibrium real GDP.
35 The Multiplier Effect The increase in planned investment spending has had a multiplied effect on equilibrium real GDP. It is not only investment spending that will have this multiplied effect; any increase in autonomous expenditure will shift up the aggregate expenditure function and lead to a multiplied increase in equilibrium GDP. Autonomous expenditure: An expenditure that does not depend on the level of GDP. In the aggregate expenditure model we have been using, planned investment spending, government spending, and net exports are all autonomous expenditures. But consumption actually has both an autonomous component and a nonautonomous component, which does depend on the level of GDP.
36 The Multiplier Effect Multiplier: The increase in equilibrium real GDP divided by the increase in autonomous expenditure. Multiplier effect: The process by which an increase in autonomous expenditure leads to a larger increase in real GDP.
37 The Multiplier Effect We can calculate the value of the multiplier in our example by dividing the increase in equilibrium real GDP by the increase in autonomous expenditure: With a multiplier of 4, each increase in autonomous expenditure of $1 will result in an increase in equilibrium GDP of $4.
38 A Formula for the Multiplier During the multiplier process, each round of increases in consumption is smaller than the previous, so eventually, the increases will come to an end, and we will have a new macroeconomic equilibrium.
39 A Formula for the Multiplier We have also derived a general formula for the multiplier: In this case, the multiplier is 1/(1 0.75), or 4, so a $100 billion increase in planned investment spending results in a $400 billion increase in equilibrium GDP.
40 Summarizing the Multiplier Effect 1 The multiplier effect occurs both when autonomous expenditure increases and when it decreases. 2 The multiplier effect makes the economy more sensitive to changes in autonomous expenditure than it would otherwise be. Because of the multiplier effect, a decline in spending and production in one sector of the economy can lead to declines in spending and production in many other sectors of the economy. 3 The larger the MPC, the larger the value of the multiplier. the larger the MPC, the more additional consumption takes place after each rise in income during the multiplier process. 4 The formula for the multiplier, 1/(1 MPC), is oversimplified. it ignores some real-world complications, such as the effect that increases in GDP have on imports, inflation, interest rates, and individual income taxes. These effects combine to cause the simple formula to overstate the true value of the multiplier.
41 The Paradox of Thrift John Maynard Keynes argued... if many households decide at the same time to increase their saving and reduce their spending, they may make themselves worse off by causing aggregate expenditure to fall, thereby pushing the economy into a recession. The lower incomes in the recession might mean that total saving does not increase, despite the attempts by many individuals to increase their own saving. Keynes referred to this outcome as the paradox of thrift because what appears to be something favorable to the long-run performance of the economy might be counterproductive in the short run.
42 The Aggregate Demand Curve Increases in the price level cause aggregate expenditure to fall, and decreases in the price level cause aggregate expenditure to rise. There are three main reasons for this inverse relationship between changes in the price level and changes in aggregate expenditure: 1 A rising price level decreases consumption by decreasing the real value of household wealth. 2 If the price level in the United States rises relative to the price levels in other countries, U.S. exports will become relatively more expensive, and foreign imports will become relatively less expensive, causing net exports to fall. 3 When prices rise, firms and households need more money to finance buying and selling. If the central bank does not increase the money supply, the result will be an increase in the interest rate, which causes investment spending to fall.
43 The Aggregate Demand Curve The Effect of a Change in the Price Level on Real GDP
44 The Aggregate Demand Curve In panel (a), an increase in the price level results in declining consumption, planned investment, and net exports and causes the aggregate expenditure line to shift down from AE 1 to AE 2. As a result, equilibrium real GDP declines from $10.0 trillion to $9.8 trillion. In panel (b), a decrease in the price level results in rising consumption, planned investment, and net exports and causes the aggregate expenditure line to shift up from AE 1 to AE 2. As a result, equilibrium real GDP increases from $10.0 trillion to $10.2 trillion.
45 The Aggregate Demand Curve Aggregate demand (AD) curve: A curve that shows the relationship between the price level and the level of planned aggregate expenditure in the economy, holding constant all other factors. When the price level is 97, real GDP is $10.2 trillion. An increase in the price level to 100 causes consumption, investment, and net exports to fall, which reduces real GDP to $10.0 trillion.
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GoFiltr sioFuse granules heated to 800 degrees celsius and infused with electrolytes (magnesium / potassium / calcium), selenium, manganese, zinc, and other trace elements that support alkalization and remineralization process, increase dissolved oxygen in water, and turn regular water into ultimate ionized alkaline mineral H2O.
Once water reaches an optimal alkaline level, these granules are designed to slowdown the release process, extending lifespan up to 3 months or 750 refills.
Our latest formula alkalizes water faster than ever, tastes amazing, and suitable for bottles up to 50 oz in size.
In most cases GoFiltr Alkaline will turn your regular water into Alkaline within a few short minutes. If your water is highly acidic it will take longer, in these cases we suggest leaving it in your bottle for 15 minutes, a quick stir might also expedite alkalization process.
Most tap and bottled drinking water has ORP between +300 and +500, the lower the value the better. GoFiltr Alkaline decreases ORP to about -200, creating powerful, free-radical fighting antioxidant water.
Calcium is vital for optimal bone health. Necessary for heart, muscles and nerves to function properly, and optimal blood clotting.
DROP IT. FILL IT. DRINK IT. LOVE IT.
All Natural No Compromise Hydration
Our goal is to provide "no compromise" mineral alkaline hydration, therefore we sourced and tested more than 100 ingredients from multiple locations but only a few passed our rigorous testing. To provide the highest quality and freshness, all GoFiltrs are made weekly with love in California. Do you know where your current alkaline product comes from?
Magnesium, potassium and calcium are perfectly balanced and working in harmony to create an ultimate alkaline hydration, ionize and re-mineralize your water. Magnesium helps assimilate calcium into the bone and plays a role in activating vitamin D in the kidneys. Without magnesium, a high intake of calcium can increase the risk of arterial calcification and cardiovascular disease, as well as kidney stones.
In most cases GoFiltr Alkaline will turn your regular water into alkaline within a few short minutes. If your water is highly acidic it will take longer, in these cases we suggest leaving it in your bottle for 15 minutes, a quick stir might also expedite alkalization process.
NEED A GOOD REASON TO CHOOSE A GOFILTR? HERE'S 10.
All GoFiltrs are fresh, made responsibly in sunny California, USA. More than 12,000 hours spent on development of our proprietary formula. We test our products in state certified facilities right here in California. We believe in science, not science-fiction. | <urn:uuid:6039678d-d235-4e7f-8643-2e1b6c119710> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gofiltr.com/collections/shop-page/products/gofiltr-electrolyte-infuser | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.868025 | 1,040 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Many NFT collectors and creators are looking for a more efficient way to mint and collect their NFTs.
Although there are several blockchains to choose from, a majority of the NFT community is focused mainly on the Ethereum blockchain. However, the Ethereum blockchain is known to be inefficient and extremely expensive to transact on.
That’s why many people are searching for a solution, and some have found that solution to be Ethereum sidechains. Some of the most renowned artists and brands are taking advantage of the ability to buy and sell on these alt-chains, as well as offering users increased efficiency and reduced fees while still being able to bridge their NFTs to the Ethereum main-chain, if desired.
Let’s take a look at some of the most popular NFTs created on alt-chains that have Bridged to Ethereum.
Damien Hurst, a British contemporary artist originally released his 10,000 piece NFT art project, The Currency, on a platform called HENI—a technology company pioneering Art Markets and Information.
Damien Hirst’s The Currency is the artist’s first NFT release. The Currency is a collection of 10,000 NFTs, also known as Tenders, that correlate to 10,000 unique physical artworks by Damien Hirst, with the NFTs holding high-resolution photographs of each of his 10,000 artworks’ both front and back sides.
The first day of trading on the secondary market saw trading volumes of more than $1.3 million, with the average sales price on that day being $7,128.
Although The Currency is now offered for sale on the popular NFT marketplace Opensea, it wasn’t always available there. HENI, which is the platform Hirst used to launch his NFT project, is built on top of the Palm side-chain. Palm is an innovative NFT ecosystem built with culture and creativity in mind.
The Palm side-chain is known for quick throughput, low gas fees, and is over 99% more efficient than the Proof of Work system that the Ethereum blockchain uses. This makes the Palm side-chain a good option for both collectors and creators to use with NFTs.
Palm’s focus is on making NFTs easier and more efficient to use on the Ethereum blockchain. In fact, Palm NFT Studio was actually formed by ConsenSys founder and Ethereum co-founder Joseph Lubin, film producer David Heyman, and founder of the art-based tech group HENI, Joe Hage.
With that being said, I firmly believe that Palm has potential to be one of the more popular side-chains, considering the company is overseen by such knowledgeable figures in the NFT space.
Fans and collectors may buy, trade, and share legally licensed MLB NFTs on Candy Digital, Major League Baseball’s official NFT marketplace. Candy’s objective is to create next-generation digital assets for sports and culture by offering authentic products and experiences that increase fan engagement and connect individuals to their passion for sports and collectibles.
Candy Digital manufactures and distributes a variety of digitized sports memorabilia. These items include everything from digital trophies to personalized experiences, such as throwing the first pitch at a game for your favorite MLB team. Payton Manning and Gary Vaynerchuck are among Candy Digital’s investors.
When you buy an NFT on Candy.com, you can simply use your debit card to purchase, there is no need to buy cryptocurrency. Similarly to HENI, Candy Digital is also built on the Palm sidechain.
Candy picked Palm technology because of its token-powered ecosystem, scalable infrastructure, and dedication to its creators’ and collectors’ experiences. Candy also picked Palm because of their desire to reduce environmental effects. Palm employs a rotating Proof-of-Authority consensus approach that enables for low-cost transactions and a carbon footprint of less than 1%.
When Plasma Bears was first released in 2019, they were advertised as a fun social game where you could gather, build, and go on adventures with your bears. Really, you collect bear parts to make one-of-a-kind bears, then send them on adventures to win prizes and more bear parts.
Plasma Bears were created on the Loom Network—a multichain interoperability platform that is associated with other major blockchains like Ethereum, Binance Chain, and Tron.
Loom shut down temporarily without warning, before becoming active again in 2020. “A lot of people lost their bears, myself included,’ deCourcelle explained in our interview with her, who is the CEO and Co-founder of Blockade Games and Neon District, the parent company to Plasma Bears.
Since Loom is an Ethereum alt-chain, users could bridge their Plasma Bears over to the Ethereum mainnet, but because of pricey gas fees and the lack of activity in the market, practically no one bridged their bears over to the mainnet at that point in time. Once the game shut down shop and the sidechain closed, any bears on the Loom sidechain were lost.
A portion of entire bears, along with bits and pieces of various bears are available to trade on Opensea. However, it is unknown what will become of the bears and their random parts. For now, these bears are treated as abandoned collectibles, with a current floor price of 0.23 ETH for one leg or 1.19 ETH for a fully put together bear, at the time of writing.
Plasma Bears combined utility continues to inspire new innovators, and it is one of the numerous reasons for Plasma Bears’ relevance. Because of the importance of the Plasma Bear project, many collectors are collecting parts of Bears and complete Bears.
Proof of Attendance Protocols, or POAPs, are one-of-a-kind digital badges that attendees may use to establish their record of life events. POAP collectors receive a digital badge backed by a cryptographic record in the form of an NFT, each with a distinct design that adds collectability and allows event organizers to provide extra value.
POAPs are created on The xDai sidechain. xDai is a stable payments blockchain designed for fast and cheap transactions. POAP uses xDai to mint POAPs at a very low cost, especially when compared to Ethereum fees.
POAPs can be transferred from xDai to Ethereum. Despite this ability, most users choose to leave their POAPs on xDai, where they can view them on the POAP application, due to the high gas fees on Ethereum. Ethereum prime supporter Vitalik Buterin has implied that they could be facilitated on hopeful rollups later on. You can learn more about the future of rollups in our layer 2 article.
Respectably, some people may argue that side-chains aren’t as secure as a layer 2 solution, however, that doesn’t stop users from creating amazing NFTs on these various and appetizing alt-chains, offering users low fees and scalability that is unheard of when using the Ethereum mainchain. | <urn:uuid:a871abb7-06b3-4b39-9f17-e26886694f4d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://publish.one37pm.net/blog/nft/alt-chain-nfts-palm-sidechain-loom-network-xdai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.95617 | 1,486 | 1.5 | 2 |
Hazardous wastes require special management practices to protect both our workers and the environment. This section describes basic hazardous waste requirements.
STEPS TO HAZARDOUS WASTE EVALUTION
Step 1A: Evaluate the Wastes
Waste is an unwanted material that must be identified or inventoried carefully for proper disposal. Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) and generator (faculty, staff and or student) who have knowledge of the process resulting in waste are two most helpful sources of information in the identification. It may also be necessary to have the wastes analyzed by a laboratory for characterization. The evaluation process may determine the waste to be exempt or listed hazardous. “Exempt” wastes are materials that by rule are not considered hazardous waste. “Listed” hazardous wastes are materials that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, has classified as hazardous. The rule cited includes all the materials that are considered exempt or listed hazardous wastes.
Question 1: Is the waste exempt?
Exempt wastes (MN Rule 7045.0120 and 7045.0127) include:
- Normal household refuse
- Nonhousehold refuse (unusable paper, cardboard, untreated wood and plastic)
- Samples sent to a testing laboratory
- Demolition debris
- Used oil (not contaminated with any other solvents) that is recycled
- Scrap metal that is recycled
- Waste discharged to surface waters under a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit
- Waste from emergency spill cleanups approved by the MPCA
- Certain wastes containing trivalent chromium
- Empty containers and liners used to hold a hazardous material (except for compressed gases or acutely-hazardous waste). For non-acute hazardous waste, an empty container is defined as having:
- no more than one inch of residue in the bottom
- no more than 3 percent by weight of residue in a container 110 gallons or less in capacity
- no more than 0.3 percent by weight of residue in a container more than 110 gallons in capacity
- aerosol cans that contain no product and no pressure
Question 2: Is the waste a listed a hazardous waste?
Certain classes of chemical wastes are specifically called out or listed in the rules as being hazardous (MN Rule 7045.0135). EPA has assigned a code for each different type of hazardous waste that is listed (e.g., F001).
These wastes are known as listed hazardous wastes. Common listed wastes include:
Hazardous wastes from nonspecific sources:
- F001: Spent halogenated solvents used in degreasing, such as trichloroethylene,methylene chloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride.
- F002: Spent halogenated solvents, such as those above but not used as degreasers. Other examples are 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane and chlorobenzene.
- F003: Spent nonhalogenated, ignitable-only solvents, such as xylene, acetone, methanol and methyl isobutyl ketone.
- F004: Spent nonhalogenated solvents, such as cresols, cresylic acid and nitrobenzene.
- F005: Spent nonhalogenated solvents such as toluene, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon disulfide and benzene. Spent solvent mixtures/blends containing 10 percent before use of F001, F002, F004 and/or F005 compounds.
- F006-F039: Various spent baths and solutions, distillation bottoms, wastewater and filters.
- K-listed wastes: wastes from specific manufacturing processes, such as preserving wood, formulating inks, pigments, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, refining petroleum and metal smelting.
- P-listed acute hazardous and U-listed toxic wastes: typically these materials are discarded chemical products, off-specification products and/or spill residues.
Question 3: Is the waste hazardous because it exhibits a hazardous characteristic?
A waste that exhibits one or more hazardous characteristics is a hazardous waste. Hazardous characteristics include:
Ignitable waste - D001
Liquid wastes having a flashpoint below 140 degrees Fahrenheit; or, a non-liquid waste capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of causing fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes and, when ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard; or, an ignitable compressed gas. Examples of ignitable wastes include spent parts-washer waste and spent solvents.
Oxidizing waste - D001
Wastes that add oxygen to a fire. Oxidizing substances often have “per...” at the beginning of the name, “oxide” at the end of the name, or “...ate” in its chemical name. Oxidizers may be used in a manufacturing process to add oxygen. Typically, these materials are used up but, if they are not, the waste material may be hazardous.
Corrosive waste - D001
Water-based wastes having a pH of 2.0 or less (strong acids) or 12.5 or more (strong bases); also, any liquid able to corrode 1/4 inch of steel per year. Automotive battery acid is an example of a corrosive waste.
Reactive waste - D001
Unstable or explosive wastes; wastes that react violently in the presence of water; and, sulfide or cyanide-bearing wastes which give off toxic vapors when exposed to pH conditions between 2.0 and 12.5. Lithium batteries (even spent ones) are an example of a reactive waste.
Lethal waste - D001
Wastes that have been found through testing to cause death when ingested inhaled or absorbed. Typically, lethal wastes are poisons.
Toxicity Characteristic waste - D001
Wastes that, under acidic conditions, release toxic metals, pesticides or volatile organic chemicals above certain limits. Examples of toxic hazardous wastes are photographic fixers, some paints and chemical wastes.
How much Hazardous waste does CSB/SJU Generate?
Excluding exempted waste, College of St. Benedict and St. John’s University each generate an average of < 220 pounds of hazardous waste per month. Based on the table below, both institutions are classified as “Very Small Quantity Generator” (VSQG). This is good, because the less waste we generate, the fewer the regulatory requirements are and the less money we pay for disposal and the annual license fee and finally it is good for our environment.
220 pounds of hazardous waste or less per month (about one-half a 55-gallon drum of liquid waste)
VSQG (Very Small Quantity Generator)
More than 220 pounds but less than 2,200 pounds of hazardous waste per month (about one-half to four 55-gallon drums of liquid waste)
SQG (Small Quantity Generator)
2,200 pounds or more of hazardous waste per month (four or more 55-gallon drums of liquid waste)
LQG (Large Quantity Generator)
Both College of St. Benedict and St. John’s University have Hazardous Waste ID numbers (formerly called EPA ID numbers) that is unique and specific to each location and are used for tracking where wastes are generated and where they are disposed of. We may not ship hazardous wastes legally out of our contiguous property without an ID number.
Waste tracking and annual generator license
CSB/SJU must obtain an annual Hazardous Waste Generator License from Minnesota pollution control agency and pay an annual fee. The application must be submitted by end of January and Licenses are issued by the MPCA just before June 30 of each year. All licensed generators are charged a license fee that varies, depending on the amount of waste generated and how the waste is managed. Generators are also subject to a generator (Superfund) tax which is based on generator size or waste volume and management method.
Waste collection, storage and management
Containers used for storing hazardous wastes must be sturdy, leakproof and made of, or lined with, materials compatible with the wastes stored. Containers must be marked with the following information:
- The words “hazardous waste,”
- Name of the contents of the container (e.g., waste Methyl Ethyl Ketone or paint waste)
- The date the first waste was placed inside (called the “accumulation start date”)
Preprinted labels are available (but not required) for marking containers.
Additional information is required when the waste is shipped. The required Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) shipping label may also be used for storage. Your waste transporter should be familiar and able to help you with MnDOT shipping requirements.
Step 5: Store wastes correctly
Follow all fire and building codes for wastes stored indoors. In addition:
- Keep containers closed except when wastes are added or removed (this includes bungs and snap rings).
- Place containers holding liquids on a surface impermeable to that particular waste.
- Provide enough aisle space for easy access and visibility.
- Inspect containers at least weekly to ensure they have not deteriorated or are not leaking.
- Separate incompatible wastes, within the storage area.
- Store wastes in an area without floor drains.
We do not recommend this, but if storing wastes outdoors:
- Follow all requirements for indoor storage, listed above.
- Restrict access to individuals responsible for managing the wastes.
- Store wastes on a curbed, impermeable surface.
- Protect wastes from the elements (rain, snow, sunlight) and the risk of inadvertent damage.
You must also meet storage time limits. If you store wastes past storage time limits, you will be subject to additional hazardous waste requirements.
Size Accumulation Limit Storage time Limit
VSQG 2,200 lbs. Ship stored waste within 180 days of the time it is accumulated. Mark on the container the date it became full.
SQG 6,600 lbs. Ship stored waste within 180 days of the accumulation start date.
LQG No limit Ship waste within 90 days of the accumulation start date unless a storage facility permit is obtained.*
* If the treatment, storage or disposal facility is more than 200 miles away, the storage time limit is 270 days.
If you are unable to ship waste within the storage time limit, you may request a 30-day extension from the MPCA (or your metropolitan county hazardous waste office). The request must be made in writing before you reach the storage time limit. Explain why the extension is necessary, the types and amounts of waste affected and the date you now anticipate shipping the waste.
If granted, the extension allows your business to remain within its generator status.
For wastes that accumulate very slowly, designate the container a “satellite accumulation container.” This allows you to accumulate up to one 55-gallon drum of that waste (or one quart of acute hazardous waste) before the storage time clock starts. Mark the accumulation start date on the container when you begin filling it, then the fill date when the container becomes full. Move the satellite container to the permanent storage area within three days of the fill date. Based on the fill date, ship the container off-site according to the storage time limit in the table above. For more information on satellite accumulation requirements, call the MPCA or visit www.pca.state.mn.us/waste/pubs/1-041-05.pdf.
Step 6: transport and dispose of waste correctly
Generators of wastes are responsible forever for their hazardous wastes. This means that even when you give your waste to a transporter or disposal facility, you may be liable for cleanup costs if a release occurs. To ensure your wastes are properly managed and to reduce your liability, choose a transporter and disposal facility with care.
Before you contact a transporter, you need to know:
- Kinds and amounts of waste you wish to have picked up
- Form of the wastes (solid, liquid or sludge)
- Types of containers holding the waste
- How often you need to ship the waste
- Which recycling, treatment or disposal facility the wastes are to be shipped to
Most hazardous wastes are managed by sending them off site. Some wastes can be treated and disposed of on site. Used oil generated by your business or dropped off by the public (not from another business) can be burned for heat recovery on site provided the burner is rated at less than 500,000 Btu/hour and is vented outside. If the total capacity of all fuel-burning equipment on site is less than or equal to 2,000,000 Btu/hour, these emissions are insignificant in terms of air emissions permits. No other hazardous wastes may be burned on site.
Corrosive wastes may be discharged to the sewer once they are neutralized. Before you discharge any materials, check with your local wastewater treatment plant to ensure it can accept these wastes. A sewering notification form may also be necessary before you discharge wastes.
Check with the appropriate metro county hazardous waste office or the MPCA to determine whether you need to complete this notification form. Do not place any industrial wastes in a septic system.
Septic systems are not designed to handle this type of material even if it has been neutralized.
Do not let cost be the only criterion you use in selecting a transporter or disposal facility. Other important factors in selecting a transporter include:
- Is the transporter currently licensed by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT)? See www.dot.state.mn.us/cvo/carriersnapshot.html.
- Does the transporter have a good track record? Have they been cited for violations within the last two years? Have they had spills or accidents within the past two years? If so, were appropriate cleanup actions taken? Ask the transporter for the names of other customers and call them for their opinion.
- Does the transporter maintain adequate insurance? Depending on what is hauled and how it is transported, the transporter is required to have between $1 million and $5 million liability insurance.
- Are drivers given proper training? Drivers must be trained on emergency-response procedures, placarding and labeling vehicles, filling out shipping papers, manifesting wastes, labeling and marking hazardous waste containers, loading and handling wastes, and safe vehicle operations.
- Will the transporter ship wastes to the disposal facility you select?
Very Small Quantity Generators (VSQGs) may be able to drop off their own wastes at a collection site where wastes from many VSQGs are consolidated and then shipped to a disposal facility. Although each business must still pay disposal fees, the drop-off program is a convenient and low-cost disposal option. To take advantage of this, you must:
- Apply and receive approval from the drop-off collection site. (There are certain cases where a HW ID number is not needed. The drop-off collection sites can help you determine whether you need a HW ID number).
- Transport wastes from your business only in your business vehicle.
- Follow MnDOT requirements for transporting wastes. For more information, contact the collection program you intend to use.
- Keep all receipts for wastes delivered to drop-off sites. For a list of VSQG drop-off sites, see www.pca.state.mn.us/publications/w-hw2-51.pdf.
Factors to consider when selecting a disposal facility include:
- Does the facility have a good track record? Check with the environmental regulatory agency (similar to the MPCA) in the state where it is based and check with other customers. Often trade associations or peers can also help you.
- How will the facility dispose of your waste? The longer a waste remains in a form that can be released, the higher the liability. For example, incinerating wastes may be more expensive, but liability is much lower.
- Does the facility carry the necessary insurance?
- Does the facility have a plan to deal with spills or accidents? Has the facility ever had to use it?
- How are ash, sludge and empty containers managed?
If possible, visit the facility. Look for general good housekeeping, workers using safety equipment, warning signs, fencing to restrict access to the site, and condition of building, tanks and equipment.
Questions to consider in selecting a trasporter
Step 7: Manifest hazardous waste shipments
A manifest is a multiple-page shipping paper that must accompany each shipment of hazardous waste (VSQGs using drop-off sites only need shipping papers per MnDOT requirements). The manifest is the tracking document used to show that your wastes reached their proper destination. One manifest is prepared for each shipment of waste.
You can obtain blank manifests from your transporter, disposal facility or the Minnesota Bookstore (651)297-3000. http://www.comm.media.state.mn.us. Make sure the manifest information is correct. Remember, you are responsible, not the transporter. The most common problems found on manifests include:
- Not legible — use a ball-point pen, press hard and print legibly.
- Missing required signatures and dates — make sure to complete all information in the certification section.
- Valid numbers — make sure you use a valid HW ID number for your location and that the transporter and disposal facility also use valid ID numbers.
- MnDOT information missing or incorrect — make sure to complete all information in this section carefully.
The universal manifest contains six pages which are distributed as follows:
- Give pages 1-5 to transporter
- Gend a photocopy of page 6 to the appropriate address in the chart below
- Keep page 6 for your records
When the disposal facility receives the waste, it will sign and send a page back to you. Within five days of receiving it, make a photocopy and mail to the appropriate address above. Keep the page with your records for at least three years. If the disposal facility does not send you a signed page within 35 days, contact them to ensure they received the waste. If you do not receive it within 45 days of shipment, notify the MPCA. | <urn:uuid:1f2f3f10-d75f-4e4a-b304-66f6e02a6065> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.csbsju.edu/environmental-health-safety/programs/waste-management/hazardous-waste | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.901846 | 3,874 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Many individuals have found the advantages of blogging. Not only does it improve the website’s web traffic, yet it likewise assists construct trust with your target market. If your consumers discover your blog site web content intriguing, they’ll pertain to trust you as a specialist. And also if you can help people find out something while they’re browsing your blog, you’ll acquire even more consumers than you can ever before visualize. Actually, lots of consumers will buy from a source they trust.
A terrific means to begin your blog site is to discuss your pastimes and also interests. A blog site can be concerning your travels, fashion, sporting activities, or automobiles, for example. Also unknown leisure activities can come to be popular. You’ll additionally require a blog site name, or a domain. Pick something descriptive that will draw visitors in. You’ll rejoice you did. A blog’s name will serve as its URL. It must also explain what you’re covering, due to the fact that this will be the name the audience will see.
The modern blog is a kind of on-line diary. Unlike traditional papers, the writers in early blogs called themselves diarists, journalists, or journalers. Some blogs started as personal journals, such as Open Journal, while others are used as an on the internet brand promotion. Many blogs feature message, electronic photos, links to various other blogs, as well as comments from readers. Countless on the internet diaries have been started given that the launch of Open Journal in 1998.
There are a variety of ways to start a blog site, yet there are some typical aspects to any kind of successful blog site. The most crucial element is fresh, interesting web content that people find interesting and also helpful. It is very important to keep your articles fairly long as well as fresh to attract readers and build a loyal fan base. You can also include images, videos, or audio data to improve the material’s look. By doing this, your blog site will certainly be visually enticing and also make your visitors feel comfy in reading your content.
While some individuals do not like traditional offline diary writing, lots of people make use of blogging as a means to express their sensations as well as ideas. Other people use it to interact with others when they don’t have close friends or household close by. Some individuals even utilize it to deal with demanding life occasions. If you’re a person that’s not sure of on your own, you can share your thoughts in the form of a blog site. The opportunities are unlimited! You can produce a blog that talks to your certain demands and also passions.
As a blog writer, you must always remember that long-lasting buy-in originates from supplying value. That’s why discovering value-adding methods and also applying them to your blog posts are essential to your success. Many people in the business world learned this lesson and also at some point wrote blog sites that used the same worth to their visitors. The advantages of blog writing are several, and also the rewards are great. Don’t fail to remember to share your understanding with others. They’ll definitely appreciate it.
A blog site is basically an on the internet journal or journal. It allows you to share your ideas as well as experiences online. You can consist of text, images, videos, animated GIFs, and also scans of offline diaries or journals. You can also set it to be private, or perhaps public if you ‘d choose. In this way, you can control that sees it as well as who does not. You’ll be able to evaluate the reaction to your posts, as well as your audience.
If you would love to generate income from your blog, you ought to discover just how to market it appropriately. While you may not need to get an organization permit to run a blog, you should find out to do marketing to reach your current consumers and also potential clients. A fantastic method to do this is to promote on social media sites. The more blog owners article on Instagram, the even more exposure your blog will certainly obtain. Finally, you should see to it to post on a regular basis to construct your target market.
A blog site can be restorative by itself. It can be a means to share yourself in a public online forum, make money with advertising, or make money through associate links. Regardless of whether you’re creating for yourself or promoting a service, blogging is a powerful type of self-expression. Many people look to blogging as a profession, and more individuals are signing up with the rankings. A blog site permits you to share parts of your life with others. And it’s mobile! You do not have to be restrained to a single area. You can earn money on your blog site about anything you ‘d such as, from your leisure activity to your preferred celeb.
Before you start creating web content for your blog, you must decide what it is you wish to claim. A successful blog site has a mix of both vibrant and fixed content. Static web content web pages are designed to offer visitors info and also tools that are not likely to transform. They can be accessed with the blog’s menu. Before you start blogging, you ought to establish what your objectives and also goal are. Below are some ideas for developing engaging posts:
Blog writing is an exceptional method to improve your web site’s search ranking. It assists develop your integrity as a specialist in your market and builds count on among your target audience. When viewers rely on a blog writer, they are most likely to purchase from him. Blogging additionally supplies a way to share important details as well as concepts. It is also an excellent way to raise website traffic to your web site. When you have actually started writing, you can begin the procedure of locating ways to earn money with your blog site.
While the majority of us use blog sites for personal or service functions, the very first real blogs began showing up in 1994 as well as 1995. These were on the internet diaries open to the public. A few of the very early online diarists included Claudio Pinhanez, Justin Hall, as well as Carolyn Burke. As time took place, bloggers started drawing in media attention and the general public began documenting their contents. However, it took a while for blog sites to reach a large target market. However, some blog owners have prospered subsequently their blog sites into full-on publications. Find out more
As long as you have some knowledge of computers and also an interest for your selected market, you can start your own blog. The secret to success with a blog site is to pick a topic that is not as well particular niche. You can cover fashion, sporting activities, or automobiles, or perhaps unknown pastimes. Also rare pastimes can be the subject of a blog site, which is where a good title is very important. Your blog’s domain name is also called its name, so make sure it’s descriptive. | <urn:uuid:2af2dad6-2ae2-4a3d-b49f-9aabdbc12bcb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.jazzutopia.com/2022/07/14/what-i-dream-everybody-learnt-about-blog-writing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.964778 | 1,454 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Millions of websites, including some of the largest Internet companies (e.g., Google, Yahoo), depend on advertising as their main source of revenue, allowing them to offer their content for free. The use of software that blocks ads has surged in recent years, presenting a challenge to platforms that depend on ad revenue. A new study sought to determine the effect of ad blockers on websites' ability to generate revenue and on users' experiences. The study found that contrary to common assumptions, ad blockers may offer some benefits to companies, users, and the market at large. The findings have implications for how online platforms make decisions about advertising.
The study, by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and the City University of Hong Kong, appears in Management Science.
"While most speculations point to a grim outlook for advertisers and platforms as a result of ad blockers, the results of our study offer a glimmer of hope by arguing that ad blockers could actually benefit companies," suggests Kannan Srinivasan, Professor of Management, Marketing, and Business Technologies at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business, who coauthored the study.
An ad blocker is a type of software, usually added by a user as an extension to an Internet browser, that prevents ads from appearing on the browsed webpages. When a user with an ad blocker visits a website with ads, the blocker identifies the ad content and prevents it from loading--as a result, the website does not receive ad revenue for that user.
Researchers devised an analytical model to assess the effects of ad blockers by modeling competition, the rate of advertising, and users' sensitivity to advertising. The authors identified two classes of users: one that is more sensitive to ads and uses ad blockers and one that does not use ad blockers. Based on the prevailing conditions, each platform had three options to manage the potential use of ad blockers by some users:
- 1. Ban ad blocking: Continue displaying ads and ban ad blocking. If a viewer used an ad blocker, he or she has to disable it to gain access to the site.
2. Allow ad blocking: Continue to display ads and allow ad-blocking software by any user who installs it.
3. Charge fees for ad blocking: Stop displaying ads and offer only an ad-free site with a subscription fee.
Based on their work, the researchers concluded that ad blockers may be helpful in one of four ways:
- They can make the market more efficient by filtering users who are sensitive to general ads, allowing websites to target more intense ads to the rest of the users.
- They benefit users by allowing the removal of ads that annoy them.
- They help regulate the ad industry by motivating the advertising platform to pay a fee to the ad-blocking company to include it in a list of ads that are allowed past the blocker.
- A more efficient market can boost the quality of websites' content, which also benefits users.
"Our study has implications for platforms dependent on ad revenue, providing general guidelines regarding how they should proceed with decisions about advertising," according to Stylianos Despotakis, Assistant Professor of Marketing at the City University of Hong Kong, who coauthored the study. "For example, if a website has users who are generally sensitive to ads, then its platform cannot expect to receive a lot of ad revenue, even when it prevents the use of ad blockers. By allowing ad blockers, both the platform and the users can benefit."
R. Ravi, Professor of Operations Research and Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University's Tepper School of Business and a coauthor of the study, adds: "To estimate users' ad sensitivities, platforms can do tests under differing conditions to decide the ideal course of action to manage ad blocking." | <urn:uuid:60298fa2-d50d-462e-8176-592ca3cef275> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/719921 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.941625 | 772 | 2.578125 | 3 |
President Ilham Aliyev gave a speech in the Black Sea coastal city of Sochi, Russia on Thursday, reiterating the high importance of the unresolved Armenia-Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which has been brewing for over a quarter of a century in the South Caucasus region.
“Nagorno-Karabakh and seven other regions of Azerbaijan have been under Armenian occupation for more than 25 years. Nagorno-Karabakh is originally Azerbaijani land,” President Aliyev said at the 16th annual plenary session of the Valdai International Discussion Club in Sochi, according to Moscow-Baku.ru. “In Soviet times, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region was created. I must say that in connection with the conflict there is a fairly wide range of opinions, often not reflecting realities.”
“So, in order to clarify, I must say that in 1921 the decision of the Caucasus Bureau [of the Soviet Communist Party’s Central Committee] was, literally, to leave Nagorno-Karabakh as part of Azerbaijan, and not to give it, as the Armenian side often interprets.”
President Aliyev highlighted the fact that the region, which is an internationally recognized part of Azerbaijan but occupied by Armenia, has lost its indigenous Azerbaijani population in the wake of forcible expulsion.
The Nagorno-Karabakh region is located in the western part of central Azerbaijan and has historically been populated by ethnic Azerbaijanis, until the relocation of Armenians there by Tsarist Russia starting as early as in the 19th century. With the occupation of the South Caucasus region by the Russian Empire in the 19th century, dozens of thousands of Armenians from Anatolia and Iran were settled by the Tsarist regime in the Karabakh, Iravan, Zangezur, Goyche and other historical lands of Azerbaijan. The increase in the number of Armenians in the Karabakh region has led to ethnic conflict with the indigenous Azerbaijani population.
The Caucasus Bureau of the Soviet Communist Party’s Central Committee adopted a decision to leave the Nagorno-Karabakh region as part of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR). By 1923, shortly after Azerbaijan was incorporated into the USSR, the Nagorno-Karabakh region was given the status of an autonomous region by the Soviet government and leaving it as part of Azerbaijan. In the late 1980s, during the twilight of the Soviet Union, Armenia began citing claims to Azerbaijan's Nagorno-Karabakh region.
“Before the conflict began, the Azerbaijani and Armenian populations in the proportion of 25 to 75 percent lived in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region of the Azerbaijan SSR. As a result of the Karabakh conflict, the entire Azerbaijani population was expelled from Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as from seven other districts of Azerbaijan,” President Aliyev said in Sochi.
The occupation of Azerbaijan's Nagorno-Karabakh region by Armenia came after both nations gained independence following the Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991. Armenia kicked off military aggression against Azerbaijan to occupy the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which sparked a bloody war that lasted until a ceasefire in 1994. But by then, the region, along with seven surrounding districts, had been occupied by Armenia. More than 30,000 Azerbaijanis were killed and approximately one million became displaced within the country due to the war.
Although Nagorno-Karabakh is not recognized as independent or part of Armenia by any country in the world, including by Armenia itself, Yerevan continues to push for the region’s independence. Armenia’s Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan has barely tried to hide his sentiments on the issue, saying “Artsakh is Armenia, and that’s it,” using the name that Armenians use for the Nagorno-Karabakh region.
But President Aliyev completely disagrees.
"Well, firstly, it is, to put it mildly, a lie,” Aliyev said in Sochi. “Karabakh by the whole world [with its] plains, uplands, is recognized as an integral part of Azerbaijan. Armenia itself does not recognize this illegal formation. Karabakh is a historical, original Azerbaijani land. So Karabakh is Azerbaijan and exclamation mark.”
President Aliyev said the only option for settling the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is to adhere to the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, the UN Charter, the UN Security Council Resolutions, and the Helsinki Final Acts. | <urn:uuid:1341958a-27c7-409d-ab4c-f6288d12403e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/aliyev-says-karabakh-is-azerbaijan-and-exclamation-mark-responding-to-armenian-pms-claims-2019-10-5-0/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.961923 | 969 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The shale gas company, Ineos, has installed new protest injunction notices at its proposed exploration site at Woodsetts in south Yorkshire.
The notices were later removed in 2019 after the Court of Appeal quashed sections of the injunction as unlawful.
Ineos does not have planning permission for the Woodsetts site.
The application did not include hydraulic fracturing but local people have said they see it as a precursor to fracking in the area.
A decision is still awaited on the permission after Ineos’s application went to a public inquiry in June 2019.
Since then, the government issued a moratorium on fracking, following earth tremors caused by Cuadrilla’s operations at Preston New Road in Lancashire.
The Woodsetts inquiry inspector, Katie Peerless, asked the parties, which included the local group, Woodsetts Against Fracking, to submit their comments on the moratorium.
Her report is due by 13 January 2020. The final decision will be made by the local government secretary.
Fracking’s “election holiday”
The anti-fracking campaigner, Joe Corre, who has just pledged £100,000 to the Labour Party, described the government moratorium as a “Team Johnson hoax” and an “attempt to pick up marginal seats in areas where fracking is unpopular”.
“The Conservatives used a so-called fracking moratorium to try and election-fix.
“But Ineos has just let the cat out of the bag by confirming they are continuing their quest to be the biggest fracker in the UK by posting their new injunction notices around their site in Woodsetts.
“Fracking isn’t finished. It’s just taken an election holiday”.
Mr Corre and another campaigner, Joe Boyd, challenged the Ineos injunction at the Court of Appeal earlier this year.
In April 2019, Lord Justice Longmore, struck out sections which outlawed protests on the public highway, including slow walking protests, climbing on to vehicles and blocking the road. He also removed the section on protests against the supply chain.
Sections on trespass and private rights of way were maintained. But Lord Justice Longmore ruled that the High Court had applied the wrong test in approving this part of the order. There was also no time limit and this was unsatisfactory, he said.
He ordered Ineos to go back to the High Court so that these sections could be assessed against the Human Rights Act and for a decision on what time limit was appropriate.
DrillOrDrop asked Ineos whether it had gone back to the High Court and, if so, what was the outcome. The company has not responded to our request.
Woodsetts election news
Alexander Stafford, the Conservative candidate for the Rother Valley constituency, which includes Woodsetts, has said he opposes fracking.
He has recorded a short video for Facebook standing next to a Woodsetts Against Fracking banner. In it, he said: “Woodsetts does not need fracking” and if elected he would “fight tooth and nail” to “protect this and other villages in Rother Valley from fracking”.
Richard Scholey, of Woodsetts Against Fracking (WAF), said as a result of the video “numerous people have made contact to say they are of the belief that WAF have endorsed Mr Stafford.”
“This is absolutely not the case. WAF does not endorse any political party, but simply advise members of the public to examine the policies of each party in respect of their stance on fracking. For clarity, Mr Stafford has at no time, made contact with WAF or provided support to our efforts to prevent fracking development in Woodsetts.”
Mr Stafford lists his occupation on Linkedin as external relations adviser at Shell. He is a councillor in the London Borough of Ealing.
Update on other Ineos drilling sites
DrillOrDrop reported in November 2019 that Ineos was pursuing plans for shale gas exploration at another site in south Yorkshire.
The company has planning permission to drill and test a shale gas well (but not frack) near the village of Harthill.
It told residents that the government’s moratorium on fracking did not affect its exploration plans for Harthill.
Ineos has submitted an updated version of plans to create 23 passing places on the lorry route to the site off Common Road. This was a condition that the company must meet before other work can start.
Ineos also has planning permission for shale gas drilling at Bramleymoor Lane, on the edge of the village of Marsh Lane in Derbyshire. But a spokesperson for Derbyshire County Council told DrillOrDrop:
“We haven’t heard a thing from Ineos about how they want to progress their planning permission.” | <urn:uuid:2f7f9d36-0a2d-462d-baa8-3407f0a1a5ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://drillordrop.com/2019/12/09/ineos-posts-new-injunction-notices-at-proposed-woodsetts-shale-gas-site/?replytocom=151009 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.965833 | 1,038 | 1.796875 | 2 |
How do you normally dispose of your used condoms? This one big question has generated a lot of heated debate over the years.
Condoms perform an excellent job at protecting people (men and women) from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unwanted pregnancy.
After use, most people don’t dispose of their condoms properly. Some even throw theirs on the road. And kids accidentally stumble upon the carelessly disposed condoms and pick them up. Kids usually see condoms as balloon, until they show it to an adult.
Now let’s be honest. An easy way to dispose of used condoms is to flush them down the toilet. No one would see or ever know you used a condom.
But here’s a big question we all need to look into.
Can you flush condoms?
The answer is yes and no. It’s yes because you can throw your used condom into the toilet. No one would stop or question you.
The second answer is no. Why? It’s dangerous and an expensive mistake. It’s dangerous to your plumbing and entire septic system.
Water doesn’t break condoms. It doesn’t matter how long the condom remains in the septic tank. So, if you’re guilty of flushing used condoms down your toilet, please call it quits.
Alright, that’s the answer about flushing condoms. But there’s more you need to know regarding this topic. So, continue reading from start to finish.
What Is Condom?
Anyone sexually active is expected to have used a condom at one point or another. Even if you haven’t, chances are you have seen one.
Fluids can pass on STIs and HIV. Examples of such fluids include blood, semen, and vaginal fluid. These fluids are exchanged between a male and a female during sexual intercourse.
It doesn’t matter whether it’s anal or vaginal intercourse. STI or HIV can be contracted if either partner is infected.
Condom is a tiny piece of rubber, and it’s available for males and females. Males wear condoms on their erected penis before having sexual intercourse with their partners.
Females also wear condoms, and the reason is the same as men’s. Both genders wear condoms to protect against STIs, HIV, and unwanted pregnancy.
Why Should You Use Condoms?
Health organizations and NGOs have launched series of campaigns to persuade people to start using condoms. They want higher number or virtually everyone to start using condoms to reduce the spread of STIs and the deadly HIV.
Condom is not just a contraceptive but one that can prevent you from having STIs and HIV. Skin-to-skin contact during intercourse can transmit infections. But with condoms, your chances of getting infected would reduce. Condom creates a physical barrier that prevents fluid from entering one’s body.
Pro Tip: You can get condoms free from healthcare professionals or sexual health clinics. You can also purchase it from pharmacies and shops around. It’s cheap, so there’s no reason for people not to use it.
Reasons Not To Flush Condoms
Condom is made with latex. And this material prevents fluid from escaping or entering the body via a male or female’s genital. So the material is stronger than people think. It’s not like tissue paper designed to dissolve in water after a while.
If you’re contemplating flushing condoms down your toilet, these should make you have a change of heart.
Condoms don’t break down:
Latex itself is biodegradable (can be broken down). But the problem is condom isn’t made from 100 percent natural latex.
A latex condom is partly natural latex, and synthetic latex (polyisoprene). Both materials are combined to make condoms stronger, tinnier, and comfortable.
So flushing down condoms is not advisable. It won’t break down in your toilet or when passing through your plumbing line.
Condoms can clog your toilet:
Constantly flushing condoms down your toilet would have a repercussion one day. Condoms build up in your pipe and septic tank, leading to clogging and failing the septic tank.
Imagine getting pressed, but you can’t use the toilet because condoms have blocked the pipe, making it impossible to flush.
You could have averted this problem by disposing of your used condoms the right way.
Fixing clogged plumbing can be expensive:
Have you ever hired a professional plumber to fix a clogged plumbing? If you haven’t, you should be happy.
It’s expensive to fix a clogged pipe. The job is equally tasking for plumbers. They have to trace the line to pinpoint where the problem is.
So, if you’re serious about reducing expenses, ensure you don’t flush condoms. This advice may sound weird, but it could save you some money and give you peace of mind.
Fixing clogged plumbing is embarrassing:
Imagine opening your plumbing system only to find dozens of condoms there. Your plumber may not utter a word but know that you have embarrassed yourself.
Flushed condoms can end up in the wrong places:
Flushing condoms is never the best way to dispose of them. You’re endangering your life, including the lives of others.
There’s a chance that some of the flushed condoms might find their way into your water supply, which can be dangerous. Flushed condoms can also end up in oceans and lakes.
Imagine how disgusting it would be when these used condoms are washed ashore, and your kids pick them up. It’s irritating and at the same time unhealthy.
How To Dispose of A Used Condom The Right Way
Disposing of a used condom is much easier than wearing it. It won’t cost you over 5 seconds.
The first crucial step is to take off the condom. Do this carefully to avoid getting your partner pregnant or infected.
Once you have done that, wrap the used condom in a tissue paper, old newspaper, or paper bag and send it to the trashcan.
It’s important to wrap the condom before disposing of it. It doesn’t matter if you’re throwing it in a trash can where other dirt may cover it.
Just wrap it neatly before disposing of the condom. You don’t want people to see your semen stored in a condom or touching it.
What if one is in care or somewhere he or she cannot dispose of the condom? Good question. Instead of throwing the condom on the bush or open field, wrap it in a tissue paper, newspaper, or paper bag.
After wrapping your used condom, get a nylon bag and store it there until you get to a place where you can dispose of it properly.
Other Important Questions You Need To Know About Condoms
A popular question is can I carry condoms in my wallet? Here’s the answer.
Most people make the mistake of carrying condoms in their wallets. While this may seem great, it isn’t to the National Institutes of Health.
According to the reputable body, keeping condoms in the wallet isn’t a wise move. They can deteriorate in quality due to friction from the constant opening and closing of the wallet.
The best you can do is to store your condom in a container in a purse or bag. That way, their quality would be intact.
Another common question is can I use two condoms at the same time? The answer to this question is no. It’s not advisable or safe to use two condoms simultaneously. There would be friction between the two condoms, reducing their quality and making it easier for the condom to break.
So, can you flush condoms? We hope you now understand the answer to this question. You cannot flush condoms. It’s dangerous and can cause you to spend more in the long run. Flushing condoms down your toilet constantly will clog your plumbing one day.
It’s expensive to hire a plumber to fix a clogged pipe or failed septic system. You also should be ready for the embarrassment by the time the plumber pulls out the used condoms clogging your toilet.
The best way to dispose of a used condom is to wrap it up in tissue paper or old newspaper and throw it in a trash can. Don’t throw used condoms in the bush or by the side of your house.
You May Like These Articles As Well: | <urn:uuid:6e7fc7cc-a2d6-4db2-b533-6a83baf2cec5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thetastyfork.com/can-you-flush-condoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.924392 | 1,797 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Sri Kshetra Hombuja is a renowned Jain Heritage Centre in the history of Jainism in India. It is popular called as ‘Humcha Padmavati’ among the common people. Its adhyatmik pavements have further enhanced the sanctity of the place and conferred the title of atishaya kshetra.
Hombuja has its history that dates back to 8th century with a vast history of over 1200 years. Historical references state that the city of Hombuja was established by Jinadattaraya, a devotee of Goddess Padmavati. He estabished the Santhara kingdom with Hombuja as its capital. Over the centuries Hombuja was ruled primarily by the Santharas followed by other kingdoms. Many kings & queens have immensly contributed to Hombuja’s heritage & overall development. The Vijayanagar rulers of the current Hampi had looked up on the Bhattaraka of Hombuja with great reverence and devotion. Further, the city has a great heritage of its own woing to the royal patronage.
Religiously Hombuja occupies a very unique place in the history of Jainism and is looked upon by the devotees as the Holy abode of Goddess Padmavati. It is indeed the most popular among all the Padmavati shrines in the world. Great Acharyas have contributed greatly to the glory of Hombuja. We can find the references of Jaina Acharya’s such Kundakunda, Samantha Badra, Akalanka, Pujyapada and others in many inscriptions at Hombuja.
This holy place was the seat of history, dharma, agama, literature, philosophy and thus veritably contributing to the welfare of mankind. A large number of pilgrims and devotees have derived immense tranquility and happiness in this place owing to their devotion to Goddess Padmavati.
Further, it is the need of the hour to be technologically connected with the external world through the modern means of communications to keep the younger generation and people staying in distant places informed about the activities at Hombuja. We hope that launching of the present website WWW.HOMBUJAPADMAVATI.ORG fulfills the greater need of comprehending the religious glory of the place & publicising the history, heritage, religious importance & activities at Hombuja.
We wish great prosperity and blessings for all the people.
Swasti Sri Deveendrakeerthi Bhattaraka Swamiji,
April 1, 2013
Sri Kshetra Hombuja Jain Math,
Hombuja, Hosanagara Taluk,
Shimoga District, Karnataka. | <urn:uuid:e6f1bfd1-8831-44f2-ac31-834cc856add4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hombujapadmavati.org/bhattaraka-swamiji-speaks/bhattaraka-swamiji-speaks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.93917 | 595 | 2.390625 | 2 |
By Vivian Englund, SCSU Journalism student
Vivian Englund, a journalism student at Southern Connecticut State University, reported this story as part of Journalism Capstone coursework on World War I. She submitted it to the Branford Eagle, which published the story on Nov. 11, 2016.
J. Andre Smith, a World War I veteran, artist, architect and Stony Creek resident, designed the town’s largest WWI monument, at 1019 Main St. Plastered in the Stony Creek granite reads “Pro Patria 1917-1918” just below a Distinguished Service Cross.
Stony Creek resident and former First Selectman Anthony “Unk” DaRos said Smith was commissioned to design the Distinguished Service Cross as well.
“He [Smith] also designed the cenotaph,” said DaRos, “and that originally was supposed to be an amphitheater. It would have been a place to gather—like a memorial. That part was never materialized and was never really, truly completed.”
President Woodrow Wilson commissioned the famous WWI artist to create the monument, according to the plaque that sits to the left of the monument.
The Branford Review reported that when Smith was a young officer training at Camp Plattsburgh, he suffered an injury that would lead to the amputation of his right leg. From this, he suffered pain for the remainder of his life.
The injury inspired the most productive period of time in Smith’s life. He continued to sketch often and his etchings earned him a gold medal at the Panama-Pacific Expedition in 1915.
Smith’s early life, however, did not start here in Branford. He was born in Hong Kong in 1880, and when his father passed, his mother moved the family to Germany. Eventually, the family ended up settling in the Pine Orchard section of town.
The Connecticut Historical Society Museum and Library website said Smith studied architecture at Cornell University and designed several buildings, which included his home in Stony Creek.
According to the plaque, the cenotaph was originally erected in May 1923 by a committee of local citizens, but was restored in 2006 by the Branford Historical Society.
The restoration project called for the monument walls to be cleaned with an eco-friendly formula, grout spaces cut and removed using chisels, the existing lettered stone removed, resurfaced and re-lettered in a matching font, according to The Branford Review’s article. The total cost of renovation was about $35,000.
The fall 2006 Branford Historical Society newsletter says lighting, a bronze plaque with a brief history of the cenotaph and an accolade cherry tree were added to the newer renovations.
Companies in the Branford area worked on the refurbishing of the monument.
DaRos said the refurbishing of the monument was mainly a “clean up,” and the Civil War monument in Stony Creek was part of the job also.
“Peter Banca’s parents were caretakers at his [Smith’s] place here in Stony Creek. He [Smith] also had a museum down in Florida and I believe they were the caretakers for that as well,” said DaRos.
Across town in the heart of Stony Creek lies the second of Branford’s WWI monuments. This 3-foot-tall monument is across the street from the Willoughby- Wallace library at 146 Thimble Island Road.
The monument is adorned with three plaques: one from the Revolutionary War, one from the Civil War and in the center, one from WWI. On either side of the center memorial are two stone plaques filled with the names of troops who died in the Vietnam War and World War II.
Each plaque displays an honor roll of those who have passed on from each war. The center plaque is decorated with 36 troops’ names.
Names listed on the Branford World War I memorial:
- Frank P. Ablondi
- Maynard L. Allen
- Joseph Anderson
- Rocco V. Barba
- Claude R. Bishop
- George A. Bishop
- Clifford J. Collins
- Joseph M. Gollopy
- R. Stanley Dower
- William S. Fearn
- Francis C. Garmany
- Lamar Garmany
- Frederick George
- William H. George
- Frank Grandel
- Floyd I. Hinkley
- Joseph P. Jenkin
- I. Mason Klock
- J. Peter Lew
- Duncan McArthur
- Daniel F. McAvoy
- Walfred A. Melander
- George T.F. Milne
- James Milne Jr.
- Martin P. Northam
- Giuseppe Romagnoli
- Earl Ross
- Harry C. Ross
- John Ross
- Albert G. Soderstrom
- Rollin P. Sondergeld
- Eugene P. Sullivan
- Leo V. Sullivan
- William J. Symonds
- John Wood
- C. Edgar Zeender | <urn:uuid:9a8a10a1-f693-40e2-bc7b-703bbdd3ef20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.scsujournalism.org/world-war-i-artist-designed-branfords-memorial/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.954489 | 1,084 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Recognition of followed courses for Computer Organization
The course Computer Organization (Rechnerorganisation) covers the following topics:
- Introduction to digital systems (Boolean equations, truth tables, gates, etc.)
- Introduction to digital design (basic circuits, state elements, register file, design of an Arithmetic Logic Unit, Carry Lookahead, etc.)
- Data representations (two’s complement, floating point, characters and strings)
- Performance (cycle time, frequency, CPU performance equation, Amdahl’s law, benchmarks)
- Assembly programming and machine language, addressing modes (the course covers MIPS but any instruction set architecture will do)
- Design of a simple (single-cycle) processor (datapath and control, block diagrams, etc.)
- Pipelining (basics, design of a pipelined processor, hazards, forwarding, delayed branches, etc.)
- Memory hierarchy (locality, caches, virtual memory, etc.)
Prof. Juurlink is willing to recognize a course or courses taken at another university as equivalent to Computer Organization, if all but at most one of these topics have been covered. If two or more of these topics have not been covered, then your course(s) cannot be recognized.
In order for Prof. Juurlink to be able to assess that you have learned these topics, you should bring proof of that to the meeting with him. A transcript with course names is not sufficient. You should also bring course descriptions and, if from the course description it is not clear that you have learned the topics above, lecture notes. English, German, and even Dutch course descriptions / lecture notes are accepted - other languages not. Of course it should be clear that the course description / lecture notes are from the course(s) you have taken.
If you have learned these topics in different courses, then all these courses together will be recognized as equivalent to Computer Organization. That means that you cannot use these courses for equivalence recognition to other courses at TU Berlin.
In order to save time, when you come to the meeting and think your course(s) can be recognized as being equivalent to Computer Organization, please pre-fill out the required form with the courses you took at a different university. The form can be found at https://www.pruefungen.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/ref10/Formulare/Ueberpruefung_bisheriger_Leistungen_TeilB.pdf . Then Prof. Juurlink only has to determine if your courses can be recognized, determine the grade, and sign and stamp. In order to determine the grade, if you have not taken the course at a German university, please bring a form that shows how the grade that you obtained corresponds to a percentage score. For example, grade A corresponds to a score of > 90%, B corresponds to a score between 85 and 90%, etc.
Thank you for your cooperation! | <urn:uuid:4616e024-d028-438f-b8d6-fe44d90cb601> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aes.tu-berlin.de/menue/courses/rechnerorganisation/recognition_of_followed_courses_for_computer_organization/parameter/en/font2/maxhilfe/?type=1&cHash=4749fdc6439905a395abd5f885d98eb4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.911169 | 625 | 2.25 | 2 |
SCHOOL CAFETERIA SPAGHETTI
There were only two things that created a buzz around school when I was growing up: upcoming teacher workdays and spaghetti day in the cafeteria. School spaghetti was one of my favorite dishes then, and it still is now! Try this simple, yet more grownup, version.
Provided by Michelle Marcos
Number Of Ingredients 9
- Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Grease a 9x13-inch casserole dish with cooking spray.
- Heat oil in a wide pan over medium-high heat. Saute onion and bell pepper in the hot oil until soft, 5 to 7 minutes.
- Mix Italian dressing mix into ground beef and add to the hot pan; saute until browned and crumbly, 5 to 7 minutes. Drain. Add spaghetti sauce and simmer over medium heat for 15 minutes.
- Meanwhile, bring a large pot of lightly salted water to a boil. Cook spaghetti in the boiling water, stirring occasionally, until tender yet firm to the bite, about 12 minutes. Drain and add beef mixture; mix well. Transfer to the prepared casserole dish and top with Cheddar cheese.
- Bake in the preheated oven until cheese is browned, about 10 minutes.
Nutrition Facts : Calories 758.5 calories, Carbohydrate 57.3 g, Cholesterol 127.5 mg, Fat 39.9 g, Fiber 4.5 g, Protein 40.7 g, SaturatedFat 19.9 g, Sodium 994.6 mg, Sugar 11.1 g
More about "school cafeteria spaghetti recipes"
SCHOOL CAFETERIA SPAGHETTI | 12 TOMATOES
4.1/5 (75)Servings 8Cuisine ItalianCategory Dinner
- Over medium heat brown ground beef in a large stockpot. Add dried onion, spice mix, oregano, garlic powder, and pepper.
- Crush tomatoes well by hand. Add tomatoes, bullion, Worcestershire sauce, sugar, and salt to pot. Stir to combine and reduce heat to low. Cover and simmer for 45 minutes, stirring often.
- While sauce is cooking, cook and prepare your spaghetti noodles. Add noodles to sauce and stir with tongs until pasta is coated. Serve with a sprinkle of parmesan cheese if desired.
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Top Asked Questions
How to cook spaghetti for school lunch?Heat 3 gallons water to rolling boil. Add salt. Slowly add spaghetti. Stir constantly, until water boils again. Cook 10-12 minutes or until tender; stir occasionally. DO NOT OVERCOOK. Drain well. Stir drained spaghetti into meat sauce. Pour into serving pans. Portion 3/4 cup per serving. Source: USDA School Lunch recipes, 1971.
How much ground beef do you put in school spaghetti sauce?SCHOOL CAFETERIA SPAGHETTI AND MEAT SAUCE Makes 50 servings FOR THE MEAT SAUCE: 8 lb 10 oz raw ground beef (no more than 24% fat) 1 3/4 cup (6 oz) dehydrated onions or 2 qt (3 lb) fresh onions, chopped 1 tbsp + 1 1/2 tsp garlic powder 1 1/2 tsp black pepper 2/3 no. 10 can (4 lb 4 oz) canned tomatoes, with liquid, chopped 1/4 no.
What is your favorite way to make Spaghetti Sauce?Serve with Texas toast and/or some grated Parmesan cheese for a familiar spaghetti dish just like we used to have in school. Over medium heat brown ground beef in a large stockpot. Add dried onion, spice mix, oregano, garlic powder, and pepper. Crush tomatoes well by hand. Add tomatoes, bullion, Worcestershire sauce, sugar, and salt to pot.
How to cook spaghetti with Italian dressing?Heat oil in a wide pan over medium-high heat. Saute onion and bell pepper in the hot oil until soft, 5 to 7 minutes. Mix Italian dressing mix into ground beef and add to the hot pan; saute until browned and crumbly, 5 to 7 minutes. Drain. Add spaghetti sauce and simmer over medium heat for 15 minutes. | <urn:uuid:59ff714d-6c71-46bb-9bab-bd7758f4652c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tfrecipes.com/school-cafeteria-spaghetti/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.743296 | 2,202 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Windows 10 users are rich in many applications. Moreover, these applications provide many advantages. In addition, you can get a better user experience with these features. Every feature is associated with specific applications. Thus, when you are dealing with the desktop, right-click plays a vital role. It gives access to the operations like personalization, desktop icon structure & display settings, etc. Sometimes you come across that right-click is not working. This is a common issue for many users. Many users don’t know ‘Cannot Right-Click On Desktop In Windows 10: How To Fix?’. But, here is a remedy available for this issue. We are ready here with various solutions. Thus, you can make use of them. We have also covered the article on ‘Nearby Sharing Not Working In Windows 10: How To Fix‘. Let’s take a glance at ‘Cannot Right-Click On Desktop In Windows 10: How To Fix?’.
Cannot Right-Click On Desktop In Windows 10: How To Fix?
Right-click issue occurs in Windows 10. When you right-click on the desktop, nothing happens. Moreover, you can go for the ‘Control Panel’ or ‘Settings’ for the settings related to display and personalization. But, for the desktop, the right-click function is a must. You need to know detailed information regarding this. We are delivering here a tutorial on ‘Cannot Right-Click On Desktop In Windows 10: How To Fix?’. So, don’t miss this opportunity. Let’s have a ride on this amazing journey.
Methods Used For This Purpose
Different methods are available there for this purpose. But, we are providing here some of them for you.
Method – 1 ) Turning Off the Tablet Mode
Windows 10 have the feature of having an operating system for the Tablet Mode also. Thus, you can turn it off to get rid of this problem.
1 ) Select the ‘Settings’ Option
As a first step, click on the ‘Start Menu’ available in the bottom-left corner of the window displayed. Then, choose the ‘Settings’ option for further operation.
2 ) Choose the ‘System’ Option
After that, the ‘Windows Settings’ window will appear on the screen. So, you should click on the ‘System’ option to move ahead.
3 ) Click on the ‘Tablet’ Option
Moving further, click on the ‘Tablet’ option available on the left-hand side of the window. Then, go to the ‘When I sign in’ options window available on the right-hand side. You should choose the proper option from this box.
4 ) Choose the ‘Never use tablet mode’ Option
Then, click on the drop-down arrow in the box. So, you will see the different options there. Thus, click on the ‘Never use tablet mode’ option from here.
Thus, you can resolve this issue.
Method – 2 ) Making Use of Registry Editor
You can use the ‘Registry Editor’ for this purpose. So, go through the steps given below to do so.
1 ) Open the ‘Run Window’
First of all, press the ‘Windows key + R’ keys together. So, you will see the window as shown below.
2 ) Add the Command
Further, add the ‘Regedit’ command in the specified box. Then, click on the ‘OK’ button or simply press the Enter key. This will lead to opening the editor window.
3 ) Choose the ‘NoViewContextMenu’ Option
Now, follow the following path to select the ‘Explorer’ option.
When you reach this window, select the ‘NoViewContextMenu’ option on the right-hand side. So, double-click on this option to proceed further.
4 ) Changing the ‘Value data’ Option
Here, you will reach the ‘Edit DWORD (32-bit) Value’ window. Thus, change the value to ‘0’ in the ‘Value data’ box on the screen. Then, click on the ‘OK’ option below that.
Thus, by doing so, right-click gets enabled.
In this way, following the above-mentioned methods, you enable the right-click easily. | <urn:uuid:c1d774ce-6762-43f1-93bd-0b7603ee03c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tnhrce.org/cannot-right-click-on-desktop-in-windows-10/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.818371 | 972 | 1.71875 | 2 |
The maritime fleet of KEPCO, which became operational in 2009, includes one semi-submersible platform known as Iran Amir-Kabir and three support vessels known as Caspian vessels. Ever since becoming operational, certified domestic companies have conducted regular annual inspections on the KEPCO fleet.
“As far as Caspian vessels are concerned, necessary certificates have been renewed three times. Following the last round of inspection by Ports and Maritime Organization (PMO) and the (DNV) classification society, KEPCO is required to conduct underwater reparations,” he said.
“Regarding Caspian 1 and Caspian 2 vessels, inspection for issuing certificate was conducted up to March 2018 by applying alternative methods. After that, based on PMO requirements, renewal of certificate for vessels would be possible after reparation of the hull and equipment under water,” he added.
Certificate a Must
Osouli touched on the necessity of conducting such inspections, saying: “Without renewing certificate for vessels, they cannot operate in the Caspian Sea. Nor is it possible to support Platform Iran Amir-Kabir.”
“In fact, Caspian 1 and Caspian 2 vessels are needed for any displacement and support of platforms. Without them, any operation would hit snags,” he said.
Based on regulations set by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and classification societies, maritime vessels are inspected within specific periods of time. Special inspection is also carried out for renewal of certificates for vessels. That may be done after overhaul at the discretion of the classification society. That is in addition to annual inspection of vessels.
16 Subsystems Overhauled
Regarding the latest situation of Iran Amir-Kabir, Osouli said: “The Iran Amir-Kabir semisubmersible platform has been also inspected by several renowned companies. Some activities like replacement of equipment, upgrading the anti-corrosion system on the platform structure are needed. Such activities have been designed and carried out under water. The machinery and equipment of the platform have been prepared based on the recommendations of the manufacturer and the functionality of equipment in offshore drilling, controls, seawater cooling, safety, environment, painting and so on.”
According to him, planning and overhaul of equipment on each drilling platform – whether onshore or offshore – would require necessary readiness for the future objectives of the functionality of platforms. To that effect, overhaul and commodity supply of 16 subsystems has been envisaged. These foreign-made systems have been overhauled fully by domestic entities. They are dismounted, serviced and assembled based on international standards.
Noting that there are some challenges in the engineering, procurement and implementation sectors and given the uniqueness of some equipment, he said access to services was a major challenge.
Osouli said: “After nearly 11 years since this unique platform, which symbolizes the firmness and honor of Iran’s petroleum industry in the Caspian Sea, and in light of operations carried out by this structure over recent years, based on expert inspections and visits, it was concluded that in a bid to prevent excessive rusting and corrosion, platforms needed fundamental painting. The contractor was notified of painting in an agreement signed last August.”
Overhaul of Platform Residence
Osouli also touched on changes in the residential atmosphere of the platform, saying: “After KEPCO’s technical experts studied the circumstances, the conditions were assessed as unsuitable for living because of no overhaul during 11 years, installation of the platform at different drilling locations, settlement of various contractors and depreciation of piping systems. Therefore, necessary measures were taken for reparation.”
Overhaul of Generators
Osouli touched on 24,000 hours of overhaul on four generators of Iran Amir-Kabir Platform by relying on domestic experts, saying: “Since all equipment on the platform is directly or indirectly fed by electrical energy supplied by generators, this section has to be monitored regularly. In fact, the unfavorable conditions of the engines prioritized the process of their overhaul by KEPCO. A tender bid was held, and contractor was chosen.”
Upgrading Industrial Automation
He also referred to the overhaul of the industrial automation system of Iran Amir-Kabir, saying: “Since long time has passed since safety and firefighting equipment were installed, in a bid to protect standards and respect safety requirements of the platform and equipment, necessary action must be taken for renovating the equipment. For this purpose, necessary actions have been taken to choose an experienced Iranian contractor.”
Osouli also referred to the latest overhaul measures carried out on subsea equipment of Iran Amir-Kabir, saying: “The last test was conducted in 2014.”
He said that due to no drilling since that date, equipment has been just occasionally overhauled.
“Due to budget limitations, overhaul has been based on verification based on standard tests and minimizing necessary repair and spare parts. KEPCO engineers have handled this task effectively to prevent any imposition of financial burden on the company,” he added.
Osouli expressed hope that after undergoing overhaul and renovation, KEPO would be ready to carry out drilling in the Caspian Sea this year. | <urn:uuid:56f7c709-c591-4bab-92a9-b96c8941d7c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kepco.ir/en/news/1689/KEPCO-Plans-Fleet-Renovation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.965324 | 1,106 | 1.53125 | 2 |
'Senior volunteering - Involving and activating seniors in local community' - Guidelines for professionals
The aim of the publication is to guide the professional in organizing, managing and promoting senior volunteering. The wide spectrum of topics is covered: from seeing senior volunteering as an opportunity to create new activities for seniors to cooperation with NGOs for better impact. The main target group of the guidelines are health care and social professionals working with seniors.
The document is the outcome of a survey conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Finland in autumn 2015 as part of the 'Let us be active' project aimed to promote social inclusion through volunteering. | <urn:uuid:2551a5ae-27b9-4685-8411-9fbaf5f3e2ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.age-platform.eu/publications/senior-volunteering-involving-and-activating-seniors-local-community-guidelines | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.936519 | 121 | 1.554688 | 2 |
This book is written by a forestry manager in Germany. He is involved in protecting and studying old-growth forests. The details in this volume surprised me at every turn. The interconnected relationships between trees and the mycorrhizal fungi, insects, birds, mammals and other plants around them is a lot more complex than I had realized. Trees compete with other species, but sometimes enter into beneficial relationships where one kind of tree supports another when conditions are favorable to it, and vice versa. Adult trees nurture their children- only one of which will usually survive to replace it. Trees create their own microclimate, and benefit from living in groups- a solitary tree is often stressed and unhealthy. They share nutrients and water through their network- and in one case the author quotes, a group of trees died when one in the center was struck by lightening- those up to fifty feet away were also affected. Some of the ideas in this book seem a little speculative to me- that the sounds caused by resonance in hollow trunks when they are dying of thirst is the trees screaming, for one. Studies do show that trees (and other plants) communicate dangers to their neighbors via chemical signals, and that the root systems of trees appear to have a “memory” or ability to learn- they definitely respond to stimuli. It\’s all very interesting and makes me wonder what new discoveries are down the line- if we can keep our hands off and let the older forests continue to grow. Trees do much better left to their own devices than when managed by people, it appears. And their lives are far more lengthy than I knew- saplings my height are probably forty or fifty years old, which is just out of kindergarten stage for a tree… it reminds me of many things I read in Thoreau’s book about his observations on trees and other forest life. For sure makes you look at the trees around you in a different light.
Borrowed from the public library.
Rating: 4/5 272 pages, 2015 | <urn:uuid:ec13f2b8-fbc9-4548-b5c4-910a861f0821> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dogeardiary.com/2017/12/the-hidden-life-of-trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.978348 | 413 | 2.875 | 3 |
This game has been designed by Eva Navarro to boost the morale in the classroom. It has been published as: E.M. Navarro-López, “The Dancing Numbers Game (Mezzin’ Around in the Classroom)”, chapter of the e-book Wellness Activities for your Students, chapter 42, IE Global Counselors Academy, IE University, 2020.
The “Dancing Numbers Game” affirms the joy of music, dancing, mathematics and computing. This game is dedicated to the mysterious prime numbers. Our game consists of two parts: 1) the “Mezzin' around warming up”, and 2) the “Prime-odd-even number grand finale”. The second part requires a bit more concentration than the first one. Both parts can be done separately.
Dancing numbers are inspired by the song "I'se A-Muggin" from the 1936 LP “Mezzin' Around” by Mezz Mezzrow. The year 1936 is especially important in the history of computer science. In 1936, Alan Turing defined one of the pillars of computing (do you know what it is?).
Before starting the game, it would be ideal to play the song “I'se A-Muggin'”. If this song is not available, any groovy music (preferably swing of the 1920s and 1930s) would be a great boost of morale. Indeed, music could be played as background during the duration of the game.
Ready to start? | <urn:uuid:6b42482a-c90f-479e-8e78-6c38acdeb7c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.evanavarro.org/teaching/the-dancing-numbers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.93679 | 326 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Blogger Pip Else - Paediatric OT
16th August 2016
Encourage Outdoor Learning & Physical Activity
We recently posted a link on our Facebook page which was published by the BBC. It related to the importance of outdoor learning. Here is the link:
Now it’s the summer holidays. It’s time to get out and play whilst the weather is bright and sunny. Outdoor learning and play encourages physical, emotional and social development.
Below are some ideas and links for the summer holidays to increase physical activity:
- Seamless underwear for sports:
- Mindful movement for those with sensory processing difficulties:
- Sidewalk chalk ideas:
- Outdoor play ideas for kids:
- Make your own, Hula Hoop hideaway:
- DIY back garden games for kids:
Please let us know if you find any more useful ideas for the summer holidays and outdoor play. We can add them to our blog next year! | <urn:uuid:281ebd05-9101-41c1-815e-11ef3e2c2bb4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.childrenstherapysolutions.co.uk/2016/08/16/outdoor-learning-physical-activity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.847884 | 367 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Commission told stay or go policy was a failure on the government’s part.
They cited a series of warnings and suggestions from the Office of the Children’s Commissioner that “there is an urgent need for a review”, said Nanaia Jha, deputy director of the children’s services division at the Office of Child Protection and Development.
There are five types of stay or go policies – with two types set by the state and one by the centre.
Under “stay or go” policy, if a child is placed in a care unit or social care facility for the purpose of a stay or go, their case must be monitored by the police.
But when a case requires a stay or go??, the police can take the child to any location within the centre.
This means children would have to go into a children’s home in a suburb rather than live in a home with a parent, foster family or guardian, as under “go” policy.
A court case, as well as a par?? ??ental appeal, would trigger a stay or go.
The Office of the Children’s Commissioner said while the focus had always been on staying children in the care units, it had also focused on social care.
“We have been very careful about what we’ve said,” said Jha.
“We have a very clear??? ??? focus on staying children in the homes but we also think you also have to have regard to those families that have kids in the care unit and how they live and that sort of thing.”
The new policy will not apply if two parents with children in the home are parents to the child in care.
The new rules also apply where a child is in a household with other children.
Under a stay or go policy, the police do not need to inform parents or others until the first day after a stay or go, but they must do so if there is a delay.
This means they could take children to the first of the month to check if their parents were going through the process of leaving children in care – a process that can take anywhere from 24 hours to one week.
The new policy came into force on Saturday, August 31 and will not be expanded until next year.
For those who find a care worker will not get the children to a house with their parents on a day when they need to spend time with them, they can call the National Children’s Relocation Service on 1800 333 100. | <urn:uuid:f539cd64-373a-47e9-89fc-8ae918146d8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://new.clewatec.de/tag/%ED%99%A9%EA%B8%88-%EC%9D%98-%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD-%EC%B9%B4%EC%A7%80%EB%85%B8/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.978946 | 525 | 1.835938 | 2 |
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Because of this healing prior injuries by yourself is vital.
Your composition ought to be nicely – studied and lure the readers to desire for more information about the issue. The secret to your brilliant article is really a well rounded article author. Stick to that important topic through the essay. A nicely – composed, dramatic essay is considerably more memorable than one which will not make an psychological effect on the audience. With only a tweak here and there, it may become a marvelous composition, you think. Whether you got to generate a paper of particular efficiency, just purchase an composition as our writers are hurrying for support. Should you want to get the extremely same-day essay, it is similarly no problem for us. | <urn:uuid:84147977-5f35-44df-9dc3-a99ee5902379> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.lawurn.com/how-to-generate-rorschach-tests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.953851 | 729 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Push the boundaries of abstract art with a mix of media and methods, with the guidance of expert artist Helen Kaminsky.
With this stunning book, explore the possibilities of mixed media in new and impressive ways. Helen's love of color and experimentation is carried through layers of imagery and texture with a gloriously vibrant mix of traditional and imaginative new techniques. It is the experimental combination of these methods that gives each painting its unique glowing quality. She works by building up the layers, gradually using various ways to lay down paint, veiling and lifting colors to reveal what is hidden beneath.
Discover different ways of mixing and blending paint with unusual materials, collage techniques, fun printing methods, mark-making with found objects, and original ways to incorporate homemade stencils and stamps into their work. Helen leads you through her exciting range of techniques using charcoal, gesso, oil pastels, wet and dry media, printing and mark making materials, encaustic art, collage and photo transfer.
This beautiful, practical book is a detailed guide to creating unique pictures. Along with short demonstrations and exercises, numerous examples of Helen's stunning finished artworks are included to inspire you to experiment and create their own mixed-media masterpieces.
About the Author
Helen Kaminsky is a self-taught, flourishing artist whose diversity appeals to a wide audience of individuals. She has completed many commissioned pieces and has become of high interest to a multitude of art collectors locally and internationally. Helen has developed her style through mixed media and collage to interact with the observer and for the interpretation and creative visualization to change with each viewer’s own imagination. She is a member of the Society of All Artists and recent awards include their Artist of the Year Award for Across the Bay (Highly Commended) and Red Angel (Commended). Helen has also had work selected for the Society of Women Artists exhibition at the Mall Galleries, London. She has written for The New Artist Magazine and has also produced various articles and demos for the SAA's Paint Magazine. Helen lives in Cheshire, UK. | <urn:uuid:c631a5a9-dedc-418b-8d5c-371400cd808d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.skylightbooks.com/book/9781782218777 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.959412 | 424 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Finnish telecoms giant Nokia has announced a partnership with the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) to create a first-ever Nokia Centre of Excellence (CoE) in Networked Robotics.
The CoE will be based at the IISc in Bengaluru and according to Nokia will aim to promote interdisciplinary research involving robotics and advanced communication technologies in 5G and Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Research projects undertaken by the CoE will include the design of advanced robotics, AI and automation solutions built upon next generation telecom networks and their applications.
Professor Govindan Rangarajan, director at IISc, said: “Next generation communication technologies like 5G and 6G will contribute enormously to the growth of India’s economy.
“Our collaboration with a world-class company like Nokia will enable us to explore new frontiers for advanced technology research to benefit society as well as provide state-of-the-art training to our students to enable them to become technology leaders in the coming decades.”
The centre will also develop use cases across industrial automation, agriculture and disaster management. Nokia will fund the CoE for three consecutive years in order to sustain the first phase of the partnership between Nokia and IISc.
The partnership builds on Nokia’s launch of 4G/LTE technology in 2012 in India ahead of an upcoming 5G auction.
Nishant Batra, chief strategy and technology officer at Nokia, said: “We want India to drive global innovation in an era of convergence where a few years from now, extended reality (XR) and digital-physical fusion will allow us to create, collaborate and communicate in unprecedented ways. There is substantial untapped intellectual capability and competence in India, and our collaboration with a prestigious institution like IISc will enable exciting possibilities for industry and society.”
Author: Richard Hook | <urn:uuid:fe0c3d4e-8f24-4b70-a2f0-2c1861e3f1f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.criticalcomms.com/news/nokia-creates-robotics-centre-of-excellence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.92205 | 387 | 2.203125 | 2 |
When Tom Hingson took a position as a part-time driver for King County Metro in Washington State in 1983, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) would not be signed into law for another seven years. However, even in ’83, some buses were equipped with kneeling capabilities, but the technology was designed simply as a convenience, not compliance. Those early air suspension systems allowed transit buses to lower their boarding threshold for easier entry, but they were noisy and slow to respond.
While “The air escaping from the air bags when you manually triggered the kneeling feature was loud,” says Hingson, now transportation services and transit director for Everett Transit in Everett, Wash., “After the passengers boarded, it would take a good deal of time for the air suspension to reinflate to normal ride height so we could depart — you could hear and feel the air system labor at the task.”
The inflation time lapse meant that Hingson had to wait until the suspension was fully at ride height before proceeding. The whole process took a bit of time and added another friction point whenever the kneeling feature was used, but Hingson’s early air suspension system still beat the alternative.
Better than the alternative
Back in the day, most buses were riding on steel spring suspensions, and some continue to do today. The springs are factory adjusted to provide the optimal ride when a bus is full of passengers and become progressively more reactive the fewer passengers there are. Steel springs simply cannot isolate a chassis and everything and everyone riding upon it, from uneven road surfaces — and they certainly cannot kneel.
Over the years, Hingson has watched air suspensions and air management technology advance. Today’s air suspension and ride control systems make the bus ride experience much smoother, more comfortable, accessible, and convenient for everyone involved.
Not only have transit bus air suspensions become far more sophisticated, but they are also being called upon to do a lot more. Many systems offer front and whole-side kneeling and can be manually or automatically adjusted above ride height, if necessary, to accommodate platform entry. Some systems even offer a tilt feature for basic maintenance access.
Why electromechanical ride control is important
Most air suspension systems use a mechanical valve and lever system that toggles as the vehicle’s wheels and suspension moves up and down in relation to the chassis. As the lever moves, it either opens or closes ports that likewise inflate or exhaust air from the system’s air bags, also known as bellows, mounted on both sides of the suspension.
While they provide a generally comfortable ride over a variety of surfaces, mechanical valves can overreact to more dramatic surface inputs, like a large pothole. A temporary imbalance can occur while the mechanical system recalibrates itself after a concussion, resulting in increased fuel use to support longer and more frequent compressor run times.
Like most other technologies, air suspensions have progressed over time. Computer-controlled air management and ride control systems have been evolving over the last two decades and are now more effective and versatile than ever before. Using controllers with sophisticated algorithms, the systems make precise corrections to air bag inflation in milliseconds, smoothing out the ride of buses operating on even the worst of roads.
“When everything is working properly, you get an exceptionally smooth ride,” says Hingson, referring to the Proterra Catalyst buses and other similarly equipped vehicles currently serving the Everett Transit fleet.
But ride control and air management systems aren’t only about ride quality, they provide so much more. Not only are driver and passenger comfort and safety enhanced by superior ride characteristics, but the ability also to manually and automatically control and manage onboard air systems means buses can more safely and effectively serve a broader segment of the riding public.
Compassion, convenience, and compliance
Though ADA mandates were originally enacted to assure accessibility for those coping with disabilities, many of the innovations developed to meet those requirements, particularly within the field of mass transit, offer wide-ranging benefits to passengers and drivers alike.
The speed and recovery of bus kneeling is a good example of the advancements in air management technology that have resulted in greater convenience for the broader ridership. Gone are the days when kneeling a bus challenged both schedules and patience.
Buses now quickly lower to kneeling height and return to ride height within as little as three seconds after the doors are closed. The swift kneeling and recovery cycles remove friction from the system and allow the feature to be used more liberally.
“Our customers come in all shapes and sizes, ages, and physical capabilities,” says Hingson. “So, anything that we can do to make it easier to ride the buses on our system we will do.”
Hingson explains that Everett Transit has trained all its drivers to kneel their buses close to the curb. They are also instructed to offer ramps, even to persons who are merely walking slowly.
Everett serves routes where passengers exclusively board at curb height and do not have to contend with platform loading and unloading. The buses generally make stops every two to three blocks and the drivers manually control the kneeling feature.
According to Hingson, the county has a larger transit system and that system overlays Everett’s. The county’s system does serve passengers who board via platforms and dealing with this variability is where air management has made some of its greatest strides.
Smarter Air Management Systems
Digitally-driven air management systems, like Link Manufacturing’s Smart Air Management System (SAMS), now bring the promise of greater safety, increased operational efficiency, superior ADA compliance, and far more sophisticated levels of automation.
Link is the maker of the SmartValve, a patented, integrated height control system that can take the place of mechanical height control valves and offers automated and manual ride adjustment features. The company incorporated SmartValve as an integral component in its SAMS technology.
With SAMS, precise kneeling, elevation, and wheelchair ramp operation performance is possible, allowing drivers to accommodate passengers boarding from curbside — to platform height — and anything in between. Buses can lower and raise to enable zero-angle and flat ramp access where necessary, and drivers can even control individual air bags when desired.
Paratransit buses can benefit from SAMS technology. Depending on passenger placement, when these vehicles begin forward movement, there is often significant pressure placed on the rear suspension, which can cause the front suspension to elevate as the rear drops. Many paratransit bus bodies are tapered in the rear to compensate for this, and to avoid potential contact with the pavement. With SAMS, the system actively monitors the vehicle’s load in real time. As a SAMS-equipped bus moves forward, it can sense any imbalance and can elevate the rear suspension override height, leveling-out as the bus reaches speed, all while maintaining equilibrium.
Depending on route and boarding characteristics, and on what levels of automation a transit authority wants to achieve, buses can also be outfitted with geotagging technology to maintain exact and repeatable ride heights that require little, if any, human operation by drivers.
Say for instance that during a certain portion of its route, a bus is making frequent stops at several platforms with a uniform height. A smart system can allow the bus to stay at that pre-programmed ride height between stops, without further inflation or exhaustion. By minimizing the inflation and deflation cycles on specific routes, a smart air management system can reduce wear-and-tear on air suspension components.
Conversely, geotagged routes consisting of mixed passenger loading heights can be individually tagged for optimal bus arrival heights. Under these circumstances, a bus will automatically adjust its ride height as it approaches its stop, saving time and reducing the need for manual operation or adjustment once the bus arrives.
SAMS offers transit fleets total air management capabilities with diagnostic monitoring, LED indicator, touchscreen interface, and USB connectivity. With the SAMS user interface, drivers can also override a vehicle’s set ride height to raise and lower its chassis at low speeds, when desired.
The automation-rich capabilities of SAMS technology also set the table for enhanced pneumatic operation in future semi-autonomous, and ultimately, autonomous vehicles. These modes of transportation will rely even more heavily on intelligent support systems to keep them up and running safely and smoothly with little or no human intervention.
In the last few years, silicone oil-based hydraulic systems have also been introduced. However, their more complex suspension architecture and high cost of entry can make them prohibitive to many transit fleets. Their reputation within the transit industry for exorbitant maintenance, repair, and replacement costs can also make hydraulic systems less attractive in the long run.
Unlike air management systems like SmartValve and SAMS, which have five decades of heavy-duty commercial suspension application experience behind them, hydraulic suspension systems have only recently migrated from the automotive sector and are not truly rated for commercial use. Even the use of hydraulic oil is counter to the lower carbon direction that much of the transit industry is moving.
It is no secret that U.S. transit fleets are migrating away from oil- and carbon-based vehicles. Following the macro-trend toward zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), forward thinking fleets are purchasing hydrogen, natural gas, and electric buses in record numbers.
Decarbonization is happening and it is happening fast. The trend will put additional pressure on bus manufacturers to move away from hydraulics and traditional air suspensions with mechanical valves, because they use more compressed air to operate, and thus, more energy than electronically-controlled systems.
“We purchased our first Proterra Catalyst electric buses 30 months ago,” says Hingson. “Our nine buses have a projected lifespan of 12 years each, so we’re still in the early stages, but we plan to be operating an almost all electric fleet by 2024.”
Link’s SAMS system has significant experience with ZEVs, including Everett’s Proterra Catalyst buses. SAMS has the capabilities to provide broad and sophisticated performance with low power consumption overhead.
Using smart air management systems like SAMS, transit fleets using ZEVs can achieve enhanced driver and passenger safety, while increasing power savings and operational efficiencies, including reduced compressor run times. In short, as we move into the future, ZEVs will perform better and travel longer distances between charges with smart air management.
“So far, just our small number of electric buses have reduced our fleet’s carbon footprint by about 626 tons of carbon dioxide,” says Hingson. “And if things go as planned, our majority electric fleet will reduce our carbon dioxide output by 6,628 tons over the next 15 years — we won’t be alone in this shift to reduce carbon pollution.” | <urn:uuid:b37025b7-dba3-4d42-ac7f-d8d893b00ce1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.metro-magazine.com/10148762/taking-buses-beyond-ada-compliance-with-smart-air-management-systems | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.944944 | 2,253 | 2.75 | 3 |
Living Room Design Inspiration Grey Tones
Indoor air pollution may be generated by widespread home goods, corresponding to cleansing brokers, cooking gasoline, furniture polish, pet dander, and paint. Aside from this, domestic home equipment reminiscent of refrigerators and heaters may additionally be the widespread source.
As a matter of truth, indoor air pollution has turn into a global concern. We will say that air pollution ranges inside and in closed spaces are up to 5 occasions increased. Since most pollutants usually are not seen to the naked eye, you may not be able to aware of the dangers of dirty air.
Indoor air pollutants may be generated by common home goods, comparable to cleaning agents, cooking fuel, furnishings polish, pet dander, and paint. Aside from this, home appliances comparable to fridges and heaters may additionally be the frequent supply. | <urn:uuid:d9c72b65-4d83-4acb-9db2-228a891ba7f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://marieclara.info/single/living-room-design-inspiration-grey-tones | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.926696 | 174 | 2.203125 | 2 |
| Beijing |
Updated: November 25, 2017 7:38 am
TWO MONTHS ago, a metal wire-drawing plant in Shanghai was shut for violating environment norms. The plant was supplying material to a German auto-parts making company, which claimed that the production of 3 million cars in China would be affected due to the shutdown, amounting to a loss of $45 billion.
But the government did not budge and the German company, Schaeffler, was eventually forced to make alternate arrangements. For companies in China, this was the first major signal that the administration had ramped up its crackdown on environment polluters.
According to the state-run newspaper, Global Times, China’s environment ministry “urged automakers to learn a lesson from the Schaeffler incident and enforce compliance checks of their supply chains”.
“The authorities in Shanghai simply cut off water and electricity supply to the company. The company had been given three months to comply with norms after an inspection, but they paid little heed. The German company even petitioned the central government asking for more time, but to little avail,” said Pan Jiahua, director, Institute for Urban and Environmental Studies, China Academy of Social Sciences.
The inspection was part of a massive drive that Chinese President Xi Jinping implemented in 2015. Country-wide inspections in all 31 provinces resulted in 135,000 reports of violations, of which 104,000 cases were handed to the local government and 102,000 resolved, according to Environment Minister Li Ganjie. “About 80,000 cases involving waste, smoking, odour, noise, polluted enterprise and water pollution have been handled properly,” Li said last month.
The state-run newspaper, China Daily, reported that Beijing alone shut 6,000 polluting companies over the last few months as part of its plan to arrest declining air quality in the winter. In the Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei tri-region, 130,000 companies were shut after several rounds of snap inspections.
“These companies say they contribute to wealth in China and the GDP, but I believe health is more important to the government now. Many companies were given preferential treatment to attract FDI years ago, but it cannot come at the cost of the environment,” said Pan.
The Indian Express had reported this week on the preventive measures put in place by China to control air pollution, including an odd-even policy on all weekdays when the highest haze level is anticipated. And, how an effective early weather warning system has emerged as a key factor in these efforts.
Experts in Beijing say these measures are now being supplemented with strict action against all polluters — big and small, foreign and domestic.
It was in 2016 that China shifted focus from just GDP to include environment improvement while ranking provinces and counties — equivalent to India’s states and districts. Then, the government promulgated a law called ‘Measures for the Assessment and Evaluation of the Objectives of Ecological Civilization Construction’ and put in place a series of indicator systems.
“The evaluation focusses on the progress of ecological civilisation construction in each region in the previous year, carried out once a year to evaluate resource utilisation, environmental governance, environmental quality and ecological protection, quality of economic improvement, green living, public satisfaction and so on,” said Pang Jun, Associate Professor, School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China in Beijing.
“Every five years, more official departments such as the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Land and Resources are involved in the assessment, to evaluate the binding targets of resources and environment, and the accomplishment of major goals and tasks of ecological civilisation construction. The target results serve as an important basis for the performance evaluation of… various provinces,” Pang said.
According to Pan Jiahua, the government has shifted to a policy of air and water quality instead of quantity and setting discharge standards. “We realised that quantity control does not work and we realised we must turn to quality control… environment quality. You can emit as much as you can, but you must meet air quality standards. It’s not about discharge standards,” he said.
Pan explained that the process was simple. “If you cannot meet standards, you shut down. If authorities find that a factory is not able to meet the quality level, or violates quality level of water or air, they give you three months. If you cannot upgrade, you will be shut down. One warning, that’s it,” he said.
A senior official of a Swedish manufacturing company in Beijing told The Indian Express, “We have been in Beijing since 2000 and are heavily invested here. But last year, when an orange alert was sounded, inspection teams came to the company. Our factory was fine, but power was shut off to a neighbouring plant.”
The official said that environment norms in China were getting harsher, but since his company had already made huge investments, it was easier to comply than shift to another country.
Pang Jun echoes this sentiment. “I don’t think harsh environment laws will hinder trade and business. Maybe, some heavy pollution enterprises will face problems when harsh environment laws are brought into effect. But trade and business with cleaner technology and environmental friendly products will increase business opportunities, while the general public and the government can avoid the high cost of environmental deterioration,” he said.
For all the latest World News, download Indian Express App | <urn:uuid:b61a2c30-c7a6-47a8-b411-a4a5b47c227c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lawfirmsinthenews.com/not-just-prevention-china-shutting-firms-to-signal-action-against-polluters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.966061 | 1,142 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The layer production business is only for passionate growers. At FeedMix we often call laying hens “mobile egg-making machines” because of their nature of dropping fresh eggs every day for at least 6 days a week. Likewise one gains more profit with large numbers for the business.
An ideal layer poultry house should have an East to West orientation. The house for the commercial layer should be constructed with open long sided. The standard length should be 100 metres and 10 metres wide. A recommended height of 2.8m under strong roofing sheets, eaves with 30 to 45 cm is ideal. The height of the lengths should be supported by strong bird mesh. A storeroom for stock feeds is important. The foundation should be strong with 50cm wall height on the lengthy sides. The floor should be concrete as opposed to earth floors.
Stocking density should be 30 to 33 chicks per square metre during the rearing period. The stocking density should be reduced to 5 to 6 mature laying birds per square metre.
There are two main production models for layer production.
The FeedMix Layer Feed Specifications and Feeding Rates from day 1 to end of production cycle.
Use your God given five senses (sight, hearing, smell, touch and taste)
Pay particular attention to details – weights, age, spillages, mortality, sensitivity of the birds,
The commercial layer can achieve 1 cycle per year but 3 cycles when producing point of lay pullets (POL)
Removal of manure from the poultry houses and disposal after a batch should be carried out immediately to allow the houses to be cleaned, washed and disinfected. This process should not take more than 5 days. Rest the houses for a minimum of 14 days before the next batch.
Order chicks from renowned suppliers like Charles Stewart Day Old Chicks | <urn:uuid:8b05befc-aa1b-4839-b425-22474fc01e02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://feedmix.co.zw/layer-farmer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.907266 | 367 | 1.710938 | 2 |
UK EMIR (also known as UKMIR) is the UK version of EMIR.
The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (EUWA) enables the EMIR to be converted into UK law. To make changes to onshore EMIR at the end of the transition period, 4 statutory instruments were introduced, including The Over the Counter Derivatives, Central Counterparties and Trade Repositories (Amendment, etc., and TransitionalProvision) (EU Exit) Regulations 2018.
What’s different in UK EMIR?
UK EMIR will be essentially the same as EMIR with slight tweaks at least in the near term after Brexit. We envisage no substantial difference in the UK EMIR and EMIR instrument reportability for now.
However, here are 2 examples of what will be different between the UK EMIR and EMIR regimes:
FCA will be the counterpart of ESMA
In terms of trade reporting, the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) will take over European Securities and Market Authority (ESMA)’s functions and supervisory roles in the UK to govern the reporting entities that are obliged to report to a UK Trade Repository (TR).
Amendment and revocation of the current EMIR regulations
- Legal terms amended with reference to the UK legislation
Many of the EMIR terms contain references to other EU legislation. Under UK EMIR, these terms will be customised to reference other comparable UK legislation.
- Revocation of some current regulations
Upon Brexit, certain regulations won’t be applicable anymore and need to be revoked under UK EMIR. For example, ‘College’ under Article 18 of EMIR will be omitted from UK EMIR. The term refers to the groups of EU regulators that supervise the central counterparty clearing houses in the EU before Brexit whereas the Bank of England will be the competent authority responsible for such role after Brexit.
What trade repositories can I use?
There might also be a dual reporting obligation under EMIR. Please refer to our other article for detailed information and different scenarios.
Delegated reporting is common for EMIR, what should I consider?
- If you are a UK firm and want to delegate your reporting to an EU firm (counterparty), you will need to check with them if they are willing to report to a UK TR for you.
- If you are an EU firm and want to delegate your reporting to a UK firm (counterparty), you will need to check with them if they are willing to report to an EU TR for you.
What happens to historical EMIR trade reports?
Data transfer across TRs between EU and the UK will be required if you need to change TR. You need to ensure you or your reporting delegate have the correct arrangement with relevant TRs and enable all relevant post-Brexit reporting. Both your open and closed positions will then be held in the new TR after a no-deal Brexit. | <urn:uuid:3bb0e8a7-2593-4967-8edc-e0b36e46d1e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tractionfintech.com/emir/what-is-uk-emir/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.933835 | 607 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Advantages Of Amazon Web Services
AWS: Benefits Of Amazon Hybrid Cloud
All the keys mentioned above are part of the DNA of the Amazon Web Services platform, a set of cloud services that offer important storage, network, and database options, on-demand, and available in a matter of minutes.
And it is that versatility is one of the main characteristics of AWS, which has a wide range of services ready for SMEs, startups, and large corporations to have access to multiple tools that solve from the simplest tasks to more advanced management procedures daily business.
But its benefits are much broader and we could define these advantages as the fundamental keys of AWS:
- Flexible Expenses: Instead of having to invest large amounts in expanding the local data center and buying physical servers, with the Amazon cloud, it is possible to pay only when computing resources are consumed and only pay the corresponding amount. It is also important to take into account the savings that AWS represents in the cost of energy since by not using local physical infrastructure, consumption decreases exponentially.
- Scalability: When implementing a technological architecture, it is very common to end up being left with idle resources that we do not use or with insufficient capacity in the equipment. With AWS cloud computing, these problems are eliminated, since it is possible to gradually access each application or service, eliminating or expanding functions until the platform efficiently solves every need, without falling short or going overboard.
- Speed And Agility: Resources hosted in cloud environments are available at the click of a mouse, so their immediacy and availability are absolute. This translates into a great increase in the productivity of the organization since the time and cost that the development and integration of the systems usually imply are much less.
- Adaptability: Migrating from AWS to the cloud does not require extensive knowledge of new systems, or complicated techniques. It is enough to have the correct advice and support during the process.
- Mobility: If we are looking for an environment that is always working and which we can access from anywhere, Amazon’s cloud services are the answer to this need. The technology itself facilitates access from different devices at any time.
- Security: AWS includes among its advanced tools options for data backup and backups, to ensure business continuity and performance. A total guarantee of our business continuity and performance.
- Comfort: Having a cloud-based IT system eliminates all the obligations required to manage an infrastructure of this type. Everything we need will be found remotely, so the efforts of companies will be focused only on business development. | <urn:uuid:a3489bd9-6d96-4fa1-8056-a9b7cf2e472d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.webupdatesdaily.com/advantages-of-amazon-web-services/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.947637 | 516 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Thinking of a road trip this weekend? The roads less travelled can lead you to discover some of Alberta's ghost towns; an eerie glimpse into what life used to be.
Merriam-Webster defines a ghost town as “a once flourishing settlement, wholly or nearly deserted - often as a result of the exhaustion of a natural resource”. This is an apt description of Alberta mining towns established in the early 1900's: Bankhead, Lille and Passburg, for example.
East of Lethbridge on Highway 61, (also known as the Red Coat Trail*) lies a string of ghost towns that died for a different reason. Towns here sprung to life along the tracks of the Canadian Pacific Railway; folks moving west, eager to make a life for themselves. But drought, dust storms, typhoid fever and vermin chased away those dreams. These pioneers ended up leaving behind homesteads, barns and businesses, on the move again in search of prosperity. And once the residents left, the train left too.
The landscape here is not rugged; it is not populated with mountains or aquamarine-coloured lakes. Here lies true Alberta prairie, filled with vistas of farmer's fields, sight lines clear to the horizon and an overwhelming sense of peace.
Wrentham is the first ghost town along the Red Coat Trail. The town is a picture perfect, still-life painting, with deep hues of green, golden and blue. There are no grocery stores, gas stations or cafes, but the library is still open, offering services to the neighbouring area. It's attached to an empty school and an overgrown “Field of Dreams” baseball diamond. Those that live here have modern homes planted across the street from the long-abandoned general store, the decaying grain elevator and acres of old, rusting vehicles--a fading dichotomy.
Continuing east, towns spring up every 10 or 15 kilometres. They have names like Skiff, Nemiskam and Etzikom.
Etzikom, 20 kms from Foremost, is home to The Etzikom Museum and Historical Windmill Centre. Inside, it's a curious collection of old musical instruments and dolls, while outdoors, old windmills of all shapes and sizes are on display. The museum is thriving, juxtaposed against a derelict home steps away on Oxborough Avenue. Open from May to September, the museum offers pie for sale in the shell of the town's former diner.
Closer to the Saskatchewan border, is Orion, where dark and menacing skies encase the old town in a spooky web. Although six residents still called Orion home in 2020, there are no signs of human life. Only felines wander the empty gravel streets. Playgrounds, with swings blowing in the wind, have no child playing on them. A dilapidated railway section house, resembling an Alfred Hitchcock movie prop, looms in the distance, languishing in the overgrown field of grass. Orion seems the ultimate ghost town.
The serenity on Highway 61 is palpable. Abandoned homes, visible from the highway but often inaccessible by vehicle, remain standing in fields of stubble. It's unfathomable to think what the homes' former residents--those hardy souls--went through, packing up horse and wagon and moving on. Homes and barns and granaries are all that remain of a life that didn't take root here.
Johnnie Bachusky is a ghost town seeker. The Alberta writer and photographer, who has preserved ghost town history in two books--Ghost Town Stories of the Red Coat Trail and Ghost Town Stories II, has held a fascination with the abandoned since childhood. He says he finds peace in old prairie towns; a way to “rekindle memories, feelings of passions once held. There I can recapture a piece of myself.”
He says, “I am not a religious man, but God is there amidst the silence and the ruins. There is a hidden voice that tells me they can never be forgotten.”
*The Red Coat Trail. Highway 61 was renamed in honour of the North West Mounted Police, who kept the peace in this part of Alberta, riding and patrolling on horseback. | <urn:uuid:e33e15b6-fe4f-498d-a63e-1c8feb4c7a76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.albertaprimetimes.com/calgary-news/albertas-ghostly-past-3897984 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.937869 | 875 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Everyone is creative
You don’t have to definite yourself as an artist to acknowledge your power as a creator. All life forms are inherently creative- that’s how we exist. Our cells are constantly multiplying, and we create realities when we feel, think, then speak, write and act on what comes up from our inner world. Creative awareness can enrich our lives in the ways that we communicate with one another, address our societal issues, and address the traumas that we have experienced.
You also don’t have to be an artist to use the creative arts in your work. A big part of my facilitation approach is to bring creativity into big conversations- about racism, oppression and the systems which we live in. In order to create a different reality for ourselves, we’re gonna have to be imaginative. All life emerges from the realm of the imagination, so I feel that it’s a good place to start in our activism.
Exploring my creativity is a practise that connects me deeply to the source of life.
All life is deeply connected and interdependent. It is an understanding of spirit, and also quantum physics, that all life is energy or particles vibrating in the conscious space which mysteriously holds them together. That is what we are all made of.
You hydrate yourself with the same water that ran through the bones of the dinosaurs. We share ideas and practises which have been passed down or evolved through generations. No creation or thought exists in a vacuum…we are products of our context. This also means that we have the responsibility of creating the future.
The shadows and traumas of our collective human ancestors and also our more recent family lines will continue to manifest in our lives unless we consciously intervene. Our global and extractive system which pollutes the earth and leaves some people at a massive disadvantage harms us all.
We are all entangled
"The function of freedom is to free someone else"
- Toni Morrison
"The truth is, no one of us can be free until everybody is free."
- Maya Angelou
Sensitivity is a superpower
Sensitivity can help us live in the truth that we are all connected. It can be life affirming and powerful, but also really difficult to feel.
In our capitalist society we have been conditioned, or even forced, to rush and be productive in order to be profitable and deem ourselves as worthy. This rushing takes us out of the moment, out of our bodies, feelings and needs, and centers us achieving goals and ideals that often do not serve us and were not even created by us as individuals…Our culture promotes unconscious numbness so that we will continue hurting ourselves, each other, and the planet without noticing. We live in a toxic culture that makes insane injustice seem commonplace and robs marginalised people of power. The process of literally killing people and land (often out of sight) for our clothes, phones, food, wealth so that some people can profit and "thrive", depends on this strategy of numbness.
The body holds immense wisdom. The body is always in the NOW…with the senses and the collaborative wordlessly intelligent pulse of life which manages our bodily functions. The word somatic means of the body. Somatic practise explores the sensations, emotions, stories and thoughts which are held in our physical and energy bodies. Moving through life with somatic awareness can be a key to being compassionately aligned with our values, truths and capacity. It can be so difficult to open up to feeling, because there is so much pain in our personal and collective lives; but in my opinion (and experience), it is the key to creating all healing.
Empathising with another person's experience can be a gateway to compassion which leads to acting with Eros energy- love in action... from a deep and genuine place of mutual prosperity rather than obligation and ego. We must love ourselves into who we want to be.
We all have a valid desire to be seen and heard
We all have a valid desire to be seen and heard by our communities- however we define that. In his book Tribe, Sebastian Junger shares his findings about what human beings need to be content, alongside Self-determination theory.
We need to feel competent at what we do
We need to feel authentic in our lives
We need to feel connected to others
When a baby or young child makes a sound or movement, adults will often instinctively mimic the sound or movement back to them. In an ideal situation, emotional attunement will work in a similar way. Before we understand what is going on inside of us, or know the meaning of the words "happy" or "sad", if a person near us can notice that we are experiencing an emotion and talk to us about it, we can develop emotional intelligence and a deeper understanding of who we are. A lot of African, and other, cultures have songs and dances that use call and response or harmony to a similar affect. A profound message is received when we move, feel and mirror in community like this: what I do is noteworthy. I am accepted and valued for what I bring. This attention and connection can give us the trust and self esteem to know that what we do matters, can affect others and even enrich their lives.
Diversity is a gift of life
The word diversity gets used a lot currently, specifically in the context of calling more black and brown people, queer people and disabled people into organisations. Whilst diversifying working spaces and communities can be healing and positive, diversity is about so much more.
Diversity is a necessary feature of life and ecosystems. We see this in the variety of trees, animals, plants that interact with one another in natural habitats. When one life form- no matter how small- is extinguished, the whole ecosystem suffers. Biomimicry is the study of nature and natural systems to inspire development within our human systems and communities. We are learning from the diversity of life all of the time. The experiences, cultures, practises and even lessons through trauma that we learn from each other can transform our lives.
Rather than diversity being thought of as an obligation to fulfil in order to be politically correct, can we treat living and connecting with curiosity so that we learn from those who have lived life far away from our own experience? | <urn:uuid:394e9892-0d59-4e9a-9aa2-ce0e7f5dfe78> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.avazarah.com/big-ideas | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.954263 | 1,294 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Retail giant Marks & Spencer has announced that it will offer 10,000 work experience placements to people who face barriers in getting a job, including the homeless and disabled.
M&S has already helped up to 600 homeless people experience work.
In a scheme that will run for three years, the company said that its stores and offices will offer two-to-four week placements to help people find work. Each individual will also be assigned a personal mentor.
M&S chairman, Luc Vandevelde, said that the project will benefit the company as well as those it seeks to help.
"Being a mentor to someone who is homeless, unemployed or has disabilities can be both challenging and motivating and the experience will develop the skills of our own people," he said.
Andy Westwood of the Work Foundation said: "This is a bold initiative to address some of the country's most stubborn social problems."
The scheme will be aimed at schoolchildren, disabled people, parents returning to work, the young unemployed, homeless and students. | <urn:uuid:8efcce73-9814-4e12-b5e8-2420aa4b1cec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.management-issues.com/news/1104/ms-offers-work-experience-to-the-alienated/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.975014 | 213 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Gout Pain In Hip Joint
Gout pain is a kind of joint inflammation caused as a result of high uric acid levels in the body. It can strike at any kind of part of the body, yet it generally influences the joints of the feet very frequently. Gout assaults can last for a number of days and even months. Gout pain signs and symptoms consist of inflammation, swelling, as well as rigidity of the influenced joints. Gout Pain In Hip Joint
Drugs For Gout Pain Strike – There are many types of drugs that can be prescribed for Gout. Some of them include Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and colchicines. These medicines can just be taken orally or infused straight right into an irritated joint for fast alleviation of the discomfort and also swelling of a serious acute gout strike. Since these medications might have side results, it is constantly better to consult your physician before taking these medications. Gout Pain In Hip Joint
Gout Pain In Hip Joint
Foods That Trigger Gout Arthritis Symptoms – It has actually been discovered that particular foods that are rich in purines boost the level of uric acid in the bloodstream. So, one of the first things that you ought to deal with when you are detected with gout pain is to stay clear of high purine foods as long as feasible. Some of these are: Alcohol, Soya, Peanuts, Nuts, and Milk. One more thing that you should keep in mind is that you need to prevent consuming a lot of meat and also fish and shellfish because these are additionally rich in purines. You will certainly need to make some alternatives to ensure that you can obtain remedy for your gouty signs and symptoms. Gout Pain In Hip Joint
House Remedies for Gout Pain – There are lots of natural home remedy offered for gout that help reduce the signs and symptoms of the condition. Among the very best ways to reduce the inflammation of the joints as well as the swelling is to make use of a mix of honey and also vinegar. Another natural remedy for the extreme discomfort is to apply cold pack on your impacted joints. Consuming lots of water is an additional excellent method to spare the signs and symptoms of gout.
Therapies for Gout – The most common therapies for gout arthritis include hypertension tablet computers or medicines like diuretics, corticosteroids and antihypertensives. These medications, nevertheless, have negative effects that can activate the event of kidney rocks. To prevent the event of kidney stones, it is essential that you restrict the consumption of purines in your diet plan. However even with these limitations, you will certainly still experience extreme pain and also pain in the joints.
Self-management strategies may likewise suggest you to take plenty of fluids consistently to make sure that you don’t experience the signs of gout arthritis. It is additionally suggested that you take sufficient remainder every day. Gout is a condition that can cause long-term damages to the joints especially the interphalangeal joints. For that reason, when gout strikes you, the most effective way to treat it is to go through medical therapy. You can see your physician to ask about offered clinical therapy for gout.
Some doctors may suggest that you have an MRI or a CT scan to know the origin of the symptoms of gout pain. When the symptoms of gout flares, it is best to seek instant assistance from your doctor. The medical professional will certainly examine your joints and check if there are any kind of uric acid crystals present in them. Gout pain attacks generally take place throughout the night as well as throughout winter, so it would certainly be best for you to put on warm garments and scarf to shield yourself from the severe heat of the evening.
Given that gout assaults typically occur throughout the night, it would certainly be best for you to remain in your bedroom at all times. If you are having gout arthritis strikes regularly, then it would be better if you have your medical professional screen you every time you go out of your room. In this manner, he can assess if you are at threat of creating even more intense gout arthritis problems or otherwise. Gout assaults might not be life-threatening, yet they can make you endure lots of discomfort as well as discomfort. | <urn:uuid:68e39112-ff38-4906-9c15-0d1fbd03c7ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brandonbroncos.com/gout-pain-in-hip-joint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.960696 | 891 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Florida voters may have spoken out against offshore drilling in 2018. But Explore Offshore, a group created by the American Petroleum Institute (API), is pushing to expand the practice throughout U.S. waters, including in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic.
Explore Offshore has set up a bipartisan leadership team consisting of former U.S. Veterans Affairs Secretary Jim Nicholson and Democratic former U.S. Sen. Jim Webb of Virginia. Nicholson also is a former Republican Party head.
Nicholson recently joined David Mica, executive director of the API’s Florida Petroleum Council, to pitch the push at a gathering of the National Federation of Independent Business in Tallahassee.
The voter-approved Amendment 9 banned offshore drilling in state waters, which extend 3 to 10 miles off Florida’s coast, depending on the location.
In a conversation with Florida Politics, Nicholson and Mica say they’re looking well beyond that range in their proposal to drill offshore.
“We’re talking here about federal waters, the outer continental shelf,” Nicholson said, adding that they’re asking for exploration in the range of 80 to 120 miles off the shore.
“There is absolutely no possibility of visual access to any of this activity,” he added.
“Off the coast of Florida is what?” Mica asked, challenging some of the pushback to offshore drilling. “Are we talking about what’s in sight? Are we talking about state waters? How far?
“I know that there’s a constituency for keeping it in the ground, all of it. But we’ve got to think beyond that as a nation.”
The group also is not rushing to start extracting oil — at least not yet. For now, Nicholson says he’s focused on allowing seismic exploration of the country’s waters, which will allow a precise estimate of how many resources are available.
“You can visualize how much coast this country has — 94 percent of it is off-limits to any kind of seismic exploration, which is analytical quantification,” Nicholson noted.
“Why should we, as a country, sit here with our arms tied behind our back?”
While seismic drilling will allow more information regarding the extent of available resources, Nicholson says there are an estimated 90 billion barrels of oil and trillions of cubic feet of gas yet untapped.
The hesitation to expand the practice is driven in part because of environmental concerns, highlighted by the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill in the Gulf of Mexico.
That catastrophe saw the oil rig explode, killing 11 people and sending an uncontrollable stream of oil into surrounding waters for nearly three months straight. In all, an estimated 4 million barrels of oil poured into the Gulf.
Nicholson says that while some of the opposition to offshore drilling is caused by a “lack of understanding,” concerns about another spill are understandable.
“We had a major, big, nasty oil spill; that’s out there as a fact. We have to deal with that,” Nicholson said. “And it can be dealt with because of the technological advances that have been made in the decade since then.”
Nicholson is optimistic there wouldn’t be a repeat of the 2010 disaster. But given the potential economic benefits he says are waiting for the country, he argues to continue pushing forward, citing the space program as an example.
“We lost space shuttles. We didn’t stop the exploration of space,” Nicholson said, acknowledging some public concerns, especially those of Floridians.
“We know we have to get over that objection to get the policy that’s needed to then go out and quantify and be prepared to extract this great asset that we, as a country, own and some time are going to need.
“We don’t need it now. It’s not an emergency, which hinders the policy development of it because there’s not a sense of urgency.”
Mica piggybacked on that point, noting people are less open to any risk of drilling, however low those risks are in his group’s eyes, given that gas prices are in a good spot.
“Most people are not really aware of the significance of this because prices are low right now,” Mica said.
“There’s sort of an attitude of, ‘We’re flush. Why do we need more?’ ”
As to that “why,” Mica and Nicholson say that the influx of resources will help stem price surges should gas prices begin to rise. The group also sees a broader economic benefit to offshore drilling, with the potential generation of more than 150,000 jobs throughout the U.S. and nearly $5 billion in new revenue for the government.
And ultimately, Mica argues that pushing for more oil and natural gas doesn’t mean giving up on new sources of energy.
“It’s not an either/or proposition. We’re not talking about this versus alternatives and renewables. It’s going to take a combination of all of those things.” | <urn:uuid:5621b77c-f93f-434d-822a-16fc1831ebbf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://floridapolitics.com/archives/292351-offshore-drilling-floridas-coast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.947892 | 1,097 | 1.867188 | 2 |
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