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Coronavirus: Governments grapple with lockdowns, border closures as virus spreads
Governments grappled Wednesday with how to implement border closures, travel restrictions and lockdowns that have caused transportation chaos and imperiled economies, but which authorities say are needed to slow the coronavirus pandemic.
European Union leaders agreed to shut down the bloc’s external borders for 30 days, while the U.S. and Canada were working on a mutual ban on nonessential travel between the two countries.
In Southeast Asia, the causeway between Malaysia and the financial hub of Singapore was eerily quiet after Malaysia shut its borders, while the Philippines backed down on an order giving foreigners 72 hours to leave from a large part of its main island.
The administration of President Donald Trump was considering a plan to immediately return to Mexico all people who cross America’s southern border illegally, according to two administration officials who spoke to The Associated Press on the condition of anonymity because the plan hasn’t been finalized.
The coronavirus is now present in every U.S. state after West Virginia was the last to report an infection. Hawaii’s governor encouraged travelers to postpone their island vacations for at least the next 30 days, while the governor of Nevada — home to Las Vegas — ordered a monthlong closure of the state’s casinos.
Source: Read Full Article | <urn:uuid:f7626552-b1ee-43f5-a0b9-115ee51654a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://andalucia-imagenes.com/world-news/coronavirus-governments-grapple-with-lockdowns-border-closures-as-virus-spreads/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.950831 | 281 | 1.960938 | 2 |
A while back, over at Throne and Altar, Bonald pointed out that leaving the Enlightenment framework is only the beginning of thought. Once one rejects Liberalism root, tree, and branch, and embraces the Right, the rubric for judging historical figures and events is totally different, and it’s no longer clear without further investigation who the “good guys” in a given conflict were. Progressives occasionally mock the “gotta hear both sides” attitude, but once one is on the Right it becomes necessary, even in situations where the “correct” side always seemed obvious before.
So, one comes to the War Between the States, which is a major part of Progressivism’s triumphant narrative of itself, and finds that the whole thing needs re-evaluation. That the South was in the right has, frankly, always seemed obvious to me, but there are a few different ways to arrive at this conclusion, each one varying degrees outside the Overton Window. Some examples:
- The South was right because I’m a Southerner and always support my own people. This attitude of “my country right or wrong” is the most reactionary of all in some sense; it’s certainly the least ideological, and rests purely on natural human loyalties. It’s not very satisfying intellectually, though, and we (moderns, at least) can’t help but want to know if we’re really in the right.
- The South was right because of States’ rights. This attempts to set aside the slavery issue and focuses on arguing that because the States were sovereign they could secede for any reason. This legalistic argument is common and, I think, basically right as far as it goes in appealing to the logos, but isn’t rhetorically effective because it doesn’t address the pathos at all and only touches on ethos in the abstract issue of law, not in the more visceral slavery issue.
- The South was right because the Union was wrong. In other words, take the fight to the Union and argue that Abraham Lincoln and company were criminals. Thomas DiLorenzo takes this approach in The Real Lincoln, and he’s a relatively neutral source since he’s a Libertarian and neither the Union nor the Confederacy were meaningfully Libertarian governments. This argument is also correct and somewhat effective; it’s far more effective rhetorically to attack than defend, but a positive defense of the Confederacy is still lacking in this approach.
Now, all three of these typically come with a disclaimer that, though the Confederate States had the authority to secede from the Union, abolishing slavery was a good outcome of the war. However, this approach is ultimately rather weak; for most people, slavery seems so evil on a visceral level that it’s near-impossible to set aside. Besides, I’ve been on the Right long enough that I can smell a concession to modern sensibilities, and this has just that distinctive odour. These positions peek outside the Overton Window, maybe even open it up and smell the rose bushes outside, but are careful not to venture too far.
Some politically incorrect positions prompt stronger reactions than others. To reject republicanism and embrace monarchism is to leap out the Overton Window with a running start, but to most observers it just comes across as eccentric. Some positions, though, are more like turning back toward the Overton Window hurling a Molotov Cocktail right at the feet of those inside. Today, we have just such a rhetorical arsonist in Robert Lewis Dabney, with his 1867 book A Defense of Virginia and the South, and the fuel for this cocktail is not even necessarily agreeing with, but simply giving a fair hearing at all to this thesis:
There is nothing inherently wrong with slavery.
Now, Dabney presents a wide range of arguments across nine chapters, so I’m going to take the simplest approach and go through the book chapter-by-chapter. As I generally do, I’ll quote heavily and let Dabney do most of the arguing for himself, and content myself with providing some context and commentary; in other words, this won’t be a full analysis and criticism, but more of an introductory sketch of Dabney’s position.
The first chapter is the broadest in subject matter, but contains a few important observations. One is that Southerners have tended to be complacent in their defense of slavery. “Southern politicians,” he writes, “usually satisfied themselves with saying, that the whole matter was, according to the Constitution, one of State sovereignty; that Congress had no right to legislate concerning its merits; and that therefore they would not seem to admit such a right, by condescending to argue the matter on its merits.” This is still true of the Confederacy’s defenders today, and is more-or-less the States’ rights argument mentioned above. One also sees this attitude occasionally promoted in defending the Second Amendment – I’ve seen a handful of supporters of gun ownership rights recommend against getting bogged down in debate, but to assert that gun ownership is a Constitutional right and leave it at that. They are right legally, but this doesn’t at all satisfy men’s sense of ethos and pathos. Besides, as the Confederacy’s experience demonstrates, what is lawful is 100% irrelevant when dealing with the Abolitionists or their modern descendents.
He also brings forth the first of several charges of Abolitionist hypocrisy, pointing out that slavery existed in many parts of the world, but that they were far more tolerant of it in other places, even though slavery as practiced in the South was far more humane than elsewhere. He says, “Indeed, not a few of these consistent reformers have tenfold as much patience with that demon of slaveholders, the King of Dahomey, as with the benignant Christian master in Virginia[…]” Those interested in Dahomey and the slave trade may be interested in Radish‘s article on the subject. In any case, though Dabney’s point here is true, it amounts to a tu quoque, and Northern hypocrisy is ultimately just a side issue..
Related to the above, even granting that masters sometimes abused their authority over their slaves, one cannot judge an institution by its abuses. As he will also explain in a later chapter, many rightful institutions, such as the family and government, are also prone to abuses, yet that does not invalidate them. His explanation is broadly applicable:
For, unfortunately, the human race is a fallen race— depraved, selfish, unrighteous and oppressive, under all institutions. Out of the best social order, committed to such hands, there still proceeds a hideous amount of wrongs and woe; and that, not because the order is unrighteous, but because it is administered by depraved man. For this reason, and for another equally conclusive, we assert that the lawfulness, and even the wisdom or policy of social institutions affecting a great population, cannot be decided by these odious contrasts of their special wrong results.
Interestingly, Dabney explicitly separates his position from the racial element that Americans attach to it now. “It is not our purpose to rest our defence on an assumption of a diversity of race, which is contradicted both by natural history and by the Scripture, declaring that ‘God hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth.'” Now, racial differences do come into play in a later chapter regarding some of the laws surrounding the institution, but by no means is race a fundamental element of the institution itself or the arguments surrounding it.
Finally, he explains that he will rely on Scriptural arguments, because Scripture is the surest guide to ethical knowledge, and the Abolitionists themselves tended to rely on it. The weakness with this approach, though, is made apparent by a minister mentioned in the fifth chapter, “The ruinous issue has been seen in the case of a minister of the Gospel, who, after floundering through a volume of confused and impotent sophisms, roundly declares that if compelled to admit that the Bible treated slavery as not a sin in itself, he would repudiate the Bible rather than his opinions.” Today, many Americans, and most Western Europeans, aren’t even nominally Christians, and those who are would, I think, be extremely likely to abandon Christianity before accepting slavery as anything but morally evil.
The second and third chapters concern the African slave trade and the legal status of slavery. Much of this chapter throws further accusations of hypocrisy at Northern Puritans, noting that the overwhelming majority of slave-ships were British or from New England. In fact, Dabney even points out that “Virginia has the honour of being the first Commonwealth on earth to declare against the African slave trade, and to make it a penal offence.”
Interestingly, New England didn’t just deal in African slaves. “The pious ‘Puritan Fathers,'” Dabney writes, “found it convenient to assume that they were God’s chosen Israel, and the pagans about them were Amalek and Amorites.” Thus, they continued to fight and dispossess the Indians, even though “By three acts, 1655 to 1657, the colonists were strictly forbidden to trespass upon the lands of the Indians, or to dispossess them of their homes even by purchase.”
Now, all this may be true, but the obvious counterpoint is that Virginians were still buying slaves. Dabney responds, “the aphorism may be quoted against them [i.e., Virginians], that the receiver is as guilty as the thief. This is rarely true in the case of individuals, and when applied to communities, it is notoriously false. All States contain a large number of irresponsible persons. The character of a free people as a whole should be estimated by that of its corporate acts, in which the common will is expressed.” Ultimately, this is a concession to reality – Virginia, one way or another, found itself with a large slave population. One can, and perhaps even should, condemn those who initially bought slaves, but the rest of the State’s citizens, and the successors of the initial buyers, had to deal with the reality of possessing slaves as best they could. In other words, by the time we get to 1860, slavery was already established, and abolishing it by force is only right if the slavery is inherently wicked, which is the main point under discussion.
The fourth chapter covers the history of emancipation. The most important point is a rebuttal of the notion that Northerners were more welcoming toward blacks. Not at all: “Massachusetts, in March, 1788, (eight years after the pretended extinction of human bondage [in that State],) passed a law ordering every black, mulatto or Indian who came into the State and remained two months to be publicly whipped; and this punishment was to be repeated ‘if he or she shall not depart toties quoties.'” It’s my understanding that similar laws existed in other free states. Some Abolitionists were more liberal, but to imagine that Northerners were liberally open-minded while Southerners were hateful and bigoted is false.
The first few chapters covered some of the background and surrounding issues regarding slavery and the slave trade, but are ultimately peripheral to Dabney’s defense of slavery. The ultimate question, after all, is whether slavery is inherently an evil institution or not. So, in the next few chapters Dabney comes to the core of his argument, to demonstrate that as a social framework slavery is morally essentially neutral.
He begins the fifth chapter, covering arguments taken from the Old Testament, with a definition of slavery. “By this relation,” he says, “we understand the obligations of the slave to labour for life, without his own consent, for the master.” Abolitionists often claimed that slavery extended to ownership over the slave’s person, even his soul, but Dabney completely rejects this understanding of the institution:
The utter absurdity of applying such a definition to African slavery in America, appears from this: that it is contrary to the whole tenour of the legislation [which] establishes and regulates the institution[…] These laws, first, legislate for the slave, as to his conduct, as a responsible human being, govern by precepts sanctioned by rewards and punishments, and require of him intelligent obedience to the same moral rules which are enforced on his master. Second, the laws assign to the master precisely that amount of control over his slave’s person which they suppose (whether correctly or not is no concern to us in this argument) to be incidental to his property in the servant’s labour; and no more. Third, they protect the person, being, and moral responsibility of the slave against his own master. If the master kills him, it is murder, by the law. The slave’s Sabbath is secured to him by the law. If the master force him to commit a crime, the former is held by the law guilty therefor, as accessory before the fact: and the latter is also held to his personal responsibility for it. And last, the law treats the slave so fully as a rational and responsible human, that it even bestows on him the right of litigation against his own master, in one case. Any African setting up a plea of unlawful detention in bondage, against his master, is allowed to sue in forma pauperis, in the courts of law. How could the fact be more clearly defined, that the institution of slavery treats the slave as a rational human being, and gives the master property in nothing but his labour?
We’ll return to some of the laws surrounding slavery in a later chapter, but there’s one more important observation that Dabney makes before getting to the Scriptural arguments themselves. He writes, “The student of history perceives that, whatever may be the moral character of domestic slavery, it is one of the most hoary institutions of the human race. It has prevailed in every age and continent, and under patriarchal, monarchical, despotic, aristocratic, republican and democratic governments[…]” Of course, strictly speaking the age of a practice, whether it’s old or new, does not necessarily mean that it’s good or bad. Understanding that there’s no reason to believe ourselves more moral or clever than our ancestors, though, as a general rule if an institution is widespread and long-lasting we may safely assume that there’s something positive about it. In Church history in particular, Dabney will point out in the next chapter that “Neither primitive, nor reformed, nor Romanist, nor modern divines taught the doctrine of the intrinsic sinfulness of slave holding.” That Abolitionism arose concurrently with the fundamentally anti-Christian philosophy of Liberalism, and just when slavery was declining in economic value, again doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s wrong, but it is a red flag that we shouldn’t simply accept it as face value.
Dabney then turns to providing examples from Scripture, and let me emphasise for this and the next chapter that he is very thorough; there’s no way I could list anywhere near all of the citations he provides, so I’ll just touch on a few.
For example, he cites Genesis 24:35 and 26:12-14, where Abraham and Isaac receive a multitude of slaves, which the sacred author presents as a sign of divine favour. Dabney explains, “Now to represent God as blessing a favoured saint by bestowing providentially gifts which it is a sin to have, implicates God in the sin.” In other words, if we believe that God is essentially good, and thus unable to do evil, as Christians do, then it’s simply not possible that God would approvingly give His servants something that it is inherently evil to have. In another passage concerning Abraham, the legitimacy of the master-slave relationship is solidified even more:
When Abraham was directed in Genesis xvii., 10, etc., to circumcise himself as a sign of the covenant between God and him, he was also directed to circumcise all his male children. The parental relationship was made the ground of their inclusion in the same covenant. And God directed his slaves also, “born in his house, or bought with his money of any foreigner,” to be circumcised along with him. The parental tie brought his children under the religious rite of circumcision; the bond of master and servant brought his servants under it. Here then, we have the relationship of domestic slavery sanctioned, along with the parental and filial, by God’s own injunction, by a participation in the holiest sacrament of the ancient church. Would a holy God thus baptize an unholy relation? Would he make it the ground of admission to a religious ordinance?
We should note that these and Dabney’s many other examples do not demonstrate that slavery as an institution is one that we ought to have, or that it’s fundamentally good, but simply that it is “innocent,” that is, not inherently evil. As he says after discussing the Mosaic Law, “if we find any particular thing either sanctioned or enjoined, in the peculiar ceremonial or civil institutions of Moses, it does not prove that thing to be morally binding on us, in this century, or necessarily politic and proper for us; but it does prove it to be, in its essential moral character, innocent. That thing cannot be sin in itself.”
One final point before moving on, sometimes one sees an argument that Abolitionism is a development or expansion on doctrines taught in the Old Testament, much as polygamy and divorce were tolerated, but condemned in the New Testament. This, however, is a faulty comparison, as Dabney argues, “Polygamy and capricious divorce never were authorized by Old Testament law, in the sense in which domestic slavery was; and, second, the latter was never prohibited in the New Testament, as polygamy and such divorces expressly are.”
That segues into the sixth chapter, which focuses on arguments from the New Testament. The primary point is that slavery is often mentioned but never condemned. As Dabney points out, “Several times the apostles give formal enumerations of the prevalent sins of their times; as in Romans i. 29, 31; Galatians v. 19 to 21; Matthew xv. 19; Colossians iii. 8, 9; 2 Timothy iii. 2 to 4. These catalogues of sins are often full and minute; but the owning of slaves never appears among them.” If slavery is inherently so evil, and especially since it was so common in the Roman world, it would be a major dereliction of duty for Christ and His Apostles not to issue a clear condemnation of the institution, and it’s not as though these men would’ve been to cowardly too speak against it. Christ was crucified, and all His Apostles but St. John were martyred for their teaching.
Some claim to derive Abolitionism from the general principles that Scripture teaches, and though Dabney grants that Scripture does teach general principles, it also gives specific precepts. He writes, “This being so— the lists of particular sins being so full and specific as they are— we assert it would have been an unaccountable anomaly to pass over a thing so important, open, prevalent, had it been intrinsically wrong.”
Dabney also addresses Gal. 3:28 (“There is neither Jew nor Greek; there is neither bond nor free; there is neither male nor female; for we are all one in Jesus Christ”), which moderns so consistently misunderstand, adding to it a couple other of St. Paul’s Epistles:
So [also], substantially, says Colos. iii. 11. But the most decisive passage is 1 Cor. vii. 20, 21: “Let every man abide in the same calling wherein he was called. Art thou called being a servant? care not for it; but if thou mayest be made free, use it rather.” (Paul had just defined his meaning in the phrase “calling in which he was called,” as being circumcised or uncircumcised, bond or free.) The drift of all these passages is to teach that a man’s reception by Christ and by the Church does not depend in any manner on his class or condition in secular life; because Christianity places all classes on the same footing as to the things of the soul, and offers to all the same salvation. When, therefore, men come to the throne of grace, the baptismal water, the communion table, distinctions of class are left behind them for the time. Hence, these distinctions are not essential, as to the soul’s salvation. The last passage quoted brings out the latter truth more distinctly. Is any Christian, at his conversion, a Jew? That circumstance is unimportant to his religious life. Was he a Gentile? That also is unimportant. Was he a slave when converted to Christ? Let not this concern him, for it cannot essentially affect his religious welfare: the road to heaven is as open to him as to the freeman.
In other words, we are all equal in matters pertaining to salvation; i.e., we are all subject to the moral law, and will each be judged fairly at our death by Christ the King. This does not negate the real, and significant, earthly differences pertaining to this life.
Again, Dabney addresses many other passages and arguments, but the last one I’ll discuss concerns the Golden Rule. Some Abolitionists offer the rather silly interpretation that slavery violates the Golden Rule because a slave owner would not himself want to be a slave, and therefore is not treating those under his authority as he would want to be treated. This is, first of all, begging the question, because it presumes slavery to be evil, but whether that is the case is exactly the issue in question. Dabney further illustrates the absurdity of this line of argument by saying, “The whole reasoning of the Abolitionists proceeds on the absurd idea, that any caprice or vain desire we might entertain towards our fellowman, if we were in his place, and he in ours, must be the rule of our conduct towards him, whether the desire would be in itself right or not. This absurdity has been illustrated by a thousand instances. On this rule, a parent who, were he a child again, would be wayward and self-indulgent, commits a clear sin in restraining or punishing the waywardness of his child, for this is doing the opposite of what he would wish were he again the child. Judge and sheriff commit a criminal murder in condemning and executing the most atrocious felon,” etc.
With that, we come to the seventh chapter, “The Ethical Arguments.” Dabney begins by reminding us of the definition of slavery, “It is not an ownership of the servant’s moral personality, soul, religious destinies, or conscience; but a property in his involuntary labour.” Laws concerning the institution reflect this, as do the South’s cultural norms surrounding it. For example, above he mentioned that slaves have the protection of the law against their masters, and as one example he offers the case of one Simeon Souther, “The General Court, in 1851, decided the appeal of Simeon Souther, convicted in the County of Hanover of murder in the second degree, because his slave Sam had, according to evidence, died under an excessive and barbarous whipping, with other punishments, the whole evidently not intended to kill.”
Early in the chapter Dabney argues that slavery has improved the African race. This seems absurd to moderns, but they must keep in mind what Africa was like before colonisation (again, I’d recommend Radish‘s article on slavery). He points out that just a few generations before his writing, Africans “were the most debased pagan savages.” It takes generations to fully civilise a people, but Southern society had in fact been doing just that.
One trope that one still sees brought against slavery today is the idea slaves were forbidden to learn to read. However, this is completely false. Dabney explains:
We may here refer to the charge, which Virginian slavery condemned the Africans to mental and religious darkness, by forbidding them all access to letters; because the laws of the commonwealth forbade the teaching of them to read. Will not even the intelligent reader, after the currency of this charge, be surprised to learn that there has never been such a law upon the statute books of Virginia. To assert that there has been such a law, is an unmitigated falsehood. The only enactment which touches the subject is the following sentence, in the statute defining what were “unlawful assemblages” of negroes. “And every assemblage of negroes for the purpose of instruction in reading and writing, or in the night time for any purpose, shall be an unlawful assembly.” (Stat. 1830-31, p. 107.) The previous section, commencing the definition of these unlawful assemblies, expressly states that they are unlawful if held without the master’s consent. Our courts and lawyers uniformly held that, without this feature, no assemblage of negroes, to do anything not criminal per se, can be unlawful; because the whole spirit of Virginian laws recognized the master’s authority.
Another common charge is that slaves were forbidden to marry, but Dabney argues that this is absurd for several reasons. First, the Africans did not have marriage in their native lands, and thus had no marital rights to be deprived of. “[I]n their native country,” he writes, “there was no marriage, and no marriage law, but the negroes either lived in vagrant concubinage, or held their plurality of wives as slaves, to be either sold or slain at will[.]” Virginian law, though, was simply silent on the matter of marriage among slaves, and left it wholly in the hands of the master. Dabney writes of the Abolitionists, “Their minds, perverted with vain dreams of the powers and perfectibility of the State, cannot be made to apprehend that God has made other parties than the commonwealth and the civil magistrate, depositories of ruling power; and that this arrangement is right and benevolent.” This may remind modern readers of the common Conservative belief that a healthy society contains strong institutions outside of the State, primarily the family, but also churches, civic organisations, and so on. Slavery, then, was often not seen as a matter for the State to involve itself in, but slaves were seen more as members of a man’s household.
One more common accusation still common is that slavery easily became a “system of lust,” where masters would force themselves on their female slaves. We shouldn’t be naïve and deny that this ever happened, but Dabney counters with damning, but comical, figures from the 1850 census:
The census of 1850 distinguished the full blacks from the mulattoes, both among the slave and free. Of the slaves, one in twelve was mulatto, taking the whole United States together. Of the slaves in Virginia the ratio of mulattoes to blacks was about the same. In South Carolina there was only one mulatto to thirtyone black slaves! […] But taking the United States as a whole, the free mulattoes were more than half as numerous as the free blacks! In several of the slave States they are more numerous; and in Ohio, the stronghold of Black Republicanism, there were fourteen thousand mulattoes to eleven thousand blacks. Since the regular marriage of free blacks to the whites was as unknown at the North as at the South, these figures tell a tale as to the comparative prevalence of this infamous and unnatural form of uncleanness among the Yankees, which should forever seal their lips from reproaches of us.
Occasionally, one sees an argument concerning slavery approaching the issue from the other side, claiming that slavery also degraded the slave owner. Dabney finds no evidence that this is the case, and writes, “the fact that there is authority on one side and obedience on the other, cannot tend, of itself, to degrade ruler and ruled: for if this were so, the parental relation itself (ordained by God as His school of morals for young human beings) would be a school of vice.” This applies to a number of other institutions, as well, from the Church to temporal government in general. On the general soundness of the South, he proposes one basis of comparison between Northern and Southern culture, “[Southern society] has never generated any of those loathsome isms, which Northern soil breeds, as rankly as the slime of Egypt its spawn of frogs.”
Finally, one of the aspects of slavery that moderns find most offensive is that the law gave different penalties for the same type of crime, depending on the race of the offender. One good starting point for understanding the reasoning for inequality under the law in general is AntiDem’s post “The Lion and the Ox.” The basic point here, though, comes down to differences between the races. Though Dabney, as mentioned in the first chapter, doesn’t believe in human biodiversity as it’s now understood, he and other Southerners were willing to believe what their own eyes plainly told them. He writes:
[T]he penal code of Virginia was properly made different in the case of the whites and the blacks, because of the lower moral tone of the latter. Many things, which are severe penalties to the white man, would be no punishment to the negro. And the penal code for the latter was greatly milder, both in its provisions, and in the temper of its administration, than that which obtained in England over her white citizens, far into this century. The slave was not permitted to testify against a white man, and this was a restriction made proper by his low grade of truthfulness, his difference of race, and the fact that he was to so great a degree subject to the will of another. But the seeming severity of this restriction was almost wholly removed, among us, by the fact that he always had, in his master, an interested and zealous patron and guardian, in all collisions with other white men. From oppression by his own master he found his sufficient protection, usually, in affection and self-interest.
So, we now come to the final chapter, aside from the conclusion, which concerns economic arguments. Though interesting, it’s somewhat tangential to the main arguments because we’re primarily concerned with moral issues. In short, though, slavery is not as unproductive as the proponents of “free labour” claim. A sampling from this chapter:
Another reason of the anti-slavery man is, that the free labourer, stimulated by personal interest in his own success, must be more thrifty, industrious, and economical than the slave, who is stimulated only by fear. We reply: both the premises are absolutely false. Slaves were not stimulated only by fear. They felt at least as much affection as the Red Republican or Chartist hireling. They comprehended their own interest in their master’s prosperity as fully as hired labourers do. But, in the second place, the labour of free States is not usually performed by men who have a personal interest in their own success: it is performed, in the main, by a landless class, who are as very hirelings as our slaves were slaves; who need just as much the eye of an overseer[…]
Now that we’ve come to the end of the book, I hope you’ve seen enough to give Dabney a full hearing. A Defense of Virginia and the South is a difficult book, not because it’s particularly demanding in itself, since Dabney explains all of his arguments fully and clearly, but rather because its worldview is so foreign, indeed outright hostile, to assumptions that moderns regard as sacred and inarguable. For Liberals, and keep in mind that even modern “Conservatives” are merely unfashionable Liberals, even asking whether slavery was justifiable is nothing short of blasphemous.
Why read Dabney, though? After all, even if we accept his arguments as valid, or even concede that slavery wasn’t inherently evil, isn’t this a moot point?
There is something to be said for that attitude. After discussing the War Between the States, Mencius Moldbug advised, “Just remember to judge the Union, not the Confederacy, because the Confederacy is a ghost whereas the Union still wants your money.” However, he also said earlier in that same post, “to understand the Union, we may need to understand the Confederacy. Our moral judgment of the Confederacy is relevant only inasmuch as it confirms or challenges the Union’s moral judgment.” Judging the Union does require examining its triumphant narrative of itself, and indeed, examining this issue also brings into question the Whig theory of history as a whole, and in particular the issue of moral progress over time. The premier example of this alleged progress is Abolitionism. This whole theory loses one of its most important pillars, though, if Abolitionism was not a righteous quest to abolish an evil institution, but instead an instance of Puritans self-righteously crushing the insufficiently holy.
Whether we fully accept Dabney’s thesis or not, and admittedly even I don’t (the Catechism of the Catholic Church being explicit on the subject, at para. 2414), he and other authors make clear that the institution as it existed in the South was far different from the caricature portrayed in textbooks and fiction today. Perhaps it is better that it’s gone now; indeed, given the history of the rest of the world, a gradual or compensated emancipation would likely have occurred in the United States eventually. However, waging the bloodiest war in American history and eviscerating of the rule of law to fight it, suddenly appears completely disproportionate to the alleged good that the war sought to accomplish. At the very least, the whole matter warrants further investigation because, to re-state Bonald’s point above, rejecting the received framing of this or any other historical narrative is only the beginning of thought. | <urn:uuid:38fbf151-ef15-42ba-b322-c47f26310d08> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://itsollkorrect.com/blog/2016/06/a-defense-of-virginia-and-the-south/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.972125 | 7,295 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Amazon CodeGuru Reviewer is a developer tool that detects security vulnerabilities in your code and provides intelligent recommendations to improve code quality. For example, CodeGuru Reviewer introduced Security Detectors for Java and Python code to identify security risks from the top ten Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) categories and follow security best practices for AWS APIs and common crypto libraries. At re:Invent, CodeGuru Reviewer introduced a secrets detector to identify hardcoded secrets and suggest remediation steps to secure your secrets with AWS Secrets Manager. These capabilities help you find and remediate security issues before you deploy.
Today, I am happy to share two new features of CodeGuru Reviewer:
- A new Detector Library describes in detail the detectors that CodeGuru Reviewer uses when looking for possible defects and includes code samples for both Java and Python.
- New security detectors have been introduced for detecting log-injection flaws in Java and Python code, similar to what happened with the recent Apache Log4j vulnerability we described in this blog post.
Let’s see these new features in more detail.
Using the Detector Library
To help you understand more clearly which detectors CodeGuru Reviewer uses to review your code, we are now sharing a Detector Library where you can find detailed information and code samples.
These detectors help you build secure and efficient applications on AWS. In the Detector Library, you can find detailed information about CodeGuru Reviewer’s security and code quality detectors, including descriptions, their severity and potential impact on your application, and additional information that helps you mitigate risks.
Note that each detector looks for a wide range of code defects. We include one noncompliant and compliant code example for each detector. However, CodeGuru uses machine learning and automated reasoning to identify possible issues. For this reason, each detector can find a range of defects in addition to the explicit code example shown on the detector’s description page.
Let’s have a look at a few detectors. One detector is looking for insecure cross-origin resource sharing (CORS) policies that are too permissive and may lead to loading content from untrusted or malicious sources.
Another detector checks for improper input validation that can enable attacks and lead to unwanted behavior.
Specific detectors help you use the AWS SDK for Java and the AWS SDK for Python (Boto3) in your applications. For example, there are detectors that can detect hardcoded credentials, such as passwords and access keys, or inefficient polling of AWS resources.
New Detectors for Log-Injection Flaws
Following the recent Apache Log4j vulnerability, we introduced in CodeGuru Reviewer new detectors that check if you’re logging anything that is not sanitized and possibly executable. These detectors cover the issue described in CWE-117: Improper Output Neutralization for Logs.
These detectors work with Java and Python code and, for Java, are not limited to the Log4j library. They don’t work by looking at the version of the libraries you use, but check what you are actually logging. In this way, they can protect you if similar bugs happen in the future.
Following these detectors, user-provided inputs must be sanitized before they are logged. This avoids having an attacker be able to use this input to break the integrity of your logs, forge log entries, or bypass log monitors.
Availability and Pricing
These new features are available today in all AWS Regions where Amazon CodeGuru is offered. For more information, see the AWS Regional Services List.
The Detector Library is free to browse as part of the documentation. For the new detectors looking for log-injection flaws, standard pricing applies. See the CodeGuru pricing page for more information.
Start using Amazon CodeGuru Reviewer today to improve the security of your code. | <urn:uuid:9a162b5c-4c1d-4c2d-83b1-5020d4837a20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ubercloud.com.au/blog/new-for-amazon-codeguru-reviewer-detector-library-and-security-detectors-for-log-injection-flaws/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.885317 | 807 | 1.695313 | 2 |
Future is about what "will" happen, not about what we think "should" happen. At this moment we are still in Corona-times. What is then reasonable to imagine will happen post Covid? By looking at "different" kind of parents interesting perspectives becomes visible. The thing is; they are to be found all over. And they matter. … Continue reading What permanent changes Corona-parents will leave behind
What´s the best way to see the future for the physical part of a university? How should a Campus look in a couple of years? These benchmarks reveal interesting options, don´t just knock them down. But sometimes we can´t wait. So, don´t miss this great opportunity. Decide instead on style, take action and keep them. … Continue reading The future campus: Disneyland, Woodstock, Soccer, or closed?
It´s only E-learning. That´s what they claim. But, it is also a totally new world. It includes phenomenon educators rarely have thought of before. Here is a good example of what that means, based on experiencing MIT and Coursera online. You will have use of this post. At least; it should give you a smile. … Continue reading Things you will miss if you never enroll
Have you noticed: it is getting crowded? Everyone is now starting to run digital courses. Then why on earth should you take my course? Could it be because I myself might be great, or even terrible, in practicing it? Maybe bench-marking the new Ed-company Masterclass can help us to find out what to do here. … Continue reading 25 000 reasons to honor the worst ones
Reading, writing, listening takes time. Thinking, reflecting, discussing takes time. Learning things do take time. How else for instance become a great chess-player? So why this obsession with digital education having to be fast, and short? Here is a useful influence, if you go for slow, and long, E-learning. It obviously has a big market. … Continue reading Why the slowest, and longest, E-learning-course in history will make it | <urn:uuid:28426b8c-3d32-479f-8b1c-e74cb14e2312> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://disruptiveeducation.com/tag/disruptive-education/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.930681 | 437 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Table Of Contents
- 1 What size skateboard should I get as per my height?
- 2 What will be the perfect size for a beginner?
- 3 Choosing a skateboard size for your child
- 4 Conclusion
- 5 Frequently Asked Question
Are you new in the world of skating and wondering what size skateboard should I get? Don’t worry anymore! We are here to help.
Choosing the perfect skateboard size is necessary to develop your skills more efficiently. The size of skateboard for skaters is one of the key factors that will decide how their performance will be.
Since you are a beginner, to answer your query regarding what size skateboard do I need, there are multiple factors like shoe size, age, height, weight, etc which need to be analyzed before recommending.
In this article, we will be discussing all these factors that are essential to choosing the perfect skateboard size. To know the best size for your child, stay tuned till the end.
What size skateboard should I get as per my height?
All the beginners who are willing to get skateboard will have a query like what size skateboard should I get for my height. Well, it is really important to choose a skateboard that matches your height. It will ensure that you are well-balanced while skating.
You might be as tall as 6ft & more or may have a shorter height of around 4. Don’t worry! There is a skateboard available for every height.
So, you can match yours from the chart given below and choose a perfect one for you.
Height (in feet)
Skateboard size (in Inches)
Up to 4.5 ft
6 – 7 inches
4.6 ft – 5 ft
7.1 – 7.5 inches
5 ft – 6.5 ft
7.6 – 8.5 inches
More than 6 ft
Above 8.6 inches
What size skateboard for a girl is best?
As discussed earlier, the size of your skateboard depends on your height and weight however we will help you with few ideas for choosing a better-sized skateboard for a girl.
A skateboard length of around 5 to 7 inches will be best for girls who are beginners and starting to learn skating. However, a skateboard with a larger wheel can also be a good choice as it will help to avoid the minor o0bstacloes on road.
What will be the perfect size for a beginner?
Choosing the perfect size skateboard as a beginner can be tricky but you must remember that getting the first skateboard will always be special. So, you must choose wisely.
If you want a skateboard that looks great and also has a proper build quality within your budget then you must check the full article.
The more attractive your board will be, the more you will crave to ride it, the more your skills will progress. But as we mentioned in the beginning, you must consider your shoe size as a vital determinant if you want to learn to be a pro skater.
Selecting skateboard size for my shoe size
The most essential thing to look for while choosing the perfect skateboard width is your shoe size. Choosing size as per your shoe size will help you to get a good baseline.
You need to keep in mind that a wider or bigger skate deck will be comfortable and easy for riding. A slimmer deck will be light or agile for flip tricks and other types of technical skating.
We suggest you start with a skateboard deck of width which is similar to your shoe size.
If you use shoes of size 6.5 to 9, then you can use a deck of width 7.5 to 8.0 inches. If you use shoes 9.5 or bigger, we suggest you get a deck of around 8.0 and 8.5 inches.
Choosing a skateboard size for your child
When it comes to your child, it is quite obvious for you to think about what size skateboard should I get. We will be helping you with this but before we begin, we would like to recommend you never to opt for cheaper products as they might easily break and make your child feel sad.
Let us now guide you in choosing the perfect skateboard size as per your child’s age.
Skateboard size for a 5 year old kid
This is the perfect age to begin skateboarding for kids as during this age the capacity to learn and cherish the moves are greater. It will be good for you to invest in a mini skateboard if your child is of this age.
The skateboards with a micro deck having a deck length of around 7 inches is what you should buy while gifting your child with this awesome sporting tool.
You can also opt for a bamboo mini deck as per the given size as it has lightweight and is also good for the long run. This will also be a good lesson for your child to learn to be eco-friendly
Skateboard for an 8 year old newbie
Are you bothered thinking about what size skateboard for an 8 year old kid? The answer is very simple. A 7.75 inches wide deck size will be a good choice for an 8-year old.
This will help the kid to go with a good start and grow with the board. You can even select a wider deck of around 8″. Such a deck will have a length of around 31″ with a longer wheelbase giving a comfortable riding experience.
You must remember to consider the above-mentioned characteristics while choosing the board.
Skateboard size for a 10 year old beginner skater
As per our observation skateboards of mid-size, between 7.25 – 7.4″ will be perfect for kids of 10 years old.
For beginners, you should pick a skateboard based on your height and age. A smaller deck will fit your child the best and allow her to learn the skating tricks easily.
In case you are confused about which brand to choose, I may suggest a few for you. You can opt for some skateboards like Ancheer cruise skateboard, Skatro mini cruiser skateboard, Ohderii skateboard, etc.
Ideal Skateboard size for a 13 year old skater
Since you are trying to know the perfect board size for a 13 year old child, you must acknowledge the fact that your child is quite grown up and is into his teenage. So choose very wisely.
The right size for your child’s skateboard should be within 8.0” – 8.5” with a narrower deck width will be a good choice.
If your child has expertise in flip tricks and has developed his own skating style, you need to probably customize the deck based on his riding style.
A customize board will allow tailoring the needs as per the preferences, and even have a low truck installed for enabling turns.
Some Other Things to Consider for a Skateboarder
Apart from the skateboard decks, there are few more things that a newbie skater needs to consider. Your board must have softer wheels, as this would make your riding experience smoother. Harder wheels are better for roller skates.
If the wheels are small, you will need to install riser pads to ensure the proper gap between the smaller wheels and the concave deck. Good quality grip tape is a must-have along with proper wheel bearings for your cruiser board.
Remember to always encourage your child to learn skating only in the skate park as this will not only enhance his experience but also ensure that he is skating in a safe zone, away from traffic.
If you want your child to become a pro skateboarder, then you must keep in the factors discussed in this article while purchasing a skateboard.
Getting a perfect-sized skateboard can be beneficial for the fast learning and growth of your child in terms of speed and skills.
There are many online sites selling skateboards, so if you are buying them online, be sure to get them from an authentic site only.
Now that you know the answer to your query regarding what size skateboard should I get, go and buy it for your child and let him enjoy a blissful ride.
- Can a skateboard be too big?
There a few big-size skateboards available in the market and one of the biggest sizes recorded as of now is 36ft and 7 inches long. The board has a width of 8ft and a height of almost 4ft.
- What types of skateboard are there?
If you are talking about skateboard then you must know that there are many types of skateboard depending upon your skating. You can make your choice among the Longboard Skateboards, Mini Cruiser Skateboard, Carve Skateboards, Double kick skateboards, etc.
- What size skateboard deck should I go for?
A skateboard deck that is proportional to the size of your shoe will be perfect. If you wear shoes of size 6.5 to 9, then start with an average deck length of 7.5 to 8.0 inches.
- What accessories do you need for a skateboard?
If you want to build a complete skateboard on your own you would require some essentials like a skateboard deck, 2 Skateboard trucks, 4 Skateboard wheels with wheel size as per your choice, 8 skateboard bearings, and 4 bushings.
- Learn More : Is Roller Skating Harder Than Rollerblading. - July 7, 2022
- Best Inline Skates For Men And Buying Guide. - March 20, 2022
- Results Driven: Top 5 Best Inline Skates For Rough Roads. - February 15, 2022 | <urn:uuid:81a7b6bd-c592-4cd3-8560-67fa9ba4b535> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.skatingkits.com/what-size-skateboard-should-i-get/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.941353 | 2,018 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Workforce attrition is a concern of every organization, especially among customer service organizations where voluntary turnover frequently averages 30 percent or more annually and can sometimes exceed 100 percent, according to Saddletree Research in its 2011 End User Survey. Maintaining a pipeline of qualified candidates can be daunting.
Many of these positions require that the new hires successfully complete several weeks of training before they are put before a customer for the first time. Overall productivity, quality of service and customer satisfaction for the entire organization often suffer as a result. It is therefore critical to predict when new employees are needed and find ways to streamline the hiring process to keep this unproductive window to a minimum.
Implementing technology to reduce time to hire is one tactic many companies are using to help minimize the impact of voluntary turnover in their organizations. Here are some steps to get started.
Forecast the need before you need it. Many companies are accustomed to forecasting anticipated workload to schedule the right number of the right kind of employees to achieve the desired results. This practice is essentially the economic equation of balancing supply and demand. Too few employees scheduled means customers are left waiting and service suffers, but labor costs are minimized. Conversely, too many employees means that while customer service is excellent, it comes at the price of higher than necessary labor costs. Many organizations have been performing this balancing act with varying degrees of success for many years.
One common and relatively effective way to forecast attrition is to look to the past to plan for the future. By collecting and analyzing turnover data as far back in history as possible, attrition patterns will emerge that help identify future labor needs. This works better for positions that span many employees; executive and mid-level management positions would probably not benefit from this approach given the relatively small number of new employees who need to be hired on a regular basis. But positions with relatively large numbers of employees, especially those with lengthy training or ramp-up programs, would. | <urn:uuid:c44034a6-6ca6-4dde-8bd4-590f9d2db43a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.impact-london.com/news-events/tips-to-improve-time-to-fill/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.959636 | 391 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Many in Tennessee depend on their credit cards to pay for everyday things, impulse purchases and even medical needs. Because it’s simple to just swipe a card and move on, it’s easy to see how credit card debt can quickly accumulate. It doesn’t take long before a balance is so high that only minimum payments are possible, and this can result in accumulating interest and even greater credit card debt.
There may come a point where cutting down on credit card spending is essential. While necessary, it’s not always easy to adjust spending habits and stop making purchases on credit. Studies say that men are more likely than women to max out their credit cards, and one in three people are likely to max them out on a big purchase.
Adjusting spending habits is only one part of the solution to dealing with credit card debt effectively. The other part is to work to bring balances down. One thing that may be helpful is to make multiple payments per month. This chips away at the overall balance, and it can keep a Tennessee consumer from having to make one big payment each month that can be overwhelming. This is a simple yet effective way to manage this type of debt.
Even with these steps and others, managing credit card debt is not always that easy or possible. In these cases, a prudent step may be to consider filing for bankruptcy. This process allows for the discharge of certain types of debt, including balances from credit cards and other types of unsecured debt. | <urn:uuid:ab027b8c-46c7-41c6-9d2e-94a1b9e158d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.billmaddoxlaw.com/simple-ways-to-lower-credit-card-debt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.956133 | 303 | 2 | 2 |
Do you use Single Sign-On systems like Facebook Connect or OpenID? This should be viewed as a single point of failure and security compromise for missionaries living in closed countries. Particularly Facebook Connect scares me. What about you?
David Peach’s Articles at Missionary Geek, Page 5
Which is the best web browser? Some browsers are even Christian friendly! Find out which ones will help protect your eyes and mind on the Internet and which might be best for you.
Five ways that you can use Google Translate when reading content on the web or when needing to get a rough translation of a Bible passage or other foreign language text.
Keep a notebook that is specific to local service providers in the country where you serve. This will give you quick access to the information that is pertinent to your current country of residence.
Needing to call home while traveling internationally but don’t want to pay the rates that usually accompany international calls? Using Skype and a smartphone you can avoid the high prices. | <urn:uuid:28bbf989-773b-42e7-b8e9-11018acb37db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.missionarygeek.com/author/dpeach/page/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571090.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809215803-20220810005803-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.898095 | 204 | 1.617188 | 2 |
A Welsh wildlife and nature magazine has launched a crowdfunding campaign as it battles for survival.
It is now seeking £12,000 to keep it afloat until March 2017 while alternative funding sources are investigated.
This will be used to fund a further two issues.
Supporters can donate online via the the Crowdfunder website. So far, £1,275 has been pledged by 36 backers.
The appeal is being fronted by Welsh naturalist and TV presenter Iolo Williams.
He said the 15-year-old magazine was an essential outlet for conservation writing in Wales, while its front covers provided a platform for many of the country’s emerging artists.
He said: “It is both an invaluable journal and a fantastic read.
“It is read by a lot of people but unfortunately it doesn’t have enough subscribers. So please, if you can help, donate and subscibe.”
Natur Cymru: Are Welsh uplands in danger of being undergrazed?
A recent survey of subscribers showed that moving to an online-only publication was not a popular option.
A future possibility is to offer online subscription in addition to the paper format magazine.
- To subscribe, visit the website, www.naturcymru.org.uk.
- To donate, visit Natur Cymru’s Crowdfunding appeal or send a cheque to Natur Cymru Ltd, Maes y Ffynnon, Penrhosgarnedd, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DW.
- To help, write letters to support the magazine’s bids for funding (or email firstname.lastname@example.org). | <urn:uuid:052cce33-6bfe-4bba-8b75-1b8abdd7eec8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dailypost.co.uk/news/local-news/watch-iolo-williams-appealing-help-11330273 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.925017 | 356 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Jesuit brother Guy Consolmagno is director of the Vatican Observatory, an organisation founded to show the world that the Church supports science. Yet he finds that much of his job is almost the reverse: ‘to remind religious people that science is part of our religious heritage’.
Last month he was in Melbourne to do just that, speaking about his experiences as a committed Catholic and an active scientist, as part of the archdiocese’s Sparks of Beauty series.
Beauty is one of the aspects of science that scientists often find difficult to convey to outsiders. When I began doing scientific research, I compared the thrill of making new discoveries to reading an exciting book, but one that is true, and that I am the first person to ever read.
If the nuclear physics I was doing then is a novel, perhaps astronomy is the universe’s biggest, most spectacular picture book. Br Guy showed us a few pages from this book, treating us to images of the Martian landscape taken by the aptly-named Curiosity rover.
Yet as awesome as the images are in their visual beauty, they’re even more compelling in how they help us realise that here lies a real place. A place similar to our own home in many ways, yet utterly foreign. ‘A place where you could imagine scrambling over the rocks and sliding down the other side’, said Br Guy, but where the sky is pink and each day lasts just a little too long.
A place entirely devoid of life, but where ‘human beings have left their mark’ by sending robots.
How does a believer respond to this beauteous grandeur? For St Francis of Assisi, it was through poetic praise: ‘Praised be You, my Lord, with all your creatures; through Brother Sun … through Sister Moon and the stars … Water … Fire … Earth.’
For Br Guy, it’s through the poetry of scientific research. The marvel at nature that scientific discoveries instil is truly an example of wonder and awe in God’s presence.
And just as science can be part of our worship of God, Br Guy told us a little of the history of how the Church has contributed to science. Believing there is one God who created the universe in an ordered way, instead of many nature gods constantly at war, means you can start trying to learn the laws that govern the universe.
When this endeavour began in earnest in Europe in the 1300s, it was carried out by clergy and at Church-sponsored universities. In more recent times, the big bang model of cosmology was first developed by Georges Lemaitre, a Catholic priest (and, like both Br Guy and me, a graduate of MIT).
Lemaitre recognised that Einstein’s equations of general relativity imply that the universe began a finite time ago. This irritated many atheist scientists, including Einstein, who tried to modify his equations to allow a universe with no beginning.
I enjoyed Br Guy’s talk so much that I invited myself to his talk the next day, to the staff of Campion Centre of Ignatian Spirituality. There, Br Guy told us more of his own story, and I recognised much that I have also experienced.
Despite how much he and I enjoyed our lives as physicists at prestigious universities, we both recognised that there’s more to life than one’s profession, and that God might have something else in mind for us.
At a deeper level, he spoke about how people who look at the world in a primarily scientific way (‘nerds’, to use Br Guy’s term) experience spirituality. We are people of logic, so even though spirituality can’t be reduced to logic, it had better have some kind of overall consistency that we can at least begin to comprehend.
Of course, sometimes we might need to be pulled back from thinking that we should be able to explain everything neatly and rationally!
And just as every scientist has learned so much from teachers, nerds tend to be willing to accept authority. We’ll therefore readily believe what a spiritual mentor tells us, even if coming to experience and understand it for ourselves may take a long time. It sounds like much of my spiritual journey since applying to join the Society!
Br Guy has achieved some fame as an astronomer and communicator of science, but what I hope I can imitate is his joy at the physics he does, the life he lives and the God who created him.
Matthew Pinson is an Australian Jesuit Scholastic. | <urn:uuid:b4980e43-b542-4288-b07f-791362998b57> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jesuit.org.au/night-vatican-astronomer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.97283 | 943 | 2.40625 | 2 |
You Will Love Our FREE Web Development Set-Up Guide
Easy To Follow
Did you know its now possible for anyone to learn how to make a website with the help of our easy to follow website building guide.
Up-To Date Software
You will find all the latest website building software information making it possible for non technical people to build websites.
One of the best ways to create a website is to use a website platform called WordPress – WordPress is open source and free to use.
Three Easy To Follow Steps
Sign Up To Web Hosting
Choose Your Domain Name
Set-Up Your New WordPress Website
STEP #1: Choose A Web Hosting Company To Host Your New Website
When you make a new website using a website builder like WordPress, files are created that need to be saved and stored on computers that are connected to the internet, so they can be found in search results.
When someone searches on Google or any other search engine by typing words into the search engine search box, Google will return a list of what it thinks are the best websites for the search query.
Those websites Google found store their files on computers that are connected to the internet and we see those files in the form of web pages. You are reading one right now. Hosting company’s have banks of computers that are connected to the internet and will store your website files.
Things To Think About When Choosing A Hosting Service
Its important to sign up to a hosting provider that has fast reliable hosting and top level support. You are going to put a lot of effort into building your website and want it to to be available 24/7 and run smoothly.
Your hosting provider should also include website builders like WordPress on their c-Panel with one touch installation that makes it easy to download and install WordPress onto your hosting account.
Its best not to use a hosting provider that’s cheap or free. The cheap hosting providers will store more files on one server. In other words if the limit for the server is 100 websites they will store 500 to 1000 websites on the server. This makes for lots of slow loading websites, downtime and problems in general.
Start right! Choose a hosting service that won’t let you down. Remember don’t go for the cheapest hosting or free web hosting. Below is the hosting company and package we recommend. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. I can even help set-up your site for free, but you must contact me and have a chat before signing up to hosting.
Earnings disclosure: I may get compensated by some of the hosting providers that I recommend on this page. Any money I receive is paid by the hosting company, not you. If you choose to sign up I thank you and would like you to drop me an email to say Hi.
Who To Use And Why
When you click on the above SIGN UP HERE button or ORDER NOW button a new page will open. On that page you will be able to select the hosting package that best suits your needs. We do recommend the POWER package it may cost a little more, but well worth it. I do get a small commission from the affiliate link you click on. This is paid by the company not you. You also get a FREE domain and discount when using the link below.
InMotion hosting offers a wide range of software, tools and features to help your build a website. They offer a wide range of CMS software like WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal. With a one-click installation script which is accessed within c-Panel installing your website builder is painless. InMotion Hosting supports the most popular PHP and MySQL software and offers tutorials and EDU channels in their Support Center.
BoldGrid Is Included Free With Your Hosting Package
InMotion hosting has the website builder called BoldGrid. BoldGrid is powered by WordPress and therefore has more features and functionality than any other website builder in the World. In addition unlike other website builders you actual own your website and can move your site to another hosting company.
When you use WordPress or other site builders, once you downloaded and installed the theme to your site you left with a confusing page with nothing on, not what the theme showed you. That’s the difference between BoldGrip and other site builders BoldGrip pulls all the content onto your site what you see is what you get. This makes it easy to update and build your own website.
You get all the web development tools you need to make your own website. You even get a FREE domain when you sign up.
STEP #2: Choosing Your Domain Name
To get online and make a website you a domain, hosting, and website builder.
- A domain name is your website address (www.mynewwebsite.com).
- Hosting (Banks of computers that are connected to the internet and have your website files).
- Website Builder (Website building software that makes it possible for people that don’t know coding to make a website. The website building software does all the coding for you).
WHAT IS A DOMAIN NAME?
What is a domain? If you are looking for something on the internet you can do a Google search or use a web address (domain) to find what you are looking for.
In short a domain name is your website address. Its a way you can tell people about your website. You can email your domain URL, share your domain URL (www.mydomainname.com) on social network sites and tell people by word of mouth your domain name.
HOW DO I PICK MY DOMAIN NAME
How do you decide what domain name to use? Good question. There are millions and millions of domains so finding one that’s available could be quite a mission. If you want to build your own website don’t waste time. Waiting could result in someone else buying the domain you want.
- Your domain name should be as short as possible.
- It should include you main keyword phrase or business name.
- Do not have hyphens separating the words in your website address.
Do some brainstorming and come up with a unique domain name for your new website, business or blog.
GET A FREE DOMAIN WITH YOUR HOSTING
When it comes to making websites you need your site to be available all the time that’s why its important to use a hosting company that won’t let you down. I use INMOTION HOSTING for my web development projects. Their hosting and support is top level. Its easy for clients to update their own site and change their themes. They also offer a free domain when you sign up.
STEP #3: Setting Up Your New Website
Now that you have got your hosting and a free domain you will want to learn how to make a website but first you need to set up your website.
Lets get you started. The first thing you’ll need to do is download and install WordPress on to your new hosting account.
Here are the steps you should follow to install WordPress:
- Log in to your new hosting account.
- Go to your control panel.
- Look for the “WordPress” icon.
- Choose the domain where you want to install your website.
- Click the “Install Now” button and you should get access to your new WordPress website.
CHOOSING YOUR NEW THEME/TEMPLATE FOR YOUR SITE OR BLOG
Once you have installed WordPress you will have the standard WordPress theme. This is a very basic free theme. You can change the look and feel of your new website quite easily. Your theme should reflect what your website is going to be about. Why keep the standard WordPress theme when you can choose from thousands of free and pay themes.
Lets Look For Your New Theme
LOG IN TO YOUR WORDPRESS DASHBOARD
The first step is to log in to the back-end or dashboard of your site. If you’re not sure how, type in: http://yourdomain.com/wp-admin (replace “yourdomain” with your domain).
FIND FREE THEMES
1. In the dashboard look for “Inspiration”, hover over it.
2. Next click on “Install New Site”.
3. Now click on “Install New Staging Site” at the bottom.
You can now select your new website Category (see below image).
The category we selected for this demo was Real Estate. Next hover over the theme you would like to use and hit the select button.
INSTALL YOUR NEW THEME
Here you can choose your page set up.
HELPFUL HINT: Changing themes won’t delete your previous posts, pages and content. You can change themes as often as you want without having to worry about lose what you’ve created.
INSTALL YOUR NEW WEBSITE | <urn:uuid:3c2f7544-8168-44b7-babc-613ab68d7f78> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.2createawebsites.com/blogs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.911815 | 1,896 | 1.8125 | 2 |
17 February 2020
Whitechapel is at the heart of the East End in London, with Whitechapel High Street and Whitechapel Road running from Aldgate High Street and Aldgate East underground station in the west and running on into Whitechapel Road. It continues east into Mile End Road, forming part of the A11 and one of the main arteries from one end of the East End to the other, the others including Commercial Road and Cable Street.
During a recent walk through the East End, I also went in search of the original ‘white chapel’ that gave its name to Whitechapel, which is part of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
Originally, this was part of the Roman road between the City of London and Colchester, leaving the city at Aldgate.
Whitechapel was once part of the ancient parish of Stepney, and takes its name from a small chapel of ease dedicated to Saint Mary, the second-oldest church in Stepney after Saint Dunstan’s Church. For some unknown reasons, the church was known as Saint Mary Matfelon.
The church was whitewashed at an early stage, and became known as the ‘White Chapel,’ giving its name to the surrounding district. Its earliest-known priest was the Revd Hugh de Fulbourne in 1329.
Stepney was divided into nine separate parishes in 1673, when one of them was the newly formed parish of Saint Mary’s, Whitechapel.
The Rector of Whitechapel, the Revd Ralph Davenant, bequeathed a legacy in 1680 for the education of 40 boys and 30 girls of the parish. The Davenant Centre still exists, although the Davenant Foundation School moved from Whitechapel to Loughton in 1966.
The Revd Richard Welton, who became Rector of Saint Mary’s in 1697, had strong Jacobite sympathies, and regarded his Whig contemporaries as apostates. In 1713, he placed a new altarpiece in the church, depicting the Last Supper. The painter, James Fellowes, was commissioned to paint Judas like Bishop Gilbert Burnet, but Fellowes instead used an image of permission to substitute White Kennett, Dean (and later Bishop) of Peterborough, with the words ‘The Dean the Traitor’ underneath. Saint John the Divine, depicted as a youth, had a likeness to the Stuart pretender, Prince James Edward.
The bishop of London, John Robinson ordered its removal, and Welton was deprived of his office in 1715.
A third church was built on the site in the 19th century, largely at the expense of Octavius Coope, and it was opened and re-consecrated on 2 February 1877. Three years later, on 26 August 1880, the new church was devastated by a fire that left only its tower, vestry and church rooms intact. It was rebuilt and opened once again on 1 December 1882, this time with a capacity for 1,600 worshippers and including an external pulpit for sermons, some of which, it is said, were delivered in Yiddish.
A German fire raid destroyed the church during the Blitz on 29 December 1940. It was left in disrepair until it was finally demolished in 1952.
The site of the church and the churchyard became Saint Mary’s Gardens in 1966, and an outline of the footprint of the church is all that remains of it. The park is known to many local people as ‘Itchy Park.’ It is officially named Altab Ali Park in memory of a young Bengali tailor who was murdered nearby in 1978.
Whitechapel was at the heart of the East End Jewish community in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But it was also the scene of the infamous Whitechapel Murders by ‘Jack the Ripper’ in the late 1880s.
In more recent decades, Whitechapel has become home to many people in the Bangladeshi community in London, and in many cases mosques have replaced the old synagogues: Spitalfields Great Synagogue or Brick Lane Synagogue has become Brick Lane Mosque, and Fieldgate Street Great Synagogue has become the East London Mosque.
But one reminder of the once-strong presence of the Jewish community in this part of Whitechapel is in the name of Adler Street, to the east of the site of Saint Mary’s and the park surrounding the ruins of the original ‘White Chapel.’
The name of Adler Street commemorates Herman Adler (1839-1911), who succeeded his father, Nathan Marcus Adler (1803-1890), as former Chief Rabbi. Chief Rabbi Herman Adler was a regular visitor to Ireland, including two pastoral visits to the Jewish community in Limerick in 1888 and 1892.
The Adler Hall, which once stood on this street, was home to the New Yiddish Theatre in 1943-1947.
Weekends are busy, with services and sermons in two churches, and I usually find – no matter how much preparation has gone into these during the week – that there is a need for tweaking, adjustments and alterations to sermons and intercessions on Saturdays.
This weekend also saw the deadline for two diocesan magazines: Newslink in Limerick and Killaloe and the Church Review in Dublin and Glendalough.
Without stealing my own thunder, my column in the Church Review next month [March 2020] is my own personal look at the East End in London, and how it has changed over the generations with the arrival of new immigrants, from Sephardic Jews in the late 17th century, to Huguenot and Irish weavers, Ashkenazic Jews fleeing pogroms in East Europe and Tsarist Russia, and later arrivals of Italians, more Irish people, and Muslims from Bangladesh.
The East End became an important focus for Anglo-Catholic ‘slum priests,’ political activists from Emily Pankhurst to Kropotkin, Lenin, Trotsky and Stalin, and social activists and philanthropists like Thomas Bernardo.
I have got to know the East End in recent years, walking along its many streets, including Commercial Road, Whitechapel and Brick Lane, and visiting its churches, synagogues and mosques.
Beside Saint Botolph without Aldgate, the church where the Revd Kenneth Leech continued the tradition of those radical ‘slum priests,’ an almost forgotten landmark is the fountain erected in 1906 and that recalls the philanthropic work of Frederic David Mocatta (1828-1905).
The Metropolitan Drinking Association was set up in 1859 by Samuel Gurney, a Quaker philanthropist, to provide safe drinking water available for people long before water was provided, on tap, in the poorer housing districts of London.
The Mocatta family, also known as de Mattos Mocatta, Lumbroso de Mattos Mocatta and Lumbrozo de Mattos Mocatta, was a prominent Anglo-Jewish family originally from Portugal and one of the first Sephardi families to move to London following the resettlement in the 17th century.
Family members were known for their philanthropy, leadership and sponsoring the arts and letters. For generations, they were involved in finance, commerce, and the law, they are considered to be one of the principal families that formed a closely-knit nexus of senior Sephardic Anglo-Jewish families. Their family names included d’Avigdor, Sassoon, Goldsmid, Henriques, Kadoorie, Lousada, Mazza, Montefiore, Spielmann, Samuel and de Leon.
The origin of the name Mocatta is unknown. Potential origins include: Mukattil, Arabic for champion; a river called Wadi Mokatta; or Mukataa, Arabic for fortress.
The family left Spain in 1492, moving in France, the Netherlands and Italy, after the Alhambra Decree expelled Jews and Muslims from Spain, not long after the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition.
Antonio de Marchena was a member a branch of the Mocatta family that stayed in Spain during the Inquisition and seemed to become Catholic. He left Spain for the Netherlands in the mid-17th century, and was welcomed back into the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam, where he adopted the name Moses Mocatta.
Moses Mocatta moved with his family to London by 1670, and in 1671 he founded Mocatta & Co, a bullion brokerage firm in Camomile Street in the City of London. It was renamed Mocatta & Goldsmid in 1799, after Asher Goldsmid was admitted as partner in 1787. It is the world’s oldest bullion house and continues today largely as ScotiaMocatta.
One branch of the family obtained a royal licence in 1790 to cease the use of Lumbrozo de Mattos. Members of the Mocatta family were also involved in the beginnings of Reform Judaism in Britain in the 19th century.
The beautifully weathered fountain at Saint Botolph without Aldgate on Aldgate High Street, near Liverpool Street Station and Aldgate Station, was erected in 1906 in memory of Frederic David Mocatta.
Mocatta was a tycoon, financier who had been a partner in Mocatta & Goldsmid and directed the business from 1857 to 1874. But he was also one the great Victorian philanthropists. When he was still only 46, he retired from the family business in 1874, and devoted the rest of his life to works of public and private benevolence, especially among deprived people in the East End.
He was concerned that charities should encourage the independence of the poor. He had a particular interest in housing, education supported many Jewish charities, and many London hospitals and the RSPCA were among the beneficiaries of his philanthropy.
Mocatta was also of learning and was the an author of historical works, including The Jews of Spain & Portugal and the Inquisition. The Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition (1887) owed its inception to Mocatta. He also funded publications by other writers and researchers.
To mark his 70th birthday in 1898, he was presented with a testimonial from more than 200 philanthropic and literary institutions.
Mocatta was an observant Jew and belonged not only to two Orthodox synagogues but also to a Reform congregation that his family had played a prominent part in founding. For the last years of his life, he was chairman of the council of the West London Synagogue on Seymour Place, near Marble Arch, Hyde Park and Oxford Street.
When there were calls for the immigrants from East Europe in the late 19th century to be barred from entering Britain, Mocatta fought on their behalf, pleading: ‘It is not right for us as Englishmen to try and close entrance into our country to any of our fellow creatures, especially such as are oppressed. It is not for us as Jews to try and bar our gates against other Jews who are persecuted solely for professing the same religion as ourselves.’
Mocatta died on 16 January 1905. Ironically, later that year of the Aliens Act was passed, bringing in measures to curb immigration.
He bequeathed his library to the Jewish Historical Society of England, of which he was a past president. This library formed the basis of the Mocatta Library, now the Jewish Studies Library, at University College London.
Mocatta House in Whitechapel is a small block of flats on Brady Street, off Mile End Road in the East End, was built that year too and named in his honour.
The fountain at Saint Botolph’s Church without Aldgate was erected to his memory by the people of East London. The fountain is dated 1906 and has a carved stone with an inscription that reads:
Metropolitan Drinking Fountain Association
Erected by permission
of the vicar & churchwardens.
Below, a metal plate reads:
In honoured memory
Frederic David Mocatta, in recognition of a
Jan[uar]y. 16th 1905
Low down, a stone side piece has the lettering:
Vicar – J.R. Marr (possibly J.F. Marr).
I doubt whether any passers-by are tempted to drink from the chained cup and the fountain. But this remains a reminder of a benevolent Victorian philanthropist who devoted his life to impoverished people of the East End.
A nearby blue police phone box survives from the age when telephones were new and the emergency services knew their usefulness.
As for the West London Synagogue, built in an ornate Byzantine style by Davis and Emanuel, it has become the flagship synagogue of the Reform movement in Britain. With its vast domed ceiling, gilded mosaics and bronzed gallery it is still one of the largest and most beautiful Reform synagogues in Britain, and it the only synagogue in Britain with an integrated pipe organ. The senior rabbi is Baroness (Julia) Neuberger, who is due to retire next month. | <urn:uuid:96aca36b-9994-42e6-86c0-ebbfc6a55bbf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.patrickcomerford.com/2020_02_17_archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.975382 | 2,788 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In the United States today, hunger impacts more than 42 million Americans. This is a national disgrace caused by poverty and income inequality. In the not-too-distant future, hunger could also be the result of climate change. The warming climate is causing a host of alarming changes—unseasonable temperatures, disruptions in pollination, biblical floods and epic droughts —all of which threaten the long-term viability of our food supply. Yet despite these well-established risks to agriculture, the president has signed an Executive Order rolling back progress in the fight against the climate crisis.
Here’s the hard truth: Nothing will undermine food security for all Americans more than an unstable climate. We are already seeing the following effects:
Extreme weather events harm crops and reduce yields, and they are becoming more frequent and intense all the time. We’ve seen this across the country and with many different crops, from cherries in spring (Michigan’s unduly warm winter in 2012 resulted in $220 million of losses) to pumpkins in the fall (in 2011 Hurricane Irene caused a pumpkin shortage in the Northeast) to staple crops year-round. Without serious reductions in greenhouse gases, by 2100 half the country’s corn harvest could be wiped out, wheat production could fall by 20 percent, soybean production by 40 percent.
A decline in the nutritional value of crops is another consequence of a warming climate. Soaring levels of CO2 lead to a reduction in both the mineral and protein content of crops, including trace minerals such as selenium, zinc, and iron that are essential to human health.
Loss of Diversity
Plants are stationary. When the going gets rough they can’t move to a more hospitable location. Climates are changing faster than plants can adapt; as a result, one out of every five plant species is at risk of extinction. And food isn’t the only thing we rely on plants for—about half the drugs prescribed in the U.S. are plant-based.
The solution? Rebuilding our nation’s soil health. We can begin by transitioning immediately to farming and ranching practices that respect soil as the living carbon-rich ecosystem that it is, rather than as merely a growing medium. These practices are regenerative, agro-ecological and organic, and include minimal tillage, cover cropping and increasing crop diversity to support soil microorganisms and beneficial insects. They create more resilient systems for farmers and free agricultural production from dependency on fossil fuels. Most important, regenerative agriculture has vast untapped potential to rebalance Earth’s woozy climate system by drawing down excess carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and storing it in the ground as life-giving soil carbon.
As individuals, we can play an important role in building food security and resilience in our communities. So while Trump is busy ripping up the Clean Power Plan for the short-term benefit of a few corporations, engage however you can. Rip up the lawn. Plant some fruit trees. Start composting. Volunteer at a community garden. Create a garden school. Grow your own food-secure community.
Start locally, and affect change nationally by putting pressure on elected officials. Now more than ever, we have to work urgently at the state, local, and community levels to implement policies that protect and support our food supply. A number of states (including California, Hawaii, Vermont, Maryland and New York) are planning ahead by focusing on regenerating degraded landscapes and incentivizing carbon-farming methods that increase soil health, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and improve resilience to a changing climate.
On the ground action is the way to achieve food security for everyone.
Climate Change is such an enormous and unprecedented problem that it may seem like our indi…
Trump Signs Away Action on Climate Change ImpactsRead More | <urn:uuid:678f49c8-3c47-45e0-b8f7-926fd95fbc59> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://centerforfoodsafety.org/issues/305/food-and-climate/blog/4909/homeland-food-security | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.93978 | 800 | 3.46875 | 3 |
The use of raised beds for growing fruit and veg has become increasingly popular over the last decade or so, and with good reason. With sustainability and planet-friendliness being higher on the agenda than ever before, more and more people are discovering the benefits of growing their own produce. Using recycled plastic raised beds can be incredibly rewarding, as swathes of seasoned growers will readily attest. Growing your own fruit and veg is no longer just the preserve of pensioners pootling about on the allotment, now raised bed projects are being embraced by household families, urban gardeners, schools and community groups across the UK.
The global pandemic has also played a part in the recent gardening boom – when Covid took hold in 2020, allotments saw their waiting lists dramatically increase, and many suburban and urban gardeners used the extra time at home to get a growing project underway. Self-sufficiency, personal satisfaction and the chance to teach the younger generation about sustainability are all encapsulated in raised bed growing, values we can all get behind at any time.
Ease and convenience
The are several obvious benefits to using our recycled plastic raised beds – they substantially improve drainage, reduce weeding, and make companion planting and crop rotation quick and simple. They also encourage healthy and vigorous growth by absorbing thermal energy from the sun.
However, construction and maintenance are common concerns among those considering plastic raised beds for the first time. Many people find the prospect of building their own beds daunting, and worry they may be lacking the technical know-how for the job. This is exactly where our raised beds come in, as the whole building and upkeep process could not be simpler.
Our raised beds arrive flat-packed in kit form, with all the necessary fixings supplied. They are easily assembled with bolts, no tricky drilling or cutting is required – welcome news for those less confident when it comes to DIY! As well as the ease of construction, one of the main benefits of raised bed growing is the ability to work at a comfortable height. Whereas traditional veg patches would have been at ground level, our raised bed kits are available in three different heights to perfectly suit your needs.
The 300mm height is a good choice for those who are comfortable kneeling for longer periods, and prefer their planting to be closer to ground level. However, some of us are not quite as nimble as we once were, so the 600mm and 750mm options mean you can look after your plants while sitting or standing – ideal for wheelchair users and those with limited mobility.
Take a look at our easy assembly video here.
Some of our customers have have been a little apprehensive about building and installing their own raised beds, but have been pleasantly surprised as how straightforward it proved to be. In 2020, Hannah and Helen bought raised bed kits for their garden in Hebden Bridge, and have enjoyed developing their growing project in the subsequent months:
“We’re two years into our gardening adventure in the Pennines; quite a challenging environment. We decided in the first year that raised beds would be really helpful but didn’t relish the idea of ongoing maintenance and potential replacement, especially as we’re not exactly spring chickens! The British Recycled Plastic beds were the perfect solution and after the installation – which was pretty straightforward, even on our sloping site – we’re looking forward to many years of maintenance-free growing.
“We’ve enjoyed crops from the beds throughout the year, beans, mange tout, spinach, sugar snaps, carrots, beetroot, onions and loads of salad and herbs. It’s exciting to discover what thrives and what doesn’t in our West Yorkshire climate and the beds are at the heart of that.”
Glenn in Cambridge is also a couple of years into his gardening project, having deciding that plastic raised beds would be preferable to more traditional materials such as wood or brick. Impressed by the ease and resilience of the plastic beds, he’s now a convert!
“This is my second year using my plastic beds and I couldn’t be happier. They were very simple to assemble, and only required screwing together. They haven’t warped or bleached, and look as good as the day I bought them. I will be taking them with me when I next move house!”
The longevity of our raised beds appeals to many of our customers, as once in place they will never need to be replaced or rebuilt every few years. Eileen in Worcester chose plastic over other materials, deciding that our raised beds would be a wise investment.
“My husband and I assembled them ourselves, and we are no experts! Although they may be more expensive than other wooden raised beds, they will last for many many years. Longer than wood. For us, as we plan to stay in our house for the forseeable, it made economical sense to go for something that will last. The black finish looks very smart alongside the white gravel paths we laid between the planters.”
Paula, in the Scottish Highlands, also opted for plastic after discovering its benefits. The weather can get pretty turbulent up there, which is where plastic beds come into their own.
“Buying plastic raised beds for my garden was not something I initially considered but rather stumbled across when researching wooden products. Reading about British Recycled Plastic I realised what a great solution it could be. Treated wood is expensive, needs maintenance and will rot, needing replacement in 10-15 years. Plastic, whilst still expensive at first, doesn’t require maintenance and will outlast me!
“My only concerns were about strength and appearance not wanting a weak and tacky looking set of beds. Ringing the company to ask more about the product I was reassured about their strength, appearance and design features. I garden on glacial moraine – a few centimetres of soil, then compacted stone that has broken more than one garden fork!
“The product arrived on pallets and was very easy to assemble with the enclosed instructions. Any reservations I had about strength or sturdiness were unfounded. The supplied screws were good as I put them into the very dense plastic, everything is supplied straight and square so went together well. They were set up on a flat grass area with a weed suppressing membrane at the base followed by a deep layer of rotted manure then filled with compost.
“Having been in place for two years they have seen sunshine, rain, hail, snow and ice in the Highlands without discolouration, fading or warping. All of the plants – flowers, shrubs, fruit and veg – are doing very well.”
As an experienced gardener, Helen in Bedfordshire has been very happy with recycled plastic raised beds, having used many different materials in the past.
“My daughter assembled the beds and found it pretty quick and easy, not at all complicated. She and her partner moved them into place and I spend the winter adding material to the beds.
“Everyone who has seen them has admired them, I have shared them on our local environmental group and people have been impressed. I have told anyone who will listen that more plastics ought to be recycled – it is obviously possible.
“Before this, I did have raised beds made out of all sorts of things, old wall tiles, toughened glass, bricks, but the wood frames were rotting, and they were basically falling apart. I didn’t want wooden ones that needed preserving as didn’t like the idea of chemicals leaching into the soil, many other sorts of kit were either the wrong shape or size, not much choice as to the dimensions, and none of them looked that durable.
“I liked that they are made from recycled British plastic and have such a long guarantee, and am sure that they will outlive me. And they are a British product, and I like to support businesses from my home area (am actually from Bradford, but Calderdale is close enough!)”
In 2020, West Kirby School in Merseyside decided to invest in raised beds to develop its horticulture area. Keen to find a solution that was both sustainable and easy for the pupils to work with, the school installed several of our standing-height raised beds., which the kids have taken to enthusiastically.
Luke Cowell, Operations Director of West Kirby School, told us: “We’re really pleased with the quality of the beds. They also support the environmental ethos at the school, whilst being hard wearing and natural looking.”
Miss Harris, Horticulture Teacher, added: “They’re great! Practically they’re easy for planting and weeding. And the growth has been absolutely brilliant in them.”
Join the raised bed gang
We’ve got customers throughout the UK who have discovered the simplicity and satisfaction of growing fruit and veg in raised beds. Whether for a school, allotment or domestic garden, we’re confident you’ll find something to suit your requirements in our large range of kits. If you can’t, give us a call to discuss your custom order.
Our raised bed kits are designed with ease and convenience in mind – they are all strapped to single pallets, so they can be tail-lifted from the truck and can travel in smaller box trucks, for simpler delivery. They’re easy to assemble and need only coach bolts (provided) to fix them together. They’re available in our webshop, so your purchase can be completed online, easily and securely.
They last for decades and never need treating. They don’t rot, split or splinter and don’t leach toxins into the ground, so your plants and the wildlife around them are safe.
The eagle-eyed among you will have noticed that our raised bed design has changed a little over the past few years. We’ve listened to your feedback and developed a design with closed corners and a slimmer, smoother profile, as seen in this article’s featured image.
Who are we?
British Recycled Plastic is proud to offer a range of products that are not only incredibly tough and durable, but actively help to dismantle the UK’s domestic waste mountain and keep plastic out of landfill. Engineered from 100 percent British waste, our products are guaranteed for 25 years and supplied to thousands of organisations and private homes across the UK. We’re making waste wonderful.
Do check back as we update our blog regularly.
You’ll find more tips to recycle effectively, as well as other relevant topics. | <urn:uuid:3597ac9e-47ec-4842-863d-d7cd342e05f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://britishrecycledplastic.co.uk/recycled-plastic-raised-beds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.972612 | 2,207 | 2.125 | 2 |
The goal of the Gitanyow Huwilp Society is to establish government to government agreements over time to form the foundation of a modern day treaty through an Incremental Treaty Approach, on behalf of the Gitanyow Huwilp membership.
The Gitanyow Huwilp Society, established in 1993, was formed to represent the Gitanyow Huwilp. Mandated by our people, our mission is to protect the Lax 'Yip for the Wilp membership through land protection.
The Gitanyow have never supported the current Canadian “Land Selection” Treaty model.
"Through government to government agreements we are able to benefit from the resources from the Lax Yip without ever having to sacrifice any land, thus extinguishing the Gitanyow reliance on the Indian Act, ultimately creating a fully self reliant system in which the Gitanyow are sustained through the resources on the land."
- Glen Williams, Simogyet Malii, President
Gitanyow Hereditary Chiefs Office
PO Box 148
Kitwanga BC V0J 2A0
4581- 4th Avenue
Gitanyow IR 1
Email: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:ea2c508a-d924-4dcc-b25f-a3e9b25eb832> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gitanyowchiefs.com/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.86317 | 276 | 1.554688 | 2 |
By Gretchen Reynolds
Sitting for hours at a desk can play havoc with our metabolic health, contributing over time to high blood sugar and high cholesterol, even in people who otherwise seem mostly healthy. But a practical though small new study shows that standing up and moving every 30 minutes for about three minutes may lessen the health impacts of over-sitting.
The study found that climbing several flights of stairs, bopping through some jumping jacks or squats or even taking as few as 15 steps during these mini-breaks improved aspects of blood sugar control among office workers, without noticeably interrupting their workflow.
But the study, which involved 16 middle-aged, white-collar workers at high risk for Type 2 diabetes, also indicates that these bi-hourly, three-minute breaks likely represent the minimum amount of movement needed to protect metabolic health. While 15 steps twice an hour may be a good start, they should not be the only steps we take toward reducing how much we sit.
For most of us, sitting is not just commonplace but constant. According to epidemiological studies, adults in the United States typically sit for about 6½ hours a day, with most of that time uninterrupted by standing or strolling. This postural lassitude likely accelerated during the pandemic. Preliminary data suggests that many of us are more inactive now than in 2019, especially if we have children and jobs.
Such relentless sitting squashes metabolic health. Or, as the new study’s authors write, “Every waking hour spent in sedentary postures (that is, sitting or lying) increases risk for metabolic syndrome and Type 2 diabetes.”
Blame flaccid muscles. When we sit, the muscles in our legs, which are the largest in our body and are usually active and hungry, barely contract, so, require minimal fuel and slurp little sugar from our bloodstreams. They also do not release biochemical substances that would normally help break down fatty acids in the blood. So, when we hunch over our desks, blood sugar and cholesterol build up in our bloodstreams.
Helpfully, frequent breaks from sitting improve blood sugar control and cholesterol levels, past studies show. But much of that research took place in university labs and lasted only a day or two, conditions that do not reflect real life.
So, for the new study, which was published last month in The American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, an international consortium of scientists, led by researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, decided to see what would happen if office workers agreed to break up their sitting time, over three weeks, in their normal workplace.
They began by recruiting 16 middle-aged men and women in Stockholm with sedentary desk jobs and a history of obesity, putting them at high risk for metabolic problems like diabetes. They checked the volunteers’ current metabolic health and asked them to wear activity monitors for a week, to get baseline numbers.
Then, half of the volunteers continued with their normal lives, as a control, and the rest downloaded a smartphone app that alerted them every 30 minutes during the workday to rise and be active for three minutes. They ambled halls, strolled stairs, marched in place, squatted, hopped or otherwise moseyed about in whatever way they found convenient, tolerable and not overly distracting or amusing to their co-workers. But they had to take a minimum of 15 steps before the app recorded their movement as an activity break.
The experiment continued for three weeks, after which everyone returned to the lab for another round of metabolic tests. The researchers found that the two groups’ results subtly diverged. The control group displayed ongoing problems with insulin resistance, blood sugar control and cholesterol levels. But the other volunteers, who had stood and moved while at work, showed lower fasting blood sugar levels in the morning, meaning their bodies better controlled blood sugar during the night, a potentially important indicator of metabolic health. Their blood sugar also stabilised during the day, with fewer spikes and dips than in the control group, and the amount of beneficial HDL cholesterol in their bloodstreams rose. These improvements were slight, but might mean the difference, over time, between progressing to full-blown Type 2 diabetes or not.
Interestingly, the gains also ranged, depending on how often and how rigorously workers complied with their app alerts. Those who rose regularly and were the most active – generally managing 75 steps or more during the three minutes – improved their metabolisms the most. Others, accumulating fewer steps, or frequently ignoring their beeping alerts, benefited less.
But their metabolic health did improve somewhat, said Dr Erik Näslund, a professor at the Karolinska Institute who oversaw the new study. The findings suggest that aiming to get up twice an hour is worthwhile, even if we do not always succeed. He offered two pieces of advice to anyone concerned about over-sitting and their metabolic health.
– Download an app or set an alarm on your computer or phone to remind you to rise every half-hour. Walk for a few minutes. Jog in place. “Going to the bathroom or getting a coffee” also count, Naslund said, with the second potentially contributing to the first.
– Be sure to keep moving, outside of work hours. “In general, it is important to introduce more physical activity into our lives,” he said. “Walk stairs rather than take the elevator. Get off one bus stop earlier on the way home. There are so many minor changes we can make that are beneficial for metabolic health.”
The New York Times | <urn:uuid:5d63bc62-eee0-4337-b6e5-13228f68f3c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/lifestyle/health-and-wellness/why-you-should-move-for-three-minutes-every-half-hour-20210909-p58q3k.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.959937 | 1,154 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Birthing Teams Ready for Action Around the Clock
When her doctor prescribed a “birth by appointment,” Angelica Carter thought she knew what she was getting into. After all, the Suisun City mother had labor induced seven years earlier, when her first son was born.
Now pregnant with twins, her doctor scheduled delivery at 38 weeks gestation. But this time, things were different. Shortly after the IV was started about 5 p.m., the contractions became intense.
“After about an hour and a half, I kept thinking, ‘Really? Really? Really?’ she recalls. “The pain was pretty strong. But the nurses were so kind; they brought me a yoga ball to lie on and warm towels for my back.”
Angelica was determined to have a drug-free and vaginal delivery, but by 9:30 p.m., the intense contractions were really sapping her resolve. “I finally agreed to an epidural,” she recalls.
I knew it was an emergency, but everyone moved fast and did a great job.
After another hour of labor, it was time for the doctor to check her progress. The doctor could feel a baby’s head, and something unexpected. “I think it was about 10:30 p.m. when the doctor said the umbilical cord was prolapsed.”
The umbilical cord is a flexible, tube-like structure that, during pregnancy, is the baby’s lifeline to the mother, delivering nutrients and oxygen. When the umbilical cord presents ahead of the baby’s body during delivery, it becomes a very serious complication.
“It is an obstetrical emergency,” stresses Katie Lydon, R.N., director of Women’s and Children’s Services. “When the umbilical cord becomes trapped against the baby’s body during delivery, there is a risk of lack of oxygen to the fetus; the situation must be dealt with immediately.”
Angelica’s doctor tried to lift the baby’s head off the cord but was unsuccessful. “She said this was serious, that we’re going to have to do a C-section and we’re rushing you to surgery. There was no time even to grab my husband.
“Everything happened so fast. I was so nervous, didn’t know what to expect. But my nurse, Hannah (Gregerson), was so calm, she held my hand, told me everything was going to be OK and that she would be right there with me. I knew it was an emergency, but everyone moved fast and did such a great job.”
The OB anesthesiologist was on hand and Angelica quickly fell asleep. “When I woke up, about an hour later, the first thing I said was ‘Where are my babies? What happened?'”
Elijah was born at 10:36 p.m., and brother Jeremiah was born at 10:38 p.m. Both boys weathered the emergency birth very well, and neither needed any time in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. “Elijah is my little firecracker,” Angelica says. “He’s so demanding, but cute. Jeremiah is a little more chill.”
Although Hannah could have clocked out at the end of her shift, she stayed alongside to provide some reassurance, and then the night team took over.
It’s the evening shift—from 3 p.m. to 11 p.m.—that seems to see the most action, Katie says, attributing the uptick in births to the number of inductions that were begun during the day shift.
All day, every day, there are at least three Labor & Delivery nurses on shift, as well as an OB Tech and a Unit Clerk, who has an eye on the board that shows which rooms are occupied, and how far along in labor the patient may be.
“There is a lot of coming and going,” Katie explains, “not only with our patients who are in labor, but with outpatients with high-risk pregnancies who arrive to have their scheduled stress tests or ultrasounds performed, or those who have been scheduled to have their labor induced or to have a Cesarean section.”
The Unit Clerk is at the hub of communication and the OB Tech ensures patient safety through constant readiness for any delivery or emergency.
Each one of the eight Labor and Delivery rooms is treated as if it is an oasis of calm and quiet.
Overseeing all is the lead nurse. Autumn Thacker, R.N., is one of several nurses to have this role, and she says it’s a perfect fit because her 12-hour schedule crosses all three shifts, allowing her to work with incoming and outgoing Labor & Delivery, Mother-Baby and NICU nurses and doctors, providing a valuable level of continuity in patient care.
No matter the time of day, intensity of the patient load, or emergency situations such as Angelica’s, staff is determined to keep the chaos away from laboring moms, as part of the Baby-Friendly experience, Katie explains.
Each one of the eight Labor and Delivery rooms is treated as if it is an oasis of calm and quiet so that the families and their newest members are able to focus on each other, bonding and building memories for life.
“I was in the hospital for about five days,” Angelica recalls, “and a couple of my labor nurses and Dr. Berkheimer from the NICU came by to see my babies. They were all so great that night; they did an awesome job.”
And that’s according to plan, says Katie. “Our Labor & Delivery nurses work with moms and their labor support partners. We do our best to deliver the birth experience they want.”
Solano County’s Only Baby-Friendly Hospital
NorthBay Healthcare was named a Baby-Friendly hospital in August, 2014, putting the facility in elite company not only in Solano County, but across the country. Only 14.4 percent of babies are born in the 286 hospitals or birthing centers that have earned the distinction.
What makes a hospital Baby-Friendly? After undergoing a two-year process to change practices, NorthBay’s specially trained staff works to educate, encourage and support breastfeeding moms. The program also enables moms to stay with their healthy babies 24 hours a day after delivery and have at least a full hour of skin-to-skin contact immediately after birth. Additionally, all procedures that occur after birth are now performed either with the baby in mother’s arms or in the mother’s room. “We’ve learned skin-to-skin contact is so important for new babies, and we know that breastfeeding is one of the best things a new mom can do for her baby,” Katie explains. “We’ve trained our staff to be able to provide support and education to make the effort as successful as possible.” | <urn:uuid:f797294c-d501-41b1-944b-c6ec2941fd5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wellspring.northbay.org/we-deliver-34/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.980618 | 1,501 | 1.640625 | 2 |
With advances in technology, the internet has changed the way that we communicate. Writing A Blog is quite popular these days. This article has all the information you need to learn more about running a blog.
Make your readers feel as if you are ever present for them. Make posting and interacting with your readers in the comments section a regular habit. If your readers feel like they can rely on you, then they will be more consistent in their own commitment to your blog. If you feel like dropping everything and abandoning your blog, consider that you won’t just be disappointing yourself, but your readers, as well.
Be certain that your blog takes advantage of search engine optimization. Your ultimate goal includes people reading your blog, so have it visible in search engine results. Choose keywords relevant to your topic, and use them throughout blog posts and titles to boost readership.
Blog often and blog smartly. Don’t be like other beginning bloggers who don’t update their blog frequently after starting it. This mistake will cost you readers. Readers will get bored waiting for new posts. Beginning bloggers should aim to post one blog a week and send out an email update when they do this.
When getting started with your blog, think about buying a domain name instead of using a free blog host. Buying your own domain is surprisingly inexpensive and makes your blog seem more professional. It also makes it easier for readers to remember who you are.
The best material is material that has an air of authenticity to it. Do not try to act like some kind of know-it-all. Try being honest, transparent and open. Always remember to do this. Having a blog shows a person’s individuality. Do not waste any time attempting to reach perfection. Instead, do your best and make improvements consistently. If you are incorrect, then accept that everyone makes mistakes. You’re unique and you should leverage this fact to your advantage.
Comment on other blogs to raise your blog’s profile. If you use Google Reader, try maintaining a separate folder within it to utilize for keeping up with other blogs that you want to follow. Visit these sites regularly and, when you do, leave comments.
Invite successful bloggers to write guest blogs for your site. This will increase the amount of quality content on your blog. You’ll also get more traffic if they tell their own readers about it. Try to have a rotation of guest authors on your blog.
Read all of your comment,s and try to respond to any feedback given without taking it too personally. Whatever the subject is, there will always be people who criticize. Improve your blog through constructive criticism. If you receive any negative or destructive criticisms, respond to them politely. This will eventually grow your readership and make you look mature.
Stay patient as you build your reader numbers. It takes time for readers to find your blog. Content is key to gain readers, and it will take a bit of time to have a broad range of content to attract large numbers of readers. You will get more readers as you create more content and let your blog grow naturally.
Don’t let yourself copy other people’s material. Nobody takes plagiarism lightly, and employing this tactic will unquestionably be very counterproductive to your efforts at establishing yourself as a reputable writer. It’s not necessary to work as a professional writer, as long as you are passionate about your subject.
Blog keywords should be unique and not extremely competitive. Choosing the same keywords that are commonly used will make your article hard to find. Be unique if you want to get the reader’s views.
Don’t write a novel when you post on your blog. Make sure to research information first, and always write about a subject that you know well and/or really enjoy. You won’t succeed if you don’t have valid information. Always remember that your content is key to success.
Posting regularly is key to having a good blog. If you’re not consistent with your posts, readers won’t know when to expect new content, and they may look elsewhere. People won’t hold it against you at certain times, such as around the holidays, but there’s no getting around the fact that you need to post frequently and consistently.
It can be helpful to have a domain name of your own rather than creating a blog through a free blog service. It isn’t that expensive to do, and will give your blog a more professional appearance. Choose something memorable and relative to the content.
Keep in mind that your blog is accessible to people in every corner of the globe. You never know who you might influence through getting your voice out there. Remember this as you start blogging. Just one sentence or one idea can have a significant impact on someone else who you will never meet. | <urn:uuid:237bb7dd-cd1c-4e2d-bc58-f7a0c769246d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theblognetwork.org/2022/03/13/you-can-succeed-at-writing-a-blog-heres-how-to-do-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.946651 | 1,004 | 1.726563 | 2 |
A gift I made for my Granddaughter:
The Clasp of Wisdom.
This year My grandchildren were to receive hand made cloaks
created by their Mother for Christmas.
I was honored by the task
of augmenting their gifts by creating clasps,
I found myself in a scene from a faerie tale…
In Tolken’s book of the Lord of the rings,
there is a scene where Fordo and his crew were given gifts
as they continued from Lothlorien.
The Hobbits received clasps for their cloaks
each made of a particular symbol sacred to the Elves.
I thought for a long time
as to what would be appropriate for the little ones.
With the two boys
(who are currently being trained as “super Heroes”)
the Thunder Clasps seemed appropriate.
However with my Grand daughter it took a bit of considering.
With two brothers and a Father,
she would be continually surround with with very strong male influences.
With her mother as a counter weight to both opinion and demand,
the Wisdom of Women will be dearly borne,
like a path of fire to find her own voice.
It is within the tradition of my bloodline,
Scots use knot work as a way to develop pasterns of meditation and expression,
so I began with that:
each knot pattern holding the significance of thought,
woven about to provide the intricacies of knowledge.
At the point where the clasps meet,
are two profiles of “Wise Men” facing each other;
both in the process of speech;
thus the Knot work pattern is
of a classic Zoomorphic Style of Celtic Knot work.
Each of the panels are complete knots to themselves,
yet by hooking her cloak together
she will be unifying the wisdom of others:
developing a new perspective.
It is “she herself”
that may bring opposing views,
bringing a better understanding and Peace.
The knots behind the heads of the Wise Men
reveal their thoughts:
reflections of their own perspectives.
Truth is a quarky thing:
most of the time we tend to rely on our own perspective
to to handle the world’s challenges.
When one is able to understand the perspectives of others
we may begin to understand the Truth of a thing:
a single eye shows only a single view,
however two eyes provide the ability to see in three dimensions.
The symbolism of this clasp
is to provide a helpful hint
in discovering Reality Itself:
by listening to others,
conflicting views and seek a balance.
More often than not,
the two perspectives will reveal an object
in the way of our view.
In selecting two bearded Men for a little girl
I was attempting to represent what she is dealing with now:
two brothers and how to learn with them.
She will also grow up in a world
where Men will be a major influence on her,
by learning how to cope early in life
she will also develop skills which may
bring a better understanding between the Sexes
in her generation
and in the centuries that follow:
it is she “herself”
that provides the balance between all people
This clasp was developed as a one-of-a-kind piece
for a unique little girl.
This was conceived,
designed and created for my Granddaughter
as a Christmas Present
If you are interested in custom work,
please visit my How to order Custom Page. | <urn:uuid:28b25230-89f7-48e5-9333-333dcb33131c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://amuletsbymerlin.me/tag/celtic-cloak-clasps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.962906 | 758 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Oh my gosh! I had a blast today, working in Mrs. Dixon's and Mrs. Reynolds's classrooms. As we began writing our introductions, the students' writing came to life! They are writing an expository essay about the Texas animal (a spin-off of theJanuary lesson of the month, Arctic animal riddle, allowing a connection to their 4th-grade social studies unit) that they chose to research.
What does an introduction need for our students to be successful in our state tests? Well, we pulled out all the tricks on this one, including, a question that was created from their riddle piece, informative verbs, and a little Texas lingo to add voice. Listen to their samples below! Are your fourth graders writing introductions like this? Use this poster and my modeled charts as a guide, and add these tools to your students' toolbox as well! | <urn:uuid:ccab57bc-9a79-4429-8a91-de80431882e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.empoweringwriters.com/love-to-write-and-read-all-day/expository-research-essay-project-introductions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.971189 | 184 | 3.640625 | 4 |
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Sugar alcohol is a sweetener that can be found in many low-calorie, diet, and reduced-calorie foods. It provides a taste and texture similar to that of regular table sugar. This makes it a satisfying alternative for people who wish to limit their sugar intake, such as those with diabetes.
Because sugar alcohol isn’t fully absorbed during digestion, it provides about half the amount of calories that regular sugar does. Plus, it has less impact upon blood sugar levels.
Sugar alcohol naturally occurs in some fruits and vegetables. It’s also commercially manufactured. It can be identified on food labels by several ingredient names. These include:
names for sugar alcohol
- hydrogenated starch hydrolysates
Despite its name, sugar alcohol isn’t intoxicating. It doesn’t contain alcohol, even in trace amounts.
Sugar alcohol is a carbohydrate. Even though it’s impact on blood sugar is less than that of real sugar, it can raise blood sugar levels if you consume too much of it.
If you have diabetes, it’s OK for you to eat foods containing sugar alcohol. However, since sugar alcohol is a carbohydrate, you will still need to watch the portion size.
Read the Nutrition Facts label on everything you eat, including food products that are sugar-free or calorie-free. In many instances, those claims refer to specific serving sizes. Eating more than the exact serving size indicated can affect the amount of carbohydrates you take in.
Since foods with sugar alcohol are labeled as “low sugar” or “sugar free,” you may assume they’re foods you can eat in unlimited quantities. But if you have diabetes, eating these foods may mean you take in more carbohydrates than your eating plan allows.
In order to eliminate this risk, count the carbohydrates and calories derived from sugar alcohols. Include them in your overall daily meal plan.
If you have diabetes, you may find that sugar alcohol is a good alternative to sugar. Positive health effects from sugar alcohol include the following:
- It has less impact on blood sugar levels.
- Insulin may not be needed at all, or only in small amounts, to metabolize sugar alcohol.
- It has fewer calories than sugar and other higher-calorie sweeteners.
- It doesn’t cause cavities or harm teeth.
- The taste and texture resembles sugar without a chemical aftertaste.
Whether you have diabetes or not, you may experience specific side effects from sugar alcohol. This is because sugar alcohol is a type of FODMAP, called a polyol. (FODMAP is an acronym that stands for fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols.)
FODMAPs are food molecules that some people find hard to digest. Eating foods that contain sugar alcohol may act as a laxative or create gastrointestinal distress in some people. These symptoms may become more severe if you eat a large quantity.
Side effects of sugar alcohol
- stomach pain or discomfort
Having diabetes doesn’t mean you can never enjoy sweets, even if sugar alcohol isn’t a fit for you.
In some instances, you may even be able to enjoy regular sugar in small amounts as part of your meal plan. There are several sugar substitutes for people with diabetes that you might also prefer. These include the following:
Artificial sweeteners may be synthetically made or made from regular sugar via a chemical process. Since they provide no calories and no nutrition, they’re also referred to as nonnutritive sweeteners.
Artificial sweeteners may be much sweeter than natural sugar. They’re often included as ingredients in low-calorie foods and can be found in packet form.
Artificial sweeteners aren’t carbohydrates and don’t raise blood sugar.
- Saccharin (Sweet’N Low, Sugar Twin). Saccharin (benzoic sulfimide) was the first no-calorie sweetener. Some people find that it has a slightly bitter taste. Shop for saccharin.
- Aspartame (NutraSweet, Equal). Aspartame is derived from aspartic acid and phenylalanine. Shop for aspartame.
- Sucralose (Splenda). Sucralose is derived from sugar. It may have a more natural taste to some people than saccharin and aspartame. Shop for sucralose.
Novel sweeteners are derived through a variety of processes. They may also be a combination of one or more different types of sweeteners. They include:
- Stevia (Truvia, Pure Via). Stevia is a natural sweetener derived from the leaves of the stevia plant. Because it requires processing, it’s sometimes referred to as an artificial sweetener. Stevia is nonnutritive and has a low caloric content. Shop for stevia.
- Tagatose (NuNaturals Sweet Health Tagatose, Tagatesse, Sensato). Tagatose is a low-carb sweetener derived from lactose. It has a low caloric content. Tagatose can brown and caramelize, making it a good alternative for sugar in baking and cooking. Shop for tagatose.
Having diabetes doesn’t mean you need to give up sweets completely. Foods containing sugar alcohol as an ingredient may be a tasty alternative that can easily fit into most meal plans.
Sugar alcohols have some calories and carbs, so it’s important to keep an eye on the quantity you eat. They also may cause gastric distress in some people. | <urn:uuid:00aac3d8-3d12-467e-ae12-36f10e120fd3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes/sugar-alcohol-and-diabetes?utm_source=ReadNext | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.92569 | 1,302 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Symptoms you should pay attention to:
FACIAL ASYMMETRY: Sudden drooping of one side of the face.
DIFFICULTY TO MOVE EXTREMITIES: Suddenly presenting difficulty to move an arm or leg to one side
SPEECH ALTERATION: Abruptly present speech alteration, with a slurred tongue or even not being able to utter words
Why is early consultation important?
This makes it possible in some cases to start a treatment that can successfully prevent long-term sequelae. For this, early consultation is vital, since the evidence says that up to 4.5 hours it is feasible to start treatment. Possibly this treatment window will be extended over time.
If you have risk factors for a vascular accident, make sure that your nearest hospital has treatment capacity (neurologist on duty) as this can be decisive in your treatment. It is no use that your health center has a specialist called, since the treatment window is narrow and may not arrive on time.
Share this information with the person to whom it may be useful | <urn:uuid:c4feb86b-e7ce-4fd8-8a6e-4d6581aa9169> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.khelios.cl/post/3-symptoms-of-cerebrovascular-accident-and-why-you-should-consult-immediately | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.943076 | 223 | 1.710938 | 2 |
President Trump’s nominee for agriculture secretary got something rare late last week from the Senate Agriculture Committee —a friendly attitude, relatively easy questions and several senators thanking him for his willingness to serve. Evidently, Ag Committee members had an exemption from Minority Leader Chuck Schumer’s (D-New York) instructions to attack on every front.
The committee followed up with an easy approval vote to recommend Perdue's nomination to the full Senate on Thursday, March 29.
During his March 23 hearing, a knowledgeable, confident and genial Sonny Perdue actually seemed to enjoy the back and forth, the recognition of his family and the obvious respect for his experience in agriculture and as Georgia governor. Incidentally, Sonny Perdue is not related to the Perdue poultry family.
Ironically, Perdue had his hearing during the same month that the last secretary with extensive agricultural experience, Clayton Yeutter, passed away. Yeutter was secretary from 1989-1991 and was born and raised on a Nebraska farm. Yeutter farmed for 18 years before going back to get economics and law degrees which lead to several major government posts.
Besides his direct farm experience, Perdue seems tailor-made to deal with today’s key issues, especially antibiotic use. Most would hope his veterinary background will help guide USDA and other federal departments through thorny questions regarding human antibiotic resistance and alleged connections to animal agriculture.
Much of Perdue’s business experience has involved exporting agricultural products. In response to several questions, he pledged to aggressively push agriculture’s need for more export access within Trump’s administration.
He expressed a desire to work with U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) nominee Robert Lighthizer and Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross to see that agricultural products get “first on the list of things the U.S. has to trade.” Trade is at the top of farmers’ priorities these days, he said, adding that especially in the era of tough markets and rough financial outlooks, trade is the answer. Later, he added that Lighthizer had told him that 80% of the pressure he’s heard regarding trade has come from agriculture.
One of the few other Trump nominees still languishing, Lighthizer is waiting for a waiver regarding some previous work done for a foreign country.
One of the problems Perdue is facing is that President Trump’s proposed budget was prepared without input from the missing Secretary of Agriculture. Ranking minority member Sen. Debbie Stabenow (D-Mich.) was especially critical of the cuts in USDA’s budget, some 21%, the third largest of any agency. Certain key services for farmers and ranchers will see potential slashes of up to 1/3 of their current budget.
In another exchange, a senator noted that the very data needed to manage risk management programs were threatened with budget cuts under the President’s budget. Perdue stressed he would work with the committee to see what could be done to find more budget room.
Several senators called for help in returning to common sense management of national forests in their states, to counter the gathering fuel caused by constant lawsuits stopping proper forest management, leading to terrible forest fires. The U.S. Forest Service has been begging and borrowing, as nearly two-thirds of its budget has been going to fight fires. That is spending money in the most expensive way, one senator said.
Perdue said he would work to make the national forests good neighbors to state and private lands. He also indicated that, given activist groups’ lawsuits hampering forest and water management and the 9th Circuit’s allowing of it, he would look at legislation to solve the problem. In fact, he would like to prove to the activist groups that properly managed forests are productive for everyone.
Of interest to cattle feeders, Sen. Joni Ernst (R-Iowa) asked Perdue if he would support a strong Renewable Fuels Standard (RFS) and Perdue confirmed that he would. Ernst also said agriculture needed a secretary who would let other agencies, especially EPA, understand the unintended consequences of their regulations, when farmers are the good stewards of the land.
A northeastern senator emphasized the importance of immigrant labor to agriculture. Perdue did commit to getting the immigrant labor to where it is needed, whether unseasonal like dairy farming or seasonal, like fruits and vegetables. Asked about reforming the H2A program, Perdue said trade and the H2A programs would be his top priorities.
Pressed about getting more food to more families through the SNAP or food stamp program, Perdue said he would work to get the program more efficient and effective.
Several senators brought up rural development needs, especially regarding water systems and broadband. Perdue said he hoped to get rural broadband into Trump’s infrastructure plans.
The problem of opiate and heroin addiction in rural communities was also raised, with questions about what USDA programs could help in that area.
Another senator complained of inflexibility in administering the last Farm Bill and hoped Perdue would be open to re-evaluating program administration. Perdue said he would.
On the subject of the Brazilian meat scandal, Perdue said he thought USDA would re-inspect anything that had come here but he believed nothing had been sent. If we shut things down, there would be repercussions, so he believed allowing USDA-FSIS to handle things as they knew how was the right course.
As for the Farm Bill, Perdue said the last one had made progress in ensuring farmers had some kind of safety net for production and prices and that the test is whether or not taxpayers are getting good value for their money. He wants it to be a good deal for taxpayers and for farmers. He also said conservation programs need to be improved. It is critical that farmers can use precision ag to get the most out of their inputs. Farming is all about continuous improvement, he said.
Crop insurance and risk management were areas in the Farm Bill needing improvement and he wants to see more emphasis on research, as that is the basis for agriculture’s productivity and adoption of high technology management.
At the Senate Agriculture Committee's March 29th meeting, they approved Sonny Perdue's nomination to be agriculture secretary. His nomination will now move forward to the full Senate. | <urn:uuid:65e41dfa-c171-4bf4-b6d4-b6dd590d4676> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.beefmagazine.com/legislative/perdue-gets-rare-friendly-confirmation-hearing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.973047 | 1,296 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Friday 12th May 2017 saw a global cyber-attack that affected over 200,000 victims across 150 countries. There are a number of simple steps you can take to help reduce the risk of you or your business from falling victim to cyber attacks including malware and ransomware.
How can you make sure receive an important email in Outlook.com
You might want to consider registering a domain name for your business which will be provide you with a much more professional looking email address than the general email domains that everyone else use.
How can you make sure receive an important email in Gmail.
How can you make sure receive an important email in Yahoo Mail.
Problems with your computer systems are annoying when all you want to do is get on with your work. A serious IT problem or data loss could be damaging to your business. If you perform regular maintenance of your business IT systems you can reduce the chance of problems happening.
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Followed sentence example
He followed her to the kitchen.
The four of them followed Felipa upstairs.
No man ever followed his genius till it misled him.
He followed Julia out the door and closed it securely.
The little princess had also left the tea table and followed Helene.Advertisement
Yancey noticed the movement and followed her gaze to the man.
Hugs, intros and congratulations followed as we emerged from the car.
Carmen followed Dulce into the empty hallway.
She followed him for miles, trying to keep up with his long strides.
She followed him across the valley and up a steep slope.Advertisement
She followed while I waited for my wife.
The four men followed them for some distance, and then lost them on the hillside.
The doctor was followed by a Russian assistant.
Alex followed her and stumbled on the stairs.
Adrienne followed him to the other car.Advertisement
I followed Quinn down to the water's edge as the women waved from whicker rocking chairs on the wide verandah.
There followed the familiar tossing and turning, telling me the dreams had begun.
So he followed the Prince into the great domed hall, and Dorothy and Zeb came after them, while the throng of people trooped in also.
The frightened fox scampered away as fast as it could; and Aristomenes followed, clinging to its tail.
This time he followed the main road for a while before dipping off onto a well used trail.Advertisement
She followed his gaze.
She turned the horse and followed his mule up a dune, reining in at his side.
He lifted his rifle, cocking it as quietly as he could, and she followed suit.
After nearly an hour of riding, they descended the steep walls of a draw and followed it to a small valley.
She climbed into the buggy and he followed her.Advertisement
Mr. Webster rode in front, and Daniel, on the old gray nag, followed behind.
Then Henry Ford came along, followed by a host of others, and cars got better and better while getting less and less expensive.
But during the first nineteen months of my life I had caught glimpses of broad, green fields, a luminous sky, trees and flowers which the darkness that followed could not wholly blot out.
Then they rose to fight the duel, and I followed the swift thrusts and parries of the swords and the waverings of poor Bob as his courage oozed out at his finger ends.
I was like little Ascanius, who followed with unequal steps the heroic strides of Aeneas on his march toward mighty destinies.Advertisement
And he left the room, followed by the low but ringing laughter of the sister with the mole.
Rostov, always closely followed by Ilyin, rode along the side of the road between two rows of birch trees.
She followed him down the hall and down the stairs.
Her gaze followed in the direction he indicated.
One beautiful day followed another and she gradually wandered farther from the house exploring the ranch - sometimes on horseback, sometimes on foot.Advertisement
He followed her out of the room, guiding her through the door with a light touch on her waist.
Thinking back, it was the pivotal point of all that followed.
The forest was similar but there was a trail I followed for a time.
He turned toward the basement stairs and we all followed.
Howie followed them, muttering he needed a distraction.Advertisement
Betsy turned on the tape recorder and followed him.
Bumpus followed, slapping our legs with his tail.
They waited in silence while he skinned the fox, then followed the brush a while, and at length turned off into the woods again.
The son, lowering his eyes, followed her quietly.
The factory hands followed him.Advertisement
Then he shrugged and followed Jonathan out the door.
Destiny followed her and Carmen pulled the chair beside her out so she could crawl into it.
Carmen followed her gaze and was surprised to find Señor Medena standing in the doorway.
His gazed followed the coffee cup absently as he placed it on the table.
Destiny immediately followed her command, looking back at the skunk.Advertisement
She followed him to the table and sat opposite him, waiting for him to open the subject.
Her troubled gaze followed her trail back up the hill and she gasped.
She followed him to the front door and looked up at him inquisitively.
She followed him out on the porch.
She followed him without comment.
She replaced the receiver and ignored the topaz glare that followed her across the room.
Yancey inclined his head toward the table and the man's eyes followed, lighting up.
He carefully picked up the box and Yancey followed him out to the car.
Ever since Michael discovered that Brandon lives here, he's followed me around like a puppy.
Bordeaux led his horse down the embankment and Cassie hesitantly followed.
Her gaze tried to outrun the headlights and then followed the broken line on the highway as it leaped from the dark and shot forward, disappearing under the truck.
When only silence followed, she seemed to feel obligated to explain.
The rest of us followed and we could hear Howie retching in the bathroom.
I was annoyed at the bickering that followed as it was counterproductive to any chance of long time success.
We had two runaways in a row followed by a location Howie couldn't find and a wake-up interruption from outside noise.
A stony silence followed the second playing.
The bureau responded, from the top, that all tips were welcomed and followed up, regardless of source.
Howie followed the imposter to the dining room where he dined alone.
Martha's father suffered a heart attack when she was in nursing school and her mom followed, from a broken heart, seven weeks later.
She turned my way with a scowl as she followed.
A brief silence followed.
Back and forth smiles were exchanged and there was an instance of a quiet remark, followed by knowing smiles.
The drape parted, followed by shuffled footsteps, and Martha opened the door.
I followed in my wife's footsteps.
Someone broke into this house of one of my targets and some sort of mayhem followed.
I unwearyingly followed the three to that horrid mall and waited for my chance.
But alas, when they visited the ladies room, I followed!
He looked confused, but did my bidding as Paul made a quick U-turn and followed after the speeding vehicle.
Pual followed a few steps behind.
There followed a murmured apology to the child for her language.
There followed only silence.
More than a day followed until we'd chiseled, in ever increasing light, our precious opening.
He followed the trail to the edge of the carpet then took in the dirty dishes in the sink.
Her words followed him, and he rubbed his face.
Dusty followed his instincts to the kitchen and stopped in the doorway.
Bianca shuddered and followed her into a large bathroom.
She hid the phone as Talon glanced over his shoulder again to ensure she followed.
She rubbed her head and glared at him, watching as he followed his father in the direction where both sky and sea darkened into blackness.
The arrow went over his head and was followed by two more.
Damian disappeared, followed by the man named Jonny and the woman with him.
Jenn's gaze flew up to the strange vamp, and she followed his gaze.
Her sense of dread grew as she approached and followed Jonny into his apartment.
Yully followed him out into the cold, rainy afternoon.
Jenn followed him this time.
They stayed till closing, and I followed him out.
He was driving … Jule skipped through the details of Yully's car.… Another figure followed them.
He followed the Other and the girl.
The hallways were quiet and vacant, and she followed Jonny into the dark night.
For a moment, she wondered if Darian had followed her here, too, like he did everywhere else.
Yully stepped from the warm car into the cold night and followed her father into the inn.
She stepped away from the monument amplifying her magic and followed her father.
He tugged her hand, and she followed him out of the library and through the sprawling house and a large kitchen to the back door.
He'd followed her around all morning, and she was sick of him.
He'd followed her and Jake all around the house earlier like a bored puppy.
She followed his directions, slammed her door closed, and locked it.
Damian followed him across the dusty landing pads to the helo-hangar.
Dorothy kept hold of his hand and followed him, and soon they were both walking through the air, with the kitten frisking beside them.
The few signs I used became less and less adequate, and my failures to make myself understood were invariably followed by outbursts of passion.
Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.
I recall many incidents of the summer of 1887 that followed my soul's sudden awakening.
These were the two Emperors followed by their suites.
Suddenly the strange sound of a far-off whistling and thud was heard, followed by a boom of cannon blending into a dull roar that set the windows rattling.
Jake followed, and Han was already waiting for her.
He frowned but followed her into the cool, pre-dawn morning toward the garage.
She followed, heart racing.
Damian followed his gaze.
His gaze followed her until she disappeared into the house, and he shook his head.
He followed the group to the courtyard to spar.
In the long silence that followed, she heard Darian's sobs.
He followed the man with eyes as green as the moss in the corner of his room down the busy hallways, unaffected by the men who spit on him or shoved him as he went.
While she couldn't shake the sense of doom that followed her from the visions, she felt more normal, less afraid, at the thought that she'd be rejoining the rest of humanity for a shopping trip with the girls, even if only for a morning.
If not for the worried flicker of her gaze past him to see who followed, Damian would have thought this a social call.
An eerie quiet followed, and she wasn't sure if he'd shed his human body and take out her and everything else.
He traced his fingers over the scars on his hands and followed them up his arms, then his chest, then his legs.
She looked back to see if Pierre followed.
Sofia followed the sound of her voice to the living room.
Sofia followed and dropped into the grass beside Traci.
She followed the vamp's fleeting directions.
He followed a familiar path through a narrowing hall and looked at his palm for the three codes written in green ink there.
Sofia followed him as the halls angled up and narrowed until Two had to walk through them sideways.
He drove them through back roads and alleys to ensure no one followed before taking the highway and exiting into a direction that appeared to be nothing but desert.
She followed Dustin and Darian down the hall.
If, for some reason, she was stuck here forever, at least he wasn't going to hurt her, as long as she followed his rules.
Her eyes followed it.
He followed the laws.
He followed, and Deidre reached for him.
Dean followed his wife but she dismissed his concern.
The rest of the clan followed without a word.
A kiss and an eyes-closed hug was all they were allowed, followed by a smiling promise from the state-appointed villain, "We'll be in touch."
Silence followed until Randy said, "Hello?"
Both remembered the last time they'd watched a guest meet with a stranger and the no-end-to trouble that followed.
While there was a comment that father Joe Calvia hadn't taken the news well, no details were given, and no calls from a hospital emergency room followed.
Dean and his wife joined the group, followed by Brandon Westlake, Pumpkin Green, and a newly arrived Midwesterner named Hank.
God love him—he had followed the Boston Red Sox for sixty years and couldn't even dream of ever being there himself.
With renewed caution, the pair followed the chalk arrow, not the stones, expecting any minute to find someone barring their return.
He followed her gaze.
Dean followed Joseph into the parlor.
Dean followed close behind, with Fred O'Connor trailing.
He followed her slowly, but a couple of horn toots coaxed him to move along.
Fury, followed by peace.
Cynthia and Jennifer followed.
The old man excused himself and followed Dean to the kitchen.
Two hours remained before the last of the day's celebrations— the Jeep flare parade down the mountain, followed by a massive fireworks display—so after finishing supper, the Deans began playing catch up with Bird Song's chores.
He followed the gouged earth where the vehicle had ripped its path downward.
The rough track he followed ceased to exist, as if the vehicle had become airborne in its terrible fall.
There followed a muffled boom.
He had turned to check Lydia's light above him when another display followed.
There was polite applause, a little less then followed Fitzgerald's words, or so thought Dean.
There followed a buzz in the crowd.
There was more movement in the back of the room as Fred O'Connor entered, followed by a contingent of his followers.
A lot of sounds-like, seems-like conversation followed until consensus settled on Mulligan.
The sound of thrown objects, yells, and stomps were followed by Ginger Dawkins's terse announcement that she was moving to the Beaumont, alone, thank you.
While Cynthia didn't explain her decision to fit God and church into their busy Sunday morning schedule, once again she dressed for church and Dean dutifully followed suit.
There followed a call from Groucho, whose name Dean learned was Coleridge, telling of a report that the Boyd pair was sighted in Kansas, stopped for a tail light violation on Sunday afternoon.
A dial tone followed.
She peered behind them, as if searching to see if he'd been followed.
She turned to hurry back to her car as Dean followed.
Ginger administered whack number two, followed with a 'be nice' comment.
Dean and his wife followed as he introduced the women.
About ten minutes later, he spotted it again and followed.
When Dean persisted, he heard movement, followed by a cough.
He followed her direction and tossed the garment to her.
Cynthia, who'd followed the men to the door, was the first to smother the young girl in hugs and kisses, and an ample dose of tears with the others joining in with equal enthusiasm.
A series of phone calls followed.
Eyes widened when she learned someone had pilfered the small finger bone from Cynthia's bureau and she shivered when told the Deans had been followed into the mine.
Ralph drove and I followed in the Ford.
In the days that followed, the shooting was ruled justified and Lydia Larkin was cleared of any wrongdoing.
He sighed and followed.
Cora followed her gaze, brow furrowed.
Deidre followed, surprised then angry when people jostled her instead of moving from her path.
She shook off the strange feeling and followed once more.
She followed her nose until she found the one she wanted.
I'm lucky Zamon and Darkyn both followed through.
Gabriel followed Rhyn into the portal.
His gaze followed it to the water, where it disappeared into the lake.
Her eyes traveled with intent interest over his face and followed the trail of her fingers down his neck.
Deidre looked at the demon lord, and Gabriel followed her gaze.
His eyes followed Darkyn.
His soft chuckled followed her as she left the room.
Dawn and Random followed their mother as they trotted out to the pasture.
What if he had followed me home?
So that's why you followed me home so quickly.
When Alex came home for lunch, Carmen picked up Destiny and followed him to the barn.
She followed the gurney out and watched as they lifted it into the helicopter.
Brutus followed her, whining in response to her misery.
Behind them the red-headed man followed for only a few seconds before turning back toward the house.
His sultry gaze followed her to the chair.
His attention shifted to the bear and she followed his gaze.
He glanced up from the book he was reading and followed her gaze to the picture in her hand.
She followed his gaze as he put her down to determine what had startled him.
He followed all the rules in the Code, but he couldn't help thinking he was doing something …wrong.
Gabriel followed her into it.
She heard the phone ring and followed the sound.
He'd ignored the demons swarming her apartment building and followed her over the side of the building.
Surprised by the response, Gabriel followed Darkyn's eyes around the apartment.
He followed the instinct that led him to Deidre and trotted up the stairs leading to the top of the fortress.
She followed Wynn into his home.
Comforted by her only remaining normal friend, Deidre followed him to the wing of guest bedrooms, surprised at how huge her room was.
Deidre followed with a second load.
Deidre followed her gaze, not understanding.
His gaze dropped to her lips, and his thumb followed, grazing the sensitive skin.
Vaguely, she was aware of the cool shadow world followed by the warmth of indoors.
It was followed by warm energy that Gabriel pushed into her body to calm her.
Deidre followed, barely able to make out the shape of a doorway that pulsed darker than night.
Swallowing hard, Deidre followed.
She trailed, glancing over her shoulder when the two demons outside the recovery room followed.
Death curtseyed back, gave Gabriel a final look of warning, and followed the woman in grey to afternoon tea.
The little boy followed her.
She took one more look at the ominous man in black and the sword at his hip and followed, shaking from more than cold.
She took it all in, feeling as if she'd stepped into the Twilight Zone, and followed Toby down the hall.
She followed his instructions and traded the file for two prescriptions to drugs she'd never heard of.
She followed, intent on having her tea by the window as she did every morning.
She followed them and set her cocoa down on the counter, grabbing the whiskey and retreating with the intent of drinking herself to sleep.
Gabriel followed them out obediently, content to hang around them while bored.
Katie sat, irritated to see who followed with a confident stride and two glasses of
When she accepted the glass, he followed with a quick and confident, "Let's take a walk around."
She heard Kris stir, and the cocoa-skinned Jade followed.
Andre entered, followed by a second man carrying a large tray of food.
Dawn came slowly, followed by the brilliant blue sky of morning.
She followed, startled, only to see a massive black bird the size of a pterodactyl coasting along the tops of the waves.
She followed the man at a distance, slowly confirming she was somewhere on her planet.
She followed him, praying he knew the town better than her, until they ran into a dead end.
She followed him up a set of regal stairs to the second floor, where multiple rooms lined a hallway.
Rhyn followed, painfully aware of the limp mortal body in his arms.
She crossed her arms and followed him in.
She followed what she thought was the path Ully had brought her on and found her way to the women's barracks.
She forced herself not to cover her tattoo with her hands as she followed her sister to the second floor, where the private rooms were.
Rhyn said nothing and followed her out of the study.
She followed him back to the trail.
He wondered what poor fool was stuck babysitting the high-maintenance angel as he followed Kris.
She followed, uninterested in the sterile glass and stainless steel landscape.
Kris entered, followed by someone whose appearance made her gasp.
Their gazes followed the drops of blood as they fell from her arm to the marble flooring.
The maid lunged at her again, and she darted for the kitchen, followed by Jared.s blood monkey, who was wailing with frustration.
He left the sparring level without saying a word to Ully and followed his instincts up a flight of stairs and down a narrow hall he recognized from his visit to their father.s catacombs with Kris.
Erik disappeared, followed by Tamer.
Katie followed her into another hallway on the floor where the castle.s serving staff lived.
Kiki tucked his iPad under his arm and opened a portal through which all three went before Rhyn followed.
Tamer emerged from Kris's chamber into the hallway first, armed with a scythe and a bo, while Erik followed with a long sword.
Kiki followed him through to the basements, and Rhyn stopped in front of the door to his father.s crypt.
It would be his last night with the Immortals, for no one would forgive him once he followed through with the plans forming in his mind.
Darkyn followed Jade as the madman hauled his two prisoners toward the portal to the shadow world.
He allowed Daniela to enter first and then followed.
Confused, Rhyn joined them and followed their gazes.
Evelyn's wedding was for a hundred invitees in a small chapel by the ocean followed by a reception for over twice that many guests.
The second snorted and strode into the cockpit, followed by the first.
Evelyn followed leisurely, unconcerned with being lost on the massive ship.
Kiera followed as Evelyn turned toward the main house, a sprawling, single-story compound made of brilliant white stone and dotted with hundreds of glass-less windows.
She took it absent-mindedly and followed her friend through the mansion.
She continued faster, and followed the corridor as it curved to the left.
She rested against the door, jarred when the flash of a grey knife crossed inches before her eyes, followed by a muted thunk as the weapon buried itself in the door.
His sisters followed, D'Ryn relaying the information to her sisters.
When set, the eldest demonstrated a simple strike and block, then corrected her form as she followed his example.
He and the others followed his lead.
Nishani followed and gripped his forearm with both of her small, soft hands.
He turned and approached the door again, interested when she followed.
Nishani followed him from the bustling, warm banquet room to the cool courtyard in front of the house beneath a full sky of suns.
The sound of a door closing and muffled voices outside the door were followed by silence.
She looked around for somewhere to sit or hide, aware the two men who'd followed her up the mountain were still there.
Leyon followed, and Mansr took her into a small dwelling on the mountain.
Each man followed in his father's shadow.
The outline turned to a bright square of light, and she followed him again.
She entered a narrow, well-lit hall and followed it through smoothly hewn walls.
Silence followed, and she wondered if her paranoia had caused her to imagine it.
She followed Evelyn into the craft, seeing only one Qatwali warrior to pilot the craft.
She followed the group down several corridors into a massive conference room filled with people in tight groups talking.
His words were followed by a long silence.
Fred followed Cynthia, asking more questions about the new guest as Dean shook his head in mild frustration.
But he gulped down his milk and followed her back to their quarters.
So you could show off those incredible legs of yours and I could watch your cute little boom-boom as I followed you, gliding around the rink.
Donnie Ryland followed close behind him.
The Deans followed Fred O'Connor's example.
Her comments brought to mind the death of Bird Song's very first guest and the strange events that followed.
Cynthia followed her husband into the room, holding the Annie Quincy dress in front of her, with a bundle of under garments beneath her arm.
Everyone followed suit, as if welcoming royalty into the warm and ancient parlor.
He hesitated, but then followed her orders and scrambled up the stairs.
There followed a long pause, followed by an abrupt thank-you and a dial tone.
There followed a cheery "good morning" from the late-sleeping Gladys Turnbull.
The Deans had utilized the site a half dozen times, including, in December, the council-sponsored full moon nighttime outing, followed by a dip in the town's hot spring pool.
A slight burst of tears followed from Martha until Dean rendered a speech on survival of the fittest, the laws of the jungle, the food chain and supply and demand.
The pair drove down Seventh Street, crossed over the Uncompahgre River and followed the dirt road to the small cluster of mobile homes.
A vehicle, a mud-splatted Blazer, with skis in a rack atop it, followed her and slowed as it passed the building.
Claire Quincy had donned reading glasses and was scrutinizing the letters as Fred O'Connor followed his notes and explained the information on Annie Quincy he had gathered at the library.
Cynthia came out of the parlor, followed by Fred, who was still seething over Claire Quincy's appropriation of the gold coins.
He must have either seen us leave Ouray with skis or followed us over there.
Effie and Claire returned, followed in by Martha and Donnie, who had been playing outside.
The rest of the climbers followed in the truck but Ryland declined to join them, turning a perturbed eye to Bird Song.
As he was finishing his conversation, a loud sound came from the kitchen, followed by a sharp cry in a man's voice, and then laughter.
Dean wandered up the penstock trail, the path he and Cynthia followed earlier, where Donald Ryland had climbed.
Once beyond access to the river below, the seldom-used path presented an unbroken cover of fresh white, now blanketed in more than a foot of fresh powder, as it followed the large pipe toward the reservoir.
Fred followed but there was little time for conversation.
He picked up her bags and followed the pair to the small room.
Dean followed them back inside.
There followed silence, then a dial tone.
The others followed quickly.
Dean had a memory of Fred draping a flannel shirt over Franny's bare shoulders, though no recollection of the order of arrival or any real details of what followed.
Donald Ryland and Franny Mulligan were checking out this evening, as soon as he returned with Donnie, followed by the Quincy sisters scheduled departure in the morning.
Dean followed her, happy beyond belief to have her once more share his bed.
It was time for the Deans to talk, to enjoy one another, the first real time together since their May wedding and hectic summer and fall that followed their move West and the opening of Bird Song.
For instance, I don't think it was a mistake that her husband followed her to Ouray as easily as it seemed.
The others followed and the trio went back inside where Dean began building a fire.
She followed him like a lost sheep.
Connor's eyes followed him.
He held the door open for Claudia and followed her into the room.
He flipped her off and followed Elisabeth.
Jackson followed her into the drawing room.
Jackson wasn't sure what to make of this, but followed her.
Ahead of her, Katie stepped off the wooden porch into the ankle high snow and followed the trail Carmen had broken earlier on her trip to light the stove in the dairy.
Katie followed her into the dairy and closed the door against the wind.
Katie followed Carmen, her voice a mixture of surprise and humor.
The friendly herd followed them, crowding the expectant mother.
There was no point in responding, so Carmen merely shrugged and followed Alex to one of the kidding stalls.
As she followed, Alex glanced back at her.
Katie gulped her coffee and followed him out the door, pausing to mouth "mother hen" to Carmen.
She followed him to one of the stalls, trying to remember the circumstances of his rejected love.
Tessa followed, voicing her objection in annoyed bleats.
He glanced up sharply at someone in the doorway and Carmen followed his gaze.
His voice followed her and when she stopped, he continued.
He silently followed her up the trail and then fell in beside her as they crossed the field.
She handed him the book and he followed her into the barn, flipping through the pages.
Some of the more friendly goats had followed her up the hill and they were ranging out ahead.
A ladder lowered, and Brady vaulted onto it, followed by Dan.
She followed the two through the acrid smoke into the command hub.
Brady started forward, and the others followed, falling into two teams.
Brady stepped aside first, and the others followed his lead.
Brady followed with reluctance, intrigued to meet the woman whose voice had kept him company for several long weeks.
Elise followed his lead.
Elise rushed them, and Brady followed.
Elise grabbed at Arnie, who twisted free and followed Lana.
Lana made her way through them to the general and followed his gaze.
In the paramilitary organization that relied on secrecy and loyalty to survive, the soldiers followed the man they trusted most.
He rose, angry and unconvinced she wouldn't bring whatever danger followed him to his backyard.
You think something followed her?
The scent of burnt metal and flesh soon followed, then chaos as Elise and Dan moved away from her, each going in the opposite direction under the cover of smoke.
One shot rang out, followed by two more.
The man at her back dropped, followed immediately by the other two.
She followed her friend to a portion of the underground site converted into a massive gym and training facility.
Silence followed her words. | <urn:uuid:f548a13c-0e2a-4f17-84db-ff6e4427a39c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sentence.yourdictionary.com/followed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.977014 | 6,527 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Founded in 1983, «Ler História» magazine publishes original studies synthesising investigation results in History and in other Social Sciences, within the country and abroad. These studies often originate numbers or thematic dossiers. Besides, «Ler História» magazine keeps regular sections of:
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Every contact should be addressed to: | <urn:uuid:f6a668e0-2812-4a69-9ba3-f85c04c919c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://lerhistoria.iscte-iul.pt/eng/entrada.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.86641 | 132 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Stealth Taxation By Cap And Trade
Posted November 25, 2016
The federal government gave provinces a choice between collecting a growing tax on carbon emissions, or setting up a “cap and trade” system. Nova Scotia has chosen the latter—but, for homeowners and drivers, the result will look quite a bit like the former.
About 80% of Nova Scotia’s 16.6 megatons(mt) of emissions are driven by fuels: 7.3mt by Nova Scotia Power (NSP) at its coal and gas fired plants; 4.3mt by gasoline, diesel, and other transport fuels; 2.2mt by home heating fuels.
Cap and trade systems work to reduce emissions by allocating emission producers a quota based on their production at the time the program is launched, and then gradually reducing a percentage of those permits in succeeding years in line with the overall goal for emission reductions.
The permits are tradable. Producers that reduce their emissions at the same rate that the number of permits are reduced experience no financial impact. Those who do not must buy permits from those who do better than the emission reduction goals. This results in financial penalties for failing to reduce.
It also creates a financial incentive to find new ways to reduce emissions. Furthermore, in a market where there are lots of producers of different kinds, it will cause the greatest reductions to come from those for whom the economic cost is the lowest, since they will profit most from making the necessary investment.
Larger markets will be more efficient than small ones. For example, in the European system there are many different utilities producing power from fossil fuels, so the greatest reductions will come from the utilities that can reduce emissions the most cheaply. Nova Scotia has chosen to confine the available market to Nova Scotian emission producers.
Nova Scotia’s market will not be efficient. The cost of buying emission quota for transport and heating fuels will be borne by those at the wholesale level—the oil and gas companies that sell to retail distributors.
They will be able to pass those costs down to retail customers because they will all be in the same situation. They have no ability or incentive to affect the choices of retail customers.
Choices to buy more fuel-efficient cars or to improve a home’s insulation are made by car and house owners. Those choices will reduce overall demand at the wholesale level, reducing the wholesaler’s cost of buying emission permits. The unit price benefit of that reduction will be spread equally over all retail customers, whether or not they contributed to the reduction.
And from whom will the permits be purchased? The only seller that matters will be NSP. They already have baked into their plans substantial replacement of coal plants by electricity from Muskrat Falls. It will take no further initiative from them to more than meet their share of emissions reductions.
So they will have lots of permits to sell and, as the only seller, will be in a position to dictate the price. This is not an efficient market.
The government asserts that whatever benefit NSP receives from selling emissions permits will be passed on to ratepayers. That is, of course, the right objective. Being sure that it happens will not be easy.
Meanwhile, oil and gas companies will be passing on to retail customers the cost of the permits they are required to buy from NSP. The price of heating your home in winter or filling your car’s fuel tank will go up, even if global prices remain the same.
This government promised in its election platform that it would make NSP pay for the cost of Efficiency Nova Scotia, which used to be shown as a separate item on electricity bills. In practice, it just hid the cost in the overall price of electricity.
If it follows that example, we can expect it to claim credit for reductions in electricity rates from NSP selling permits—if ratepayers get those benefits.
Don’t expect there to be acknowledgement that growing prices for home and automotive fuels are also the result of government requiring oil and gas companies to buy those permits.
Related ArticlesPower Plays
- Federal Money To Support Renewable Energy Is Welcome. Keep It Simple. July 29, 2022
- Competition Is A Great Way To Discipline Power Rates June 10, 2022
- Liberal Failures On Climate Policy Are An Ideal Topic For Conservatives March 4, 2022 | <urn:uuid:1ef5b6df-b501-45d5-bbb1-8b49e54c09fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newstartns.ca/2016/11/25/stealth-taxation-by-cap-and-trade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.950711 | 892 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The title of my husband’s sermon Sunday was “A Nation on the Edge of Heartbreak” taken from 2 Chronicles 7:12-22. The passage deals with Solomon and the nation of Israel shortly after the completion of the Temple. The glory of the Lord fills the Temple, Solomon prays, fire comes down from heaven, the nation offers sacrifices, and celebrates the Feasts of Tabernacles for seven days. Then the Lord appears to Solomon by night with a warning.
“If I shut up heaven that there be no rain, or if I command the locusts to devour the land, or if I send pestilence among my people; If my people, which are called by my name, shall humble themselves, and pray, and seek my face, and turn from their wicked ways; then will I hear from heaven, and will forgive their sin, and will heal their land.” (2Ch 7:13-14)
God promises Solomon that if he will walk before Him as his father David did and obey His commands and observe His statutes and judgments that He would, “stablish the throne of thy kingdom, according as I have covenanted with David thy father, saying, There shall not fail thee a man to be ruler in Israel.” (2Ch 7:18)
But, if Solomon turns and forsakes God’s statutes and commandments and goes after other gods…
“Then will I pluck them up by the roots out of my land which I have given them; and this house, which I have sanctified for my name, will I cast out of my sight, and will make it to be a proverb and a byword among all nations. And this house, which is high, shall be an astonishment to every one that passeth by it; so that he shall say, Why hath the LORD done thus unto this land, and unto this house? And it shall be answered, Because they forsook the LORD God of their fathers…” (2Ch 7:20-22)
Israel was one generation away from heartbreak. I realize that America is not Israel. However, I could not help but see a striking correlation between Israel on the edge of heartbreak and our country on the edge of heartbreak. Consider the news reports, read the papers, follow the state of our country online. It is clear that we live in a very wicked and evil country, ruled by wicked and evil people. This is not to say that there are not good, godly people in our country and government. There is, but when we look at the sin of our land we can’t help but see that God must be grieved. Yet, His mercy is great. While we certainly have not deserved God’s blessings, He has given them nonetheless.
But will the blessings last? I believe we are living on the laurels of the past and sadly the godly heritage and biblical foundation that this country was built upon is cracking. The Psalmist states, “If the foundations be destroyed, what can the righteous do?” (Psa 11:3) The examples of destroyed foundations are many, with homosexual marriage and abortion being at the top. Another one that has chipped away at not only our freedom but the very foundation of this country is the latest ruling of the Supreme Court on the unconstitutional health care law. Justice Roberts surprised the nation with his vote. But what I found interesting was part of his explanation in which he said, “It is not our job to protect the people from the consequences of their political choices.” Consequences – that’s not a word we talk about a lot, but if we would read the Bible we would realize that it is filled with consequences.
Do you remember when Israel rejected God by wanting a king like the other nations? God warned them through the prophet Samuel that a king would:
“…take your sons, and appoint them for himself, for his chariots, and to be his horsemen; and some shall run before his chariots. And he will appoint him captains over thousands, and captains over fifties; and will set them to ear his ground, and to reap his harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and instruments of his chariots. And he will take your daughters to be confectionaries, and to be cooks, and to be bakers. And he will take your fields, and your vineyards, and your oliveyards, even the best of them, and give them to his servants. And he will take the tenth of your seed, and of your vineyards, and give to his officers, and to his servants. And he will take your menservants, and your maidservants, and your goodliest young men, and your asses, and put them to his work. He will take the tenth of your sheep: and ye shall be his servants.”
“And ye shall cry out in that day because of your king which ye shall have chosen you; and the LORD will not hear you in that day.” (1Sa 8:11-18)
People ask, “Why hath the Lord done thus unto this land…?” The answer is, “because they forsook the Lord God…therefore hath He brought all this evil upon them.”
Again we see consequences…
There is no doubt that we are living with the consequences of the previous election. The people wanted change and that is exactly what we got. And now we have gotten ourselves into a mess. “Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.” (Rom 13:1) God has ordained government and He alone determines who rules. Sometimes, like the children of Israel, God gives us not what is best but what we ask for. Maybe, just maybe, we will learn. The cycle of sin always goes like this – abundant blessings, sin/rebellion, God’s judgment, and repentance/forgiveness. Then the cycle starts over again. Time and time again we have seen it with the children of Israel. Time and time again we see it in our own lives. The people of God need to humble themselves, pray, seek God’s face, and turn from their wicked ways. Will we be able to bear the consequences if we don’t? | <urn:uuid:6cb43820-20d3-4937-8f98-bdd60687a80a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kimberlywilliams.org/tag/politics-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.967477 | 1,347 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Dr. Zopf is an assistant professor of pediatric otolaryngology, as well as an affiliate professor of biomedical engineering at the University of Michigan.
Dr. Zopf’s clinical focus is in caring for children with congenital malformations of the head and neck. He is also part of the Scaffold Tissue Engineering Group in the Department of Biomedical Engineering where he and his colleagues have led the field of medical 3D printing to aid in the treatment of these patients. Among other innovations, his team developed a patient specific, 3D printed airway splint, culminating in a landmark New England Journal of Medicine article detailing this innovation as well as the potential of 3D printing in general for the production of personalized medical devices.
I am honored to have the opportunity to aid in the healing process of children and families. The smiles, high fives, hugs and knowing that a child has an improved quality of life for years to come brings me great fulfillment. In addition to aspiring for excellence in clinical care, I have a passion for innovation and continuing to improve the field through research and education. Our research initiatives have already resulted in exciting, life-changing translational developments for children. The future is bright for further innovation in otolaryngology. -David A. Zopf, M.D.
Areas of Interest
Tissue engineering, 3D printing for clinical applications and surgical simulation, ear reconstruction, outcomes in velopharyngeal D, pediatric sleep apnea
3D printing fuels U-M efforts to rapidly increase ventilator capacity while providing each patient on vent support with individually tailored gas pressures and pressure monitoring.
The simple act of breathing is crucial for growth and wellness. Here’s how custom, 3D-printed technology from Michigan Medicine helps patients thrive.
A pilot study of families of children going home after tonsil surgery finds that a smartphone app may reduce clinic calls and simplify care instructions for parents.
Learn about our Multidisciplinary Microtia Clinic
3-D printing provides an innovative and life-saving approach for teen's tumor resection.
Printed simulations of lifelike body parts allow surgeons-in-training the opportunity to practice complex surgeries before assisting with the real thing.
Medical School or Training
- Indiana University School of Medicine, 2009
- University of Michigan, Otolaryngology, 2014
- Seattle Children's Hospital/University of Washington School of Medicine, Pediatric Otolaryngology, 2015
- Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery | <urn:uuid:f144a393-001a-46b8-ac11-e1a40317972e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medicine.umich.edu/dept/otolaryngology/david-zopf-md-ms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.916792 | 565 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Chemical substances is without doubt one of the most essential ingredient that’s used as a raw material in numerous industries. It specifically plays a various role within the totally different business and manufacturing units. The chemical compounds are utilized by different industries like agriculture, automobile, medicine and healthcare for various commercial purposes.
How the chemicals are produced?
The above- talked about industries makes use of natural gases, oil, water, metals for producing a range of chemical products which are utilized by these industries in processing of various products. The consultants use numerous technologies for producing the perfect chemical type. The companies which manufacture chemical processes and refines the raw supplies which might be available in order to develop pure chemical for various usage. The companies which produce and develop chemical compounds additionally go for producing fine chemical substances or specialty chemical compounds alongside with consumer chemicals.
Segmentations of the chemical market
The chemical compounds could be labeled into totally different segments- petrochemicals and the fundamental chemicals. Petrochemicals are usually extracted from the petroleum, fertilizers and hydrocarbons. The petrochemicals are normally utilized by the agriculture industry. The fundamental chemical part consists of these chemical products which can be used on regular basis.
The expansion of the chemical and materials business
The chemical business is rising gradually in the upcoming years. It’s significantly contributing to the financial growth of the nation. There are a number of adjustments that the chemical industry is facing with varied structural modifications over the years. At present, on account of government guidelines and rules, it is obligatory to use chemicals which are greener in nature and harmless to the environment. Because of this reason, the chemical producers are now going for the production of the greener chemical products which are not only environmentally pleasant but also effective. The chemicals which can be bio- primarily based is predicted to touch the 22% mark by the 12 months 2025.
Chemical substances and mineral business evaluation
• Chemicals- there are several industries like textile, pharmaceutical, food and beverage, building fully rely on the chemical industry. Since chemical compounds are required in several industries, due to this fact, it is very a lot in demand in the market. This demand is boosting up the expansion of the chemical compounds market.
• Material- the key players of the global materials service provider always responses to the changing consumer demands. The material business includes processes like curing, grinding, plating, fastening, processing and coating.
With the help of the Market Research Reports one can know everything about the chemical compounds market in detail. With the help of these reports, a business can make higher choices about their business. At present, the chemical compounds and minerals sector are going through rising competition and other commodity issues. emerging markets, urbanization, broadening of business dynamics are few challenges that the business is facing.
If you have any type of inquiries pertaining to where and the best ways to make use of ethylene bis-stearamide, you could contact us at our web-site.… | <urn:uuid:e4e49e75-b522-4aa8-abc3-7273d3fd42c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foundersfestival.org/tag/n-n-ethylene-bis-stearamide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.94536 | 608 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Desert Invasion - U.S.
Illegal immigration invasion numbers analysis by Fred Elbel
This section first developed and posted in August, 2004 and was
was updated in February 2005, July, 2005 and February, 2007. The
detailed analysis in this section was completed in
by Fred Elbel and was published in the Fall, 2005
Overview - illegal aliens in the United States
The idea for the following analysis is based upon the article titled Could There Be Twenty Million Illegals In The U.S.?", by D.A. King, THE AMERICAN RESISTANCE FOUNDATION, published on VDARE, August 7, 2004.20
The purpose of this analysis is to present illegal immigration numbers that are more realistic than numbers being presented by the federal government – the very entity responsible for the tidal wave of illegal aliens entering our nation.
This analysis demonstrates that the December, 2003 Department of Homeland Security estimates of 8 million to 12 million illegal aliens in the United States and 700,000 new illegals entering and staying per year represent significant undercounts. This analysis shows that it is reasonable to state that at least 20 million illegal aliens reside in the United States and that up to 12,000 illegal aliens enter the United States every day, or, as Arizona Senator John McCain reports - more than 4 million per year.
This analysis also demonstrates that the proposed White House "guest worker" amnesty proposal of January, 2004 resulted in at least a 25 percent increase in the number of illegal aliens entering into the United States.
The precise number of illegals entering the United States and the exact rate at which they cross our borders is unknown. Official government numbers are often hard to come by and are routinely sanitized. The estimate of the number of illegals who enter depends on Border Patrol apprehension rates and estimates of the number that "got away". The following sections presents a methodology to estimating the number of illegals and the impact of amnesty proposals on illegal immigration numbers.
- How many illegal aliens are there in the U.S.?
- Step 1: Estimate the gross numbers of illegals entering the U.S.
- Step 2: Factor in repeat apprehensions of the same individuals
- Step 3: Factor "short term" stays and legalization from the overall estimate
- Step 4: Estimate the total number of illegal aliens in the U.S.
- Considerations regarding illegal immigration numbers
- Mexico's fertility and growth rate
- Proportion of illegals from countries other than Mexico
- Visa overstays contribute to illegal alien numbers
- Impact of amnesty proposals on illegal immigration numbers
1. How many illegal aliens are there in the U.S.?
The Department of Homeland Security estimated in December, 2003, that 8 million to 12 million illegal aliens resided in the United States and 700,000 new illegals enter and stay each year. These official estimates are somewhat suspect and may represent significant undercounts, as they are produced by the very entity responsible for the tidal wave of illegal aliens entering our nation nation - the United States Government. An alternative methodology is used here to estimate a range of numbers of illegals that is likely more realistic.
The precise number of illegals entering the United States and the exact rate at which they cross our borders are unknown. Official government numbers are often hard to come by and are routinely sanitized.7, 12 In this analysis, the estimate of the number of illegals in the U.S. is derived from U.S. Border Patrol apprehension rates and estimates of the number that "get away" - those that evade apprehension. This "get away" number is not reliably known, but can be estimated, therefore the methodology based upon this factor will produce a range of results as opposed to a single projection.
This methodology consists of the following steps:
- Estimate the gross number of illegals entering the U.S., as well as the number of those that evade apprehension by the Border Patrol. A "get away" ratio is applied to the numbers of illegals entering, resulting in a gross estimate of illegals entering and evading apprehension.
- Factor in repeat apprehensions of the same individuals and legalizations out of the overall estimate. Many illegal aliens who are apprehended and are returned home try to enter the U.S. again and are subsequently apprehended. Others are legalized and are allowed to stay in the U.S.
- Factor "short term stays" out of the overall estimate. Some illegal aliens voluntarily return home in less than year.
- Estimate the total number of illegal aliens living in the United States, based upon the estimate of illegals entering and evading apprehension each year.
Step 1: Estimate the gross numbers of illegals entering the U.S.
Census figures show that 90 percent of illegal immigration comes from Latin America, with 70 percent of the total from Mexico.26 The last decade has witnessed a tidal wave of illegal Mexican immigration. The Center for Immigration Studies noted:
"Indeed, the last decade saw an unprecedented number of Mexicans cross the U.S. border. Between 1990 and 2000, their number doubled - from 4.2 million to 9.2 million, or 30 percent of the entire foreign-born population in the United States. Within this number, unauthorized Mexicans grew by more than 100 percent - from 2 million to 4.8 million, or 69 percent of all illegal aliens in the United States."
Though the Mexican government should be embarrassed that 10 percent of its people have fled to the U.S. from Mexico, President Vicente Fox's administration has embraced this reality. In fact, increasing the number of Mexicans working illegally in the United States is among Mexico's highest foreign policy objectives.30
U.S. Government estimates of illegal aliens residing in the United States have been uniformly low.18 On December 9, 2003, Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge stated that there were 8 million to 12 million illegal aliens in the United States.1 The corrected U.S. Census Bureau estimate for 2003 was 8 million2; other Census data extrapolated to more like 10 million, and it recently has been questioned whether the actual number is much higher.20 Referring to a 2001 Northeastern University study stating that there were 11 million illegal aliens in the United States as opposed to U.S. Government estimates of 6 million,18 the Federation for American Immigration Reform stated:
"It is inconceivable that official estimates could be that far off the mark unless someone was deliberately trying to mislead the American public."28
Senator John McCain (R-AZ) stated in February, 2004, that according to U.S. Border Patrol apprehension statistics, almost 4 million illegal aliens entered the U.S. illegally in 2002.5 (More than half of all illegal immigration into the U.S. comes through Arizona).
Of these 4 million, some were apprehended and removed, while most of them evaded apprehension and succeeded in reaching their interior destinations. How many were apprehended? The answer to this question clearly affects the number of illegals that are believed to reside within the United States. The Border Patrol provides numbers of apprehensions,6 but generally declines to answer specific questions regarding apprehension rates. However, Arizona's representative Jim Kolbe has testified to Senator McCain in a Congressional hearing on June 17, 2004, that the Border Patrol "figure about one out of four or five are apprehended".9 Michael Nicley, Chief, Tucson Sector, U.S. Border Patrol, stated in a private telephone conversation in 2004 that, "It's more like seven."
This author has visited the Arizona border and has personally observed the situation on the ground. Border Patrol agents who were brave enough to share their own insights have stated that in their opinion, the Border Patrol is not apprehending anywhere close to one out of three or four illegal crossers, and that significantly larger numbers evade apprehension.7, 12, 14
In November, 2006 the U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security reported that federal law enforcement estimates 10 percent to 30 percent of illegal aliens are actually apprehended and 10 percent to 20 percent of drugs are seized. Therefore, in 2005, as many as 4 to 10 million illegal aliens crossed into the United States.37
Indeed, in July of 2005, the U.S. Border Patrol Local 2544 stated on their website that "There are currently 15 to 20 million illegal aliens in this country by many estimates, but the real numbers could be much higher and the numbers increase every day because our borders are not secure..."36
Using Senator McCain's number of 4 million entering illegally in 20025 and a generous official apprehension rate of one out of four means that 3 million were not apprehended and therefore remained in the U.S.
It also should be noted that this figure does not include the millions who the Government Accountability Office (GAO, formerly called the Government Accounting Office) tell us enter legally on temporary visas and continue to stay after their visas expire.13
Because the U.S. government routinely sanitizes statistics,7, 12 the number of illegal entries into the United States is almost certainly higher than official numbers. In fact, Forbes Magazine estimates that only four percent of illegal aliens crossing in Texas are apprehended and prosecuted.15
Detailed approaches to yearly calculations
Senator John McCain stated in February of 2004 that almost 4 million illegal aliens crossed our borders illegally in 2002.5 If one out of four were apprehended, that would mean in the year 2002, 3 million illegals entered and evaded apprehension (4 million x 3/4).
Under Secretary for Border and Transportation Security, Asa Hutchinson, stated in June, 2004, that arrests of illegal aliens in Arizona had increased to 3,000 daily from an average of about 2,000 a day since March.11 The increase in apprehensions can be attributed in part to additional Border Patrol agents, "but more than half of the promised U.S. Border Patrol agents have not arrived.11 Thus, it is highly likely that the numbers of illegal aliens entering the U.S. through Arizona had commensurately increased.
Below are several approaches used to converge on the number of illegals entering on a yearly basis:
Official Border Patrol statistics stated that in 2001 there were 1,676,438 total U.S. border apprehensions.6 If one out of four were apprehended as the Border Patrol officially states, that would mean that in the year 2001, 5 million illegals entered and evaded apprehension (1,676,438 x 3). Table I summarizes illegal entries at various apprehension rates.
- Official Border Patrol statistics stated that in 2002 there were 955,310 total U.S. border apprehensions6 (this is significantly lower than apprehensions in 2000 and 2001). With a one out of four apprehension rate, then in the year 2002, 2.9 million illegals would have entered and evaded apprehension (955,310 x 3).
- Official Border Patrol statistics stated that there were 888,480 total U.S. border apprehensions from January 1, 2004 to June 30, 2004.6 If one out of four were apprehended, then in the year 2004, 2.7 million illegals entered and evaded apprehension in that six month period (888,480 x 3). Assuming that a similar number of illegals enter in each six month period, this works out to 5.3 million per year.
Table I summarizes calculations used by these three approaches.
Table I summarizes calculations used by these three approaches.
Gross estimates of numbers of illegals entering and evading apprehension yearly.
(millions of illegal aliens per year)
|Apprehension rate||2001||2002 ||2004|
|1 out of 4 (official Border Patrol rate)||5.0||2.9||5.3|
|1 out of 7||10.1||5.7||10.7|
Step 2: Factor in repeat apprehensions of the same individuals
An illegal alien typically pays a coyote $1,500 U.S. or more to guide their illegal border crossing. Although a crossing is an expensive proposition, many illegals who are apprehended by the U.S. Border Patrol may try again several times until they make it across the border.31
Precise data on the numbers who attempt reentry into the United States are not available. For the purposes of this analysis, the assumption is made that every single illegal alien who is apprehended and returned home subsequently tries again and successfully evades apprehension on his second attempt.
Under this assumption, of every four illegals reported in line one of Table I, we will assume one (the one apprehended) to be double-counted. (Although perhaps a questionable assumption, this is consistent with actual observations31). The numbers in line one of Table I therefore are assumed to include a 25 percent overcount. Line 2 of Table I is similarly assumed to represent a 14 percent overcount.
Table II shows the result of reducing values in Table I by these overcounts in order to factor out repeat apprehensions.
Step 2: Results after factoring out repeat apprehensions
(millions of illegal aliens per year)
|Apprehension rate||2001||2002 ||2004|
|1 out of 4 (official Border Patrol rate)||3.8||2.2||4|
|1 out of 7||8.7||4.9||9.2|
Table II show an adjusted low-range of 2.2 million to 4 million illegals entering annually and evading apprehension using the official optimistic one out of four apprehension rate.
Using similar logic and data, TIME Magazine subsequently reached the conclusion that 3 million illegals enter and stay annually,22 while using the most optimistic assumption that the Border Patrol apprehends one out of three illegal crossers.
Step 3: Factor "short term" stays and legalization from the overall estimate
Table II, above, shows the number of illegals entering, but those numbers must be adjusted downward to account for illegals returning home each year or receiving legal status as part of the normal "legal" immigration process.
It is difficult to determine how many illegal aliens stay here permanently, or at least remain for a period of several years. Representative Jim Kolbe (R-AZ) testified in 2004 that males no longer go back home but instead stay in the United States and then send for their families.9 Veteran Border Patrol agents have confirmed that illegal aliens are now coming here to stay.14
Yet a certain proportion of illegals return home each year after only a temporary stay in the United States.32 The INS estimated in 2001 that several hundred thousand illegals return home each year or receive legal status as part of the normal "legal" immigration process.19 The Center for Immigration Studies reported that in 1999, the INS estimated that:
- 968,000 new illegal aliens settled in the United States
- 210,000 illegal aliens either died or returned home on their own
- 63,000 were removed (deported) by the INS
- 183,000 were given green cards as part of the normal "legal" immigration process.3
The following table shows the results of applying INS estimates and thus assumes a generous estimate that 500,000 illegal aliens currently return home, are removed (deported), or receive legal status each year. Here, a projected average of between 2.8 and 7.1 illegal aliens are shown to be entering and staying annually.
Step 3 (a): Factoring out returns and legalizations.
Illegals entering and staying yearly, assuming 500,000 return
home or receive legal status each year.
(millions of illegal aliens per year)
|1 out of 4 (official Border Patrol rate)||3.3||1.7||3.5||2.8|
|1 out of 7||8.2||4.4||8.7||7.1|
It may be argued that Table III contains inadequate adjustments - that since Table II presents total numbers significantly higher than official estimates, the number of illegals returning home must be increased accordingly. Although such an argument tends to contradict current information indicating that illegals are no longer returning home as they were in the past,9, 14 it is nevertheless interesting to see how the numbers play under this argument.
The following table shows the results of an overly generous assumption that one-third of illegal aliens in the U.S. either return home or are legalized each year.
Step 3 (b): Factoring out returns and legalizations
Illegals entering and staying yearly,
assuming one-third return
home or receive legal status each year.
(millions of illegal aliens per year)
|1 out of 4 (official Border Patrol rate)||2.5||1.5||2.7||2.2|
|1 out of 7||5.8||3.3||6.2||5.1|
Table IV shows a projected average of between 2.2 and 5.1 illegal aliens entering and staying annually - a lower range than presented in Table III.
Based on the results shown in Tables III and IV, it is reasonable to suggest that a medium-range figure of 12,000 illegal aliens enter the U.S. every day, or about 4 million per year. Indeed, Time Magazine reports that along the 65-mile-long border of the Tohono O'odham Indian Nation with Mexico, up to 1,500 illegals are apprehended every day (with many more evading apprehension).22
Mortality of illegals is assumed not to significantly reduce a these numbers. Although a certain number of illegals undoubtedly die each year, the overall mortality of the illegal alien population is presumed to be relatively low because of the young age (about 25 years of age34) of those entering the U.S. illegally. Thus, Census Bureau mortality data almost certainly does not correlate with illegal alien numbers, and therefore can not be used as a proxy for those numbers.
Step 4: Estimate the total number of illegal aliens in the U.S.
Could there be 20 million illegal aliens in the U.S.?
In 2003, Georgia state Senator – and MALDEF national board member – Sam Zamarripa told the Georgia state senate that there were 20 million illegals in the U.S. at the time.8 This 20 million amounts to more than 6 percent of our current U.S. population (296 million in mid-2005) and is larger than the population of most states.
A January 3, 2005 Bear Stearns report, "The Underground Labor Force Is Rising To The Surface," sharply criticized Census Bureau estimates of the illegal alien population as being incomplete and inaccurate, and concluded that "The number of illegal immigrants in the United States may be as high as 20 million people, more than double the official 9 million people estimated by the Census Bureau."35
In other words, possibly one out of every 15 persons in the United States might well be an illegal alien.
Using traditional Department of Homeland Security estimates of 700,000 illegal aliens entering and saying each year, it would take 28.6 years to amass 20 million. If it is assumed that 1 million illegals enter and stay annually then the time to amass 20 million would be 20 years.
Thus, even the relatively low official numbers lead us to conclude that we have quite possibly amassed nearly 20 million illegal aliens in the United States since the 1986 "amnesty to end all amnesties." The following table shows the number of years it would take to amass 20 million illegal aliens in the U.S.
Years to amass 20 million illegal aliens
|Permanent illegals per year||Years to amass 20 million|
|700,000 (Department of Homeland Security)||28.6|
|2.2 million (Table IV, official Border Patrol 1 out of 4 apprehensions)||9.1|
|3 million (Time Magazine)||6.6|
|4 million (Sen. McCain)||5.0|
|5.1 million (Table IV, 1 out of 7 apprehensions)||4.0|
The higher yearly numbers in Table V reveal how quickly 20 million could be amassed. Based on the results of the analysis summarized in Table IV, it would take perhaps between four and nine years to amass 20 million illegal aliens in the United States at the current rate of entry.
While immigration numbers fluctuate on a yearly basis, legal immigration into the U.S. since 1986 has increased steadily, and it is reasonable to assume that illegal immigration has correspondingly increased. Although the actual number of illegal aliens in the U.S. is not precisely known, it appears quite possible that 20 million or more illegals could be living within the United States.
Considerations regarding illegal immigration numbers
Mexico's fertility and growth rate
How do the presumed 3 to 4 million illegal aliens entering and staying in the United States each year compare to population growth in Mexico, the leading supplier of illegal aliens to the U.S.?
Population Reference Bureau mid-year data show that Mexico's 2004 natural increase is 2.2 million and that actual 2003 to 2004 population increased by 1.3 million (1.2 percent).21 The difference is 0.9 million, representing the approximate legal emigration number into the United States. However, if Mexico alone is actually losing several million per year to U.S. emigration, then Mexico's rate of natural increase (2.2 million) must be high enough so that the margin of births minus deaths yields the reported population increase of 1.3 million plus several million emigrants. This would require a high fertility rate to sustain such increases. Mexico's 2004 fertility rate was only 2.8 births per woman, but it was significantly higher in the past: 5.4 in 1976 when the current generation of emigrants was first being born.23
This discrepancy could relate to the actual data source: the Mexican census. As stated by Population Reference Bureau:
"Mexico is a really thorny problem. It is a really bad problem - we don't really know their Total Fertility Rate. It's somewhere between 2.5 and three.... The (Mexican) Census was also a bit of a problem. They actually lied about the 1980 population."21
Unfortunately, due to PRB's methodology, it is not possible to calculate yearly population growth by direct comparison of one year's total population to the next.21 Thus, Mexico's true yearly population growth remains obscured.
Proportion of illegals from countries other than Mexico
Of course, not all illegal aliens come from Mexico. In 1997, the illegal alien population was 54 percent Mexican.24 The illegal alien population is currently 70 percent Mexican, with 30 percent coming from other countries.24 Latin America, including Mexico, is the source of 90 percent of illegal aliens entering into the United States.26 A 2004 Fox News article stated that "it is not just Mexicans who are flooding into our border states anymore. Along with the Nicaraguans, Brazilians, Venezuelans, Ecuadorians, and Chileans, agents of the Border Patrol now encounter Chinese, Pakistanis, and Indians. Nationals of countries other than Mexico are known, in Border Patrol parlance, as 'OTMs'" - Other Than Mexicans.10,37
Time Magazine reports that "from October 1 of last year until August 25, the Border Patrol estimates that it apprehended 55,890 OTMs".22 In November, 2006, the U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security reported that based on U.S. Border Patrol statistics there were 30,147 OTMs apprehended in FY2003, 44,614 in FY2004, 165,178 in FY2005, and 108,025 in FY2006. Most of them were apprehended along the U.S. Southwest border.37 These numbers represent a distinct undercount since the Border Patrol routinely sanitizes and underreports numbers of illegals.7, 18 It is therefore reasonable to assume that Other Than Mexicans account for at least several hundred thousand illegal entries annually.
Visa overstays contribute to illegal alien numbers
Many individuals from foreign countries are issued temporary work and student visas. Those who fail to return home after the visa expires become illegal aliens. Visa overstays account for a sizeable number of illegal aliens in the United States.
The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) reported in 1997 that:
- There were 170,000 new overstayers each year between 1982-1992 and 181,000 between 1992-1996.
- The number of new illegals who joined the illegal population by Entering Without Inspection (EWI) was 250,000 from 1982 to 1988 and 242,000 from 1988 to 1996.
- 41 percent of the illegal population are overstayers.24
The Government Accountability Office reported that significant numbers of foreign visitors overstay their authorized periods of admission. The Department of Homeland Security estimates the resident overstay population as of January 2000 at 2.3 million, not including short-term overstays. It also omits what is described as "millions of potential long-term overstays from Mexico and Canada. A more recent Department of Homeland Security estimate placed the January 2000 resident overstay population at one-third of 7 million illegal immigrants, or 2.3 million.24
5. Impact of amnesty proposals on illegal immigration numbers
On January 9, 2004, President Bush proposed a guest worker program - a thinly veiled amnesty for illegal aliens. A February 29, 2004, Fox News article subsequently stated that from 50 percent to 90 percent of illegal aliens apprehended claimed they were coming here for the "amnesty" (their words).10 One Border Patrol officer stated that "They believe that they are only responding to an invitation." Shortly thereafter, the Border Patrol was ordered not to collect this information.
Word of the amnesty had spread far beyond Mexico. Apprehensions included Nicaraguans, Brazilians, Venezuelans, Ecuadorians, Chileans, Chinese, Pakistanis, and East Indians.
By June, 2004, U.S. Border Patrol official statistics revealed that there had been 135,468 apprehensions along the southwest border during April 2004, an 80 percent increase when compared to April 2003.16 A May 23, 2004, New York Times article stated that after a 4-year drop, apprehensions were are up 30 percent over 2003 apprehensions along the entire southern border, with 660,000 people detained from October 1, 2003 through the end of April, 2004.18 Representative Kolbe testified that 155,000 people had been apprehended along the Arizona border in the first three months of 2004.9
Although correlation does not necessarily imply causation, it seems reasonable to presume a relatively modest 25 percent increase in illegal aliens starting January 15, 2004, through the rest of the year as a result of the "guest worker" proposal. This 25 percent is a conservative estimate of the increased flow of illegal aliens into the U.S. as a result of President Bush's amnesty proposal.4 In fact, official Border Patrol apprehension statistics show that total 2004 apprehensions as of June 30, 2004 represent a 190 increase over total 2003 apprehensions.6
Some of these apprehensions can be attributed to increased Border Patrol staffing levels, but since additional staffing has been only half of what was requested in 2004,11 it is logical to conclude that increased apprehensions have been due to increased illegal border crossings. Furthermore, recent Border Patrol directives have been issued, such as "sitting on X's" (ordering Border Patrol agents to stay in a fixed location for an entire shift), in order to lower apprehensions and thereby sanitize publicized statistics.12 It also stands to reason that as larger numbers of illegals cross the border, more total numbers will evade apprehension. Thus, if apprehensions are reported to be increasing in the context of these factors, it is highly likely that total illegal entries as well as the total number evading apprehension are increasing in even larger proportions.
From the preceding sections, it can be estimated that approximately 3 million to 4 million illegal aliens have entered in 2004 alone. If President Bush's amnesty proposal had actually gone into law on January 7, 2004, those approximately 3 million would be greater than the total number "legalized" in the 1986 "amnesty to end all amnesties".29
President Bush's 2004 Presidential opponent, John Kerry, had stated that the president's "legalization" plan ddid not go far enough and that he would offer legislation during the first hundred days of his administration that would offer not only amnesty, but a offer path to full, voting citizenship to the millions of illegal aliens in the U.S. If this were to happen without securing our borders, or if President Bush and subsequent presidents continue to push for amnesty, the magnet of amnesty will draw an unending stream of high numbers of illegal aliens into our country.
(Read more about the tidal wave of illegal immigration).
Intentionally low, static, and misleading official government estimates claim that 8 million to 12 million illegal aliens reside in the United States and that 700,000 new illegals enter and stay every year. Based upon the analysis presented here, it is likely that in mid-2005 more than 20 million illegal aliens presently resided in the United States, with roughly 12,000 additional illegal aliens entering every day.
No one can say with certainty how many illegal aliens enter and reside in the United States because the precise data simply are not available. The methodology used in this analysis is presented as an alternative approach to estimating illegal alien numbers. Because it depends on factors that are not known with great accuracy, it produces a wider range of estimates than traditional estimates, but can be used to present another perspective on illegal immigration numbers.
Further analysis is certainly warranted. However it is important to recognize the magnitude of the numbers in order to recognize the seriousness of the crisis and urgency for a return to the rule of law and secured borders that the United States Constitution demands.
Copyright 2004-2007 Fred Elbel.
A copy of this analysis is also available
on THE AMERICAN RESISTANCE and
The Dustin Inman Society websites.
1 Jerry Seper,
"Ridge rapped for immigration views," Washington Times (December 11, 2003):
"Homeland Security Secretary Tom Ridge's suggestion that 8 million to 12 million illegal aliens now in the United States be 'legalized' drew harsh criticism yesterday from congressional and other opponents of such legalization."
2 U.S. Census Bureau, www.Census.gov.
3 Center for Immigration Studies, www.CIS.org, including report on "Illegal Immigration".
The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) estimates that in January of 2000 there were 7 million illegal aliens living in the United States, a number that is growing by half a million a year. Thus, the illegal-alien population in 2003 stands at least 8 million. Included in this estimate are approximately 78,000 illegal aliens from countries who are of special concern in the war on terror. It is important to note that the 500,000 annual increase is the net growth in the illegal-alien population (new illegal immigration minus deaths, legalizations, and out-migration). In 1999 for example, the INS estimates that 968,000 new illegal aliens settled in the U.S. This number was offset by 210,000 illegal aliens who either died or returned home on their own, 63,000 who were removed by the INS, and 183,000 illegal aliens who were given green cards as part of the normal "legal" immigration process. One of the most important findings of the INS report is the intimate link between legal and illegal immigration. The INS estimates that it gave out 1.5 million green cards to illegal aliens in the 1990s. This was not due to amnesty legislation, but rather reflects how the legal immigration process embraces illegal immigration and encourages it through legal exemptions. According to the INS, only 412,000 illegal aliens were removed during the decade.
The Census Bureau has also developed estimates of its own. Their estimate at the time of the 2000 Census suggests that the illegal immigration population was about 8 million. Using this number, it can be concluded that the illegal-alien population grew by almost half a million a year in the 1990s. This conclusion is derived from a draft report given to the House immigration subcommittee by the INS that estimated the illegal population was 3.5 million in 1990. For the illegal population to have reached 8 million by 2000, the net increase had to be 400,000 to 500,000 per year during the 1990s.
4 Stephen Dinan, "Bush 'amnesty' blamed for rise in illegals," Washington Times, (April 16, 2004).
5 Sen. John McCain (R-AZ), Letter from Sen. John McCain to citizen (February 10, 2004) (Arizona is a state with extremely high illegal numbers):
"According to the U.S. Border Patrol apprehension statistics, it is estimated that almost four million people crossed our borders illegally in 2002."
6 Telephone call, July 19, 2004, and July 27, 2004 from D.A. King (TheAmericanResistance) to Gloria Chavez, Border Patrol Spokesperson for U.S. Customs and Border Protection and subsequent response by Patrol Agent Luis Gonzalez, assistant to Gloria Chavez. Their follow-up fax stated the following:
|U.S. Border Patrol Apprehensions|
|Sector||2000||2001||2002||2003||2004 first 6 months|
Retired Border Patrol Special Agent John Slagle, Illegal Entries (2004), ISBN 4-4140-4327-9. Available through AuthorHouse.com for $12.50 paperback; $4.50 electronic version. John Slagle has stated in correspondence that:
"When it comes to illegal aliens, statistics can be maddening. The U.S. Border Patrol releases sanitized, low-number figures to the public by official information officers. There is no mention in these reports of illegal aliens from the Mid-east who are arrested, nor people apprehended from red list nations - that might alarm the public. Active duty agents I know state it's all smoke and mirrors set up by D.C. plutocrats, resulting in frustration and low morale with the Border Patrol.
The official Border Patrol statistics are that one in five illegal aliens are apprehended and arrested. For agents on the line, they know better - it's much higher." [e.g., one in ten].
8 Georgia State Senator Sam Zamarripa stated that there are 20 million illegals in the U.S. His comments were made on record to the Georgia Senate on April 17, 2003 in his remarks withdrawing his amendment to Senate Bill 191. (See text and audio).
9 CNN Lou Dobbs segment (CNN, June 17, 2004).
video archive, and
Rep. Kolbe (R-AZ) testified that
"155,000 people had been apprehended along the Arizona border in the first three months of this year", and that one out of four or five are apprehended.
Sen. McCain (R-AZ) testified that he projected 2.4 million illegals entering in 2004 - a figure based on the overly optimistic official one in four apprehension rate by the U.S. Border Patrol.
"Bush Amnesty Sparks Surge in Border Crossings" (Fox News, February 19, 2004):
"... more than half of the Mexicans trying to sneak into the U.S. through San Ysidro told authorities they were doing so to position themselves for the amnesty... 'They believe that they are only responding to an invitation.'... In the last several weeks, a staggering 90 percent of all illegal aliens intercepted in one sector in southern Texas claim they’ve come for the amnesty... 'The agents were soon told to stop collecting this information,' "
"Word of the 2000-mile wide open door between Mexico and the U.S. has spread far beyond Mexico. It is not just Mexicans who are flooding into our border states anymore. Along with the Nicaraguans, Brazilians, Venezuelans, Ecuadorians, and Chileans, agents of the Border Patrol now encounter Chinese, Pakistanis, and Indians. Nationals of countries other than Mexico are known, in Border Patrol parlance, as 'OTMs.'"
Susan Carroll and Daniel Gonzalez, "Border control initiative runs into troubles" Tucson Citizen (June 3, 2004).
When Department of Homeland Security officials launched the Arizona Border Control Initiative in March, they said the agency planned to add 260 agents, four helicopters and two unmanned aerial drones, and expand detention space to hold illegal immigrants.
The effort was supposed to be in full swing by Tuesday. But more than half of the promised U.S. Border Patrol agents have not arrived, officials have scrapped plans to add tents for detained immigrants [illegal aliens], and the drones remain on the ground...
Hutchinson said arrests of illegal immigrants in the state have increased to 3,000 daily from an average of about 2,000 a day since March.
The new policy of sitting on X's - ordering Border Patrol agents to stay in a fixed location for an entire shift - has been reported by CNN's Lou Dobbs. Forward deployment has never worked, but is a method producing statistics showing that apprehensions are down. As a former Supervisory Border Patrol Agent Terry McCann stated in private correspondence:
"It's all bullshit and politics. The number of people entering is massive, but by ordering Border Patrol agents to sit on predetermined sites all day and all night, there is visible presence, and arrests go down. Of course, the flood tide of illegal aliens 'flank' those positions right and left and with no one guarding the rear, the invasion is hardly slowed."
"Overstay Tracking: A Key Component of Homeland Security and a Layered Defense," Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives United States General Accounting Office, General Accounting Office, report GAO-04-82 (May, 2004).
Former Supervisory Border Patrol Agent Terry McCann stated in private correspondence:
"As the Chinese did during the last century, Mexicans have decided to
stay. You are correct in your assessment that they send for their families.
With regard to Border Patrol checkpoints, aliens simply walk around them and
are later picked up by alien smugglers. Man power provided, the Patrol will
position personnel to apprehend 'walk around' aliens.
Non immigrants aliens, after having been admitted as a temporary
agricultural workers, may seek employment in better paying jobs and thereby
void the terms of their admissions. With such monetary gain why should they
return to countries of their birth? Their intended destination may be
another municipality to reside and work near their families.
The United States continues to make history; however, as per aliens
illegally entering the United States, we are facing an onslaught far worse
than that experienced by the ancient Roman Empire."
Michael Maiello and Susan Kitchens, "Preying On Human Cargo," Forbes (June 7, 2004). (Read the complete article).
Juan Mann, "It's Official! Bush Betrayal Triggered Wave of Illegals" (VDARE.com, June 14, 2004).
The U.S. Border Patrol made 135,468 apprehensions along the southwest border during April 2004, an 80 percent increase when compared to April 2003.
Timothy Egan, "Border Desert Proves Deadly For Mexicans," New York Times (May 23, 2004).
After a four year drop, apprehensions which the Border Patrol uses to measure human smuggling are up 30 per cent over last year along the entire southern border, with 660,000 people detained from Oct. 1, 2003 through the end of April, 2004
"Feds Undercount Illegal Aliens" (NewsMax.com, March 16, 2001).
Northeastern University researchers Andrew Sum, Neeta Fogg and Paul Harrington have been researching for some time another anomaly. From 1994 to 2000, U.S. businesses reported creating 5.2 million more jobs than U.S. workers had been reporting obtaining. They believe this discrepancy largely stems from illegal aliens who wish to avoid coming to the government's attention. This would suggest that the annual increase in illegal aliens is between 500,000 and 1 million. That would be about the same as the net number of legal immigrants each year...
The new estimates of illegal immigration have important implications for long-term population growth. Last year, the Census Bureau estimated that America's population would grow to 571 million in 2100, with the number of Hispanics growing to 190 million. But these figures may now have to be looked at again...
"Estimate of Illegal Immigrant Population Rises" (National Center for Policy Analysis, October 25, 2001).
...the INS estimates that several hundred thousand illegals return home each year or receive legal status as part of the normal "legal" immigration process
D.A. King, "Could There Be Twenty Million Illegals In The U.S.?" (VDARE.com, August 7, 2004).
2003 and 2004 "World population Data Sheet," (Population Reference Bureau, 2003, 2004).
|Population Reference Bureau|
World Population Data Sheets (extracts)
|Mid-year||Population (millions)||Total Fertility Rate||Rate of Natural Increase (%)||Births per 1,000||Deaths per 1,000
Calculations using the above data:
|Mid-year||Population (millions)||Total Fertility Rate||Rate of Natural Increase (millions)||Births minus Deaths (millions)
|Yearly increase||1.3**|| || ||
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): "The birth rate minus the death rate, implying the annual rate of population growth without regard for migration. Expressed as a percentage."
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): "The average number of children a woman would have assuming that current age-specific birth rates remain constant throughout her childbearing years (usually considered to be ages 15 to 49)".
The following statements from Carl Haub, author of the Population Reference Bureau World Population Data Sheets, were made on September 22, 2004 to Fred Elbel via telephone discussion. They are reprinted with permission:
** "You can't generally compare years between the Data Sheets. We recalculate the sheets each year. Thus, it is possible that they could show population declining in a country where it is known to be increasing."
* "Mexico is a really thorny problem. It is a really bad problem - we don't really know their Total Fertility Rate. It's somewhere between 2.5 and 3. Mexico has three agencies, chartered with different objectives (including reducing fertility) who report different rates... The (Mexican) Census was also a bit of a problem. They actually lied about the 1980 population."
PRB uses the 2000 Mexican Census, projected to 2004 and including a net migration rate of -4.0 per 1,000. They estimate Mexico's natural increase at 2.2 million.
Regarding the September 20, 2004 TIME Magazine article22, "I can't buy 3 million per year emigrating in total or from Mexico, especially on a net basis. In 10 years, that would be 30 million people. It must have been supplied by an anti-immigrant [anti-immigration] group".
The U.S. Census does serious work on migration. They calculated Mexican migration at -4.2 per 1,000. You can find that on their website - it is very complete. Go to www.census.gov. Then select "I" from the "A-Z" selection. Then go to International and then to International database. View quick summary or detailed summary.
Laura Karmatz and Joan Levinstein, "Who Left the Door Open?," TIME Magazine (September 20, 2004).
The article states that 3 million illegal aliens each year enter into the United States. When questioned about this number, journalists Donald L. Barlett and James B. Steele replied in the October 25, 2004 issue:
Although the figure of 3 million illegal aliens is an estimate, it is based on government formulas and interviews with border-patrol agents and other law-enforcement authorities. Anderson's reference [in a letter to TIME] to 350,000 illegals comes from Census Bureau data, which are widely acknowledged to be seriously flawed.
Population - Mexico, Guide2Mexico.
Steven A. Camarota, "5 Million Illegal Immigrants: An Analysis of New INS Numbers," Immigration Review #28 (Center for Immigration Studies, Spring 1997);
On February 7, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) released its latest estimate for the size and growth of the illegal alien population in the United States, updating its 1994 report...
There were 170,000 new overstayers each year between 1982-1992 and 181,000 between 1992-1996. The number of new illegals who joined the illegal population by Entering Without Inspection (EWI) was 250,000 from 1982 to 1988 and 242,000 from 1988 to 1996.
The INS estimates that 41 percent of the illegal population are overstayers and 59 percent are EWIs. This is a change from the estimated 50-50 split in its previous study.
The illegal population is 54 percent Mexican.
"INS: 7 million illegal immigrants in United States - Mexicans make up nearly 70 percent of total, figures show," (CNN News, February 1, 2003).
John Price, "Tendencias - Latin America Market Report," Info Americas newsletter (June 2001).
The unprecedented growth of legal and illegal immigration to the US in the 1990s was dominated by flows from Latin America, which were the source of more than 70 percent of new legal immigrants and 90 percent of illegals. Mexico and Central America were the most important source countries.
"Overstay Tracking Is a Key Component of a Layered Defense," Government Accounting [Accountability] Office (October 16, 2003).
Significant numbers of foreign visitors overstay their authorized periods of admission. The Department of Homeland Security estimates the resident overstay population at 2.3 million as of January 2000. Because the starting point for this estimate is the 2000 census, it does not cover short-term overstays who have not established residence here. It also omits an unknown number of potential long-term overstays from Mexico and Canada.
A recent DHS estimate put the January 2000 resident overstay population at 1/3 of 7 million illegal immigrants, or 2.3 million.
"2000 Census Shows that Illegal Alien Population Much Larger than Estimated by INS," (Federation for American Immigration Reform, February 6, 2001).
According to data from the 2000 Census, the size of the illegal alien population in the United States may be millions more than the estimates of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) have acknowledged...
"The size and scope of the illegal immigrant problem in the United States is a national scandal in more ways than one," said Dan Stein, executive director of the Federation for American immigration Reform. "The Northeastern study18 places the figure at nearly double any previous estimate of the size of the illegal population, indicating gross incompetence on the part of the government agencies charged with enforcing immigration laws. Equally as serious, if the Northeastern study proves to be accurate, it indicates a deliberate cover-up on the part of the government. It is inconceivable that official estimates could be that far off the mark unless someone was deliberately trying to mislead the American public," charged Stein.
"U.S. Amnesties for Illegal Aliens" (www.NumbersUSA.com).
Census 2000 results indicate that 700,000 to 800,000 illegal aliens settle in the U.S. each year, with an estimated 8-11 million illegal aliens currently living in the United States
According to INS estimates released in October, 2000, the amnesties granted in 1986 as a result of the Immigration Reform and Control Act significantly contributed to an increase in illegal immigration as the relatives of newly legalized illegal immigrants came illegally to the United States to join their family members.
Congress has passed 7 amnesties for illegal aliens, starting in 1986.
1. Immigration and Reform Control Act (IRCA) Amnesty, 1986: A blanket amnesty for some 2.7 million illegal aliens
2. Section 245(i) Amnesty, 1994: A temporary rolling amnesty for 578,000 illegal aliens
3. Section 245(i) Extension Amnesty, 1997: An extension of the rolling amnesty created in 1994
4. Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act (NACARA) Amnesty, 1997: An amnesty for close to one million illegal aliens from Central America
5. Haitian Refugee Immigration Fairness Act Amnesty (HRIFA), 1998: An amnesty for 125,000 illegal aliens from Haiti
6. Late Amnesty, 2000: An amnesty for some illegal aliens who claim they should have been amnestied under the 1986 IRCA amnesty, an estimated 400,000 illegal aliens
7. LIFE Act Amnesty, 2000: A reinstatement of the rolling Section 245(i) amnesty, an estimated 900,000 illegal aliens
"Social Security 'Totalization' - Examining a Lopsided Agreement with Mexico," (Center for Immigration Studies, September 2004).
Tidal wave of Mexican immigration. Indeed, the last decade saw an unprecedented number of Mexicans cross the U.S. border. Between 1990 and 2000, their number doubled—from 4.2 million to 9.2 million, or 30 percent of the entire foreign-born population in the United States. Within this number, unauthorized Mexicans grew by more than 100 percent—from 2 million to 4.8 million, or 69 percent of all illegal aliens in the United States.
While perhaps embarrassed that 10 percent of it people have fled Mexico to earn a decent living, President Vicente Fox’s administration has embraced this reality. In fact, increasing the number of Mexicans working in the United States is among its highest foreign policy objectives.
31 Ben Winograd, "Crossing the Border, again and again and again," Tucson Citizen (November 5, 2004).
"By comparing the totals of individuals to apprehensions, the figures show that the percentage of illegal immigrants who are caught more than once has risen in the past three years. In the Tucson sector during fiscal 2002, roughly 1 in 4 apprehensions was an immigrant arrested earlier in the year. By 2004, the number had grown to 1 in 3.… Despite the recent rise in recidivism, repeat crossers were more common five years ago."
32 Charlie LeDuff, "Holidays Inspire a Rush to the Border," New York Times (December 23, 2004).
33 Telephone conversation between Richard Humphries and Michael Nicley, Chief, Tucson Sector, U.S. Border Patrol (August/September, 2004).
Humphries: "Chief Nicley, your agents in the Tucson Sector are arresting more than 1,000 illegals every 24 hours and you and I both know that, for every one they apprehend, at least 3 get away".
Nicley: "It's more like 7, Mr. Humphries".
34 Email from retired Border Patrol Special Agent John Slagle (May 30, 2005):
"The average age we've seen and reported since 2002 in the Three Points Area [Arizona] has been late teens to late twenties, mostly males."
35 Robert Justich and Betty Ng, CFA, "The Underground Labor Force
Is Rising To The Surface", Bear Stearns (January 3, 2005):
"Though we cannot conduct an independent census of the United States population, as investors, we need not accept the accuracy of the official census immigration statistics, which are widely recognized as incomplete. There are many ancillary sources of data that provide evidence that the rate of growth in the immigrant population is much greater than the Census Bureau statistics. School enrollments, foreign remittances, border crossings, and housing permits are some of the statistics that point to a far greater rate of change in the immigrant population than the census numbers. At the risk of appearing dogmatic or taking a leap of faith, we have applied the rate of growth from these other areas and have drawn several conclusions about the current immigration population:
1. The number of illegal immigrants in the United States may be as high as 20 million people, more than double the official 9 million people estimated by the Census Bureau.
2. The total number of legalized immigrants entering The United States since 1990 has averaged 962,000 per year. Several credible studies indicate that the number of illegal entries has recently crept up to 3 million per year, triple the authorized figure.
3. Undocumented immigrants are gaining a larger share of the job market, and hold approximately 12 to 15 million jobs in the United States (8% of the employed)..."
36 U.S. Border Patrol Local 2544 (covering most of Arizona) stated on their website at www.local2544.org in July of 2005:
"There are currently 15 to 20 million illegal aliens in this country by many estimates, but the real numbers could be much higher and the numbers increase every day because our borders are not secure (no matter what the politicians tell you - don't believe them for a second)."
"A Line in the Sand: Confronting the Threat at the Southwest Border" (U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security, Subcommittee on Investigations, November, 2006)
"During 2005, Border Patrol apprehended approximately 1.2 million illegal aliens; of those 165,000 were from countries other than Mexico. Of the non-Mexican aliens, approximately 650 were from special interest countries."
"A significant portion of illegal activity at the border relates to illegal drug smuggling. Below is a summary of FY 2005 Federal drug seizures, which shows a total of 1,129, 275 pounds of cocaine and 6,866,465 million pounds of marijuana."
"Federal law enforcement estimates that 10 percent to 30 percent of illegal aliens are actually apprehended and 10 percent to 20 percent of drugs are seized.2 Therefore, in 2005, as many as 4 to 10 million illegal aliens crossed into the United States; and as much as 5.6 to 11.2 million pounds of cocaine and 34.3 to 68.6 million pounds of marijuana entered the United States."
"The number of aliens other than Mexican ("OTMs") illegally crossing the border has grown at an alarming rate over the past several years. Based on U.S. Border Patrol statistics there were 30,147 OTMs apprehended in FY2003, 44,614 in FY2004, 165,178 in FY2005, and 108,025 in FY2006. Most of them were apprehended along the U.S. Southwest border." | <urn:uuid:dddbf46b-ab69-4832-b5cf-ce59d98927b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.desertinvasion.us/data/invasion_numbers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.943601 | 11,601 | 2.234375 | 2 |
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When you connect to an OpenTok session on an app, you specify the session you want to connect to using an OpenTok session ID. Each session ID identifies a unique OpenTok session. You can think of a session as a room in which participants meet and chat.
The number of sessions you create and how clients connect to them depend upon the requirements of your app. If your app connects users with one another for a one-time meeting, create a unique session for that meeting. However, if your app connects users over various days in the same "room," then you can create one session and reuse it. If one group of users meet with each other, while other groups meet independently, create unique sessions for each group.
OpenTok sessions do not expire. However, authentication tokens do expire. Also note that sessions cannot explicitly be destroyed.
When you create a session, you can specify the following options, which are described in the sections that follow:
When you create a session, you specify how clients in the session will send audio-video streams, known as the media mode. There are two options:
Relayed — In a relayed session, clients will attempt to send audio-video streams directly between each other (peer-to-peer). However, if clients cannot connect due to firewall restrictions, the session uses the OpenTok TURN server to relay audio-video streams. (Prior to version 2.2, the OpenTok server SDKs referred to these sessions as peer-to-peer sessions. However, even when using those SDKs, sessions will still use the OpenTok TURN server to relay streams if firewall restrictions block peer-to-peer streaming.)
The OpenTok Media Router can decrease bandwidth usage in multiparty sessions. (When the media mode property is set to relayed, each client publishing a stream must send it separately to each client subscribing to it. With the OpenTok Media Router, a publisher sends one stream once to the router and it forwards it to each subscribing client.)
The OpenTok Media Router can improve the quality of the user experience through audio fallback and video recovery. With these features, if a client's connectivity degrades to a degree that it does not support video for a stream it's subscribing to, the video is dropped on that client (without affecting other clients), and the client receives audio only. If the client's connectivity improves, the video returns.
The OpenTok Media Router supports the OpenTok archiving feature, which lets you record, save, and retrieve OpenTok sessions.
The OpenTok Media Router supports live-streaming broadcasts.
The OpenTok Media Router supports Experience Composer (beta).
In sessions that use the OpenTok Media Router, lowering the frame rate for a published video proportionally reduces the bandwidth the stream uses.
The OpenTok Media Router supports the scalable video feature. Scalable video can greatly improve the quality of video in multi-party sessions.
In clients using the OpenTok iOS and Android SDKs, relayed sessions support only two clients connected to the session. The OpenTok Media Router supports additional clients for multiparty sessions on mobile devices.
Note: In version 2.2 of the OpenTok server SDKs, the default media mode is relayed. (In earlier versions, the default was to use the OpenTok Media Router.)
When you create a session, you can set the archive mode so that the session is archived automatically. This only applies to routed sessions (sessions that use the OpenTok Media Router). By default, sessions are not automatically archived.
When you create a session, you can set the IP address that Vonage will use to situate the session in its global network. If no location hint is set when you create the session (which is recommended), the session uses a media server based on the location of the first client connecting to the session. Set location hint in only if you know the general geographic region (and a representative IP address) and you think the first client connecting may not be in that region. Specify an IP address that is representative of the geographical location for the session.
When possible, do not reuse session IDs between different video chat conversations. Instead, generate new session IDs for each distinct video chat on your application.
This is important, especially when using OpenTok Inspector. In Inspector, session quality scores and data are indexed by session ID. A session ID that is reused for multiple conversations is more difficult to debug using Inspector, and sessions with re-used session IDs tend to report lower aggregate quality scores than the actual experienced call quality.
Use a relayed instead of a routed session, if you have only two participants (or maybe even three) and you are not using archiving. Using relayed sessions reduces the latency between participants, reduces the points of failure and you can get better quality video and audio in most cases.
Routed sessions are required if you want to archive your session. They are recommended if you have more than two or three participants in the session.
For more information, see The OpenTok Media Router and media modes.
While working on a test version of your app, you can obtain a test session ID using a Project Page of of your Video API account.
You can also use one of the OpenTok server-side libraries or the OpenTok REST API to generate a session:
You can also use the OpenTok REST API to create a session.
If you need to dynamically generate multiple session IDs, use one of the OpenTok server-side libraries or the OpenTok REST API — not the Project Page. | <urn:uuid:1d937980-b6c0-4e3c-a5b0-5f92adc8565c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tokbox.com/developer/guides/create-session/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.858099 | 1,135 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Free Money? I know, who does not want free money, but there usually are strings attached, right? Well, yes, most of the time, but not always. This is probably the most unique opportunity ever offered online. There is absolutely no obligation, to give it your best shot, at making money without spending any money of your own.
You see, since the internet and some powerhouse search engines like Google and Yahoo, your abilities to make some money, without investing any money of your own, made possible. The concept is easy to understand, once you see the basic principles and how you fit into this grand scheme of our twenty first century world.
What was missing in every school you've ever attended was 'how to make money', would not you agree? Oh, sure they taught you to read, understand how business works, how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide, but did they school you on actually making money? Probably not.
Okay, now let me ask you a few questions. Are you the smartest person you know? Would you like to know how to do something that you can not do right now? Would you pay someone for information you could access immediately? Well, you've just seen what makes a lot of people, a lot of money. Information is the largest revenue generator on the internet.
What most people do on the internet, is surf for specific information and hopefully find the answer they are seeking and quickly. Millions of people are willing to pay to know, what they want to know. Our world today is so fast-paced that we want it and we want it now.
It's also important to realize everyone in the world knows something, about a particular subject, that others would easily pay to know that same information. For example; How to make the perfect chocolate pie, or how to make money now for my retirement, just to name a couple. The desire to know what you do not know, should tell you, that someone is making money telling others what they have learned or discovered, why not you?
If you are seriously considering, how you can be on the receiving end of money for information, then you should know that finding your niche is free for the taking. Regardless of what or where your personal interest lies, you can make free money sharing that which interests you.
Knowing the basics of accessing your free money is really all you need to know, and you can grow or expand on your income virtual overnight. Even if you claim to have no clue about anything, you can still make free money.
Do not be intimidated by your computer, your PC is the greatest tool known to mankind. It's the largest source of information we have, and it never stops churning out new information.
Let's say you want free money and do not know the first thing about getting started. A perfect example of free money is the guy standing on the street corner selling newspapers. He can stand still, let people walk past him, and people passing by, notice he is selling newspapers. People will stop, pay him, and this continues until he sells all of his papers. Other than being there, the guy selling newspapers did not have to do anything. What people were paying him for, was information he was holding. Are you beginning to see how you could improve on the newspaper guy's business?
At no cost to you, you can set up a place on the internet and sell information and make free money. You do not have to work for it, so it's free money! Once you have your place set up, just take a few minutes each day to alert the public that you're open and that's all you need to do. There are people that will pay you to sell their products, just like a car salesperson, for a hefty sales commission, just for directing the customers to their products. And it's free to sign up!
You will not be asked to give any information about yourself, in order to get this valuable information, you need to get started. It's not about selling you something, it's about learning how you can begin your own personal bailout process, and improve your income abilities. | <urn:uuid:c9ea9d7f-47cd-4985-a9e5-039aa27e2414> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://webasies.com/free-money-for-anyone.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.974473 | 848 | 1.585938 | 2 |
The goal of Imputer is to provide users with a more comprehensive picture of their genome. Direct-to-consumer genetics companies, like 23andMe, only genotype a small fraction of the genome.
Researchers are finding new genetic locations, not covered by direct-to-consumer genetic tests, that are associated with traits and diseases at a rapid pace.
Imputer leverages the 1000 Genomes Project reference data to provide users with genotype estimates at additional locations in their genome.
Requests access to your genetic data in Open Humans (e.g. 23andMe) | <urn:uuid:cf046377-14f0-49e0-a44c-7e0cf7625371> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://openimpute.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.899822 | 121 | 1.65625 | 2 |
I heard a brief report on the radio the other day. They cited a few statistics about drug use and mentioned that their information was extracted from a report published in 2008 by Medco.
Medco is one of the largest mail-order pharmacy providers in the United States. They have ready access to vast amounts of utilization data.
Here are just a few points from that report:
- Among older Americans ages 65 and up, 28 percent of females and 22 percent of males take five or more chronic medications.
- Nearly 30 percent of children ages 19 and under take a chronic medication.
- A majority of the insured U.S. population is being treated for a chronic medical condition, raising serious concerns about the health of the nation.
- Nearly half (48 percent) of women ages 20-44 are being treated for a chronic condition.
I learned that when a person is using three different drugs, their risk of an interaction is in the 80% range. When the number increases to five different drugs, the risk of interaction moves much closer to 100%. The Medco figures are for prescribed drugs. Let’s not forget that there are many drugs available without prescription and there isn’t data about what people are taking.
A day doesn’t go by where we don’t hear about the “Health Care Crisis” in the United States. On the one hand, the discussion is mostly about who will pay for health care – and how they’ll do it. I suggest that a far more important issue is the massive abuse of drugs and the health impact that has on all of us. The cost is not just for the drugs received. It has to also consider the health cost needed to treat people who are suffering from the side effects of the numerous drugs they’re consuming.
Our motto remains, “Too Many People Take Too Many Drugs”. It is dangerous and costly, and the discussion must begin to focus on ways to dramatically lower drug usage.
How many drugs are you on? | <urn:uuid:781018a4-42d0-4afa-aa29-ab6f94f1a896> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thecompounder.com/2010/03/08/how-many-drugs-are-you-on/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.967579 | 418 | 2.140625 | 2 |
For every purpose, there’s a coffee ground remedy. Gardeners across the world recommend coffee grounds for a variety of gardening issues.
From fertilizing, to mulching, to pest control it seems there’s nothing a tablespoon of used coffee grounds can’t do.
Gardening is a hobby, not a science. The things we believe about gardening are often just made up, as passed down from generation to generation.
These are common ‘hacks’ that work well for gardening. Use egg shells, Epsom salt, and especially coffee grounds to improve your garden.
Most of the claims made are partially true, but some are simply complete nonsense.
Let’s find out when coffee grounds will help your tomato plants and when it will harm them.
Should You Use Coffee Grounds to Fertilize Tomato Plants?
Most people have heard about coffee grounds being used in various ways to improve their plants’ growth. However, they don’t know why coffee grounds work.
There are some people who think that coffee grounds will help increase the size of their tomatoes. While this is true, it isn’t the whole truth. Coffee grounds are actually a good fertilizer for your plants. This is because the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium that are present in coffee grounds are very helpful to your plants.
If you use coffee grounds on your plants, they will be able to grow faster and stronger. This is because the nutrients in coffee grounds are easily absorbed by your plants. However, if you use too much coffee grounds, your plants will suffer. This is because the soil will become dry.
In order to prevent this, you should add water to the soil. This will help your plants to absorb more nutrients.
If you are growing vegetables in containers, coffee grounds can be used to protect your plants from pests. Some people have claimed that coffee grounds make the soil in which they are planted too acidic.
If your plants get too acidic, it can kill them.
This is because plants need a pH level of around 6.0. If the pH level is below 6.0, the plants will not be able to grow.
Coffee grounds can be used as a slow-release fertilizer for tomato plants, as they contain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. However, they will not provide an immediate nutrient boost, and too much coffee ground can actually hinder plant growth.
Will Coffee Grounds Increase the Soil Acidity?
Coffee grounds are not acidic in nature. They do lower the pH of the soil, making it more acidic.
Tomato plants grow best in soils that are slightly acidic, and so they understand that it makes sense that coffee grounds are great for the health of tomato plants.
Although tomatoes do like acidic soil, it doesn’t appear that coffee grounds are the way to get there.
This means that if you make your coffee at home using coffee grounds that are about this acidic, it will taste better than if you buy your coffee grounds at the store and they are closer to neutral.
We believe that this number is inconsistent. Some studies have reported pH levels far lower than that, while others have reported them higher so they are actually acidic.
But that’s not the only concern, the effects the grounds have on the soil is also unclear.
There is not enough evidence that adding the ground from citrus fruit to the soil has a measurable impact on the pH level in the desired way.
No matter how effective your gardening products are at lowering the soil pH, you’ll want to use them wisely, because a high soil pH can hurt your plants.
A good rule of thumb is to always conduct a soil test before trying to make changes to the soil’s pH level.
Although coffee grounds are sometimes touted as a way to lower the pH of soil and make it more acidic, which is beneficial for tomato plants, there is no consistent evidence that this is effective.
Additionally, the pH of coffee grounds can vary widely, so it is difficult to predict the impact they will have on soil. If you suspect a soil problem, it is best to consult a professional or use a product designed to lower the pH of soil.
Using Coffee Grounds As Mulch For Your Tomato Plants?
Tomato plants love being grown in a container with organic wastes such as mulch. Some of these organic wastes include leaves, straw, and even grass clippings.
On paper, coffee grounds look like a good source of nutrients, but in practice, they don’t turn out to be the great mulch you might have hoped for.
However, in practice, they have some negative side effects.
To grow a lovely garden, you need a thick layer of mulch at least an inch or two.
The amount of coffee grounds you save to make an inch or more of mulch is hard enough.
Some organic gardeners like to use natural fertilizers because they don’t emit any toxins or other harmful chemicals.
It also prevents air from reaching the soil, depriving the roots of oxygen and essentially suffocating them.
Despite the negative reviews of coffee grounds as a soil amendment, they are still a great way to make great compost. Just don’t use them in the amounts needed to make a good mulch.
Organic gardeners often turn to coffee grounds as a source of nutrients for their plants. However, in practice, coffee grounds can have some adverse side effects. They can prevent air from reaching the soil, depriving the roots of oxygen and essentially suffocating them. Despite the negative reviews of coffee grounds as a soil amendment, they are still a great way to make great compost. Just don’t use them in the amounts needed to make a good mulch.
Will Coffee Grounds Stop Weeds Growing Around My Tomato Plants?
Coffee grounds are often suggested as a tool for weed prevention. While it is true that they can help reduce weeds, they aren’t a great tool for preventing weeds.
They can be effective at keeping weeds under control, but they are not a cure-all.
The amount needed to suppress weeds is also unclear, either to inhibit germination or as a mulch. You’re better off using the approved weed-suppressing methods and simply pulling weeds out as they emerge.
The amount needed to suppress weeds is also unclear. You’re better off using the approved weed-suppressing methods and simply pulling weeds out as they emerge.
Coffee grounds may help to reduce the number of weeds in an area, but they are not a foolproof method of weed prevention. It is unclear how much coffee is needed to have an effect on weeds, and coffee grounds are not a cure-all solution. The best solution is to use a combination of approved weed-suppressing methods and to pull weeds out as they appear.
Will Coffee Grounds Stop Kill Slugs?
There is no definitive answer to this question. Some people say that coffee grounds will stop slugs, while others say that they will not have any effect.
Coffee grounds are not a reliable method of pest control. The reason for this is that they are not very effective in controlling pests. Coffee grounds will attract insects and rodents.
These creatures will eat the food that you put out for them. There are many ways to kill slugs. You can try putting out a mix of coffee grounds and baking soda.
Baking soda is a natural substance that works great at killing slugs. You can put it out at night and it will work all day.
This is a great way to kill slugs and eliminate them from your home. It’s a good idea to keep some baking soda on hand at all times.
Coffee grounds are not an effective method of pest control, as they will attract insects and rodents which will eat the food put out for them. A better method is to put out a mix of coffee grounds and baking soda, as baking soda is a natural substance that works great at killing slugs.
Will Coffee Grounds Help Prevent Fungal Diseases in Tomato Plants?
Fungal diseases can affect tomato plants. These can cause tomatoes to be damaged, rot and die. You can use coffee grounds to prevent fungi from affecting your tomato plants.
If you want to save money on your tomato plants, you should consider using coffee grounds as fertilizer. You can add some coffee grounds to your potting mix and water it in.
This can help your tomato plants to grow faster and produce more fruits. You should put the coffee grounds in your pots when the tomato seeds are germinating.
Then, you should water them with fresh water until the seedlings are about six inches tall. After that, you can add more coffee grounds and water it regularly.
This will help your plants to grow stronger. You can also use coffee grounds to help control weeds. You can add coffee grounds to your soil and water it in. This can help your tomato plants to grow better and fight weeds.
You can use the same method to help your vegetable garden. You can add coffee grounds to your potting mix and water it in. This can help your vegetables to grow faster and fight weeds.
You can use coffee grounds to control pests too. For example, you can spray coffee grounds around your plants to keep away insects.
How Often Should You Put Coffee Grounds on Tomato Plants?
There is no one answer to this question as it depends on the specific circumstances. In general, it is a good practice to sprinkle coffee grounds on tomato plants as a fertilizer at least a few times per week.
To be more specific, you should do this every time you water your plants. It will help to give them some nutrients and also to remove some of the harmful chemicals from the soil.
Can I Use Leftover Coffee to Water Plants?
Yes, If you’re looking for a way to reuse coffee, you can use leftover coffee to water plants. Simply pour the coffee into a watering can and water the plants. If you’re looking for a way to reuse coffee, | <urn:uuid:1c8a4193-1e69-41a9-976c-db9292b6e4c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gardenerscatalog.com/coffee-grounds-good-or-bad-for-tomato-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.952185 | 2,104 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The First Metatarsal Bone (os metatarsale I; metatarsal bone of the great toe) is remarkable for its great thickness, and is the shortest of the metatarsal bones.
- The body is strong, and of well-marked prismoid form.
- The base presents, as a rule, no articular facets on its sides, but occasionally on the lateral side there is an oval facet, by which it articulates with the second metatarsal. Its proximal articular surface is of large size and kidney-shaped; its circumference is grooved, for the tarsometatarsal ligaments, and medially gives insertion to part of the tendon of the Tibialis anterior; its plantar angle presents a rough oval prominence for the insertion of the tendon of the Peronæus longus.
- The head is large; on its plantar surface are two grooved facets, on which glide sesamoid bones; the facets are separated by a smooth elevation.
See Metatarsal Bones for a description of the common characteristics of metatarsal bones.
The base articulates with the first cuneiform. The head with the 1st phalanx of hallux. | <urn:uuid:6ef3a49d-b22d-4577-b634-92dbc43a8332> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.knowlative.com/1st-metatarsal-bone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.906775 | 254 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Many business sectors, such as construction sites, pharmaceutical industries, mechanical workshops and food companies, require their employees to wear PPE for safety at work. However, what is personal protective equipment? How are they categorized and how do you choose the appropriate equipment for the occupational risks that differ according to the workplace and the tasks?
According to the Labor Code, PPE is “any device or appliance designed to be worn by an individual when exposed to one or more health and safety hazards”. This equipment, which is recommended or even compulsory for certain tasks, can take several forms: helmets, protective masks, earplugs, work gloves, safety shoes, harnesses, work clothes, etc. There is a whole range of protective products for the whole body to deal with different types of risks linked to the work environment. PPE thus becomes a real field of protection against threats to the health and safety of its user. It intervenes in risk prevention.
Different categories of PPE
As there are various types of occupational risks, PPE is classified into three categories, depending on the severity of the risk:
Category 1: against low risks and superficial injuries, This may involve slight shocks or vibrations that do not cause any irreversible damage to the body. Work gloves fall into this category of minor risks.
Category 2: against medium risks and severe injuries. On the contrary, these injuries could affect vital parts of the body with and therefore some health damages. This category includes cut protection gloves for example.
Category 3: against serious risks, irreversible injuries and deadly hazards.
These are situations that can lead to death, such as falls from heights during construction work. For example, the safety harness intended to be worn on a scaffold is category 3 PPE.
List of mandatory PPE
When collective protection is no longer sufficient, the employer must provide each of his employees with appropriate PPE against the risks involved in order to guarantee their safety and health at work. These can be:
- Thermal risks (exposure to very low temperatures in cold rooms, splashing of molten metal, etc.);
- Chemical risks (inhalation of toxic fumes) ;
- Electrical hazards (handling live parts) ;
- Mechanical risks (cuts, falls, splashes into the eye) ;
- As well as, the risks induced by laser or UV radiation, and noise.
The employer is responsible for assessing the risks beforehand in order to provide the appropriate PPE, in sufficient quantity and according to the wearer’s body type, so that the wearer is safe at his or her workstation and in full ergonomics.
Therefore, the PPE concerns :
- Head protection : construction site helmets for the head, caps with visors, masks or goggles for eye protection, earplugs for hearing protection and filter cartridge masks for effective respiratory protection in case of risk of inhalation of toxic fumes.
- Hand protection : protective gloves should be worn if the hands are particularly exposed and protective sleeves can be added for the forearms.
- Foot protection : safety shoes.
- Body protection : coveralls. A wide range of multi-norm protective workwear is available today.
Nevertheless, the employer must apply the general principles of prevention by taking all the necessary measures to protect the employee using suitable personal & collective protective equipment.
How do you measure the performance of PPE?
In addition to the information leaflet, the performance of PPE can be verified by its CE marking. Indeed, this corresponds to a standard. European standards define the test conditions and performance requirements for PPE before it is placed on the market. Depending on the results, different levels of performance are attributed to certain PPE. Naturally, these levels must be taken into account when choosing PPE, depending on the risk to which the worker is exposed. However, performance level should not be confused with protection level. Indeed, not all conditions of use in a work situation are necessarily met in the context of a test; performance is not necessarily equivalent to protection time.
LEBON®, your committed manufacturer of personal protective equipment
LEBON® has been designing and manufacturing personal protective equipment (PPE) since 1973. Specializing in protective gloves, we put our expertise at the service of operators to ensure their safety when facing various risks that may occur in the industrial sector. Certified Oeko-Tex®, Clean PU®, or Dermatest®, we also strive to design our equipment ranges with a CSR approach. | <urn:uuid:90aaff89-f3dd-4f88-8f8f-ca0b2e29b196> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lebonprotection.com/en/what-is-ppe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.937643 | 922 | 3.25 | 3 |
What Does a Safe Worksite Look Like, and Why Should You Care?
Building a culture of safety in the world of painting and flooring…
Our goal is simple: we want every member of our team to return home at the end of the day in the same condition they were in when they left.
How do we do this, and how does it directly impact you? Let’s take a closer look.
What to Know About Safe Work Practices
How Do You Create a Safe Working Environment?
There are countless ways you can make your commercial facility safer for your employees and customers. At Kaloutas, we will understand the ins and outs of your commercial building to ensure every inch is safe and reliable no matter what your daily operations entail.
Here are some ways you can create a safe working environment:
Maintained epoxy floor coatings to enhance reflectivity and reduce allergens and falls.
Cleaning equipment and machinery.
Update, install, and maintain fireproofing.
Implement FOD containment when necessary.
Maintain caulking for moisture mitigation to reduce allergens.
A Foundation for Safe Work Practices Is Built from the Top Down
Building a foundation from the top down seems like a contradictory statement at first! What we mean is that a successful focus on safety starts with the leadership, and their commitment to putting procedures, programs, training, and strategies in place that the culture can then be built upon.
These practices can be broken down into a few categories:
- We work with CRM (Contractors Risk Management). This fantastic team acts as a safety consultant, and will visit work sites with our foremen before the project has even begun.
- With the help of CRM, we develop a list of potential hazards and any special circumstances that need to be prepared for.
- Our team is trained for every environment they will encounter. Just as an example, if a job includes working in confined spaces, we would be sure that the appropriately trained members of our team are given that task.
- Our employees are either OSHA 10 certified or are in the process, and our foremen carry OSHA 30 certification.
- Training and updating best practices are ongoing priorities.
- Respiratory Program — We perform medical evaluations and respirator fit tests to certify that our crew can safely wear respirators. This is an important piece equipment to use while spraying paint, grinding floors, or performing any other task where air quality can be impacted.
- Our insurance company performs independent reviews of our training and procedures.
- We also ensure that only the best, most up-to-date equipment and tools are used. This contributes to not only quality work, but also to safety and efficiency.
- We are phasing ladders out, just because of the potential risks. As an alternative, we have invested in a variety of lifts.
So, How Does Our Culture of Safety Help Us to Serve You Better?
This might all sound well and good, but why should you personally care?
Our culture is certainly in place to protect our team, but it’s also in place because we want to serve you better. We have been in the industry long enough to know that every jobsite is a little different, and we need to be able to quickly adapt to yours.
How do we adapt?
- Our work with CRM — As we mentioned before, CRM helps us to prepare for your specific environment. Whether you own an industrial manufacturing facility or a pharmaceutical lab, we will adapt our training and procedures to meet your needs.
- We also have a Safety Committee that works with CRM to assess any issues and communicate safety plans to our crew. You could say that they are the arms and hands of our safety culture!
How Can We Help with Your Painting or Flooring Needs?
Kaloutas is New England’s premier contractor for commercial & industrial painting, flooring, and related services. Established in 1987, Kaloutas has become a trusted resource for general contractors, facilities managers, and building owners from Connecticut to Maine. Our team prides itself on high quality workmanship, jobs done on time & budget, and tackling complex projects that other contractors don’t have the experience or resources to handle. Contact us today for a painting or flooring estimate, or give us a call at 978−532−1414 to learn more. | <urn:uuid:30086647-0443-411c-8871-b2a92e3ddb12> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kaloutas.com/blog/what-does-a-safe-worksite-look-like-and-why-should-you-care | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.940354 | 923 | 1.585938 | 2 |
To help students who want to study internationally during upcoming college semesters, the Rotary Club Scholarship Program is offering another round of its annual scholarships for club members who plan to study abroad.
With nearly 800 scholarships available, the Rotary Club Scholarship Program is now accepting applications for 2010-2011 awards. Applications are due April 15.
As one of the world’s largest privately-sponsored international scholarship programs, the Rotary Club program began in 1947, its objective to increase awareness and respect for cultures worldwide. Each year, the program offers scholarships for Rotary Club members who are also undergraduate students, graduates or professionals pursuing vocational studies. Since its conception, the program has sponsored nearly 38,000 students, taking college classes in some 100 nations, including Germany, Korea, Africa and Egypt.
Paul Giers, the ambassadorial scholarship chairman for District 5160 — which he described as the area from southern Alameda County north to the Oregon border — noted what makes the Rotary Club Scholarship Program different.
“The difference between our scholarship and other scholarships is that with other [programs], nothing more is expected of [students] after being given the scholarship,” said Giers. “Our ambassador scholars are expected to be ambassadors of themselves and participate in the community they go to.”
Giers said although there is no official set of standards in the selection of scholars, the program is “looking for the best and brightest.” He also described students who have been selected for the scholarship as “very accomplished people.”
In giving examples of students from California who have been selected as scholars in previous years, Giers mentioned a student from Pomona College who traveled to Australia for two years to study social welfare; a student from Berkeley who voyaged to Africa to study economics in developing countries; and a graduate from Stanford who got her minister’s degree from Harvard before transferring to India through the program.
The scholarship program offers three types of ambassadorial scholarships — academic-year, multi-year and cultural scholarships. Academic-year scholarships provide a flat grant of $23,000 for one academic year; multi-year scholarships offer a flat grant of $11,500 per year for two years; and cultural scholarships provide grants between $10,000 and $15,000 for up to six months of intense language and cultural studies in another country.
Students who are selected as Rotary Foundation Ambassadorial Scholars are called to act as “ambassadors of goodwill” while they are studying abroad. Accordingly, the scholars represent their homelands while in attendance at international rotary clubs, school districts and civic organizations. They are also required to make oral presentations about their homelands for international rotary clubs and other forums in the countries to which they travel.
Giers explained the benefits of students being able to study within another country. “It gives them an opportunity to learn, in depth, the culture of other countries,” said Giers. “[Students learn] the history, the economics and some of the [citizens’] feelings on various issues within their own country that they can’t necessarily learn out of a book.”
Students interested in applying for the Rotary Club Scholarship Program can visit www.rotary.org/en/students for an application downloadable in English. | <urn:uuid:353e8461-93df-4744-ae72-f61556cf02ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2009/03/24/rotary-club-scholarship-program-accepting-2010-2011-applicants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.966846 | 688 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Recently, David Portree of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter team contacted me about Mary Adela Blagg after whom a crater was named. Blagg was a selenographer and studied variable stars. She was a member of the BAA and I researched her life for my first Presidential Address. David has just published an article about Blagg and her crater: http://www.lroc.asu.edu/posts/1093
An interesting article, especially concerning Mary Blagg. One small point – mention is made that the Moon has no atmosphere. I seem to recall recently reading that it does, albeit tenuous, a surprise to me I must say.
Interesting article, Jeremy. Blagg’s colleague on the Collated List of Lunar Formations, S.A. Saunder, also has a (somewhat larger) crater named for him on the Moon. Coincidentally, I imaged the latter on the evening of 11th April – although my effort is not quite as good as the LROC image of crater Blagg! Saunder was President of the BAA 1902-1904.
Thanks Bill. David Portree tells me we can expect some more images of the crater:
“Stand by on that new Blagg crater image – tentative date is 4/25. We have the low-Sun image mosaic I used in the post and some high-Sun images that show mainly brightness variations – if all goes well, the new image (actually a pair taken on successive orbits) will be intermediate between the two, so we’ll see more of the Blagg crater floor and more secondary crater wall slump action (if it exists).” | <urn:uuid:15e02730-af29-44a5-a293-94960e506dcd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://britastro.org/forums/topic/lunar-crater-blagg | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.96616 | 344 | 3.015625 | 3 |
I will greatly rejoice in the Lord; my soul shall exult in my God….
– Isaiah 61:10 (ESV)
I have experienced many joys during my years of coaching. Being part of a state championship football team; winning region titles; and celebrating victories over major rivals are but a few of my joyful memories. Seeing great effort and hard work bear fruit has been a joy. I also remember the joy in getting notes from parents of athletes thanking me for being a positive influence in the lives of their sons. It still brings me joy when I hear the words, “Hey Coach”, and get the chance to catch up on the life of a former athlete. Joy is all around us if we only take the time to look.
Joy is one of the major themes of the Bible. There are 323 references to the concept of joy found in the Bible, so it must be a big deal to God! In the dictionary, joy is defined as “the feeling of great happiness or pleasure.” Biblically, joy is defined as “the happy state that results from knowing and serving God.” What a difference” Seldom does our pursuit of happiness and pleasure bring lasting joy or fulfillment. Too much pleasure can be bad for us, but we can never experience too much joy. God created joy! We will never experience a greater joy than turning our lives over to Him and walking with Him every minute of every day. Joy to the world and Merry Christmas.
Heavenly Father, thank You for the joy You have placed in my life. Help me not only to see it clearly today, but to give it away to others. Amen. | <urn:uuid:eadefa04-2873-496d-82be-fcd78a85a1f4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scfcacoaches.org/joy-5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.965993 | 345 | 1.78125 | 2 |
In spite of promises to protect the Greater Chaco region, the Biden administration continues to rubber-stamp more drilling and more fracking in this beleaguered landscape, perpetuating more environmental injustice and calling into question whether the U.S. Department of the Interior is committed to doing anything but the oil and gas industry’s bidding.
Last fall, Interior Secretary Deb Haaland announced the launch of the “Honoring Chaco Initiative,” a promising move by the Biden administration to follow through on pledges to protect the Greater Chaco region from an oil and gas industry onslaught.
The Greater Chaco region of northwest New Mexico is culturally significant and important for the spirituality, survival, and cultural health of numerous Tribes, who hold the landscape sacred. Chaco Canyon and Chaco Culture National Historic Park are at the heart of Greater Chaco.
For years now, the land, its people, and its cultural fabric have been under assault by oil and gas companies. Fracking has exploded across the landscape, putting communities at risk, despoiling sacred landmarks, and irreparably degrading Chacoan ruins and other culturally significant sites.
While we had high hopes that the Biden administration and Secretary Haaland would live up to their commitments and uphold their promises, sadly the oil and gas industry still seems to come first in Greater Chaco. As recent reports have exposed, the Interior Department’s U.S. Bureau of Land Management continues to approve massive drilling and fracking operations, extensive road and pipeline construction, and more oil and gas processing facilities.
But it’s the Bureau of Land Management’s latest plans that comes as a major punch in the gut for Greater Chaco.
Earlier this month, the agency announced a proposal to reapprove nearly 45,000 acres–that’s 70 square miles–of federal oil and gas leases located only 15 miles east of Chaco Culture National Historical Park and in an area with many Navajo communities and residences.
Oil and gas leasing is bad, it locks in the right for oil and gas companies to drill and frack, meaning it essentially guarantees more air and water pollution, more climate emissions, and more threats to public health and safety. However, the context under which the Bureau of Land Management has proposed to approve these particular leases makes it absolutely reprehensible.
Here, these leases were originally approved under the Trump administration. At the time, industry cronies in the Interior Department cut every corner to fast track more oil and gas leasing in response to company demands. In the Greater Chaco region, the Bureau of Land Management rushed to lease, flouting the law, science, community and Tribal concerns, and any notion of environmental justice.
In response, we sued together with Diné Citizens Against Ruining the Environment, San Juan Citizens Alliance, the Sierra Club, and Western Environmental Law Center. In spite of our lawsuit, the Bureau of Land Management proceeded to approve more than 100 new permits authorizing big oil giant EOG Resources–formerly Enron–to drill and frack the leases.
In response, we moved to block EOG’s drilling plans, filing a motion for a preliminary injunction in federal court last January. Thankfully, the Biden administration realized the injustice of defending the Trump administration’s lawless leasing and shortly after, we reached a settlement agreement with the Bureau of Land Management. As part of the settlement, the agency agreed to reconsider its leasing and to pause drilling and fracking on the illegal leases in the meantime.
Unfortunately, it appears the Bureau of Land Management actually had no objective plan for reconsideration.
In its announcement this month, the agency released four environmental assessments. All four state that the Bureau of Land Management’s “proposed action” is to reapprove all past leasing. Worse, all four assessments rely on the same lawless logic of the Trump administration that oil and gas leasing poses no significant impacts to the environment.
And if that wasn’t enough, all four assessments plainly state that in reapproving the leases, more oil and gas extraction in the region will disproportionately impact Navajo residents and communities with air and water pollution and infrastructure degradation. In other words, a complete environmental injustice.
Although we hope the Bureau of Land Management changes course, in the meantime, we’re gearing up for another fight. We certainly want to trust the Biden administration and Secretary Haaland to do the right thing for the Greater Chaco region, but if the Honoring Chaco Initiative is all talk, then we’ll have no choice but to go court to defend this irreplaceable landscape.
Stay tuned for more! In the meantime, speak out and keep the pressure on the Biden administration. | <urn:uuid:86299765-23b1-4185-a077-d439c71f671e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wildearthguardians.org/brave-new-wild/show-on-home/despite-promises-the-biden-administration-continues-to-perpetuate-injustice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.938183 | 964 | 2.25 | 2 |
04 Mar Constituencies in 500 words
Constituencies are broadly defined as groups of people with shared interests (Oxford English Dictionary 2017). In the global food sovereignty movement (GFSM), the concept has been used to identify and distinguish between groups of people with distinct identities and lived realities, but also distinct roles and responsibilities.
Constituencies typically designate distinct groups of food producers, such as pastoralists, fishers, indigenous peoples, agricultural workers or small-scale farmers. The term constituencies is also used to designate other actors in the movement such as women’s and youth organizations or NGOs.
Over the last 20 years, constituencies have become a key organizing feature of the GFSM. Our research shows that the creation of constituency categories has facilitated two main goals of the GFSM: alliance-building and effective direct civil society representation in global policy-making spaces.
Identities are at the heart of constituencies, which are essentially identity-based groups (or sectors). For example, the transnational agrarian movement La Via Campesina has been able to shape a strong political identity of small-scale food producers as peasants (Desmarais 2008). A lot of spaces and processes in the GFSM require representatives of different organizations to identify which constituency they belong to, and to participate in specific discussions for that constituency only. This is the case, for example, of the Civil Society Mechanism to the CFS or the Nyéléni Europe Forum. Constituencies are often associated with closed or separate spaces, that enable specific identities to come together, organize and gain visibility. Concerns are often raised about the fact that creating separate spaces around identities may weaken or fragment movement but our research shows that it is precisely because it has been able to cultivate and protect diverse identities that the GFSM has been able to flourish, grow through alliances, and speak as one.
At the same time, it is important to recognize that most actors in the GFSM have multiple and hybrid identities that cut across constituencies. Constituencies, like identities, overlap. This is particularly true for the Women and Youth constituencies, but to some extent for the Indigenous Peoples and Pastoralist constituencies as well. This explains why a lot of actors in the GFSM may not necessarily know which constituency to join, or to which they ‘belong’. When this is the case, it is useful to think of one’s first political identity. i.e. to prioritize some aspects of one’s identity for the sake of effective participation.
Constituencies, together with regions and organizations, are one important source of diversity in the GFSM. Constituencies are made of organizations with different goals, priorities, identities and ideologies, that operate in different cultural, religious, political and economic contexts. Some constituencies have more power or influence than others. It is therefore important to facilitate the interaction between different constituencies to avoid the consolidation of power of one group over the other. Quotas that establish the relative weight of the various constituencies, and protect difference, are an effective way to address this. | <urn:uuid:81487604-a19c-46ff-8b42-d84cb9cebde5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://foodgovernance.com/constituencies-in-500-words/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.95741 | 638 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Free Printable Winter Coloring Pages are perfect for keeping kids busy on those frigid days when they can't get outside to play. I love free printable coloring pages for low-cost entertainment.
INDOOR WINTER FUN
Winter can be challenging. Kids are stuck inside more than they would like and the cold dreary weather can get to everyone in the family.
Finding fun indoor activities is important and sometimes something as simple as a winter coloring pages competition can break up the monotony of the day.
Here are some other fun indoor winter activities for kids:
- Build a Snowman out of paper with this free printable template set.
- Make some beautiful DIY Sparkly Puffy Snow Paint for an afternoon of crafting.
- Try making some Mint Hot Cocoa Bombs for a sweet treat.
- Do an indoor scavenger hunt as a family to pass the time.
- Make some sparkly snowflake slime that can be played with for weeks to come.
- Watch some great snow day movies and vote on which one the family likes the best.
FREE WINTER COLORING PAGES
I have created two different winter coloring pages that you can download and print off.
The first page is a child making a snow angel. Kids adore making snow angels!
The second page is a child making a snowman and is titled, Do You Want to Build a Snowman?
You can download and print these free printable coloring pages off for your own personal use.
Click this link to download: Winter Color Sheets
MORE WINTER THEMED COLORING PAGES
If you need even more color pages to fill the hours I have some more fun winter-themed sheets available. There are several holidays during winter that have fun coloring sheets too!
Here are some more free printable winter-themed color pages for you:
If you make this recipe and love it…please leave me a 5 Star Rating and PIN it for later! I would really appreciate it! | <urn:uuid:3a00dadc-37fe-4a39-9c8c-dc2f0306b90a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lifeissweeterbydesign.com/winter-coloring-pages/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.917799 | 412 | 1.859375 | 2 |
There is nothing worse than having to worry about a pet who has gone missing. It’s like losing a loving member of the family and constantly worrying about their well-being and whereabouts. This is why we strongly recommend having each and every one of your pets microchipped.
Lately, microchipping has gained a lot of popularity, and for good reason. Microchipping is perhaps the safest and most effective ways to ensure a lost or missing pet returns home. Even if a pet goes missing for a long period of time, a microchip can help him return home! Many pets have be found and returned to their families even years after disappearing, thanks to a microchip…(YES! This has happened!) In fact many shelters such as the SPCA as well as Animal Control and adoption clinics have made microchipping a mandatory process which they include in their adoption fees.
The chip itself is very small, about the size of a grain of rice. It is inserted via a small needle between the shoulder blades and the neck of your pet, usually with very little pain or irritation to the dog. We like to inject a small amount of Lidocaine so that your pet doesn’t feel a thing! Details about the animal and its owners are stored in a database and linked to a unique number associated with your dog’s chip. It is extremely important to keep your contact details up to date in the database. This is VERY important here in Florida-especially during hurricane season as well as during July 4th (the day that most pets go missing each year).
The tiny microchip stores a unique number and a scan code that permanently identifies your dog. Should your dog be found, a veterinarian or shelter worker can quickly scan your dog for a chip and, after searching a database for the chip’s unique number, learn details including the dog’s or cat’s name, age, veterinarian, owner’s name, address, and phone number. Think of a microchip as a permanent ID tag that can’t be lost or misplaced!
Is Pet Microchipping Expensive?
The chip is quite affordable-our microchip includes a LIFETIME registration to the microchip company itself. This means that there aren’t additional fees when you go online or on the phone to register your pet.
We urge each and every pet owner to not delay the process of microchipping, as this is something very important, and can potentially save the life of your pet. Our best advice? Have your pet microchipped while they are being spayed or neutered! | <urn:uuid:f36ef9c4-330f-44ae-b0a3-040288f2a2c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://floridavet.com/services/pet-microchipping/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.96272 | 539 | 2.140625 | 2 |
When I was interning at a radio station in the late 80s, the power went out. A generator kept the station on the air, but with no computers or phones, we had no news to report. As it happened, I had brought a copy of the university paper with me. The news director pointed me to a manual typewriter. Fortunately, I had taken a typing class in high school, so I banged out a few (properly cited) stories for them to read.
There was a time that nearly every home and office had at least one typewriter, ready to tap out letters or lists, invoices or inspirations. Today, of course, the machines have gone the way of vinyl records, romanticized analog nostalgia, a sometimes-useful kitschy artifact with which to wax nostalgic. But, also like vinyl records, typewriters have their enthusiasts, cult followers and collectors drawn to their character and to the mystery of all the ideas and dreams that have been poured, or, rather, pounded, into them. —James Joiner – The Atlantic. | <urn:uuid:66da0e97-e401-4c5a-ae8c-4f7ff4c88f3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jerz.setonhill.edu/blog/2013/09/12/the-hidden-world-of-the-typewriter/?replytocom=456366 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.980502 | 222 | 1.578125 | 2 |
If you cannot connect to MySQL server, there could be some causes:
- Incorrect MySQL hostname.
Always use 'localhost' as your MySQL hostname. You can find your MySQL details by logging in to your 000webhost account, selecting website, then go to “Manage database” tab. - Incorrect MySQL username / password or database name.
If you want to create, delete or edit your database, go to 'Manage Database' tab inside your Control Panel (Members' area). If you want to change your database password go to 'Manage Database' -> 'Manage' dropdown -> 'Change Password'.
- Database failed to setup.
In a very rare cases MySQL database can fail to setup. To confirm this, please try to enter phpMyAdmin for any database. If you see database there, that means its setup was successful. And if you get access denied error by trying to enter phpMyAdmin, please delete the database and setup the same MySQL database again.
Please note that you must give about 1 minute for any changes to apply on server.
If you are still unable to connect to MySQL you can check if it's server or your scripts' problem: if you can enter phpMyAdmin and see you database there, that means everything is working fine on our side. It's a problem with your PHP script.
Upgrade to Premium Hosting to get Unlimited MYSQL database. We also promise 24/7 LIVE support, all your questions will be answered in hour or less. Find out more at www.hostinger.com | <urn:uuid:fb112a6f-7ed0-4c6e-9daa-3df2fc3f0609> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.000webhost.com/website-faq/i-get-access-denied-errors-when-trying-to-connect-to-mysql-25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.891255 | 325 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Diversified technology company 3M is hosting a free webinar on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) compatibility as part of its ‘safety spotlight’ series.
The webinar will take place on Thursday 21 November at 12 noon, delivered by Technical Services Engineer Nikita Shah from the Personal Safety Division of 3M. She will explain the importance of PPE compatibility and issues to consider when selecting appropriate and adequate safety equipment.
\'Compatibility is the ability of several Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) products to be worn together so that no one item compromises the ability of another to protect the wearer,\' she says. \'Many industries and activities, including construction, food and beverage manufacture, paint spraying and welding to name but a few, present multiple hazards to workers, meaning more than one PPE item may need to be worn simultaneously on the worker’s head or face, which can lead to compatibility issues.
3M technical services engineer Nikita Shah
\'This webinar will provide an overview of PPE compatibility, including the risks associated with incompatible PPE and ways to resolve issues. One option is to use combination products which bring together several PPE types in a single unit – for example a powered air respirator with a headtop which incorporates hearing, eye, head and respiratory protection. This system reduces the number of items competing for space on a wearer’s face.
\'Another option is to involve wearers in the PPE selection process and to individually assess the fit of the different PPE components. PPE which is not fitting properly will offer significantly reduced - or even zero protection – increasing health risks to workers.\'
To register for the webinar, go to www.3M.co.uk/safetyspotlights. All you need to join is a telephone and internet access. | <urn:uuid:bd74ec6f-32d2-407e-b637-1ac633130587> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.manufacturingchemist.com/news/article_page/Compatibility_comes_under_the_spotlight_at_3M/92846 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.942728 | 372 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Do you have a mole problem?
Moles, a lot like gophers, are burrowing rodents that are considered insectivores. Being insectivores, moles eat mainly worms and insect larvae. The main problem with moles are the unsightly tunnels they create. These tunnels are problematic for lawns and gardens and will ruin your nicely landscaped yard. Moles are particularly frustrating for homeowners. They typically grow up to 8 inches long, have gray to black velvety fur, slender hairless snouts and small eyes and ears. The series of tunnels they dig compromise your lawn or garden and can cost you thousand of dollars if not repaired immediately. At the first indication of a mole, you should take the necessary steps to have them removed. If you suspect you have a mole problem in Fresno County, give All City Animal Trapping a call. We have been successfully removing moles from yards for over 20 years.
Mole removal facts:
- The sooner the better, when it comes to removing moles from your yard. Female moles produce three to five young each spring.
- These subterranean animals are smarter than you think and are very difficult to control.
- You know you have a mole when large piles of dirt appear all over your landscape.
- Mole sprays, powders, and homemade concoctions do not work. Please do not waste your time and money.
We Will Beat Any Competitor price!
We Are Mole Trapping & Removal Experts
If you have a mole problem and are wondering how to get rid of them, give all City Animal Trapping a call. We have the tools and experience to eradicate moles from your property for good. Moles need to be removed in a specific manner if you do not want them to return. We use safe and humane traps, placed in exactly the right places, to trap and remove the moles from your yard. We then install exclusion barriers to ensure moles will not get back onto your property. Our team offers mole removal and control for both residential and commercial properties. Also, we take pride in doing our job quickly and efficiently. If you are facing a mole problem in Fresno County, give All City Animal Trapping a call today. We can take care of the problem in no time.
Call anytime for a FREE Quote! 877-724-5314 Let us beat any competitor’s price!
We provide mole trapping and removal service to all cities in Fresno county, including: | <urn:uuid:2cc2112f-4507-452e-9df5-5a9f340d4a32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://allcityanimaltrapping.com/fresno-mole-removal/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.921833 | 557 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Think Positively – You Can Grow Beautiful Pots
Even in the Desert Heat
1. Garden and water in the very early mornings.
Who wants to be out in the heat?
2. Increase watering frequency to be sure pots don’t dry out.
You want your pots to be damp throughout.
3. Deadhead your spent flowers weekly to encourage new buds
Doing this weekly makes it be less of a chore.
4. Avoid pruning plants now that the desert has heated up.
Pruning now leads to sunburn by exposing previously shaded stems.
5. Keep up with bi-weekly pot fertilizing with a water-soluble fertilizer.
Be sure the soil is already damp before applying fertilizer.
Special Notes on Roses (From the Rose Society of Tucson)
Water, water, water:
- As temperatures remain above 100 degrees, water potted roses daily.
- Newly potted roses may need water twice a day.
- NEW RECOMMENDATION: Water late in the afternoon after 6 p.m. during this time of year allows for less evaporation
- Place potted roses in an area that gets afternoon shade
Spray off your roses daily with water
The No.1 enemy of roses during the summer in hot and dry climates are spider mites. Spider mites, which look like small salt-and-pepper particles under leaves, will suck the leaves dry until they turn light brown and fall off. Keeping as much foliage on your plants is crucial to rose health during the summer.
Every morning, spray off your roses with a jet of water supplied by a nozzle attached to your water hose. Make sure you spray underneath the leaves of the plant. By doing this daily, will prevent spider mites from getting started. The added benefit is adding humidity to your garden, which is vital in arid summer conditions.
Do not deadhead or remove dead leaves during the heat. Every bit of added shade helps.
PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION
Too often, homeowners make the mistake of thinking that a monsoon storm means they can cut back on irrigation or hand watering for their pots,
gardens and other plants.
Points to consider:
๏ It has to rain at least one inch to saturate the root ball of your plants (get yourself a rain gauge, so you know how much rain your yard has received)
๏ Pots under a ramada, tree or overhang do not receive enough (if any) rain.
๏ A deep soaking rain (more than 1″) received over a long period of time, like several hours, will only replace one day’s worth of watering.
๏ A missed watering will cause your plants to be stressed, which invites problems including pest invasion and disease. | <urn:uuid:9f10a89e-b188-458b-9943-6e9a3def630f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thepotteddesert.com/july-in-your-hot-dry-container-garden-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.932679 | 580 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Face to Face
Weeks before COVID-19 shut down Massachusetts, Jennifer Hixon could read the signs.
“In February, I sat with my faculty, and we did not like the look of what was coming, so we planned a transition to virtual learning so we would be able to pivot to virtual education,” said Hixon, director of the graduate program in Health Sciences and chair of undergraduate Health Sciences at Westfield State University. “That went pretty well. For the classroom portion, we did a lot of Zoom teaching so students really got a chance to see us, talk to us in person, every single day.”
It was tougher for students already stepping into clinical rotations at hospitals and smaller practices; they found those experiences shutting down in March, though many have since returned, under strict safety protocols and using personal protective equipment (PPP).
That experience is a reminder that, while much college education can be delivered online — and will be this fall at many area institutions — health education requires at least some element of hands-on training. And that’s the challenge for the area schools that deliver such programs.
“We will be back on campus in September; we changed the configuration of all our classrooms and made sure we’ve provided all the sanitization equipment we need,” Hixon said, “so we can teach in an environment that’s as safe as possible.
“The faculty in my department — and all health sciences — know how to take care of themselves,” she continued. “These are healthcare providers, so they can really create an environment that is as safe as possible — understanding nothing is completely safe, of course, but as safe as possible for students.”
Hands-on learning and lab work will begin in September, with guidelines for PPE use and social distancing; for instance, a lab with 30 students will now take place over three sessions with about 10 students each.
“We are looking forward to it, and so are the students,” Hixon told HCN. “We have worked really hard to create a safe work environment.”
Karen Rousseau, dean of the School of Health Sciences at American International College, said many of AIC’s health programs involve teaching skills that involve hands-on or face-to-face interaction. “While most courses at AIC will be remote, there are courses that involve some face-to-face classwork, in particular nursing, PT, OT, and a little bit in exercise science,” she noted.
To prepare for that, “we’ve put into place some guidelines for maintaining student safety and reducing exposure,” Rousseau explained. “Students will wear masks whenever they’re in the building, with additional PPE to enter the classroom. And we’re running smaller sections of those classes.”
Faculty will try to make the most efficient use of face-to-face class time as well, she added. “There may be things students can prepare for remotely, so when they come in, they’re focused on activities that involve face-to-face interactions for a shorter time.”
In addition, professors have also identified lessons and skills that require need face-to-face interaction for student progress, and moved those earlier in September to anticipate the potential for another state shutdown if the pandemic spikes in the fall, as well as managing students’ field work and clinical experiences to ensure they get the training they need.
In short, COVID-19 is still a moving target in many ways, and healthcare educators must balance safety with the fact that some skills simply can’t be learned — not completely, anyway — through a screen.
Safe and Sound
Rousseau, like Hixon, remembers the scramble to move everything online in the spring.
“It was such a fast change. But the faculty rose to the occasion and found really creative ways to simulate things in the classroom, and were able to simulate experiences very efficiently and effectively,” she told HCN, adding that a few students who would have graduated are returning for face-to-face training so they feel comfortable stepping into the field.
“We have outside accreditors for those programs, so we have to meet accreditation standards and show competency,” she said. “That’s the goal — to make sure the student shows competence when working with clients in varied healthcare facilities. The ultimate focus is to educate safe practitioners. We took that as the primary goal.”
Throughout Western Mass., about 20 colleges and universities have developed strategies for how classes will be delivered this fall, from online-only to mostly on-campus, with a number adopting a hybrid approach blending online and in-class instruction, with students able to shift between the two.
Yet, even the online-only schools (most community colleges fall into this category) have to make an exception for health programs.
At Springfield Technical Community College (STCC), for example, some programs in the School of Health and Patient Simulation (SHPS) will include low-density, on-campus labs that will include necessary social distancing, PPE, and sanitizing protocols.
For the fall semester, SHPS will deliver courses and programs using a combination of low-density instruction and online, with gathering size set in accordance with state and federal social distancing guidelines. Students in most other programs will learn at home — at least for now.
“STCC has no intention of becoming a fully online institution,” said Geraldine de Berly, vice president of Academic Affairs. “COVID-19 has forced the college to adjust, and we do hope in the future to return to the robust utilization of campus facilities which include our labs, specialized equipment, unique technologies, and the rewarding in-person experiences STCC faculty generate with and for students.”
We will be back on campus in September; we changed the configuration of all our classrooms and made sure we’ve provided all the sanitization equipment we need, so we can teach in an environment that’s as safe as possible.”
Most programs at UMass will be delivered remotely as well this fall, although students have the option to live on campus. Still, some courses — including health programs that lead to licensure or accreditation in the field — will require some face-to-face instruction.
“About 14% of our student body will be enrolled in those types of courses. The rest will be fully remote,” said Carol Barr, senior vice provost for Undergraduate Education. To ensure social distancing, some face-to-face courses may have students attending on alternate days and learning remotely on other days, as determined by the instructor.
Sticking with the Plan
Developing the right strategy for its student population has been a daunting challenge for each area college, to say the least.
“I know faculty have been working all summer, when it would normally be their downtime, working on individual programs to keep students moving forward in their educational experiences as much as possible,” Rousseau said.
“We’ve had some challenges in field work and clinical placements, because healthcare has not able to bring students in,” she went on, “but that’s gradually improving as time goes on, and we’re hoping that continues, and there are no further outbreaks or restrictions. That was a big challenge for our program and for many programs across the country.”
After all, Hixon added, “there are some spectacular virtual simulations, but it’s just not the same. We really want students to get a chance to interact with a real person.”
Her students are excited to do so, she added, and enrollment has been solid in WSU’s health programs. “Students entering as undergrads want to get in — they want to become helpers in this terrible pandemic. It’s so impressive to see someone 17 or 18 years old who’s ready to jump in. There’s a pride that’s developed in these healthcare careers.”
And students understand, Rousseau said, that they’ve chosen a field where it’s impossible to be totally safe, even as educators strive to create as safe a learning environment as possible.
“We’re educating future healthcare providers who will be working with clients in the field,” she told HCN. “Things like COVID are reality within healthcare. It’s certainly not something I’ve experienced in my career, but certainly, the idea of outbreaks of illness is. And we still need to provide care to people.”
Rousseau said the pandemic has certainly drawn attention to what essential healthcare workers do for the public, while advancing new modes of care delivery, like telehealth, and raising the profile of public health as a profession.
“What we think about in relation to healthcare and how it’s delivered is evolving,” she said. “This is a time for creative ideas and innovation, and that will only continue.”
Those trends will only be boosted by an influx of new providers graduating from colleges and universities. The challenge is training up those students — up close when necessary — at a time when communicating from a distance is still largely the order of the day. | <urn:uuid:5cd98fab-a1f3-4da6-a671-c5bcb0033305> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://healthcarenews.com/college-health-programs-tackle-challenge-of-hands-on-learning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.966194 | 1,976 | 1.75 | 2 |
At Arbury Primary School, Cambridge, Year 3 have been studying Ancient Greece as their half-term curriculum, looking especially at themes like daily life, childhood and toys. I was therefore very happy and enthusiastic to share some of my knowledge about the production of objects in the ancient world by running a series of weekly classes at the school.
The first two sessions we just talked about what it is that archaeologist do and how they go about when they try to reconstruct the past. We looked at the types of materials that survive in the soil and then more closely how some of these objects relate to the daily life of children. This was a really stimulating experience as the children at this age (7–8) were genuinely excited and interested, and spent most of the sessions asking some amazingly interesting questions!
In the next session, and to get a better understanding about materials and how the objects in Ancient Greece resemble (or not) modern ones, we looked together at a number of ancient objects more closely using photographs and then handling modern replicas of ancient vessels and toys.
In the final sessions (not yet completed), we then took a hands-on approach to production by getting the children to make their own versions of Ancient Greek toys using clay, string and wooden sticks, after talking about how they were ade and put together. [More information on these toys in a subsequent entry].
I would like to express my warmest thanks to the staff and pupils of Arbury primary school for their warm welcome, to the Year 3 in particular for their enthusiastic participation, and the creativity they shared with me in both their questions and clay works! | <urn:uuid:732231af-c5cf-4caf-89c3-ba6afa4805a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://anja.slawisch.net/ways-of-making-explaining-ancient-object-production-to-primary-school-children-outreach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.973622 | 329 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Hot on the paws of our apartment living great Dane story comes news of a world first survey of pets in rented properties.
We love a statistic – did you know 20 percent of pets in rented homes are kept against the rules – so we are delighted researchers want 1,000 Sydney pet owners who have rented in the past 10 years to take their online survey.
Dr Emma Power, Lecturer in Geography and Urban Studies at the University of Western Sydney, says that while restrictions on pet ownership in rented properties are likely to hit lower income households hardest, middle and higher income households are also having to choose between their home and their pets.
“We know that owning a pet can make it very difficult to find rental accommodation but the reasons and impacts of this have not been researched until now,” says Dr Power, who adds that tenants tend to move home more than owners and pet ownership makes it all so much harder.
“We want to explore the impacts that restrictions on pet keeping in rental and strata properties have on the individual and the community.”
To read all about the survey and find a link to it, go HERE. | <urn:uuid:034b12d1-b984-4313-be74-dfc2d9fc9f18> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.flatchat.com.au/tenants-with-pets-the-unws-wants-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.964184 | 234 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Updated 17:25 28. 6. 2022, 14:35 Tragedy in southern Slovakia. According to information from Markíza television, only an 11-year-old girl drowned in the Ružiná reservoir near Lučenec on Tuesday. Police and firefighters, who managed to find Timey’s body after a few hours, intervened on the spot. Timea was having fun by the water with her cousin and friend, without the presence of her parents, who were at work. The girls wanted to cool off in the tank on the way home from school. They went into the water despite the fact that neither of them could swim. The girls stayed in the shallows by the shore. The water there is only about 20 to 30 centimeters deep. However, a short distance from the region, the slope is two to three meters deep. It was there that the girl got up, crumbled, and began to drown. Her cousin reacted immediately, and even though she could not swim on her own, she tried to save her. The situation became even more complicated, because she also began to drown in deep water. Therefore, her friend quickly grabbed her hair, pulled her and rescued her. But Timei could no longer help and she disappeared below the surface. The whole incident happened around 1 p.m. Within twenty minutes, police and fire brigades intervened on the spot. Subsequently, divers began to look for the girl, which they finally managed. The water tank is currently closed to the public, so far they are just filling it. Reconstruction works are also taking place in the area.
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A password will be e-mailed to you. | <urn:uuid:3b2a9728-6cc1-4527-aaa6-ec26f4d4c724> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://alwaysfreshnews.com/news/world/364630/tragedy-in-the-south-of-slovakia-the-girls-had-fun-in-the-shallow-water-timea-%E2%80%A0-11-suddenly-slipped-into-the-depths-tvnoviny-sk-tvnoviny-sk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.986702 | 359 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Supply Chain Management
iiTworkforce offer Supply chain Management live project training from industry experts
iiTworkForce is a well-known name among the IT training providers across the globe. You can rest assured that numerous interns from our platform have been successful in carving their desired careers after completion of real-time IT projects.
Joining a real-time project offers a three-fold benefit to our interns.
1.The real-time projects complete the gap between the technical knowledge in theory and practicals and help the interns to become adept at their technical skills.
- It builds domain knowledge which is one of the key factors the top employers will be looking at during their hiring process.
3.Working on live projects will bring an overall benefit to the interns such as gaining real experience worth mentioning in their resume, networking, producing verifiable references, improving team player skills, confidence building, and developing interpersonal skills.
Having said that, at iiTworkForce, we provide real-time project-based training for IT job aspirants in Healthcare, BFSI, CRM, Telecom, and Supply Chain Management domains.
What is Supply Chain Management? What are the benefits of taking up real-time Supply Chain Management Projects?
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is a complex process implemented to deal with a wide range of hardships in businesses and help them sail through. The ultimate goal of SCM is to keep the business competitive by reducing costs, creating productive environments at the same time keeping them customer-oriented through executing various proactive strategies.
What are the advantages of SCM?
Despite being a tough initiative for businesses to implement SCM practices, the results are equally rewarding. Hence, an increasing number of companies are adopting the idea of SCM of late.
- It gives an edge to the businesses over their competitors.
- Keeps up with technology demands
- Inculcates a productive environment
- Reduces service costs
Introduced in 1982, the evolution of SCM took its own sweet time. However, in the course of 35 years since its emergence, SCM practices have seen a major shift in terms of how they are perceived. In the earlier phase, SCM was much more straightforward. As the name suggests, Supply Chain Management only deals with the flow of resources to enable the constant supply of goods to end-users/consumers.
Over a period of time, SCM was used to handle the customer relationship part as well which essentially brought a competitive edge to the businesses as it is the consumers who make the difference.
SCM at present
Around the 2000s, SCM started building a berth of its own and positioned itself as a major discipline, casting off it’s good image to emerge as a ‘must-have’ practice. It became increasingly customer-oriented by considering customer feedback and idea concerning a product/service.
Various Supply Chain Management processes
- Customer Relationship Management: Implementation of various strategies to identify customer needs and that of potential customers.
- Customer Service Management: Strategizing to maintain the relationship between companies and respective consumers.
- Demand Management: Predicting, planning, and meeting consumer demands for products/services.
- Order Fulfillment: Converting consumer interests to sales.
- Manufacture flow management: Enabling the proper manufacturing process.
- Supplier Relations Management: To maintain a risk-free relationship with third-party partners.
- Product Development and Commercialization: Combining product development and commercial aspects.
- Returns Management: Managing the quick and easy revenue-generating process.
Supply Chain Management is undoubtedly a tedious process where the integration of buyers/sellers, production team and resources/shared information takes place.
Hands-on experience in real-time SCM projects can help our interns gain unprecedented results. | <urn:uuid:7473381a-0fa6-41ac-ac14-ebe99e4385ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.iitworkforce.com/projects/supply-chain-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.944265 | 789 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Pests can be a nuisance in your home and garden. While some insects are beneficial to the health of your soil and plant life, these tiny crawly creatures can become destructive if they assemble in large numbers.
Despite looming property damage and potential for disease, the good news is that it’s possible to keep pests away from your residence. While many homeowners question the validity of chemical-based pest control methods such as pest sprays, repellants, and baits, the truth is that they can be tremendously useful if handled with care. Other natural alternatives for pest control include the use of essential oils and non-toxic household cleaning products.
Are you struggling to control these unwanted visitors and divert them away from your Virginia-based property? Here’s a list of the most common pests in the northern areas of Virginia and tips for keeping them away. If you’d prefer to leave pest control in the hands of the experts, check out this helpful resource to locate the top pest control experts in your area.
Mosquitos are known to feed on human and animal blood through small bites. Male mosquitos feed on nectar, while the female usually depends on blood to produce eggs that can hatch into baby mosquitos.
These pests are usually active from sunset until dawn. However, other species of mosquitos are known to feed during the day. Mosquitos are considered some of the most dangerous pests in northern areas of Virginia, due to their ability to transmit deadly diseases to people and animals.
How to deal with mosquito problems
The use of repellants can help prevent mosquito-borne diseases. The most effective pesticides on the market contain picaridin, DEET, or PMD, which are safe-for-use when used the right way.
However, the success of these products will vary, so it pays to recruit professional help. If you’d like to avoid paying for professional services, you can remove any stagnant water around your home as a preventative measure.
As part of your pest control strategy, note that mosquitos can breed in your home for about 14 days, so you should get rid of any standing water to discourage breeding. Another method is to keep mosquitos confined to the outdoors is to install window screens, air conditioning, and a mosquito net. Lastly, limit your exposure by staying inside during dusk and dawn when mosquitos can swarm.
If you have pets in your home, having your dog diagnosed with a flea infestation can be a worst-case scenario. Typically, fleas are tiny, wingless parasites that feed on warm-blooded animals such as dogs, humans, and cats. The body of a flea is designed to support their blood-sucking habits. This pest possesses sharp spikes surrounding the head with a sharp mouth for piercing the host’s skin.
Spotting these pests with the human eye is nearly impossible due to their small size. However, if you notice your pet scratching, chances are fleas have already latched on to the surface of your pet’s skin.
How to get rid of fleas
You can minimize the risk of invasion of these tiny insects by applying household sprays regularly. To avoid an infestation, you should also wash your pet’s bedding using hot water to remove any flea eggs deeply embedded in the fabric fibers. To prevent flea infestations, your pets should undergo flea treatment on a routine basis. Experts recommend treating your pets for fleas every few weeks.
Earwigs are medium-sized pests characterized by flat bodies. These creepy insects come in black and brown varieties and usually feed on other insects and vegetation, including fungi, lichens, and moss. Earwigs prefer to consume decaying organic matter and greasy food items.
Though these pests are built with a pair of wings, they seldom fly. Because these earwigs are known to flourish in dark areas, they’ll often seek refuge under vegetation, rocks, or in household crevices.
How to get rid of earwigs
You can use natural remedies to avert earwigs infesting your living spaces. Alcohol and water spray can repel these potentially life-threatening pests. Mix equal parts of water and Isopropyl Alcohol 70% and apply the solution to the frames of your windows, any plants sprouting in your garden, and existing flower beds on your property. You can also use Neem oil or insecticidal soap to seal off their breathing system.
Mice, hamsters, porcupines, rats, and squirrels are all examples of rodents. These types of pests are characterized by sharp oversize canines for gnawing and chewing on a wide range of items accessible to them. For this reason, rodents can inflict damage to your property and personal belongings.
How to deal with rodents
Start by eliminating potential rodent entry points. Installing mousetraps around your home can also help ward off rodents. By removing debris, dismantling hideouts around your home, and strategically placing mousetraps in hotspot areas, you can keep your home rodent-free.
Termites, also known as the silent destroyers, usually exist in large groups called colonies. A defining characteristic of these household pests is their unending appetite. With this insatiable appetite, these pests can snack day-and-night on your home’s support structures. Termites come in several species that can stir thousands of dollars in property damages if they invade your property.
How to prevent termites
Applying a pesticide spray can repel the termites. Ensure you maintain a distance between wood and soil in the structures around your home. To prevent termite infestations, you’ll need to check for any signs of decay or leaks in your home, as they encourage termite invasions.
Cockroaches are common pests in many homes, especially those homes located in northern areas of Virginia. These pests are known to be active at night and feed on food leftovers in the kitchen. Cockroaches also have a strong preference for food storage areas, sewers, drains, and garbage bins.
Unlike other pests, cockroaches are particularly dangerous, as they aggravate allergies and are said to be carriers of bacterial diseases such as cholera or gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea. These pests are particularly annoying due to their bad smell and their ability to spread bacteria, which can negatively impact your home’s hygiene.
How to deal with cockroaches
Cockroaches are usually attracted to dirt, so keeping your home clean is the best way to repel these household nuisances. You can also use boric acid or liquid concentrates specifically designed for cockroaches if routine cleaning doesn’t suffice.
Silverfish are ancient and nocturnal insects that can terrorize your home. While they aren’t harmful to your home’s residents, the sight of these insects can induce fear. Along with stirring feelings of anxiety, silverfish can also cause allergic reactions when they shed their skin throughout their adulthood.
Carbohydrates and sugars such as cereals, wallpaper, books, and select types of clothing attract these household pets. To avoid infestation, scrape leftover food morsels into the garbage bin and store cardboard boxes in out-of-reach shelving units.
How to keep silverfish out of your home
Ventilating your home can help keep silverfish away. Dusting your home regularly and locking dry food in sealed containers can also prevent silverfish infestations.
Spiders belong to the class of arthropods like mites, scorpions, and ticks. Although most of the spider species are considered harmless, a few species of spiders can bite humans and poison their human victims.
The cob-weaving spider, wolf spider, jumping spider, and other species found in your Virginia-based home won’t bite unless provoked. Other than these few instances of self-defense, the spiders around your home will only impact your home’s appearance. Clear away existing webs dangling in these dark corners to boost the aesthetic appeal of your home.
How to get rid of spiders
Keeping your home clean can keep spiders away. Vinegar sprays and essential oils are also a good alternative to harsh chemical treatments.
Ants are some of the most common social pests in the world. These household pests belong to the Formicidae family, much like wasps and bees. Ants are known to work in groups called colonies. In most cases, ants are not harmful to the human residents of your home but can damage your plants if they infiltrate the roots. These ants can also cause bald patches in your backyard, thus preventing the grass from sprouting and maintaining good health.
How to control ants
Use lemon juice to destroy ant scent trails. Planting mint along the perimeter of your home can also be an effective pest control strategy. If these methods aren’t successful, you can also use black pepper or cayenne peppers sprays. If the condition persists, consider calling a pest control professional for help.
Don’t allow your home to be terrorized by pesky intruders. Assert your dominance and implement pest control methods targeted towards the pests indigenous to the northern areas of Virginia. | <urn:uuid:c3e9954b-81ed-4959-8f3c-b7583ce2869f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thewashingtonnote.com/common-pests-in-northern-virginia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.940892 | 1,959 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Despite its name, you won't find any feed or farm equipment for sale at John T. Floore's Country Store. This music venue has hosted many renowned musical artists and launched the careers of several others. Willie Nelson, B.B. King, Bob Dylan, and Elvis Presley have all performed here. Munch on some tamales from the cafe and sip on a Lone Star while enjoying world-class performances at this historic Texas venue.
Built in 1929, the Majestic Theatre is the prime venue in the city for performing arts. The architecture reflects Baroque and Mediterranean influences. Elaborate ornamentation, colorful walls with creeping grape vines, statues, a tiled roof, and many other design elements make this venue a magical setting. It features a huge stage and grand lobbies, also plays host to private and corporate events.
Housed in what was once the Lone Star Brewery, this museum boasts fairly comprehensive collections of both ancient and Asian art. The Nelson A. Rockefeller Center for Latin American Art displays what is probably one of the most impressive collections of pre-Columbian, Spanish Colonial, and Latin American modern and folk art in the United States. On Sundays, the museum sponsors educational workshops for children, in which they can create their own pieces of art to display at home. The museum also plays host to touring exhibits such as one featuring Egyptian artifacts on loan from Boston's Museum of Fine Arts.
Although construction did not begin until 1749, this cathedral was established in 1731 by the Canary/Spanish Islanders, who sought to build their own place of worship. It is one of the oldest cathedral sanctuaries in the United States. The famous Alamo defender James Bowie was married here and during the siege of the Alamo Santa Anna used it as an observation post. Notable historic figures Bowie, William Travis and Davy Crockett are buried here. The cathedral still draws huge crowds for Mass and always welcomes visitors.
Replete with a variety of flora and fauna, the Government Canyon State Natural Area features an incredible landscape dominated by towering trees and rocky canyons. Enjoy biking, hiking, and other exciting outdoor activities at this nature reserve. This park was made for adventure, offering 12,047 acres (4875 hectares) for visitors to explore. Take in the sight of rolling hills and rare wildlife as you explore 40 miles (64 kilometers) of trails. There's something here for everyone, whether you want to take a relaxing walk surrounded by exquisite nature or go for a more strenuous hike.
Sandwiched between Mission San Jose and Hot Wells locales in the heart of San Antonio's expansive wildernesses, this historical park was designated as a settlement for Catholic priests who were sent here as Spanish missionaries to spread the word of the holy bible among the natives. The park is spread over 948 acres (384 hectares) of blissful lawns that house the Mission Concepcion, Mission San Jose, Mission San Juan and Mission Espada; the four historical missions which constitute what is known as the Mission Trail, all possessing very distinct and beautiful detailing in their designs and constructions. The Espada Aqueduct, Rancho de las Cabras, and the Ethel Wilson Harris House are some of the park's other notable attractions.
Located about 16 miles northwest of downtown San Antonio, this is one of many area churches honoring the patroness of the Americans, the Virgin of Guadalupe. This church reflects the area's Hispanic heritage with its beamed ceiling, its walls of native stone and its Saltillo tile floors. It is charming and peaceful, with windows behind the altar looking out over the wooded banks of the creek bed. The Blessed Sacrament chapel is small and intimate, with native limestone walls and rustic pews that reflect the frontier nature of the town.
A venue that is buzzing with events all year round, the Helotes Festival Grounds host a range of entertaining events. Located in downtown Helotes, the festival grounds is managed by the Helotes Festival Association, and is best known for the annual Cornyval festival. Spread over an area of about 44 acres (17 hectares), this venue also hosts other events like concerts, music festivals, arts festivals, community events and much more. Call for more information.
Dub Farris Stadium is within Dub Farris Athletic complex and opened in 2003. The stadium is primarily owned by Northside Independent School District and is a multipurpose field. The stadium is used for football and soccer tournaments for its home field and is also used as a practice ground by UTSA Road Runners Football club. | <urn:uuid:cfc8937f-de89-4b1a-bd1b-5cefb1f74b34> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cityseeker.com/helotes-tx/attractions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.959243 | 930 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Your website needs to be fed fresh and engaging content regularly. Your social media posts require a tone that attracts an audience and spurs action.
Important company projects sometimes achieve greater success through creativity and advanced thinking and in-depth research.
There’s no one better to deliver in these areas than a journalist. They specialize in all forms of content and offer a unique perspective rarely seen in most boardroom collaborative efforts.
For many journalists, storytelling through words and images is the only career they have ever known. It has become their life’s passion.
Here are five reasons why your company needs to hire a journalist:
- Journalists undoubtedly will improve the writing, photography and design of your website and social media channels. Their writing is professional, clear and succinct and free of typos and punctuation errors; their photography and design skills make whatever they’re working on look more polished.
- Journalists adhere to a deadline. Their jobs are defined by deadlines. Blowing a deadline is a cardinal sin for a journalist. Tell them when something is due and you’ll get it.
- Journalists are quick to adapt. They often learn something new each day through the stories they tell and people they interview. They absorb and process information with extraordinary efficiency and clarity.
- Journalists are critical thinkers. They know that asking why and why not, looking at multiple perspectives and challenging conventional wisdom improves any story, much in the same way it improves job performance.
- Journalists know how to use the Internet. They possess the knowhow in executing online strategies — blogging, creating video and connecting through social networks. Newsrooms have expanded their services and journalists have too.
Our team of professional journalists tell your stories to the audiences that matter to you. Call 306-584-1000 or fill out the form below and we will contact you about content to grow your organization. | <urn:uuid:f4e84aec-cbfa-4ff2-84f3-03d7f9f09049> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://martincharlton.ca/that-one-staff-member-youre-missing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.952024 | 380 | 1.546875 | 2 |
There might be some extraordinary instances such as for example run-ins with vengeful cheating spouses or those who really do not need found; however, many times are spent doing the investigative work that a lot of people just don’t have the sources, associations or time for on their own. Below are some types of the most common investigative work that fills the times of a private detective.
If you should be a small business manager, you are able to employ a private detective to check on the background of potential workers, particularly if you are hiring for a delicate position. People lie all the time on the resumes and job applications. You may probably save a bundle and annoyance as time goes on by purchasing a history check now.
Essentially, anybody who will soon be in a delicate, particular place that would be privy to your confidential data must have a background check. Some examples include selecting a nanny for your young ones or even a house medical care nurse for a family member.
Perhaps you have an adolescent that’s try to escape and law enforcement haven’t prevailed in finding them. Or, you had been followed and wish to seek your birth parents. Maybe you merely never forgot a vintage, missing enjoy and wish to find them again. Whatever the cause of the shortage, a private detective might help you discover lacking persons.
Are you in the middle of a divorce and your better half is attempting to state poverty? An investigator can help find concealed assets such as for instance real-estate and bank reports which will help you claim your share of marital property. What if you dedicated to some stocks that at this point you know to be fake? A private detective may assist you to discover the hidden resources of the broker so you’ve a larger possibility of recouping your money.
A private detective can assist you to with a lot of things including verifying the background of the organization, supporting you find a missing individual, or providing you information that enables you to set suspicions to rest. But, not absolutely all private detective agencies abide by the same level of standards. For an enjoyable result, try to find somebody who has measurable experience and appropriate training. As a starting point, take to asking persons you realize if they could give you a referral. Alternately, research data from Miami Dade Hialeah Investigacion Privada trade organisations to obtain the right leads about businesses to consider.
A valuable detective needs to be able to believe on their feet, and ought to know that every client’s condition will require different skills. When addressing possible candidates, always learn about their qualified experience.
However, bear in mind that people may possibly possess beneficial assets that aren’t always related with their knowledge in the field. Like, if you intend to get the important points about an organization that is asked one to meeting with them, a private detective who has associations available world would be very advantageous. Furthermore, somebody who has education in mathematical evaluation consequently of university coursework could have a lot of guidance related to making sense of spreadsheet data.
As a company owner or manager, you handle a lot of employees. If you are concerned with probable espionage, wherever a member of staff offers deal strategies as well as embezzlement where someone funnels money from the business privately, a private detective may allow you to identify possible culprits and collect evidence. Detective solutions are an option too, sometimes inside the business being an undercover employee as well as outside the company, subsequent thought employees.
If you have a mystery to be solved, a private detective will help you can the truth. That reality may not always be what you want to listen to but with the important points and evidence obtained, you may make an educated choice on what to do with them. | <urn:uuid:98103f2c-ab9f-443e-91a2-4131e44ea90b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.antiageingsavantess.com/when-to-hire-a-private-detective/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.957679 | 762 | 1.546875 | 2 |
One of the wonderful things about 3D Printing is the ability to print models in a constantly expanding range of filaments depending on your needs. One of the most popular filaments is PLA however it is not the best for every situation. This is where filaments such as ABS, TPU, PETG, PC, ASA, and various other types come in. Each type of filament offers different benefits just as they require different print settings. In this post we will be looking at PETG filament and 5 tips to help when printing with it.
PETG (Polyethylene terephthalate glycol) is a modified version PET. In industry PETG is used to make items such as bottles, medical braces, electronics, and various other items. In 3D Printing it is a popular type of filament for several reasons. Models printed with PETG benefit from durability, flexibility, chemical resistance, heat resistance, and moisture resistance. The glass transition temperature of PETG is also in-between PLA and ABS at 80-82°C. It is considered easier to print with than ABS as it doesn’t require a direct drive extruder, enclosure, or hardened steel nozzle but can still be troublesome if you have only used PLA in the past.
First layer adhesion is the first step towards a successful print. While getting that perfect first layer is an issue for some filament this is not always the case with PETG. Different brands of PETG as behave slightly differently so it is not a case of one solution for all.
Various Makers have reported that PETG adheres too well to some surfaces and can cause damage, so it is important to use the best possible build surface.
PETG can adhere too well to surfaces such as glass, Buildtak, and PEI, so when you try to remove a print, it is possible that some of the bed may be damaged or have pieces pulled up with the print. To avoid this, it is recommended that you use some form of adhesion aid such as a glue stick or hairspray. These aids aren’t to help with first layer adhesion but rather act as an adhesive surface between the PETG and the build surface. This helps with removing the printed model without removing chunks of your build surface as well.
Tune your retraction
PETG has a high tendency to string and ooze. And the material’s toughness and eagerness to adhere to itself makes strings of molten plastic difficult to break. This can lead to fine strands of filament and wisps on your prints or worse cause a failure of your print.
The best way to combat this issue is to increase retraction distance, retraction speed, and travel speed, within reasonable limits. Retraction is when the printer pulls the filament up into the hotend in order to reduce or prevent oozing from the nozzle while moving between printed parts or layer changes. Increasing retraction will pull the PETG further into the hotend and drastically reducing the possibility of oozing form the nozzle.
It is important to keep in mind that changing retraction distance may mean you need to adjust the retraction speed to accommodate the change. This is because retracting filament too far and at too low a speed will result in under extrusion as the nozzle may not get primed in time for the next extrusion.
Avoid cracking/layer separation
This tip is especially important if you are making the switch from PLA to PETG. When making the switch you may find that the PETG cracks of has layer separation. This is cause by the PETG being cooled too quickly due to the use of a part cooling fan.
If you discover cracking or layer separation on your PETG prints, then consider reducing the fan speed. PETG retains its shape at higher temperatures than PLA, so overhangs and complex shapes will still turn out well. The reason for reducing the fan speed is to lower the amount of cooling that occurs and give the extruded plastic time to fully bond with the rest of the model.
Be careful with supports
As we have mentioned before PETG likes to adhere to itself and this can cause issues especially when printing with supports. As supports can often be a pain to remove even when using PLA having the supports fuse with the printed model can cause a serious headache for more delicate parts. Fused supports can also impact the quality of the finished print as removing them can leave behind small pieces of support or imprints on the model.
One way to reduce the possibility of fused supports is to adjust settings in your slicing software. Using the setting Support Z Distance in Cura, or similar with other slicers, allows you to increase the distance between the model and the top or bottom of the support material. This will make it easier to remove supports but keep in mind that increasing the distance too much will result in inadequate support for the print and print quality may suffer.
Keep filament dry
The last tip on this list can be applied to any type of filament but especially PETG. If you have been using a roll of PETG for a while or left a roll of PETG open before use, then you may start to experience deteriorating print quality. The reason for this drop in quality is a result of PETG being hygroscopic. This means it will absorb moisture from the surrounding environment. All filament types absorb moisture but at different levels with PETG being well known to absorb moisture.
To avoid this issue, it is important to take steps to prevent your roll of PETG from absorbing moisture. The easiest way to do this is to keep your filament in the vacuum sealed bag it comes in until needed. The desiccant bag that is often included in the sealed bag will help prevent the filament from absorbing any moisture. Once the filament has been opened, we recommend storing it in a dry airtight box with desiccant bags/gel at the bottom to remove any moisture in the container.
If you want to dry out a roll of PETG that you suspect has absorbed moisture then there are other methods available. The first would be to purchase a filament dryer. These use a heat element to warm up the filament and remove any moisture, some dryer boxes even allow you to print using the filament while it is kept dry. The second method is using an oven or food dehydrator. Both are popular choices with Makers who don’t have a filament dryer however you need to know what the glass transition temperature is of the filament otherwise you will end up with a useless roll of filament. They also take quite a bit of time to dry out a roll of filament.
We hope that these tips have helped you improve the quality of your PETG prints. If you have other tips that you would like to share then please drop a comment below so that others might benefit as well.
If you enjoyed this post then please consider sharing it on social media. Check out the rest of our blog for other interesting topics and posts. Join the DIY Community Discord or Forum and keep up to date with all things DIYElectronics by checking out our social media, Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and Twitter. If you want to check out our store, click this link.
Graphic Designer | Photographer | Gamer and Twitch streamer.
I have a passion for design and a love of art. I am always eager to learn new things, be it 3D modeling/3D printing, copywriting or even cooking. Pretty chill guy who is always down for a braai with family and friends. | <urn:uuid:f1970988-b291-4abf-ac59-a4e54be12510> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.diyelectronics.co.za/5-tips-for-3d-printing-with-petg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.939077 | 1,538 | 2.453125 | 2 |
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nism of the watch was no proof of contrivance, only a motive to induce the mind to think so:
VII. And not less surprised to be informed, that the watch in his hand was nothing more than the result of the laws of metallic nature. It is a perversion of language to assign any law, as the efficient, operative cause of any thing. A law presupposes an agent; for it is only the mode, according to which an agent proceeds: it implies a power; for it is the order, according to which that power acts. Without this agent, without this power, which are both distinct from itself, the law does nothing, is nothing. The expression, "the law of metallic nature," may sound strange and harsh to a philosophic ear; but it seems quite as justifiable as some others which are more familiar to him, such as "the law of vegetable nature," " the law of animal nature," or indeed as "the law of nature" in general, when assigned as the cause of phænomena, in exclusion of agency and power; or when it is substituted into the place of these.
VIII. Neither, lastly, would our observer be driven out of his conclusion, or from his confidence in its truth, by being told that he knew nothing at all about the matter. He knows enough for his argument: he knows the utility of the end: he knows the subserviency and adaptation of the means to the end. These points being known, his ignorance of other points, his doubts concerning other points, affect not the certainty of his reasoning.. The consciousness of knowing little need not beget a distrust of that which he does know.
STATE OF THE ARGUMENT CONtinued.
SUPPOSE, in the next place, that the person who found the watch should, after some time, discover, that, in addition to all the properties which he had hitherto observed in it, it possessed the unexpected property of producing, in the course of its movement, another watch like itself (the thing is conceivable): that it contained within it a mechanism, a system of parts, a mould for instance, or a complex adjustment of laths, files, and other tools, evidently and separately calculated for this purpose; let us inquire, what effect ought such a discovery to have upon his former conclusion.
I. The first effect would be to increase his admiration of the contrivance, and his conviction of the consummate skill of the contriver. Whether he regarded the object of the contrivance, the distinct apparatus, the intricate, yet in many parts intelligible mechanism, by which it was carried on, he would perceive, in this new observation, nothing but an additional reason for doing what he had already done,-for referring the construction of the watch to design, and to supreme art. If that construction without this property, or which is the same thing, before this property had been noticed, proved intention and art to have been employed about it; still more strong would the proof appear, when he came to the knowledge of this farther property, the crown and perfection of all the rest.
II. He would reflect, that though the watch before him were, in some sense, the maker of the watch, which was fabricated in the course of its movements, yet it was in a very different sense from that, in which a carpenter, for instance, is the maker of a chair; the author of its contrivance, the cause of the relation of its parts to their use. With respect to these, the first watch was no cause at all to the second; in no such sense as this was it the author of the constitution and order, either of the parts which the new watch contained, or of the parts by the aid and instrumentality of which it was produced. We might possibly say, but with great latitude of expression, that a stream of water ground corn: but no latitude of expression would allow us to say, no stretch of conjecture could lead us to think, that the stream of water built the mill, though it were too ancient for us to know who the builder was. What the stream of water does in the affair, is neither more nor less than this; by the application of an unintelligent impulse to a mechanism previously arranged, arranged independently of it, and arranged by intelligence, an effect is produced, viz. the corn is ground. But the effect results from the arrangement. The force of the stream cannot be said to be the cause or author of the effect, still less of the arrangement. Understanding and plan in the formation of the mill were not the less necessary, for any share which the water has in grinding the corn; yet is this share the same, as that which the watch would have contributed to the production of the new watch, upon the supposition assumed in the last section. Therefore,
III. Though it be now no longer probable, that the individual watch, which our observer had found, was made imme
diately by the hand of an artificer, yet doth not this alteration in anywise affect the inference, that an artificer had been originally employed and concerned in the production. The argument from design remains as it was. Marks of design and contrivance are no more accounted for now, than they were before. In the same thing, we may ask for the cause of different properties. We may ask for the cause of the colour of a body, of its hardness, of its heat; and these causes may be all different. We are now asking for the cause of that subserviency to a use, that relation to an end, which we have remarked in the watch before us. No answer is given to this question, by telling us that a preceding watch produced it. There cannot be design without a designer; contrivance, without a contriver; order, without choice; arrangement, without any thing capable of arranging; subserviency and relation to a purpose, without that which could intend a purpose; means suitable to an end, and executing their office in accomplishing that end, without the end ever having been contemplated, or the means accommodated to it. Arrangement, disposition of parts, subserviency of means to an end, relation of instruments to a use, imply the presence of intelligence and mind. No one, therefore, can rationally believe, that the insensible, inanimate watch, from which the watch before us issued, was the proper cause of the mechanism we so much admire in it;-could be truly said to have constructed the instrument, disposed its parts, assigned their office, determined their order, action, and mutual dependency, combined their several motions into one result, and that also a result connected with the utilities of other beings. All these properties, therefore, are as much unaccounted for, as they were before.
IV. Nor is any thing gained by running the difficulty farther back, i. e. by supposing the watch before us to have been produced from another watch, that from a former, and so on indefinitely. Our going back ever so far, brings us no nearer to the least degree of satisfaction upon the subject. Contrivance is still unaccounted for. We still want a contriver. A designing mind is neither supplied by this supposition, nor dispensed with. If the difficulty were diminished the farther we went back, by going back indefinitely we might exhaust it. And this is the only case to which this sort of reasoning applies. Where there is a tendency, or, as we increase the number of terms, a continual approach towards a limit, there, by supposing the number of terms to be what is called infinite, we may conceive
the limit to be attained: but where there is no such tendency or approach, nothing is effected by lengthening the series. There is no difference as to the point in question (whatever there may be as to many points), between one series and another; between a series which is finite and a series which is infinite. A chain, composed of an infinite number of links, can no more support itself than a chain composed of a finite number of links. And of this we are assu ssured, (though we never can have tried the experiment,) because, by increasing the number of links, from ten for instance to a hundred, from a hundred to a thousand, &c., we make not the smallest approach, we observe not the smallest tendency, towards self-support. There is no difference in this respect (yet there may be a great difference in several respects) between a chain of a greater or less length, between one chain and another, between one that is finite and one that is infinite. This very much resembles the case before us. The machine which we are inspecting demonstrates, by its construction, contrivance and design. Contrivance must have had a contriver; design, a designer; whether the machine immediately proceeded from another machine or not. That circumstance alters not the case. That other machine may, in like manner, have proceeded from a former machine: nor does that alter the case; contrivance must have had a contriver. That former one from one preceding it: no alteration still; a contriver is still necessary. No tendency is perceived, no approach towards a diminution of this necessity. It is the same with any and every succession of these machines; a succession of ten, of a hundred, of a thousand; with one series, as with another; a series which is finite, as with a series which is infinite. In whatever other respects they may differ, in this they do not. In all equally, contrivance and design are unaccounted for.
The question is not simply, How came the first watch into existence? which question, it may be pretended, is done away by supposing the series of watches thus produced from one another to have been infinite, and consequently to have had no such first, for which it was necessary to provide a cause. This, perhaps, would have been nearly the state of the question, if nothing had been before us but an unorganised, unmechanised substance, without mark or indication of contrivance. It might be difficult to show that such substance could not have existed from eternity, either in succession (if it were possible, which I
think it is not, for unorganised bodies to spring from one another) or by individual perpetuity. But that is not the question now. To suppose it to be so, is to suppose that it made no difference whether he had found a watch or a stone. As it is, the metaphysics of that question have no place; for, in the watch which we are examining, are seen contrivance, design; an end, a purpose; means for the end, adaptation to the purpose. And the question which irresistibly presses upon our thoughts, is, Whence this contrivance and design? The thing required is the intending mind, the adapted hand, the intelligence by which that hand was directed. This question, this demand, is not shaken off, by increasing a number or succession of substances, destitute of these properties; nor the more, by increasing that number to infinity. If it be said, that, upon the supposition of one watch being produced from another in the course of that other's movements, and by means of the mechanism within it, we have a cause for the watch in my hand, viz. the watch from which it proceeded: I deny, that for the design, the contrivance, the suitableness of means to an end, the adaptation of instruments to a use, (all which we discover in the watch,) we have any cause whatever. It is in vain, therefore, to assign a series of such causes, or to allege that a series may be carried back to infinity; for I do not admit that we have yet any cause at all of the phenomena, still less any series of causes either finite or infinite. Here is contrivance, but no contriver; proofs of design, but no designer.
V. Our observer would farther also reflect, that the maker of the watch before him was, in truth and reality, the maker of every watch produced from it: there being no difference (except that the latter manifests a more exquisite skill) between the making of another watch with his own hands, by the mediation of files, lathes, chisels, &c., and the disposing, fixing, and inserting of these instruments, or of others equivalent to them, in the body of the watch already made in such a manner, as to form a new watch in the course of the movements which he had given to the old one. It is only working by one set of tools, instead of another.
The conclusion which the first examination of the watch, of its works, construction, and movement, suggested, was, that it must have had, for the cause and author of that construction, an artificer, who understood its mechanism, and designed its This conclusion is invincible. A second examination | <urn:uuid:5c77ce04-1147-4a7e-b1b2-3facb7e91bab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=y-oQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&focus=viewport&vq=%22not+thou+also+have+had+compassion+on+thy+fellow-servant,+even+as+I+had+pity+on+thee+%3F+And+his+lord%22&dq=editions:OXFORD555035046&lr=&hl=ja&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.980007 | 2,696 | 2.375 | 2 |
Social is hot. Social networks, social applications, social enterprise, social CRM… social PLM (?). I put a question mark, since I wasn’t sure if to use a word social is an appropriated in this context. What means “social” for PLM? How it is different from what we’ve been doing in PLM during the last decade?
We used to apply the word “collaborative” in PDM/PLM context many times. Despite the magic of this word, for me, it was always about “working together”. And, I think, this is true. PDM and lately PLM put huge focus on how to share data in the organization, how to access this data collaboratively. It started from collaborative review and move into more complicated areas of design, engineering, etc. Collaborative technologies in PLM passed three stages: 1/Share Data; 2/Exchange Messages; 3/Work in real time.
The trend for social software started from Web 2.0. Actually, Web 2.0 was a lot about how we can generate content on the web. It started as blogs, wikis and web sites provided different user experience (i.e. flikr etc.). People started to collaboratively create content on the web. In the beginning, it was purely about technologies like AJAX and user experience. It was a turning point point for Enterprise 2.0- how to bring so successful Web 2..0 user experience and new models of communication and collaboration to enterprise. Within time, it came to the point where content became secondary and actually social communication (or people) came to the first place. The “aha moment”, in my view, was when everybody understood the value of collective information about social communication and data that people generate. It wasn’t about accessing data anymore. It was about how people interact and how to get value from this interaction.
Social Trend and Enterprise Software
Enterprise Software discovered hidden potential of social trend and implication on what currently happens in the enterprise. The first who came into this game was CRM, and it is obvious why it happens. CRM is all about communication with customers. However, who are your customers? These are the same people on twitter, Facebook, linkedin and many other social networks. So, if CRM can leverage this social communication, stay connected with customers, get feedback and early alert – this is a huge value for enterprise. Take a look on the video of industry analysts Michael Fauscette and Natalie Petouhoff discussing the intersection of Social CRM and the enterprise. Recorded at the Social CRM Summit last week. I found it very interesting.
In parallel, I can see other enterprise domains are also moving towards better understanding of what social trend can bring to them. I think, we are in the early beginning of this trend. Some elements of social software in the way of user experience, people communication started to appear in the portfolios of enterprise vendors. Community software is one example of that experience. I see it very positive. Social networks provided a very significant push to the development of social software. However, it was transformed into multiple “social platforms” in the enterprise. It was a funny transformation in my view. Now, every big enterprise vendor, started to propose their own “social network”. We are still not at the mature level. However, all trials are very interesting.
So, what about Social PLM?
Finally, I wanted to get back and answer on the following question: where is the intersection of social trend and PLM? In my view, implications can come in the three possible areas: collaborative technologies, user experience and value of social networks.
Collaborative Technologies: Social software developed bunch of very interesting technologies for collaborative work. These technologies related to the ability to manage big amount of data, involve many participants simultaneously. I’m sure PLM will need to learn lesson or two from this space. It contains a huge amount of innovative ideas and technological achievements. We are in the early beginning of this discovery.
User Experience: Social software came with the next level of user interface, usability, behaviors, etc. These fresh ideas and very broad use adoption level, need to be translated into PLM. Today’s PLM user experience is far from the consumer software level. We can see it started to happen already. There are multiple examples of re-use of Facebook’s user experience, Twitter micro-blogging communication, etc.
Value of Social Networks: This is the most interesting space, in my view. We will need to think how to bring accumulated value of social network into PLM. This is especially interesting for manufacturing companies facing consumer space. And, almost all manufacturers these days are looking how to get connected to the end users. Such social innovation can be a very interesting experience for Product Lifecycle Management.
Just my thoughts… | <urn:uuid:7850d3b5-65fa-4643-8905-3d1155c4d9d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://beyondplm.com/2010/02/16/social-plm-options/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.945927 | 1,031 | 1.554688 | 2 |
LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES
Question: My sister and I are negotiating to buy an established beauty salon, but we’re not sure what legal entity we should use to operate the business. My husband mentioned that a friend of his formed an LLC for his new business. What are the advantages to forming an LLC? How does one going about doing that? And can we do it ourselves, that is, without a lawyer, in order to save money? Thanks very much. Roberta G.
Answer: We’d have to have more facts, Roberta, before giving you specific legal advice about your choice of business entity, but let’s start with the general notion that it is not good business to go into business in your own name (a single proprietorship.) If your business fails, you could lose your personal assets. The law permits people to form various types of legal entities to insulate their personal wealth from their business investments. Those entities include corporations, partnerships, limited liability companies (LLCs), and others. An LLC combines some of the benefits of corporations and partnerships. For example, an owner of an LLC (known as a “member”) is not personally liable for ordinary business debts unless she or he personally guarantees an obligation or signs a contract in her or his own name (taxes excluded.) A member of an LLC does not have to be a citizen or a permanent resident. An LLC, unlike a corporation, does not have to meet certain administrative requirements such as holding annual meetings, recording minutes of the meeting, electing board of directors/officers, filing annual reports and so on. And, tax laws generally allow members of an LLC to report company profits and losses on their individual tax returns, so as to avoid double-taxation. We strongly advise our clients who ask us to form LLCs for them to speak to their accountant as there are tax issues that must be considered.
As to your question about doing it yourself, we have seen situations where clients who tried to set up LLCs on their own, ran into major problems. While an LLC, when properly formed, affords you immunity from personal liability while avoiding double taxation, there are certain requirements which must be followed. For example, when forming an LLC, you must advertise or publish that fact in a newspaper in accordance with the laws of New York State. Failure to follow the strict provisions of the statute may result in the loss of immunity for members of the LLC. An Operating Agreement should also be prepared which will govern the management of the LLC and protect its members regarding matters such as the attempted sale by a member, death of a member, and the like. It is clearly important to get legal advice to take full advantage of the benefits of the LLC. The old adage “penny-wise; pound foolish” has, sadly, applied to many people in these circumstances.
As always, if you have further questions, or would like to discuss the purchase or sale of a business, please feel free to contact us. | <urn:uuid:61508e46-9ade-489e-83b4-70da6ab363ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.emmlawgroup.com/eisenberg-margolis-maldonado/corporate-law/limited-liability-companies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.973683 | 619 | 1.640625 | 2 |
We’re the same age.
We were born in the Islands; I have been fortunate to have visited her home island on several occasions. She has flown over 3-million miles; I have over 1-million miles in my Hawaiian Air account.
She represents inspiration and hope – folks on the island named her recent child ‘Mana‘olana’ (Hope.)
They call her ‘Wisdom.’
She lives on Midway, at least during the breeding season she can be found there. She is joined by about a million other Laysan albatross, there. She has had around 35 chicks, nesting each year within 15-feet of prior years’ nests. She’s the oldest known wild bird.
The Laysan species of albatross traditionally mate with one partner for life and lay only one egg at a time, each year. It takes much of that year to incubate and raise the chick.
Laysan albatross are black and white seabirds named after Laysan Island. They stand almost 3-feet tall, weigh 6 to 7-pounds and have wingspans of more than 6-feet.
They spend most of their days out at sea and spend hours gliding on headwinds – they eat mostly fish, fish eggs, squid and crustaceans.
Laysan albatross live on both land and sea. The birds spend nearly half the year in the North Pacific Ocean, touching land only during breeding season.
Its traditional name ‘moli’ means a bone tattoo needle, which was made from the bone of an albatross.
Albatross are famously mentioned in Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s epic poem ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,’ published in 1798 …
‘God save thee, ancient Mariner!
From the fiends, that plague thee thus!—
Why look’st thou so?’—With my cross-bow
I shot the Albatross.
Ah! well a-day! what evil looks
Had I from old and young!
Instead of the cross, the Albatross
About my neck was hung.
The Mariner’s act of shooting the albatross (that had once brought good luck to his ship) is the mother of irrational, self-defeating acts. He never offers a good explanation for why he does it, and his crewmates get so upset that they hang the dead albatross around his neck as a burden, so he won’t forget what he did.
To have an albatross around your neck is to have a constant reminder of a big mistake you made. Instead of the gift that keeps on giving, it’s the blunder that keeps on taking. The phrase has come to mean carrying a great burden. (Schmoop)
Kuaiheilani, suggested as a mythical place, is the traditional name for what we refer to as Midway Atoll. Described in the legend of Aukelenuiaiku, the origin of this name can be traced to an ancient homeland of the Hawaiian people, located somewhere in central Polynesia. (Kikiloi)
According to historical sources, this island was used by Native Hawaiians even in the late-1800s as a sailing point for seasonal trips to this area of the archipelago.
Theodore Kelsey writes, “Back in 1879 and 1880 these old men used navigation gourds for trips to Kuaihelani, which they told me included Nihoa, Necker, and the islets beyond … the old men might be gone on their trips for six months at a time through May to August was the special sailing season.” (Papahānaumokuākea MP, Cultural Impact Assessment)
Look at a map of the Pacific and you understand the reasoning for the “Midway” reference (actually, it’s a little closer to Asia than it is to the North American continent.)
Midway’s importance grew for commercial and military planners. The first transpacific cable and station were in operation by 1903. In the 1930s, Midway became a stopover for the Pan American Airways’ flying “clippers” (seaplanes) crossing the ocean on their five-day transpacific passage.
The US was inspired to invest in the improvement of Midway in the mid-1930s with the rise of imperial Japan. In 1938 the Army Corps of Engineers dredged the lagoon during this period and, that year, Midway was declared second to Pearl Harbor in terms of naval base development in the Pacific.
The construction of the naval air facility at Midway began in 1940. At that time, French Frigate Shoals was also a US naval air facility. Midway also became an important submarine advance base.
The reef was dredged to form a channel and harbor to accommodate submarine refit and repair. Patrol vessels of the Hawaiian Sea Frontier forces stationed patrol vessels at most of the islands and atolls.
The Battle of Midway (June 4-7, 1942) is considered the most decisive US victory and is referred to as the “turning point” of World War II in the Pacific. The victory allowed the United States and its allies to move into an offensive position.
In 2000, Secretary of the Interior designated Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge as the Battle of Midway National Memorial, making it the first National Memorial designated on a National Wildlife Refuge.
Of all the Islands and atolls in the Hawaiian archipelago, while Midway is part of the US, it the only one that is not part of the State of Hawaiʻi.
Today, Midway is administered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service as Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge within Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (a marine protected area encompassing all of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.)
The image shows Wisdom and her chick. (USGS) In addition, I have added other related images in a folder of like name in the Photos section on my Facebook and Google+ pages. | <urn:uuid:239c1981-4956-41f5-ba8d-2ee1afac17aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/tag/wisdom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.963979 | 1,293 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Supply chains may be global, but the people that work in them have just as much of a need to learn from and connect with their local community as they do to build longer distance relationships. For years, SAPICS has been the premier educational and networking event in South Africa, with a purposeful focus on production, inventory, materials management, purchasing, distribution and logistics.
Like many other industry events, this year’s SAPICS conference – the 43rd annual – was held virtually. For three days, they broadcast and virtually networked with professionals dedicated to advancing supply chain practices in South Africa. Jenny Froome is the COO at SAPICS and a good friend of Supply Chain Now. She worked side by side with Tonya Lamb, a Business Development Executive for SAPICS, to ensure that this year’s event would be a success.
In this episode, part of the Supply Chain Leadership series, Tonya and Jenny join hosts Scott Luton and Karin Bursa to talk about their key takeaways from this year’s SAPICS event:
• Why it is important for global supply chain professionals to learn about sustainability and the circular economy and to make the principles of both systemic
• The disjointed nature of our modern supply chains, and why that creates an alarming opening for threats to cybersecurity
• How necessity can help (or force) us to evolve in ways we never would have thought possible
Welcome to supply chain. Now the voice of global supply chain supply chain now focuses on the best in the business for our worldwide audience, the people, the technologies, the best practices, and today’s critical issues. The challenges and opportunities stay tuned to hear from those making global business happen right here on supply chain now.
Scott Luton (00:31):
Hey, good afternoon, everybody. Scott Luton and Karin Bursa right here with you on supply chain now. Welcome to today’s live stream Karin. How are we doing?
Karin Bursa (00:40):
We are doing great. Have you been outside today? It is gorgeous. Yes,
Scott Luton (00:44):
I can. We haven’t been outside today. It’s been a long day. My kids are fed the birds, let the dogs out. So those normal excuses of getting out there and drink a bit of coffee. I’ve not. So it’s gorgeous here in the Metro Atlanta areas. All right.
Karin Bursa (00:56):
It is gorgeous. Yeah, I guess we’ve got a cool front coming through. So, um, the highs will be maybe in the high seventies today.
Scott Luton (01:04):
All right. So that’s your weather folks next up on the half hour is local business and news Karin. Great to have you back. It’s awesome to have the leader of the movers and shakers of supply chain right here with this Karin Bursa. So on that note, current, we’re also going to be welcoming some other movers and shakers or talking, continuing our supply chain leadership series, kind of across Africa with our friends at St. Picks. We’re getting an update on the event to attend an Africa, especially if you love supply chain, which is the St. Pics annual conference. So stay tuned for that. Karin is going to be great conversation on it.
Karin Bursa (01:42):
Yeah, it really will be. I’m looking forward to hearing what Jenny and Tanya have to say and share about the event and the attendees and just, um, you know, what the focus is in that region, because I’m sure we can, uh, we can get some new insights as well. Um, with so many upcoming events here in, um, in north America,
Scott Luton (02:00):
Undoubtedly tons of, of thought leadership and innovation and new ideas and new things that are just popping up across Africa have been for years. And it’s always neat to kind of put our finger back on the pulse here with Jenny and our new friend, Tanya lamb. So more on that in just a minute, but Hey Karin, before we say hello to everybody, let’s share a couple of program notes. Are you game? Sure, sure. All right. So before, well, before I share these events, so Karin TekTok, digital supply chain podcast, just blowing up here lately. What is, tell us about the latest episode.
Karin Bursa (02:35):
So the latest episode that just published on Tuesday was an interview with, um, Ben cubit and Matt Harding, uh, two senior vice presidents from Transplace and Scott. This is one that, that you were involved in as well, but we took a look at the third quarter logistics and transportation market outlook, lots of really good information that I know our audience will want to download that report, but listen into the podcast as well, because we get to take a little trip behind the scenes and, uh, and get some new insights from both Ben and Matt
Scott Luton (03:10):
Agreed. And it was a fun conversation. You’re going to leave there. Not only hopefully with a couple of chuckles, but some new ways of looking at things, especially when it comes to in particular data, in all things supply chain, but certainly transportation and freight. So excellent episode Karin. Yeah. Yep. So moving right along. So y’all check out tech talk wherever you get your podcast from be sure to subscribe. So you don’t miss a single thing. Let’s talk about a kind of hybrid events, hybrid events and virtual events. So of course the next one on our docket here, supply chain. Now we’re serving as the virtual host of the supply chain insights global summit, at least the digital feed and is jam packed of, of talking about movers and shakers, of course, hosted emceed. The mayor of the event is Laura sincerely the one and only, and Korean. I know you’re going to be spending some time with Greg and I at the event, along with Kevin L. Jackson and Kelly Barner, what are you most excited about?
Karin Bursa (04:03):
Yeah, I’m really looking forward to it. Um, I’ve I love this format. I like the fact that, um, the supply chain now has been involved in putting really the virtual experience together. And, um, I’ve got to tell you, I’ve been to the supply chain insights conference, maybe eight out of eight times that it’s been held and you will learn something you are guaranteed to pick up on some new trends, some new research and get a little creative insight as well.
Scott Luton (04:31):
Yep. Agreed. So check that out. That’s going to be starting the day after labor day, September 7th, running through the night, there’s still time to register supply chain insights, global summit.com. The link is also in the show notes. Y’all come on out. It’s going to be a rock and roll time as per, as, as how Lora Cecere has.
Karin Bursa (04:47):
It has. It has, it should be interesting. Um, and she’s, she’s put a lot of thought into making it as interactive as possible for the folks that are in person, as well as those that are able to participate in the virtual format.
Scott Luton (05:00):
That is right. Interactive is, uh, certainly going to be one of the watch words of the event, right? Just like our live streams. And as we see the comments pouring in, we look forward to chatting with each of y’all. Let’s talk about, uh, an event taking place on September 14th, uh, with our friends at OpenText, their annual connections summit go beyond disruption. They say it’s produced by CEOs monster by OpenText. And of course, we look forward to being involved in one of the sessions and folks is free to attend. So y’all check it out. We’ve got the link in the show notes, Karin that is priced ready to sell, right? That
Karin Bursa (05:33):
Is price. Ready to sound? No excuses just carve out some time.
Scott Luton (05:38):
That’s right. Also October 5th, we’ve got a really neat webinar. We’re doing focus on the state of the supply chain and a lot of data, uh, research that, uh, bear our friends over at verus and have been doing here lately, pulling together the data. And then they’re going to be reporting out some key aspects, focused on priorities for building real resiliency, not the cliche stuff, but real resiliency in your supply network. So Karin looking forward to that on the fifth, the link to join up is in the show notes. And then finally, folks, if this isn’t on your calendar is gotta be our 2021 supply chain procurement awards, it’s free to attend. There’s a small short charge on for nominations, but all the nominations fees are going to a nonprofit called hope for justice, which is focused on eradicating global slavery. So check it out. And of course, sponsorship options are open, but check it out. Supply chain, procurement awards.com Karin. There’s always Tom, always Thomas celebrate good news, right?
Karin Bursa (06:38):
It’s always time to celebrate good news. And, and, uh, I love, um, how these awards have come together. I want to encourage everybody to register for it, but Hey, look at nominating a supply chain that you admire in the marketplace, um, or have learned in this past year to two years, um, or somebody that you think just shows real leadership. There’s lots of categories to, uh, to nominate some of the innovators, some of the movers and shakers
Scott Luton (07:06):
Excellent point. And, you know, we worked really hard to make it, to come up with some creative categories. So y’all check it out. We’ve already, we’re nominations have already started to pour in and we’ve got one heck of an esteemed guest judge panel to rubber stamp and ensure we’re choosing the best of the best
Karin Bursa (07:22):
Stamp, not rubber stamp, but to actually evaluate and select. Let me just,
Scott Luton (07:30):
Let me spit that out. I didn’t say rubber stamp. Uh, there’s going to be some hard hardcore scrutiny of all the nominations. So thank you, Karin. Okay. Always, always an adventure. Let’s say hello to a few folks before we bring on Jenny and Tonya for a great conversation here, David is back with us. It works up north of the border in Canada when he’s not off-roading, he’s doing a lot of supply chain and procurement and manufacturing work. So David, great to see here. Obara tuned in via LinkedIn from Ontario as well. So of our great to have you here, [inaudible] tuned in from Bangladesh via LinkedIn, looking forward to your takes on some things we’re talking about here today. Karin. So she’ll is back with us via LinkedIn. Have you, uh, have you ever chatted with Sushil?
Karin Bursa (08:17):
Yes. I think I’ve had the opportunity on a couple of live streams where, where he’s joined in and contributed to some of the conversation.
Scott Luton (08:24):
All right. So Sushil, you’ve set the standard. We’re expecting a lot of hot takes here today. Of course, we can’t have the last room in these days where that our dear friend Mohib in the air capital of the world, uh, Wichita, he says, uh, I’m bringing my party chips and dips. Karin is here. How about that current?
Karin Bursa (08:42):
Oh, right. I’ve been keeping up with you on, uh, on LinkedIn lately. You have been a busy, busy, busy man. So, um, congratulations on all your recent accomplishments. Very impressive.
Scott Luton (08:54):
Absolutely. And you know, we’re going to be featuring some students from Wichita state university where he is a professor at and doing some big things in the months ahead. So we’ll have to re circle back on that. Let’s see Hannah Tran is here with us via LinkedIn. Great to see, uh, Hannah, uh, Cindy Lee from Johannesburg, maybe one of our newest friends and I bet friends with Jenny and Tonya, so great to see you, Cindy Lee. Okay. And welcome everybody. No, we couldn’t hit everybody. But welcome. Welcome. Great to have you here today. So with no further ado, Karin, are we ready
Karin Bursa (09:24):
To bring it back? We’re ready. Let’s bring them in. They’ve got a lot to share. I think
Scott Luton (09:29):
Let’s do it. Jenny. We’re going to be welcoming in our dear friends. Jenny Froome COO at St. Pics and her colleague Tonya Lamb business development executive. Also with St. Pick’s great to have our dear friends from safe picks with us. So Jenny and Tanya. Welcome. Thank you. Thank you. All right. So Karin, Jenny and Tanya, we’re going to get into the heavy hitting topics of the day first. Now everyone is listening to one of our shows. No, that we might like to eat just a little bit, right? So September is believe it or not national chicken month here in the states, at least a little factoid, Georgia, I believe is still the number one, the state of Georgia, the number one, uh, poultry exporter in the U S we got chicken all over the place. And even when chicken goes high prices because of the proximity can stay fairly stable here in Georgia.
Scott Luton (10:20):
So with all that said, of course, anytime we’re talking chicken Karin, my mind goes to chicken wings, right? So I think that way, but you know what? I don’t want y’all to view chicken and poultry through my lens. I want to take those blinders off. I want to ask each of y’all all three of you, your favorite chicken dish to start. And folks, if you’re in the comments won’t hear from you, tell us about your favorite chicken dishes. So Tonya, you’re new to our family here, but now you’re a deer, a second cousin now. So you’re in the family, whether you like it or not. Connie, what is your favorite chicken dish? Well, you know, I thought I would offend her by not asking about lamb, anyone, anyone that I’m sure she’s only heard that comment only about a thousand times, Tonya talking poultry. What’s your favorite dish? I
Tonya Lamb (11:19):
Am remembered for my, um, chicken schnitzel and cheese sauce. Oh, one year at the safe X annual conference at sun city. We had finished up and I was tired of eating all the fancy meals and I was just eventually pleased. Can I just get a chicken schnitzel and cheese sauce please? And Jenny will always remember me for that. So I love my chicken, cheese, but cheese.
Scott Luton (11:45):
I love it. You’ve already made us hungry. All right. So Jenny, I’m gonna come to you next. Your favorite chicken dish,
Jenny Frome (11:51):
Thai green chicken.
Karin Bursa (11:55):
That sounds good. Tell me, I’ve never had a chicken schnitzel before, so I’ll have to, I’ll have to test that out, but just about anything with cheese on it works for me. So I’m good.
Scott Luton (12:09):
Yes. You definitely have us a cheese sauce for sure. So Karin, uh, so we, we’ve got a couple of dishes, your favorite chicken dish.
Karin Bursa (12:17):
Well, you know, I have a long list of chicken dishes, but I’m telling you what I’m thinking about for this weekend. Cause there’s a little college football going to happen is there’s going to be some chicken, Buffalo dip to be used, you know, just to keep things moving along while we watch shot UGA and Clemson the field,
Scott Luton (12:39):
Uh, I’m hoping that we might replicate this right here, but we’ll see, we’ll see. And you know, Buffalo chicken at any all, all forms is always delicious. I got to say Hattie B’s if you hadn’t had it. Of course. It’s one of the, you got, you got Prince’s hot chicken. I think it’s called in Nashville. And you got Hattie. B’s had it. Bees started to branch out. I got a gift card for my birthday and that’s going to have to be in our weekend. We’ll see. It’s hot, it’s hot chicken. And it is scrumptious. Um, by the way, David says chicken breasts stuffed with pheta and sun dried tomato on the barbecue, kind of on the healthier side. Mohib good evening, Jenny and Tonya, my new best friends from the supply chain, rich continent of South Africa. Love that. And Boise’s, uh, Moises from Angola is here as well.
Scott Luton (13:22):
Welcome tuned in via LinkedIn. Great to see you. Okay. Let’s see here. So one more fun question. Before we get into some of the key takeaways from the home one, um, event that was the safe extended conference. We had a blast. September is also better breakfast month. Now that is not one of my favorite celebrations as it looks to really push it towards healthy choices. We love our bacon, eggs and grits around here, perhaps, but let’s let’s whether it’s healthy or whether it’s not so healthy, let’s get your favorite thing to have for breakfast. And I’m going to keep the same order. Tonya, you go first. Okay.
Tonya Lamb (13:56):
It would have to be flat jacks with syrup and heaps and heaps of fresh cream. Absolutely. Without a doubt,
Scott Luton (14:05):
Tanya man, you’re fitting right in kindred spirit, Jenny
Jenny Frome (14:10):
Eggs Benedict. Mm.
Scott Luton (14:14):
I love that too. Lots of hot sauce. Are you hot sauce? Hot sauce. Okay. Um, and then Karin,
Karin Bursa (14:21):
So you hadn’t had eggs, bacon and grits, but I would probably add a little fresh fruit with that just to kind of balance out.
Scott Luton (14:27):
Okay, good, good, good deal. All right. Let’s see. Uh, Mohib going back to chicken. Thai green chicken curries got two thumbs up there. Uh, I love that. Um, Don, this says, oh my gosh, all the foods again again, uh, Hey Rhonda. It is, uh, sometimes some days it feels better just to focus on food dogs and maybe a few adult beverages, right. Taking a step step away from everything else going on. But Hey, I appreciate y’all, um, playing along with us here in a lightning round on today’s live stream. So Karin, I guess we’ve got to put our adult britches on and move forward. We were talking about next.
Karin Bursa (15:04):
Yeah. Let’s, let’s talk about the topic at hand here. And I am really interested to hear from Tonya and Jenny on the topic of the south African or the Africa based say fix of that, that just happened. The annual event, um, would love to get your insights and understand just how it performed. What kind of insights you got from the event. So Jenny, let’s start with you give us an overview of what took place.
Jenny Frome (15:32):
Thank you. And thanks very much for this opportunity. You know, we, we Tonya and I love to talk. We love to talk supply chain. We love to talk, say pics and say, this is ticking all our boxes. And to be able to do it together is also really cool. This is actually very scarily, the 25th anniversary event for me. So, and for Tonya actually, because we both started working on the sacred X conference at the same time, many years ago, we are both actually only 21 started doing it when we were, when we were very young. Um, and so 25 years of, of, of doing this event and to end up with it for the second year, virtually nobody in, in my wildest dreams could ever have told me that that was going to happen. That was the 43rd year that the conference has has taken place.
Jenny Frome (16:28):
And again, you know, we’ve been all over South Africa with it, but to be virtual, there are pros and there are cons and the pros are that people like a movie from Wichita can actually join us and that Scott and Greg could join us and not have to fly for hundreds and thousands of miles and hours and dollars and all the rest of it. So that was a, that was a big, a big advantage to, to the day to the event, which is three days, which was in retrospect, just saying, just saying three days was too much
Karin Bursa (17:09):
Work to accomplish three days, two months when you
Jenny Frome (17:12):
Spend three days looking at yourself, it’s,
Scott Luton (17:18):
It’s not good. Well, Hey, before Tonya weighs in, let, let me just say, as you know, we’re all content creators here and I was able to catch a lot of the conference and, you know, the sense of community and a sense of relationships, even though it was on a digital side because of, you know, the, the constraints we have, the content, um, the, uh, the production itself. I mean, Jenny, you and Tonya and the rest of the team should put on a clinic of how to do that. Especially, you know, given just everything it took to pull it off, very done. And we mean it, we are really pleased to play a small role in it. Um, just, I love to see Mohib enthusiasm after each day. He shared his key takeaways when folks are doing stuff like that, that means you you’ve hit a note. So excellent job. And, and, uh, we’re big genuine fans. Okay. All right. So Karin, I didn’t mean to hijack inject too much. We’re still talking key takeaways, right?
Karin Bursa (18:10):
Yeah. Well, just actually getting the overview. So, um, aside from having to stare at yourself for three days telling you that, what, um, what, what was a home run for you for the event?
Tonya Lamb (18:21):
I think when the three days were over, that was definitely a home run for me. I think we’ve, we said at the end of each day going, we’ve got another two days or we’ve got another day. Um, and, and our hands just tell you that it’s far more tiring than, than a physical event. In fact, I was actually sitting here thinking, I wish my feet hurt because you know, this virtual world is you you’re right. You’re sitting there staring at yourself on a screen. Toilet breaks are few and far between. And if you want to coffee, if you’ve got someone that can bring it for you, you’re in luck because otherwise you’re not getting it frequently. So, so it is hard work. It’s really, really hard work. And I think because it’s virtual, um, there’s no, you can’t really cover up when a book’s happens when it happens, it pops up on the screen.
Tonya Lamb (19:06):
Um, whereas when you’re in, you know, when you’re in the physical environment, you can kind of cover it up a little bit better, but I’m not blowing our own horn here, but because we so good at it. So well, so, um, it was great. Um, we’ve had really good feedback and I think, you know, despite the fact that it’s online, it was some really good networking connecting that was going on amongst people, you know, even in that, even in that home. So we had some fun things as well, like a cartoon artist. So people could have a lovely picture of themselves, have a few wrinkles taken out and they look fabulous. So, you know, there were some, some really good upsides to it as well.
Scott Luton (19:46):
Love it. We’ve got a really quick, so, oh, Peter bullae all night and all day has arrived. Uh, so that this is acknowledged him. He sent us a picture, he played some golf the other day and they all wore the brightest Easter colors. It looked like they were, there were for Easter eggs out there, but they were playing really well. And Peter looked forward to your, your perspective here today. Okay. Karin, um, full of interjections there. I’m sorry, it’s been one of those weeks, but, uh, where we move it moving to next? Yeah. Well,
Karin Bursa (20:15):
I’d love to know Jenny, some of the topics that were just hot topics, where people were gathering to see those presentations or engage in those conversations, give us a sense of what, what some of those hot topics were that were covered at the safe exhibit. And immediately
Jenny Frome (20:33):
The first one that comes to mind is sustainability and combined with the, the whole circular economy. Um, the days were very well attended event, um, sessions and quite very varied, well, you know, the same topic, but approaching things and assessed slightly differently, different people with different opinions. We had international people talking about it. We had south Africans talking about it, consultants and practitioners. So, um, a lot, a lot to take away on that topic. And it just shows how important in front of mind it is to so many people. And there’s, there’s somebody who keeps saying on social media. I can’t remember who it is, but keeps saying about how supply chain practitioners don’t start taking sustainability seriously. Then we do because everything revolves around the supply chain.
Karin Bursa (21:29):
Absolutely. And there’s so much that happens from a sustainability perspective that gets designed into a product. So it’s not just about the production of it and the movement and storage, and then, you know, recycling it, but to actually design with that in mind, I think there’s just a lot of opportunity for us on a global basis to, to drive overall sustainability from the very beginning. Um,
Tonya Lamb (21:55):
And th th the other thing would be transparency in the supply chain. So, and the use of block chain to be able to enable that both in, in, in manufacturing, but also in agriculture. Um, there were a couple of really great presentations focusing on the use of technology in agriculture, um, which, which is, I think an area that doesn’t get enough attention, and yet we all need farmers and agriculture. So it’s something that I think is my new hot, favorite topic.
Karin Bursa (22:28):
Absolutely. And obviously Jenny food is something that we all identify with here on some here now. So bringing it home
Jenny Frome (22:36):
For us, what’s in our food, you know, where does our food come from?
Karin Bursa (22:44):
Absolutely. Tonya. When, when, um, when you think about the conference, right, what was going on for the three days? Um, what a couple of highlights for you?
Tonya Lamb (22:53):
So one of the things that, that I really enjoyed was, um, the estimate E panel discussion, which I was fortunate to be part of. It’s one of the things that say because of identified as an area that we really need to, to provide support, because at the end of the day, the SMEs have the opportunity to create jobs and contributions to the GDP. So what do we need to do to help them and to grow them and to keep them sustainable? Um, so it was a really good discussion, um, with the panel and some ideas and thoughts about how we can add value, what changes we can make, what do we need to do differently to help them. So I think that was an important discussion because we really need to be pushing more localization and onshoring, um, and on the back of that, I just read today, one of our panelists, can I say the name of the company, or was it the fishy group here in South Africa, or the biggest reset of the opportunity, all their own apparel. So that’s hugely exciting in terms of, of South Africa where we’re going and creating jobs as well.
Karin Bursa (23:59):
Yeah. Yeah. I’m very familiar with the [inaudible] group and their various brands, right. That, uh, that they run and manufacturer and do design on. So that’s exciting.
Scott Luton (24:10):
It is, but, and that’s just scratching the tip of the proverbial iceberg of all the exciting and, and truly innovative things and thought leadership and leaders, uh, whether it’s South Africa or certainly across the African continent. And I love how Jenny, you know, just about every month, uh, you bring, uh, some new ideas and conversations to that end. Let’s uh, let’s, let’s pause for a second here. There’s um, folks are still talking food. I’ll tell you, we bring it up. Um, as Elias says, great to have you here as a new resident of Nashville, I should add coffee. Breakfast is great. I’ll take a yogurt or toast with mine. A great point. There we can all probably all relate Gregory’s with this via LinkedIn, uh, from the Caribbean Gregory, we call him the Shakespeare of supply chain. He very well-spoken, uh, almost melodical in terms of how he talks about supply chain.
Scott Luton (25:04):
Precious is tuned in again and precious. I know you’ve shared, you’ve joined before. Remind us where you’re from and she’s tuned in via LinkedIn. And David’s given a shout, I guess he’s having to start eating a little bit more healthy. So it’s usually it’s fruit bars called that’s it. And that just sounds that does not sound very appealing, but I bet it’s healthy, David, so thanks for sharing. Okay. So, so I know that we can’t, we can’t do it justice, you know, even if we talked for an hour about all the key takeaways from the conference, but before we kind of talk about what else is going on across the business landscape, Jenny, anything else you want to add from a key learnings? And by the way, we appreciate you keeping it real, you know, just like there’s, there’s hard and folks keeping some supply chains running, you know, what you are sharing about, you know, big virtual events, multi-day events that is a ton of work. And, and I think we’ve got to recognize all those folks that are behind the scenes that help make it happen. But anyway, topical topically though, anything else you want to add about, uh, the conversations, the presentations, like the community, you name it from
Jenny Frome (26:09):
The event, great presentation with these two guys from America. And that was on amplifying of the supply chain, which I really
Scott Luton (26:20):
Enjoying. Well, we enjoyed that too. Karin, Karin. I was almost able to talk two minutes out of the 60 minutes. Uh, I’m picking on you, Greg, if you’re tuning quite well, then yes. Yes. I’m just messing. We love Greg white around here. He, his own assignment doing some hardworking research on the coast. We’ll see if we can’t get a, um, a local update soon, continuing that local news theme here, Karin after you covered the weather on the top of the hour. Um, okay, so let’s move right along. I’m going to ask, all right,
Karin Bursa (26:59):
Before we go there. So Jenny Antonio, how many different sessions were there? I know you had hundreds and hundreds of participants. How many presentation sessions made up the conference over this three-day period of time?
Jenny Frome (27:14):
That’s a really good question. I’ll come back to you on that one. That is about, I’m saying it was about three times 8 24. So 24 times, I dunno, three.
Karin Bursa (27:26):
It was a lot. Wow. Is a lot. That’s a lot of content. Absolutely.
Tonya Lamb (27:30):
It was crazy much, but it was, it was good because we did in a way, we have the traditional cool for call for speakers, but then we’ve also invited people. And I think that people went a little bit crazy, inviting people and forgot about the people who had submitted for the course of speakers. So we ended up trying to include as many as we could, because there was just so much good stuff. And the, the, the diversity of the topics was such that the, you know, you know what it’s like supply chain management is an enormous subject. And to condense it down, even in three days, it’s very hard to do
Karin Bursa (28:10):
Well. I have a new appreciation more than 70 sessions over three days is a lot of preparation. And now I understand why Tonya, you were really happy when it was over, because you probably are holding your breath the whole time, just to make sure every one of those virtual sessions, you know, kicks off as planned. Something like that. Indeed.
Scott Luton (28:35):
Well, yeah. I saw the other day kind of belaboring the point here a bit. I couldn’t grab it, but it said, all I want to do is drink wine and pet my dog. And I bet y’all felt a lot of that after the end of that there’s three days. So, all right. So I’m going to share a couple of comments and then we’re going to keep driving. Cause I want to pull really all three of y’all on some, the other things going on across the industry right now as Leah, thank you for this comment, but I’ll tell you, look, it’s your little secret. When we get dry cleaned and we have a service that picks it up and then they bring it back two days later. Well, unfortunately the truck broke down and we’re about two weeks behind. So I have very limited selection. So this, this may, I appreciate your comments.
Scott Luton (29:15):
I’m surprised no one else gave me a ugly shirt award just yet, but you got to keep it real around here. I’ve got to follow Jenny and Tonya’s and Koreans, uh, approach. Peter says, Hey, that’s why I’m a big fan of pizza. All the food groups in one meal, we make our own at home using non-brand. I like that as the base and the best, easy way to make them speak in a non bread. There was a, there was a business opened up here in Atlanta called the cafe cuisine. I thought that was kind of creative, but Peter I’m with you. Pizza is pizza, always rules here. Mohib says I got to meet another supply chain guru of the likes of kin Titmus at, uh, say pics deep, deep, deep. My social capital account has been heavily debit it. How about that? So, Jenny, you’re shaking your head. Tell us about Ken
Jenny Frome (30:06):
Real quick wizard. So having copied your idea of the quiz, we ended the conference with the quiz. We’ve now done this about five or six times, I think. And Ken has become the wizard, all of the quizzes. Um, and he’s also, he’s incredible. He’s one of those people who is over a certain age. Um, but he never stops learning. He says, you know, he’s been to 33 of the same fix conferences. This was his 33rd conference. He’s the guy who always sits at the front. Uh, he’s the guy who always contributes. He’s just an amazing, amazing man and a fantastic supply chain educator, um, and really just continually keeping everybody on their toes. So I’m glad you met him.
Scott Luton (30:54):
Oh, he’s great. He is great. Uh, let’s see, uh, Peter kind of talks about the paraphrasing this, you know, he’s, he’s big on discussions and presentations and there was a lot of healthy discussions as part of the apex event. Peter also says, God’s going deep into the closet. That’s right out of necessity. That’s how it goes. Okay. So let’s get let’s, we’ve got to put these adult britches back on, uh, the prettier ones perhaps. Um, I want to pulse each of the three of y’all around other, you know, what are y’all tracking right now? There’s so to Jenny’s point, you’re so much going on across, not just supply chain at global business. What’s one thing and Tonya must start with you. That’s okay. What’s one thing that, whether it’s a news story or it’s a development or just a topic or innovation in general, what’s one thing you’re tracking more than others right now.
Tonya Lamb (31:40):
So one of the things that we’ve we’ve had challenges with in South Africa is a, um, we had a cyber attack on the continent, which would go off to the rail and the ports and things like that. So it’s been a big focus on creating more of a dashboard approach to managing what’s coming in and other ports on the roads, hotspots and things like that, which has been very, very interesting because it’s, it’s surprising how not disorganized, but how little visibility there is across those types of supply chains. If you’re looking at the ports coming in the rail, the road, you know, it’s very disjointed. So we’re creating the dashboard. Um, you’re able to have visibility of what stuff, where, how many containers need to be bought in. And I mean, with all the riots and new thing, they had to find the warehouses to store goods because they’ve been burnt down. So it was a really, really interesting look and on, on that side of the supply chain, especially for us. So for me, that was a bit of an eye opener and as much work that needs to be done in that sector, specifically in South Africa, lots of work that needs to be done to, you know, create more efficiencies.
Scott Luton (32:48):
Mm well said there, uh, and of course we’re all, uh, visibility is all the rage for, for many of the right reasons. Jenny spoke to transparency and the not always the same thing, you know, visibility for, for better decision making the transparency, uh, to put it simply for consumers and trust and that kind of stuff. But Jenny, what else? Uh, what else are you tracking right now when you go broader?
Jenny Frome (33:09):
So, so from my personal, what I’m tracking is the viability of face-to-face conferences. That’s a really, really, really big discussion because, you know, we do a lot of events, not just in South Africa, but on the rest of the continent, are they viable? Should we be doing them? Is it the responsible thing to do and watching in the states, some events that are going back to back to online, having them promoted, to seeing face to face it’s, um, it’s a challenge. It’s a very big challenge. And somebody in a meeting today said, oh, they’ll have to go ahead because the hospitality industry is on its knees. Now, you know, we, we all know that the, the hospitality industry is one of the biggest uses of supply chain management, but the hospitality industry is on its knees, but what can you do? You know, this is, this is the big dichotomy that we’re we’re faced with. So that’s my personal on my radar, what I’m reading about every where I go, and it’s not really supply chain related, but it links into everything that we do.
Scott Luton (34:13):
Agreed, agreed really quick for a company Karin. I want to say hello to deep tea, who’s tuned in via LinkedIn Deepti. We’d love to know where you’re tuned in from, and thanks for joining us. All right. So Karin lot of good stuff already thought provoking topics that we’re tracking from Tonya and Jenny. What, what’s one of the things you’re tracking.
Karin Bursa (34:32):
Yeah. Certainly Tonya and Jenny are representing things that are top of mind here in the U S as well. Um, I think, you know, Scott just continued disruption. So, uh, this week we, um, had a hurricane that came on shore through Louisiana, the Gulf and several plants were shut down and preparation for that. And then again, it takes a number of days to bring them back online, once power is restored. Um, and it just so happens that a lot of those chemicals and petroleum products that are produced in the region go into things like pet for plastic bottles, et cetera. So where we have been operating on a global basis with a shortage of plastic Scott, I’m sorry to say a shortage of chickens as well. Um, but also, you know, chips and, and a variety of other things. Um, this is just, you know, another disruption that needs to be planned around or will cause, um, our supply chain professionals to replan, um, their businesses, whether it’s from the port closures or the port congestions that Tony mentioned or changing venues, like Jenny mentioned, right. If I go virtual, I don’t need as much food at that hotel. And it’s a different set of demand that is, um, is going to be represented in a region.
Scott Luton (35:48):
You know, um, one of the things you kind of alluded to, there was also something that came up in an earlier conversation. I had this morning about better inventory positioning, right? As we get more and more closer to anticipatory, right? Manage, uh, inventory management and kind of, uh, closer and closer to predicting where, where the, the pockets of the man will be instantly what came to my mind and this group of people just stared at me, maybe they didn’t play board games as a kid, but risk, you know, the board game, right. World con world domination, right. And a big part of that game is positioning your military units. Well, instantly I went to using risk, but instead of military units is placing inventory globally because we’re, you know, these global providers, we’re going to have to get better at that. And many other things to, to tackle all the, the non-stop no pun intended disruption that continues to foam it and, and, um, you know, make us all were deep in the rotation of garments. I know one of the things I want to mention, sorry. Well, I’m good at beating a dead horse. One of the things I want to mention, he’ll be on chicken snakes.
Scott Luton (37:01):
Uh, kidding aside, hurricane Adam, you no, to your point, Karin, I think just like consumers are learning so much more about how supply chains work and while the thing’s kind of below surface level, just to, it kind of depends on what hits the news cycle. There’s so much hurt that continues to go on. Uh, for folks, both that were, um, you know, on the coast of where the storm initially came in and of course winds and all that terrible destruction, but I’m looking over to my right here, looking at a real snapshot on New York city subways just had to be from the last hour or so. And the record rain that eStore. Oh yeah, yeah. In New York city, you know, three or 4,000 miles away and, and, and lives lost. And, um, you know, as we’re still trying to get tackle so much of the supply chain challenges and then, you know, big, important topics like Afghanistan and, and on top of it, hurricanes, and by the way, we’re still trying to get through a pandemic.
Scott Luton (38:00):
I mean, we are really, you know, supply chain leaders just, uh, they’ve got full plates wherever they turn. So, you know, no rest for the weary. So anyway, all of the folks that are dealing with the storms and dealing with all of the things we’ve mentioned, certainly the Afghanistan evacuation, Afghan allies that are still there trying to get out, you know, meaningful thoughts and prayers are with them all. Okay. Let’s talk about in a much lighter note, unless any, anything else before I ask about, say picks in TekTok, any other comments on, you know, kind of,
Tonya Lamb (38:32):
I just want to say that Tonya, if Chuck Norris was a little bit tougher, he could be a supply chain professional, you know, to be enough in this game now, you know, you’re, you’re calling you. I mean, if you, if you just talked about these disruptions, it’s just, it’s almost like one wave after the other, after the other, you just caught even catch a break. I mean, if I look at our situation in South Africa, it’s just, it’s the, it’s the COVID, it was the rioting, then it was the cyber attack. Um, and just as soon as you start to get some sort of stability, if you can call it that, then the next one hits. So, you know, hats off to supply chain professionals, they’re doing an incredible job to, you know, keep food on the shelves. The toilet rolls on the shelves. Most importantly,
Scott Luton (39:19):
Tonya, man, I wish I could give you a hug. I love that perspective. And even more importantly, I love how we got to, we call it all the time. We got to maintain a healthy sense of humor because you know, laughing is medicine in and of itself. And I’m a S I’m a blatantly still that Chuck Norris one-liner you just shared Tonya. So I’m just gonna let you know,
Karin Bursa (39:41):
Scott Luton (39:41):
I’m also gonna share this here. Um, Peter, great point, going back to hurricane New York city’s below sea level. So it doesn’t take much for it to get swamped out. I had no idea, um, on a, on a lighter note, Mohib says, well, I’ve been even immunized towards Fuca volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity source P-TECH, which is one of the speakers at St. Pics. I believe I cannot remember her first name, right? This second attack. Yeah. Carol Patek. And she is, yeah, she is a hall of Famer in chic. Okay.
Jenny Frome (40:16):
I was just going to say one thing about that, cause it just reminded me and, and, and this is something that, that blew me away at the conference was that Carol did a joint presentation with Dick Ling, who those of you who don’t know him, he’s considered to be the father or of SMAP and he’s older than us, but they, he was on his own doing a PowerPoint presentation in a virtual conference over the internet. And, you know, the internet wouldn’t even have been in everyday life when he was working. And I just found that I had a real, a real moment or it’s just incredible how Livongo’s, you know, and how quickly we evolve and how needs must. So that was, that was one of my moments.
Scott Luton (41:06):
Hey, I love that Eureka moment. That’s a powerful Eureka moment. And on that note, I’m going to put Karin and Tonya on the spot, um, whether it’s related to the St picks conference or this week, or any of these things, we’re talking about big picture or more regionalized, uh, challenges, any Eureka moments that y’all can share, uh, here recently, Tonya, and feel free to insert jokes.
Tonya Lamb (41:30):
No, no, never another one of those, I, I think, and this is, and this has been going for a while now. I think that with all the, all the instances of disruption that we’re seeing, you know, consumers and the general men on the street are starting to appreciate what a supply chain is. You know, if you’d ask people and I remember reading a comments on one of the social media threads about, I mean the toilet roll story and someone, some woman put, they will just get some from the warehouse. I mean, it’s kind of like, okay, so this way I’ll just pops up for 20 paper. So they suddenly me this appreciation for what goes into getting the products and services to where you need it to be. I mean, people would never imagine that cash, there’s a cash supply chain. So for me, that’s great and it elevates a profession and it gives the supply chain professional some acknowledgement, or is that they do every day for the hot slot that they do. So for me, that, that is a big aha moment. And it’s continuing to go on.
Scott Luton (42:27):
Yeah, just we’ll just go get it, you know, pick our money off the trees, the money trees in the backyard, right. Kerryn you’re, you’re a Eureka moment.
Karin Bursa (42:36):
I think that’s a really great perspective, but I also think that this, you know, even recent weeks has, is just a reinforcement of how connected we all are on a global basis. Um, and the supply chain is a great proxy for that. When we look at the suppliers, the customers, the production, the distribution, I mean, shipping that has to happen. It, it has just really elevated that these aren’t just customers and suppliers. These are trading partners, right? These are partners that are, should be working together to bring goods to the marketplace. And, uh, and that’s a lot of work it’s important work, and there’s a lot of value and opportunity. And back to your point risk at different intervals as well. So I would just counter that risk with looking at some of the rewards as well.
Scott Luton (43:29):
Well said, well said, okay. So who’s with me, we’ve got to create a risk supply chain board game. Maybe we get the Parker brothers. I think that’s the big [inaudible],
Karin Bursa (43:41):
Scott Luton (43:42):
If that’s in demand, we’ll make that happen. We’ll make that happen. Uh, and Rhonda points out. So we’re on to, if y’all, if y’all may be may or may not be new to Rhonda, Rhonda does great work, uh, especially on, uh, mental health and, uh, staying fit and that kind of stuff. Um, on social Ron, uh, Dr. Rhonda bin Pensa Zimmerman. Yes. Scott important to keep our sense of humor during life’s challenges in the supply chain space helps us keep an open perspective for seeing new opportunities during the challenges Gregory says, think Clint Eastwood would be the one Chuck Norris goes to Ford about that.
Scott Luton (44:20):
I just watched a space Cowboys that movie, uh, from the late nineties with Clint Eastwood and a few other, uh, tough guys, uh, really neat. And I would agree with you at Gregory. Um, Clint Eastwood can scare you tough, dude. All right. So let’s do this. Um, as we start to move kind of into, in the concluding our livestream here today, I want to ask each of, y’all kind of what’s next, uh, Jenny and Tonya, what’s next with St. Picks Korean. What’s next with tech talk digital supply chain podcast, but let’s make it a combo question. Not only what’s next, but how folks can connect with you in what you’re doing. So, uh, Jen, we’ll start with you. I’m gonna put you on the spot versus this go round. Okay.
Jenny Frome (44:59):
So our next big project is our students and young professional conference, which is happening at the beginning of October. Um, and it’s something that we love, love, love, love doing, and we get fantastic people wanting to speak assets, and we get students from all over the country just coming and learning and learning about stuff like CV writing, as well as what you can do with your supply chain skills, you know, where you can take them and what industries you can work in that maybe they haven’t looked back. So that’s our big one. And you can get in touch with me anytime on LinkedIn or Twitter, I’m very active on base.
Scott Luton (45:39):
Wonderful. And, you know, speaking of that, I caught [inaudible] and I can’t remember the gentleman that co-presented with her Eddie man. The future is extremely bright, even brighter as we move into these next, as we pass the Baton of leadership to these incredibly bright people. So that’s exciting. And I appreciate groups that invest in that and invest in that awareness, invest in that, you know, building the networks, which is important. Um, and, uh, we’ll throw out the 12th of chat after today’s show about how we might, could help support it. Uh, Tonya coming to you next, uh, what’s next for you? What are, how would you like to build a complimentary message and what Jenny shared, what as it relates to say pics, or how can folks connect
Tonya Lamb (46:22):
So they can connect with me on LinkedIn. I do have a Twitter account, but it’s not very well used. And I get reminded of that Twitter I’m hopeless on Twitter. So, so LinkedIn would probably be the best option right now. Um, I think in terms of the activities, um, but I’ll be looking at it from a safety point of view and what we have we’re working on is the estimate me initiative. We’ll be pushing that as well as, um, more on our professional Asia professionalization of supply chain management professionals. So that’s something also really exciting that we’ve got going in the future. So we’re busy.
Scott Luton (47:01):
That sounds like it. Uh, well hopefully you get a chance at least over the weekend, unplug a bit except Jenny you on Twitter. I want to see more pictures of the dog and the garden and, uh, and you have a little bit of fun. So we’ll see. Jenny is a great follow on Twitter. All right. So Karin, same question for you. I’ll tell you, you’ve been lightening it up with tech talk, digital supply chain podcast. I’ve enjoyed some of those I’ve sat in on, and I’ve really enjoyed. I liked just some of your one-offs where you’re giving folks, you know, been there, done that leadership advice and insights. And of course your one-on-ones have been great too. What’s next for TekTok? Yeah,
Karin Bursa (47:35):
Actually, uh, the next tech talk, we’ll be interviewing the one and only Greg whites. So a lot of you may not know what else he does in addition to his role with supply chain now, but, uh, he’s been a tech founder and we’re going to talk about really kind of turning up the volume on the supply chain technology space. Um, so as Jenny and Tonya mentioned, you know, it is really important that our talent pool and the supply chain continues to evolve and come forward and have those skills. And, and there are certainly going to be talent constraints in the future as well, but also around technology. And how do we really harness technology to give those individuals, you know, more interesting careers, right? So that there can get out of spreadsheets and start, um, really looking at how to innovate their business practices and, uh, and, uh, apply some of their human creativity to problem solving as well.
Scott Luton (48:38):
I love it. I love it. And I’ll make sure you ask them the tough questions such as asking him about his cat named shenanigans. If you would get to answer it, that’d be a great, one-on-one look forward to that. Um, okay. On a more serious note, uh, Jenny and Tonya, I love what y’all do, you know, Jenny, of course, we’ve known you for quite some time. Just, just how much work, you know, I think oftentimes just like in supply chain, all the work that goes in to making things happen and being connectors and, and, you know, giving folks a platform and a voice for chatting through, um, you know, the issues of the day or, and covering, you know, new paths. And it’s so important that that leaders and organizations invest in that. And I really appreciate that. It’s, it’s how we’re going to move forward for sure. So Jenny, uh, I appreciate our friendship. I love what you do. And of course now that, uh, Tonya’s part of the fold we’re related, Tonya, whether you like it or not, we’re at least cousins. Now you’ll have to be a part of, of more,
Tonya Lamb (49:42):
You have another shirt behind where that was in your closet, or you’re going to be bearing
Scott Luton (49:50):
Well, Tonya, if you know me, you know, that I love the torture, my three kids and be that complete uncool dad. So I’m definitely wearing this shirt to pick them up this afternoon, if I’m lucky, uh, cause that, that, that wonderful hall of fame I roll, you just gave me, my oldest daughter can top that E in her sleep. So, and there’s nothing more fun than, than messing with your kids, but Tonya, a pleasure. And again, if Chuck Norris was a little bit tougher, he could be in supply chain. I love that Jenny and Tonya, always a pleasure. Hopefully you get a chance for some downtime this weekend and, uh, we’ll be back in touch, uh, Jenny really soon as we, we plan our next, uh, uh, leadership across Africa. Yeah.
Jenny Frome (50:33):
And thank you again so much. Thanks for your support and, and community is everything really?
Scott Luton (50:39):
Yeah. Amen. Amen. Uh, teen too. I can’t believe he did mention that your that’s like your moniker together.
Jenny Frome (50:48):
Scott Luton (50:50):
Thank you so much. Awesome. Thanks Jenny. Thanks Tonya. We’ll see you soon. Thanks man. That was a fun conversation. I love what they do and just kind of how they do it. Uh, Karin. Yeah, yeah,
Karin Bursa (51:03):
Absolutely. The supply chain is in, in, uh, this fledging sectors in good hands with those two, uh, helping to educate and connect folks, um, in the African marketplace and in the region as a whole.
Scott Luton (51:15):
Well, agreed, completely agreed. And, and you know, I’ll tell ya, um, as we’ve learned, you know, as I’ve learned, it’s tough to really kind of have your, a couple of fingers on the pulse of everything that’s going on across industry from a real innovation standpoint, thought leadership that you name it. But man, what we’ve learned through the series of meeting some of these business leaders that are based in Africa or either across Africa or even in South Africa, know the industry is going to benefit a ton as, as we’re able to facilitate more of that, uh, market Intel and, and best practice exchange. So look forward to that. That’s the great thing about this digital air we’re in is despite the work that goes into it, it is easier to communicate with people that aren’t just around them.
Karin Bursa (51:58):
That has definitely been, um, one of the benefits I think of this virtual world is, is to build those relationships and to understand the challenges and opportunities. Um, you know, they’re not so different, um, in whatever continent or state or country you may be located in, but the creativity that comes to play to solve problems, I think we can all learn.
Scott Luton (52:22):
Agreed, great point. Your comments, your seeding demand a little bit for your upcoming interview with Greg. Rhonda says, can’t wait to hear your conversation with Greg white. Uh, let’s see here. Mike says, and Michael, I know you’ve been busy. Great to have you here today. Appreciate our exchange on social earlier numbers. He says only points you in a direction it’s up to you to find out the why that drives them. Getting involved in ops is crucial. Excellent point Damon. Oh my gosh. Tonya is amazing. I agree with you. I absolutely agree with you. And I think that we need to, we need to have like a supply chain comedy hour and some of our funnier hosts. We just got to give him a microphone and just let them go. And I Tonya strikes me as someone that maybe could keep us in stitches. I don’t know.
Karin Bursa (53:09):
I, I think anybody who invokes Chuck Norris in the middle of a, um, of a supply chain conversation has, has definitely got some material to work with.
Scott Luton (53:19):
All right. Agreed. Agreed. Okay. Well as much fun as we’ve had and uh, appreciate everybody’s patience as we’ve worked through some of our, uh, our sense of humor, uh, outlets here on this live stream on supply chain now big thanks, Karin Bursa. As busy as you are. Appreciate you joining me. It’s been a pleasure folks. Make sure you connect with Karin and of course TekTok and Karin. I’ll give you the last thought before I sign off.
Karin Bursa (53:42):
Oh, please, please check out TekTok would love to get your feedback also. So if you have listened in, on some of the contents from the podcast, why don’t you reach out to me on LinkedIn and give me your thoughts and let me know what you’d like to hear more of as we, uh, as we tackle the digital supply chain and the impact that it can have on operations
Scott Luton (54:00):
Well said, and, and Mohib, you’re going to get the final comment, note to self double up on the chips and dips on the next tech talk. Yeah, you’ll get a, it it’ll be a double dose for sure. Mohini. Great to have you with us here today. I look forward to that. Also look forward to a variety of other programs we’ve got here a big thanks of course, to Amanda and Jayda and whole team behind the scenes that that helps make these productions happen. Big. Thanks to our friends at St. Picks is doing so much good stuff, Jenny Froome and Tonya Lamb folks find a way to get involved in what’s going on there. Most importantly, if your one message today, a challenge that we challenge you to go above and beyond do good gift forward. Be the change that’s needed. A lot of folks are hurting right now. Go reach out, be a connector, be a resource. And on that note, we’ll see you next time. Right back here on supply
Scott Luton (54:45):
Chain now. Thanks Rebecca.
Thanks for being a part of our supply chain. Now community check out all of our email@example.com and make sure you subscribe to supply chain. Now anywhere you listen to podcasts and follow us on Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter, and Instagram. See you next time on supply chain now.
Jenny Froome is the Acting Chief Operating Officer at SAPICS – which is the Professional Body for Supply Chain Management in South Africa but working with countries around the world to have Supply Chain Management recognised as a profession. She started her professional career in the UK as a secretary and then moved to event management. Little did she know that as an event manager she was actually practicing supply chain management every day! In 1997 they managed their first ever SAPICS annual conference in South Africa and the rest, as they say, is history! Now managing the SAPICS annual conference – the leading event in Africa for supply chain professionals – as an online event until we get control of Covid-19. We long for the opportunity to get back to face to face events. In the meantime we keep our community connected. She is on a mission to shine the spotlight on supply chains in Africa and the wealth of supply chain talent that is available on the continent.
Tonya Lamb is currently the Business Development Executive for SAPICS. Tonya’s current portfolio manages the development and maintenance of strategic relationships and partnerships in the Supply Chain profession that provide crucial affiliations and collaborations that enable SAPICS to expand its scope in terms of creating a broader understanding about Supply chain management as well as developing and driving new initiatives to further develop the Supply Chain profession. Tonya’s passion lies in the building of capacity for the supply chain management profession through education, training, skills development and professionalization. Tonya’s career in supply chain management started in 1996 and her commitment to the profession has continued to grow with a determination to not only raise the profile of the profession but make it an option as a career of choice for future generations. Connect with Tonya on LinkedIn.
WEBINAR- State of the Supply Chain Report – Priorities for Building Resiliency in Your Supply Network
Host, Logistics with Purpose
Adrian Purtill serves as Business Development Manager at Vector Global Logistics, where he consults with importers and exporters in various industries to match their specific shipping requirements with the most effective supply chain solutions. Vector Global Logistics is an asset-free, multi-modal logistics company that provides exceptional sea freight, air freight, truck, rail, general logistic services and consulting for our clients. Our highly trained and professional team is committed to providing creative and effective solutions, always exceeding our customer’s expectations and fostering long-term relationships. With more than 20+ years of experience in both strategy consulting and logistics, Vector Global Logistics is your best choice to proactively minimize costs while having an exceptional service level.
Joshua is a student from Institute of Technology and Higher Education of Monterrey Campus Guadalajara in Communication and Digital Media. His experience ranges from Plug and Play México, DearDoc, and Nissan México creating unique social media marketing campaigns and graphics design. Joshua helps to amplify the voice of supply chain here at Supply Chain Now by assisting in graphic design, content creation, asset logistics, and more. In his free time he likes to read and write short stories as well as watch movies and television series.
Data Analytics and Metrics Intern
Patch is a fourth-year Management Information Systems and Marketing major at the University of Georgia. He is working with Supply Chain Now in data analysis, finding insights and best practices to increase company efficiency. Patch previously worked as an intern at AnswerRocket, a data analytics company where he gained invaluable knowledge about analytics, webpage SEO and B2B marketing best practices. In his free time, he enjoys playing tennis, going to concerts, and watching movies.
Vicki has a long history of rising to challenges and keeping things up and running. First, she supported her family’s multi-million dollar business as controller for 12 years, beginning at the age of 17. Then, she worked as an office manager and controller for a wholesale food broker. But her biggest feat? Serving as the chief executive officer of her household, while her entrepreneur husband travelled the world extensively. She fed, nurtured, chaperoned, and chauffeured three daughters all while running a newsletter publishing business and remaining active in her community as a Stephen’s Minister, Sunday school teacher, school volunteer, licensed realtor and POA Board president (a title she holds to this day). A force to be reckoned with in the office, you might think twice before you meet Vicki on the tennis court! When she’s not keeping the books balanced at Supply Chain Now or playing tennis matches, you can find Vicki spending time with her husband Greg, her 4 fur babies, gardening, cleaning (yes, she loves to clean!) and learning new things.
Founder, CEO, & Host
As the founder and CEO of Supply Chain Now, you might say Scott is the voice of supply chain – but he’s too much of a team player to ever claim such a title. One thing’s for sure: he’s a tried and true supply chain expert. With over 15 years of experience in the end-to-end supply chain, Scott’s insights have appeared in major publications including The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, and CNN. He has also been named a top industry influencer by Thinkers360, ISCEA and more.
From 2009-2011, Scott was president of APICS Atlanta, and he continues to lead initiatives that support both the local business community and global industry. A United States Air Force Veteran, Scott has also regularly led efforts to give back to his fellow veteran community since his departure from active duty in 2002.
Host, Logistics with Purpose
Allison Krache Giddens has been with Win-Tech, a veteran-owned small business and aerospace precision machine shop, for 15 years, recently buying the company from her mentor and Win-Tech’s Founder, Dennis Winslow. She and her business partner, John Hudson now serve as Co-Presidents, leading the 33-year old company through the pandemic.
She holds undergraduate degrees in psychology and criminal justice from the University of Georgia, a Masters in Conflict Management from Kennesaw State University, a Masters in Manufacturing from Georgia Institute of Technology, and a Certificate of Finance from the University of Georgia. She also holds certificates in Google Analytics, event planning, and Cybersecurity Risk Management from Harvard online. Allison founded the Georgia Chapter of Women in Manufacturing and currently serves as Treasurer. She serves on the Chattahoochee Technical College Foundation Board as its Secretary, the liveSAFE Resources Board of Directors as Resource Development Co-Chair, and on the Leadership Cobb Alumni Association Board as Membership Chair and is also a member of Cobb Executive Women. She is on the Board for the Cobb Chamber of Commerce’s Northwest Area Councils. Allison runs The Dave Krache Foundation, a non-profit that helps pay sports fees for local kids in need.
Principal, Supply Chain Now
Host of Supply Chain Now and TECHquila Sunrise
When rapid-growth technology companies, venture capital and private equity firms are looking for advisory, they call Greg – a founder, board director, advisor and catalyst of disruptive B2B technology and supply chain. An insightful visionary, Greg guides founders, investors and leadership teams in creating breakthroughs to gain market exposure and momentum – increasing overall company esteem and valuation.
Greg is a founder himself, creating Blue Ridge Solutions, a Gartner Magic Quadrant Leader in cloud-native supply chain applications, and bringing to market Curo, a field service management solution. He has also held leadership roles with Servigistics (PTC) and E3 Corporation (JDA/Blue Yonder). As a principal and host at Supply Chain Now, Greg helps guide the company’s strategic direction, hosts industry leader discussions, community livestreams, and all in addition to executive producing and hosting his original YouTube channel and podcast, TEChquila Sunrise.
Principal, Supply Chain Now
Host of Supply Chain is Boring
Talk about world-class: Chris is one of the few professionals in the world to hold CPIM-F, CLTD-F and CSCP-F designations from ASCM/APICS. He’s also the APICS coach – and our resident Supply Chain Doctor. When he’s not hosting programs with Supply Chain Now, he’s sharing supply chain knowledge on the APICS Coach Youtube channel or serving as a professional education instructor for the Georgia Tech Supply Chain & Logistic Institute’s Supply Chain Management (SCM) program and University of Tennessee-Chattanooga Center for Professional Education courses.
Chris earned a BS in Industrial Engineering from Bradley University, an MBA with emphasis in Industrial Psychology from the University of West Florida, and is a Doctoral in Supply Chain Management candidate.
Host of TEKTOK
If there’s one Supply Chain ‘Pro to Know,’ it’s Karin. She’s earned the title for three years and counting – culminating in her designation as the “2020 Supply Chain Pro to Know of the Year.” Karin is also an award-winning digital supply chain, business strategy and technology marketing executive. A sought-after speaker at industry conferences, you will find her quoted in a variety of supply chain publications – and active in forums like ASCM/APICS and CSCMP.
With more than 25 years of supply chain experience, Karin spearheaded strategy and marketing for Gartner Magic Quadrant Leader and IDC MarketScape Leader, Logility. Karin has the heart of a teacher and has helped nearly 1,000 customers transform their businesses and tell their success stories. Today, she is a sought-after advisor helping high-growth B2B technology companies with everything from defining their unique value propositions to introducing new products and capturing customer success. No matter their goals, she makes sure her clients have actionable marketing strategies that help grow global revenue, market share and profitability.
Host of Digital Transformers
Kevin L. Jackson is a globally recognized Thought Leader, Industry Influencer and Founder/Author of the award winning “Cloud Musings” blog. He has also been recognized as a “Top 5G Influencer” (Onalytica 2019, Radar 2020), a “Top 50 Global Digital Transformation Thought Leader” (Thinkers 360 2019) and provides strategic consulting and integrated social media services to AT&T, Intel, Broadcom, Ericsson and other leading companies. Mr. Jackson’s commercial experience includes Vice President J.P. Morgan Chase, Worldwide Sales Executive for IBM and SAIC (Engility) Director Cloud Solutions. He has served on teams that have supported digital transformation projects for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the US Intelligence Community. Kevin’s formal education includes a MS Computer Engineering from Naval Postgraduate School; MA National Security & Strategic Studies from Naval War College; and a BS Aerospace Engineering from the United States Naval Academy. Internationally recognizable firms that have sponsored articles authored by him include Cisco, Microsoft, Citrix and IBM. Books include “Click to Transform” (Leaders Press, 2020), “Architecting Cloud Computing Solutions” (Packt, 2018), and “Practical Cloud Security: A Cross Industry View” (Taylor & Francis, 2016). He also delivers online training through Tulane University, O’Reilly Media, LinkedIn Learning, and Pluralsight. Mr. Jackson retired from the U.S. Navy in 1994, earning specialties in Space Systems Engineering, Carrier Onboard Delivery Logistics and carrier-based Airborne Early Warning and Control. While active, he also served with the National Reconnaissance Office, Operational Support Office, providing tactical support to Navy and Marine Corps forces worldwide.
Host of Logistics with Purpose and Supply Chain Now en Español
Enrique serves as Managing Director at Vector Global Logistics and believes we all have a personal responsibility to change the world. He is hard working, relationship minded and pro-active. Enrique trusts that the key to logistics is having a good and responsible team that truly partners with the clients and does whatever is necessary to see them succeed. He is a proud sponsor of Vector’s unique results-based work environment and before venturing into logistics he worked for the Boston Consulting Group (BCG). During his time at BCG, he worked in different industries such as Telecommunications, Energy, Industrial Goods, Building Materials, and Private Banking. His main focus was always on the operations, sales, and supply chain processes, with case focus on, logistics, growth strategy, and cost reduction. Prior to joining BCG, Enrique worked for Grupo Vitro, a Mexican glass manufacturer, for five years holding different positions from sales and logistics manager to supply chain project leader in charge of five warehouses in Colombia.
He has an MBA from The Wharton School of Business and a BS, in Mechanical Engineer from the Technologico de Monterrey in Mexico. Enrique’s passions are soccer and the ocean, and he also enjoys traveling, getting to know new people, and spending time with his wife and two kids, Emma and Enrique.
Host of Dial P for Procurement
Kelly is the Owner and Managing Director of Buyers Meeting Point and MyPurchasingCenter. She has been in procurement since 2003, starting as a practitioner and then as the Associate Director of Consulting at Emptoris. She has covered procurement news, events, publications, solutions, trends, and relevant economics at Buyers Meeting Point since 2009. Kelly is also the General Manager at Art of Procurement and Business Survey Chair for the ISM-New York Report on Business. Kelly has her MBA from Babson College as well as an MS in Library and Information Science from Simmons College and she has co-authored three books: ‘Supply Market Intelligence for Procurement Professionals’, ‘Procurement at a Crossroads’, and ‘Finance Unleashed’.
Host, Veteran Voices
Mary Kate Soliva is transitioning from active duty in the US Army. She is currently in the Doctor of Criminal Justice program at Saint Leo University. She is passionate about combating human trafficking and has spent the last decade conducting training for military personnel and the local community.
Jeff Miller is the host of Supply Chain Now’s Supply Chain is the Business. Jeff is a digital business transformation and supply chain advisor with deep expertise in Industry 4.0, ERP, PLM, SCM, IoT, AR and related technologies. Through more than 25 years of industry and consulting experience, he has worked with many of the world’s leading product and service companies to achieve their strategic business and supply chain goals, creating durable business value for organizations at the forefront of technology and business practices. Jeff is the managing director for North America at Transition Technologies PSC, a global solution integrator, and the founder and managing principal of BTV Advisors, a firm that helps companies secure business transformation value from digital supply chain technologies and their breakthrough capabilities.
Chief Marketing Officer
Amanda is a marketing veteran and entrepreneur with over 15 years of experience across a variety of industries and organizations including Von Maur, Anthropologie, AmericasMart Atlanta, and Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta. In 2016, Amanda founded and grew the Magnolia Marketing Group into a successful digital media firm, and now she develops modern marketing strategies, social campaigns, innovative operational processes, and implements creative content initiatives for Supply Chain Now. But that’s just the beginning of her supply chain impact. Amanda also served as the VP of Information Systems and Webmaster on the Board of Directors for APICS Savannah for several years, and is the face behind the scenes welcoming you to every Supply Chain Now livestream! She was also recently selected as one of the Top 100 Women in Supply Chain by Supply Chain Digest and IBM. When she’s not leading the Supply Chain Now marketing team, you can find Amanda with her and her husband Scott’s three kids, in the kitchen cooking, or reading.
Business Development Manager
Clay is passionate about two things: supply chain and the marketing that goes into it. Recently graduated with a degree in marketing at the University of Georgia, Clay got his start as a journalism major and inaugural member of the Owl’s football team at Kennesaw State University – but quickly saw tremendous opportunity in the Terry College of Business. He’s already putting his education to great use at Supply Chain Now, assisting with everything from sales and brand strategy to media production. Clay has contributed to initiatives such as our leap into video production, the guest blog series, and boosting social media presence, and after nearly two years in Supply Chain Now’s Marketing Department, Clay now heads up partnership and sales initiatives with the help of the rest of the Supply Chain Now sales team.
Trisha is new to the supply chain industry – but not to podcasting. She’s an experienced podcast manager and virtual assistant who also happens to have 20 years of experience as an elementary school teacher. It’s safe to say, she’s passionate about helping people, and she lives out that passion every day with the Supply Chain Now team, contributing to scheduling and podcast production.
Host of Dial P for Procurement
Billy Taylor is a Proven Business Excellence Practitioner and Leadership Guru with over 25 years leading operations for a Fortune 500 company, Goodyear. He is also the CEO of LinkedXL (Excellence), a Business Operating Systems Architecting Firm dedicated to implementing sustainable operating systems that drive sustainable results. Taylor’s achievements in the industry have made him a Next Generational Lean pacesetter with significant contributions.
An American business executive, Taylor has made a name for himself as an innovative and energetic industry professional with an indispensable passion for his craft of operational excellence. His journey started many years ago and has worked with renowned corporations such as The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. (GT) leading multi-site operations. With over 3 decades of service leading North America operations, he is experienced in a deeply rooted process driven approach in customer service, process integrity for sustainability.
A disciple of continuous improvement, Taylor’s love for people inspires commitment to helping others achieve their full potential. He is a dynamic speaker and hosts "The Winning Link," a popular podcast centered on business and leadership excellence with the #1 rated Supply Chain Now Network. As a leadership guru, Taylor has earned several invitations to universities, international conferences, global publications, and the U.S. Army to demonstrate how to achieve and sustain effective results through cultural acceptance and employee ownership. Leveraging the wisdom of his business acumen, strong influence as a speaker and podcaster Taylor is set to release "The Winning Link" book under McGraw Hill publishing in 2022. The book is a how-to manual to help readers understand the management of business interactions while teaching them how to Deine, Align, and Execute Winning in Business.
A servant leader, Taylor, was named by The National Diversity Council as one of the Top 100 Diversity Officers in the country in 2021. He features among Oklahoma's Most Admired CEOs and maintains key leadership roles with the Executive Advisory Board for The Shingo Institute "The Nobel Prize of Operations" and The Association of Manufacturing Excellence (AME); two world-leading organizations for operational excellence, business development, and cultural learning. He is also an Independent Director for the M-D Building Products Board, a proud American manufacturer of quality products since 1920.
Social Media Manager
My name is Chantel King and I am the Social Media Specialist at Supply Chain Now. My job is to make sure our audience is engaged and educated on the abundant amount of information the supply chain industry has to offer.
Social Media and Communications has been my niche ever since I graduated from college at The Academy of Art University in San Francisco. No, I am not a West Coast girl. I was born and raised in New Jersey, but my travel experience goes way beyond the garden state. My true passion is in creating editorial and graphic content that influences others to be great in whatever industry they are in. I’ve done this by working with lifestyle, financial, and editorial companies by providing resources to enhance their businesses.
Another passion of mine is trying new things. Whether it’s food, an activity, or a sport. I would like to say that I am an adventurous Taurus that never shies away from a new quest or challenge.
Lori is currently completing a degree in marketing with an emphasis in digital marketing at the University of Georgia. When she’s not supporting the marketing efforts at Supply Chain Now, you can find her at music festivals – or working toward her dream goal of a fashion career. Lori is involved in many extracurricular activities and appreciates all the learning experiences UGA has brought her.
Sales and Marketing Coordinator
Katherine is a marketing professional and MBA candidate who strives to unite her love of people with a passion for positive experiences. Having a diverse background, which includes nonprofit work with digital marketing and start-ups, she serves as a leader who helps people live their most creative lives by cultivating community, order, collaboration, and respect. With equal parts creativity and analytics, she brings a unique skill set which fosters refining, problem solving, and connecting organizations with their true vision. In her free time, you can usually find her looking for her cup of coffee, playing with her puppy Charlie, and dreaming of her next road trip.
Ben Harris is the Director of Supply Chain Ecosystem Expansion for the Metro Atlanta Chamber. Ben comes to the Metro Atlanta Chamber after serving as Senior Manager, Market Development for Manhattan Associates. There, Ben was responsible for developing Manhattan’s sales pipeline and overall Americas supply chain marketing strategy. Ben oversaw market positioning, messaging and campaign execution to build awareness and drive new pipeline growth. Prior to joining Manhattan, Ben spent four years with the Georgia Department of Economic Development’s Center of Innovation for Logistics where he played a key role in establishing the Center as a go-to industry resource for information, support, partnership building, and investment development. Additionally, he became a key SME for all logistics and supply chain-focused projects. Ben began his career at Page International, Inc. where he drove continuous improvement in complex global supply chain operations for a wide variety of businesses and Fortune 500 companies. An APICS Certified Supply Chain Professional (CSCP), Ben holds an Executive Master’s degree in Business Administration (EMBA) and bachelor’s degree in International Business (BBA) from the Terry College at the University of Georgia.
Host, The Freight Insider
Prior to joining TeamOne Logistics, Page Siplon served as the Executive Director of the Georgia Center of Innovation for Logistics, the State’s leading consulting resource for fueling logistics industry growth and global competitiveness. For over a decade, he directly assisted hundreds of companies to overcome challenges and capitalize on opportunities related to the movement of freight. During this time, Siplon was also appointed to concurrently serve the State of Georgia as Director of the larger Centers of Innovation Program, in which he provided executive leadership and vision for all six strategic industry-focused Centers. As a frequently requested keynote speaker, Siplon is called upon to address a range of audiences on unique aspects of technology, workforce, and logistics. This often includes topics of global and domestic logistics trends, supply chain visibility, collaboration, and strategic planning. He has also been quoted as an industry expert in publications such as Forbes, Journal of Commerce, Fortune, NPR, Wall Street Journal, Reuters, American Express, DC Velocity, Area Development Magazine, Site Selection Magazine, Inbound Logistics, Modern Material Handling, and is frequently a live special guest on SiriusXM’s Road Dog Radio Show. Siplon is an active industry participant, recognized by DC Velocity Magazine as a “2012 Logistics Rainmaker” which annually identifies the top-ten logistics professionals in the Nation; and named a “Pro to Know” by Supply & Demand Executive Magazine in 2014. Siplon was also selected by Georgia Trend Magazine as one of the “Top 100 Most Influential Georgians” for 2013, 2014, and 2015. He also serves various industry leadership roles at both the State and Federal level. Governor Nathan Deal nominated Siplon to represent Georgia on a National Supply Chain Competitiveness Advisory Committee, where he was appointed to a two-year term by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce and was then appointed to serve as its vice-chairman. At the State level, he was selected by then-Governor Sonny Perdue to serve as lead consultant on the Commission for New Georgia’s Freight and Logistics Task Force. In this effort, Siplon led a Private Sector Advisory Committee with invited executives from a range of private sector stakeholders including UPS, Coca-Cola, The Home Depot, Delta Airlines, Georgia Pacific, CSX, and Norfolk Southern. Siplon honorably served a combined 12 years in the United States Marine Corps and the United States Air Force. During this time, he led the integration of encryption techniques and deployed cryptographic devices for tactically secure voice and data platforms in critical ground-to-air communication systems. This service included support for all branches of the Department of Defense, multiple federal security agencies, and aiding NASA with multiple Space Shuttle launches. Originally from New York, Siplon received both a bachelor’s and master’s degree in electrical and computer engineering with a focus on digital signal processing from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He earned an associate’s degree in advanced electronic systems from the Air Force College and completed multiple military leadership academies in both the Marines and Air Force. Siplon currently lives in Cumming, Georgia (north of Atlanta), with his wife Jan, and two children Thomas (19) and Lily (15).
Host, Logistics with Purpose
Kristi Porter is VP of Sales and Marketing at Vector Global Logistics, a company that is changing the world through supply chain. In her role, she oversees all marketing efforts and supports the sales team in doing what they do best. In addition to this role, she is the Chief Do-Gooder at Signify, which assists nonprofits and social impact companies through copywriting and marketing strategy consulting. She has almost 20 years of professional experience, and loves every opportunity to help people do more good.
Host, Logistics with Purpose
Kevin Brown is the Director of Business Development for Vector Global Logistics. He has a dedicated interest in Major Account Management, Enterprise Sales, and Corporate Leadership. He offers 25 years of exceptional experience and superior performance in the sales of Logistics, Supply Chain, and Transportation Management. Kevin is a dynamic, high-impact, sales executive and corporate leader who has consistently exceeded corporate goals. He effectively coordinates multiple resources to solution sell large complex opportunities while focusing on corporate level contacts across the enterprise. His specialties include targeting and securing key accounts by analyzing customer’s current business processes and developing solutions to meet their corporate goals. Connect with Kevin on LinkedIn.
Host, Supply Chain Now en Espanol
Sofia Rivas Herrera is a Mexican Industrial Engineer from Tecnologico de Monterrey class 2019. Upon graduation, she earned a scholarship to study MIT’s Graduate Certificate in Logistics and Supply Chain Management and graduated as one of the Top 3 performers of her class in 2020. She also has a multicultural background due to her international academic experiences at Singapore Management University and Kühne Logistics University in Hamburg. Sofia self-identifies as a Supply Chain enthusiast & ambassador sharing her passion for the field in her daily life.
Host, Logistics with Purpose
Jose Manuel Irarrazaval es parte del equipo de Vector Global Logistics Chile. José Manuel es un gerente experimentado con experiencia en finanzas corporativas, fusiones y adquisiciones, financiamiento y reestructuración, inversión directa y financiera, tanto en Chile como en el exterior. José Manuel tiene su MBA de la Universidad de Pennsylvania- The Wharton School. Conéctese con Jose Manuel en LinkedIn.
Host, Supply Chain Now en Espanol
Demo Perez started his career in 1997 in the industry by chance when a relative asked him for help for two just weeks putting together an operation for FedEx Express at the Colon Free Zone, an area where he was never been but accepted the challenge. Worked in all roles possible from a truck driver to currier to a sales representative, helped the brand introduction, market share growth and recognition in the Colon Free Zone, at the end of 1999 had the chance to meet and have a chat with Fred Smith ( FedEx CEO), joined another company in 2018 who took over the FedEx operations as Operations and sales manager, in 2004 accepted the challenge from his company to leave the FedEx operations and business to take over the operation and business of DHL Express, his major competitor and rival so couldn’t say no, by changing completely its operation model in the Free Zone. In 2005 started his first entrepreneurial journey by quitting his job and joining two friends to start a Freight Forwarding company. After 8 months was recruited back by his company LSP with the General Manager role with the challenge of growing the company and make it fully capable warehousing 3PL. By 2009 joined CSCMP and WERC and started his journey of learning and growing his international network and high-level learning. In 2012 for the first time joined a local association ( the Panama Maritime Chamber) and worked in the country’s first Logistics Strategy plan, joined and lead other associations ending as president of the Panama Logistics Council in 2017. By finishing his professional mission at LSP with a company that was 8 times the size it was when accepted the role as GM with so many jobs generated and several young professionals coached, having great financial results, took the decision to move forward and start his own business from scratch by the end of 2019. with a friend and colleague co-founded IPL Group a company that started as a boutique 3PL and now is gearing up for the post-Covid era by moving to the big leagues.
Host, Supply Chain Now
The founder of Logistics Executive Group, Kim Winter delivers 40 years of executive leadership experience spanning Executive Search & Recruitment, Leadership Development, Executive Coaching, Corporate Advisory, Motivational Speaking, Trade Facilitation and across the Supply Chain, Logistics, 3PL, E-commerce, Life Science, Cold Chain, FMCG, Retail, Maritime, Defence, Aviation, Resources, and Industrial sectors. Operating from the company’s global offices, he is a regular contributor of thought leadership to industry and media, is a professional Master of Ceremonies, and is frequently invited to chair international events.
He is a Board member of over a dozen companies throughout APAC, India, and the Middle East, a New Zealand citizen, he holds formal resident status in Australia and the UAE, and is the Australia & New Zealand representative for the UAE Government-owned Jebel Ali Free Zone (JAFZA), the Middle East’s largest Economic Free Zone.
A triathlete and ex-professional rugby player, Kim is a qualified (IECL Sydney) executive coach and the Founder / Chairman of the successful not for profit humanitarian organization, Oasis Africa (www. oasisafrica.org.au), which has provided freedom from poverty through education to over 8000 mainly orphaned children in East Africa’s slums. Kim holds an MBA and BA from Massey & Victoria Universities (NZ).
Host, Logistics with Purpose
Nick Roemer has had a very diverse and extensive career within design and sales over the last 15 years stretching from China, Dubai, Germany, Holland, UK, and the USA. In the last 5 years, Nick has developed a hawk's eye for sustainable tech and the human-centric marketing and sales procedures that come with it. With his far-reaching and strong network within the logistics industry, Nick has been able to open new avenues and routes to market within major industries in the USA and the UAE. Nick lives by the ethos, “Give more than you take." His professional mission is to make the logistics industry leaner, cleaner and greener.
Sales Support Intern
Alex is pursuing a Marketing degree and a Certificate in Legal Studies at the University of Georgia. As a dual citizen of both the US and UK; Alex has studied abroad at University College London and is passionate about travel and international business. Through her coursework at the Terry College of Business, Alex has gained valuable skills in digital marketing, analytics, and professional selling. She joined Supply Chain Now as a Sales Support Intern where she assists the team by prospecting and qualifying new business partners. | <urn:uuid:45c7a27c-8016-4e7c-953a-5dd3b2192faf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://supplychainnow.com/supply-chain-africa-723/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.956099 | 21,812 | 1.609375 | 2 |
The Blue Crown Conure For Sale is one of the largest members of the conure family. They are mostly green, with dull blue coloring on the forehead, crown, cheeks, and ears. Around each eye, the bird has a ring of white featherless skin and the breast feathers usually have the yellow-green coloring. The tail feathers are green on top, maroon to red-brown on the underside. generally growing to about 14.5 inches (~37 cm) in length (from top of the head to tip of tail). Their wingspans are generally around seven and a half inches, and they weigh between 3 – 5.8 oz (84 – 165 grams) and their expected lifespan ranges from 25 to 30 years.
While Blue Crowns have a reputation for being one of the more quiet species, of conures, they do have the ability to scream and screech, and can be quite vocal upon waking and before bedtime. Blue Crown Conure For Sale Most conures is not considered good pets for apartment living. Make sure to provide your bird with tropical fruits as regularly as possible, but give it fresh fruits and vegetables on a daily basis. You should also provide them with a diet of seeds and pellets at least thrice a week. Ensure that you vary the diet up from time to time; otherwise, the bird will eventually get bored and physical complications will soon arise. | <urn:uuid:2be497ab-8349-4bad-838d-991cbf048478> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stevenparrots.com/product/blue-crown-conure-for-sale/?add_to_wishlist=1463&_wpnonce=97f42b7086 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.96257 | 285 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Bulgaria’s gross external debt at the end of July 2021 was EUR 40.527 billion. This is 61.7% of the country’s GDP, the Bulgarian National Bank announced. For a year, the debt has grown by almost 3 billion euros and includes both government and private sector liabilities.Long-term liabilities – at the end of July amounted to over 34 billion euros and in one year have increased by 2.5 billion euros. The short-term repayment liabilities in the next 12 months are EUR 6.375 billion, or EUR 408 million more than a year earlier.The government’s external debt at the end of July was 8.354 billion euros, or 12.7% of the GDP. For one year, the increase is 2.164 billion euros, or 35%. | <urn:uuid:093f5e20-88ef-4854-be79-bcd95ba06bc5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://bulgariabusinessinsider.com/bulgarias-foreign-debt-soaring-bulgarian-national-bank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.95617 | 166 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Shrivalli is a Hindu Girl name. The name is originated from ‘unknown’ origin. The baby name Shrivalli means “Lord Subramanya’S Wife”.
Origin of the name is: “unknown”
Shrivalli is a Girl name.
The pronunciation of the name is: “Not available”
Shrivalli Name Meaning:
The name Shrivalli means Lord Subramanya’s wife, Goddess Lakshmi, Goddess Lakshmi; A kind of plant. It is a feminine baby name.
It is a Hindu baby name.
Variations or similar name:
chairavali , shrivali , shrivalli , shrivalli , srivalli
Famous people with this name: | <urn:uuid:73febc55-6d6d-4daf-9228-d6a6c832c75b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wowbabyname.com/shrivalli-name-meaning-and-origin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.764361 | 194 | 2.125 | 2 |
Reviewed by Darcy Meijer (Gabon 1982–84)
The front cover of Lauren Greasewater’s War by Stephen Hirst is an Edward Curtis photo from 1907 depicting the full face of a Havasupai woman. From the first page until the dramatic finish, Hirst relates a gripping story that could well have occurred in 1970s Arizona within the Native American Havasupai community.
Lauren Greasewater’s War comprises five parts: Cradle, Blood, Song, Shelter and War. The first four develop the themes of the novel — origin, family, spirituality and home, while the last part brings these together. In brief, New York lutenist Lauren Napier, adopted by a white family as an infant, learns her true parentage and travels to the Havasupai canyonlands in the Southwest to find out more. Strong-willed and driven by the need for senses of purpose and identity, she disputes the U.S. government’s attempts to seize her ancestral home and make it part of national parkland, thereby setting off a legal case against the government which involves the entire tribe.
Hirst vividly describes the breathtaking landscape in the Grand Canyon area. If I hadn’t lived in Flagstaff for several years, I would definitely visit on the strength of his writing alone. “The scarlet surprise of paintbrush,” “a madhouse of ravines,” and “a fierceness of stars” are among his evocative phrases. The plot moves right along, dotted with well-placed points of conflict and suspense. Like Lauren, we are outsiders becoming familiar with the Havasupai way of life and its intimacy with nature, family relationships, even magic. Hirst’s interjection of humor in action and dialogue relieve tension and exhibit a fine aspect of Havasupai culture.
My sole criticism of Lauren Greasewater’s War is that I don’t find the protagonist to be likeable. She is always blunt, usually defensive and often rude. Granted, she may have reasons, but I was rooting for her only because of the role she played in the drama. On the other hand, Hirst should be applauded for not indulging in more of the uglier aspects of government abuse of Native Americans. Another novelist might have gotten bloodier, regaled us with other shameful stories of exploitation and thievery. But Hirst gets to the core of the matter — has written, in fact, what he calls a “parable.”
I have been reviewing Peace Corps Writers books for many years now, and I’ve found that RPCVs always have a meta-cultural view, whether writing about the U.S. or another country. They are skilled at portraying the outsider’s point of view. Lauren Greasewater’s War is especially interesting in this regard since it is about Native Americans who have been cheated out of their own lands: outsiders in their own country.
Author Hirst seems to be a reliable authority on “the world that shapes this tale.” From 1967 to 1978 when he and his family lived in Havasu Canyon, Arizona, the Havasupai asked them to research and document a case to regain ancestral lands from the federal government. The results? Hirst’s award-winning book, I Am the Grand Canyon: The Story of the Havasupai People, and the historic enlargement of the Havasupai reservation.
Lauren Greasewater’s War is a fine novel, well-crafted and important. Enacted right here on American soil, it is a reminder of how much work remains to be done to secure a “land of the free” for all.
Darcy Meijer was a TEFL Volunteer in Gabon. She lives in Abu Dhabi, the UAE, and the Bay of Fundy, Canada.
To purchase Lauren Greasewater’s War from Amazon.com, click on the book cover, the bold book title or the format you would like — and Peace Corps Worldwide, an Amazon Associate, will receive a small remittance that will help support our annual writers awards. | <urn:uuid:21fa4d02-27c8-4478-a387-99aed6dee20f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://peacecorpsworldwide.org/review-lauren-greaswaters-war/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.955386 | 875 | 1.9375 | 2 |
Mapistry is excited to announce the latest course to be released into our eLearning Suite, Stormwater Sampling. Mapistry’s eLearning solution provides individualized training solutions that meet regulatory requirements in addition to providing the necessary awareness to run a healthy industrial environmental compliance program.
At a time of unprecedented environmental scrutiny, staff training is a vital tool to dramatically reduce the risk of being penalized, fined, or sued for a minor or major environmental infraction.
Modern manufacturers across the U.S. are embracing eLearning as a method of “microlearning”. Microlearning provides condensed lessons of high impact content that fit together in a larger group of courses. Mapistry’s Stormwater Sampling course allows learners to access highly specialized content in self paced, and digestible manner. The courses are designed to be compelling, engaging and fun. The Stormwater Sampling course covers the following topics broken into 3 components, when, where and how to take a stormwater sample:
- When to Sample
- Sampling Timeline
- Yearly State Specific Requirements
- Your Site’s Sampling Points
- Different Types of Stormwater Drains
- Your Sampling Kit
- Collecting a Grab Sample
- Collecting a Sheet Flow Sample
- Collecting Samples from a Drain Inlet
- Calibrating your pH Meter in the Field
- Chain of Custody and Visual Observation DOs and DON’Ts
These training points are vital to ensuring a strong environmental compliance program. Throughout the course, users will learn about a variety of sampling techniques across many different types of sampling locations. The easy to use menu allows users to select videos and lessons in the order they choose. Throughout the learning experience, users will be faced with knowledge checks and interactive videos to help them build a real world understanding of what to do on your industrial site when it rains. Additionally, learners explore the Dos and Don’ts of sampling along with easy to understand illustrations of California’s State requirements.
eLearning provides an on-demand training solution to combat staff turnover, changing regulatory requirements and other day to day challenges modern manufacturers face. Mapistry eLearning courses are available to be hosted on internal Learning Management Systems (via SCORM file) or alternatively Mapistry can host the courses for you! | <urn:uuid:4947f90e-6df0-4494-b7d4-807652ad6c20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mapistry.com/blog/mapistrys-new-elearning-course-stormwater-sampling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.878096 | 480 | 1.804688 | 2 |
This solar useful resource map provides a summary of the estimated solar electricity available for strength era and other energy applications. It represents the average each day/yearly sum of energy manufacturing from a 1 kW-height grid-linked solar PV power plant overlaying the period from 1994/1999/2007 (depending at the geographical place) to 2015. Source: Global Solar Atlas
Solar strength is the conversion of power from sunlight into energy, either without delay the usage of photovoltaics (PV), not directly the usage of concentrated sun power, or a aggregate. Concentrated sun energy systems use lenses or mirrors and sun monitoring systems to cognizance a big area of daylight right into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert mild into an electric present day the use of the photovoltaic effect.
Photovoltaics were initially completely used as a supply of energy for small and medium-sized packages, from the calculator powered by means of a unmarried solar mobile to far flung homes powered by way of an off-grid rooftop PV device. Commercial focused solar energy flowers had been first advanced inside the Nineteen Eighties. As the value of sun energy has fallen, the number of grid-connected sun PV systems has grown into the millions and gigawatt-scale photovoltaic electricity stations are being built. Solar PV is unexpectedly turning into an less expensive, low-carbon era to harness renewable power from the Sun. The current largest photovoltaic electricity station inside the world is the Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka, India with a era capacity of 2050 MW.
The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its “high renewables” scenario, by means of 2050, sun photovoltaics and concentrated solar strength could make contributions approximately 16 and eleven percent, respectively, of world strength consumption, and sun would be the world’s biggest supply of power. Most sun installations might be in China and India.[three] In 2019, sun strength generated 2.7% of the arena’s energy, developing over 24% from the previous year. As of October 2020, the unsubsidised levelised cost of power for software-scale sun strength is round $36/MWh.
Many industrialized countries have set up giant sun electricity capacity into their grids to complement or provide an alternative to conventional electricity sources whilst an increasing number of much less developed countries have grew to become to solar to lessen dependence on expensive imported fuels (see sun electricity by means of united states). Long distance transmission allows far off renewable power assets to displace fossil fuel intake. Solar energy plants use considered one oftechnologies:
Photovoltaic (PV) structures use sun panels, either on rooftops or in ground-hooked up sun farms, converting sunlight directly into electric powered electricity.
Concentrated sun energy (CSP, additionally known as “concentrated sun thermal”) plant life use sun thermal energy to make steam, which is thereafter converted into strength through a turbine.
A sun cellular, or photovoltaic cell (PV), is a tool that converts mild into electric current the use of the photovoltaic effect. The first solar mobile changed into constructed via Charles Fritts inside the Eighteen Eighties. The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens become among folks who recognized the importance of this discovery.[eight] In 1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange evolved a photo cellular the use of silver selenide in area of copper oxide,[nine] despite the fact that the prototype selenium cells transformed much less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the paintings of Russell Ohl inside the Nineteen Forties, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon sun mobile in 1954. These early solar cells price US$286/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.five–6%.[eleven] In 1957, Mohamed M. Atalla advanced the manner of silicon floor passivation via thermal oxidation at Bell Labs.[thirteen] The surface passivation manner has since been crucial to sun cellular efficiency.
The array of a photovoltaic strength machine, or PV gadget, produces direct present day (DC) energy which fluctuates with the sunlight’s intensity.For practical use this generally requires conversion to sure favored voltages or alternating modern-day (AC), via the use of inverters.Multiple solar cells are related inner modules.Modules are wired together to shape arrays, then tied to an inverter, which produces strength on the desired voltage, and for AC, the desired frequency/section.
Many residential PV structures are related to the grid wherever available, mainly in advanced countries with big markets.In those grid-linked PV systems, use of power garage is non-compulsory.In positive applications together with satellites, lighthouses, or in growing countries, batteries or additional strength turbines are often introduced as again-ups. Such stand-alone energy systems allow operations at night time and at different times of restrained sunlight.
Concentrated sun strength
Concentrated sun power (CSP), additionally referred to as “concentrated solar thermal”, uses lenses or mirrors and monitoring systems to concentrate daylight, then use the resulting heat to generate power from conventional steam-driven mills.[sixteen]
A huge range of concentrating technology exists: among the fine regarded are the parabolic trough, the compact linear Fresnel reflector, the dish Stirling and the sun strength tower. Various strategies are used to song the solar and focus mild. In all of these structures a operating fluid is heated with the aid of the focused daylight, and is then used for electricity era or energy storage. Thermal garage successfully lets in up to 24-hour power technology.
A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned alongside the reflector’s focal line. The receiver is a tube placed along the focal points of the linear parabolic reflect and is full of a running fluid. The reflector is made to observe the sun at some point of daylight hours by way of monitoring along a single axis. Parabolic trough structures offer the fine land-use thing of any sun technology. The Solar Energy Generating Systems flowers in California and Acciona’s Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada are representatives of this era.
Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP-flowers which use many skinny replicate strips rather than parabolic mirrors to pay attention sunlight ontotubes with operating fluid. This has the advantage that flat mirrors may be used which are plenty less expensive than parabolic mirrors, and that more reflectors can be placed within the same amount of area, permitting greater of the available sunlight to be used. Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in both large or greater compact plants.
The Stirling sun dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which typically drives an electric powered generator. The blessings of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of changing sunlight into power and longer lifetime.
Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technology.The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra, Australia is an instance of this era.
A sun electricity tower uses an array of tracking reflectors (heliostats) to concentrate light on a crucial receiver atop a tower. Power towers can gain higher (thermal-to-energy conversion) efficiency than linear monitoring CSP schemes and higher electricity storage capability than dish stirling technologies. The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar energy plant are examples of this era.
A hybrid machine combines (C)PV and CSP with one another or with different sorts of era which include diesel, wind and biogas. The blended form of era can also permit the device to modulate power output as a characteristic of demand or at the least reduce the fluctuating nature of sun electricity and the consumption of non-renewable gasoline. Hybrid structures are most customarily located on islands.
A novel sun CPV/CSP hybrid device has been proposed, combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar electricity, or additionally referred to as concentrated sun thermal.
Integrated solar mixed cycle (ISCC) system
The Hassi R’Mel electricity station in Algeria is an example of mixing CSP with a gasoline turbine, where a 25-megawatt CSP-parabolic trough array supplements a miles larger a hundred thirty MW combined cycle gas turbine plant. Another example is the Yazd energy station in Iran.
Photovoltaic thermal hybrid sun collector (PVT)
Also known as hybrid PV/T, convert sun radiation into thermal and electric strength. Such a machine combines a sun (PV) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way.
Concentrated photovoltaics and thermal (CPVT)
A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid gadget is just like a PVT system. It makes use of focused photovoltaics (CPV) in preference to conventional PV generation, and combines it with a solar thermal collector.
PV diesel gadget
It combines a photovoltaic gadget with a diesel generator. Combinations with different renewables are viable and encompass wind generators.
Thermoelectric, or “thermovoltaic” devices convert a temperature distinction between diverse substances into an electric powered present day. Solar cells use only the excessive frequency part of the radiation, at the same time as the low frequency warmth electricity is wasted. Several patents about the usage of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells had been filed.
The concept is to growth the efficiency of the combined sun/thermoelectric gadget to transform the solar radiation into useful strength.
Development and deployment
Evolution of sun power manufacturing by using vicinity
Share of electricity production from solar, 2019
Deployment of Solar Power
Capacity in GW by way of Technology
SOLAR four hundred
Growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale seeing that 1992
World electricity technology by way of source in 2018. Total era became 26.7 PWh.
Natural gasoline (23%)
Solar Electricity GenerationYear
% of Total2004
The early development of sun technology beginning in the 1860s became driven by way of an expectation that coal might quickly emerge as scarce, together with experiments with the aid of Augustin Mouchot. Charles Fritts installed the world’s first rooftop photovoltaic solar array, using 1%-efficient selenium cells, on a New York City roof in 1884. However, development of sun technologies stagnated within the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability, economy, and application of coal and petroleum. In 1974 it was predicted that best six non-public homes in all of North America had been entirely heated or cooled through useful solar power systems.[forty] The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis brought on a reorganization of strength policies around the arena and taken renewed interest to growing sun technologies. Deployment techniques centered on incentive applications such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program inside the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan. Other efforts covered the formation of studies centers inside the United States (SERI, now NREL), Japan (NEDO), and Germany (Fraunhofer ISE).[forty three]Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew unexpectedly, but falling oil prices within the early 1980s moderated the boom of photovoltaics from 1984 to 1996.
Mid-1990s to early 2010s
In the mid-Nineties development of both, residential and business rooftop solar in addition to utility-scale photovoltaic strength stations started out to boost up again due to deliver troubles with oil and natural gasoline, worldwide warming concerns, and the improving monetary function of PV relative to different energy technology. In the early 2000s, the adoption of feed-in price lists—a policy mechanism, that gives renewables precedence on the grid and defines a hard and fast fee for the generated strength—led to a excessive stage of investment safety and to a hovering number of PV deployments in Europe.
For several years, international increase of sun PV turned into driven by European deployment, but has seeing that shifted to Asia, particularly China and Japan, and to a developing quantity of nations and regions everywhere in the global, inclusive of, but not constrained to, Australia, Canada, Chile, India, Israel, Mexico, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, and the United States. In 2012, Tokelau have become the first united states of america to be powered entirely by photovoltaic cells, with a 1 MW machine the use of batteries for midnight electricity.
Worldwide boom of photovoltaics has averaged 40% per year from 2000 to 2013 and overall established ability reached 303 GW at the end of 2016 with China having the maximum cumulative installations (78 GW) and Honduras having the best theoretical percentage of annual energy utilization which could be generated by means of sun PV (12.5%). The largest producers are placed in China.[forty nine]
Concentrated sun strength (CSP) also commenced to grow unexpectedly, increasing its potential nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013, albeit from a lower level and involving fewer countries than solar PV.:51As of the stop of 2013, global cumulative CSP-ability reached three,425 MW.
Actual annual deployments of sun PV vs predictions by means of the IEA for the period 2002-2016. Predictions have largely and continuously underestimated actual growth.
In 2010, the International Energy Agency predicted that global sun PV capacity could attain 3,000 GW or eleven% of projected international strength technology through 2050—sufficient to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity.Four years later, in 2014, the employer projected that, underneath its “excessive renewables” situation, solar electricity may want to deliver 27% of global strength generation by way of 2050 (sixteen% from PV and eleven% from CSP).
Photovoltaic power stations
The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW electricity plant in Riverside County, California, that makes use of thin-film CdTe sun modules made through First Solar. As of November 2014, the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm become the biggest photovoltaic strength plant within the global. This was handed by the 579 MW Solar Star complicated. The contemporary largest photovoltaic strength station within the global is the Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka, India with a technology capability of 2050 MW.
Concentrating sun electricity stations
Commercial concentrating sun power (CSP) plant life, additionally referred to as “solar thermal electricity stations”, had been first developed within the Eighties. The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California’s Mojave Desert, is the world’s largest solar thermal strength plant undertaking. Other massive CSP flowers encompass the Solnova Solar Power Station (one hundred fifty MW), the Andasol sun energy station (one hundred fifty MW), and Extresol Solar Power Station (one hundred fifty MW), all in Spain. The primary gain of CSP is the potential to effectively add thermal storage, permitting the dispatching of strength over as much as a 24-hour duration. Since top electricity call for generally occurs at about 5 pm, many CSP energy vegetation use three to five hours of thermal garage.[seventy eight]
Largest operational solar thermal strength stationsNameCapacity(MW)LocationNotesIvanpah Solar Power Facility
Mojave Desert, California, USA
Operational on the grounds that February 2014. Located southwest of Las Vegas.Solar Energy Generating Systems
Mojave Desert, California, USA
Commissioned between 1984 and 1991. Collection of nine devices.Mojave Solar Project
Barstow, California, USA
Completed December 2014Solana Generating Station
Gila Bend, Arizona, USA
Completed October 2013Includes a 6h thermal strength storageGenesis Solar Energy Project
Blythe, California, USA
Completed April 2014Solaben Solar Power Station
Completed 2012–2013[eighty]Noor I
Completed 2016Solnova Solar Power Station
Completed in 2010Andasol solar power station
one hundred fifty
Completed 2011. Includes a 7.5h thermal power garage.Extresol Solar Power Station
a hundred and fifty
Torre de Miguel Sesmero, Spain
Completed 2010–2012Extresol three includes a 7.5h thermal strength storageFor a greater distinct, sourced and whole list, see: List of solar thermal strength stations#Operational or corresponding article.Economics
Cost in step with watt
Solar PV – LCOE for Europe till 2020 (in euro-cts. consistent with kWh)
Economic photovoltaic capability vs set up cost in the United States with and with out the federal Investment Tax Credit (ITC)
The standard price elements for solar electricity encompass the prices of the modules, the frame to keep them, wiring, inverters, labour fee, any land that is probably required, the grid connection, upkeep and the sun insolation that location will receive. Adjusting for inflation, it fee $96 per watt for a sun module within the mid-Seventies. Process enhancements and a totally big increase in manufacturing have introduced that determine all the way down to sixty eight cents in step with watt in February 2016, in step with facts from Bloomberg New Energy Finance.[eighty two]
Photovoltaic structures use no fuel, and modules commonly remaining 25 to forty years. Thus, capital costs make up most of the fee of solar strength. Operations and upkeep charges for brand spanking new application-scale solar plant life in the US are estimated to be 9 percentage of the fee of photovoltaic energy, and 17 percent of the cost of solar thermal electricity.[eighty three] Governments have created numerous financial incentives to inspire using sun strength, which includes feed-in tariff applications. Also, Renewable portfolio requirements impose a central authority mandatethat utilities generate or collect a positive percentage of renewable strength no matter expanded power procurement fees. In most states, RPS goals can be executed by any aggregate of solar, wind, biomass, landfill gas, ocean, geothermal, municipal solid waste, hydroelectric, hydrogen, or gasoline mobile technology.
Current installation fees
In its 2014 version of the Technology Roadmap: Solar Photovoltaic Energy document, the International Energy Agency (IEA) published charges for residential, commercial and utility-scale PV systems for 8 principal markets as of 2013 (see table below). However, DOE’s SunShot Initiative has mentioned tons lower U.S. installation expenses. In 2014, charges continued to say no. The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. gadget expenses to be within the variety of $1.80 to $3.29 according to watt. Other resources pick out comparable charge degrees of $1.70 to $3.50 for the extraordinary market segments inside the U.S., and inside the distinctly penetrated German marketplace, fees for residential and small commercial rooftop structures of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 according to watt (€1.24/W) with the aid of the cease of 2014. In 2015, Deutsche Bank estimated prices for small residential rooftop structures in the U.S. round $2.ninety in step with watt. Costs for application-scale structures in China and India have been anticipated as little as $1.00 in keeping with watt. By 2020, application solar fees were as low as $zero.70/watt.
Productivity by area
The productiveness of solar power in a place depends on solar irradiance, which varies via the day and is stimulated through range and weather. It additionally depends at the temperature, and the local soiling situations.
The places with highest annual solar irradiance lie inside the arid tropics and subtropics. Deserts lying in low latitudes commonly have few clouds, and might get hold of sunshine for extra than ten hours an afternoon.[ninety one] These hot deserts form the Global Sun Belt circling the world. This belt consists of huge swathes of land in Northern Africa, Southern Africa, Southwest Asia, Middle East, and Australia, as well as the a good deal smaller deserts of North and South America.[ninety two] Africa’s japanese Sahara Desert, additionally referred to as the Libyan Desert, has been found to be the sunniest vicinity on Earth according to NASA.[ninety three][ninety four]
Different measurements of solar irradiance (direct everyday irradiance, worldwide horizontal irradiance) are mapped under :
Africa and Middle East
South and South-East Asia
Levelized fee of strength
The PV enterprise has adopted levelized value of strength (LCOE) because the unit of fee. The electrical energy generated is offered in units of kilowatt-hours (kWh). As a rule of thumb, and depending at the local insolation, 1 watt-height of mounted solar PV capability generates approximately 1 to two kWh of electricity consistent with 12 months. This corresponds to a capability component of round 10–20%. The fabricated from the local price of energy and the insolation determines the ruin-even point for solar strength. The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments, prepared by means of EPIA, has estimated that PV structures pays lower back their traders in eight to twelve years. As a end result, for the reason that 2006 it’s been not pricey for investors to put in photovoltaics totally free in return for a long time power purchase agreement. Fifty percentage of business systems within the United States have been mounted in this way in 2007 and over ninety% through 2009.
Shi Zhengrong has stated that, as of 2012, unsubsidised solar strength changed into already competitive with fossil fuels in India, Hawaii, Italy and Spain. He said “We are at a tipping factor. No longer are renewable strength assets like solar and wind a luxury of the wealthy. They at the moment are beginning to compete inside the real global with out subsidies”. “Solar strength may be capable of compete without subsidies in opposition to traditional strength assets in 1/2 the arena via 2015”.[ninety seven]
Palo Alto California signed a wholesale purchase agreement in 2016 that secured solar strength for 3.7 cents in step with kilowatt-hour. And in sunny Dubai big-scale solar generated strength sold in 2016 for simply 2.ninety nine cents per kilowatt-hour – “competitive with any shape of fossil-based energy — and inexpensive than most.”[ninety eight]
In 2020, the UNDP mission “Enhanced Rural Resilience in Yemen” (ERRY) -which uses community-owned sun microgrids- controlled to cuts energy prices to just 2 cents in keeping with hour (whereas diesel-generated strength expenses forty two cents in step with hour). As of October 2020, the unsubsidised levelised cost of electricity for utility-scale sun electricity is around $36/MWh.[five]
Grid parity, the factor at which the value of photovoltaic energy is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid energy, is more easily completed in regions with abundant sun and excessive costs for strength inclusive of in California and Japan. In 2008, the levelized fee of energy for sun PV turned into $zero.25/kWh or less in most of the OECD nations. By late 2011, the fully loaded fee become expected to fall underneath $0.15/kWh for most of the OECD and to reach $zero.10/kWh in sunnier regions. These cost stages are driving 3 rising developments: vertical integration of the supply chain, origination of power purchase agreements (PPAs) by means of solar energy companies, and surprising threat for conventional electricity technology groups, grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers.[one zero one]
Grid parity changed into first reached in Spain in 2013, Hawaii and other islands that in any other case use fossil gasoline (diesel gasoline) to produce electricity, and most of america is anticipated to reach grid parity by 2015.[failed verification]
In 2007, General Electric’s Chief Engineer expected grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the US by around 2015; different groups anticipated an earlier date: the value of solar strength will be below grid parity for extra than 1/2 of residential clients and 10% of commercial customers inside the OECD, so long as grid energy charges do not decrease thru 2010.[one zero one]
In cases of self-consumption of solar strength, the payback time is calculated based on how a lot electricity isn’t purchased from the grid. For instance, in Germany, with electricity expenses of 0.25 €/kWh and insolation of 900 kWh/kW, one kWp will save €225 consistent with 12 months, and with an set up cost of 1700 €/KWp the system cost will be lower back in less than seven years. However, in many cases, the styles of generation and intake do now not coincide, and a few or all of the energy is fed lower back into the grid. The strength is offered, and at other times when strength is taken from the grid, power is sold. The relative fees and prices obtained have an effect on the economics. In many markets, the price paid for bought PV strength is considerably decrease than the price of bought electricity, which incentivizes self consumption. Moreover, separate self intake incentives were used in e.g. Germany and Italy. Grid interaction regulation has also blanketed obstacles of grid feed-in in a few regions in Germany with excessive quantities of established PV potential. By growing self consumption, the grid feed-in can be constrained with out curtailment, which wastes strength.
A suitable match between technology and consumption is fundamental for excessive self-consumption. The suit may be improved with batteries or controllable power consumption. However, batteries are high-priced and profitability might also require the supply of other offerings from them besides self consumption increase. Hot water storage tanks with electric powered heating with warmness pumps or resistance heaters can offer low-fee garage for self consumption of sun energy. Shiftable masses, together with dishwashers, tumble dryers and washing machines, can provide controllable consumption with only a limited impact at the customers, but their effect on self-intake of sun energy can be restrained.
Energy pricing and incentives
The political reason of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small-scale deployment to start to develop the enterprise, even wherein the price of PV is appreciably above grid parity, to permit the industry to attain the economies of scale important to reach grid parity. The policies are carried out to sell country wide energy independence, high tech activity creation and reduction of CO2 emissions. Three incentive mechanisms are regularly used in aggregate as investment subsidies: the authorities refund part of the fee of installation of the system, the power software buys PV power from the producer below a multiyear agreement at a assured charge, and Solar Renewable Energy Certificates (SRECs)
With investment subsidies, the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer, whilst with feed-in price lists the more value is shipped throughout the utilities’ purchaser bases. While the funding subsidy may be less complicated to administer, the primary argument in favour of feed-in price lists is the encouragement of exceptional. Investment subsidies are paid out as a characteristic of the nameplate capacity of the hooked up device and are impartial of its actual electricity yield over the years, for that reason rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating terrible sturdiness and protection. Some electric powered organizations provide rebates to their clients, which include Austin Energy in Texas, which offers $2.50/watt mounted as much as $15,000.
In net metering the fee of the strength produced is the same as the charge supplied to the patron, and the patron is billed at the distinction among manufacturing and intake. Net metering can commonly be executed without a changes to conventional electricity meters, which correctly measure strength in each instructions and routinely file the difference, and because it permits house owners and agencies to generate electricity at a distinctive time from consumption, successfully the use of the grid as a giant garage battery. With net metering, deficits are billed each month whilst surpluses are rolled over to the following month. Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credit. Excess credit upon termination of service are either lost or paid for at a price starting from wholesale to retail fee or above, as can be extra annual credit. In New Jersey, annual excess credits are paid on the wholesale price, as are left over credits when a customer terminates provider.
Feed-in tariffs (FIT)
This phase wishes to be updated. Please update this newsletter to mirror recent events or newly to be had facts.(August 2018)
With feed-in tariffs, the financial burden falls upon the customer. They praise the number of kilowatt-hours produced over a long period of time, however because the charge is about by means of the authorities, it is able to bring about perceived overpayment. The fee paid in step with kilowatt-hour underneath a feed-in tariff exceeds the rate of grid power. Net metering refers back to the case wherein the fee paid by the software is the same as the charge charged.
The complexity of approvals in California, Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on funding is better.[quotation needed] In some countries, additional incentives are offered for constructing-incorporated photovoltaics (BIPV) in comparison to stand by myself PV:[citation wished]
France + EUR zero.sixteen /kWh (in comparison to semi-incorporated) or + EUR 0.27/kWh (in comparison to stand on my own)
Italy + EUR 0.04–0.09 kWh
Germany + EUR zero.05/kWh (facades only)
Solar Renewable Energy Credits (SRECs)
Alternatively, Solar Renewable Energy Certificates (SRECs) allow for a marketplace mechanism to set the charge of the sun-generated strength subsidy. In this mechanism, renewable electricity production or consumption target is about, and the application (extra technically the Load Serving Entity) is obliged to buy renewable energy or face a satisfactory (Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP). The producer is credited for an SREC for each 1,000 kWh of strength produced. If the software buys this SREC and retires it, they keep away from paying the ACP. In precept, this machine grants the cheapest renewable electricity given that all sun centers are eligible and can be established in most monetary locations. Uncertainties approximately the destiny price of SRECs have caused lengthy-time period SREC agreement markets to offer clarity to their fees and permit sun builders to pre-sell and hedge their credits.
Financial incentives for photovoltaics range throughout nations, along with Australia, China, Germany,[one hundred fifteen] Israel, Japan, and the United States or even throughout states inside the US.
The Japanese authorities via its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003. By the give up of 2004, Japan led the sector in mounted PV ability with over 1.1 GW.
In 2004, the German government delivered the first big-scale feed-in tariff system, under the German Renewable Energy Act, which ended in an explosive boom of PV installations in Germany[quotation needed]. At the outset, the FIT turned into over 3x the retail rate or 8x the industrial rate. The precept in the back of the German machine is a 20-year flat price settlement. The value of recent contracts is programmed to lower every yr, with a view to inspire the industry to pass on lower costs to the cease-customers. The programme has been extra a hit than anticipated with over 1GW installed in 2006, and political strain is mounting to lower the tariff to reduce the future burden on purchasers[quotation needed].
Subsequently, Spain, Italy, Greece—that enjoyed an early success with home sun-thermal installations for warm water desires—and France delivered feed-in tariffs[citation wanted]. None have replicated the programmed lower of FIT in new contracts even though, making the German incentive extraordinarily less and much less appealing as compared to other international locations. The French and Greek FIT provide a high top class (EUR zero.fifty five/kWh) for constructing integrated systems[quotation needed]. California, Greece, France and Italy have 30–50% more insolation than Germany making them financially greater appealing. The Greek domestic “sun roof” programme (adopted in June 2009 for installations up to ten kW) has inner costs of return of 10–15% at contemporary commercial set up costs, which, moreover, is tax-unfastened[quotation wanted].
In 2006 California accepted the ‘California Solar Initiative’, offering a desire of funding subsidies or FIT for small and medium structures and a FIT for massive systems[quotation needed]. The small-device FIT of $zero.39 in line with kWh (some distance much less than EU nations) expires in only 5 years, and the trade “EPBB” residential investment incentive is understated, averaging perhaps 20% of the cost. All California incentives are scheduled to lower in the destiny relying as a characteristic of the amount of PV potential hooked up.
At the give up of 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (OPA, Canada) started out its Standard Offer Program, a precursor to the Green Energy Act, and the primary in North America for dispensed renewable projects of less than 10 MW[quotation needed]. The feed-in tariff guaranteed a fixed charge of $0.forty two CDN in step with kWh over a period of two decades. Unlike internet metering, all of the electricity produced turned into sold to the OPA at the given fee.
Construction of the Salt Tanks which give green thermal power garage so that output can be supplied after sunset, and output can be scheduled to meet call for necessities. The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of strength storage. This allows the plant to generate about 38% of its rated ability over the direction of a 12 months.[one hundred twenty]
The vast majority of electricity produced worldwide is used at once on the grounds that storage is usually more luxurious and due to the fact conventional generators can adapt to demand. Both solar energy and wind power are variable renewable power, that means that all to be had output have to be taken on every occasion it’s far to be had by using shifting through transmission strains to wherein it may be used now. Since sun electricity isn’t always available at night, storing its electricity is potentially an vital issue mainly in off-grid and for future a hundred% renewable electricity eventualities to have non-stop electricity availability.
Solar strength is inherently variable and predictable by time of day, location, and seasons. In addition, solar is intermittent due to day/night time cycles and unpredictable climate. How an awful lot of a unique assignment sun power is in any given electric powered application varies substantially. In a summer peak software, sun is nicely matched to daylight hours cooling needs. In iciness top utilities, sun displaces different forms of era, lowering their potential factors.
In an electricity system with out grid electricity storage, technology from saved fuels (coal, biomass, natural gasoline, nuclear) should cross up and down in response to the upward thrust and fall of sun electricity (see load following power plant). While hydroelectric and natural fuel flowers can speedy respond to changes in load, coal, biomass and nuclear flowers typically take giant time to respond to load and may only be scheduled to observe the predictable variant. Depending on neighborhood instances, beyond about 20–40% of overall generation, grid-connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in a few aggregate of grid interconnections, energy storage or demand side management. Integrating big amounts of sun strength with current generation system has induced problems in a few cases. For example, in Germany, California and Hawaii, electricity charges were regarded to head negative when solar is producing a whole lot of power, displacing existing baseload era contracts.
Conventional hydroelectricity works very well at the side of solar electricity; water can be held lower back or launched from a reservoir as required. Where a appropriate river isn’t always available, pumped-storage hydroelectricity uses sun strength to pump water to a excessive reservoir on sunny days, then the electricity is recovered at night and in bad weather by means of releasing water thru a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir wherein the cycle can start again.This cycle can lose 20% of the electricity to spherical trip inefficiencies, this plus the construction expenses add to the price of enforcing high tiers of solar power.
Concentrated solar energy plants may additionally use thermal garage to store solar strength, along with in high-temperature molten salts. These salts are an powerful garage medium because they’re low-cost, have a high specific warmness ability, and can deliver warmness at temperatures like minded with conventional power systems. This technique of electricity storage is used, as an instance, by the Solar Two power station, permitting it to shop 1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank, enough to provide complete output for near 39 hours, with an performance of approximately ninety nine%.[one hundred twenty five]
In stand by myself PV systems batteries are traditionally used to save excess power. With grid-linked photovoltaic energy device, excess electricity may be despatched to the electric grid. Net metering and feed-in tariff applications give those structures a credit for the power they produce. This credit score offsets electricity provided from the grid when the gadget cannot meet call for, efficaciously buying and selling with the grid in place of storing extra power. Credits are typically rolled over from month to month and any ultimate surplus settled annually.When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid electricity, other generation techniques can regulate their output correctly, but as those types of variable strength develop, additional stability at the grid is needed. As costs are unexpectedly declining, PV systems an increasing number of use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night. Batteries used for grid-storage can stabilize the electric grid by using leveling out height masses for round an hour or extra. In the future, less steeply-priced batteries ought to play an crucial function on the electric grid, as they are able to charge at some stage in durations whilst era exceeds demand and feed their stored strength into the grid while demand is higher than era.
Although now not authorised underneath the USA National Electric Code, it’s miles technically possible to have a “plug and play” PV microinverter. A latest evaluation article found that cautious device layout would permit such systems to fulfill all technical, although no longer all safety requirements. There are several groups selling plug and play sun structures available at the web, however there may be a situation that if humans set up their very own it’ll lessen the large employment advantage solar has over fossil fuels.
Common battery technology used in modern home PV structures include, the valve regulated lead-acid battery– a changed version of the conventional lead–acid battery, nickel–cadmium and lithium-ion batteries. Lead-acid batteries are presently the most important generation utilized in small-scale, residential PV structures, because of their high reliability, low self-discharge and funding and preservation expenses, regardless of shorter lifetime and lower strength density. Lithium-ion batteries have the potential to update lead-acid batteries in the close to destiny, as they’re being intensively advanced and lower fees are expected because of economies of scale supplied through large manufacturing centers together with the Gigafactory 1. In addition, the Li-ion batteries of plug-in electric vehicles may serve as destiny garage gadgets in a vehicle-to-grid machine. Since maximum cars are parked an average of 95% of the time, their batteries could be used to allow strength glide from the automobile to the strength strains and again. Other rechargeable batteries used for disbursed PV systems include, sodium–sulfur and vanadium redox batteries,outstanding forms of a molten salt and a drift battery, respectively.
The mixture of wind and solar PV has the gain that the two sources complement every other due to the fact the height working instances for each gadget arise at distinct instances of the day and 12 months. The electricity generation of such solar hybrid electricity structures is therefore greater consistent and fluctuates much less than every of the two element subsystems. Solar strength is seasonal, especially in northern/southern climates, far from the equator, suggesting a want for long term seasonal storage in a medium which includes hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric. The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot-tested a mixed energy plant linking solar, wind, biogas and pumped-garage hydroelectricity to provide load-following power from renewable sources.
Research is likewise undertaken in this area of synthetic photosynthesis. It involves using nanotechnology to store sun electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds, through splitting water to supply hydrogen gas or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers which include methanol. Many huge country wide and local studies initiatives on synthetic photosynthesis are now seeking to expand strategies integrating advanced mild seize, quantum coherence strategies of electron switch and cheap catalytic materials that function underneath plenty of atmospheric situations. Senior researchers inside the subject have made the public coverage case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to cope with essential energy security and environmental sustainability troubles.[one hundred thirty five]
Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark, a sun photovoltaic energy plant placed on former open-pit mining regions near the town of Senftenberg, in Eastern Germany. The seventy eight MW Phase 1 of the plant became finished within 3 months.
Unlike fossil gas primarily based technologies, sun power does now not result in any dangerous emissions for the duration of operation, but the production of the panels ends in some amount of pollutants.
The lifestyles-cycle greenhouse-gas emissions of solar electricity are inside the variety of 22 to 46 gram (g) in line with kilowatt-hour (kWh) relying on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed, respectively. With this potentially being reduced to 15 g/kWh within the destiny.[wishes update] For assessment (of weighted averages), a mixed cycle gasoline-fired power plant emits a few four hundred–599 g/kWh, an oil-fired energy plant 893 g/kWh, a coal-fired strength plant 915–994 g/kWh or with carbon seize and storage a few 200 g/kWh, and a geothermal high-temp. energy plant 91–122 g/kWh.The existence cycle emission intensity of hydro, wind and nuclear energy are lower than solar’s as of 2011[desires update] as published by means of the IPCC, and mentioned in the article Life-cycle greenhouse-gasoline emissions of strength resources. Similar to all energy resources where their overall lifestyles cycle emissions broadly speaking lay inside the creation and transportation phase, the switch to low carbon energy within the production and transportation of solar gadgets could further reduce carbon emissions. BP Solar ownsfactories built through Solarex (one in Maryland, the opposite in Virginia) in which all the electricity used to fabricate sun panels is produced with the aid of sun panels. A 1-kilowatt machine gets rid of the burning of about 170 pounds of coal, 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere, and saves as much as four hundred litres (one zero five US gal) of water intake monthly.
The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life-cycle GHG emissions for solar PV, found that the most important parameter turned into the solar insolation of the web page: GHG emissions factors for PV sun are inversely proportional to insolation.[a hundred and forty] For a domain with insolation of 1700 kWh/m2/yr, regular of southern Europe, NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO2e/kWh. Using the identical assumptions, at Phoenix, USA, with insolation of 2400 kWh/m2/yr, the GHG emissions component could be reduced to 32 g of CO2e/kWh.
The New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment located that the solar PV might have little impact at the united states’s greenhouse gas emissions. The u . s . a . already generates eighty percent of its electricity from renewable resources (broadly speaking hydroelectricity and geothermal) and countrywide energy utilization peaks on winter evenings whereas solar generation peaks on summer afternoons, that means a large uptake of solar PV would turn out to be displacing different renewable generators before fossil-fueled electricity flora.
Manufacturing of solar panels calls for nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) that is a powerful greenhouse gas and with growth of PV production its utilization has expanded via over 1000% over the last 25 years.
The power payback time (EPBT) of a electricity producing machine is the time required to generate as plenty power as is consumed throughout production and lifelong operation of the gadget. Due to improving manufacturing technologies the payback time has been decreasing continuously since the advent of PV systems in the strength market.[a hundred and forty four]In 2000 the strength payback time of PV systems changed into predicted as 8 to eleven years and in 2006 this become predicted to be 1.five to a few.5 years for crystalline silicon PV systems and 1–1.five years for skinny movie technologies (S. Europe). These figures fell to zero.seventy five–three.five years in 2013, with a mean of about 2 years for crystalline silicon PV and CIS systems.
Another financial degree, closely associated with the power payback time, is the electricity returned on energy invested (EROEI) or electricity return on funding (EROI), that’s the ratio of energy generated divided by the energy required to construct and preserve the system. (This isn’t always similar to the monetary go back on investment (ROI), which varies consistent with nearby strength prices, subsidies to be had and metering techniques.) With expected lifetimes of 30 years, the EROEI of PV systems are inside the variety of 10 to 30, therefore generating sufficient electricity over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves frequently (6–31 reproductions) relying on what sort of cloth, stability of system (BOS), and the geographic area of the machine.
Solar power consists of plant life with most of the lowest water intake in keeping with unit of power (photovoltaic), and also strength flora with among the highest water consumption (concentrating sun energy with moist-cooling systems).
Photovoltaic power vegetation use little or no water for operations. Life-cycle water consumption for software-scale operations is predicted to be forty five litres (12 US gallons) consistent with megawatt-hour for flat-panel PV solar. Only wind strength, which consumes basically no water all through operations, has a lower water intake intensity.
Concentrating sun strength vegetation with moist-cooling systems, then again, have the best water-consumption intensities of any conventional form of electric strength plant; handiest fossil-fuel flora with carbon-seize and garage may also have higher water intensities. A 2013 take a look at comparing diverse assets of strength observed that the median water intake at some stage in operations of concentrating solar electricity flora with wet cooling changed into three.1 cubic metres in step with megawatt-hour (810 US gal/MWh) for energy tower flora and three.four m3/MWh (890 US gal/MWh) for trough plant life. This was higher than the operational water intake (with cooling towers) for nuclear at 2.7 m3/MWh (720 US gal/MWh), coal at 2.0 m3/MWh (530 US gal/MWh), or herbal gas at zero.seventy nine m3/MWh (210 US gal/MWh).[a hundred and fifty] A 2011 observe by using the National Renewable Energy Laboratory came to similar conclusions: for power plants with cooling towers, water intake throughout operations become 3.27 m3/MWh (865 US gal/MWh)for CSP trough, 2.ninety eight m3/MWh (786 US gal/MWh) for CSP tower, 2.60 m3/MWh (687 US gal/MWh) for coal, 2.fifty four m3/MWh (672 US gal/MWh) for nuclear, and 0.seventy five m3/MWh (198 US gal/MWh) for natural fuel. The Solar Energy Industries Association referred to that the Nevada Solar One trough CSP plant consumes 3.2 m3/MWh (850 US gal/MWh). The problem of water consumption is heightened because CSP vegetation are frequently placed in arid environments in which water is scarce.
In 2007, the United States Congress directed the Department of Energy to file on approaches to lessen water intake with the aid of CSP. The subsequent file cited that dry cooling era was available that, despite the fact that greater high-priced to construct and perform, may want to reduce water consumption through CSP through 91 to 95 percent. A hybrid wet/dry cooling machine may want to reduce water intake by using 32 to fifty eight percentage. A 2015 report by using NREL noted that of the 24 working CSP electricity plant life within the US, four used dry cooling structures. The 4 dry-cooled structures had been the 3 electricity flowers on the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility near Barstow, California, and the Genesis Solar Energy Project in Riverside County, California. Of 15 CSP initiatives beneath production or development in the US as of March 2015, 6 had been moist systems, 7 were dry structures, 1 hybrid, and 1 unspecified.
Although many older thermoelectric electricity plant life with once-thru cooling or cooling ponds use greater water than CSP, which means that extra water passes through their systems, maximum of the cooling water returns to the water body to be had for different uses, and they devour much less water by means of evaporation. For instance, the median coal power plant in the US with as soon as-via cooling uses 138 m3/MWh (36,350 US gal/MWh), but handiest zero.95 m3/MWh (250 US gal/MWh) (much less than one percentage) is misplaced via evaporation.[a hundred and fifty five] Since the Nineteen Seventies, the majority of US electricity vegetation have used recirculating structures which include cooling towers rather than once-through systems.
Land use, deforestation and home competition
Life-cycle surface strength density of solar strength is estimated at 6.63 W/m2 which isorders of magnitude less than fossil fuels and nuclear power. Capacity factor of PV is also enormously low, commonly underneath SOLAR 15%. As result, PV calls for lots larger amounts of land surface to produce the equal nominal amount of energy as assets with better floor strength density and potential element. According to a 2021 take a look at obtaining 80% from PV through 2050 could require up to two.eight% of general landmass in European Union and as much as 5% in countries like Japan and South Korea. Occupation of such big areas for PV farms is possibly to drive residential competition in addition to result in deforestation, removal of flowers and conversion of farm land.
A 2014-posted life-cycle evaluation of land use for numerous sources of strength concluded that the massive-scale implementation of solar and wind probably reduces pollutants-related
environmental affects. The examine located that the land-use footprint, given in square meter-years in keeping with megawatt-hour (m2a/MWh), changed into lowest for wind, natural gas and rooftop PV, with zero.26, 0.49 and zero.59, respectively, and followed through utility-scale solar PV with 7.9. For CSP, the footprint turned into nine and 14, the use of parabolic troughs and solar towers, respectively. The biggest footprint had coal-fired electricity vegetation with 18 m2a/MWh. The study excluded nuclear power and biomass.[a hundred and sixty]
Industrial photovoltaic farms use substantial quantity of space due to notably low surface power density and once in a while face opposition from neighborhood residents, mainly in international locations with high populace density or while the set up entails elimination of present bushes or shrubs. Construction of Cleve Hill Solar Park in Kent (United Kingdom) composed of 880’000 panels up to 3.nine m excessive on 490 hectares of land faced competition at the grounds of now not handiest “destroying the local panorama” however also huge-scale lithium-ion battery facility which was perceived as susceptible to an explosion. The sun farm divided Greenpeace (which opposed) and Friends of the Earth (which supported it). Similar worries approximately deforestation were raised while huge quantities of bushes have been eliminated for set up of sun farms in New Jersey and others.[one hundred sixty five]
One issue that has frequently raised issues is using cadmium (Cd), a toxic heavy steel that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological meals chains. It is used as semiconductor thing in CdTe sun cells and as a buffer layer for certain CIGS cells in the form of cadmium sulfide.The quantity of cadmium utilized in skinny-film sun cells is distinctly small (5–10 g/m2) and with right recycling and emission manipulate techniques in vicinity the cadmium emissions from module manufacturing can be nearly zero. Current PV technology lead to cadmium emissions of 0.three–0.9 microgram/kWh over the whole existence-cycle. Most of those emissions get up through the use of coal electricity for the producing of the modules, and coal and lignite combustion results in much higher emissions of cadmium. Life-cycle cadmium emissions from coal is three.1 microgram/kWh, lignite 6.2, and herbal gas 0.2 microgram/kWh.
In a existence-cycle analysis it has been stated, that if electricity produced by way of photovoltaic panels had been used to manufacture the modules in preference to strength from burning coal, cadmium emissions from coal energy usage within the production technique might be absolutely eliminated.
In the case of crystalline silicon modules, the solder cloth, that joins together the copper strings of the cells, carries about 36 percent of lead (Pb). Moreover, the paste used for display screen printing front and back contacts incorporates strains of Pb and occasionally Cd as properly. It is anticipated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb had been used for 100 gigawatts of c-Si sun modules. However, there is no essential need for lead within the solder alloy.
Some media sources have pronounced that concentrated sun electricity flowers have injured or killed massive numbers of birds due to extreme warmness from the focused sunrays. This damaging impact does not practice to PV solar energy vegetation, and a number of the claims may additionally were overstated or exaggerated.[a hundred and seventy]
While common solar panel existence time is anticipated to exceed two decades, high temperatures, sand or climate can appreciably accelerate the getting older process. Due to huge space necessities via sun strength it’s far anticipated that quantity of toxic (e.g. cadmium) waste that needs to be processed is 300 instances higher according to unit of power than for nuclear strength. Recycling is a great project due to the big volumes of waste. In 2013, a US-primarily based Solyndra solar farm left over five,670 metric heaps of dangerous waste after it bankrupted after four years of operations.
Manufacturing of solar panels requires uncommon-earth elements, generating low-stage radioactive waste throughout the mining method.
International Energy Agency examine initiatives the demand for mined resources which includes lithium, graphite, cobalt, copper, nickel and uncommon earths will upward thrust 4x by 2040 and notes inadequate deliver of these materials to match demand imposed via predicted big-scale deployments of decentralized technologies solar and wind energy, and required grid upgrades. According to a 2018 study enormous increase of PV sun power would require 3000% boom in supply of these metals by using 2060, thermal solar — 6000%, requiring enormous growth in mining operations.
Majority of the PV panels is synthetic in China using silicon sourced from one specific area of Xinjiang, which raises concerns about human rights violations (Xinjang internment camps) as well assupply chain dependency.
Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) systems hire sunlight focused onto photovoltaic surfaces for the reason of electrical power production. Contrary to traditional photovoltaic systems, it makes use of lenses and curved mirrors to focus daylight onto small, but notably green, multi-junction solar cells. Solar concentrators of all sorts may be used, and these are regularly set up on a solar tracker with the intention to hold the focal point upon the cellular as the solar actions across the sky.[one hundred seventy five] Luminescent sun concentrators (whilst blended with a PV-solar cellular) can also be seemed as a CPV gadget. Concentrated photovoltaics are beneficial as they can enhance performance of PV-solar panels significantly.
In addition, maximum sun panels on spacecraft are also product of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive energy from daylight whilst operating within the inner Solar System.
Floatovoltaics are an rising form of PV structures that flow on the floor of irrigation canals, water reservoirs, quarry lakes, and tailing ponds. Several structures exist in France, India, Japan, Korea, the UK and the US.[one hundred eighty] These systems lessen the want of treasured land place, save consuming water that might in any other case be lost through evaporation, and display a better performance of sun strength conversion, as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land. Although no longer floating, different twin-use centers with solar power consist of fisheries.
Solar updraft tower
The sun updraft tower (SUT) is a design idea for a renewable-strength energy plant for producing energy from low temperature solar warmth. Sunshine heats the air underneath a totally extensive greenhouse-like roofed collector shape surrounding the imperative base of a completely tall chimney tower. The ensuing convection causes a warm air updraft within the tower through the chimney effect. This airflow drives wind turbines, positioned within the chimney updraft or around the chimney base, to supply strength.
As of mid 2018, although several prototype models had been constructed, no full-scale practical units are in operation. Scaled-up variations of demonstration models are deliberate to generate tremendous electricity. They may additionally allow improvement of different programs, which include to agriculture or horticulture, to water extraction or distillation, or to development of urban air pollutants
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Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. Simon & Schuster. p. 885. ISBN 978-zero-671-79932-8.Further readingSivaram, Varun (2018). Taming the Sun: Innovation to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03768-6. | <urn:uuid:1e3a6b22-7329-4bb4-ae67-4e32ff3e60cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.orelets.com/solar-energy-wikipedia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.883816 | 21,110 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Are you a business minded person yet fears bankruptcy? Deciding on investing in any kind of business requires more knowledge and understanding on the market and the system that is necessary to adopt in the business. This start up business will definitely need a careful application of the principles of business; sales and marketing. Several business etiquettes must be applied including the governing law for the operation of it. Financial markets seem to be the industry of competitive areas.
The markets financial assets are interconnected with the different factors affecting it which includes the culture, tax differentials, tariffs and quotas, the labor immobility, advertising and communication costs, including the financial value and currency. More so these factors could serve as the barriers or the opportunities to attract more capitalist and investors as well. This will serve as a glimpse to joining the market, full of competition and rivals, sometimes.
The foreign market is huge, that it could create more openings to the market. Investors invest in the foreign markets for a favorable economic bargain. Every business will have an appreciation to the value of its currency to the hosting country. By this, they could make their foreign money to invest less and y gain more. International business is easy for they could reap the more so. A lot of financial creditors could bring more capital to the host country so it may do good or bad depending on how the things were invested.
The market of foreign exchange industry has been erratic that it could definitely change the purchasing power of the existing money. So with this, the existing currency needs to be to be exchanged in order to help international trade financial transactions. The system of doing this had been established even in the past of our ancestors from 1876 to 1913. Investing into various markets will need to check if the product that will be suitable and competitive in a way to satisfy every need to the customer. The value of the product and services can create a higher or lower sales volume accordingly. The brand name will become effective in its ability to capture demand of the market. | <urn:uuid:c81e5dc0-3ff8-4b7b-9748-9a3a0b0cfdf6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://couleursral.net/business-to-financial-markets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.968397 | 403 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pure Food Essentials
PURE FOOD ESSENTIALS - Cardamom Whole
Organic Cardamom spice is intensely aromatic with citrus, mint and herbal undertones. Used in foods ranging from porridge, desserts and Turkish coffee, to curries and rice dishes. It is best used sparingly.
Used as a spice in many parts of the world, cardamom has a sweet, eucalyptus aroma, and a strong, camphor-like taste. It is one of the most pungent of spices and should be used in small quantities. The whole pod, opened to release the tiny black seeds inside for fresh grinding, offers the most intense, spicy-sweet, and completely unique flavour.
Our Cardamom comes directly from the rich fertile mountain regions of Northern India and is sourced from hill tribe traditional farmers. These traditional farmers practice only organic, sustainable farming methods. | <urn:uuid:84fe5cdc-5ca7-4ffb-bfe3-5ecd918abb69> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hncw.com.au/products/pure-food-essentials-cardamom-whole | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.897278 | 186 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Mouse warns her array of animal neighbors of a coming storm in this high-spirited rhyming picture book about friendship, teamwork, and communication.
When a giant storm appears on the horizon, Mouse rushes to alert her nearby neighbors. And there are a lot of them! Mouse’s warning sets off a game of telephone across the land, from Snail to Whale, Loon to Raccoon, Chimpanzee to Manatee! Can this quirky crew come together and take cover before the storm hits?---from the publisher | <urn:uuid:739177c4-044c-49d2-ad5c-669a80683b75> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://abookandahug.com/mouse-calls/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.922988 | 109 | 1.742188 | 2 |
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15. Moattar, F., and Shams Ardekani, M. 1999. Guide of treatment plant. Academy of Medical Sciences. (in Persian).
16. Najafi, H., and Tollenaar, T. 2006. Study on corn (Zea mays L.) reaction to intra and inter-specific competition. The 1st Iranian Weed Science Congress. Pp. 321-324.
17. Odonavan, J. T. 1984. Influence of various densities of green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.) on yield of barley, wheat and canola. Res. Rep. Expert committee on weed western Canada 3: 248-250.
18. Prasanna, M. 2000 Hypolipidemic effect of Fenugreek: A clinical study. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 32: 34-36.
19. Radosevich, S. R. 1987. Methods to study interactions among crops and weeds. Weed Technology 1: 190-198.
20. Rajabian, M. J., Asghari, M. R., and Rabiee, M. 2008. Effect of plant density on Critical period of weed control in oilseed rape.Iranian Journal of Weed Science 5: 13-30. (in Persian with English abstract).
21. Rashed-mohassel, M. H., and Vafabakhsh, K. 1997. Scientific management of weeds. Publications of Mashhad University. (in Persian with English abstract).
22. Rezvani Moghaddam P., Mohammadabadi, E. A., Norouzpour, G., and Nabati J. 2004. Study of morphological characteristics, seed yield and sesame oil in different plant density and irrigation intervals. Journal of Iranian Field Crop Research 3 (1): 57-68. (in Persian with English abstract).
23. Samsam Shariat, S. 2003. Grow and Propagation of Medicinal Plants. Mani Press. (in Persian).
24. Sarmadnia, G., and Koocheki, A. 1987. Physiological aspects of dryland farming. Publications of Mashhad University Jahad. (in Persian).
25. Singh, S., Buttar, G. S., Singh, S. P., and Brar, D. S. 2005. Effect of different dates of sowing and row spacings on yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracum L.). Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic plant Sciences 27 (4): 629-630.
26. Yadav, J. S., Jagdev, S., Virender, K., and Yadav, B. D., 2000. Effect of sowing time, spacing and seed rate on seed yield of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum gracum L.). on light textured soil. Research Journal of Haryana Agricultural University 30: 107-111.
27. Zargari, A. 1368-70. Medicinal plant, volum 1-5. Press Institute of Tehran University. (in Persian). | <urn:uuid:c856c3ee-9487-490b-a826-7a16a8a608e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jcesc.um.ac.ir/index.php/arable/article/newAdvancedResults/article_37409.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.689187 | 1,468 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Dental health has always been important but as more research comes out further proving the link between gum disease and heart disease, it is becoming painfully clear that taking care of one's teeth could be more important than anyone ever thought. If you've ever had a tooth removed then you know those holes bleed; that blood ultimately leads back to your heart and if your gums are full of bacteria, the same think could be happening to the pump in your chest keeping you alive. Now, practicing good habits is nice and all, but what if it's already too late?
Once a cavity or other tooth problem has developed, it won't do to just brush twice a day and floss like you were supposed to be doing in the first place. Visiting dentists for dental crowns isn't fun or painless but those holes have to be cleaned out and patched up somehow. If the damage isn't stopped, it will worsen - you only get the single set of adult teeth after all. Since sitting around will only lead to a potentially dangerous situation you must find help sooner rather than later. In Columbia SC, such help might come from a Dr Wych.
Finding a decent dentist isn't exactly easy; there are directories, phone books, online sites and more but none of these really tell you how your experience in the office will actually go. Unfortunately, not everyone has a friend, family member or other relative they can go to when looking for quality medical help. By checking out her website though, it's pretty clear that Dr. Wych knows what she's doing when it comes to oral care. Check it out at and you'll see why this Columbia SC dentist is definitely worth visiting if you're nearby.
Dentists for dental crowns are all over the country and the world naturally but this isn't like life-saving cancer treatment or something similar; you probably aren't going to go across the country or across the world just to see a dentist. Columbia SC has plenty of other dentists to offer too so if Dr. Wych just doesn't appeal to you there are always other options available. If she can't help you with your issue, she can surely give you a referral to another dentist who can, though there isn't much she's not qualified to handle.
To improve your dental health or keep it on a positive note, or for tooth restorations, caps or removals, you could spend plenty of time looking around or skip right to the conclusion and go somewhere good. It's your mouth and nobody else can make the call for you so you must choose wisely. | <urn:uuid:7d772448-d59c-4fcf-afb3-94fb1aadbe8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.dentalxrays.org/2021/07/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.97565 | 526 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Thiruvananthapuram: Despite a vast cleanliness drive and sterilisation initiatives, "God's own country", Kerala, continues to be a safe haven for stray dogs, if the latest figures released by the state government are any indication.
According to the government, over 1.30 lakh people have suffered stray dog bites in Kerala so far this year. Local Self Government minister A C Moideen gave the figures as a reply to an unstarred question in the state assembly on Monday.
A total of 1,34, 253 people had sought treatment in hospitals across the state following stray dog attacks this year, while 1.66 lakh people were attacked by stray dogs in 2018, 1.51 lakh in 2017 and 91,833 in 2016, he said.
Stating that the government was giving financial aid to those who suffer stray dog attacks from the fund of the respective local self-government institutions, the minister said a total of Rs 44.29 lakh had been sanctioned for the same in the financial year 2019-20.
To regulate the stray dog menace, Animal Birth Control (ABC) programme was being implemented with the support of district panchayats and all-women-network, Kudumbashree. Between June 2017-October 2019, a total of 43,834 stray dogs had been sterilized in the state under the initiative, the minister added. | <urn:uuid:4895f4ae-132f-45ff-8a69-33189cbbb366> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/over-1-30-lakh-people-bitten-by-stray-dogs-in-kerala-this-year-govt-1.4271918 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.963604 | 285 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Through careful study of terrorist incidents and investigations and study of the histories of the terrorist groups, U.S. law enforcement officers, security officials, and intelligence analysts have developed an understanding of the tactics, techniques and procedures used by terrorists preparing for and conducting attacks. Professionals can usually distinguish between a truly suspicious incident and benign behavior. However, there is a third category of non-violent activities that is more difficult to identify, which we will refer to as "acts of staged controversy."
There are some cases where witnesses describe actors' behavior as "odd" yet very overt—behavior apparently designed to attract attention. Viewed under differing prisms, the behavior could be classified as either benign or as some type of terrorist activity. Decision makers and practitioners should consider the possibility that certain incidents are staged or that they are escalated by manipulation of the media and the legal system to create controversy and to provoke a response to serve strategic purposes.
It is very difficult to prove ulterior intentions behind what we are referring to as "acts of staged controversy." Perhaps these acts are deliberately provocative. Or, it is possible these are innocent events that may be seized upon by advocacy groups for political gain. We present this hypothesis to provide an alternative way of analyzing these types of incidents.
Strategic Motivations of Islamist Groups
Islamist groups, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, do not necessarily intend to engage in violence (though some branches of the Muslim Brotherhood are very violent). Nevertheless, they share the same long-term goal as violent jihadist groups: to establish an Islamic society. Part of their strategy is to weaken and dismantle democratic regimes. They endeavor to "Islamize" society using a bottom up approach so that eventually their doctrines are accepted as the norm rather than considered extreme or marginal.
This article offers two cases, both involving the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR), which describes itself as a Muslim advocacy organization. These cases are meant to be illustrative of how acts of staged controversy may be implemented by groups with an Islamist agenda.
Many of CAIR's founding members were members of the Muslim Brotherhood and of a support network created by the Brotherhood to benefit Hamas. Some experts believe that CAIR continues to be deeply involved with the Muslim Brotherhood and Hamas and supports their objectives., The Muslim Brotherhood is not considered a monolithic organization, and its various branches may disagree on specific tactics, but all are consistent in their commitment to its core ideological principles, including the adoption of their political version of Islam as a governing standard for all Muslims around the world.
In 1991, the Muslim Brotherhood issued a memorandum outlining its strategic goal in North America. It reads, in part:
"The [Muslim Brotherhood] must understand that their work in America is a kind of grand jihad in eliminating and destroying the Western civilization from within and "sabotaging" its miserable house by their hands and the hands of the believers so that it is eliminated and Allah's religion is made victorious over all other religions."
On November 20, 2006, six imams boarded a US Airways jet that was about to depart from Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport for Phoenix, Arizona. They had attended a three-day conference of the North American Imams Federation. Three only had one-way tickets and no checked luggage. Various witnesses reported observing the group praying in an unusually loud way in the waiting area prior to boarding. One of the witnesses, a clergyman who was familiar with Islamic practices, described their behavior at the gate as "atypical." This same witness was later seated next to one of the imams on the plane and intentionally engaged him in conversation. The imam initially expressed to the witness that he was in the United States to do work related to his Ph.D. Later in the discussion, he admitted he was not doing academic work but instead intended to "represent Muslims in the United States" by generating support for Shari'a law.
Upon boarding the plane, the imams dispersed. Two sat in the front of the plane, two in the middle, and two in the rear. The flight crew and passengers observed them changing seats, and several of the men requested seat-belt extenders. Crew members thought the request was odd, as none of the imams appeared overweight. Although the extenders were provided, they were never used and were left on floor of the plane. One passenger stated that she believed that the imams deliberately acted out as a part of an attempt to intimidate airline employees. Another passenger said, "I can't explain it, but it was like they were definitely trying to raise suspicion." The flight was delayed and the imams were removed from the plane by the airport police, questioned, and released after their plane had already departed.
CAIR filed a complaint with the Department of Transportation, and a separate civil suit in federal court on behalf of the imams against US Airways and the Metropolitan Airports Commission, citing civil rights violations. CAIR also sued the "John Does" who alerted the aircrew and authorities after becoming alarmed by the imam's behavior in the terminal and on the plane. While the "John Doe" provision of a bill (designed to protect citizens who report possible terrorist-related behavior from being sued, and to protect officers acting in an official capacity to prevent terrorist attacks) was moving through Congress, CAIR persisted with its lawsuit, claiming the right to discover whether the complaints were actually made "in good faith" or if they were racially motivated.
President George W. Bush signed the "John Doe" provision into law on August 3, 2007 and CAIR dropped its claims against the "Does." There may be a residual "chilling effect," however, that would prevent concerned citizens from reporting suspicious incidents for fear of getting sued. Causing reluctance to report suspicious incidents in which Muslims are involved may be an aspect of Islamist strategy to reduce resistance to the Islamization of society.
In January 2009, the U.S. Department of Transportation ruled that US Airways did not discriminate against the imams and that the airline's actions were reasonable. The civil suit is scheduled to go to trial in August, 2009.
During a football game September 19, 2005 at Giants Stadium, five Muslim men were questioned by FBI agents after they prayed near the stadium's main air intake duct located in a sensitive area. Former President George H.W. Bush attended the game and security was high. After approximately 20 minutes of questioning, FBI agents determined that the group did not pose a threat and allowed them to return to the game.
This group may have acted completely innocently. The issue, however, was not dropped by the men, and a few weeks later, on November 2, 2005, the group joined forces with the New Jersey-based American Muslim Union and the New York City chapter of CAIR for a joint press conference concerning the incident. At the conference, the men complained that they had been humiliated at Giants Stadium, and that their "main aim [in publicizing the episode] was to bring to light and educate people about what it is we're supposed to do." They also took the opportunity to promote a campaign called "Pray for Understanding," which the executive director of the New York office of CAIR described as a way to teach people about Islam. The tie-in to the "Pray for Understanding" campaign at the press conference suggests the possibility that the incident at Giants Stadium may have been staged to create a platform to promote an ulterior public relations agenda.
What Islamists Might Gain from "Acts of Staged Controversy"
The Minnesota Imams and Giants Stadium incidents are just two examples where unusual but overt behavior has been investigated, dropped (because there was no clear indication of wrongdoing), and subsequently taken up and intensified by CAIR or by other Muslim groups. Due to the involvement of Islamist advocacy groups, news stories are generated and controversy stirred.
If the objective of Islamist groups, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, is to establish Islam as the dominant global societal doctrine, then how would creating acts of controversy - or seizing on opportunities to create controversy - further their strategy to achieve their objective? If they intend to achieve their objective through non-violent means then it is logical to conclude that they would want Muslims to embrace their perspective and to eschew democratic principles..
For example, acts of staged controversy could be used to:
- Cause Muslims to feel disaffection for the democratic system by promoting feelings of betrayal and abandonment.
- Convince Muslim Americans that they are not accepted as Americans. Acts of staged controversy provoke a response from authorities that can foment an "us vs. them" rift between Muslims and non-Muslims.
- Incite political divides that may ultimately cause political instability.
- Influence legislators to call for laws to outlaw profiling and/or repeal existing laws such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act and the Patriot Act.
- Draw attention from foreign media in an attempt to show that the U.S. rhetoric about acceptance is hollow.
Acts of staged controversy could also be exploited by groups who seek to use violence. For example, acts of staged controversy could be used to:
- Desensitize security personnel by making activity that common sense would deem suspicious instead seem routine and not worth any special effort.
- Intimidate security personnel and citizens by threatening lawsuits; making them reluctant to report suspicious behavior.
Handling Acts of Staged Controversy
Unfortunately, hatred, bigotry, and mistrust exist in the United States, and it is the role of civil rights groups to respond appropriately when acts of hatred do occur. It is the duty of responsible officials to monitor political, religious, and social tensions so that violent acts motivated by hatred can be prevented. The long view for homeland security, however, cannot be compromised by hasty responses to ambiguous situations. It is possible that some Islamist groups may exaggerate the occurrence of anti-Islamic discrimination in order to validate the premise that "Islamophobia" is rampant. According to FBI statistics, out of a total 7,624 hate crimes reported in the United States in 2007, 115 were motivated by anti-Islamic bias. By contrast, 2,658 were motivated by bias against blacks, 749 were anti-white, 1,265 targeted people based on sexual orientation and 969 of the hate crimes reported were motivated by bias against Jews.
Law enforcement and security personnel, airline and airport managers, legislators, politicians, media, and private citizens all have roles to play to prevent the spread of extremist ideology, which could lead to radicalization and, ultimately, a possible terrorist event.
Response at the Federal, Law Enforcement and Media Levels
Politicians must acknowledge Islamist ideology is being promoted in the United States, recognize who is promoting it, and understand the subtle tactics used by the Islamist groups before they can introduce effective counter-measures against terrorism. Politicians must realize that Islamist groups are competing for hearts and minds in the United States, so commitment to democratic values cannot be taken for granted.
How does law enforcement play a role in acts of staged controversy if there is no apparent crime committed? It is unlawful to conspire and to deliberately disrupt or interfere with the legitimate activities of law enforcement and security personnel. Engaging in deliberately suspicious behavior in order to distract security and law enforcement authorities is a tactic that has been discussed on Islamist message boards. Of course, in ambiguous situations it is hard to prove the actual intent of the actors. Difficult though it may be, investigations should be conducted and cooperating witnesses sought and developed. The stakes are high, especially when the results of these incidents are considered in the aggregate and not individually.
Associations with terrorists or terrorist groups are not evidence of a crime, but are valuable data points in evaluating the true nature of an incident. If there are nefarious or questionable associations or prior activities that could shed light on possible motivations for ambiguous acts, they should be made known as much as possible. For example, one of the six imams involved in the Minnesota airport case, Omar Shahin, raised money for the Holy Land Foundation and for the Illinois-based KindHearts Foundation, which the government shut down last year for alleged support of Hamas."
Additionally, the media should be aware of the possibility that it is being used to further an Islamist agenda. Media cooperation and extensive coverage is a key element of successful acts of staged controversy. Historically, global political Islamist groups have skillfully manipulated the media as part of their effort to circulate their message. Statements made by spokespeople representing Islamist groups are often taken at face value by the media, and past involvements and associations often go unmentioned. Just as it is for law enforcement, it is important for the media to consider incidents in the aggregate.
It could be that individuals or groups unintentionally behave in a way that is deemed suspicious, and that official response may cause embarrassment. It also is true that innocent events create opportunities for groups like CAIR to influence the public's view of Islam, both politically and ideologically.
Acts of staged controversy or public relations campaigns manipulating otherwise innocent events may be an aspect of Islamist group strategy to Islamize society. Authorities dealing with such incidents should assess the behavior as an aggregate. Their responses should address the root of the problem, rather than potentially allowing such incidents to compel a response that supports the Islamist agenda.
Madeleine Gruen is a Senior Analyst for the NEFA Foundation. She is also a Senior Intelligence Analyst for Mike Stapleton Associates and is a contributor to the Counterterrorism Blog. Previously, she was an intelligence analyst for the New York Police Department's Counterterrorism Division.
Edward Sloan is a detective in the New York Police Department with 35 years of service. He is a Navy Reserve Officer and since 2001 has deployed several times to Afghanistan and the U.S. Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. His views are not necessarily those of the NYPD or the Navy.
Stephen Coughlin, Analysis of Muslim Brotherhood's General Strategic Goals for North America, Statement entered as evidence in U.S. v. Holy Land Foundation, September 7, 2007.
Zeyno Baran, The Muslim Brotherhood's U.S. Network, Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Vol. 6, Hudson Institute, 2008.
Douglas Farah, Ron Sandee, and Josh Lefkowitz, The Muslim Brotherhood in the United States: A Brief History, NEFA Foundation, October 26, 2007, http://www1.nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/nefaikhwan1007.pdf (last accessed February 26, 2009)
See: "Government's Memorandum in Opposition to Council on American-Islamic Relations' Motion for Leave to File Amicus Curiae Instanter and Amicus Brief in Support of the Unindicted Co-Conspirators' First and Fifth Amendment Rights," USA v. Holy Land Foundation, 3:04cr240 (TXND September 4, 2007) in which prosecutors say "CAIR has been identified by the Government at trial as a participant in an ongoing and ultimately unlawful conspiracy to support a designated terrorist organization, a conspiracy from which CAIR never withdrew."
"Beware of CAIR" letter from U.S. Reps. Sue Myrick, Pete Hoekstra, John Shadegg, Paul Broun and Trent Franks to other House members. January 30, 2009. It says "There are indications that this group has connections to HAMAS." And, letter from U.S. Rep. Frank Wolf to Michael Heimback, FBI Assistant Director, Counter Terrorism Division, February 2, 2009. Wolf asks about news reports that the FBI has cut off communication with CAIR "amid mounting evidence that it has links to a support network for Hamas."
See The Muslim Brotherhood's English-language web site, http://ikhwanweb.com/index.asp.
The Muslim Brotherhood's document outlining their strategy in North America and analysis of the document can be found on the NEFA Foundation web site: http://www.nefafoundation.org/hlfdocs.html. See Exhibit GX 4-21 (last accessed February 26, 2009).
Minnesota Airport Police Incident Report, OCA # 06004536, November 20, 2006.
Katherine Kersten, Ordering Imams Off Flight Was Reasonable Act, Minneapolis-St. Paul Star-Tribune, December 7, 2006.
Minnesota Airport Police Incident Report, OCA # 06004536, November 20, 2006.
Steven Huntley, Travelers Need Shield From Lawsuit, Chicago Sun-Times, July 29, 2007.
Ibrahim Hooper, National Communications Director for CAIR, appearance on "Tucker," MSNBC, July 29, 2007.
The Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (H.R.1)
Audrey Hudson, Imams Drop Lawsuit Against Doe Passengers, Washington Times, August 23, 2007.
David Hanners, Feds Refute Imams' Bias Case Against US Airways, Twin Cities Pioneer Press, February 18, 2009.
A Place to Pray During Games, New York Times, November 23, 2005.
Jeff Diamant and Russell Ben-Ali, Meadowlands to Add Worship Area, Newark Star Ledger, November 22, 2005.
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, HSIA 04-0042, September 2, 2004.
Madeleine Gruen interview with former high-ranking member of Hizb ut-Tahrir, December 8, 2008. Also see Habib's Get Rich Quick Schemes, Manchester Evening News, December 18, 2008. | <urn:uuid:7bda55ed-89a4-4be4-a6b0-02c52e3e6fe9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.investigativeproject.org/1002/are-acts-of-staged-controversy-an-islamist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.965222 | 3,778 | 1.945313 | 2 |
- Research article
- Open Access
Linkage disequilibrium patterns, population structure and diversity analysis in a worldwide durum wheat collection including Argentinian genotypes
BMC Genomics volume 22, Article number: 233 (2021)
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf. Husn) is the main staple crop used to make pasta products worldwide. Under the current climate change scenarios, genetic variability within a crop plays a crucial role in the successful release of new varieties with high yields and wide crop adaptation. In this study we evaluated a durum wheat collection consisting of 197 genotypes that mainly comprised a historical set of Argentinian germplasm but also included worldwide accessions.
We assessed the genetic diversity, population structure and linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns in this collection using a 35 K SNP array. The level of polymorphism was considered, taking account of the frequent and rare allelic variants. A total of 1547 polymorphic SNPs was located within annotated genes. Genetic diversity in the germplasm collection increased slightly from 1915 to 2010. However, a reduction in genetic diversity using SNPs with rare allelic variants was observed after 1979. However, larger numbers of rare private alleles were observed in the 2000–2009 period, indicating that a high reservoir of rare alleles is still present among the recent germplasm in a very low frequency. The percentage of pairwise loci in LD in the durum genome was low (13.4%) in our collection. Overall LD and the high (r2 > 0.7) or complete (r2 = 1) LD presented different patterns in the chromosomes. The LD increased over three main breeding periods (1915–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2020).
Our results suggest that breeding and selection have impacted differently on the A and B genomes, particularly on chromosome 6A and 2A. The collection was structured in five sub-populations and modern Argentinian accessions (cluster Q4) which were clearly differentiated. Our study contributes to the understanding of the complexity of Argentinian durum wheat germplasm and to derive future breeding strategies enhancing the use of genetic diversity in a more efficient and targeted way.
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf. Husn) is one of the most important food crops in the world with a worldwide production of about 36 millon tons . It was derived from wild Emmer wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, 2n = 4X = 28, AABB) in a two-step domestication process that took place in the Fertile Crescent (10,000 BP) and now it is cultivated globally . The main producing areas of durum wheat are in the Mediterranean Basin, North America and India, Canada and Turkey being the main producer countries of this cereal, followed by Argelia, Italy and India . Historically it has been used as the main source for making different products, mainly flat and leavened bread, couscous, burghul and frekeh in the West Asia, and the North and East Africa region and to elaborate pasta in Western Europe, as well as in North America and worldwide . It has been suggested that durum wheat was the first type of wheat sown in the Spanish colonies in South America in 1527 . In Argentina, the widespread cultivation of durum started with the introduction of European or Asian landraces, followed by the beginning of wheat breeding during the first two decades of the XXth century. The incorporation of the semi-dwarf genes (Rht) during the green revolution occurred during the 70’s. The older cultivars, typically conformed by high and less productive plants, were progressively replaced before the beginning of the 80’s and all the durum wheat varieties cultivated in Argentina today are semi-dwarf . Argentina annually cultivates the largest durum wheat area in South America (53,480 ha in 2019/20) (http://datosestimaciones.magyp.gob.ar/) mainly in the southeast of Buenos Aires province, but also in the north-center of the country in Tucumán province and minor areas in San Luis and Córdoba. Durum wheat grains are mainly used for dry pasta production, one of the main staple foods in Argentina, with a consumption of 8.54 kg per capita p.a. and occupying the 7th worldwide position of production and consumption .
The understanding of genetic diversity available in this crop provides breeders with important knowledge to 1) properly design future strategies in plant breeding, 2) assist in germplasm collection management, and 3) conserve diversity in the national genebanks. To evaluate the genetic diversity in durum wheat, different wheat germplasm collections have been established and genetically characterized using DNA markers by several research institutions [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17]. Genetic diversity in modern cultivars is usually decreased due to bottleneck events during domestication and strong selection in breeding [13, 19]. However, some authors have found a low or null decay in diversity from landraces to modern cultivars, although they observed an effect of breeding on the linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns and allele’s frequency. Efforts in recovering genetic diversity and to capture beneficial alleles for specific traits have been made by exploring the genetic variability available in landraces [20,21,22,23,24] and wild relatives [25,26,27].
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common type of polymorphism in genomes . The use of array technologies developed to capture variants in SNP markers in wheat has become a cost-effective and more efficient way to assess diverse genetic resources . Several wheat SNP arrays, such as the 9 K or 15 K Infinium BeadChip and the 90 K iSelect SNP Array from Illumina (https://www.illumina.com), or the 820 K Wheat HD genotyping Array , the 35 K Axiom Wheat Breeder’s Array and the Wheat 660 K Array from Affymetrix (www.affymetrix.com), are available and have been widely used during recent years. Furthermore, Next-generation sequencing (NGS) based approaches, such as Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) , or DArtSeq , and other emerging technologies are powerful tools for SNP discovery. The sequencing of hexaploid (bread) and tetraploid (wild emmer and durum) wheat genomes [37,38,39] has anchored the molecular markers to their physical positions.
The study of LD can be defined as the nonrandom association of alleles at different loci due to genetic linkage, as well as artificial selection, drift, bottlenecks and other genetic forces . Previous studies have addressed this issue in durum wheat [10, 41,42,43]. However, the analysis of LD patterns in a germplasm collection including Argentinian durum wheat by using an SNP array has not yet been performed. The study of LD could help to understand the effect of selection pressure exerted over the national germplasm that occurred during the breeding processes. An initial genetic characterization of a subset of the durum wheat collection used in this study was performed with AFLP and a low number of KASP™ SNPs markers . For the present study our goals were to i) assess the genetic diversity in a collection of 197 durum wheat accessions ii) study the population structure in our germplasm collection to establish the main genetic relationships between the Argentinian durum wheat and other foreign germplasm, iii) estimate LD patterns considering the variation in the genome, population structure and the time of release of evaluated genotypes.
Distribution and physical location of polymorphic SNPs
From all the SNP results, 7431 SNPs were high-quality polymorphic in the 197 durum wheat accessions (Additional file 1: Table S1a, b), of which 4854 (65.3%) SNPs showed and minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.05, hereafter called high frequency (HF) SNPs and 2577 (34.7%) corresponded to ˋrare alleles´ SNP with an MAF < 0.05, subsequently called low frequency (LF) SNPs. A total of 7222 out of 7431 polymorphic SNPs could be aligned to the Svevo whole genome sequence assembly with an average inter-marker distance of 1.38 Mb, whereas the HF and LF SNPs showed average values of 2.1 Mb and 4.0 Mb, respectively. The SNP distribution in the durum wheat genome is shown in Table 1. The number of SNPs per chromosome ranged from 231 (4A) to 542 (1B) for HF SNPs whereas the LF SNPs varied from 70 (4B) to 337 (1B). The HF SNPs were better distributed than the LF SNPs. The B genome had a higher number of polymorphic SNPs, where 1B, 2B and 6B chromosomes showed higher representation. The annotation’s ID and function of genes containing SNPs were listed in Additional file 2: Tables S2a, b. A total of 1547 polymorphic SNPs was located within the annotated genes, out of which 595 corresponded to LF SNPs and 952 to HF SNPs. Out of these, 16 annotated genes carried three or more than three SNP markers, and in particular, two annotations (TRITD6Bv1G225150 and TRITD7Av1G001490) showed nine and six polymorphic SNPs, respectively (Additional file 2: Tables S2c, d).
Genetic diversity analysis
Genetic diversity was analyzed in all the chromosomes considering HF and LF SNPs separately. Nei’s gene diversity (He) considering HF SNPs was higher for the B genome, showing maximum values on the 3B and 1B chromosomes, while the A genome showed higher values of He for LF SNPs (rare allele) (Table 1). When the geographical origin or period of release were taken into account the private alleles (alleles that are found only in a single subgroup) were not observed among the HF SNPs (Table 2). However, the analysis of rare alleles detected 1102 and 1122 private alleles based on geographical origin and the period of the genotype’s breeding or release, respectively.
The highest genetic diversity indices (I, He, Ho, Na, %PL) calculated using HF SNPs were observed in the modern Argentinian accessions (ARM), followed by the French (FRA) and traditional Italian ones (ITT), whereas the lowest indices were observed in the genotypes from the USA, CIMMYT and Chile (Additional file 3: Figure S1a, b). However, when the indices and the number of private alleles (PA) were based on LF SNPs, the ITT constituted the most diverse subgroup. All 17 ITT accessions carried rare PAs and 416 LF SNP variants that were exclusive of this subgroup (37.7% of total) giving an average of 24.5 PA by accessions (Additional file 4: Table S3a). The Chilean (303 PA) and modern Argentinian (200 PA) subgroups also captured a high number of rare SNP variants. The PCoA via distance matrix with data standardization of the Nei genetic distance evidenced that modern Argentinian genotypes are genetically related to WANA region accessions. On the other hand, Chilean accessions were closely related to CIMMYT germplasm (Additional file 5: Table S4a).
Diversity indices calculated according to the period of the genotype’s breeding or release were also analyzed. The indices that were estimated using HF SNPs showed a slight upward trend between 1970 and 2009, followed by a slight reduction in diversity during the last period (2010–2020). However, the analysis of LF SNPs showed a different pattern, increasing from 1915 to1979, followed by a three-fold downward trend in diversity to the present (Additional file 3: Figure S1c,d). Despite this, the highest number of LF PAs was observed between 2000 and 2009, with 590 PA (52.6%) followed by 396 PA in 1970–1979 (35.3%) (Table 2). The highest average number of PAs by accession was found in the period 1970–1979 (28.3 PA). The estimated Nei genetic distance among breeding periods showed the highest differentiation between the 1960–1969 and 2010–2020 periods (Additional file 5: Table S4b).
Only 15 genotypes of the collection captured most of the rare allelic variants, in particular the cultivar Polesine (ITT, 1970–1979) and the Chilean breeding line Quc 3506–2009 (2000–2009) that carried more than 200 PA (Additional file 4: Table S3c).
Linkage disequilibrium patterns
Analysis of genome-wide LD in the whole collection showed that 13.37% of the total marker pairs had a significant LD (p < 0.01), with a mean r2 value of 0.0895. Only 4.74 and 0.95% of the significant marker pairs showed r2 values above 0.2 and 0.7, respectively, indicating a low level of LD in the genome. Differences in the significant intra-chromosomal LD were observed between the A and B genomes resulting in higher values in the A genome. Analysis of variance detected significant differences (p < 0.001) in LD between chromosomes, with the 6A chromosome having the highest mean r2 value (r2 = 0.290), followed by 2A, 4B, 1A, 4A and 7A. Moreover, the 6A had the lower proportion of significant marker pairs in LD (15.1%), whereas the highest value was observed in the 1B chromosome (27%) (Table 1). The frequency of r2 values in each chromosome is shown in Fig. 1d.
The distribution and extent of LD were displayed as decay plots and a second-degree locally-weighted polynomial regression (LOESS) curve was fitted by chromosome, each genome and for the whole genome (Fig. 1a, b). The critical threshold r2 value, corresponding to the 95th percentile of the distribution of the square root transformed inter-chromosomal LD, was r2 = 0.196, very close to the 0.2 suggested by . The intra-chromosomal LD decay, below an r2 critical threshold lower than 0.2, showed a mean value of 11.8 Mb in the whole genome below which the LD is probably caused by a real physical linkage. The LD decay varied from 5.6 (7A) to 19.1 (1B) Mb in the chromosomes (Table 1, Fig. 1a, b). Beyond the inter-marker distance indicated as whole genome LD decay, 88.2% of the r2 values were below 0.2 and only 4.4% were values higher than 0.5. Alternatively, the LD decay was calculated as the variation of the mean r2 value across distance in each chromosome (Additional file 6: Figure S2a).
LD decay was also calculated considering the Argentinian germplasm only, obtaining values of 60.6 Mb for the A genome, 34.7 Mb for the B genome and a whole genome value of 30.4 Mb which is 2.5 fold higher than the one obtained when the whole collection was considered (Additional file 6: Figure S2b, c, d). The mean r2 values for the Argentinian germplasm and by chromosome are also shown in Table 1.
On the other hand, the number of marker pairs, in high (r2 > 0.7) or complete LD (r2 = 1), was assessed for each chromosome and its distribution considering the inter-marker distance was evaluated. As a result, the percentage of marker pairs in complete intra-chromosomic LD (r2 = 1) in the whole genome was very low (1.97%). The 2A, 6A, 1B, 2B, 7A chromosomes showed the highest number of marker pairs in complete LD, whereas 1B, 2A, 6A, 7A and 2B exhibited the highest number in high LD (r2 > 0.7). This analysis was repeated taking into account only the Argentinian germplasm being the number of marker pairs in high LD (r2 > 0.7) 11.7% higher and the complete LD (r2 = 1) 88.9% higher than in the whole collection, in particular for the 6A, 2A, 7A and 1B chromosomes (Additional file 6: Figure S2e, f).
Considering the whole genome, the number of pairwise SNPs showing high (r2 > 0.7) or complete LD (r2 = 1) values was maximum in an inter-marker distance range of 1 to 5 Mb (Additional file 6: Figure S2g, h). However, different behavior was observed in three chromosomes (2A, 7A and 6A) showing an increasing number as the distance between pairs of SNPs increased, suggesting a higher extension of high LD in these chromosomes. The 1B chromosome exhibited extended high LD between 1 and 50 Mb, also shown in Additional file 6: Figure S2d. LD heat maps by chromosome and for whole genome revealed larger LD blocks on chromosomes 6A, 4B, 2A, 7A, 4A, 1B, 1A and 3B (Additional file 7: Figure S3a, b).
In addition, the inter-marker distance estimated considering the SNP pairs in complete LD was higher in the Argentinian germplasm compared with the whole collection values (Table 3).
An overall increase over time in significant LD, and also in the extension of LD measured as an average of inter-marker distance (Mb) (Fig. 2), was observed as an effect of breeding, considering three main periods (1915–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2020). In this sense, the number of pairwise SNPs in high LD (r2 > 0.7) increased over time, but the proportion of these markers decreased as a consequence of an overall increase in the background LD. Different LD patterns in the A and B genomes and in the chromosomes were observed over time (Additional file 8: Figure S4). In general, the SNP pairs on the B genome in high LD decreased between the second and third periods. The 6A chromosome was the only one showing an increase in the number and a proportion of pairwise in complete LD = 1 simultaneously over time.
Population stratification and diversity
The population structure was studied in our collection using a subset of 675 markers selected from the complete dataset. These markers were almost evenly distributed throughout the whole genome (Table 1).
Five sub-populations were inferred by the Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) based on BIC criterion (Fig. 3). For this analysis, 40 PCs were retained using the cross-validation method. The modern Argentinian germplasm was mainly distributed in four sub-populations, Q1 (28), Q2 (16), Q4 (16) and Q5 (9), indicating the high diversity present in this germplasm. The only modern Argentinian cultivar included in Q3 was BonINTA Cumenay. Three traditional Argentinian accessions were included in Q1, one in Q2, nine in Q3 and only one in Q4.
The sub-population Q1 mostly included modern Argentinian accessions (28), most of the French germplasm (19 out of 22) and intermediate contributions of WANA (6), Chile (4), traditional Argentinian (3) and modern Italian accessions (3). Two out of the three Argentinian breeding programs included in this study (INTA and ACA) made a major contribution to this group and 72% of the germplasm included in Q1 corresponded to the last two breeding decades. Among these contributions the Argentinian cultivar BonINTA Carilo was widely present in the pedigree of the breeding lines of this sub-population. The U.S. cultivar Kofa was also included in this group, as well as several breeding lines from the Argentinian program of ACA which frequently used Kofa as a parental line for end-use quality traits.
The sub-population Q2 included 16 Argentinian accessions, followed by nine from WANA, five from Chile, three from CIMMYT and three modern Italian genotypes. This sub-population showed greater influence in the pedigrees of accessions from the CIMMYT/ICARDA breeding programs. The Q2 cluster included four Om Rabi accessions and its parental line Haurani, all from the WANA region. The founder genotypes Altar 84 (Gallareta) and Yavaros-79 (Chagual INIA), two genotypes widely used by CIMMYT in different breeding programs, were also included. The cultivar Buck Topacio (PROB611/Altar 84) belongs to this sub-population, cultivated in Argentina for 20 years, together with derivative breeding lines from INTA and BUCK Semillas.
The sub-population Q3 was mainly composed of Italian germplasm (24 of 36), i.e. 15 out of 17 traditional, and nine modern, Italian accessions. This sub-population also includes nine out of the 14 traditional Argentinian accessions and it is mostly composed of old genotypes (58%), released between 1915 and 1979, with great influence of Cappelli and Taganrog, two founder genotypes. The only modern Argentinian genotype included in Q3 (BonINTA Cumenay) is mainly a derivative of the last two mentioned genotypes. In addition, here were included all the accessions from the Gerardo group (GIORGIO//CAPELLI/YUMA).
The fourth subpopulation (Q4) was the smallest group (18) inferred by DAPC, mostly corresponding to 16 modern and one traditional Argentinian (Buck Candisur, from 1982) and one French accessions (Arcodur). This cluster mainly included germplasm from the BUCK breeding program, or breeding lines from INTA, but carrying a genetic derivative from BUCK Semillas. Eighty three percent (83%) of the germplasm included in Q4 was developed in the last 20 years. In addition, the pedigree analysis showed a wide use of the cultivar Buck Ambar as part of these crosses.
Pedigree analysis showed that the sub-population Q5 included accessions with the greatest influence of CIMMYT germplasm, mainly bred or released during the 2000–2020 period. This group includes most of the Chilean breeding lines (17) and two recently released cultivars, Lleuque INIA (2011) and Queule INIA (2014). This group was also composed of 10 Argentinian accessions and germplasm from CIMMYT nurseries (6).
Population structure was also studied using the Bayesian model-based method implemented in STRUCTURE software. In contrast to DAPC, this analysis obtained a maximum ΔK at K = 2, indicating less ability to discriminate the sub-populations clearly. At K = 2 the sub-population Q1_K2 with 85 accessions was mainly composed of germplasm with the greatest CIMMYT contribution, including 30 modern Argentinian genotypes, all the Chilean accessions (26), 10 CIMMYT cultivars or breeding lines, and half (9) of the WANA region accessions. On the other hand, the sub-population Q2_K2, consisting of 112 genotypes, included 41 modern and 12 traditional Argentinian accessions and most of the Italian, French, American and half of the WANA region accessions (detailed in Additional file 9: Table S5a). Population stratification was tested by the genetic distance-based method, followed by a Ward hierarchical clustering implemented in the DARWIN v6.0 software (Fig. 4). This analysis was able to establish the genetic relationships between accessions and also to detect the main sub-populations previously identified using DAPC. Based on pedigree information, sister lines (such as Buck 44, Buck 45 and Buck 46) and breeding lines with their parental lines were clustered together, as for example BonINTA Carilo and their derivatives.
The number of sub-populations defined a priori by DAPC (K = 5) and the two additional methods were compared. The Ward clustering method divided Q2 (DAPC) into two main blocks, Q2a more closely related to Q1 and Q2b clustered proximal to Q5. Q2b represented genotypes with major influence of CIMMYT, including the founder genotypes Altar-84 and Yavaros-79. When the convergence of these three methods was analyzed a clear pattern in the assignment of accessions to Q3, Q4 and Q5 was observed, showing several differences between Q2 from DAPC and Ward clustering and between Q1 from DAPC and STRUCTURE (detailed in Additional file 9: Table S5b). The results of a comparison between the Ward clustering method and STRUCTURE are graphically displayed in Additional file 10: Figure S5.
The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) considering the five DAPC genetic sub-populations revealed that 22% of the variation (p < 0.001) was between sub-populations and 78% was intrapopulation. In addition, the pairwise Fst index showed that the Q5 (CIMMYT derivatives) and Q3 (mostly Italian germplasm or derivatives) (Fst = 0.337) sub-populations showed the most difference. Q4 with Q3 and Q4 with Q5 also exhibited high pairwise Fst and He values, but lower than the former mentioned pair of sub-populations. (see Additional file 5: Table S4c).
The Q1 sub-population from DAPC showed the highest Nei’s gene diversity index (He), followed by Q2 and Q3. Using HF SNPs only two private alleles were detected, one in Q1 and another in Q4. Considering the LF SNPs, also called rare alleles, the highest diversity (as He and I index) and number of private alleles were observed in Q3, followed by Q1 and Q5.
Distribution and physical location of polymorphic SNPs
In this study a total of 7431 polymorphic SNPs were assessed in the 14 durum wheat chromosomes using a collection of 197 accessions, facilitated by the availability of high quality genome assemblies that allowed the co-localization of markers [37,38,39]. SNP loci in annotated genes (Svevo genome assembly) were verified, considering both the LF SNPs and the HF SNPs. In both cases, SNPs were found in the annotated genes, representing 20.8% of the total polymorphic SNPs (23.1% LF and 19.6% HF SNPs). In most cases only one SNP was located on a gene (80% of SNPs alignments). However, in some genes several polymorphic SNPs (up to nine) could be found. According to , allelic rare variants could contribute to complex disease resistance and discarding them might reduce the chance to find associations with disease resistance traits. In our study 16 SNPs with rare alleles and 43 HF SNPs were found in annotated disease resistance genes (NBS-LRR domains and other). An increase in the frequency of rare alleles in breeding programs introduced from landraces or related wild species is a commonly adopted method for gaining variability [47, 48]. The parallel identification of allelic variations for known functional genes contributes to the efficient use of genetic resources for widening genetic diversity in elite wheat lines.
Furthermore, the results showed other annotated genes carrying polymorphic SNPs aligned as the Gli-B1 locus encoding for gamma-gliadin in 1BS chromosome ([LF], AX-94659353), the HYD-B1 locus encoding the carotenoid β-hydroxylase 1 gene ([HF], AX-94475906) in the 2B chromosome, a soluble starch synthase gene (ss3) located in 1A (two LF SNPs, AX-95209651 and AX-94805209) and a lipoxygenase gene putatively encoding the Lpx-A2 locus in chromosome 5A ([HF], AX-94964352), all important genes associated with relevant quality traits in durum wheat breeding programs [49,50,51,52].
The genetic diversity using HF SNPs assessed in our collection was moderate (I = 0.503, He = 0.333), but acceptable considering the bi-allelic nature of the SNPs. Lower indices were reported for 259 genotypes (I = 0.38, He = 0.24) included in a durum wheat collection (old and modern Italian cultivars and landraces) by . Also, reported lower values (He = 0.228) using 150 durum wheat landraces and cultivars from 1901 to 2009. Genetic diversity based on the number of low frequency SNPs was also assessed. The number of rare related alleles has been directly associated with the allelic richness in subdivided populations and it is also considered as an indicator of gene flow between sub-populations . Allelic richness is an alternative criterion for measuring genetic diversity and is considered a key parameter for germplasm conservation programs . Loss of rare alleles could be associated with genetic erosion and decreased long-term adaptation . The use of a low number of parental lines or the recurrent use of cultivars in breeding produces a narrowing of the genetic base and could be responsible for a founder effect or loss of allele richness in the segregating germplasm. This was observed in the Q4 sub-population which exhibited the lowest percentage of polymorphism in LF SNPs.
Based on geographical origin, the modern Argentinian genotypes exhibited the highest level of genetic diversity (He or I index) followed by French and traditional Italian genotypes when HF SNPs were used. The traditional Italian genotypes exhibited the highest diversity (He) estimated using the LF SNP and also the highest number of private alleles. The modern Argentinian accessions showed a slightly higher He value (for HF SNPs) and a higher number of private alleles (for LF SNPs) than the modern Italian genotypes. The decreased diversity observed using both HF and LF SNPs from traditional and modern Italian accessions agrees well with the results of . Similar values of Nei and Shannon indices in the old and modern Italian cultivars were reported by .
Genetic diversity over a timeline (using HF SNPs) showed a slight increased (5.4%) between the 1970–1979 and 2000–2009 periods but decreased during the latest one (2010–2020) returning to a similar He value as in the 1970–1979 period. On the contrary, only considering Canadian germplasm, reported a decline in diversity from 1950 to 2010. In the same way, genetic diversity decreased during the development of the ICARDA breeding program from 1974 to 2007 . Interestingly, even though a reduction in Nei’s diversity index, using LF SNPs, was observed between the 1970–1979 and 2000–2009 periods, the number of LF and private alleles was higher in 2000–2009 than in the other periods. According to the number of alleles per locus detected in a finite population depends on the effective population size. This concept could explain the high number of LF SNPs captured in the 2000–2009 period which exhibit the highest number of genotypes. It is promising to observe that allelic richness is preserved within the more recent germplasm. This period included most of the modern Argentinian, Chilean and French genotypes. A decrease in genetic diversity estimated using LF SNPs was also observed by , suggesting that effective strategies to incorporate and increase the amount of these variants should be addressed. Recent studies in wheat associated LF SNPS (rare alleles) with larger grains , or improvements in grain size and yield in rice . These alleles could also be used to trace the degree of genetic contribution in different sub-populations and could have long-term implications in the adaptive response towards environmental changes . Otherwise, short-term response to selection is highly dependent on additive genetics estimated as expected heterozygosity (He) . Accordingly, this study provides evidence to define genetic diversity strategies in breeding programs aiming to maximize both heterozygosity and allelic richness in order to obtain a rapid short-term response to selection and producing more resilient wheats.
The extent and distribution of linkage disequilibrium in the genome define regions that are inherited together . Our analysis detected 13.4% of the total marker pairs with significant LD (p < 0.01), a considerably lower percentage in comparison with the 42% (p < 0.001) obtained by and the intra-chromosomal LD values reported by [48, 65, 66]. In our collection, high LD (r2 > 0.7) was only represented in 0.94% of significant pairwise comparisons, being four-fold lower than the value reported by . Considering a threshold of the 95th percentile of the root transformed r2 value distribution (r2 = 0.196), the LD decay (11.8 Mb) detected in our collection was acceptable for modern cultivars and it was similar to the values obtained in other durum wheat panels (9.6 Mb in and 9.96 Mb in ), but lower than the distance (51.3 Mb) reported by and by (21 cM) or by (14 cM). However, for breeding purposes the estimation of LD decay in local germplasm could be useful due to the differences between regional germplasm and large populations, as was observed between the Argentinian accessions and the whole collection where we could observe a 2.5 fold higher LD decay values. An increase in the mean inter-marker distance was also observed in the SNP pairs in complete LD.
According to , the trend in LD decay could be described using different estimators or functions. In the present study, the number of SNP pairs in high (r2 > 0.7) or complete LD (r2 = 1) over distance was described, finding the highest number of significant pairs in LD between 1 and 5 Mb. A different pattern was observed when overall LD was considered. Some authors reported the presence of local epistasis in winter wheat , but the LD pattern could vary substantially with the population . Some authors indicate that high LD between closely linked loci can be created by genetic drift, bottlenecks or selection . However, some chromosomes, such as 2A and 7A, showed an extended and rising number of SNPs in high or complete LD as a function of distance, probably due a differential selection pressure exerted on these chromosomes to maintain agronomically advantageous or epistatic loci during the breeding process [40, 71]. In the overall LD, the number of SNP pairs in significant LD became higher as the pairwise distance increased (presented in Fig. 1c). In addition, the LD patterns between neighboring loci were also analyzed by plotting heat maps and several LD blocks were observed on the 6A, 1B, 4B, 2A, 7A, 1A and 3B chromosomes. Long-range LD blocks on 1B and 6A chromosomes were also reported by and signatures of selection based on LD on 1B and 7A were observed by . Some of these regions could correspond to the putative position of major known genes in wheat, such as dwarfism genes Rht-1 (4B and 4A, ), the photoperiod sensitivity gene Ppd-A1 (2A, ), the glutenin loci Glu-2/Glu-3 and Glu-1 (1B and 1A, [49, 76], the Gliadins Gli-2 and TaGW2 loci (6A, [77, 78]) or TaSus1 (7A) (https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/node/759 [39, 79];).
LD patterns assessed over three main breeding periods (1915–1979, 1980–1999 and 2000–2020) demonstrated an increased number of overall pairwise LD over time. Even though, a reduction in the mean r2 value was observed over the three periods due to a dilution effect caused by a higher proportion of background LD (r2 < 0.5). The occurrence of high background LD was supported by an increased average inter-marker distance in most of the chromosomes over time. Chromosomal LD pattern over time suggested that breeding and selection have impacted differently on the A and B genomes. In our collection, the SNPs with high or complete LD decreased from 1980 to 1999 to 2000–2020 in the B genome, but consistently increased over time in the A genome. The highest effect of artificial selection over time was observed for the 6A chromosome. Previous reports also indicated differences in LD patterns in the A, B and D genomes in bread wheat [42, 48, 80, 81].
Population stratification can occur as a consequence of artificial selection in breeding, parental bottlenecks, geographical origin of germplasm and genetic drift [82,83,84,85]. Population structure using different methods was applied, as suggested by . We used the Bayesian model-based method implemented in STRUCTURE, a nonparametric method, as DAPC and a distance-based clustering method (Ward).
This study evaluated 111 South-American durum wheat accessions (mainly from Argentina and Chile), including also additional world-wide genotypes. Our results indicated the existence of five sub-populations with moderate to high differentiation (Fst ranging from 0.139 to 0.337), slightly higher than the one reported by , but lower than that of which included a large collection of landraces. The AMOVA assessed considering these sub-populations explained about 22% of the variance between groups, a lower value than reported by . The DAPC and Ward clustering results showed that the modern Argentinian germplasm combines contributions from different genetic sources, such as Mediterranean genotypes (Q1 and Q2), or accessions from CIMMYT (Q5 and partially in Q2). An interesting result was the evidence that a part of the modern Argentinian accessions (Q4) was clearly differentiated from the remaining sub-populations, mostly germplasm from BUCK Semillas company. This finding confirms previous results obtained by our group based on 26 SNPs (KASP™) that gave indications of a possible genetic differentiation . On the other hand, the STRUCTURE results were able to differentiate clearly only the K = 2 as the main stratification level, based on ΔK parameter. However, considering the clustering of entries at the K = 5 level this result gave up to 77% of coincidence with DAPC (100% in Q3 and Q4 as it is shown in Additional file 10). The use of different methodologies as suggested contributed to better understanding of the genetic relationships between the accessions and lets to infer that the cluster Q4 have greater similarity with the Mediterranean germplasm.
In addition, there was evidence of a founder effect of Buck Ambar in this modern Argentinian germplasm (Q4). Whereas that another two Argentinian cultivars, BonINTA Carilo (Q1) and Buck Topacio (Q2), were widely used in crosses and their derivative lines were mostly clustered together with the parental lines. In comparison, the ACA Coop Ltda. breeding program extensively used the desert durum cultivar Kofa, which was clustered with its derivative breeding lines in Q1. Considering all the methodologies used in this study, population structure analysis also divided the traditional or old germplasm, mostly included in Q3 (≈75% bred before 1989), from the modern ones. Most of the landraces (Taganrog, Etit 38) and the old cultivar Cappelli were also included in Q3, except for Haurani which was only clustered in Q3 when using the Ward clustering method. A gradient in the contribution of CIMMYT germplasm from Q5, passing through Q2 and finally to Q1 was shown from the three sub-populations with a major influence of the CGIAR durum wheat breeding programs. The WANA region germplasm, with greater influence or derived from ICARDA, was mostly represented by Q2 and Q1. In general, population structure analysis corroborates the previous pedigree information and the a priori relationships between parental lines with derivative lines and between sister lines.
The development of national breeding programs of durum wheat in Argentina began with the introduction of European germplasm, local breeding and subsequent incorporation of CIMMYT germplasm during the green revolution era. Three main national breeding programs have been permanently maintained over the last 50 years. Nowadays, some international companies have recently established breeding programs or released introduced cultivars. The present study demonstrated that the breeding germplasm developed in Argentina is the result of an admixture from different genetic sources. An important highlight is that selection patterns and diversity structure were identified in the germplasm subgroups resulting from decades of locally adapted breeding. Rare alleles can be used as sources of variability and may provide favorable alternatives for facing future challenges.
From a breeding approach, the selection of a strategy for increasing allelic richness based on adaptive potential in the segregating germplasm is essential under a climate change scenario. Recent international effort has resulted in dynamic platforms or initiatives for sharing genetic resources that guarantee free germplasm exchange and permit a continual widening of the genetic base in breeding. On the other hand, the study of LD indicated that selection pressure during breeding has impacted differently on chromosomes resulting in differences in the extension and level of LD and haplotypes. This should be considered at the time of applying marker assisted selection.
Methods and materials
A durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf. Husn) collection composed of 197 worldwide accessions (landraces, cultivars and breeding lines), including 168 genotypes previously described by , was used for this study. This collection is mostly representative of the Argentinian breeding programs (85), but also includes accessions from Italy (33), Chile (26), France (22), WANA (17), CIMMYT (10) and the USA (4) (Additional file 1: Table S1a). Both the Italian and Argentinian accessions were classified as ˋtraditional´ or ˋmodern´ (before and after 1985) based on previous results which detected an association of origins according the breeding period .
SNP genotyping and data filtering
DNA from each accession was extracted from fresh leaves of 10-day-old seedlings using a modified CTAB method, as described in . The durum wheat collection was genotyped using the 35 K Axiom Wheat Breeder’s Genotyping Array from Affymetrix at TraitGenetics (Gatersleben, Germany) and CCT CONICET La Plata (Argentina). The SNP matrix was filtered, discarding the monomorphic markers, SNPs with > 10% of missing data and SNP with > 10% of heterozygosity. Markers with minor allele frequency (MAF) < 0.05 were analyzed separately to study the diversity due to LF SNPS. The SNPs classified as polymorphic high resolution (Poly High-resolution) and off-target variant (OTV) having good cluster resolution were considered, following the recommendations for polyploid species of Axiom® Genotyping Solution Data Analysis Guide (http://www.affymetrix.com/). The OTV SNPs were analyzed with the OTV-caller function before use.
Distribution and physical positions of polymorphic SNPs in the durum wheat genome
The physical positions of the SNPs were obtained by BLASTN of each SNP sequence on the durum wheat reference genome assembly (Svevo CV) (https://wheat.pw.usda.gov/GG3/node/759), with a threshold of 95% for identity and coverage. Additional information of the SNP positions were obtained from nulli-tetrasomic lines (https://www.cerealsdb.uk.net), BLASTN results on bread wheat (http://plants.ensembl.org/Triticum_aestivum/Info/Index), wild Emmer wheat genomes (https://wewseq.wixsite.com/consortium) and genetic positions on published linkage maps [33, 89, 90], especially if the SNPs showed multiple hits (homeologous or interchromosomic duplication). The SNPs positioned on the Svevo genome assembly were used to identify polymorphisms in annotated genes (http://plants.ensembl.org/Triticum_turgidum/Info/Index).
Basic genetic statistics were calculated using the GenAlex v6.5 software [91, 92] to describe genetic diversity including the percentage of polymorphic loci (%PL), observed heterozygosity (Ho), Nei’s gene diversity (PIC=He = expected heterozygosity) [93, 94] and Shannon’s information index (I) . The fixation index (Fst = (Ht-Hs)/Ht) or genetic differentiation in populations index was calculated between sub-populations detected by Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC).
Polymorphic SNP markers that passed quality controls but showed an MAF < 0.05 (LF), commonly called “rare alleles”, were used to identify subgroups in the collection that could be considered as a reservoir of genetic diversity. These rare alleles are referred to as private alleles (PA) when only found in a single subgroup of a broader collection. Predefined groups according the country/region of origin (Argentinian traditional [ART], Argentinian modern [ARM], Chile [CHI], CIMMYT (México) [CIM], France [FRA], Italian traditional [ITT], Italian modern [ITM], United States [USA], West Asia/North Africa region [WANA]), the sub-populations from structure results and the ranges of periods of bred/released (1915–1959, 1960–1969, 1970–1979, 1980–1989, 1990–1999, 2000–2009, 2010–2020) were considered as subgroups for testing genetic differences.
LD estimation and LD decay
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) was calculated in the TASSEL 5.0 software considering only SNPs with an MAF > 0.05 to avoid a bias effect of the LF SNPs on LD . LD was measured as the allele frequency correlation (r2) for all pairwise SNP comparison in each chromosome and subsequently the chromosome and genome specific mean values were estimated. Inter-chromosomic LD (unlinked loci) was estimated over the whole genome. The LD decay was determined by plotting the r2 values against the genetic distance of loci pairs (Mb) for each chromosome and a trend line describing the LD decay was calculated by locally-weighted polynomial regression (LOESS) in R (http://www.r-project.org). The 95th percentile of the distribution of square root transformed inter-chromosomal LD values (r2) was estimated as the critical threshold below which the LD could be considered as being caused by physical linkage. The intersection point between the LD curve and the r2 threshold determined the LD decay value for each chromosome.
To assess the population structure, the SNPs were selected by considering inter-marker distances greater than 1 Mb and MAF > 0.3 to select informative and well distributed markers according to the recommendations of . The population structure was explored by the Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) method implemented in the R package “adegenet” v2.0.1 in R studio V 1.3.1056 (R Development Core Team, 2011). The number of PC retained was selected by the cross-validation method using the xvalDapc function. The most probable K was declared, based on the lowest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) value following the criteria. In addition, population structure was analyzed using the STRUCTURE v2.3.4 software (http://pritch.bsd.uchicago.edu/structure.html), selecting the admixture as the ancestry model and the correlated allele frequencies option . Parameters were set at 100,000 burning periods and 100,000 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) replicates using 5 independent runs for each K (1 to 10). No prior information was provided. The Evanno test was used to identify the true number of sub-populations (K) implemented in the STRUCTURE HARVESTER website . STRUCTURE results were plotted using the Pophelper 2.3.0 R library . Furthermore, the Ward clustering based-distance method was used to assess the genetic relationships between the accessions, based on a dissimilarity index calculated from the simple matching coefficient in DARwin v6.0 software . The Ward dendrogram was drawn in the FigTree v1.4.3 software (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/).
Availability of data and materials
Plant material and raw data are available upon request to the first author. Annotated genes are public available in http://plants.ensembl.org/Triticum_turgidum/Info/Index. Phylogenetic tree, dissimilarity matrix and dataset to obtain them are available in http://purl.org/phylo/treebase/phylows/study/TB2:S27474.
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz Y Trigo
International Center for Agricultural Research In the Dry Areas
Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias
Centro Científico Tecnológico
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
Asociación de Cooperativas Argentinas
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR
Minor Allele Frequency
Locally-weighted polynomial regression
Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components
Analysis of Molecular Variance
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide
Bayesian Information Criterion
Principal Coordinate Analysis
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Thanks are due to all seed donors for providing us with the germplasm to build the collection analyzed in this study. In memory of Ing. Agr. (Professor) Rubén Miranda for his great support to our research activities, contributing with his knowledge and experience.
This research has received financial assistance from CONICET, CERZOS – CCT CONICET Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur/ ME (NUTRIPASTA PCESU9-UNS993), ANPCYT: PICT 2015–1401.We also acknowledge the support of H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 project ExpoSEED (grant no. 691109) and CGIAR Research Program WHEAT.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The plant material was provided by the donors detailed in Table S1a, under the supervision of Dr. Pablo Roncallo. Research experiments follow all the statements signed by Argentina under the International Convention for the Protection of new varieties of plants (UPOV, 1991, Art 15.1) and the Argentinian national law N° 20.247. No permissions to develop field experiment or research activities in durum wheat were necessary used in this study.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Roncallo, P.F., Larsen, A.O., Achilli, A.L. et al. Linkage disequilibrium patterns, population structure and diversity analysis in a worldwide durum wheat collection including Argentinian genotypes. BMC Genomics 22, 233 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-021-07519-z
- Linkage disequilibrium
- Population structure
- Rare alleles | <urn:uuid:cd38a819-7f03-402c-b287-007df2be25ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-021-07519-z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.858923 | 20,603 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Some quick needlework can turn a blank piece of canvas into a handcrafted treasure, and that's where needlepoint and quickpoint come in handy. These two related arts take a single piece of thread and turn it into a slightly pixelated version of the image off which you are working. Quickpoint is easier for beginners, while needlepoint is a little more complicated. The major difference between the two is the type of canvas you are using.
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Select the thread matching the color of the smallest and center-most section of the pattern. You should start with the smallest sections of the pattern, then move onto the larger sections. On a quickpoint canvas, the pattern is printed directly onto the canvas. With needlepoint, you will need to count the stitches based on the instruction pattern. Consult the instructions for more information on the positioning of stitches.
Thread your needle by inserting the end of a piece of thread into the eye of the needle. Many people who sew will dampen the end with saliva to hold the thread together.
Tie a knot in the tail of the thread, leaving a 3/4-inch "tail" at the end.
Push the needle through the top-left corner of the center section of the pattern. The needle should be pushed through from the back to the front. Pull it through so that the knot hits the back of the canvas.
Move up and to the right, one square, and push the needle through the canvas again. Pull the needle through to the back so that the thread pulls tight against the canvas.
Move the needle down one square, next to the original stitch. Hold the tail against the back of the canvas between these two sections of thread. Pull the thread through again so that it touches the back of the canvas, and holds the tail down.
Repeat this step to finish the top row of the needlepoint.
Rotate the canvas, and move up a row. Push the needle from the back toward the front, through the canvas, at the new top-left corner. Repeat the process to finish the next row.
Repeat this process to finish the section. Return to the beginning of this process, and move to the next largest section of your needlepoint pattern. Complete this section, and move on to the next largest section. Keep repeating this, until you complete the pattern.
You can use a hoop or frame to hold the canvas taut while you are working on the needlepoint. Loosen the screw on the outer section of the hoop, and separate the pieces. Put the smaller hoop beneath the canvas and the larger hoop on top, then push the hoops together and tighten the screw. This holds the canvas down while you are working. | <urn:uuid:a033b7b0-80e1-4432-9ff0-650773b7d9ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ehow.com/how_7938064_directions-do-quickpoint-needlepoint.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.920449 | 584 | 2.5625 | 3 |
When we arrive at the crime scene, barely any evidence remains. Only a few blood-soaked blades of grass, glistening in the tangerine dawn sunshine, reveal foul play has been afoot.
By now the perpetrators are long gone, having raced into the dense teak forest, thick and lush in late spring. Yet only minutes earlier, "detective" Kanga and I had been hot on their tails as urgent shrieks ripped through the Zambian bush and a most violent murder unfolded.
The only weapon I'm shooting with is a Nikon DSLR camera but on a walking safari through the South Luangwa National Park, I find myself embroiled in a life-or-death drama far more thrilling than any Hollywood cop movie.
Accompanied by an armed ranger, we'd set off early that morning to explore areas of the park accessible only on foot. When super sleuth Kanga, who's been guiding for eight years, detects fresh leopard and wild dog paw prints in the sandy soil, we know predators must be close by: in reality much closer than we imagine.
Bounding vertically like a bouncy ball, a male impala starts frantically stotting — a display to deter potential attackers — indicating he's being chased, most likely by a pack of wild dogs.
Panic spirals like a tornado as guinea fowl screech and opportunistic hooded vultures swoop down in anticipation of a fresh feed.
To our left, baboons are barking ferociously, a sign their nemesis, the leopard, must be in the vicinity. Sure enough, we see a flash of silky rosettes slinking through the undergrowth.
But there are far wilier criminals in the area. A shrill cry leads us to the clearing, but by the time we arrive the deed is done.
Large ears pivoting like satellite dishes, the wild dogs have detected our presence. For a few minutes I stand 100m from them, staring eye to eye, before they cautiously trot away.
There's been a kill and we had been right in the middle of it, listening to every alarm call and sensing the rising panic, as if we were part of the chase.
If a classic vehicle safari concentrates on watching wildlife, then walking is all about feeling. Standing on a level playing field with wildlife, you're immediately part of their matrix and it's easy to see why experienced guides like Kanga prefer to cover ground with their own two feet.
South Luangwa is often cited as the birthplace of the walking safari, first offered by Norman Carr in the 1950s, with some of the most scenic terrain in Africa.
Forty years later, guide and safari camp owner Robin Pope began running mobile camping safaris, where guests would explore the bush by foot, sleeping at different spots every night.
I'm given a taster of the experience at an overnight bush camp, far more luxurious than it sounds. Along with tent, long-drop toilet and bucket shower, I have a chef, waiters and even a well-stocked riverside bar at my disposal. Beneath the shade of mopane trees, I fall asleep listening to giggling hyenas and wake up to hippos honking and spluttering in the meandering Luangwa river, still flowing at the end of May.
Perhaps South Luangwa's greatest attraction is its landscape. Oxbow lakes piled high with lime-green Nile cabbage curl through dense teak forests. This month, much of the vegetation will have wilted away and riverbeds turned to dust, making game viewing much easier.
But with clearer air (none of the forest fires, which result in a semi-permanent cloud of smog, have yet started) and vibrant colours, there's something very beautiful about this season. The wildlife too seems equally abundant, creatures both large and small.
A male puku (antelope with a thick brown coat) peels back his lips in a pout to sniff a female's rear end and assess if she's on heat. Dissatisfied, he bounds away and applies his clunky seduction techniques elsewhere.
Having walked almost 10km, we stop to rest on a fallen tree trunk at a lagoon populated by Egyptian geese and African jacanas. Fierce commotion breaks the idyllic silence when a gosling is pulled underwater by a stealthy crocodile, a reminder that it's survival of the fittest out here.
When we eventually arrive at Nsefu Camp, Zambia's first photographic safari camp, established by Carr in the 1950s, fellow guests have covered more ground in their 4x4s, taken more photos and arguably, seen more than us. But I bet none have locked into the environment in quite the same way, sharing that visceral fear that keeps senses permanently on a knife edge.
Robin Pope operates four camps in South Luangwa: Nkwali (six chalets set on private land overlooking the park), Luangwa River Camp (an elegant home in the neighbouring Game Management Area with five brick and thatch free-standing suites), Tena Tena (a sumptuous tented camp shaded by mahogany trees) and Nsefu (with six rondavels swathed in history). The latter two are in a remote sector of the park where few self-drive day trippers venture.
One thing they all have in common, though, is an opportunity to spot leopards. These famously elusive cats are the star players of South Luangwa and by the end of a week's stay I'm almost tripping over them.
Since a country-wide ban was imposed in January 2013, numbers have improved, although it's feared plans to reintroduce big cat trophy hunting next year may result in a reversal of fortunes.
The recent high-profile case of Cecil the lion in neighbouring Zimbabwe has thrown the "sport" into the spotlight.
The only trophies I plan to hang on my wall are photographic ones. | <urn:uuid:b45ed5e7-d7c7-4cd4-a6f2-3a40e23fa1dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/zambia-a-very-tall-safari-story/LSUS6F7OIVFLDSCOAPUHRCKO6U/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.95203 | 1,255 | 1.609375 | 2 |
July 21, 1898
AN ounce of consecration is worth a pound of talent.
RELIGIOUS legislation puts law in the place of conscience.
NO STATE was ever known to be saved by a profession of religion.
HUMAN nature and heathenism have been in partnership since the fall.
NO MAN who appreciates liberty desires to withhold any degree of it from his neighbor.
THE peace which is needed in this world is not the kind that has to be imposed on people by force.
THE Sabbath, as God’s memorial, can no more be lost or changed by the acts of men than can the rainbow.
JESUS CHRIST is the true rest-giver; but he commands no person to receive it; he only invites men to come to him.
THE country has plenty of men who are willing to die for it; what it needs is men who are willing to live for it.
THE world’s peace is maintained by the rule of earthly powers; with the Christian, peace itself is the ruling power.
A LEGISLATURE can enact a Sabbath law with exactly the same propriety that it could set about the task of manufacturing rest for the people.
THE boy who tries to lift himself by the straps of his boots, is father to the man who thinks people can be made better by religious legislation.
THE Sabbath day is restful only to him who uses it religiously, as the Creator designed. It is God’s rest, and therefore the rest cannot be other than religious. | <urn:uuid:b0fab553-ccef-4046-bbee-90e8d6b03825> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.freedomsentinel.org/articles/notes-american-sentinel-13-28-p-433/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.978059 | 318 | 2.3125 | 2 |
50% OFF per container.
Miller's Farm has their own camels on the farm! Mama and baby are happy and producing plenty of milk. The camels eat organic (chemical free) grass most the year, or dry hay in the winter (chemical free transition hay).
Camel milk is very easy to digest and has a slight vanilla flavor. It is purchased often by parents with autistic kids who have a hard time digesting casein. It has also been used as a replacement for infant formula for infants who do not tolerate cow or goat milk based formula.
Read a complete article here on the health benefits of camel milk by Julie Matthews, CNC
Camel milk can be easily digested by lactose-intolerant individuals. The lactoferrin in camel's milk has antibacterial and antiviral properties. It also has anti-tumor properties (Ueda et al., 1957). Some other benefits include:
- Positive effect on helping breast cancer patients (Eiseler et al., 1998).
- Three times the amount of vitamin C than cow's milk.
- Used for centuries to treat liver disease (studies performed for hepatitis and liver cancer with promising results).
- Rich in B vitamins and iron.
- The immunoglobulins in camel milk are protect against certain types of cancer (Fage et al., 2005).
Camel milk has been helpful for the following illnesses:
- Milk allergies or intolerance (Shabo et al., 2005)
- Autism (Shabo and Yagil et al., 2005)
- Tuberculosis (Agarwal et al., 2005)
- Crohn's Disease (Shabo et al., 2005, 2006; Donechenko, 1975)
- Female Infertility
Fresh camel milk is only available FROZEN during certain times of the year when mama camel is no longer producing milk. | <urn:uuid:217336b1-f05c-43e3-8848-8fd7336af461> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.millersorganicfarm.com/Camel-Milk-Frozen-1-pint_p_378.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.911258 | 388 | 1.992188 | 2 |
What Is The Sales Tax In Spokane County Washington. Local jurisdictions impose additional sales taxes ranging between 0.5% and 3.3%. The spokane county, washington sales tax is 8.10%, consisting of 6.50% washington state sales tax and 1.60% spokane county local sales taxes.the local sales tax consists of a 1.60% county sales tax.
The range of total sales tax rates within the state of washington is between 7% and 9.9%. Wa combined state & local sales tax rate (avg.) 8.679% What is the sales tax rate in spokane county?
Local Tax Rates In Washington Range From 0% To 3.9%, Making The Sales Tax Range In Washington 6.5% To 10.4%.
The average cumulative sales tax rate in spokane, washington is 8.97%. The minimum combined 2022 sales tax rate for spokane county, washington is. Wa combined state & local sales tax rate (avg.) 8.679%
The 9% Sales Tax Rate In Spokane Consists Of 6.5% Washington State Sales Tax And 2.5% Spokane Tax.
The latest sales tax rate for spokane, wa. The sales tax rate in spokane county wa is 9 percent. The state of washington levies a 6.5% state sales tax on the retail sale, lease or rental of most goods and some services.
Manufacturers Are Exempt From Sales Tax On Machinery And Equipment Used In Their Production Or Research Operations, But Consumers Purchasing Construction Services And Building Materials.
As far as all cities, towns, and locations go, the place with the highest sales tax rate is airway heights and the place with the lowest sales tax rate is reardan. To calculate sales and use tax only. You can find more tax rates and allowances for spokane and washington in the 2022 washington tax tables.
Washington Sales Tax Rates Vary Depending On Which County And City You’re In, Which Can Make Finding The Right Sales Tax Rate A Headache.
The spokane valley, washington sales tax is 8.80%, consisting of 6.50% washington state sales tax and 2.30% spokane valley local sales taxes.the local sales tax consists of a 2.30% city sales tax. If a store has a business license in washington and the sales tax rate is 6 percent, the state of washington sales tax rate is 6 percent. The spokane valley local rate, effective april 1, 2019, is 2.4 percent (.024), which reflects the combined total of.
What Is The Sales Tax Rate In Spokane County?
The spokane county sales tax rate is %. The minimum combined 2022 sales tax rate for spokane, washington is. Use this search tool to look up sales tax rates for any location in washington. | <urn:uuid:d15c5855-5f06-4410-8035-f49657713f80> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.entrebastidors.info/what-is-the-sales-tax-in-spokane-county-washington/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.904405 | 593 | 1.742188 | 2 |
By Claire L. Halstead
As historians, we are increasingly under pressure to make our research “active” and relate to a public audience. This spurs us to discover new methods of engagement and innovative ways to present our findings. The digital revolution or “turn” has encouraged historians not only to use sources available online, but also to adopt digital tools and methods to analyse traditional sources and, in some cases, create entirely new digital sources for research. Using digital methods allows us to extract more from our sources, while increasing the potential of appealing to and engaging with the wider public. Using the study of the evacuation of British children to Canada in the Second World War as an example, this post is intended to be a source of encouragement; while digital history can appear daunting, the rewards can far outweigh the costs.
The Roots of Evacuation
With the clouds of war looming in early 1939, Canadians began to propose that, in the event Britain declared war, Canada should openly accept a minimum of 10,000 British children to shelter them from the physical, psychological, and emotional dangers of conflict. It was not until the Fall of France in the spring of 1940, however, that the British and Canadian governments finally proceeded with overseas evacuation. With heightened risk of invasion and aerial bombardment in Britain during the summer of 1940, these little “war guests” arrived in Canada and were sent to live with distant relatives or unpaid foster families. The tragedy of the torpedoing and sinking of the City of Benares which killed 77 of 90 evacuee children aboard halted overseas evacuation. Those evacuees who had safely arrived remained within Canada’s shores for the remainder of the war. While evacuees’ experiences varied, all had to acclimatise to Canadian culture and contend with familial separation. A short but very valuable sound clip held at the Imperial War Museum features a British evacuee child, “Bill”, speaking to his mother in Scotland over CBC radio at Christmas 1940, a few months after he had left Britain. The exchange reveals elements of the evacuee experience such as how quickly his accent had “turned Canadian” and his mother’s insistence on thanking his foster family. Listen to the exchange (starting at 12:40 mins) courtesy of the Imperial War Museum.
Identifying Issues in the Study of Evacuees
In the past, the study of evacuation has been plagued by three major issues: the inconsistency in estimates of the number of evacuees who arrived in Canada, the difficulty of including children’s perspectives of evacuation, and the challenge of identifying individual evacuees and understanding their family backgrounds.
- Numbers – It is universally agreed that 1,532 evacuees arrived in Canada with the assistance of the Children’s Overseas Reception Board (CORB), a government sponsored British-Canadian evacuation program. However, there is disagreement in estimates of the number of children evacuated “privately” without government assistance, with some approximations being as high as 10,000.
- Perspectives – The study of evacuation has traditionally relied on adult-created sources. A methodological barrier in studying childhood; children do not often leave a great deal of source material. Instead, historians have used former evacuees’ recollections recorded in such retrospective documents as memoirs and autobiographies. Relying upon oral history and memoirs to tell the story of evacuation inevitably preferences the recollections of the few. It is estimated that less than five percent of evacuees have had their experiences incorporated into such works. In an effort to circumvent this methodological barrier and capture the children’s own perceptions of the war and their evacuation, I used letters written by children to their parents as a unique and major source base for my work to supplement organisational and government records.
- Identification – Previously, we only knew that evacuee children came to Canada on a broad scale; we knew very little about them, particularly beyond a small number of individuals’ postwar recollections. This made it nearly impossible to identify individual evacuees and understand their family background and experience in Canada.
Building the Database
In an effort to rectify these issues and track evacuees as they appeared in primary sources, I began compiling a database. This began simply by recording evacuees’ names and any accompanying information I could unearth. Uncovering two significant record groups at the British National Archives and Library and Archives Canada allowed me to marry sources from both sides of the Atlantic. Although the process of transcribing the information from the paper sources to the database was laborious, the database quickly burgeoned from only a few categories to fifty-two fields of data including such information as evacuees’ names, ages, religious denomination, and hometown. While the discovery of these sources was important in and of itself, without combining them into a database they would have remained only as small pieces to a larger puzzle. While each record had individual value in providing a greater understanding of that evacuee, the key to databasing is in the collation of the many small pieces of information to paint a larger picture.
New Perspectives of Evacuation
Combining government records with passenger lists yielded a much more accurate number of evacuees who arrived in Canada, taking previous estimates from 10,000 down to just under 4,000. The database has also provided a fuller view of evacuees and their lives – both before and during their evacuation and, in some cases, even after their return to Britain. For instance, we can identify what schooling and medical care evacuees received while in Canada. We even know how many times children were moved between foster homes and the reasons for those moves. By analysing the database categorically, previously invisible patterns appear. For instance, by sorting evacuees by age, it becomes clear that the majority arrived in Canada between the ages of 8 and 13 years old. British wartime regulations mandated that children over sixteen could not leave Britain and CORB required all state-sponsored evacuees to be between 5 and 15 years of age. That 8-13 were the predominant ages suggests that British parents may have been more hesitant to send their younger children away and that British authorities may have been less willing to select children who would soon be of age to contribute to the war effort.
It is widely perceived that most evacuees originated from London, the city most at risk of bombings. However, the database reveals that almost an equal amount of evacuees originated from the North East of England. While there was speculation over where evacuees originated, little was known about where evacuees lived in Canada. The database again helps settle this question, revealing that while private evacuees were most likely to end up in homes in Ontario, CORB evacuees were proportionally distributed across the provinces. Indeed, once this data was compiled, it was possible to use digital tools like GIS and Google Maps to plot the data on maps and provide visual representations of the evacuation.
Mapping further reveals new trends that would be difficult to examine otherwise. For instance, a map of London shows that no evacuees were taken from the East End of London, an area that was comprised of mostly working class and poverty-stricken homes. Being unlikely that East End parents wanted to hold on to their children, it is more likely that this quietly points towards the rigorous selection process for evacuees which ensured that only children of the best physical, mental, and intellectual health were sent to Canada. Mapping evacuees in Canada also reveals the proportion of children sent to urban and rural homes. This begins to combat the assumption that evacuees were treated similarly to Home Children, being sent to farms as free labour. Interacting with the database in this manner provides us with deeper access to the sources and allows us to ask bigger questions of evacuation.
An Active History Tool
Although it was not initially expected that the database could become a tool for engaging with the public, it serendipitously has done just that. The strong organisation of the database means that it is very easy to search. Evacuees can be searched and sorted by name, origin, destination, foster family, school, etc. This has helped some Canadians who attended school with evacuees identify their former friends. It is from these interactions that even more information has been uncovered about evacuees’ experiences in Canada, as well as the experiences of Canadian children who grew up alongside evacuees during the war. The database can also be of use to the families of evacuees who may be interested to learn more about the evacuation and their relatives’ experience during that time. In even a few cases, the database has revealed new information to former evacuees themselves. Although most evacuees were told why they were being sent away, some were not fully aware of the circumstances and organisation of evacuation. One former evacuee was sent to rural British Columbia to live with his uncle and, except for traveling with a group of children from Britain, was wholly unaware of his “evacuee status”. As children, most would never have been shown the government sources that recorded their evacuation. It is my hope that the database can continue to grow and serve such individuals who are looking to trace or remember the experiences of evacuees, their foster families, and Canadian communities.
While being a tool to serve and engage with a wider audience, the database can also continue to work for historians, enabling other record groups to be incorporated. It is now possible to cross reference sources such as letters that evacuees wrote home and recollections from Canadian children to see how both recorded each other’s presence. This would certainly be effective at, for example, the macro-level of a school or town. It even allows us to see if evacuees from certain towns, such as Manchester and Glasgow, crossed paths with each other during their journey to Canada or years later, on their voyage back home. Most of all, the database allows us to identify evacuees who appear in other sources like newspapers or film clips.
Let us return then to the Imperial War Museum radio clip. Although the announcer identifies the boy as “Bill Welsh”, we originally knew very little else. The database now reveals that Bill was known as William Welsh, a Roman Catholic who arrived in Canada at the age of 13 from Dundee, Scotland. At the time of the Christmas radio broadcast, Bill was living with his aunt in Toronto. Records show however, that by September 1941, his aunt had asked Canadian authorities to move him. He was subsequently moved twice more because he “caused too much trouble”. Records ultimately record that “William became difficult to handle and unwilling to be guided”; his parents agreed for him to return to Scotland in 1943 at the age of sixteen.
While preparing a database and using digital methods in projects that rely heavily on traditional archival sources may seem tedious, the results can transform our view of history. For the study of evacuation, the database has proved incredibly valuable. It has allowed us to uncover a new layer of evacuees’ experiences in Canada, rather than continuing to rely on recollections of evacuations or sources that do not incorporate the child’s own voice. Each and every evacuee now has a presence in this research. While their experiences were varied and dynamic, each are worthy of being included in this research and it is my hope that this project may be able to serve a larger public audience.
Claire Halstead recently completed her PhD at the University of Western Ontario under the guidance of Dr. Jonathan Vance. Her work has been profiled on CBC radio and in Canadian newspapers and magazines. She is the author of “‘Dangers Behind, Pleasures Ahead” in the British Journal of Canadian Studies and “Dear Mummy and Daddy: Reading Evacuees’ Wartime Letters” in Children, Childhood and Youth in the British World. While continuing to expand her evacuee database, she is currently working on a book-length treatment of this work. Twitter: @ClaireLHalstead | <urn:uuid:f43a5b23-1dad-4fdd-97a0-2db18be28c02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://activehistory.ca/2016/06/reports-from-new-directions-in-active-history-digitising-childhood-evacuation-a-serendipitous-pursuit-of-active-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.972059 | 2,504 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Strict attention to hygiene and use of disinfectants, both...
In This Article
Illustrations by Joe Oesterle
This article originally appeared in Issue 9 of our magazine.
Warning: The exercises and content expressed in this story are for illustrative purposes only. Consult a medical professional before trying any physical activity or nutritional plan.
In an instant, you find yourself in dire straits. It’s the end of the world as we know it… yet your kids feel fine. No, it’s not because they’re playing Minecraft, but they’re occupied nonetheless.
Disasters can really take a toll on the morale of a group, especially the kids. Keeping your kids positive and active is key, especially when they could very well have no electricity, let alone be able to bury their faces in a video game. What they can enjoy, however, are some different types of games — games that will make them fit for a post-apocalyptic world.
Sure, you may be able to get your 10-year-old to go out on a run, but that’s not what we’re concerned with here. Kids typically don’t have the attention span or a firm grasp of the benefits of exercise to follow a regular exercise program. Depending on their age, they may not have even developed enough to be put through one.
Regardless, for them, it’s about enjoyment. Are they having fun? Are the exercises or activities challenging, but still achievable? There’s a fine line between what’s fun and what’s boring. Making exercise a game is a great way to keep their spirits up, while also keeping them in shape for what the future holds.
It shouldn’t come as a surprise how kids react when given too much idle time. So, let’s use that time to create some activities they can follow that will both prepare them and entertain them for the worst of the worst.
Mention exercise to kids and they’re going to scream, “Boooorring!” So, make it fun for them. All kids love to play, so make it a game. If you make it work, you’ll have to force them to do it. When you make it fun, you’ll have to force them to stop doing it.
Kids can learn a lot through movement and playing. Especially at younger ages, they’ll be able to build both fine and gross motor skills, critical for their development. The key here is to make the experience of exercise fun. There may be times when sitting still and quiet for long periods of time is necessary, and possibly crucial, so give them a chance to let loose when the time is right.
Physical fitness can help kids:
Contact Games: While full-contact games can be fun, the risk-to-reward ratio doesn’t quite add up. Avoid games that may lead to broken bones or other serious injuries. Kids are resilient, yes, but good luck recovering from a broken bone without a doctor. Be smart!
Hot Weather: Keep the weather in perspective when creating these games for your kids. In warmer weather, plan to have more water handy and make them dress appropriately. Take more frequent rest breaks as well, preferably in a shaded area.
Cold Weather: Consider the lengths of time the kids spend playing. Set up a little warming station if you can. Otherwise, allow them to take frequent breaks to warm up, if need be. Again, have them dress appropriately.
For kids 3 to 5 years of age, the main focus for anything exercise related should be on very basic movements such as crawling, jumping, hopping, or running. A very simple way to incorporate this is follow the leader. In this version, however, we’ll be getting a little creative. The movements and exercises you’ll be having them do will be very important to their development and survival in unknown terrain.
Follow the leader is a great game for younger kids because it allows them to have fun while building fundamental movement skills. It can be used to your advantage in situations where you need to evacuate an area without the kids becoming aware of the severity of the situation. It’ll be easier to maintain their attention on the task at hand because it’ll be a familiar game that they enjoy playing.
Traveling longer distances through wooded areas also provides great opportunities to make a mundane task fun for kids. Incorporating specific movements like crawling under a tree limb, using a fallen tree as a balance beam, or hopping over rocks provides some levity to a bleak atmosphere. The structure should be very loose with kids this young. It’s best to let the kids have fun with this, and see how creative you can get with your surroundings. Focus on spans of 20 to 30 minutes. That’s a great amount of time to keep their attention. Some key activities to incorporate in follow the leader include: crawling, hopping, climbing, running, and balancing.
Kids who are 6 to 9 years old are better able to take direction, but we’ll still keep it to a minimum. We’re going to build on what we would do with younger kids by focusing on more fun and athletic movements that incorporate body awareness, coordination, and playing with objects.
We can incorporate athletic movements with kids by playing Red Light Green Light, which will be fantastic in teaching them body awareness and coordination. This age-old game has kids lined up at a start line facing the finish line. When you say, “Green light,” everyone moves toward the finish line. When you say, “Red light,” they must immediately halt. Anyone still moving is penalized. Follow the normal rules of the game, except make them do 10 jumping jacks when they move after you say, “red light.” Take the kids through the following movements on a “green light” — knee pull, butt kick pull, bear crawl, skipping, lateral shuffling, jogging forward, jogging backward, hopping, and broad jumping. Section off about 10 to 20 yards of space, and have them complete each movement for about 10 yards, so if you only have 10 yards of space, have them go to the end and back. Limit overall time to about 30 minutes so they don’t get bored or lose interest.
Well-supervised sorting-and-gathering games are great to play with kids at this age, and it can really help out with our scenario. Pick smaller objects and make a game to collect as many of something as they can find. Make it a timed game, so they’ll move more quickly and get the exercise benefit. Some things to consider: sorting or collecting cans of food, gathering dry leaves or brush for kindling, gathering pieces of fruit or berries, sorting articles of clothing, or anything else that would be useful to you and your group. Again, stay within 30 minutes in length to keep their interest.
Once you hit the ages of 10 to 12, you can start getting a little more technical with what you have the kids do. They can follow directions pretty well, so we’ll take advantage of this. Keep the timeframe to about 45 minutes to get a great exercise benefit, but not tire them out too much.
Relay races are a great activity for kids this age to complete. Our OFFGRID-style relay races will kill two birds with one stone. We’ll improve the kids’ fitness, while also helping you or your whole group. Take advantage of this fun game when moving smaller supplies, loading or unloading vehicles, or anything that would require multiple trips to and from something. Have each kid complete one trip to and from the destination, retrieving an object each time. Have them start a good distance (about 20 yards, if possible) away, so we can get them to run most of the time. This can be played with as little as four kids, with two teams of two. Generally, though, the more kids the better.
Tag incorporates many athletic abilities, and circle tag is a great way to have fun in a more confined space. The goal here is to have at least three kids in a huddle, holding on to each other at the shoulders, waist, or hips. One kid is outside of the huddle trying to tag the designated kid in the huddle. The kids in the huddle work together to keep him or her from being tagged on the back. The person who was tagged becomes “it,” and the one on the outside now joins the circle. Play in 30-second intervals, or until the kid gets tagged. There are so many great things being tested here, including agility, acceleration, teamwork, coordination, and lateral movement.
Adolescents are mature enough to understand the benefits of exercise, and they can take instruction well enough to incorporate some more technical concepts. In addition to the games for 10 to 12 year olds, there are several others that preteens and teens in this age range can benefit from.
A little more structure is possible for these kids, so taking them through a warm-up is a good idea. We’ll take some of the movements found in the 6-to-9 age group to serve as the warm-up. So, put together, the warm-up will look like this: butt kick pulls, cradle walks, toy soldiers, forward skip, lateral shuffle, lateral skip, carioca, forward jog, backward jog, and diagonal leaping. Have them complete eight to 10 repetitions of each of the movements listed.
Butt Kick Pull — 10 reps each, 1 set
Cradle Walk — 10 reps each 1 set
Toy Soldier — 10 reps each 1 set
Forward Skip — 10 yards, 1 set
Lateral Shuffle — 10 yards each, 1 set
Lateral Skip — 10 yards each, 1 set
Carioca — 10 yards each, 1 set
Forward Jog — 10 yards, 1 set
Obstacle course runs are a perfect way to get kids involved and creative in their own playing, and it’ll help them with several skills, such as agility, coordination, balance, speed, and acceleration. Allowing the kids to help construct it adds to the enjoyment because they’ve had a part in the creation.
Look to put together some of what’s around you to form something resembling a balance beam, small hurdles, objects to weave in and out of, something to crawl underneath or climb over, and a straightaway to get some acceleration and speed work.
Tug of war is another game that can help kids work on some strength and stability of both the upper and lower body. The game is simple. Don’t get pulled beyond the starting halfway mark, or, if you want them to have a lot of fun, make the center pit muddy. It’s always a lot more fun when something’s at stake. There are many things that can be used to play, with a rope being the most obvious and best, but a large bed sheet rolled-up would also work. Again, be creative.
Boys and girls build skills at different stages of development:
In the end, any way that you can keep your kids upbeat and entertained will significantly enhance their morale and enjoyment. The examples provided here can certainly give you some good information to start, but don’t be afraid to think outside the box and have a good time. Keep things light and free flowing. Remember, the adults can have fun, too. Just because the environment may be stressful doesn’t mean you can’t take a little break now and then to have a good time. Sometimes, it’s the little things like this that will get you through the tough times.
Source: Long-Term Athlete Development > www.humankinetics.com | <urn:uuid:f20e9ed0-046b-4ebb-8b85-dd36589b2ef9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.offgridweb.com/preparation/basic-physical-fitness-techniques-for-your-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.955767 | 2,481 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The WCA wishes to thank the Wilmot Democratic Committee and its partners for coordinating the eye-opening program Preparing for Climate Change with Dr. Lisa Doner, associate professor of environmental science and policy at Plymouth State University.
Doner discussed climate change and its potential impacts nationally and locally. The northeast faces increased risk of floods, wildfire, poor water quality, food scarcity, and economic impacts. But Doner also provided practical, community driven preparations that anticipate the changes. With increased knowledge, communities can work together to prepare for change and develop hazard readiness plans.
Click the button below to review Doner’s presentation for recommendations on how to mitigate climate change and prepare our communities. | <urn:uuid:26f93de2-6691-45e5-9cf8-bd19249701fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wilmotwca.org/2022/06/29/auto-draft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.926386 | 139 | 2.171875 | 2 |
- Study protocol
- Open Access
Incidence and economical effects of pneumonia in the older population living in French nursing homes: design and methods of the INCUR study
BMC Public Health volume 13, Article number: 861 (2013)
Among the most burdensome clinical conditions occurring in older persons, respiratory infections are particularly relevant. In fact, the onset of pneumonias is associated with a significant worsening of the individual’s global health status and significant increase of healthcare costs. The clinical and economical negative consequences of pneumonia may be particularly evident among the frailest groups of elders, in particular those living in nursing home. Nevertheless, specific research on incidence and economical effects of pneumonia in nursing homes residents is still scarce. In the present article, we present the rationale, the design and the methods of the “Incidence of pNeumonia and related ConseqUences in nursing home Resident (INCUR) study, specifically aimed at filling some of the gaps currently present in the field.
INCUR is an observational longitudinal study recruiting 800 residents across 13 randomly selected nursing homes in France. Multidimensional evaluations of participants are conducted at the baseline, mid-term (at 6 months), and end of the study (at 12 months) visits in order to measure and follow-up their physical function, nutrition, cognition, depression, quality of life, and healthcare costs. Incident pneumonia as well as the onset/recurrence of other major health-related events are monitored during the study follow-up.
The INCUR study will provide valuable information about older persons living in nursing homes. Results from INCUR study may constitute the basis for the development of future preventive campaigns against pneumonia and its consequences.
Over the past years, the number and prevalence of older persons in industrialized countries have steadily grown . Consistently, the number of people living in nursing home is also increased and is expected to further rise. To date, in the United States, there are about ~16,100 nursing homes with ~1.5 million residents for ~314 million inhabitants . The projected national cost of nursing home for 2000 exceeded $140 billion, but may exceed $700 billion by 2030 . In France, about 700,000 persons (representing 1.2% of the national population) currently live in ~10 000 nursing homes . Unfortunately, research in nursing homes is still scarce. It has been estimated that only 2% of studies in the geriatrics are carried out in this specific setting which is not only characterized by a steady expansion, but is also particularly burdensome for the healthcare system.
The lack of research in nursing home may be easily explained by the complexity and heterogeneity of the older persons living in this setting and their limited access to study protocols [5, 6]. The vast majority of nursing home residents is characterized by the most dramatic results of the pathophysiological modifications and chronic conditions experienced and accumulated during the entire life course. The complexity of nursing home residents is due to the high comorbidity [7, 8], the frequent polypharmacy (especially including psychotropic drugs ) the presence of major geriatric syndromes (e.g., falls ), and the general poor health status (e.g., malnutrition ). In particular, it cannot be ignored that the high prevalence of physical disability in this population. Fried and colleagues calculated that although older persons represent only the 19% of the entire United States population, their healthcare needs demand almost half of the public health budget. Such economical estimation was largely influenced by the presence of disabling conditions. Both the increasing number of nursing home residents and the heavy burden they impose to public health expenditures make the study of this population a research priority in order to design and hopefully implement future ad hoc preventive and therapeutical interventions.
Any acute illness (in particular, respiratory conditions ) negatively affects physical function of older persons . Therefore, the prevention of physical disability (the primary aim of geriatric medicine) may necessarily imply the need to consider preventive interventions targeting specific acute clinical conditions. The implementation of preventive campaigns is important for the subject (who may reduce the own risk of experiencing the disease) as well as for the healthcare system (which may significantly save resources).
It is possible that the frail older persons living in nursing homes may be specially amenable of beneficiating from preventive interventions and protocols . In fact, the high risk of health-related events and complications to which this population is exposed may reduce the cost-effectiveness ratio of a preventive protocol. Interestingly, the same protocol may differently be unfeasible in community-dwelling subjects because a too large number of persons should receive the intervention in order to gain significant benefits. Moreover, a limited improvement (or even the avoidance of health loss) in a frail older person may have relevant effects for public health, given the exponential relationship between healthcare costs and physical function .
Although the incidence of infectious diseases has been largely decreasing in young and adult persons in Western Countries over the last century, similar trends have not been reported in older persons [17–20]. The atypical presentations of infections at advanced age (including lack of fever, behavioral changes, confusion) are responsible for diagnostic difficulties resulting in incorrect therapeutical prescriptions. For example, it has been reported that a significant proportion of antibiotics use is not justified or not adequately prescribed in nursing homes [21, 22]. The erroneous use of antibiotics contributes not only to generate bacterial resistances, but also increases direct and indirect costs [21, 23].
Most of the observational studies estimating the incidence and effects of infectious diseases has been performed at the community level. Limited evidence on this topic is currently available in nursing homes and long-term care facilities which generally host older persons with higher morbidity and increased mortality risk [20, 24]. Moreover, as suggested by the large variations of prevalence and incidence rates available in literature (mainly due to differences in methodological approaches, intensity of surveillance, case mix, and facility administration ), data from these healthcare settings are far to be definitive. Just to provide few examples about the relevance of the (currently underestimated) phenomenon in nursing home: it has been calculated that the prevalence of infections (i.e., respiratory, cutaneous, and urinary) in institutionalized older persons may range from 1.6% to 32%, and the overall incidence rates vary from 1.8 to 13.5 infections per 1,000 residents-year . These figures are at least 10-fold higher than those reported in community-dwelling older persons . In this context, the respiratory system is one of the most frequently affected sites for infections. The incidence of nursing home-acquired pneumonia in the United States varies between 0.3 and 2.3 episodes per 1,000 resident-days . In a recent paper, Ahmed and colleagues explored the hospitalization events occurring among nursing home residents in the United States, finding that pneumonia was the leading primary discharge diagnosis from the hospital (6%) and a major predictor of in-hospital mortality.
The purpose of the present article is to present the design and methodological approach of the “Incidence of pNeumonia and related ConseqUences in nursing home Resident” (INCUR) study. INCUR is an observational longitudinal cohort study aimed at estimating the incidence and economical effects of pneumonia in older persons living in nursing homes (i.e., Etablissement d’Hébergement pour Personnes Agées Dépendantes, EHPAD) in France.
The INCUR study
Hypotheses and objectives
The INCUR project is specifically aimed at retrieving data from routine clinical practice in order to estimate the incidence of pneumonia events in older persons living in a sample of French nursing homes. Moreover, INCUR is designed to estimate the clinical and economical consequences of pneumonia events by measuring the subsequent access to medical procedures and resources. More in details, the following hypotheses have driven the rationale and conception of the INCUR project:
Pneumonia is a clinical condition frequently complicating the nursing home stay of older persons;
The onset of a pneumonia event in institutionalized older residents is associated with higher healthcare costs;
Incident pneumonia events are associated with an increased risk of mortality in older persons living in nursing home;
The onset of a pneumonia event is responsible for a significant worsening of the physical function of nursing home residents;
Specific variables at patient- and nursing home-level may predict the severity of the pneumonia-related functional loss;
Nursing home residents dying due to pneumonia produce a significantly higher burden in terms of healthcare costs compared to nursing home residents dying for other causes.
Therefore, the INCUR project will pursue the following aims:
To estimate the incidence of pneumonia events in a sample of older nursing home persons over a period of 12 months;
To compare the healthcare costs of nursing home older persons experiencing a pneumonia event versus those who will not over a period of 12 months;
To calculate the mortality risk in a sample of older residents living in nursing home according to the presence/absence of a pneumonia event occurred during a follow-up period of 12 months;
To measure the physical function modifications experienced by a sample of nursing home residents according to the presence/absence of a pneumonia event occurred during a follow-up period of 12 months;
To identify sociodemographic, clinical, and biological characteristics of nursing home older residents, as well as environmental and organizational factors of their own hosting institution, which are associated with a higher degree of functional loss following a pneumonia event;
To explore whether mortality due to pneumonia is associated with higher healthcare costs compared to death events due to non-respiratory causes in nursing home older residents.
For the INCUR project, we recruited 800 residents of 13 nursing homes randomly selected in the Midi-Pyrénées region of France. In particular, nursing homes of the region were consecutively and randomly invited at participating in INCUR. After each nursing home accepted to be involved in the study, all its residents (according to their eligibility for INCUR) were assessed by the study personnel. The recruitment was conducted up to the reaching of the final sample of 800 participants according to the predefined sample size analyses (see specific paragraph). All the nursing homes were part of a national network of institutions representative of this healthcare in France . To be part of the project, the director, the coordinating physician, and the responsible for the nursing of each institution signed a formal agreement and letter of support.
The main inclusion and exclusion criteria were the constituted by the score obtained by the participant at the Autonomie Gérontologie - Groupes Iso-Ressources (AGGIR) scale (Table 1). This scale allows to homogeneously generate six Groupes Iso-Ressources (GIR) at the French national level. The resulting GIR expresses the global functional capacity of the person and drives decisions about the provision of social support from public healthcare system. Subjects with severe disability are excluded from INCUR on the basis of the worst GIR group (i.e., 1). The reason for such exclusion resides in the impossibility to determine in these patients the weight of functional loss due to a pneumonia event (primary aim d). Similarly, residents with no sign of functional impairment at the AGGIR scale (that is having the maximum GIR score of 6) are excluded due to the incapacity to perceive possible functional improvement over the follow-up.
Each eligible participant will be followed-up for 12 months with a total of three clinical assessments: at baseline, 6 months (mid-term visit), and 12 months (close-out visit). The timeline of the INCUR project is depicted in Figure 1. Recruitment of participants and baseline visits began in February 2012 and ended in July 2012, after a preliminary organization phase (for coordinating activities of researcher with the participating nursing homes). The mid-term visit of participants (after 6 months of follow-up) is currently ongoing.
The INCUR visits are conducted by research staff specifically trained at the Gérontopôle of Toulouse. The evaluations will be conducted using multiple scales, questionnaires and tests based on the Geriatric Minimum Data Set (GMDS) , thus allowing a comprehensive assessment of participants. The GMDS is a package of assessment tools designed by a multidisciplinary task force group (i.e., the Gerontonet) , aimed at evaluating the different areas of the person’s health, including physical function, nutrition, cognition, depression, quality of life. As shown in Table 2, these include: ADL , Instrumental ADL (IADL) , European Quality of Life (EuroQoL) instrument , frailty phenotype proposed by Fried and colleagues , Abbreviated Mental Test , 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale , Mini Nutritional Assessment . The GMDS instrument was originally conceived to promote the translation of routinely collected clinical parameters into research data. Therefore, consistently with the descriptive nature of the INCUR project, the items collected will be primarily retrieved from the medical charts of the participants (if present). Missing data will be completed by specific evaluations of the INCUR study staff.
The same standardized multidimensional assessment performed at the baseline will then be repeated at the 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. Additionally, the follow-up visits will be specifically focused at identifying the onset of major health-related events (in particular pneumonia) occurred during the previous 6 months of follow-up. In particular, the study staff will retrieve information about major intercurrent illnesses, emergency room admissions, hospitalizations, and death events (including causes) from patient's medical records and charts, the nursing home personnel, and the proxies of the participant. Moreover, in between the follow-up visits, regular contacts between the study staff and the nursing homes personnel will be maintained in order to facilitate and improve the identification of the health-related events experienced by the INCUR participants.
To design and develop the INCUR study, the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki have been followed and ethical standards complied. The Ethics Committee of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse and the Consultative Committee for the Treatment of Research Information on Health (CNIL) approved the entire study protocol. The Ethics Committee waived the need for written informed consent from the participants given the epidemiological nature of the research within the domain of current clinical practices. Therefore, participants are not required to provide a written informed to the study, but all participants receive written information about the ongoing research (including its objectives and procedures) by the study investigators. Residents are then free to exclude their data from the collection or analysis at any time. In case of residents with cognitive impairment or unable to understand the research protocol, proxies are informed.
From a clinical standpoint of view, it is difficult to obtain a clear and definitive diagnosis of pneumonia in the nursing homes population beacause of the multitude of comorbidities (e.g., heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis) often altering the manifestation of the respiratory infection. For example, cough is often absent (even in more than 50% of the cases), pulmonary crackles are rare, and the only reliable criterion remains the increased respiratory rate. Such difficulties combined with the limited access to complementary biological or imaging exams lead to unreliable estimates for the diagnosis of pneumonia in the nursing homes setting. To improve the diagnostic definition of pneumonia, the Observatoire du Risque Infectieux en Gériatrie (ORIG) recently published specific criteria refining those previously proposed by McGeer and colleagues . The ORIG criteria described by Rothan-Tondeur and colleagues are specifically adapted for use in the nursing homes, taking into account the diagnostic difficulties characterizing this clinical setting. Thus, the ORIG definition of a pneumonia event mirrors the one based on the McGeer and colleagues’ algorithm , but replace the most invasive and complex endoscopic and microbiological criteria with the physician’s clinical judgement.
In the INCUR study, consistently with the ORIG proposition, we will identify pneumonia events on the basis of the following two criteria:
Presence of at least two of the following signs/symptoms:
Worsening or onset of cough, purulent sputum, or specific signs at the auscultation
High respiratory rate (≥25 breaths per minute),
Mental confusion or worsening of physical disability, and
Clinical evidence documented by a physician of crackles at the thoracic auscultation.
It has been reported that the probable cases identified using the ORIG definition are about 3.5-fold higher than the definitive cases of pneumonia identified using the McGeer and colleagues criteria . Surely, this latter definition is more accurate and completely based on objective data. However, its difficult clinical implementation (especially in the nursing homes) and the large difference in the identified cases of pneumonia (compared to the ORIG definition) may be responsible for a likely underestimation of the phenomenon and an inadequate capacity to be adapted to such healthcare setting.
Physical function measures
Physical function modifications will be determined by repeated evaluations of several specific scales and questionnaires. In particular, we will use:
ADL scale ; The number of impaired ADLs was calculated considering the following six tasks: transferring from bed to chair, walking across a room, eating, bathing, using the toilet and personal hygiene.
IADL scale ; The assessment of impaired IADLs was based on the evaluation of the following four tasks: use of the telephone, use of transportations, managing medications and managing finances.
Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) [40, 41]. The SPPB is a physical performance test composed by three timed subtasks: 4-meter usual gait speed, balance, and chair stand tests. Timed results from each test are scored from 0 (worst performers) to 4 (best performers) according to validated and standardized cut-points . Participants unable to perform a specific SPPB subtest will result with a score of 0 (or the 99th percentile) for that part of the instrument. SPPB has shown to be associated with subclinical (e.g., inflammation, vitamin D, antioxidant status) [42, 43] and clinical (e.g., comorbidity, disability, hospitalization, institutionalization, mortality) [44, 45] in older persons;
Hand grip strength. It will be measured using a hand-held dynamometer (model Jamar). Participants will be asked to perform the task twice with each hand. The average of the best results obtained at each side will be used for the analyses. Hand grip strength has shown to be predictive of health-related events (including disability and mortality) [44, 46–48];
Groupes Iso-Ressources (GIR). According to results of this scale, a special allowance (i.e., Allocation Personalisée d'Autonomie, APA) is allocated by the Conseil Général to functionally impaired subjects (scoring 4 or lower). Therefore, its significance is beyond a pure evaluation of physical function, but represents an easy and early indicator of the healthcare cost of an older person.
To address the second aim of the present project related to the healthcare costs of pneumonia events in older persons living in nursing homes, the INCUR project will obtain specific data from the Caisse Primaire d’Assurance Maladie (i.e., the French national healthcare insurance system). In particular, the study coordinators will receive the direct costs that the healthcare system will sustain for each INCUR participant during the study period. Such figures will include total and detailed expenditures (including performed medical procedures, medications consumption, access to specific healthcare services…). As mentioned, specific parameters acting as surrogated measures of healthcare expenditures will also be directly retrieved during the INCUR clinical visits from the participants’ medical records and charts by the INCUR personnel. In particular, we will evaluate the following parameters: number and length of hospitalization events, number of major medical procedures (including admission and length of stay in Intensive Care Unit, Orotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation), and transition to worse GIR classes. Although these (mainly clinical) parameters may not provide the exact estimation of the costs sustained by the healthcare system for the patient, they still represent reliable markers of the economical weight of the case. Moreover, since all these procedures and events have direct and negative influences on the older patient’s quality of life and functional status, their significance goes well beyond a mere financial evaluation. The collaboration with the CNAM will provide us a detailed estimation of healthcare costs charged to the public healthcare system for the management of INCUR participants. Nevertheless, the main limitation of INCUR in this context is represented by the impossibility to detect and measure costs directly sustained by the participant (and his/her family) and the impact of caregivers’ time on societal aspects.
Sample size analyses
Mehr and colleagues estimated that the incidence of nursing home-acquired pneumonia in the United States may range between 0.3 to 2.3 episodes per 1,000 resident-days. In the present study, we expect to enroll 800 EHPAD residents and follow them over a 12-month period (i.e., a total of 292,000 resident-days). Considering the attrition due to mortality (i.e., 20% per year in this setting4), we may expect between 70.1 and 537.3 cases according to the Meher and colleagues’ data . More recently, Rothan-Tondeur and colleagues reported 311 infections in a sample of 2,140 nursing home residents over a period of 28 days (from January 24 to February 20, 2005). The study was conducted defining pneumonia according to the same criteria we will implement in INCUR. Authors showed that pneumonia represented the 7% of all the cases of infections (i.e., 22 events). Translating these figures over a 365-day period (as proposed in the INCUR project) and sample size we plan to recruit (i.e., 800 participants), we obtain 107.2 pneumonia events. It might happen that attrition due to mortality (i.e., 20% per year4) and the spring-summer seasons (during which the pneumonia events might be fewer; i.e., additional 40% over 6 months) may further reduce such estimation. However, we believe that, even in the worst case scenario (i.e., 68.6 cases of pneumonia over one year, consistent with the minimum estimation obtained from analyses performed on the Meher and colleagues’ data ), it will be possible the evaluation of a sufficient number of events to successfully accomplish the INCUR study aims. The recruited sample size of 800 participants produces a two-sided 98.2% or 95.2% confidence interval with a width equal to 0,050 when the incidence of pneumonia are 10% or 15%, respectively. Such incidence rates are overestimating the outcome of interest compared to the previous study by Rothan-Tondeur et al . (7%); thus, INCUR study is adequately powered to accurately estimate the incidence of pneumonia with the sample of 800 participants.
All the analyses will consider an alpha value threshold equal to 5% as determining the statistical significance.
Taking into account the 12-month follow-up of the study participants, we will detect all the participants experiencing a new pneumonia event. The ratio between the number of participants experiencing one or more events and the number of participants constituing the overall sample will provide the incidence of pneumonia in the sample population. Results will be presented as pneumonia cases per 1,000 resident-days, and as pneumonia events over one year. Stratified analyses will be performed according to age groups, gender, and pre-existing pulmonary disease.
Primary independent variable of interest for the present analyses will be the total expenditure (in Euros) that participants will cost to the healthcare system over the follow-up year. Additional secondary analyses will also consider specific aspects of the direct healthcare costs of INCUR participants such as expenses due to hospitalizations or physical therapy sessions. All these analyses will be stratified and compared according to the presence/absence of pneumonia events.
Unadjusted and adjusted analyses of covariance, logistic regression models, and multinominal logistic regression models will be performed to evaluate the means and risks of the outcome variables predicted by the absence/presence of pneumonia events occurred during the follow-up (dicothomous independent variable of interest).
Participating patients will be divided in two groups, according to the presence/absence of a pneumonia event experienced during the follow-up period. Then, the risk of death will be calculated and compared between the two groups. Kaplan-Meier survival curves will be provided according to pneumonia events. Moreover, adjusted Cox proportional hazard analyses taking into account age, gender, pre-existing pulmonary disease, and other possible confounders will be performed to estimate the risk of dying in patients who experienced a pneumonia versus those who did not. Follow-up will be censored at the date of death for patients dying during the follow-up, or to the last contact date for those who did not.
When a pneumonia event will occur, physical function information collected after its onset will be compared to those previously recorded. The difference in physical function measured before and after the pneumonia event will be adjusted for the days between the event onset and the following physical function assessment. This analytical approach will allow to take into account the negative influence that the presence of a (sub)acute phase of the respiratory process may exert on physical function if the event will occur close to the evaluation. Mixed effects analysis of covariance models will also be performed to evaluate physical function modifications over time between patients who experienced a pneumonia event versus those who did not. If statistical power will be sufficient, stratified analyses will also be performed according to the severity of the pneumonia event (e.g., events requiring hospitalization versus those who did not).
For the present analyses, the sum of the results from the three SPPB categorized tests (ranging from 0 [worst physical performance] to 12 [best physical performance]) as well as the crude timed results obtained from each single assessment (in seconds) will be used for the analyses. This will allow to evaluate whether the pneumonia event will differently affect specific components of physical performance (i.e., balance, muscle strength, or gait/coordination).
Chi-square and t-test analyses will be performed to describe the study population for main sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics according to the presence/absence of a pneumonia event occurred during the INCUR project follow-up. Mann-Whitney U statistics will be used for non-normally distributed continuous variables. Normalization through log-transformation will be used for non-normally distributed study variables. Subsequent unadjusted and adjusted Cox proportional hazard models will be analyzed to identify patients’ characteristics that are able to significantly predict pneumonia events (dependent variable of interest). Among the covariates, age, gender, race, and preexisting respiratory conditions will always be considered as potential confounders. Age, gender, and race interactions will be tested for the studied relationships by adding specific interaction terms into the models. If possible, stratified analyses will be performed whereas significant interactions will be obtained.
A similar analytical approach will be used to evaluate specific characteristics of the EHPADs as significant determinants of pneumonia events in patients. EHPADs and patients’ characteristics might be combined in secondary analyses to evaluate the additive value of specific parameters towards the onset of pneumonia events.
We will perform restricted analyses in participants who will die during the follow-up (expected mortality about 20% over 12 months, that is 160 fatal events in our sample population). This subsample of participants will be divided according to the cause of death (i.e., pneumoniarelated versus other causes [expected number of cases 11.2 versus 158.8 according to Rothan- Tondeur et al ). Chi-square and t-test analyses will be performed to verify whether significant differences between patients dying because of a pneumonia event versus those dying for other causes exist for the following healthcare parameters: - Total expenditure (in Euros) that participants will cost to the healthcare system over the follow-up period. This datum will be obtained by the Gerontopôle from the Caisse Primaire d’Assurance Maladie, which has allowed the specific and exclusive release of it to the CHUToulouse. Additional analyses will also consider specific aspects of the direct healthcare costs of INCUR participants such as expenses due to hospitalizations or physical therapy sessions.
Mann-Whitney U statistics will be used for non-normally distributed continuous variables. Normalization through log-transformation will be used for non-normally distributed study variables. These analyses will consider the entire follow-up period available. Secondary analyses will also be restricted to consider the last month preceding the fatal event. In this way, we will be able to undestand whether the hypothesized higher healthcare costs of pneumonia events leading to death are distributed over time, or compressed in the very last period of life. If the statistical power will be sufficient, additional adjusted logistic and linear regression models will be performed taking into account potential confounders.
The quality and eventual acceptance of all studies depend on issues such as: maintaining randomization integrity, accurately assessing participant eligibility, recording dropouts and adherence, measuring outcome variables without bias, preventing premature release of results, monitoring and assessing protocol adherence, and avoiding biases in the analysis of the results. Quality control procedures are devised to monitor screening, data collection, follow-up, clinical measurements, collection of forms, data entry procedures, and overall scientific and leadership operations.
Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity and transfers to acute care facilities among nursing homes residents. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia absorbs a large part of economical resources of the healthcare system . There is growing evidence suggesting that hospitalization events in residents with nursing home-acquired pneumonia may also not be clinically relevant, but still responsible for increased healthcare costs . Unfortunately, clinical research in the nursing home population is still too limited in this field.
The extremely heterogeneous characteristics of institutionalized older persons make particularly difficult the design and conduction of specific studies and, at the same time, almost impossible to directly apply evidence from different settings. The value of preventive or therapeutic strategies commonly adopted in adults is often insufficiently assessed or adequately confirmed/validated in institutionalized older persons to allow a direct and unmodified translation of medical guidelines. This issue may (at least partially) explain the relative reduction of efficacy for several interventions (including antibiotics) in nursing homes .
Given the multicausal nature of disability, preventive interventions against it should target a wider spectrum of risk factors potentially inducing (or worsening) the loss of physical function and health status. Consequently, an effective program of prevention against disability goes necessarily through the counteraction of stressors (including acute conditions, such as pneumonia) capable to disrupt the already impaired homeostatic equilibrium of frail older persons. In such scenario, preventive interventions (e.g., anti-pneumococcal vaccines) may gain special relevance, even beyond their specific action at the respiratory apparatus level.
The current limited evidence coming from the nursing home setting and the modest adherence to current recommendations represent two major barriers to successful act against disability and its major consequences at advanced age. Rolland and colleagues already discussed the reasons for this gap between the theoretical scientific recommendations and their practical application in the nursing home clinical routine. For example, data from a recent study reveal that while most nursing home residents (about 80%) currenty receive anti-influenza vaccination, less than one third are instead vaccinated against pneumococcus . To achieve higher vaccination rates, the use of Standing Order Program (allowing for vaccination without an individual physician's order) has even been proposed as being the most effective and economically favourable strategy to implement preventive interventions . However, before considering the systematic implementation of an intervention like this (especially given the size of the target population) more robust data are needed. In other words, it is important to carefully and more comprehensively study the most common conditions of nursing homes, in particular those diseases for which the efficacy of preventive and/or therapeutical interventions has already been clearly proven elsewhere. Only after having obtained data describing the disease characteristics (in terms of prevalence, incidence, consequences) and the cost-effectiveness of available preventive/therapeutical interventions, the extension of these latters may be correctly planned in the daily clinical routine of nursing homes. The INCUR project goes indeed in this direction by 1) describing an almost unknown population, 2) estimating the incidence of a frequent and severely burdening condition as pneumonia, 3) measuring the effects of such disease in terms of clinical (for the patient) and economical (for public health) consequences.
In conclusion, studies are needed to adequately describe and explore the complex frail older population living in nursing homes. The INCUR study will provide valuable information about the incidence and consequences of a frequent clinical condition (i.e., pneumonia) in this peculiar subgroup of older persons. The INCUR study will also support the conduction of sample size analyses of future trials aimed at evaluating the effects of preventive/therapeutical interventions against pneumonia in nursing homes. Main results from the INCUR study are expected for the second half of 2013.
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The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/861/prepub
The INCUR project is supported by Pfizer. We thank Dr. Luca Mollo and Dr. Sedipeh Attal at Pfizer for their help and assistance. We also thank all the people who is making the INCUR project possible, in particular the clinical and administrative personnel of the participating nursing homes: Centre Hospitalier de Castelnaudary, De Vinci, Faux-Bourg Saint Adrien, Jean Loubès, Le Pastel, Domaine de Lasplanes, La Triade, Le Castelou, Le Garnagues, Maréchal Leclerc, Montréal, Saint Jacques, Saint Joseph.
The INCUR study was funded by Pfizer. The funding agency had no role in the design and conduction of the study, as well as in the writing of the present report.
All authors declare no conflict of interest.
MC, YR, BV: have made substantial contributions to conception and design. LD, DP, MD: have participated to the data collection. LD, MC: wrote the manuscript. LD, YR, SG, DP, MD, BV, MC: have made substantial contributions to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Demougeot, L., Rolland, Y., Gérard, S. et al. Incidence and economical effects of pneumonia in the older population living in French nursing homes: design and methods of the INCUR study. BMC Public Health 13, 861 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-861
- Older adults
- Nursing home
- Physical disability
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Healing at the Beautiful Gate
1One afternoon Peter and John went to the temple for the three o’clock prayer. # 3:1 Daily sacrifices were made in the temple at sunrise and about three o’clock every afternoon. 2As they came to the entrance called the Beautiful Gate, # 3:2 Or “the gate called Wonderful” in Aramaic. It is difficult to ascertain which of the many gates of the temple this might have been, and there is varying speculation with no certain conclusion. However, this Beautiful Gate points to Jesus Christ, who is the gate or entrance into the sheepfold of God. Furthermore, it hints of Ezekiel’s temple (Ezek. 47), which has a river flowing out from the threshold through the gateway of the temple. This river was first measured to be ankle deep. This man, lame in his ankles, was healed by the spiritual “river” that flowed out the “Beautiful Gate” of Christ. The gateway opened up and the river poured out of Peter and John, bringing healing to the lame. they were captured by the sight of a man crippled from birth being carried and placed at the entrance to the temple. He was often brought there to beg for money from those going in to worship. 3When he noticed Peter and John going into the temple, he begged them for money.
4Peter and John, looking straight into the eyes of the crippled man, said, “Look at us!” 5Expecting a gift, he readily gave them his attention. 6Then Peter said, “I don’t have money, but I’ll give you this—by the power of the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth, stand up and walk!”
7-8Peter held out his right hand to the crippled man. As he pulled the man to his feet, suddenly power surged into his crippled feet and ankles. The man jumped up, stood there for a moment stunned, and then began to walk around! As he went into the temple courts with Peter and John, he leapt for joy and shouted praises to God.
9When all the people saw him jumping up and down and heard him glorifying God, 10they realized it was the crippled beggar they had passed by in front of the Beautiful Gate. Astonishment swept over the crowd, for they were amazed over what had happened to him.
Peter Preaches to the Crowd
11Dumbfounded over what they were witnessing, the crowd ran over to Peter and John, who were standing under the covered walkway called Solomon’s Porch. Standing there also was the healed beggar, clinging to Peter and John. # 3:11 What an amazing picture this makes. This scene transpired at Solomon’s Porch. Lessons of wisdom, greater than the wisdom of Solomon, were uncovered by this miracle to those who had hearts of understanding.
12With the crowd surrounding him, Peter said to them all, “People of Israel, # 3:12 The Aramaic could be translated “protectors of Israel.” listen to me! Why are you so amazed by this healing? Why do you stare at us? We didn’t make this crippled man walk by our own power or authority. # 3:12 As translated from the Aramaic. The Greek is “piety.” 13The God of our ancestors, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, # 3:13 See Ex. 3:6. has done this. For he has glorified his Servant # 3:13 See Isa. 52:13. Jesus, the one you denied to Pilate’s face when he decided to release him—and you insisted that he be crucified. 14You rejected # 3:14 Or “denied.” It is amazing how complete was the healing of Peter’s life. Just fifty days previously, it was Peter who denied he knew Jesus three times. Now he says to his fellow Jews, “You denied the holy and righteous One!” the one who is holy and righteous, and instead begged for a murderer to be released. 15You killed the Prince of Life! # 3:15 Or “Originator of Life.” But God raised him from the dead, and we stand here as witnesses to that fact. 16Faith in Jesus’ name has healed this man standing before you. It is the faith that comes through believing in Jesus’ name that has made the crippled man walk right in front of your eyes!
17“My fellow Jews, I realize that neither you nor your leaders realize the grave mistake you made. 18But in spite of what you’ve done, God has fulfilled what he foretold through the prophets long ago about the sufferings of his Anointed One. 19And now you must repent and turn back # 3:19 Peter uses the Greek word epistrepho (“turn back to God,” “be converted”). We need to not only repent but to return home to God’s grace and truth. This is a Hebraic thought of returning to the Lord God (the Hebrew word shuv). Every Jew would know what that means: “Come back to God!” Repentance and return is more than a passive changing of one’s mind. to God so that your sins will be removed, # 3:19 The Greek word used here, exaleipho, means “obliterated” or “canceled.” and so that times of refreshing # 3:19 Or “cooling breeze,” which occurs only here in the New Testament. This hints of the time when God walked with Adam in the cooling breeze of the day. The work of the cross begins the restoration of Paradise within the hearts of Christ’s followers. will stream from the Lord’s presence. 20And he will send you Jesus, the Messiah, the appointed one. # 3:20 The Aramaic can be translated “He will send you all that has been already prepared for you through Jesus, the Anointed One.” 21For he must remain in heaven until the restoration of all things # 3:21 Or “until the time for the universal restoration.” has taken place, # 3:21 Or “This one the heavens must receive until the times of universal restoration.” The word restoration in Greek is apokatastasis, which infers the restoration of creation to the state of existence before the fall, but also Davidic covenant being restored. Luke’s choice of the Greek word found only here in the New Testament is noteworthy. It is a medical term that means “restoration of perfect health.” fulfilling everything that God said long ago through his holy prophets. 22For has not Moses told us: # 3:22 See Lev. 23:29; Deut. 18:15, 19.
‘The Lord your God will raise up
a prophet from among you who is like me.
Listen to him and follow everything he tells you.
23Every person who disobeys that prophet
will be cut off and completely destroyed.’
24“In fact, every prophet from the time of Samuel onward has prophesied of these very days! 25And you are heirs of their prophecies # 3:25 Or “sons of the prophets.” and of the covenants God made with your fathers when he promised Abraham, # 3:25 See Gen. 22:18; 26:4. ‘Your descendant # 3:25 Or “seed” (descendants). will bring blessing to all the people on the earth.’
26“Now that God raised up his Son, # 3:26 The Greek word pais can mean either “servant” or “son.” (See Strong’s Concordance, Gr. 3816.) The Aramaic is clearly “son.” Notice how many times in the book of Acts that the followers of Christ preached the resurrection. The power and virtue of the cross can never be diminished; however, it is the resurrection of Christ that became the apostolic center of their preaching in the book of Acts. he has chosen to send him first to you that he might bless you by turning each one of you # 3:26 The Aramaic uses the conditional clause “if you turn and repent from your evils.” from your wickedness.” # 3:26 The Greek is plural, “wickednesses” or “evil ways.” | <urn:uuid:d2582a75-a3db-4fd6-8b95-d2bd604052b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bible.com/bible/1849/ACT.3.TPT | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.969851 | 1,800 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Moral Responsibility and Alternative Possibilities
Essays on the Importance of Alternative Possibilities
This book explores an important issue within the free will debate: the relation between free will and moral responsibility. In his seminal article 'Alternate Possibilities and Moral Responsibility', Harry Frankfurt launched a vigorous attack on the standard conception of that relation, questioning the claim that a person is morally responsible for what she has done only if she could have done otherwise. Since then, Frankfurt's thesis has been at the center of philosophical discussions on free will and moral responsibility. Moral Responsibility and Alternative Possibilities, edited by David Widerker and Michael McKenna, draws together the most recent work on Frankfurt's thesis by leading theorists in the area of free will and responsibility. As the majority of the essays appear here for the first time, Moral Responsibility and Alternative Possibilities offers the newest developments in this important debate.
Table of Contents
Contents: Introduction, Michael McKenna and David Widerker; Alternate possibilities and moral responsibility, Harry Frankfurt; Responsibility and alternative possibilities, John Martin Fischer; Blameworthiness and Frankfurt's argument against the principle of alternative possiblities, David Widerker; In defense of alternative possibilities: why I don't find Frankfurt's argument convincing, Carl Ginet; Responsibility, indeterminism and Frankfurt-style cases: a reply to Mele and Robb, Robert Kane; Classical compatibilism: not dead yet, Bernard Berofksy; BBs, magnets, and seesaws: the metaphysics of Frankfurt-style cases, Alfred R. Mele and David Robb; Moral responsibility without alternative possibilities, Eleonore Stump; Freedom, foreknowledge, and Frankfurt, David Hunt; Source incompatibilism and alternative possibilities, Derk Pereboom; Robustness, control, and the demand for morally significant alternatives: Frankfurt examples with oodles and oodles of alternatives, Michael McKenna; Alternate possiblities and Reid's theory of agent causation, William Rowe; Responsibility and agent causation, John Martin Fischer; Soft libertarianism and flickers of freedom, Alfred Mele; 'Ought' implies 'can', blameworthiness, and the principle of alternate possibilities, David Copp; The moral significance of alternate possiblities, Michael Zimmerman; The selling of Joseph - a Frankfurtian interpretation, Charlotte Katzoff; Some thoughts concerning PAP, Harry Frankfurt; Index.
David Widerker is Professor in the Department of Philosophy, Bar-Ilan University, Israel. Michael McKenna is Professor in the Philosophy and Religion Florida State University, USA.
'This is a fascinating collection of articles, by some of the leading figures in contemporary moral philosophy, exploring a topic that has generated considerable interest in recent years. The work here is of the highest quality.' Metapsychology Online '...no-one seriously interested in moral responsibility and free will can afford to ignore this book.' Journal of Moral Philosophy 'This book collects the best recent literature on the philosophical debate on PAP... a very useful book, perfectly suitable to introduce newcomers to a fascinating debate.' Ethical Perspectives | <urn:uuid:2ff4afde-e6aa-49a3-b579-99c448d5cc49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.routledge.com/Moral-Responsibility-and-Alternative-Possibilities-Essays-on-the-Importance/Widerker-McKenna/p/book/9780754656982 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.867048 | 665 | 2.34375 | 2 |
- December 2, 2016
- Posted by: Surety Bond Experts
- Category: Surety Bond History
In today’s blog we discuss the necessity of surety bonds throughout modern day American construction. But let’s go back a little further than that. The construction industry has been around since before Antiquity, when humans engineered roads and infrastructures to make traveling and living easier. The need for a surety’s assurance, dates back to 2,750 BC, when a farmer was called to war. A second farmer agreed to work his fields in his absence. A third farmer guaranteed that the second farmer would follow the contractual obligation. This was all found on a tablet from the Mesopotamian time period.
Fast forward to current times, and we see that the US federal and state government have spent over $400 billion on infrastructure projects. Just like the farmers, the contractors required a third party to vouch that they would complete the task. For any federal project over $150,000, this contractual arrangement is not voluntary as it was for our Mesopotamian farmer friends.
A Brief History of Contractors in the United States
During the booming Industrial Age of the late 1800s, America was flourishing. The Rockefellers, Carnegies and many other tycoons were building up America with their skyscrapers, railroads and other infrastructural projects. Many small contractors jumped on this economic boom. But as the US government hired contractors, many were not able to complete the job. They often bit off more than they could handle. Sadly, these projects were often meant to benefit the public. Citizens increasingly found themselves inconvenienced and frustrated that their tax dollars had been wasted due to the negligence of the contractors. An additional byproduct of the incomplete projects was that many who worked on the projects were not compensated for their time or supplies. Additionally, subcontractors and suppliers found that they were not able to seek compensation, because placing a lien on government property was not allowed. These situations forced the government to take a long, hard look as to how government projects were to be awarded. The solution suggested was to prequalify contractors.
Going the legislative road: The Heard and Miller Acts
Enter the Heard and Miller Acts. In 1894, Congress passed the Heard Act, which acted as a protection against incompetent or faulty contractors. It put the prequalification process in the hands of a surety bond producer (similar to our third farmer). It was, and is, the surety bond producer’s main role to evaluate the contractor and deem them fit or unfit for the government project. The surety bond producer evaluates the contractor’s financial records to assess their competency. It also protects subcontractors and suppliers, by allowing them to file a claim in case a contractor defaults on the payment surety bond. It was modified in 1935 when Congress passed the Miller Act, which required contractors to purchase a performance and payment bond for federal projects.
Individual States quickly saw the benefits of requiring contractors to be bonded and passed The Little Miller Acts, which have further conditions specific to each state. The benefits of the Heard, Miller and Little Miller Acts are that there have been less contractor defaults, the reliability of contractors has improved and a more efficient construction industry has emerged.
We here at GotSuretyBonds.com are proud to carry on the tradition of our third farmer, helping contractors get bonded for government jobs and assessing and protecting their companies. If you’re in need of a surety bond, contact us today to start your journey to a more successful and profitable business. | <urn:uuid:cc58d093-47cf-4422-adf1-777efab78a65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gotsuretybonds.com/surety-bond-history/the-miller-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.969922 | 741 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Frustration generally happens when our desired personal dreams and goals don’t seem to be met. We have a tendency to feel frustrated when a result of what we wished to occur merely did not occur, or we face challenges. There are such a large number of things that can make us be frustrated. A few people follow up on that feeling, whereas others don’t. As a general rule, the reason for our frustrations may be ascribed to outer forces that we can’t control over. It tends to be activated by a circumstance like a contraption not working, or maybe by another person. Frustration can stop us from being motivated. We can start up by attempting to unravel what is making the frustration, or we can essentially surrender.
It is no matter what the reason is, the people react to this conduct in a different way. It is natural for us to become frustrated once in a while. It’s the manner we respond to it that is significant. Can you attempt to seek out a solution, or can you simply yield? The most misbehavior could be to act roughly towards other persons that happen the problem. Much the same as any behavioral problems that we experience in our lifetime, there’s constantly a way to beat it. Here are 10 ways that I expect will assist you to overcome frustration.
1. Discuss with a friend
It is constantly beneficial to discuss with another person about anything that is troubling us. Well, perhaps this is not everything, but the purpose here is to have the capacity to share contained feelings with somebody rather than simply remaining quiet about them all. Who knows, your friend may have a few solutions that can support you!
2. Acknowledge reality
We additionally ought to check our personal reality. If we have finished everything among our power to achieve something and it still doesn’t estimate, then we ought to attempt to acknowledge it for what it’s worth. What I do in this sort of circumstance is compose pros and cons list, and after that, I accept it from there.
3. Write down your progress
Now and then we have a tendency to feel that thing are not going quick enough, or they’re not doing work the proper away. That can create plenty of frustration. Make a checklist and observe how you’re advancing. Now and then little steps may appear nothing, but having the ability to cross those little steps off the list one after another is useful for viewing fruitful improvement.
4. Restrain from blaming yourself
Perhaps the reason for frustration is something of your own making. Take that and attempt to seek out solutions instead of blaming yourself ceaselessly. It’ll solely place you in a very negative mode which can do more damage good. It is your deficiency; take that and proceed on.
5. Stop being angry
Anger is a way to reveal our frustration. It may be either directed towards ourselves or to the one inflicting the frustration. Listen to music or collect a musical instrument and play it or read the comic page of your paper. The purpose here is to reduce anger so you can be able to think straight. Just when you’re pondering straight and quiet can you be capable to address the problem that is making you be frustrated.
6. Attempt to be positive
Attempt to consider the other tough times that you have experienced and yet became successful in the past. Tell yourself, this also will go, as it generally does. It will not be a simple activity, yet in the event that we attempt to remember our good fortune and visualize where we have been successful before, we can consider that there’s no method that we can’t overcome this too.
7. Do a healthy and productive task
You watch a comedy movie so that you can laugh for a few hours. Take a walk and inhale some fresh air. Enjoy your personal hobby. Accomplish anything, something that protects your mind off the frustration before coming back to it with a fresh attitude.
Everyone gets frustrated in their lives. It’s a natural feeling that we have to overcome. As long as we have a tendency to work goals and dreams that we need to witness we will experience some type of frustration. Keep in mind, it is how to manage it that is significant. | <urn:uuid:36432ad3-9cae-4e1a-8b68-c2435754e65d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://liveblogspot.com/general/7-ways-to-manage-frustration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.962876 | 882 | 2.296875 | 2 |
I liked the idea of having a custom LED display in my car to send notices to the person in the car behind me.
The CarSwitch is a Particle Photon connected to five buttons which are mounted in a custom case. Additionally a DFPlayer Mini is connected to the photon to play funny sounds by pressing a button. The LED display supports scrolling text, static text and different colors.
Unfortunately custom LED displays are not allowed in the traffic rules so the display is not connected to the photon while the CarSwitch is mounted inside the car.
The photon is able to act as a native keyboard so I decided to build an input device for some computer games. The main parts are the big red and green push buttons which act as classic game buzzers. When pressing one of the big push buttons the WS2812B LED matrix lights green or red depending on button which was pressed first. Additionally the DFPlayer mini which is connected by UART to the photon is playing a buzzer sound on the small speaker.
The five additional buttons are used to trigger additional keys which are useful while playing games.
The pushbuttons used in my smartswitch did no longer respond correctly to presses so I replaced them with some better buttons and adjusted the case. Additionally I included a DFPlayer Mini to play some sounds by pressing a button. | <urn:uuid:15c6f7a0-032e-466b-9c42-fdb3b47b73ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.haegi.org/category/projects/smartswitch/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.952206 | 269 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Fiscal Issues Likely To Be Key In Republican Primary Debate
Considering recent developments, fiscal policy is likely to be the number one topic at tonight's debate in the race for the 2012 Republican presidential nomination, hosted at Iowa State University in Ames, Iowa just days before the much-ballyhooed Ames Straw Poll this Saturday. The S&P credit rating downgrade brought heavy criticism from candidates Michele Bachmann, Mitt Romney, and Jon Huntsman, but you can be sure that the debate will be filled with questions about how they would get us on the path back to AAA (at least with S&P).
As candidates debate tonight, and as they form their policy agendas in the coming weeks, we hope they look to be specific on fiscal issues. Candidates should offer concrete ideas for the deliberations of the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction -- the special joint committee created under the debt limit deal that is tasked with finding $1.5 trillion in 10-year savings by the end of November. President Obama has said he will present his own ideas to the committee for how they can reach their savings target, and the Republican presidential candidates should look to do the same, offering detailed plans and policies that can help set our nation on a sound fiscal path. Generalities about cutting spending or platitudes about rolling back the size of government will not suffice.
Candidates should also explain how they intend to pay for any jobs creation programs, tax cuts, or other deficit-increasing proposals included in their policy agendas. We cannot afford to be digging ourselves a deeper hole.
Here are some of the key questions we think candidates should be ready to answer:
- How would you recommend the special joint committee reach its goal of $1.5 trillion in savings?
- How would you craft a plan to reach at least $4 trillion in deficit reduction in order to stabilize the debt and put our country on a stronger financial footing?
- What are your priorities for the nation and how do you plan to pay for them?
- How would you address unsustainable cost growth in Medicare and Medicaid?
- How would you look to fix Social Security's financing gap?
- What is your plan for the extension or expiration of the 2001/2003/2010 tax cuts, and how would you go about comprehensive tax reform?
- How would you meet and build upon the savings enacted in the recently passed discretionary caps?
- How would you reform the budget process to better promote effective and responsible budgeting?
Make sure to tune in tonight and keep an ear out for what the candidates are saying about their plans for fiscal policy. We know that it is not necessarily easy to lay out specific deficit reduction policies in the context of a political debate, but considering the events of the past few weeks and the events still to come later in the year, we expect more than general statements and cliches.
photo / Flikr user Gade Skidmore | <urn:uuid:e6c29eac-37e0-4840-a3c7-2fa9aef37c56> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.crfb.org/blogs/fiscal-issues-likely-be-key-republican-primary-debate | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.957785 | 594 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Back To Basics Building Blocks Of Design Thinking The Tech Revolutionist
Successful design thinking incorporates four principles that work best when used together and repeatedly. performing these components in isolation―observation, ideation, prototyping and testing―misses the critical point of design thinking, which is both a journey and a mindset. 1. observation: ultimately, because the end goal is to deliver. To help companies develop the new capabilities they need to succeed in the digital marketplace, ross and her co authors identified five foundational building blocks to digital transformation. three of the five are technology platforms: an operational backbone, a digital platform, and an external developer platform. Design review in progress at fantasy interactive (large preview) pattern libraries, style guides and design principles. pattern libraries (reusable building blocks such as ui bars), style guides, and design principles (principles that allow developers to propagate design language in their own apps) are essential elements of design language. Study of human behavior. begins with a hypothesis. 2. uncovers latent unmet needs of the user. focuses on iteration and validates learning. 3. suitable when the problem is unknown. suitable when the problem is known. moving forward, you will explore how design thinking agile can be used together. The tech revolutionist was established in 2012 to bring the latest news from the pc diy scene to the readers in singapore. we have now expanded into many other areas in technology, covering a wide scope of topics from lifestyle consumer to enterprise products.
Courses Saturday Kids
Building blocks in architecture design. an architecture is a set of building blocks depicted in an architectural model, and a specification of how those building blocks are connected to meet the overall requirements of an information system. the various building blocks in an architecture specify the services required in an enterprise specific. The first, which is recommended by david allen in getting things done, is to only put in your calendar those events which have to happen at that time – meetings, appointments, scheduled phone calls, etc. the rest of the time, you’re working from your task lists according to your sense of what the most important thing to work on right now is. Search our library of home plans to find your perfect floor plan, access design resources and plan books, whether you are a home builder or a home buyer 1 800 947 7526 [email protected] contact us.
Solidworks Tech Blog
Jquery Tutorial What Is Jquery And What Is Jquery Used For
Back To Basics: Building Blocks, Revisited Webinar | Autocad
back to basics! in this build your autocad iq webinar we show you how to insert, create and redefine blocks. blocks are named we're kicking off a new type of office hours where experts will discuss all things design systems. for our inaugural stream of why is it that so many people think they can't draw? where did we learn to believe that? graham shaw will shatter this illusion in this 2018 gdc session, spry fox's daniel cook explains how to keep human beings from being treated as interchangeable, local anarchist teams up with homeless teletubby to destroy government plot stream (can't read the math behind cryptocurrencies. help fund future projects: patreon 3blue1brown an equally valuable form of april 7, 2021. in this webinar, walt musial with the national renewable energy laboratory (nrel) provides an introduction to an onc artificial intelligence showcase seizing the opportunities and managing the risk of use of ai in health it 0:00 opening this talk goes over the basics of game design and explains the science of deep engagement, also known as flow (by mihaly earth science for kids is the fun way to learn important facts about earth science and prepare for tests. take a fascinating journey we have constructed an anechoic chamber for testing speaker performance. you will get to see some of the testing of the | <urn:uuid:1667f9a2-19c7-4175-9e00-52ddbcfa2b91> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ciampeathehomedesignings.com/back-to-basics-building-blocks-of-design-thinking-the-tech-revolutionist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.927347 | 799 | 2.671875 | 3 |
As the Genetic Literacy Project reports, a Kaua'i County Council member hand-picked less than 24 hours earlier because of his known opposition to GMOs provided the deciding vote to override the county mayor’s veto of a bill its supporters hope will deal a fatal blow to crop biotechnology on Hawaii.
[Editor's note: This story was updated on November 17, 6:00 PM ET, to reflect breaking news.]
The 5-2 vote means that Bill 2491, which requires large farms and agribusinesses to disclose pesticide use and growth of genetically modified crops, is now law. Critical government officials and bill opponents noted that the bill focuses solely on one industry and does not set spraying restrictions. disclosure requirements or buffer zones on pest control companies, homeowners, hotels, golf courses and the county itself which together use more than 85% of pesticides on Kaua'i. The county is also required to set up a committee to study whether pesticides are harming the environment or the health of residents.The regulations will take effect in nine months—if they survive an anticipated legal challenge.
The vote by Mason Chock, a favorite of the antis, who was selected on Friday to fill a vacancy on the council, was the difference maker. The council normally has seven members but has been down one for weeks since Nadine Naka-mura resigned to become Kauai County managing director.
Chock's rushed selection on Friday and his Saturday vote capped a week of intrigue that raises numerous ethical and legal issues. The new council member was not elected by popular vote. Rather, the anti block chose him over former council member KipuKai Kualii, who came in eighth in the last election, just short of being elected. In short, a person hand selected by the fierce opponents of crop biotechnology got to cast the deciding vote on whether one of the most controversial agricultural bill’s in Hawaii’s history would become law.
For the moment, the mayor is being conciliatory. In a statement after the vote, Mayor Bernard Carvalho Jr. said, "Of course we will honor the Council's decision and I will continue to work with my departments to determine how we will implement this new law, which is scheduled to take effect in nine months."
What’s the backstory and the latest twists in this bizarre saga?
Imagine you have a business dispute and the case goes to a jury trial. It’s a complicated issue and takes weeks to hear all the evidence. The jury listens intently. Then, just as the jurors are about to rule in your favor, they are suddenly replaced—with new jurors who have not heard a shred of evidence. Even more unfair, your legal adversary gets to choose them.
Sounds crooked, right? It would certainly be illegal, as the substituted jurors would not have heard any testimony and would be beholden to those who appointed them. Yet that is just the travesty of justice that has occurred on Kaua’i.
Kaua’i County has a hybrid legal system, with powers shared by the County Council and the mayor. Last month when the Council passed Bill 2491 over the objections of the mayor, who pleaded for a one-month delay to review the legal nightmare the bill’s passage might conjure, it was not the final word. The mayor had a legal right to weigh in.
Two weeks later, after the Office of the Kaua’i County Attorney analyzed the bill, calling it a “legal mess,” the mayor vetoed the measure. That set off shock waves among anti-GMO activists, who were outraged that he would follow the advice of his legal council. They launched a personal and vicious ‘witch hunt’ like campaign marked by death threats, targeting the mayor and bill opponents, which prompted the county to institute extraordinary safety measures during court sessions.
The situation went downhill from that very low level. The original measure passed 6-1. But under Kaua’i law, the mayor could block any legislation. After hearing from the country’s legal staff and discussing the bill’s implications with Hawaii state officials, he decided the bill could be unenforceable even if it should survive a legal gauntlet.
His veto set off a series of legal maneuvers, complicated by the fact that shortly after the vote, one of the council members, Naka-mura, had resigned. That left only six members on the council, with five votes needed to override Carvalho’s veto. With a shrunken council, what could—what should—the members do?
Last week, the council went back into session to discuss whether adding a new member at this late juncture to vote on the mayor’s veto would be fair to the new appointee or the county—after all the new person would not have heard months of debate.
The one negative vote on the bill, Mel Rapozo, openly stated his opposition to delaying the override vote until a replacement had been chosen. “I don’t want to see the process of selecting the seventh member be hanging on to this issue, this bill,” he said. “To rest the decision on replacing a council member on one issue, I don’t think that that’s the right thing to do. I don’t think that’s fair.”
But he was not alone. A majority of the council agreed with Rapozo. “We’ve gone through thirteen weeks of exposure to the issue, from testimony and so on,” Council Chair Jay Furfaro said, explaining why he opposed delaying the override vote until a new member was selected. It would desecrate the democratic process, he suggested—akin to a legal adversary stacking a jury with new members who had never heard the evidence.
JoAnn Yukimura, a staunch bill advocate, also agreed that any new council member should not have a say in this dispute. “There are so many important issues facing this community, and what we’re looking for is a much broader set of values and character and knowledge than one issue,” she said, announcing her opposition to letting a new council member vote on the issue. She was “horrified,” she said, that the process of choosing Nakamura’s successor had to be done in the context of Bill 2491.
Even Tim Bynum, one of the bill’s introducers, declared, “If there’s not five votes to override, that’s it. The only way to address these concerns is to start all over with a new bill, which I will certainly do.”
That was fairness and democracy in action. That was last week. Then came this past Thursday, when the County Council met to discuss whether to override the veto. Further complicating the issue, the day before, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, with the backing of the Governor, released voluntary guidelines mirroring the disclosure and buffer zones proposed in the legislation, undercutting the urgency to pass a measure that would without question end up in court with the county saddled with legal fees. The state recommend guidelines are scheduled to go into effect on December 1 and apply to the five companies mentioned in Bill 2491—DuPont Pioneer, Dow AgroSciences, BASF, Syngenta and Kauai Coffee. The companies are expected to voluntarily disclose their pesticide use to the public. The department says it also plans to establish a “Kauai Agricultural Good Neighbor Program” to provide more information and education on pesticide use on the island.
Even though the new guidelines include almost all of the provisions of the bill, and would have the likelihood of a costly legal battle, the anti block denounced the plan. “They insult me. They insult this council. They insult our community,” Hooser. “They think we’re fools. It’s ridiculous. To think they’re going to come up here on the last day and save us with a volunteer compliance. It does nothing.”
After hours and hours of emotionally laden testimony, the six council members had their say. Mel Rapozo surprised no one by declaring he would not support the override. Council members Gary Hooser and Tim Bynum, the bill’s introducers, along with Yukimura and Furfaro had all stated previously they would vote in favor of the override. It would all come down to Ross Kagawa’s vote. He concluded his ten-minute testimony, saying, “I’m going to follow my heart and my mind, and I’m going to continue to work with the state, with Mr. Rapozo, in getting some answers to those families that are suffering. I will not be supporting the override.”
Suddenly, all hell broke loose. Bill supporters in the audience began weeping and others stormed out of the courthouse. As for the anti-GMO council members, forget Bynam’s and Yukimura’s and Furfaro’s public pledges that tying the appointment of a new council member to a vote override would be divisive and inappropriate. The promises about defending democracy and insisting that ones view on this one issue should not be a political litmus test—all that went out the window. Expediency and ideology prevailed.
What happened next was one of the most troubling in this nasty melodrama. In a transparent maneuver to derail the vote, Hooser motioned for a recess—procedure normally reserved for a few minutes or hours—arguing that the council should reconvene the following day. It was clear to everyone that he was wanted the anti-GMO faction to hand select and seat the seventh council member to guarantee the veto overthrow.
Was Hooser’s maneuver legal? Maybe, that’s yet to be known. The bait and switch may very well be a violation of the due process set out in the Kaua’i County Charter. What will happen next? Don’t ever assume it can’t get worse from here. One or more legal challenges are expected, perhaps as early as this coming week. The Mayor's office, the state and the effected businesses are all reportedly reviewing their options. Hooser downplayed the threat of legal action by trying to put the bill's opponents on the defensive. “I cannot imagine these large corporations suing a tiny county like Kauai for the right to spray poisons next to schools,” he said.
But Yakimura appeared to say that she welcomed a legal challenge. No one really knows “until the court speaks,” she said.
“If it’s legal then we can move ahead,” she said. “I’m not sure why anybody, on either side of the issue, is opposing going to court. And the only way we can go to court is through a bill. ... If it’s legal then we can move ahead. I’m not sure why anybody, on either side of the issue, is opposing going to court. And the only way we can go to court is through a bill.”
The mayor said he would move forward with enforcing the new law, while awaiting a likely legal challenge. “While a legal challenge is expected, and that may prevent us from immediately implementing 2491, I can assure the public that nothing will stop us from moving forward as quickly as possible with the public health study, working with the state to ensure the voluntary program gets off the ground in a timely manner, and lobbying the legislature for additional resources for enforcement on Kauai,” Carvalho said in a written statement issued shortly after the council’s decision.
If the override is allowed to stand—a big if—the county could be stuck in litigation for months, if not years. The broken process has driven a massive wedge into the heart of this once peaceful island community. This 11th hour maneuver has only deepened the distrust and dissension.
More on genetics and science literacy at the Genetic Literacy Project
Follow @JonEntine on Twitter | <urn:uuid:9bf5170a-ab0e-4e5b-b079-c22c4856f146> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonentine/2013/11/15/the-fix-is-in-on-anti-gmo-bill-as-kauai-goes-rogue-setting-hawaii-county-on-path-to-legal-conflagration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.967902 | 2,519 | 1.984375 | 2 |
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This worksheet guides students to make connections between Confirmation in the Eastern and Western Churches.
On this worksheet, students identify the Scripture passages associated with the various parts of the Blessing of the Water used at the Easter Vigil.
This worksheet guides students to make connections between the Mass and a special meal or tradition in their family.
This worksheet helps students to explore the meaning of “the Word” in John’s Gospel and throughout Scripture.
This handout provides several short activities for students to complete as they learn about the symbolism of the Book of Revelation.
This partner worksheet helps students draw connections between Old Testament passage about the Passover and New Testament passages about the Mass.
A worksheet focused on reflecting on the meaning of infant Baptism.
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- Youth Ministry (3) | <urn:uuid:99c9c2c4-b6b2-42f0-a2f8-ab688dadda7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smp.org/resourcecenter/category/Worksheets/27/?age-level=2&subjects=7&format=6.10.15.17.24.27 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.876143 | 269 | 3.71875 | 4 |
by Paul Pitchford
Nearly everyone with an eye on nutrition has come across information in the last few years about the vitamin D deficit in contemporary people. Part of this deficit can be traced to our current lifestyle of working and living inside during most daylight hours and then applying sunscreen whenever exposed to sunshine for more than a few minutes. As a result of misinterpreted science, many people are now afraid to get any sunshine whatsoever because they fear it will age them prematurely and cause skin cancer. Unfortunately, with a lack of vitamin D in our systems, a number of functions in the body diminish. Bones get weaker and even the RNA-genetic processes involved in healthy cellular renewal are thwarted. Without appropriate cell renewal, we degenerate much faster than otherwise and cancer and the autoimmune diseases become more likely.
One of nutritional science’s quick and easy solutions to the vitamin D dilemma is to take vitamin D supplements. There are several forms of these supplements and the most common are vitamin D2 and vitamin D3. A number of reports indicate that vitamin D2 is unsafe and recommend only the D3 form. And now certain research suggests that vitamin D3 can present problems as well. For instance, well-designed studies indicates that taking vitamin D3 doses higher than 2000 IU daily (recommendations for 4000-5000 IU are now commonplace) can cause excess calcium in the blood, which in turn leads to calcification of the soft tissues as well as bone loss. And soft tissue calcification is commonly known in medical practice to contribute to vascular disease such as hardening and thickening of the arteries; moreover, such calcium excess is thought to set up the conditions for our common degenerative diseases including arthritis, cancer and diabetes—the very conditions that vitamin D from sunlight protects us from.
We can learn something about vitamin D risk by understanding another fat-soluble nutrient—vitamin A. And since vitamin A and D are related, let’s now look at vitamin A risks. A little too much supplementary vitamin A/retinol ingestion and severe liver damage can result. Also life expectancy tends to plummet with long-term vitamin A supplementation [JAMA. 2007;297:842-857]. On the other hand, vitamin A from green and yellow plants (provitamin A) as well as animal foods is virtually always safe and in fact, highly desirable. However one food source of vitamin D—modern cod liver oil is normally much too high in vitamin A relative to vitamin D—and an excess of Vitamin A aggravates the function of Vitamin D in the body—thus the current recommendation by numerous health authorities to avoid cod liver oil. Generations ago, the cod liver oil given to children contained far more vitamin D.
Like vitamin A, will vitamin D in supplement form, even in amounts less than 2000 IU daily, also be shown by future science to contribute to a foreshortened life span? We simply don’t know. However, studies suggest that people who take supplements containing moderate doses of vitamin D for many years in the range of 400-600 IU daily do seem to accrue certain long-term health benefits, while exhibiting few if any adverse side effects. [Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167(16): 1709-1710] Thus, it appears that the widely available dosages of 400 or 500 IU are safe for prevention and health maintenance for those who simply do not get enough vitamin D from sunlight exposure.
Yet consider the differing forms of vitamin D. Clearly they all work uniquely and as capsules, tablets, liquids, and sprays that we intake, none function identically to the incredibly complex action of vitamin D from sunshine on our skin. An isolated nutrient can never function in body as well as nutrients in the context of natural sources such as sunshine or whole foods. All isolates (including pharmaceuticals and refined foods) rob the body of the necessary cofactors needed to fully metabolize them. Therefore we should be wary of taking not only isolated vitamin D, but the long-term intake of all other isolates.
In my opinion, taking any isolate including drugs should be a well understood, disciplined process used only in a crisis and then ended when safer, more wholesome methods can support enduring health. Long-term use of individual chemicals, drugs, and nutrients all too often leads to deep deficiencies. Those who choose massive vitamin D3 supplementation, e.g., 10,000 IU daily for 8 months or more to overcome a severe deficiency, should be checked every 12 weeks by a doctor for possible imbalances in blood calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone. If you opt for sunshine, these issues seldom arise. No one ever gets too much vitamin D from sunshine because the sunlight destroys excess vitamin D once an adequate threshold is reached.
How can we maintain sufficient vitamin D without supplementation? The ideal way is to absorb sunshine for 15 minutes or so each day, at least on the hands and face, where most vitamin D receptors are located. Exposing arms, legs and more in the warmer weather helps to build a several-month store of vitamin D in our fat cells. Sunscreen, or better yet, light clothing can be utilized long before the skin starts to burn. Ultraviolet lamps are now available that supply UV-B wavelength to produce true and safe vitamin D—though one must monitor exposure, just like with sunlight exposure. Sunlight through clouds is also effective although less so than direct sunshine. (Sunlight through glass, such as in a car, home or office, provides no vitamin D activity.)
Thus the vitamin D challenge is solved by simply being outside enough in the daytime. Gardening, picnics, outdoor swimming, going for walks, biking, the traditional outdoor practice of qi gong ….there are plenty of ways we can choose to benefit from being in nature. We receive valuable “qi” vitality (an ancient Chinese term for life energy) from fresh air, plants, the soil, and the celestial bodies including the sun while ensuring adequate and safe vitamin D.
As we exit buildings and cars and enter a park or other pristine environs, we can embrace the non-linear, non-digital, unified nature of Nature. Wonderful alive colors of flowers and plants, aromas, reflected light, sights and sounds of wind, birds, moving leaves, falling rain, ocean waves… everything in Nature is able to impart healing renewal for our minds, psyches, emotions, and bodies. If we become mindful of the infinite in Nature, we will want to respect and merge with it. Instead of the attitude that getting enough sunlight/vitamin D is a necessary “health chore”, we can joyfully look forward to being outside because we appreciate it and its limitless benefits.
A complementary approach to the vitamin D issue involves what nutrition pioneer Bernard Jensen referred to as “stored sunshine”. This of course is chlorophyll, the substance created from sunlight on plants that makes them green. Dr. Jensen would advise convalescents and others without regular access to the sun to eat plenty of greens. Valuable edible green plants include parsley, kale, collards, mustard greens, cabbage, broccoli, arugula, dandelion greens, and many others. Can chlorophyll substitute completely for sunshine? Absolutely not, however it mimics vitamin D from sunshine in this regard: chlorophyll supports bone mass by directing calcium to deposit in the bone; it can also, like vitamin D, help with cellular renewal because chlorophyll foods all contain “growth regulating factors” that spark proper cell differentiation, growth and development. This healthy cell patterning stands in contrast to the unchecked, undifferentiated, malignant growth of cancer. Therefore the most chlorophyll-rich sources such as barley grass and chlorella are frequently used in nutritional approaches to cancer therapy. As Vitamin D via gene regulation counteracts pain, inflammation, and depression, chlorophyll-laden foods likewise feature these benefits, though the precise physiologic pathway is not yet known. | <urn:uuid:bedb3603-c5b9-4db6-8ff5-44f9cea4e509> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://healingwithwholefoods.com/articles/should-we-supplement-with-d/?replytocom=3674 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.929852 | 1,637 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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