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Ottawa – Mélanie Joly, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Ahmed Hussen, Minister of Housing and Diversity and Inclusion, today issued the following statement:
“In the years leading up to and during the Holocaust, an estimated 500,000 Roma and Sinti children, women, and men were murdered by the Nazis and their collaborators. This horrific crime is known in Romani as the Porajmos [the devouring] and the Samudaripen [the mass killing], and it must never be forgotten.
“Today, we reaffirm Canada’s determination to preserve the memory of the victims of this terrible atrocity. We also recognize that the discrimination that Roma and Sinti populations continue to face worldwide is in part due to the neglect of remembering this dark chapter of history.
“At home and abroad, Canada continues to work hard to fight prejudice, protect human rights, and promote inclusion and respect for diversity. As a member of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance’s Committee on the Genocide of the Roma, we strongly support the development of educational materials on the history and consequences of this mass atrocity for teachers and policy-makers. These efforts continue to be an important part of building awareness and understanding of the genocide.
“Racism, discrimination, and hate have no place in Canada. Let us honour the memory of the Roma and Sinti victims of the Holocaust by standing united against prejudice and discrimination. May we always fight to ensure that these terrible acts of hatred never happen again.”
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- This event has passed.
An Approach to Navigating Early Life Trauma
March 23 @ 11:00 am - 12:15 pm PDT
Following this presentation, participants will be able to:
- Expand their perspective on working with adolescents to incorporate the age during which the behavior the teen is exhibiting is normal and naturally occurring.
- Increase their understanding of the impact of distinct types of traumas on the normal and naturally occurring behavior of the teen.
- Discuss the cooperation between the environment in which the teen is living and the belief system the teen is developing.
- Identify parallels between the teen with whom they are working and the teen who lives within themselves.
Janice Stevenson Bio:
Janice E. Stevenson, Ph.D., has been a licensed psychologist in Maryland since 1984. She received her Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctorate in Psychology from the University of Maryland at College Park. She has been in private practice since 1984, first in Baltimore city with Dr. Beatrice Denefield and Dr. Maxie Collier (1984-1993), from 1993 to 2011 in Columbia Maryland, and currently in Elkridge, Maryland since 2011 (Stevenson Psychological Associates LLC).
She has worked at the Walter P. Carter MH- MR Center, Pressley Ridge Schools Treatment Foster Care Program, and Kennedy Krieger Family Center. She worked for the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene as a Regional Coordinator for Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Howard, Harford, Anne Arundel, and Carroll Counties. She was Director for Child and Adolescent Services for the State of Maryland Mental Hygiene Administration from 1987 – 1992). As the representative from the Mental Hygiene Administration, she was part of a multi-agency consortium that oversaw the revamp and creation of a multi-agency, multi-level child service system of care. The services included the creation of 24 Local and 1 State Coordinating Councils, the State Office of Children, Youth, and Families, therapeutic nurseries, treatment foster care programs, therapeutic group homes, child inpatient units, and secure adolescent residential treatment centers across the state of Maryland.
She is an adjunct professor at Goucher College Master’s Education Program. She has been and is a consultant to national and local talk and news shows, having had her own radio talk show at Morgan University. She has had numerous appearances on 48 Hours, the Oprah Winfrey Show, the Montel Williams Show, the Maury Povich Show, and the Sally Jesse Raphael Show. She is and has been a psychological consultant and trainer for numerous treatment foster care programs across the country.
She is a consultant to Public Defender offices across the country, participating in mitigation evaluations for adolescents and young adults facing capital charges. She has been a consultant at Kennedy Krieger Treatment Foster Care Program and Annie B. Casey Maryland Family Services. She is a consultant at Pressley Ridge Mother Baby Treatment Foster Care Program. She was Clinical Director for the Center for Emotional and Social Health (an OMHC) at Total Health Care, Inc. (an FQHC) in Baltimore, Maryland where she oversaw the clinical work of twenty-six licensed therapists and five psychiatrists. Dr. Stevenson was Vice President of Integrated Behavioral Health Services where she oversaw the mental health, substance abuse, and infectious disease programs. Currently, Dr. Stevenson is President of Stevenson Psychological Associates LLC, a trauma-focused private practice in Elkridge, Maryland.
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It’s taken 9,000 adverse event reports for the FDA to review the safety and efficacy of Bayer’ Essure® device.
On Monday, October 31, 2016, the FDA issued guidance for Essure® labelling components (black box warning) and a patient decision checklist. Black box warnings from the FDA are the most severe warnings given out, and are intended to alert the consumer to the risk of serious or life-threatening injury.
Essure® is marketed by its maker, Bayer, as a 10-minute outpatient procedure for busy women with less pain and a faster recovery time than tubal ligation. As we wrote about in a previous Essure® blog – opting for a non-surgical procedure doesn’t mean you won’t end up on the operating table.
Is the FDA doing too little too late?
The message we gathered from reading posts online conveys a lack of confidence in the FDA.
- By December 2015, over 9,900 women reported chronic pain, bleeding, organ damage, and other side effects due to Essure®.
- Between November 2002 and May 2015, more than 5,000 women filed reports with the FDA, regarding unintended pregnancies, miscarriages, stillbirths, severe pain and bleeding after Essure® was implanted.
- U.S. Rep. Mike Fitzpatrick, a Pennsylvania Republican, and analyst Madris Tomes founder and chief executive officer of Device Events, presented data showing more than 300 possible fetal deaths linked to Essure® when the FDA previously only reported five total deaths.
FDA Final Guidance: Essure® Warning Label
- The label addresses adverse experiences and events including perforation of the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, identification of inserts in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, persistent pain, and suspected allergic or hypersensitivity reactions.
- The label addresses that if a woman needs the device removed a surgical procedure will be required.
- FDA Example of Essure® Black Box Warning:
“WARNING: Some patients implanted with the Essure® System for Permanent Birth Control have experienced and/or reported adverse events, including perforation of the uterus and/or fallopian tubes, identification of inserts in the abdominal or pelvic cavity, persistent pain, and suspected allergic or hypersensitivity reactions. If the device needs to be removed to address such an adverse event, a surgical procedure will be required. This information should be shared with patients considering sterilization with the Essure® System for Permanent Birth Control during discussion of the benefits and risks of the device.”
This checklist highlights possible side effects from Essure® and must be signed by the woman and her doctor before Essure® is implanted.
This is your opportunity to voice your opinions, experiences and complaints. Please keep in mind, comments may not be acted upon by the Agency until the document is next revised or updated.
- Contact the FDA:
- Online: Electronic comments and suggestions may be submitted to http://www.regulations.gov
- U.S. Mail: Submit written comments to the Division of Dockets Management, Food and Drug Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Room 1061, (HFA-305), Rockville, MD 20852. Identify all comments with the docket number FDA-2015-D-4803.
- Sign a Petition:
Erin Brockovich (yes, the Erin Brockovich) has petition urging the FDA to stop or remove Essure® from the market. You can also contact your local congressman and express your concerns about Essure®.
Contact A Lawyer:
Contact a lawyer: If you or someone you know has been injured by the Essure® birth control device contact d’Oliveira & Associates for a free (no obligation) case evaluation. Call us toll free at 1-800-992-6878 or fill out our contact form online.
Sources: FDA.gov, NPR, Drugwatch.com
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NOTE: This event has now passed.View current events
Put the kettle on and join CENSIS for this informal networking and information session to connect with companies, researchers and stakeholders working in IoT.
Business Development Director Cade Wells and CENSIS’s Technical Director Graham Kerr host this discussion on challenges companies are facing around sourcing hardware components for the manufacture of IoT products and devices.
Across the globe, many companies are experiencing problems with the procurement of semiconductors and other electronics components – from passives to ICs and more. It is common to see lead times of several months when placing orders – sometimes of even more than a year for the most popular items. The effects of the shortages are wide ranging and few sectors have been unaffected.
Even large distributors and household names have been reporting challenges – a sure sign that no-one is immune – and redesigns often are needed for manufacture to go ahead. There doesn’t appear to be a clear end in sight, so this ‘new normal’ might be with us for a while yet.
Join us for this coffee chat and tell us how the situation is affecting you. How might organisations such as CENSIS work to help alleviate the situation, however small? Could new set ups such as buyers’ clubs or component exchanges be a realistic way to relieve some of the burden by giving SMEs in particular advantages around scaled orders and reduce lead-times? We’re keen to hear your thoughts about Scotland can pull together.
This chat takes place on Zoom. Please register via Eventbrite. After you register and before the event takes place, we’ll email you with the calendar invite that contains the link to join the Zoom call.
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Molothrus bonariensis (shiny cowbird)
- Summary of Invasiveness
- Taxonomic Tree
- Notes on Taxonomy and Nomenclature
- Distribution Table
- Habitat List
- Hosts/Species Affected
- Biology and Ecology
- Means of Movement and Dispersal
- Pathway Causes
- Impact Summary
- Threatened Species
- Risk and Impact Factors
- Uses List
- Prevention and Control
- Principal Source
- Distribution Maps
Don't need the entire report?
Generate a print friendly version containing only the sections you need.Generate report
PicturesTop of page
IdentityTop of page
Preferred Scientific Name
- Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Preferred Common Name
- shiny cowbird
Other Scientific Names
- Molothrus bonariensis subspecies maxillaris Lafresnaye
International Common Names
- Spanish: tordo lustroso; tordo renegrido; tordo vaquero
- French: vacher luisant
Summary of InvasivenessTop of page
M. bonariensis, the shiny cowbird, is a brood parasite, relying on a host bird to incubate its eggs and rear its chicks. It is not host-specific, and will lay eggs in the nests of numerous other species of birds, only some of which will accept and rear the chicks. M. bonariensis reduces the clutch size of the host they parasitize by removing or destroying some of their eggs (Nakamura and Cruz, 2000). Nestling competition between parasite and host chick may be detrimental to the success of the host offspring (Wiley, 1986b). Due to its parasitic lifestyle, it is negatively affecting some threatened bird species that are already at risk due to habitat loss.
M. bonariensis has expanded its range in its native South America, established exotic populations beyond its native range in the Caribbean, and has reached the North American continent.
Taxonomic TreeTop of page
- Domain: Eukaryota
- Kingdom: Metazoa
- Phylum: Chordata
- Subphylum: Vertebrata
- Class: Aves
- Order: Passeriformes
- Family: Icteridae
- Genus: Molothrus
- Species: Molothrus bonariensis
Notes on Taxonomy and NomenclatureTop of page
M. bonariensis belongs to the family Icteridae, which includes five species of parasitic cowbirds that form the natural genus Molothrus (as determined by phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences) (Lowther, 2004). Molothrus includes the giant cowbird M. (formerly Scaphidura) oryzivorus and excludes the non-brood parasitic bay-winged cowbird Agelaioides (formerly Molothrus) badius. Several subspecies of M. bonariensis exist (see Description).
DescriptionTop of page
Field identification should be based on the presence of a slender conical bill, a uniform dull blue-black plumage and squared-off tail, and a solid dark eye-colour (Kluza, 1998). Males have a purplish shine on their head, neck, breast and upper back and a blue shine on their wings, whilst females are grey-brown with whitish eyebrows and throats (The Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, 1999). Nestlings have flesh-coloured skin with scattered tufts of blackish down. The oral flanges range from white to yellow and the mouth-lining is reddish.
Seven subspecies are recognised and differ markedly in size. The smallest subspecies is M. bonariensis minimus (males average 39g; females average 32g), the largest is M. bonariensis cabanisii (males average 64g; females average 56g), with the nominal M. bonariensis bonariensis being intermediate (males average 56g; females average 45.6g) (Wiley 1986; Kattan 1996; Mermoz and Reboreda 2003; ME Mermoz., pers. comm., 2005).
The sexually dimorphic subspecies M. bonariensis minimus has a total length of about 18 cm (Lowther and Post, 1999). The adult male has glossy purple-black plumage on its head and torso and duller black plumage on the wing, rump and abdomen. Juvenile males are mostly dull brown, but sometimes a mixture of glossy purple-black and brown. The adult female has an ashy-brown crown cut by a lighter coloured supercilium. The breast and abdomen are a streaked ashy-brown over a lighter coloured brown. The torso is dull brown and most present a lighter-colour on the tips of the feathers. Immature females differ by having dull ashy-brown feathers. M. bonariensis of both sexes and all life stages have black conical bills and legs, and brown eyes (Porrata-Doria, 2006).
DistributionTop of page
M. bonariensis was historically confined to South America and parts of the Caribbean such as Trinidad and Tobago (Cruz et al., 2005). There is not a single country in South America that is not inhabited in part or in whole by (at least) one subspecies of M. bonariensis. As might be expected of a species present across such an extended range and variety of environments, it comprises numerous (seven) subspecies: bonariensis (the most widely ranging subspecies occurs through many parts of South America, between sea level and up to 3500m), occidentalis (in western Peru and south-western Ecuador), aequatorialis (in coastal regions of Ecuador and south-western Colombia) cabanisii (in north-western Colombia), venezuelensis (in northern Venezuela), minimus (in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, north-eastern Brazil and some Caribbean islands) (Friedmann, 1929) and riparius (Eastern Peru and neighbouring regions of Brazil) (Ortega, 1998, Jaramillo and Burke, 1999, in M. E. Mermoz., pers. comm., 2005).
Known Non-Native Range
M. bonariensis has expanded its range in America to new areas in South America (including central Chile) and the Caribbean (including Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Barbados, Hispaniola and Cuba). It has also expanded to parts of Central America as well as some states in southern USA (Marín, 2000; Baltz, 1995; Friedmann, 1929; Robert and Sorci, 1999 and Kluza, 1998). Some populations in the USA may be vagrant (NatureServe, 2012), however, M. bonariensis now has a permanent population in Florida, having first arrived, apparently unaided, in 1985 from the Caribbean (Avery and Tillman, 2005). There is evidence of egg-laying in Florida (Reetz et al., 2010) and breeding individuals have also been reported from South Carolina (Post and Sykes, 2011).
Distribution TableTop of page
The distribution in this summary table is based on all the information available. When several references are cited, they may give conflicting information on the status. Further details may be available for individual references in the Distribution Table Details section which can be selected by going to Generate Report.Last updated: 10 Feb 2022
|Continent/Country/Region||Distribution||Last Reported||Origin||First Reported||Invasive||Reference||Notes|
|Antigua and Barbuda||Present||Introduced||1959|
|Aruba||Present, Few occurrences|
|British Virgin Islands||Present, Few occurrences|
|Cayman Islands||Present, Few occurrences|
|Curaçao||Present||Introduced||First reported: c 1985|
|Guadeloupe||Present, Few occurrences|
|Jamaica||Present||Introduced||First reported: c. 1989|
|Mexico||Present||Introduced||1996||Reported in Quinta Roo (rare) (Avibase, 2012)|
|Saint Kitts and Nevis||Present, Few occurrences|
|Saint Lucia||Present||Invasive||Classified as native by some and alien by others; spreading through islands without direct anthropogenic assistance.|
|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines||Present||Native|
|Trinidad and Tobago||Present||Native|
|U.S. Virgin Islands||Present, Few occurrences|
|United States||Present||Present based on regional distribution.|
|-Mississippi||Present, Few occurrences|
|-New Mexico||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Tennessee||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Virginia||Present, Few occurrences|
|-Mato Grosso do Sul||Present||Native|
|-Rio de Janeiro||Present||Native|
|-Rio Grande do Sul||Present||Native|
|Chile||Present||Introduced||Invasive||First reported: c. 1865|
HabitatTop of page
M. bonariensis is a native inhabitant of the South American Pampas. The Pampas cover c. 900,000 km² between latitudes 28°-39°S and longitudes 50°-65°W in the southernmost part of Brazil, the whole of Uruguay and the central-eastern part of Argentina. The climate is mild with precipitation of 600-1200mm more or less evenly distributed through the year. The soils are very rich and the dominant vegetation types are grassy prairie and grass-steppe in which numerous species of the grass tribe Stipeae (specifically genera Stipa and Piptochaetium) are particularly conspicuous. There is an almost absolute lack of native trees, except along main watercourses (CPD, Undated).
The climate of central Argentina and Uruguay (Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Rosario, Santa Fe, Mar Del Plata, Montevideo, Punta del Este, Colonia Sacremento) is naturally changeable (as this region is in the mid-latitudes). Winters are cool to mild and summers are very warm and humid. Rainfall is fairly uniform throughout the year but is a little heavier during the summer. Annual rainfall is heaviest near the coast and decreases gradually further inland. Rain in late spring and summer usually arrives in the form of brief heavy showers and thunderstorms. More general rainfall occurs during the remainder of the year as cold fronts and storm systems move through. Although cold spells during the winter often send night-time temperatures below freezing, snow is quite rare. In most winters, a few light snowfalls occur over inland areas. Snow is extremely rare near the coast (Papandrea, 2000).
M. bonariensis is able to adapt to a wide variety of habitat-types other than its native Pampas. It is common in cultivated land in its native region (much of which has been modified to graze cattle or plant soybeans). In Chile, M. bonariensis is common in the marshes of the central provinces (Marín, 2000). In this country dry years with little or no snow have been noted to correspond to higher abundances of cowbirds (Rahmer, in Friedmann 1929). Subspecies bonariensis avoids heavily forested areas while subspecies cabanisii may occur in the lower borders of cloud forests. Subspecies aequatorialis is found in a variety of ecosystems, from dry sandy habitats with stunted vegetation, to mangrove forests, to impenetrable jungle (Friedmann, 1929). In Ecuador in the area around the Rio Jubones drainage system in the Yunguilla valley M. bonariensis has been reported to favour warm dry habitats (Oppel et al. 2004). M. bonariensis avoids the following regions in South America: the Amazonian forests, the High Andes and southern Patagonia (Friedmann, 1929; Fraga, 1985, Wiley, 1985, in Mermoz and Reboreda 1994).
Habitat ListTop of page
|Terrestrial||Managed||Cultivated / agricultural land||Present, no further details|
|Terrestrial||Managed||Disturbed areas||Present, no further details|
|Terrestrial||Managed||Urban / peri-urban areas||Present, no further details|
|Terrestrial||Natural / Semi-natural||Natural grasslands||Present, no further details|
|Terrestrial||Natural / Semi-natural||Riverbanks||Present, no further details|
Hosts/Species AffectedTop of page
The shiny cowbird is an extreme host generalist; its eggs have been found in the nest of over 201 species (Friedmann and Kliff, 1985; Mason, 1986). The ability to successfully parasitize different host species has facilitated its spread throughout the West Indies, allowing for the opportunistic exploitation of species encountered in these new regions (Cruz et al., 1989).
Biology and EcologyTop of page
Omnivorous: Studies indicate that nestling cowbirds require a diet composed of protein, which most passerine species will provide for their young (Mason, 1986). For example, pale-headed brush-finch (Atlapetes pallidiceps) feed their fledglings (and any cowbird parasitic fledglings in their nest) small invertebrates such as crickets, caterpillars, adult Lepidoptera, beetles and earthworms (Lumbricidae) (Schmidt and Schaefer, 2003). Resident cowbirds have been noted to eat a greater proportion of insects in their diet, while migrant birds rely on seeds to a greater extent (Friedmann, 1929). They have been observed feeding on the nectar of flax (Phormium tenax) flowers (Isacch, 2002).
M. bonariensis is an obligate brood parasite, that is, it has completely abandoned the task of building nests, incubating eggs, and feeding and rearing nestlings. It is an extreme generalist, basing its reproductive success on its high fecundity. Although the number of eggs laid per breeding season is unknown, an estimate would be 20-30, as has been found for the closely-related brown-headed cowbird (M. ater) (P Lowther, personal communication). Whereas M. ater removes host eggs from the nest, M. bonariensis instead punctures host eggs, leaving them in the nest (Smith et al., 2000).
The breeding season of M. bonariensis is October to January in Argentina, but may be extended in the South American tropics. Shiny cowbirds have been known to synchronise breeding with that of their high quality hosts (Wiley, 1988, in Mermoz and Reboreda 2003). In Ecuador M. bonariensis visited the Yunguilla Reserve during the breeding season of the pale-headed brush-finch, a resident host (Schmidt and Schaefer, 2003). The reproductive success of cowbirds depends on the traits of the host; cowbird chicks in the nests of smaller hosts such as the house wren, Troglodytes aedon, have high survival rates due to cowbirds having a competitive edge over their “siblings” (Katten, 1996, in Katten 1997). Cowbird chicks in the nests of large hosts such as the chalk-browed mockingbird, Mimus saturninus, have lower survival rates (Fraga, 1985, in Katten 1997). Although it is large, the brown-and-yellow marshbird, Pseudoleistes virescens, has “helper” birds that aid in chick rearing, which increases chick survival rates (Mermoz and Reboreda, 1994). Other traits that increase the value of a cowbird host include: the construction of open nests, low nest attentiveness during egg-laying, a clutch size of 4 to 5 eggs, an extended breeding season and a long incubation period. Some hosts reject unusual looking eggs or eggs laid before or after their own by pushing them out of the nest, building the nest over them or abandoning their nest (Friedmann, 1929; Wiley, 1988; Schmidt and Schaefer, 2003; Kattan, 1996; Mermoz and Reboreda, 1994). Cowbirds have a short incubation period which can give them a competitive advantage. For example, cowbird chicks hatch 1 to 4 days before brown-and-yellow marshbird chicks, which may give them up to a 4-day head-start on their nest-mates (Mermoz and Reboreda, 2003).
Shiny cowbirds monitor host nests in their territory; they may adaptively adjust the timing between parasitism and host egg-laying according to the host species. Cowbird eggs also have shorter incubation periods than hosts of similar size (Briskie and Sealy, 1990; Kattan, 1995), so synchronization of parasitism generally results in cowbird chicks hatching before host chicks, giving the parasite a 1-2 days advantage in the competition for food with their nestmates (Briskie and Sealy, 1990; Peer and Bollinger, 1997; Mermoz and Reboreda, 2003).
Fiorini et al. (2009) found that cowbirds were more likely to synchronize parasitism with the egg-laying period of the host if the host was a chalk-browed mockingbird compared with if it was a house wren (and egg puncturing was also more intense for mockingbird parasitism). It may be that the synchronicity between parasitism and host laying in the case of mockingbird parasitism helps to ensure that the cowbird egg hatches before the mockingbird eggs so the cowbird chick can gain a competitive advantage. On the other hand, it may be that egg-laying can be sloppier in the case of wren parasitism, since the smaller wren hatchlings are less able to compete even if they hatch first. Katten (1996) found that 33% of cowbird eggs were laid in coincidence with the host’s laying period, while 55% were laid before and 12% after. There appears to be no specificity in terms of which host-species M. bonariensis prefers in any area. High cowbird density or low host nest availability may induce shiny cowbirds to be wasteful, laying eggs on the ground or in nests crowded with up to 36 other cowbird eggs (Kattan, 1996). Such nests are necessarily abandoned by the host.
The incubation period of M. bonariensis is about 11 - 13 days. Eggs have an extraordinary diversity in the colour and markings and can be pure white or flesh coloured with sparsely or densely scattered pink or red flecks. Some may have fine marks like pen scratches while others may have large chocolate brown spots. There is no such thing as characteristic markings in the eggs of this species although the eggs of the same individual show a "family resemblance". In general, eggs may be white-immaculate or spotted; spotted eggs may have a white, pale grey or pale blue background with a variable pattern of grey and reddish-brown spots. In size they may vary from 20mm x 26mm to 18mm x 22mm (Friedmann, 1929).
Means of Movement and DispersalTop of page
Introduction Pathways to New Locations
Seasonal movements of M. bonariensis are well known in Argentina, where a bird banded in September in Cordoba was found in November in Rio Negro (600km south) (Lucero, 1982, in Marín, 2000). Natural migration has been the cause of its spread to the Antille, North America and Chile (Mermoz 2004).
M. bonariensis has benefited from the modification of the environment by humans during the last century, particularly by the creation of urban spaces and other open habitats with few trees (Cruz et al., 1985; Ridgely and Tudor, 1989; Canevari et al., 1991, in Isacch, 2002). The flexibility displayed by M. bonariensis in both its host generalist strategy and omnivorous diet may be responsible for their range expansion, as such generalist behaviour enables them to exploit novel, modified habitats and food sources (Isacch, 2002).
In the early 1900s M. bonariensis was a popular cage bird, and large-scale importations took place from Argentina to markets in the central regions of Chile, including Rancagua and Santiago. Both Reed (1913; 1934) and Barros (1921; 1946; 1956) suggested that the Chilean population of M. bonariensis originated from caged birds that were liberated or had escaped in or near Santiago (Marin et al., 1989, in Marin 2000). Interestingly, these populations, and not the populations in northern Peru, are believed to be the origin of populations established more recently in southwest Peru and northern Chile (in Marín, 2000).
Debrot and Prins (1992) suggest that aviarists may have encouraged its spread on the island of Curacao (Netherlands Antilles) due to its presence in a local bird show in 1991, and observation of a probable captive escapee on the island.
A genetic estimates study (Porrata-Doria, 2006) indicated that the population in the expanded range is differentiated, and that there is no or very low gene flow between the expanded and original range populations. This suggests that M. bonariensis minimus does not migrate, and that the expanded populations, once founded, have not been supplemented with other migrating individuals.
Local Dispersal Methods
Escape from confinement: see 'Pet/aquarium trade' (above).
M. bonariensis has benefited from the modification of the environment by humans during the last century (see above).
Pathway CausesTop of page
Impact SummaryTop of page
ImpactTop of page
Original text compiled by IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
M. bonariensis affects its hosts by destroying or devouring their eggs. They burden hosts that accept responsibility for their eggs with the additional and significant costs involved in incubating eggs and feeding and rearing the hatchlings. Competitive pressure on host young is also increased due to the generally relatively early hatching of (and sometimes relatively larger) cowbird hatchling (see Tuero et al., 2007 for further discussion of mechanisms of impact on the host). The extent to which a host species is affected depends on a number of elements, including the overlap between the host and cowbird breeding season in a region, the physical ability of the host to care for cowbird chicks, and the presence or absence of a host species’ evolved behavioural response to cowbird eggs. Species that have not co-evolved with brood parasitism are often more vulnerable. (Cruz et al. 1995). The expansion of M. bonariensis into areas of the Caribbean where it is non-native within the last century has brought them into contact with avian communities that have not experienced brood parasitism. Certain Caribbean birds are therefore at greater risk of harm from cowbird contact than mainland birds, since they have not co-evolved with cowbirds (Cruz et al., 2005).
Indeed, shiny cowbirds are currently a threat to several vulnerable bird species on some Caribbean islands where they have spread to (from continental South America and other Caribbean islands already populated with the shiny cowbird). For example, on the island of Puerto Rico the yellow-shouldered blackbird (see Agelaius xanthomus in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) is thought to be endangered mainly due to parasitism by M. bonariensis (Lopez-Ortiz et al. 2002). Another species endemic to this region, the Puerto Rican vireo (Vireo latimeri), is also threatened by the brood parasitism of M. bonariensis, which threatens to wipe out the local population in the Guánica Forest reserve (Puerto Rico's largest dry forest reserve) (Woodworth 1999). It is cited as a brood parasite on the endemic oriole (see Icterus laudabilis in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) in Saint Lucia. In fact, nest predation and parasitism are believed to be the primary causes of reproductive failure in northern temperate passerine songbirds (Woodworth 1999) (although it is hard to imagine that habitat loss is a significantly less important factor relating to nesting failure). In regions of continental South America where the shiny cowbird is native, brood parasitism threatens some vulnerable species already affected by habitat loss, for example the critically endangered pale-headed brush-finch (see Atlapetes pallidiceps in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species ) (Oppel et al 2004) and the endangered Forbes' blackbird (see Curaeus forbesi in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (Studer and Vielliard, 1988).
Host species whose health and abundance are threatened significantly by M. bonariensis are not necessarily important for the sustainment of cowbird populations (meaning their decline will not affect abundance of M. bonariensis). Conversely, a large wide-ranging continental species that is minimally affected as a whole by cowbirds may play an important role in sustaining populations of M. bonariensis (which provide “reservoirs” for the sustainment and subsequent spread of the species) (Oppel et al. 2004). For a full list of victims and hosts please see: Lowther (2012)Host list of the brood parasitic cowbirds.
Threatened SpeciesTop of page
|Threatened Species||Conservation Status||Where Threatened||Mechanism||References||Notes|
|Agelaius xanthomus (yellow-shouldered blackbird)||EN (IUCN red list: Endangered); USA ESA listing as endangered species||Puerto Rico||Parasitism (incl. parasitoid)||US Fish and Wildlife Service (1996); ISSG (2011)|
|Atlapetes pallidiceps||CR (IUCN red list: Critically endangered)||ISSG (2011)|
|Curaeus forbesi||EN (IUCN red list: Endangered)||ISSG (2011)|
|Icterus laudabilis (St Lucia oriole)||NT (IUCN red list: Near threatened)||Saint Lucia||Competition - monopolizing resources; Parasitism (incl. parasitoid)|
|Vireo latimeri||LC (IUCN red list: Least concern)||Puerto Rico||ISSG (2011)|
Risk and Impact FactorsTop of page
- Threat to/ loss of native species
- Competition - monopolizing resources
- Parasitism (incl. parasitoid)
Uses ListTop of page
- Pet/aquarium trade
Prevention and ControlTop of page
Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label.
Original text compiled by IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
Smith (1999) suggested cowbird control to be justified if the parasitism level exceeds 60% over 2 years, however, small isolated bird populations facing multiple threats may be non self-sustaining at levels as low as 20%. The approaches used to manage shiny cowbirds are described and discussed below:
Physical: Most removal programmes in North America to control brood parasitism by the related brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) rely on large cage-traps for cowbird control. Selective shooting has also been applied to remove cowbirds, but has yielded mixed results. Although site-specific shooting may be an effective complementary tool to support landscape-scale management, shooting alone may not always be sufficient to significantly reduce cowbird parasitism rates (Eckrich et al. 1999, Whitfield, 2000, in Oppel et al., 2004).
Another effective option is to monitor host nests during the breeding season, constantly removing cowbird eggs and chicks. Host eggs must be clearly distinguishable from cowbird eggs. When nest monitoring is required the host nests should not be approached while either parent is close to the nest, and damage to the surrounding vegetation should be kept to a minimum to avoid creating gaps around the nest and encouraging predation. While this method is intrusive and requires a considerable level of skill, nest manipulation is efficient and cost-effective, especially in areas where trapping is impractical (Schmidt and Schaefer, 2003; Oppel et al., 2004).
Habitat factors to consider: Factors influencing the intensity of cowbird parasitism include the type of microhabitat nests are built in (including the level of nest concealment and the structural diversity of vegetation); forest bird nests in cleared areas may be more vulnerable to cowbird parasitism. A study of the endangered pale-headed brush-finch in Ecuador, revealed land use to be a major factor determining the impact of cowbird parasitism. In cattle-grazed areas breeding rates of the brush-finch were two times greater than in ungrazed areas due to a decrease in cowbirds numbers (correlated with a decrease in bird diversity and abundance in the grazed areas) (Oppel et al. 2004).
On the other hand, M. bonariensis is associated with dry open habitats (rather than moist forest habitats) and its range expansion (in Chile and parts of the Caribbean) may have been facilitated by the conversion of forested areas to early successional habitats (as well as the lack of native brood parasites in the case of some Caribbean islands) (Marín 2000; Post and Wiley, 1977, Cruz et al. 1995).
Cowbird control has to be maintained for an infinitely long time, as cowbird populations at a regional level are not affected by most removal programmes. Despite often leading to reduced parasitism rates, cowbird removal has only occasionally triggered an evident increase in the target host population, and it has been suggested that habitat quality or quantity might be more limiting than cowbird parasitism rates alone (Oppel et al. 2004). Nevertheless, cowbird control has been implicated in the recovery of the endangered pale-headed brush-finch, since a shooting programme to control M. bonariensis began in 2003 (Krabbe et al., 2010). A control programme involving trapping and removal of cowbird eggs and nestlings from artificial nesting structures has been associated with a steep reduction in parasitism of yellow-shouldered blackbird nests and an increase in the blackbird population (Cruz et al., 2005).
Reversing the decline of the yellow-shouldered blackbird (Agelaius xanthomus) and adequately assuring the persistence of the species will require either the near-complete and immediate elimination of M. bonariensis from Puerto Rico, or the near-complete elimination of the impacts of M. bonariensis on A. xanthomus. The current strategy of removing cowbirds from A. xanthomus nests is probably more feasible than removing all M. bonariensis from southwestern Puerto Rico. However, even these aggressive management measures (either removing all M. bonariensis or removing all M. bonariensis eggs from A. xanthomus nests) may not be sufficient to protect the A. xanthomus from extinction and allow it to recover to safer numbers, unless other causes of mortality are also reduced (Medina-Miranda et al., 2013).
BibliographyTop of page
Smith JNM, Cook TL, Rothstein SI, Robinson SK, Sealy SG, eds., 2000. Ecology and management of cowbirds and their hosts. Austin, USA: University of Texas Press, 400 pp.
Lowther, P. E. 2010. Lists of victims and hosts of the parasitic cowbirds (Molothrus). Version 22 September 2010. The Field Museum. Chicago, Illinois, USA. http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/aa/Files/lowther/CBList.pdf.
References from GISD
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Catherine Levy, Jamaica
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Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. 2003. All about Birds: Shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis Order PASSERIFORMES - Family ICTERIDAE Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater). http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Shiny_Cowbird.htmlhttp://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Shiny_Cowbird.html
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Cruz, A., and Andrews, R.W. 1989. Observations on the breeding biology of passerines in a s easonally flooded savanna in Venezuela. Wilson Bulletin. 101 (1): 62-76.
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Debrot, A.O. and Prins, T.K. 1992. First record and establishment of the shiny cowbird in Curacao, Caribbean J. Sci. 28:104-105. (Abstract)
Fraga, R.M. 1985. Host-parasite interactions between chalk-browed mockingbirds and shiny cowbirds, Ornithol. Monog. 36:829-844. (Abstract)
Friedmann, H. 1929. Subgenus Molothrus: Molothrus bonariensis. In Springfield, C.C. Thomas (ed). The Cowbirds: a Study in the Biology of Social Parasitism.
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Grzybowski, J.A. and Fazio III, V. W. 1991. Shiny cowbird reaches Oklahoma. American Birds 45:50-52. (Abstract)
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Marin, M. 2000. The Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) in Chile: Introduction or Dispersion? Its Hosts and Parasitic Trends, Ornitologia Neotropical 11 285 - 296.
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Mason, P., and Rothstein, S.I. 1986. Coevolution and avian brood parasitism cowbird Molothrus bonariensis eggs show evolutionary response to host discrimination. Evolution. 40 (6): 1207-1214.
Mermoz, M.E. and Reboreda, J.C. 1994. Brood Parasitism of the Shiny Cowbird, Molothrus bonariensis, on the Brown-and-yellow Marshbird, Pseudoleistes virescens, The Condor 96: 716 - 721.
Mermoz, M.E. and Reboreda, J.C. 1999. Egg-laying Behaviour by Shiny Cowbirds Parasitizing Brown-and-yellow Marshbirds, Animal Behaviour 58: 873–882.
Mermoz, M.E., and Reboreda, J.C. 2003. Reproductive success of Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) parasitizing the larger Brown-and-Yellow Marshbird (Pseudoleistes virescens) in Argentina. The Auk. 120 (4): 1128-1139.
Nair, R. 2002. Behavioural Ecology Research Group. Brain Plasticity and Memory in Birds, ASAB (The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour) Meeting. http://users.ox.ac.uk/~kgroup/memory.html
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Oppel, S., Schaefer, H.M., and Schmidt, V. 2003. Description of the nest, eggs, and breeding behavior of the endangered Pale-Headed Brush-Finch (Atlapetes pallidiceps) in Ecuador. Wilson Bulletin. 115 (4): 360-366.
Oppel, S., Schaefer, H.M., Schmidt, V. and Scroder, B. 2004. Cowbird Parasitism of Pale-headed Brush-finch Atlapetes pallidiceps: Implications for Conservation and Management, Bird Conservation International 14: 63 - 75.
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Paredes, M., Weir, E., and Gil, K. 2001. Reproduction of the bird Mimus gilvus (Passeriformes: Mimidae) in Maracaibo, Venezuela. Revista de Biologia Tropical. 49 (3-4): 1143-1146.
Pereira, L.E., Suzuki, A., Moraes Coimbra, T.L., Pereira de Souza, R., and Bocato Chamelet, E.L. 2001. Ilheus arbovirus in wild birds (Sporophila caerulescens and Molothrus bonariensis). Revista de Saude Publica. 35 (2): 119-123.
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USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. 2000. Shiny cowbird Molothrus bonariensis. Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter. http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/Infocenter/i4961id.html
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Woodworth, B.L. 1997. Brood parasitism, nest predation, and season-long reproductive success of a tropical island endemic. Condor. 99 (3): 605-621.
Woodworth, B.L. 1999. Modeling Population Dynamics of a Songbird Exposed to Parasitism and Predation and Evaluating Management Options. Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 67-76.
ReferencesTop of page
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Krabbe N, Juina M, Sornoza AF, 2010. Marked population increase of Pale-headed Brush-finch Atlapetes pallidiceps in response to cowbird control. Journal of Ornithology, 152(2):219-222.
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Seebens H, Blackburn T M, Dyer E E, Genovesi P, Hulme P E, Jeschke J M, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A (et al), 2017. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide. Nature Communications. 8 (2), 14435. http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14435
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ContributorsTop of page
Reviewed by: Myriam E. Mermoz, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Last Modified: Sunday, July 03, 2005
23/06/13 Updated by:
E Ventosa, Department of Natural and Environmental Resources, Puerto Rico
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https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/75202
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CAEL is accepted by over 180 Canadian post-secondary institutions, as well as by a number of professional organizations as proof of English proficiency. Click below for a full list of accepting institutions and organizations.
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Beneficial nematodes are an organic non-chemical way to control pests in your garden. For beekeepers, they can play an important part in IPM (Integrated Pest Management) for controlling the small hive beetle. I have found several of these pests in my hive, and while a strong hive can handle them, weaker hives can be taken down if the infestation gets out of control. To give my hive every chance of success, I decided to spread nematodes around my hive as the beetle larvae pupate in the soil outside the hive. Luckily today was the perfect day since a cold front moved through Austin last night, and the weather this morning was overcast and in the 70’s. Nematodes do not like heat so it is best to apply them when the temperature is under 80 degrees. You can usually find nematodes at your local nursery especially if they cater towards more organic gardening practices.
Since the package I bought will treat 9000 square feet, I also spread them through my veggie garden and in my plant beds. Nematodes will also attack ants, fleas, and other garden pests.
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In our digital age, search engine optimisation (SEO) is vital to maximise your digital footprint. For example, we SEO news posts as we upload them, to ensure they register on your digital footprint optimally.
The first thing anyone does to learn about a company or individual is to google them. However, a Google Search does not read the front page of a website like a human. Instead, an algorithm called PageRank reads the Title and Meta Data behind it in order to rank websites in their Google Search engine results. But the amount of available information to search is overwhelming: 300 hours of video are uploaded to YouTube every minute, for example.
First and foremost, we ensure that our clients are deploying the right terminology that will excite interest and engage their specific target audience. We work closely with them in determining which keywords are used correctly in good commercial English on the front of their website, and that these words are then accurately reflected in the Title and Meta Data behind each website page. In doing this, we have a strong track record of using keywords to secure organic listings for all our clients on Page 1 of Google.
Our approach to SEO is innovative. Many businesses make the mistake of thinking: what are the most searched terms that people are most likely to google and read? We turn that approach on its head. Instead of looking for broad terms where the busiest audiences are, we encourage our clients to go for the most niche terms which show their expertise: where they can achieve cut through and get on to Page 1 of Google Search results.
Instead of trying to fight to be on Page 1 using broad terms, we optimise a wide range of niche terms, appropriate for the work done by our specialist clients. The few people who are then searching for those niche terms will come to our clients. It is a rifle rather than a shotgun approach. Counterintuitive but effective, it reduces the volume of web traffic, and increases the quality.
There are other techniques we can adopt, such as ensuring the quality of good backlinks to your website that improves your Domain Authority score. We can also explore brand partnerships with like-minded organisations to further enhance your search engine rankings.
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It doesn’t matter if you are someone who is just entering the app development industry or someone who holds expertise in the field of software development, programming languages act as a basic foundation for them.
But there are a ton of programming languages out there and to find out the one that is suitable for you can turn out to be quite a hectic task. Don’t worry! We have curated a list featuring some of the best programming languages that can help you in taking over the IT industry by storm.
Best Programming Languages For App Development In 2019
So without wasting any further time, let’s just jump straight to the list of top programming languages for mobile app development in 2019 that you shouldn’t miss at any cost:
The term SQL stands for Structured Query Language, which is a programming language that is used to operate various databases. This programming language also includes functionalities like storing, manipulating and retrieving of data stored in a relational database.
Basically, we can also say that the SQL language keeps the data precise as well as secure. In addition to this, it also helps in maintaining the integrity of multiple databases at a particular time, irrespective of their varying sizes.
Next, we have Ruby on the list of leading programming languages for this year. This language was developed in the late ’90s in Japan as an open source and dynamic programming language. The primary objective of Ruby was to mainly focus on productivity as well as the simplicity of the entire development process.
This programming language was designed while keeping the theme of simplifying the programming environment for the developers and programmers while adding a fun element to it.
Apart from this, Ruby also gained popularity from its Ruby on Rails framework which is basically a full-stack web app development framework. Here, mobile app developers can create their app with just a few lines of code!
Another note-worthy programming language is Swift which is more like a general-purpose and open-source language. This programming language was compiled and developed by one and the only – Apple Inc.
So in case you are looking forward to building a native iOS or even a MacOS application then Swift is your go-to programming language. One can also say that Swift is highly influenced by a combination of different programming languages like Ruby and Python. In other words, Swift is a beginner-friendly that is fun to use in the mobile app development process.
The term PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor which is a general-purpose programming language. This programming language can also be defined as a scripting language that runs on a server and is used to build web pages that are written in HTML.
Some of the advantages of this programming language are:
– Free of cost
– Easy to set up
– Simple to implement
Today, PHP has become one of the most popular options for programmers as well as mobile app developers for developing web page content that is dynamic in nature. Yes, PHP has its pros but still, there are some cons to this programming language like the slow website performance and increased loading time.
The next name we have in the list of best programming languages is Java which is one of the most famous names in this list. Basically, it is a highly compatible cross-platform language that works independent of the platform as app developers and programmers have the freedom to code anywhere.
Here, users have the option to compile their code into a low-level machine code, which can later be executed on various platforms using JVM i.e. Java Virtual Machine. Java also helps programmes and application developers in reusing the codes, this further saves time.
Apart from that, this programming language matters a lot for Android app developers as it helps them by providing many additional features and functionalities that aren’t available in the case of iOS app development.
Last but not least, we have Python on our list of top programming languages for mobile app development in 2019. This is mainly a general purpose and user-friendly programming language just like Java. The syntax of Python is clear as well as intuitive with respect o the English language.
So these were some of the top programming languages that are gaining momentum with each passing day. And if you are an aspiring programmer and application developer then our advice to you would be to choose one or more above-mentioned languages.
Also, in order to become a successful mobile app developer, you should not only know the basics of the programming languages but also hold a significant amount of expertise in it. For instance, instead of learning the basic fundamentals of two to three programming languages, you should focus on attaining an expert level in just one programming language.
Remember, programming languages are the foundation on which the entire process of mobile application development is carried out!
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10 Super-Important Questions to Ask Before You Take Prescription Medications
What if you miss a dose? Are there foods should should avoid? Here are key questions to ask before you fill a prescription.
Don’t forget to ask these questions
Prescription medications work best if you take them as prescribed. And although the instructions that come with the medication are helpful and essential, they may not address all your questions. That’s why it’s important to do your own due diligence, too. Here are some questions to ask your doctor and your pharmacist before taking prescription medication.
Should I avoid certain foods while taking meds?
There are some food-drug interactions that can occur when you eat food while taking certain meds. For example, foods high in calcium like dairy products, can interfere with some antibiotics and you may want to avoid bananas and other high potassium foods if you’re taking meds for high blood pressure or diuretics for excess fluid retention. “Eating foods high in potassium can increase the risk of irregular heartbeat or palpitations because they increase the amount of potassium in your body,” says Jeremy Allen, MD, the medical director for American Family Care‘s Birmingham, Alabama region. Other well-known interactions include grapefruit juice with statins and overloading on vitamin K or cranberries with blood thinners, such as Warfarin. For more information on food interactions, check out this booklet published by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Can I still have a glass of wine when I’m taking meds?
Will one drink really hurt? Drinking alcohol when you don’t take meds changes things in your body—there’s the buzz factor, drowsiness, possible hangovers, changes in your blood sugar, and more. Drinking alcohol may increase the instance of side effects with certain meds. For example, you could become very drowsy if you sip wine and take allergy meds. Tyramine, a component found in many alcoholic beverages as a result of the fermentation process, can cause a sudden, unsafe increase in your blood pressure if you’re taking meds such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). “In cases of some antibiotics and antifungals, alcohol intake can also cause nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, flushing, and headaches,” says Dr. Allen. (Here are. 21 medications you should never mix with alcohol.)
I threw up. Should I take another dose or wait?
When did you take the meds? “If you vomit within 15 minutes of taking your medication, you should definitely take another dose, because it likely hasn’t been digested,” recommends Dr. Allen. If it has been more than an hour or two, your meds have probably already passed your stomach, so you can wait till your next dose is due. However, you should call your doctor if you’re not sure, because the risk of missing a dose may trump the risk of having additional medicine in your bloodstream. If your meds are giving you tummy trouble, you may want to try these foods to help soothe a tummy ache. Some medications require taking them on an empty stomach. If a medicine does not require an empty stomach, taking it with food may help prevent nausea.
How long will it take for me to feel the effects?
When you’re sick and tired of being sick and tired, you want relief fast but feeling better may take longer, depending on your condition and the medication. Some meds travel straight from your digestive systems to your bloodstream while others have to get through the liver first. In some cases, medication may reach your bloodstream eight hours after you’ve ingested it, but in some cases, it will reach peak levels in your blood after only 30 minutes, says Dr. Allen. If you’re taking a time-release med, these are designed to dissolve slowly and give your body stable levels of the meds throughout the day. “You should begin to feel effects from the medication within the first six to eight hours, but it might take sustained ingestion to make a significant difference in your condition.” Other medications such as antidepressants and antipsychotics can take weeks to months for people to notice an improvement in symptoms. Of course, for some medications (like those for high blood pressure), you may not feel any effects whatsoever even if it is working properly. You may be going stir-crazy without your workout but it may not be a good idea to hit the gym when you’re sick.
Can I crush my pills to make them easier to swallow?
It’s not just kids who hate to swallow pills, some adults find the prospect of swallowing a pill overwhelming. In most cases, it’s OK to crush the pill and mix it with applesauce or pudding, but Dr. Allen says that’s a no-no with meds that are slow-dissolving or have time-release coatings that could lead to an overdose of the medication or irritate your stomach lining. This includes medications with extended-release or sustained-release labels. What about swallowing a pill with no water?
Do I have to take the full course of meds?
According to Marc I. Leavey, MD, a primary care specialist at Lutherville Personal Physicians, a Mercy Medical Center Community Physician Site, it depends on the type of condition you have. If you’re taking meds to relieve pain and the pain goes away, you can probably stop taking the pills, unless it is the only thing controlling the pain. If you’re taking antibiotics for an infection, however, stick with the course. “There may be residual bacteria holding on despite the onslaught of antibiotics, ready to multiply should the medication be stopped too soon,” cautions Dr. Leavey.
Will my supplements and herbs conflict with my meds?
Healing herbs and supplements have been used for hundreds of years to prevent and combat illness, but these same all-natural products can be dangerous when mixed with prescription meds. “Some vitamins and herbs can interact with certain medications, which may change how the medication works and/or can cause dangerous side effects,” says Jamie Chan, Pharm.D., executive director, pharmacy quality & medication safety at Kaiser Permanente. The list is so long for interactions that it is essential you tell your doctor everything you are taking, even if it is “all-natural.” Your doctor and pharmacist will have an interaction checker to verify if your supplements, herbs, or vitamins will conflict with your medications. (Here are the vitamins brands medical professionals trust the most.)
Should I take probiotics while I’m taking antibiotics?
If you’ve ever had troublesome side effects to taking antibiotics like bloating, constipation, diarrhea, or a yeast infection, you know how miserable it can be to be sick and have these symptoms on top of everything else. Kent Holtorf, MD, medical director at Holtorf Medical Group suggests his patients take probiotics. “When taking antibiotics, higher doses of probiotics are needed because the makeup of the bacteria in your gut is essentially a competition. As the antibiotics kill off some of the good bacteria, more bad bacteria can take hold,” says Dr. Holtorf. “It is best to take the probiotic as far away from the antibiotic as possible to lessen the amount of good bacteria in the probiotic being killed, but killing some is unavoidable.” To power up the good bacteria fight, Dr. Holtorf recommends at least 200 to 400 billion colony forming units (CFU’s) during and for several weeks after taking antibiotics. “It is very safe and almost never associated with any problems,” he says. Probiotics can also be found in these foods.
Does take twice a day mean every 12 hrs or morning and bedtime?
According to Dr. Leavey, the common practice, even in hospitals is breakfast and dinner time. If your label directs you to take the meds three times a day that equates to morning, afternoon, and evening. “It likely never hurts to be more precise, but using the less accurate twice daily times instead of every 12 hours may cause some drugs to be incorrectly dosed,” says Dr. Leavey. Letting meds fully leave your bloodstream could alter your treatment. Of course, this is a general rule of thumb and you should ask your doctor or pharmacist if you are concerned.
Will a generic drug be as effective as a name brand?
Being sick and paying outrageous prescription prices is a double whammy nobody wants, but will lower-cost generic drugs be as effective as the trusted name brand? According to Chan, the FDA requires that generic medicines work the same way as the brand name drug. Dr. Leavey agrees. “There may be differences in the way the pill or capsule is constructed, and this may lead to individual variations, but for the majority, there will be no problem,” says Leavey. However, there are some specific instances when a brand name product is best, he says. Ask your doctor if a generic med is right for your condition. (Check out the most expensive prescription drugs in America.)
- Jeremy Allen, MD, the medical director for American Family Care's Birmingham, Alabama region
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration: "Drug Interactions: What You Should Know"
- Marc I. Leavey, MD, a primary care specialist at Lutherville Personal Physicians, a Mercy Medical Center Community Physician Site
- Jamie Chan, Pharm.D., executive director, pharmacy quality & medication safety at Kaiser Permanente
- Kent Holtorf, MD, medical director at Holtorf Medical Group
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If writing makes you happy, write you must. If you like to make memories by clicking your own photo, a portrait of that street vagabond with broken teeth or that beautiful moth— it’s every breath palpable in its wings, you simply must click. By pursuing a creative passion that we love, happiness holds fort and takes wing.
In today’s context of our world being digital, happiness is held to ransom by a button. Introduced in early 2009 by Facebook, the ‘like’ button has grown in power, morphed into new avatars, and has political, marketing, and privacy implications. The psychological impact makes sense in our context.
Likes are a dopamine booster, eating chocolates does the same. We take inspiration from ‘likes’. More ‘likes’ the better and that propels us forward. We get disappointed if our posts don’t get enough responses because that’s equivalent to being rejected or our post deemed unworthy. It is as if we did not get enough shoulder pats after scoring abundantly in a cricket match, or when that Bengali sweets were leftover. So what’s happening here?
We are all driven by social acceptance whether it is relationships, Instagram, Facebook or OS.ME. Psychologically, when we post we communicate and we want to be acknowledged, even judged favourably. It becomes a mental drain if we don’t get comments or emoticons. It becomes a rat race within our head, checking notifications. So much like siblings vying for the attention of their parents.
Online and offline mirror each other. People are driven by a herd mentality and reputation or fan following. Great photographers generate more love even for average photography. Lesser known photographers or writers naturally feel burdened, and have no option but to work harder to get attention for their work. Some do, some fall over.
I am unenthused by likes and I try my hardest to keep this out of my mind when I write or make photos but they find a way and creep up on me.
What’s the way out?
Exit from social media seems a good option. And that flies in the way of expressing oneself. Limited exposure of your posts to people you trust, a more private screening of expressions is a worthier option.
What choice one makes is self dependent. Mental peace crucial to self progress tilts the priority for me. Does it for you?
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CLAWPACK (Conservative LAW's PACKage) is a package of Fortran subroutines for solving time-dependent hyperbolic systems of conservation laws in 1, 2 and 3 space dimensions made by Randall J. LeVeque.The finite differences method is used with a flux limitation .This library is freely available on the web and can be downloaded from http://www.amath.washington.edu/~rjl/clawpack.html.
I . Organization of CLAWPACK
II . Applications
A number of applications are in the claw/applications directory. These are typically subdivided into 1d and 2d, and then within each of these is a subdirectory rp which contains the Riemann solver(s) and other subdirectories for solving particular problems or classes of problems. These are :
III . Clawpack
This is the basic directory containing the softawre package
itself, and has subdirectories 1d, 2d, and 3d,
containing the algorithms in 1,2 and 3 space dimensions
respectively.There is also a subdirectory limiters which
contains limiter functions used in all dimensions.
Each of the dimensionnal subdirectories is organized in a similar manner, and 1d will be described in a next part Example of 1D Fortran subroutines.
IV . Doc
This directory contains the documentation in the form of postcript files. This is divided into Notes on various aspect of the software or particular applications :
Introduction to using clawpack
The Clawpack Algorithms
Capacity-form flux differencing
Advection on a curvilinear grid
Advection in stratified fluid
Saturated groundwater flow
Acoustics in a heterogenous medium
Isothermal gas dynamics
See also the paper
Wave propagation algorithms for multi-dimensional hyperbolic systems, J. Comput. Phys. 131(1997) pp 327-353.
After downloading content.ps, you can print it with giving the
following command :
lp -dprinter's name cover.ps note*.ps biblio.ps
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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The concept of corporate culture is understood and expressed by many different:
1. American scholars John Cotter and James Heskett believe that corporate culture refers to the corporate values and business practices shared by all departments in an enterprise, at least the top managers of the enterprise. ... refers to the kind of common cultural phenomenon possessed by the various functional departments of a division or departments located in different geographical environments in an enterprise.
2. Trace Deere and Alan Kennedy believe that corporate culture is values, heroes, customs, rituals, cultural networks, and corporate environments.
3. William Ouchi believes that corporate culture is "aggressive, defensive, flexible - values that define patterns of activity, opinion, and behavior.
4. Corporate culture is a new modern enterprise management theory. To truly enter the market, enterprises must popularize and deepen corporate culture. building.
5. There are broad and narrow understandings of corporate culture. The corporate culture in a broad sense refers to the material and spiritual culture with its own characteristics created by the enterprise; the corporate culture in the narrow sense is the synthesis of the business purpose, values and moral code of conduct formed by the enterprise with its own personality.
6. Corporate culture is an organic and important part of the social cultural system. It is the comprehensive reflection and performance of national culture and modern consciousness within the enterprise. It is formed under the influence of national culture and modern consciousness. This awareness produces norms of behavior.
7. Corporate culture is the general cognition and attitude of groups within an enterprise to the outside world.
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https://shanghangda.com/culture/
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Personal data refers to any information relating to an identifiable person who can be directly or indirectly identified in particular by reference to an identifier. Examples include: name, identification number, location data or online identifier.
Data controllers are any persons or entities that determine “the purposes and means of the processing of personal data.” Processing data refers to anything related to personal data, including how a company handles and manages data, such as collecting, storing, using and destroying data. For more details see the full GDPR text.
WTKollen collect only a minimum of personal data as indicated in the privacy statement, used exclusively to manage and secure the service.
Users have to give their consent to the data processing. Therefore we have added a consent checkbox for the user to tick before a page is checked.
A written declaration shall be presented to the user to take a decision on consent. This declaration must be intelligible and given in an easily accessible form, using clear and plain language.
WTKollen is now upgraded and ready for the GDPR requirements.
The accessibility requirements from the Web Accessibility Directive are valid also for consent declarations. The WTKollen checker tools can be used to find accessibility issues with consent declarations.
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While dairy producers got most of the attention, the new United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement trade deal will give the U.S. a good chunk of our egg, chicken and turkey market too.
In the new deal the U.S. gets 3 point 6 per cent of additional access to the Canadian dairy market.
A Parksville dairy producer, Clarke Gourlay says he figures it’s because of the U.S. President Donald Trump’s public comments about dairy.
“We’ve given up something in the nature of 3 point 6 per cent and the chicken and egg people have given up, gosh, over 10 per cent.”
Gourlay says when you compound the effects of other trade agreements the give-away is getting serious.
“TPP, the Asian agreement, and the European agreement, we’re down 10 per cent in the last year, so, it’s the number of cows but it’s also, our net income is down 10 per cent.”
On dairy, Gourlay says U.S. producers can use hormones, that are illegal in Canada, to produce milk and there’s a long list of things American farmers do that Canadians don’t tolerate.
“There are a number of factors in the American milk production that Canadians, by and large, could not tolerate. The environmental impact of a 20,000 cow farm, the social impact of hiring principally undocumented labour below minimum wage to work in the farms, those are things that are very common in the U.S. and completely unacceptable in Canada.”
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https://www.mypowellrivernow.com/16791/news/usmca-deal-a-bad-one-for-agriculture/
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I would like to transfer data from a raspberrypi TO my Banglejs.
The data would be a series of probable two digit codes which would describe various status indicators from an app running on the Pi.
The reason for using the watch is an easy way to receive alerts etc as it will be used outdoors in the countryside connecting to the pi over a local connection.
I am wondering ( having read the git posting) if mqtt is a method of achieving this and if there are any examples of this being done.
many thanks for any suggestions.
Hi! Yes, you can definitely do that pretty easily with EspruinoHub.
There's a bit of info on the commands to send here: https://github.com/espruino/EspruinoHub#connections
You just need your device's MAC address (which you can see on the EspruinoHub status page at pi:1888/status) - for instance in my case it's c6:a8:1a:1f:87:16.
Then you just send "\x10E.showMessage('Hello')\n" to "/ble/write/c6:a8:1a:1f:87:16/nus/nus_tx" via MQTT.
For instance sending "\x10E.showMessage('Hello')\n" should write 'hello' on the screen.
Or you could send "\x10myStatus=1234;\n" or maybe if you define a function in your Bangle.js app called setStatus then you can just call "\x10setStatus(123)\n"
The \x10 (char code 16) isn't required, but it just stops the Bangle 'echoing' the characters back via Bluetooth which can make it more reliable if you send loads of data.
Worth noting that it's hard to use the mosquitto_pub command to send newlines/escape codes. You can do:
mosquitto_pub -t "/ble/write/c6:a8:1a:1f:87:16/nus/nus_tx" -m 'E.showMessage("Hello There")\
The trailing slash on the line is important as that allows you to send a newline inside a string argument, but it's a bit hacky and it'd be better if you can send directly from within your application.
Gordan, Thank you for your reply which I shall pursue.
Could you briefly explain what the EspruinoHub is?
Wha do I expect when its installed?
EspruinoHub is a service which runs and which converts Bluetooth LE traffic into MQTT and vice-versa. It'll also log data and allow you to query it - eg to find the temperature for the past week.
However if you just want to talk to Bangle.js, there's a whole page on the different ways you can do it from different programming languages: https://www.espruino.com/Interfacing#bluetooth-le
Don't worry about formatting, just type in the text and we'll take care of making sense of it. We will auto-convert links, and if you put asterisks around words we will make them bold.
For a full reference visit the Markdown syntax.
© Espruino, powered by microcosm.
Report a problem
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://forum.espruino.com/conversations/355434/#comment15594059
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The aim of this study was to assess the stability of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) by examining whether children with cerebral palsy (CP) remain in the same level over time. Participants were 610 children with CP (342 males, 268 females; mean age 6y 9mo [SD 2y 10mo]), range 16mo-13y). Children were assessed 2 to 7 times (mean 4.3) at 6-month (children <6y old) or 12-month(children >or=6y old) intervals. Seventy-three per cent of children remained in the same level for all ratings. The weighted kappa coefficient between the first and last ratings was 0.84 for children less than 6 years old and 0.89 for children at least 6 years old, indicating excellent chance-corrected agreement. Children initially classified in Levels I and V were least likely to be reclassified. There was a tendency for children younger than 6 years who were reclassified to be done so to a lower level of ability. The results provide evidence of stability of the GMFCS.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16700931/?access_num=16700931&link_type=MED&dopt=Abstract
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Get in step with one of winter’s hottest recreational activities while experiencing the fun and satisfaction of building your own pair of snowshoes. Sleepy Hollow State Park in Clinton County will offer three opportunities to take part in Snowshoe Building Workshops this season taught by Clyde Risdon of Risdon Rigs.
The two-day workshops are scheduled from 5 to 9 p.m. on Fridays, and 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on Saturdays. The workshops will be held on Dec. 2 and 3; Jan. 20 and 21; Feb. 3 and 4 at park headquarters, located at 7835 East Price Rd. in Laingsburg.
Risdon designs and builds premier quality dogsled equipment and custom snowshoes. His company’s sleds have been used in major dogsled events, including the legendary Iditarod race. During each snowshoe workshop, Risdon will teach students how to weave one of two traditional wooden snowshoe designs. The class fee of $170, payable to Risdon Rigs, covers supplies, materials and equipment to make one pair of snowshoes.
The Snowshoe Building Workshop, which is part of the DNR’s ongoing Recreation 101 program, is recommended for participants ages 16 or older. Class size is limited. For reservations, contact Sleepy Hollow State Park at 517-651-6217 or email [email protected]. The park is located near Exit 91 off US-127, 20 miles north of Lansing.
For more information about this event, the park, accessibility, or persons needing accommodations to attend this event contact Sleepy Hollow State Park (TTY/TDD711 Michigan Relay Center for the hearing impaired) or visit www.michigan.gov/dnr.
The Recreation Passport has replaced motor vehicle permits for entry into Michigan state parks, recreation areas and state-administered boating access fee sites. This new way to fund Michigan’s outdoor recreation opportunities also helps to preserve state forest campgrounds, trails, and historic and cultural sites in state parks, and provides park development grants to local communities.
Michigan residents can purchase the Recreation Passport ($10 for motor vehicles; $5 for motorcycles) by checking “YES” on their license plate renewal forms, or at any state park or recreation area. Nonresident motor vehicles must still display a valid nonresident Recreation Passport ($29 annual; $8 daily) to enter a Michigan state park, recreation area or state-administered boating access fee site; these can be purchased at any state park or recreation area, or through the Michigan e-Store at www.michigan.gov/estore. To learn more about the Recreation Passport, visit www.michigan.gov/recreationpassport or call 517-241-7275.
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources is committed to the conservation, protection, management, use and enjoyment of the state’s natural and cultural resources for current and future generations. For more information, go to www.michigan.gov/dnr.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.actionhub.com/news/2011/11/04/make-your-own-snowshoes-during-sleepy-hollow-state-parks-recreation-101-events-in-michigan/
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Global Positioning System or the GPS tracking systems are an incredible invention of the current times. We’re all familiar with our Sat Navs as almost everyone who is driving their vehicle for business or pleasure will rely at some point on this type of GPS tracker to get to their desired location. However, not only can GPS help you reach your desired location, but in a different application it can also help you keep track of your valued vehicles and dependants; vehicles, boats, caravans, trailers and people; children and vulnerable adults, should they be under threat of theft or loss.
GPS technology is forever evolving and it’s uses in security tracking has stepped up to the most advanced level and is instrumental in it’s support to several roles in emergency services, law enforcement being just one of them as well as care of the elderly. Some other versions of GPS include a GPS vehicle tracking system, GPS personal tracking system, GPS kids tracking system all of which help us in our day to day lives.
Keep a tag on your assets
Global Positioning System helps you maintain control over assets that are required for moving inventory or performing customer service. This way the GPS allows you to track the exact location of the assets in case of assets being stolen or misplaced. In case anything like that happens GPS tracking system can be really helpful in finding the asset and getting it back as well as potentially preventing or curtailing the theft or loss to take place.
Businesses today rely on GPS systems to take care of customer needs, whether you have ordered a pair of your favourite shoes or have booked a cab, you can track their arrival online with the help of these GPS systems and know their exact location anywhere, anytime. This efficient and reliable service proves it’s value with customers appreciating when the company makes efforts to keep them updated about their products or services with up to date information at their end. Relying on GPS Tracking System for business has become a necessary service and an asset for any organisation.
Peace of mind
The advantage of GPS tracking lies in the fact that it helps people minimise their anxiety and concern. Distress related to the safety and care of our most valuable possessions and loved ones is something we all live with and with crime and longevity on the increase, we are constantly reminded of vulnerability and risk. With small GPS devices, parents can feel safe in the knowledge they know the whereabouts of their children’s location when they are not nearby, the elderly and disabled can have more freedom safe in the knowledge their ‘carer’ knows where they are. Lone sports enthusiasts and walkers can benefit too from a small, portable and waterproof tracker. Also with a vehicle GPS tracker you have real-time location of your car when left unattended, as well as a fuel cut off facility, or if you run a fleet of vehicles you can monitor routes and driver behaviour especially if transporting expensive cargo.
Easy to Use
Modern GPS tracking systems are engineered in a way to offer an easy user interface enabling the layman to use the system effectively. Earlier the systems were complex but with the advancement in the field of a global positioning system, the devices are now devised in a way that anyone can use.
With clear instructions, no contract and a pay as you go sim, setting up your GPS is similar and less complicated to familiarising yourself with a new mobile phone.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.evolve-innovations.co.uk/news/will-gps-tracker-ever-rule-world
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Business pattern is rising having a fantastic speed in the period of today and if he has the ability and capability to carry forward that business every individual really wants to start business. Everything has become costlier in something special period for they appear towards the online careers and companies as well as so individuals experience to possess more income.
Individuals are frustrated of the normal nine to five operating agendas and they experience that function for indifference so that they usually wish to change to anything fascinating and free of demanding operating hours. Online ways of making money supply you independence to generate lots of cash. You are able to earn more from these jobs should you commit additional time to these jobs. Each and every individual it is acquainted with the internet options for them and understands web.
Also you are great in a specific subject and when you have abilities of training you can certainly begin an internet guide business. You may also begin a home based internet business, as well as for this one requires a quick web connection for control objective and correct conversation. Tutorial is definitely an ongoing business and individuals may generate enough cash out of this business. More and more students have been in research of those types of tutorial classes for mcb244 because they do not wish to proceed outside to take such courses.
Online teachers must have some devices especially for supplying courses online headphones for supplying courses for them to speak with students, like web cam. It is your decision should you give a great tutorial course like mcb244 towards the students online subsequently with increasingly more students engage to become listed on your web courses. Should this happen, a large amount of making is likely to be thereby using courses on the web, that you can quickly organize your own house at home as well as your traveling costs may be preserved.
Web is just a supply of understanding with this aid students may do their reports by resting in the home by joining tutorial courses. This makes them research in a much better method while getting any course with no additional student may disrupt you inside your classes online and you will see no distraction. To make tasks, projects and sometimes even planning displays students usually consider the aid of web. The era of today is extremely the students fall and also progress of getting tutorial in the teacher is house the thought. The training situation has transformed and created the life span really simpler for those students.
Numerous internet based applications to assist their students is provided by these teachers. These teachers employ online white panels forgiving classes and you will talk and organize using the teachers at that moment message or through online talking, through e mails. Online teachers cost to obtain authorized for that online tutorial from this and the students may fulfill your training desire with as you are able to great income likewise.
For making online assignments, teacher needs to place in plenty of initiatives and period, he has to organize test based assignments, online examinations and online displays for classes utilized in an extremely appealing, educative as well as in easy vocabulary to ensure that student may comprehend the pitch quickly.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.mediahacker.org/4533/a-great-way-to-earn-through-online-guide-business/
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Sober dorms could be the answer to the rising drug epidemic. However, what exactly is a sober dorm and how can the concept be utilized effectively to help students combat the disease of addiction?
How Sober Dorms Can Help
When a freshman goes to college he’ll be dealing with a completely new environment. Most students move to new cities to go to college, and are, for the first time, away from their parent’s home where they were provided with a structure to their life and choices. And this lack of support and control in addition to the stress regarding academic success or failure, paying tuition, among others, can lead to addiction problems.
Most campuses have problems with students drinking too much, using prescription drugs to control anxiety and depression, and abusing stimulants.
Will Sober Dorms Really Work?
To fight this drug and alcohol abuse on campus, the Rutgers University, the state university of New Jersey, developed a program in 1988 – building a sober dorm. Since this time, many changes have been made but the fact is that more and more universities and colleges are taking this step.
When students go to college for the first time, all they can think about is the campus. They know, beforehand, that it will be “wild”, a daily party. And it’s not a surprise to anyone that campuses are filled with alcohol, marijuana, and even cocaine.
The main difference between 10 years ago and now is that before, the only help students would get was from local Alcoholic Anonymous and student health services. However, with the creation of the sober dorms, students have all the support they need from different activities until counselors ready to help them out.
The major goal of creating special dorms that promote “substance-free” housing is to give the support that many students who are recovering from drug and alcohol abuse lack. So, with this in mind, these sober dorms offer special activities to help students to be busy all the time like meditation classes and yoga, among others.
A student who is recovering from his addiction will find in the sober dorms other people who are dealing with the same things, with the same problems. And together, they can motivate each other, and avoid any relapses. If they had to stay on campus, they would most probably relapse just to try to fit in.
Success Rates in Sober Dorms
When students are addicted to drugs or alcohol, they are more likely to drop out or to have lower rates. However, when comparing this numbers with recovering students that live in sober rooms, they are able not only to raise their grades as they’ll more likely finish their degree.
To be accepted in a sober dorm, each college and university have their own criteria. However, the most common are that the student needs to be sober at least for 90 days. They will also need to have an interview with the dorm counselor as well as meet with the current residents.
Despite all the advantages a sober dorm can have to a college student in alochol or drug addiction recovery, it shouldn’t be considered a treatment center. Students who want to live in sober dorms are already participating in addiction rehabilitation programs which also include therapy for substance abuse. What sober dorms do is to help this recovery students have their own space, surrounded by other students who are in the same situation and where they can access a counselor to help them deal with any problem that might arise.
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<urn:uuid:b587bc2b-8557-42fc-804d-ce2cde8d08ba>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.thediscoveryhouse.com/sober-dorms-combat-opioid-epidemic/
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Pavlo Makov, the artist representing Ukraine at the country’s Venice Biennale pavilion this spring, was supposed to go to a shooting range on Friday with his friend, a trained soldier.
The 63-year-old conceptual artist had already undergone military training during the Soviet era, but he felt it was time to “refresh a little bit, just in case.”
On Thursday, the plans were cancelled when Russian troops began a land and sea invasion of Ukraine after weeks of icy standoffs and fraught attempts at diplomacy.
“We are hearing all morning the sounds of bombs,” the artist told Artnet News from his three-room house in Kharkiv, the country’s second-largest city, where he lives with his wife—his son, daughter-in-law, and 92-year-old mother are sheltering with them at their house.
For the moment, Makov was calm. A few Russian tanks were in the streets, and people were queuing at the supermarket and gas station. But the internet was still working and the television was on. Watching and waiting with his family, Makov was able to keep in touch with the curators of his upcoming pavilion, Lizaveta German, Maria Lanko, Borys Filonenko, all of them in Kyiv, regularly.
“You have to understand that we have already lost 15,000 soldiers during the last eight years,” he said, referring to the aftermath of the Russian annexation of Crimea in 2014. “Europe was thinking this is a small conflict somewhere else. But this is a conflict on the eastern border of Europe. For the past eight years, the West was not accepting what was happening here: a war against a civilization they represent. This is not a war between Ukrainians and Russians—this is a war between two civilizations and two mentalities.”
Makov is ethnically Russian. He was born in St. Petersburg but spent most of his life in Ukraine and studied fine art in Crimea as well as graphic art. His work often occurs as fine line etchings, as well as prints and drawings—he also makes large-scale sculptures. His work has been on view the the Victoria and Albert Museum in London and the Met in New York.
“I am a citizen of Ukraine, and for me citizenship is much more important than my ethnic identity,” he said.
For the Venice Biennale, which opens in April, the artist is creating an updated version of his 1995 work . The piece—a three-meter-square wall installation with water tumbling down 78 bronze sculpted funnels—was originally about “the absence of vitality in society after the Soviet Union,” the artist said. “Now, so many years later, the situation is changed, and it is about a global exhaustion. We are facing a lot of existential problems, not only with nature, but also via fake news and politics.”
Makov and his curators were hoping to send the work to Venice in two weeks, but the invasion has made that uncertain. “Nobody knows now what will happen,” Makov said.
The artist said that, over the past years, he and other artists have been working to support Ukrainian defense efforts. One friend of the artist, a solider in the Donbas region, which has been claimed by Russian separatists since 2014, was able to use funds from a sale of one of Makov’s artworks to buy armor and weaponry.
“It wasn’t enough to buy everything that he needed,” Makov said. “He was able to buy a new machine gun and a bulletproof vest. Everyone is doing what they can.”
The Ukrainian added that he was surprised that artists from Europe have continued to work with Russia after the annexation of Crimea while saying little to nothing about its ongoing aggression, citing projects taking place at venues like the VAC foundation and the Garage Museum there. “Russia is doing everything to be represented in the best way from the point of view of culture,” he said. “But the fact is that the country truly is against you and hates you.”
Though his works have been in the collection of the Pushkin Museum since the 1990s, he severed ties with the country after the invasion eight years ago.
“I lost all connections with Russia when the war started in 2014, all my interests and connections with galleries there,” he said. “From my point of view, it is impossible to work with another country that is openly and aggressively attacking your country, and that is taking your territory.”
For now, he has no plans to leave Kharkiv.
“I am not running from my home, though I cannot really fight and I do not know how to do it. You need to be trained. Let’s see what will come next. Russia won’t stop just like that. They will continue to fight. But so will we.”
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<urn:uuid:b40dbe1d-bcc3-4f38-a054-279c6a42fe70>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.antheamissy.com/i-am-not-running-from-my-home-pavlo-makov-the-artist-representing-ukraine-in-the-venice-biennale-on-selling-art-to-help-arm-the-front-lines/
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|
en
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The upcoming Tokyo Olympics is making a big effort to ensure that the upcoming Games is environmentally responsible. Part of its sustainability initiative involves making the athletes’ beds out of sturdy cardboard.
There will be 18,000 beds at Athletes Village for Tokyo Olympics—all made of cardboard frames. Organizers say will support 200 kilos, or 440 pounds. Olympics open July 24. pic.twitter.com/X9yauV1CrR
— Stephen Wade (@StephenWadeAP) January 9, 2020
Takashi Kitajima, manager of the Athletes Village, told the Associated Press, “Those beds can stand up to 200 kilograms [400 lbs]. They are stronger than wooden beds.”
The single bed frames will reportedly be recycled into paper products following the Games and the mattresses (which thankfully aren’t made of cardboard) into plastic products. This is the first time that a Games has used recyclable beds and bedding. The village will include 18,000 beds spanning 21 towers that overlook Tokyo Bay.
Canada has already had two qualifiers for the Games, Trevor Hofbauer and Dayna Pidhoresky in the marathon. The rest of the marathon and race walk squad will be named by Athletics Canada in May and the rest of the track and field team on June 28 following the Olympic Trials in Montreal.
While the sustainability efforts are appreciated, hopefully the comfort level will be acceptable and conducive to high performance.
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<urn:uuid:c5bd74d4-220e-4d34-9673-1ae25206636a>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://runningmagazine.ca/the-scene/tokyo-olympic-athletes-village-features-cardboard-beds/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00272.warc.gz
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On 5 April 1948, Fu’ad Saba, founder of the accounting firm Saba and Company, wrote the Arab Higher Committee (AHC).1 He was requesting an exit permit on behalf of Khalil Sa‘ada.2 Sa‘ada, the assistant director of Saba’s Jaffa office, was moving to the company’s Baghdad branch. Once in Baghdad, Sa‘ada could better serve other Palestinian businesses that were also relocating their headquarters. That year, 1948, marked the birth of Israel and the death of contiguous Palestine.
Urgency and desperation united the requests the AHC received in those momentous months. A letter from the National Committee of Bir al-Sabi‘ implored the AHC: “We are being attacked and the Jews are close to taking over all of the transportation roads between Palestine and Egypt, please lend us tanks and heavy machinery or direct us to where we can buy [them]. . . . We have sent you many requests but have not received military attention or organization . . . we are without leadership or direction.”3 But Saba’s tone was more measured. Saba and the businessmen of his cohort were rapidly transferring their capital and interests to other parts of the Arab world. He was a self-made man whose entrepreneurship had already borne considerable fruit. In the 1930s, Saba and his colleagues had drawn on diverse philosophies to craft economic thought and envision an economic nahda, or renaissance. They defined themselves as men of capital, and they preached to their elite brethren about the proper spending and saving patterns that would ensure Palestinian progress in a pan-Arab utopia of free trade, private property, and self-responsibility.
In their earlier developmental projects, Saba and his colleagues had done their best to sever the economic from the political. They lobbied the British colonial government for institutions, statistical surveys, and calculations, which they believed were necessary for realizing what they called a healthy economic life. They knew that the British Mandate and its foundational commitment to the Zionist enterprise in Palestine subordinated them as political subjects. They collaborated with and resisted this subordination, engineering initiatives that wedded economic achievement to national independence.
Shut out of institutional spaces, these men of capital proselytized economy not as a science of markets but as a science of the self. They differentiated between needs and luxuries and emphasized the imperative of management, while creating and guarding new notions of class and status. In their periodical Al-Iqtisadiyyat al-‘arabiyya (The Arab Economic Journal in its editors’ translation), these men of capital had been careful not to address the Great Revolt (1936–1939); at the same time, some of them had funded the rebels. Saba himself had taken part in the AHC’s effort to wrestle the Revolt from the hands of the rebels and contain one of their most radical demands: social change. And as a result, the British colonial government exiled Saba and his colleagues to the Seychelles.
The end of the 1930s was a period of devastation for a majority of Palestinians—the farmers and villagers. Landlessness and indebtedness had plagued most Palestinians throughout the Mandate period (1923–1948). The British colonial government’s brutal counterinsurgency during the Revolt further heightened these conditions. Bankruptcy, unemployment, house demolitions, mass detentions, torture, and the wounding, imprisonment, exile, or killing of over 10 percent of Palestinian males were the consequences of this brutality.4 In 1939, Saba and the banker and dissident Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim, alongside the better-known Palestinian national leader al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni, waited in exile for news from the ground. When the news came, total war was on the horizon, and it would irreversibly change the course of the years to come.
The onset of World War II meant an influx of capital, war-induced industrialization, and the implementation of ambitious rationing, distribution, and marketing schemes. The British colonial government transformed Palestine into the empire’s second largest military base in the Middle East after Egypt. A crisis of supply and an abiding fear of further upheaval forced the British colonial government to begin calculating bodies and their consumption in Palestine. New indices such as the calorie and the cost of living, wrapped in the ambiguous folds of the science of nutrition and the aim of colonial development, became tools of governing, or rather, as was the case most of the time, misgoverning.
Perhaps for a moment, one could imagine that men like Saba and Ibrahim would welcome what appeared to be a colonial turn to developing Palestinian economy. That economy, especially the “Arab” part of it, had never been fully legible, divided in its numerical representations into “Jewish” and “Arab” sections, with the former enjoying the parastatal institutions and its calculations of which the Palestinians could only dream. In the settler colonial context of both British rule and Zionist settlement, the Palestinians could never become developmental subjects.
World War II brought this reality into stark focus. It was a time of deep crisis, which exposed long-festering realities. Men like Saba and Ibrahim could no longer separate their economic visions from their political obligations. The self-proclaimed vanguards of the future turned away from their imaginings of a broad Arab horizon of commercial plenty. Through the nascent institutions of the Chambers of Commerce, they focused instead on the realities of scarcity and the urgency of managing basic needs. It was during the 1940s that they sought to address the many others, who in the previous decade they had naturalized as their inferiors—those “Bedouin” and “peasants”—as objects of representation. Economy was no longer an index of individual and national uplift; it became linked to a continued presence on the land.
But very few would maintain that presence. With the Nakba, or catastrophe, of 1948, the large majority of Palestinians, 700,000 to 800,000 people,5 became stateless refugees. The 150,000 Palestinians who did remain on the land became second-class “citizen strangers” under military rule in that 80 percent of Palestine that was now called Israel.6 As for Sa‘ada, the young man traveling from Jaffa to Baghdad, in 1948 he became part of a broad diasporic network of firms and contacts.
Saba, Ibrahim, and the businessmen and bankers who made money and shaped economy in Palestine do not appear in the historical record. Their invisibility is not the result of one condition, but a confluence of several. First among them is the history and historiography of settler colonialism in its British and Zionist articulations. Second are three characters that continue to dominate the historiographic scene: the aristocrat, the comprador, and the middle-class hero. Finally, there are the linked impulses of nostalgia, mourning, and idealization of pre-Nakba Palestine that flatten the topography of Palestinian social life.
Saba, along with Abd al-Muhsin al-Qattan and Hasib Sabagh among others, became leading figures in accounting, banking, contracting, and insurance throughout the Arab world. They accumulated wealth and expertise and took part in leading the commercial horizon they had imagined in the 1930s. Yet despite these successes, Saba was never quite the same after 1948. There was, his grandson explains, a lot of silence in the house.7 Saba remained in Beirut until his death. Not far from where he lived stood Sabra and Shatilla, the refugee camps where the majority of Palestinian refugees remain confined until today.
Until 1948, the majority of Arabs in Palestine were small farmers and sharecroppers. The formation of large estates and the growing power of merchant capital in the late nineteenth century began causing the indebtedness and displacement that would characterize rural life.8 Palestinians would survive the economic duress and famine of World War I only to face a new regime of colonial control that the League of Nations called Mandatory rule. In 1919, the Covenant of the League of Nations divided the world into “advanced nations” and those peoples who were “not yet able to stand by themselves.”9 Based on the principles of “well-being and development,” the Covenant sought to provide “tutelage” to these not-yet-peoples of the former German and Ottoman territories, which the document further divided into a three-tiered hierarchy (A, B, C) based on potential for self-rule. The Covenant graded the Arab provinces of the former Ottoman empire—Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq—as A territories, whose independence could be provisionally recognized. Under the monitoring body of the Permanent Mandates Commission, the Mandate system was distinct from imperial frameworks because it promised eventual self-rule. At the same time, it continued what Uday Mehta has called the metaphor of childhood that informed British liberal understandings of imperial subjects.10
Mandatory rule in Palestine was exceptional. Typically we think of this exceptionalism as rooted in British support of Zionism, a result of conflicting promises to Arabs and Jews in a post–World War I order, and/or an outcome of British colonial ambiguity and incoherence. These explanations are accurate but not accurate enough. They can lead to a faulty narrative framework that pits a settlement movement and a colonized people as equivalent national movements competing over one strip of land. This narrative has persisted until the present, as has the reality on the ground of an occupier and an occupied that cannot be equated. The Mandate in Palestine was not simply exceptional because the colonial government supported one so-called side over another. The Mandate in Palestine was exceptional because it was the only case in which the Permanent Mandates Commission endorsed settler colonialism.11
The November 1917 Balfour Declaration inaugurated the British commitment to “a national home for the Jewish people” with the qualification that this would supposedly not prejudice “the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities.”12 This short memorandum rendered Jewish an ethno-national category in Palestine. It defined the land and its inhabitants by this category, despite the fact that Jews constituted 5 percent of the people who lived in Palestine at the turn of the twentieth century.13 The memorandum rendered the majority of the Palestinians who lived on the land nameless; it defined them by what they were not. Two parallel processes began to take root. First was the partitioning of people into categories of Jewish and non-Jewish, deserving and undeserving of a national home. Second was the erasure of the Palestinian, who appeared only as a non-Jewish inhabitant bearing religious and civil but not political rights.
One of the first partitions that took place after World War I was the separation of Palestinian Jews from their former Muslim and Christian brothers under Ottoman rule.14 It is at this point that what Edward Said called the malicious simplifications of Arab and Jew began to harden, although that hardening would be evolutionary, processual, and always partial.15 Despite scholarly arguments that the Balfour Declaration was primarily a piece of war propaganda and not a blueprint for British rule,16 the two principles that the Declaration inaugurated—the erasure of the Palestinian and the partition of the people into those deserving versus those undeserving of a national home—became the foundation of the Mandate document. Article 2 of that document recognized the Jewish Agency as the body responsible for realizing the Jewish national home in Palestine. It was the only non-Anglo institution that received official recognition in Mandate Palestine. Article 6 committed British colonial rule to Zionist land settlement and Jewish immigration. From its inception, British colonial rule was premised on enabling the settler movement and denying the possibility of politics for Palestinians. Mandate rule brought into law the Zionist mantra of “a land without a people for a people without a land.”
This mantra has enjoyed an impressive longevity. However, we should qualify its meaning to get at the specific condition of Palestinian invisibility in colonial epistemologies. Zionists of the late nineteenth century did not imagine that there were no people on the land of Palestine, but rather that they were not a people. Theodor Herzl described a set of caricatures that inhabited what he called the land of Israel: the wealthy effendis who could be had for a price and the remaining impoverished peasants who could be smoothly removed without incident. These people were a motley crew without anything defining or unifying them.17 Zionists from various political leanings did not share Herzl’s confidence that the people who lived in Palestine would not be attached enough to its land to resist their displacement.18 However, the Zionist emphasis on the lack of a politically coherent and distinct people in Palestine who deserved to make claims to the land on which they had resided for hundreds of years would continue apace. The caricatures of the effendi and the peasant, as well as the depiction of the Palestinians as insufficiently rooted, continue to have currency.
In the meantime, Zionists were hard at work shaping a cohesive settlement community around a new ethno-national understanding of what it meant to be Jewish. They called themselves the Yishuv. Zionism promised Jews who had suffered religious, political, and racial persecution for centuries in Europe that they could finally become European but only by leaving Europe. Anti-Semitism and Zionism had one thing in common: the belief that Jews could never assimilate in Europe.19 The process of becoming European by realizing a settler colony would be an abundant source of persecution: For the Palestinians it entails ongoing erasure; for the eastern (Mizrahi) Jews who did not fit the Ashkenazi (European) mold, it has meant decades of marginalization; and for the Ashkenazi, it required killing centuries of tradition, language, and culture to fit the template of the new Jew.20
The process of becoming European was based on the consolidation of a parastatal infrastructure. By the 1920s, the Zionists had realized a network of institutions that would become the foundation of the state of Israel. These included the governing body of the Jewish Agency; the Jewish National Fund, which Zionists had established in 1901 to purchase land; the labor organization of the Histadrut, which organized Jewish laborers during the Mandate; the military organization of the Haganah; and the Vaad Leumi, a Jewish people’s council that would become the Israeli parliament or Knesset in 1948. The British colonial administration bolstered the legitimacy of each of these institutions. In addition, as various crises of supply and informal markets during World War II amply indicate, these institutions often outranked the British colonial government in capital and expertise.21
The colonial government also supported Zionist enterprise in Palestine. Conventionally, colonial policy deemed tariff manipulation “uneconomic.”22 The British colonial government departed from this convention, supporting Yishuv industry through tariff manipulation. Article 11 of the Mandate stated that the colonial government could arrange with the Jewish Agency “to construct or operate, upon fair and equitable terms, any public works, services and utilities, and to develop any of the natural resources of the country.”23 It was on this basis that the colonial government granted three major monopoly concessions to Zionist interests in the 1920s: the electricity concession to the Palestine Electricity Corporation, Limited (established in 1923),24 the Dead Sea salt concessions to the Palestine Potash Company (established in 1929), and the salt concession in 1922 to the Palestine Salt Company.25
In addition, there was a long list of companies to which the Palestine government made specific customs concessions. The developing diamond industry, which flourished during World War II, received a concession from High Commissioner Herbert Samuel in 1923 to allow uncut diamonds duty-free entry and also encouraged the export industry.26 Other companies that received customs concessions on duty-free raw material imports included the Nesher Cement Company, Palestine Oil Industry (Shemen) Ltd., the Delfiner’s Silk Factory, the Yehuda Steam Factory, the Raanan Company Ltd. (confectionaries), and the Lodzia Textile Company, Ltd. The economic historian Jacob Metzer has argued that it is “empirically unverified” that the prime beneficiaries of the tariffs were Jewish industrialists and that these benefits were in any way consequential.27 For Metzer, British colonial support was simply in response to the demands of what he calls a growing and modernizing Jewish-led economy.28 Beyond the value-based assessment of Jewish economic superiority deserving of colonial support, Metzer undermines his argument. A brief glimpse at the historical record supports Barbara Smith’s point that the colonial government’s concessions protected Jewish industry.29
The traditional Zionist approach to economy in Palestine posited a backward, primitive, semi-feudal Palestinian Arab society based on subsistence agriculture with an Islamic reluctance regarding moneylending. In these accounts, Zionism in the late Ottoman and Mandate period civilized the Palestinian primitive–native. Jewish capital introduced a set of progressive changes that benefited the peasant, or fellah.30 Never mind that Jewish land settlement and expropriation displaced the fellah, who became unemployed, a condition impossible on the land as Nahla Zu‘bi points out.31 But in these renditions obdurately wedded to how settler colonial economic growth could ostensibly benefit the colonized, Palestine is marked by two distinct economic systems with limited market relations.32 There were two separate national economies—the traditional and backward Palestinian economy and the Jewish capitalist economy—and each developed independently. One sector did not exploit the other. What emerged was a competition between the two, accompanied by a crisis of modernization in the Arab sector.33
Scholars such as Roger Owen, Alexander Schölch, and Beshara Doumani have long overturned the conviction that Palestine came into the world capitalist system with the onset of British colonialism. Before 1882, Jaffa, Haifa, and Acre were important export points for external trade. Nablus was the most important center for local and regional trade and manufactured soap, oil, and cotton. Jaffa exported the produce of southern Palestine—wheat, barley, maize, olive oil, soap, oranges, and other crops—to France, Egypt, England, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, Malta, and northern Syria.34
Yet the dual-economy model continues to be conventional wisdom. It is perhaps most potently articulated in Metzer’s thorough study, The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine.35 The stark binary between the modern Jewish economy and the pre-modern Arab economy takes visual form on the cover of the paperback edition. There, a 1946 photograph depicts a camel caravan passing the electric power station in Tel Aviv. The image resonates with Metzer’s reasoning that Zionist industry and economic growth were beneficial to Palestinians.36 Recent work has overturned these conclusions. Amos Nadan has effectively shown that Metzer’s claims of progressive growth in the Arab agrarian economy are unfounded.37
In most of these accounts, there is a resounding silence on Arab capitalist practice. The scantiness, unavailability, and extremely speculative character of figures on Palestinian wages, commerce, trade, and industry justify this silence. Metzer claims that “the dynamics of manufacturing in Mandatory Palestine was primarily, although definitely not exclusively, a Jewish story.”38 Thus, the Palestinian story becomes an acceptable gap in historical inquiry. This lack enables the divided economy narrative of modern, European industry versus rural, traditional Palestinian agriculture to proceed unchecked. Certainly the Yishuv’s forces in 1948 attempted to erase Palestinian presence on the land as well as the records of that presence.39
Moreover, Metzer is accurate in his claim that the Palestinians did not create statistical mechanisms for the systematic collection and analysis of economic data.40 Ronen Shamir, building on the idea that economy does not exist independently of the sciences that define and measure it, takes Metzer’s conclusion one step further. Since Arab economists did not assemble a separate economy, Shamir explains, “the ‘Arab economy’ . . . perhaps may be better understood as a ‘negative assembly.’”41 This negative assembly “mainly existed as a kind of ephemeral shadow, appearing as the ambiguously inferior ‘other’ of its Jewish counterpart.”42 Shamir is, of course, correct in pointing to the Yishuv’s successful “politics of calculation.”43 But here archival absences can play a pernicious role. While there may be a Palestinian story, the documents that can reveal it do not exist.44 The assumption that there are no traces to unearth does not simply result in the story remaining untold. It leads to the conclusion that there is no story to tell.45
As it turns out, there is a story to tell about Arabs, calculation, and economy in Palestine. The best response to these accounts of stories untold comes from a return to scholars like Baruch Kimmerling and Gershon Shafir, who historicized Zionism in Palestine as a settler colonial movement.46 Zachary Lockman began a relational approach that insisted on understanding Zionism, not as an isolated European phenomenon (or as a colonial subject and his shadow), but in its interaction with the land and the people of Palestine.47 This work in turn inspired scholarship that sought to study both Arab and Jewish life in Ottoman and Mandate Palestine.48 Yet, in this scholarship, perceived or actual archival absences also lead to a particular formula: The Jews of the Yishuv act and the Palestinians react.
However, despite archival absences, scholars have provided intriguing portrayals of early twentieth-century Palestine as a dynamic time of cultural and literary production, as well as a period of significant social transformation that included an active women’s movement, labor organizing, mass mobilization, and popular politics.49 Yet the picture of Palestinian social life peopled by poor, illiterate masses of peasants and workers, alongside a small group of venal notables fraught with internecine competition, continues to run rampant in most historical portrayals and contemporary imaginings.
The Aristocrat, the Comprador, the Hero, and the Catastrophe
For earlier periods in Palestine, social life does not appear quite so static and unchanging. Beshara Doumani powerfully revealed the rise and fall of old and new urban elites in relation to shifting village politics from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries.50 Yet as the historical trajectory edges closer to the British Mandate era, there is an intensified scholarly investment in the predictability of elites. They appear doggedly out of step with the times. Weldon Matthews’s work on the Istiqlal Party in Palestine is an important corrective to this general trend of homogenizing elites.51 He addresses the growing influence of pan-Arab populism and destabilizes stock characters and stale strategies.
Yet there continues to be a scholarly insistence on the Palestinian elite as unchanging and easily understood. Take, for example, the scholarly and popular penchant to refer to families such as the Husaynis and Nashashibis as an “aristocracy.”52 Such a term is profoundly ahistorical, not simply in Palestine and the “non-West,” but for much of Europe as well. Parallel to the long life of the aristocracy as a social category of historical narrative is the continued insistence on describing pre- and early modern economic organization in Palestine as “feudal.” While less fashionable in academic circles, the moniker of the feudal, or iqta‘i, is still salient in everyday vernacular, particularly in Arabic. Subaltern Palestinians were innovating strategies and visions as they confronted both settler colonialism and social hierarchy. The correlative assumption that continues to limit our thinking is that among the elites it was the same old story. In this cartography, Palestinian men of capital cannot take shape as historical figures.
When they do take shape, they appear as compradors or as indistinct or as overwhelmingly Christian. For example, Walid Kazziha has argued that it was the notables in the Middle East who were the nascent bourgeoisie. They were compradors because they aligned with colonial rule while benefiting from economic growth and industrialization.53 In Palestine, Salim Tamari has argued that a “middling” new class of merchants and manufacturers was growing in the Mandate period particularly in the coastal cities of Gaza, Jaffa, Haifa, and Acre. However, this class was not distinguishable because of their organic links to landowners.54 Another characterization of this period is that many of these actors were Christian and thus exceptional.55 Thus “Christian merchants” become an easily understood collective, who appear in some accounts as unified in their stance against the boycott and the Revolt.56
During Ottoman rule, affiliation with European consulates and institutions privileged Christians in the realms of education and capital accumulation. However, the sectarian representation of men of capital is a drastic misreading. Christians played important roles in the propagation of an economic nahda in Palestine, but they were not dominant among the men who forged their philosophies in periodicals like Iqtisadiyyat or in spaces like the Chambers of Commerce. Eliding sect with politics is also inaccurate. Christian businessmen such as Imil Butaji (Emile Boutagy) and Jad Suidan did oppose the boycott and the Revolt in Haifa. But others, like Fu’ad Saba, funded the rebels. Moreover, Muslim businessmen like Ahmad Hilmi Pasha and Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim shared the concern that the Revolt would lead to their economic ruin.
Historians have used the divides between the comprador and authentic economic nationalist to explain late capitalism and the failure of the national bourgeoisie to uproot older forms of economic power. This expectation of bourgeois revolution is often idealized and mostly unrealized even in that amorphous body of countries called Europe.57 Robert Vitalis has thoroughly upended the comprador and nationalist divide in his work on capitalists in Egypt in the first half of the twentieth century. Scholars depicted that period as one of a confrontation between parasitic compradors that shunned productive investment and consorted with colonial power and a patriotic, nationalist faction. Vitalis argued that local investors created private enterprises and national industries because of their access to both state and foreign capital. He has shown how businessmen, irrespective of label, undermined British attempts to construct a neocolonial regime in the decades after World War I.58
Palestinian businessmen, like their Egyptian counterparts, used nationalism in a flexible way to protect their interests.59 They shaped an ideal “social man” and categorized people into ranks and classes based on education and vocation. Central to these categorizations was the “middle class” [al-tabaqa al-wusta], which these men used to define themselves and their social world. In the optimistic 1930s, men of capital in Palestine confined the middle class to the so-called civilized people who were to embody a new kind of economic conduct. By the 1940s and in the face of both wartime constraints and the rapid erosion of political possibilities, men of capital expanded their understanding of the middle class to include what they called the authentic Bedouin and fellah who they feverishly and belatedly sought to represent.
This shifting and exclusionary middle-class project has, like its protagonists, been subject to both neglect and celebration. Keith Watenpaugh has suggested that this neglect is a wider phenomenon in Middle East historiography.60 Because of the impression of its slavish imitation of its European cognate, the middle class has embarrassed scholars and led to “a paucity of work on this group.”61 Watenpaugh has argued that the middle class in early twentieth century Syria formed civil society institutions that articulated participation, accountability, and equality as legitimate social expectations.62 This middle class failed to realize these expectations because its members were vulnerable to the bonds of religion, ethnicity, and family. But perhaps the time has come to question this rendition of civil society as a space distinct from and purified of other social loyalties. Perhaps too, we should more carefully attend to a broader global conviction that the middle class has the potential to eradicate inequality and political instability.63 As Barbara Weinstein and Ricardo Lopez point out, such a conviction positions the Anglo-American model as both universal and exceptional. In comparison, all other historical classes, within Europe and outside of it, will always be “found wanting.”64
But beyond the inevitability of frustrated emulation, the deeper problem is the middle class’ self-description as a force of social change. After all, the goals of eradicating inequality and instability are not necessarily compatible. The imperative of stability works, historically and in the present, not to challenge social and economic inequality but to maintain it. As men of capital in Palestine put it in the 1940s, rebellion and uprising were “not in anyone’s interest.”65 Should we indict, then, men of capital as the villains of the early twentieth century? This is a tempting conclusion, especially in light of the urge to explain the devastation of the Nakba.
When the story of a people pivots on a moment of tragic loss, the quiet before the storm is a source of nostalgia. As Rema Hammami points out, oral history and Nakba commemoration have taken on a life of their own in the West Bank, Gaza, and the various sites of Palestinian exile. There are countless attempts to recreate the times of pre-Nakba Palestine.66 In many ways the Nakba marks the scope and borders of what we can know. It is the beginning and the end of Palestinian time. Some scholars continue to explain the outcome of 1948 as a result of a Palestinian “lack” and the absence of an “authentic nationalism.”67 Idealization and nostalgia are linked to historical renditions of a period that epitomizes the failure to realize a nation-state. Given the widely scattered realities of Palestinians, the continued siege and occupation of Gaza, the occupation of the West Bank, and the persistence of statelessness, it is compelling to search the Palestinian historical record for what went wrong.
But in such a search, it is almost inevitable that nationalism—its “lack,” its “strength,” or its “weakness”—will stand as a metonym for politics. In some renditions, the weakness of normative nationalism—a “political deficiency” and a lack of a national “spirit”—resulted in, as the leading historian of collaboration continues to argue, the catastrophe of 1948.68 In response, scholars have documented a national project among the Palestinians. This work is invaluable and has shifted the terms of debate as well as our understanding of the social and cultural geography of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Palestine. However, to continue reveling in the marriage between national consciousness and politics reifies colonial epistemologies. Moving beyond nationalism as both the means and ends of politics is long overdue. Certainly, nationalism was one aspect of subjectivity formation, but it was not the only way to make politics.
What I seek to destabilize here is not whether Palestinians were sufficiently national, but to ask why that sufficiency and/or its lack continues to be the measuring stick for whether people can remain on the land they resided on for centuries. Must people’s investment in the random and shifting borders that imperial and colonial officials drew determine their status? Are there other ways to think about politics outside, beside, underneath, and alongside this national prism?
I propose here that we think of the political as the stuff of the everyday: the new anxieties about money, how to manage it, how to shape and reform the social body that both money and its lack threatens. I propose too that the very idea of needs, and more crucially still, basic needs, are deeply political. What is a need? How does a need change? Who has what needs? These are all questions that occupied Palestinian men of capital and the British colonial officers who ruled them.
Men of Capital, Women of Thrift
Elites in Palestine were not homogenous. A growing group of men working in commercial, and to a much lesser extent, industrial ventures were accumulating capital and expertise in the early twentieth century. These businessmen were a primarily urban, relatively wealthy group of men who attempted to author a new sort of hegemonic power. Their strategies and visions were as invested in shaping and maintaining new forms of social hierarchy as radicals and rebels were in dislodging them. Elites shaped philosophies and visions of the ideal social body [hay’a ijtima‘iyya], the ideal “social man,” and his ideal partner, the domestic manager. Attending to these figures and their projects opens up new ways to think about Palestine’s past, its present, and its relationship to the intellectual and social world in which it existed.
The British commitment to maintaining the status quo among Palestinians strengthened a handful of the landowning nobility.69 The Husayni family and its main rival the Nashashibis used municipal elections, competition for mayoral posts, and control of institutions like the Supreme Muslim Council to jockey for power and create alliances. The foregone conclusion has been that the property, money, income, and power of these urban notables dominated the entire country.70
However, there is a history outside of this seemingly impenetrable narrative of Palestinian factionalism and family rivalries. As Issa Khalaf has shown, by World War I, local industries including flour milling, soap making, weaving, pipe making, and metal shops saw a diversification.71 Between 1918 and 1927, Arabs and Jews established 2,269 commercial and manufacturing enterprises. Sixty percent of these enterprises were Arab, representing an investment of 613,000 Palestinian pounds.72 By 1927, there were 3,505 industrial establishments in Palestine. By 1935, Arab capital investment was mostly in tobacco, cardboard, soap and milling factories, and a growing textile industry, but Arabs also made industrial advances in metals, chemicals, leather, beverages, and quarrying.73
The largest shift occurred in the wartime period. In 1939, there were 339 Arab industrial establishments employing 4,117 people. The number of Arab industrial establishments jumped in 1943 to 1,558, employing 8,804 people. Arab capital investments went from 703,565 Palestinian pounds in 1939 to 2,131,307 pounds in 1942.74 These numbers are small in comparison to the rapid growth of Jewish manufacturing during the Mandate, which went from generating 50 percent of Palestine’s output in the 1920s to 60 percent in the early 1930s and reached 80 percent during wartime-induced industrialization.75 Palestinian stagnancy and paralysis, however, was not the corollary of the growing hegemony of European Jewish industry.
A “middling” class existed that was not synonymous with the landowning class who continued their hold over inland cities like Tiberias and Nablus. Despite this hold, important shifts in political economy took place along the coast. Khalaf draws on a study of 100 political figures76 to show that 35 percent of these elites were engaged in private enterprise and that many fell in the “middling” as opposed to wealthy categories. The Jaffa and Jerusalem Chambers of Commerce records are evidence of a growing commercial and manufacturing class distinct from the landed nobility. In Jerusalem, for example, between 1938 and 1947 there was a rise from 84 to 118 businesses and companies.77 The Jerusalem Chamber included 260 general commission agencies, importers of luxury goods and appliances, retailers and wholesalers, and automobile parts, tires, and car dealers.78 The Jaffa Chamber in the late 1940s shows a similar growth in trade, commercial sectors, and light industry. Of the 670 businesses in Jaffa, only 23 belonged to individuals from large landowning families. Similarly in Jerusalem, 56 of 528 businessmen were from these families.79
Economic diversification was not dependent on businesses associated with the investments of the urban nobility in imports and exports of cereal, the sale of construction materials, and milling factories.80 Nevertheless, Tamari’s insistence on cross-fertilizations between a “middling” sort and a landowning class is crucial. Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim, an influential man of capital in 1930s and 1940s Palestine, was “a landowner,”81 “a prominent merchant, a leader of the Haifa Islamic Society, and . . . a member of the Istiqlal Party,”82 “a Haifa businessmen . . . [and a] banker,”83 and a “Chamber activist.” None of these descriptions are inaccurate. They point to the many positions that Ibrahim and men like him could occupy. Indeed, it is this “unevenness” and multiplicity of affiliation that renders Palestinian history a rich and complex arena of study.84
A Material Nahda
Men of capital, such as Rashid al-Hajj Ibrahim, and “women of thrift,” such as the domestic reformer Salwa Sa‘id, did not understand themselves only, or even primarily, through their confrontation with Zionism. In their projects of economic cultivation and domestic reform, they positioned themselves as part of a broader Arab nahda. Positioning Palestine and Palestinians in this world of Arab thought and social life provincializes the Zionist–Palestinian conflict as the only way to tell the story of the early twentieth century. It tells a different story, one that allows for a critique not just of Palestinian elites but the broader Arab liberal project, and the violence and exclusions that such a project was founded on.
The nahda was that heterogeneous movement wherein the nation was to rise up, discard corrupt and outdated traditions, and realize the triumphant arrival of the modern.85 Historians have understood the interwar period as falling “between the end of the first Arab Nahda, or cultural renaissance, and the beginnings of the second.”86 But for economic thinkers in 1930s Palestine, the nahda was very much alive. They too were alive with it, formulating the contours of a utopic capitalist future in terms of conduct, ethics, and territories. The rights of the individual were crucial to their prescriptions on a healthy and organic social body. They drew on various universes of thought that spanned al-Ghazali and Ibn Khaldun to Adam Smith, Rousseau, Locke, and Karl Marx. Men of capital shaped social life in ways parallel to and divergent from European liberal thinkers whose relationship to imperialism has been the subject of rich and ongoing debate.87
The nahda then was an intensive time of intellectual exchange and plurality. Ilham Khuri-Makdisi has gone far in de-exceptionalizing the intellectual history of the Middle East by narrating the significance of socialism among thinkers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Her groundbreaking contributions challenge the overwhelming force of nationalism as the only way to think about Arab and Middle Eastern intellectual life. However, the importance of economic thought—that is, the free market and capitalist threads of the nahda—have not been overstudied as Khuri-Makdisi suggests, but on the contrary not studied enough. In fact, we do not have a historical narrative of economic thought in the Arab world that goes beyond particular moments. Moreover, one of the intriguing nuances of Khuri-Makdisi’s account is her finding that individuals, such as Amin al-Rihani, who was a leading socialist voice, would regularly share drafts with the Islamic modernist, Muhammad Abduh. Khuri-Makdisi positions these exchanges in older practices of collective writing. But they help us further complicate the nahda as a type of intellectual environment in which the categories of Islamist, capitalist, and socialist were neither stable nor ones that could preclude a shared intellectual project. Indeed Rihani contributed to the Palestinian economic periodical Iqtisadiyyat. Through a carefully crafted nahda narrative, he portrayed a transhistorical commercial essence of Arab culture that could unite the quest for awakening, dignity, and modern arrival.
Thus, the twentieth century in Palestine was not simply a period of “unfulfilled promise” that entailed “a pervasive cultural tone of anguish and disgust, of resentment, resistance, rebellion, and death.”88 Elite Palestinians envisioned and imagined the future not through anguish and disgust but through notions of progress, class distinction, and civilizational superiority. It was not until the 1940s that a pervasive tone of conspiracy and crisis became prevalent. But even that decade was not, as scholars have long described it, a period of political or social paralysis.89 Furthermore, while we are accustomed to understanding visions of pan-Arabism as wedded to socialist economic planning, here we see another type of marriage that is worthy of further exploration: an Arab utopia built on the foundations of private property, investment, self-responsibility, and the accumulation of capital.
Making Economy Visible
Palestinian men of capital and British colonial officers mobilized economy as a site of social management in the early twentieth century. They took part in broader efforts to forge economy as objective, bounded, and external.90 The shaping of economy as a separate and distinct sphere has a long history.91 While the word economy originates in Ancient Greece, Chris Hann and Keith Hart argue that in Mesopotamia as far back as the third millennium BC we can find the division of labor stemming from markets and money.92 Of course, economy is a keyword in modern life, and since the nineteenth century has come to mean the sum of the sale and purchase of goods in national territory.93 It was the synthesis of the nation-state and industrial capitalism that birthed these configurations.94 When governmental bureaucracies began attempting to manage money, markets, and accumulation in a national space, “economy” as we know it today entered vernacular speech.95
The conception of economy as a self-reproducing flow of production and consumption was inextricable from new regimes of calculation, from a new emphasis on visibility. Thus, as Timothy Mitchell has shown, economy as a totality of relations emerged in a mid-twentieth century crisis of representation.96 This entity, the economy, which was squarely located in a geographical political space, required the compilation of new kinds of data.97 John Maynard Keynes and his work, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936) often provides a point of origin for the national articulation of economy. The constituent elements of the General Theory are economic aggregates like output, employment, investment, and consumption, and synthetic averages like rates of interests, real wage, money wage level, and price level.98 But Keynes is one point of many.
Mapping territory, growth, time, and the future became central preoccupations for bureaucrats and theorists alike in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Calculations made the future and progress statistically representable and rationally attainable.99 They also required the separations of various entities as constitutive outsides such as the state and the household. Such distinctions could work to render the so-called informal economy residual when in fact it could be at the very heart of economic production.100 The push to calculate and make visible also led to new possibilities in surveillance. Managing economy through statistics was a different art of government in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.101
Adam Tooze has argued that new technologies of data led bureaucrats to fantasize about controlling economy not only by manipulating national aggregates but also by innovating systems of individualized surveillance.102 Catherine Gallagher has shown that the health and vitality of the laboring body demanded constant attention from economic theorists.103 Economic representations and forms of knowledge dominated subjects. However, Janet Roitman has pointed out that new “techniques of the self” were also components of that domination.104 Through this calculability, and the many areas it rendered invisible or residual, men and women constructed the object of economy.105 Economy from this perspective is not a preexisting reality but an achievement.106
How did that entity, the economy, take shape outside the “the homes of Quesnay, Petty, Smith, Playfair, Ricardo or Marx?”107 Certainly, in Palestine, just as for much of the world outside the West, colonial domination accompanied the forging of economy as an autonomous sphere.108 The particular form of colonial domination in Palestine was the Mandate system. This system, Antony Anghie has argued, was an experiment in international management that attempted to address the gap between the civilized and the uncivilized in economic terms. The pervasive discipline of economics promoted the development of the colonized through new ostensibly neutral indicators.109 But as we have seen, the Mandate in Palestine was exceptional in its endorsement of settler colonialism. How then did the achievement of economy take shape in a settler colonial context? What happened when the large majority of bodies to be counted were not only colonized but also stripped of a political name and inhabited a foreclosed national future?
In Palestine, the division between politics and economics, the politics of growth and abundance, and the shaping of the household and the body as sites of management and surveillance were all in process. Moreover, the colonial regime did attempt to subject bodies and commodities to greater surveillance.110 But it was not growth that inspired these colonial efforts. It was the threat of war and the management of scarcity that necessitated them. Incoherence and inefficiency marked the metrological regimes that the British colonial regime introduced, through new indices such as the cost of living and the calorie. Time and again British colonial officers failed in standardizing and homogenizing everything from weights to rations. This failure was intimately linked to the settler colonial condition of the Palestinian present and future. It would be much longer before the overall project of constructing economy ushered in a “new sociality for things and persons.”111 It was elite Palestinian conceptions of social hierarchy that more quickly consolidated and marked those techniques of the self.
To map these Palestinian techniques, it would be wise to avoid what Tooze has called the “tree model” of cultural development where branches, stems, and shoots of conceptions of economy all sprout from Keynes and his cohort.112 Drawing on Franco Moretti, Tooze advises a “wave” approach to understand how innovations in conceiving and measuring economy swept the globe in the first half of the twentieth century.113 Following Manu Goswami, the aim here is not to map “a repository of pure difference”114 that will cleanse the “derivative”115 character of Palestinian economic thought. One of the reasons men of capital in Palestine are difficult to understand today is because they occupied multiple universes of thought that are not immediately accessible to us. It would be more productive to approach these universes not through a closed tautology of original and copy but through an attention to how the idea of economy, the imperative of management, and the crisis of bare needs worked across national, regional, and colonial divides.
To What End?
What does the visibility of men of capital accomplish? Is their existence simply a response to Golda Meir’s infamous declaration that there was no such thing as a Palestinian? Does it prove once and for all that there was a Palestinian economy that was more than a “negative assembly”? Or alternatively, is it a way to evidence a heroic character, invested in some pure and distinct space called civil society, as the historical alternative to the twentieth and twenty-first century suicide bomber, as Keith Watenpaugh116 has suggested?
To relegate the Palestinian businessman to the shadows of inferiority or to recover him as an artifact of the modern are two sides of the same conceptual bind. The first takes colonial epistemology for granted: The colonial figure and his shadow become an acceptable way to tell the history of Palestine. The second impulse, recovering the shadow into the light, appears at first glance to respond to this colonial logic. But it is trapped within it. The recovery works as a salve against everything that is wrong with the Palestinian and Arab present.117 To access and critique the debates that have shaped the present requires rejecting the logic of the colonial body and its shadow,118 decentering the colonial body, and asking new questions.
1. The Arab Higher Committee was first constituted in 1936 in response to the outbreak of the Great Revolt. In 1946, the Arab League reconstituted the committee. See Philip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin Al-Husayni and the Palestinian National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), and Ilan Pappé, A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
2. ISA AAD/RG65/al-Hussaini: Correspondence Fu’ad Salih Saba to Secretary of Arab Higher Committee, Jerusalem, 5 April 1948.
3. ISA AAD/RG65/al-Hussaini: Correspondence from National Committee of Bir al-Sab‘i to Secretary of Arab Higher Committee, Jerusalem, 17 March 1948.
4. Rashid Khalidi, Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 108.
5. Walid Khalidi, Before Their Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinians 1876–1948 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1984); R. Khalidi, Iron Cage; Benny Morris, The Birth of the Refugee Problem 1947–49 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
6. Shira Robinson, Citizen Strangers: Palestinians and the Birth of Israel’s Liberal State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013).
7. Interview with Fuad Saba (grandson), 21 January 2013.
8. Charles Anderson, “From Petition to Confrontation: the Palestinians National Movement and the Rise of Mass Politics, 1929–1936,” PhD dissertation (New York University, 2013), 379; Alexander Schölch, “European Penetration and the Economic Development of Palestine, 1856–82,” in Roger Owen, ed., Studies in the Economic and Social History of Palestine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (London: Macmillan, 1982), 56.
9. Covenant of the League of Nations, Versailles, 28 June 1919, in force 10 January 1920, Article 22.
10. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth Century British Liberal Thought (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 31.
11. Susan Pederson, “Settler Colonialism at the Bar of the League of Nations,” in Caroline Elkins and Susan Pederson, eds., Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century: Projects, Practices, Legacies (London: Routledge, 2005), 124. As Darryl Li pointed out to me, Namibia was also a settler colony under the Mandate system. The Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) envisioned Namibia as a fifth province of South Africa. However, because the PMC did not recognize South Africa as sovereign in Namibia, the settler state, in legal terms at least, violated the League of Nations Covenant’s principles of trusteeship. See Pederson, Settler, 121.
12. Arthur James Balfour, Balfour Declaration, 2 November 1917.
13. Michelle Campos, Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth Century Palestine (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009), 12.
14. As Campos puts it: “Many memoirs argued that ‘native’ Sephardi and Maghrebi Jews shared cultural, spatial, and everyday practices with their Muslim neighbors that sharply differentiated them from ‘newcomer’ Ashkenazi Jewish co-religionists.” Ibid., 18.
15. Edward Said, “Zionism from the Standpoint of its Victims,” Social Text 1 (Winter 1979): 7–58; at 14. I am grateful to Max Ajl for pushing me on the processual and incomplete process of partition.
16. James Renton, “Flawed Foundations: The Balfour Declaration and the Palestine Mandate,” in Rory Miller, ed., Britain, Palestine, and Empire: The Mandate Years (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2010).
17. Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State (New York: Dover Publications, 1988 ). See here discussions in Zachary Lockman, Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906–1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996); and Said, “Zionism.”
18. Herzl’s contemporary, the cultural Zionist Ahad Ha‘am, warned as early as 1891 that the promise of an empty land was a myth; the truth from the land of Israel, as he titled his article, was that there was not one piece of tillable land that was not already being tilled. The Arabs, he explained, were not dupes, and they would most likely put up a fight. Across the political spectrum and several decades later, in 1923, Ze’ev Jabotinsky, the father of the Revisionists, the forefathers of the Likud Party, weighed in on the debate on Zionism’s relationship to the Palestinians. Zionist colonization would not happen, he explained, without the use of force. The Arabs who lived on the land of Palestine would not accept the imposition of Zionism. Ahad Ha‘am, “The Truth from Eretz Israel,” in Adam Shatz, ed., Prophets Outcast: A Century of Dissident Jewish Writing about Zionism and Israel (New York: Nation Books, 2004 ), 31–34. Vladimir Jabotinsky, “The Iron Wall: We and the Arabs” [published in Russian in 1923]: http://www.marxists.de/middleast/ironwall/ironwall.htm. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
19. See Hannah Arendt, “Antisemitism,” in Jerome Kohn and Ron H. Feldman, eds., The Jewish Writings (New York: Schocken Books, 2007), 46–121; and Gabi Piterberg, “Zion’s Rebel Daughter: Hannah Arendt on Palestine and Jewish Politics,” New Left Review 48 (November–December 2007): 39–57.
20. See Ammiel Alcalay, After Jews and Arabs: Remaking Levantine Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993); Daniel Boyarin, “What Does a Jew Want?; or, The Political Meaning of the Phallus,” Discourse 19(2) (Winter 1997): 21–52; Amnon Raz-Krakotzin, “The Zionist Return to the West and the Mizrahi Jewish Perspective,” in Ian Davidson Kamlar and Derek Penslar, eds., Orientalism and the Jew (New York: Brandeis University Press, 2005); Said, “Zionism”; Ella Shohat, “Sephardim in Israel: Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Jewish Victims,” Social Text 19–20 (Autumn 1988): 1–35.
21. Barbara J. Smith, The Roots of Separatism in Palestine: British Economic Policy, 1920–1929 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 94.
22. Ibid., 46.
23. League of Nations Council, Mandate for Palestine (London: H. M. Stationery Office, 1922).
24. Ronen Shamir explores how electric current, poles, and networks made politics rather than simply transmitting it. Ronen Shamir, Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013).
25. The concession to the Palestine Salt Company lasted until 1928, when the government extended the company’s poor quality and expensive salt preferential treatment in the form of a protective customs duty on the higher-quality and lower-cost salt from Egypt. Smith, The Roots, 131.
26. Ibid., 131, 164. See also David de Vries, Diamonds and War: State, Capital, and Labor in British-Ruled Palestine (Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2010).
27. Jacob Metzer, The Divided Economy of Mandatory Palestine (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 183, fn. 9.
28. Smith, The Roots, 189.
29. Ibid., 131, 167.
30. Yuval A. Ohana, Fellahim ba-mered ha-‘aravi be’eretz yisra’el, 1936–1939 [The Fellahin in the Arab Uprising in the Land of Israel, 1936–1939] (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press, 1978).
31. Nahla Zu‘bi, “The Development of Capitalism in Palestine: The Expropriation of the Palestinian Direct Producers,” Journal of Palestine Studies 13(4) (Summer 1984): 88–109.
32. S. N. Eisenstadt, Israeli Society (New York: Basic Books, 1967), and Dan Horowitz and Moshe Lissak, Trouble in Utopia: The Overburdened Polity of Israel (Albany: SUNY Press, 1989).
33. Simha Flapan, Zionism and the Palestinians (New York: Croom Helm, 1979).
34. Owen, Studies, 1–9; Alexander Schölch, “European Penetration,” in Owen, Studies, 10–87; Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800–1914 (London: Methuen, 1981); and Beshara Doumani, Rediscovering Palestine: Merchants and Peasants in Jabal Nablus, 1700–1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
35. Metzer, Divided Economy.
36. Metzer’s postscript on the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1967 is a continuation of these convictions: “[T]he simple fact that the territories were economic lightweights meant that they stood to be the main beneficiary of the bilateral economic relations with Israel, which dominated their external trade. These relations were conducted under the control of the occupational administration.” Ibid., 208.
37. Amos Nadan, The Palestinian Peasant Economy Under the Mandate (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, 2006). See also Riyad Mousa, “The Dispossession of the Peasantry: Colonial Policies, Settler Capitalism, and Rural Change 1918–1948,” PhD dissertation (University of Utah, 2006).
38. Metzer, Divided Economy, 154 (emphasis added).
39. Indeed, it is not coincidental that subsequently since 1948 Israeli incursions in Beirut, Nablus, and Gaza have often targeted archives. See Gish Amit, “Ownerless Object? The Story of the Books Palestinians Left Behind,” Jerusalem Quarterly 33 (Winter 2008): 7–20; Lauren Banko, “Occupational Hazards, Revisited: Palestinian Historiography,” Middle East Journal 66(3) (Summer 2012): 440–452; Beshara Doumani, “Archiving Palestine and the Palestinians: The Patrimony of Ihsan Nimr,” Jerusalem Quarterly 36 (Winter 2009): 3–12; Hannah Mermelstein, “Overdue Books: Returning Palestine’s ‘Abandoned Property’ of 1948,” Jerusalem Quarterly 47 (Autumn 2011): 46–64; Tom Twiss, “Damage to Palestinian Libraries and Archives During the Spring of 2002,” International Responsibilities Task Force (2 August 2002): http://www.pitt.edu/ttwiss/irtf/palestinlibsdmg.html. Retrieved 16 December 2014; Wahid Gdoura, ed., Libraries of Jerusalem (Tunis: Arab Federation for Libraries and Information, 2003). Thanks to Mezna Qato for leading me to these sources.
40. Jacob Metzer, “The Economy of Mandatory Palestine: An Overview of the Development of Research,” in A. Bareli and N. Karlinski, eds., Economy and Society in the Mandatory Period (Beer Sheva: Ben-Gurion University Press, 2003 [in Hebrew]), 14.
41. Shamir, Current Flow, 137.
42. Ibid., 138.
43. Ibid., 134.
44. On approaching archives with skepticism, see Carolyn Steedman, “After the Archive,” Comparative Critical Studies 8(2–3) (2011): 321–340.
45. On archival production as an act of governance, see Ann Laura Stoler, Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009).
46. Baruch Kimmerling, Zionism and Economy (Cambridge: Schenkman, 1983) and Zionism and Territory: the Socio-Territorial Dimensions of Zionist Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983); Gershon Shafir, Land, Labor, and the Origins of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict, 1882–1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
47. Zachary Lockman, Comrades and Enemies: Arab and Jewish Workers in Palestine, 1906–1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
48. Abigail Jacobsen, From Empire to Empire: Jerusalem between Ottoman and British Rule (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2011); Mark LeVine, Overthrowing Geography: Jaffa, Tel Aviv, and the Struggle for Palestine, 1880–1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); Sandra M. Sufian, Healing the Land and the Nation: Malaria and the Zionist Project in Palestine, 1920–1947 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007); and Sandra M. Sufian and Mark LeVine, eds., Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel–Palestine (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).
49. An abridged list of such efforts includes but is not limited to: Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine During the British Mandate (Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1973); Musa Budeiri, Tatawwur al-haraka al-‘ummaliyya al-‘arabiyya fi filastin: muqaddima ta’rikhiyya wa-majmu‘a wataha’iq [The Development of the Arab Workers Movement in Palestine: A Historical Introduction and Collection of Documents] (Beirut: Dar ibn Khaldun, 1981); Musa Budeiri, Shuyu‘yin fi filastin: shathaya tarikh mansi [Communists in Palestine: Fragments of a Forgotten Narrative] (Ramallah: Muwatin: The Palestinian Institute for the Study of Democracy, 2013); Sarah Graham-Brown, Palestinians and Their Society, 1880–1946 (London: Quartet Books, 1980); Tarif Khalidi, “Palestinian Historiography: 1900–1948,” Journal of Palestine Studies 10(3) (Spring 1981): 59–76; Ylana Miller, Government and Society in Rural Palestine, 1900–1948 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985). And more recently: Ami Ayalon, Reading Palestine: Printing and Literacy, 1920–1948 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004); Ellen Fleischmann, The Nation and Its “New” Women: The Palestinian Women’s Movement, 1920–1948 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003); Zeina B. Ghandour, A Discourse on Domination in Mandate Palestine: Imperialism, Property, and Insurgency (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2010); Noah Haiduc-Dale, Arab Christians in British Mandate Palestine: Communalism and Nationalism 1917–1948 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2013); Mustafa Kabha, The Palestinian Press as Shaper of Public Opinion 1929–38: Writing Up a Storm (Edgware, UK: Vallentine Mitchell, 2007); Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997); LeVine, Overthrowing Geography; Lockman, Comrades; Weldon C. Matthews, Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab Nationalists and Popular Politics in Mandate Palestine (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006); Jacob Norris, Land of Progress: Palestine in the Age of Colonial Development 1905–1948 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Andrea L. Stanton, “This Is Jerusalem Calling”: State Radio in Mandate Palestine (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2013); Ted Swedenburg, Memories of Revolt: The 1936–39 Rebellion and the Palestinian National Past (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003); Salim Tamari, al-Jabal didd al-bahr: Dirasat fi ishkaliyyat al-hadatha al-filastiniyya [The Mountain Against the Sea: Studies in Palestinian Urban Culture and Social History] (Ramallah: Muwatin, 2005); Salim Tamari and Issam Nassar, eds., Madinat al-hujjaj wal-a‘yan wal-mahashi: dirasat fi tarikh al-quds al-ijtima‘i wal-thaqafi [Pilgrims, Lepers, and Stuffed Cabbage: Studies of Jerusalem’s Social and Cultural History] (Jerusalem: Institute of Jerusalem Studies, 2005).
50. Doumani, Rediscovering Palestine.
51. Matthews, Confronting an Empire.
52. See, for example, Ghandour, A Discourse; Ilan Pappé, The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty: The Husaynis, 1700–1948 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); Smadar Lavie, “Blowups in the Borderzones: Third World Israeli Authors’ Gropings for Home,” in Smadar Lavie and Ted Swedenburg, eds., Displacement, Diaspora, and Geographies of Identity (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996); Ihab Saloul, Catastrophe and Exile in the Modern Palestinian Imagination: Telling Memories (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); Camelia Suleiman, Language and Identity in the Israel–Palestine Conflict: The Politics of Self-Perception in the Middle East (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011); and Swedenburg, Memories of Revolt. Zachary Lockman gently pointed out to me that my use of the term aristocracy was inaccurate many years ago. I have been grateful ever since.
53. Walid Kazziha, “Another Reading into al-Husari’s Concept of Arab Nationalism,” in Marwan Buheiry, ed., Intellectual Life in the Arab East, 1890–1939 (Beirut: Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies, American University of Beirut, 1981).
54. Salim Tamari, “Factionalism and Class Formation in Recent Palestinian History,” in Owen, Studies, 199.
55. See Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian-Arab National Movement, 1918–1929 (London: Frank Cass, 1974) and The Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion, 1929–1939 (London: Frank Cass, 1977); and Smith, The Roots, 14. For a critique of this depiction, see Haiduc-Dale, Arab Christians.
56. Porath, The Palestinian Arab.
57. Whether or not the nineteenth century was the triumph of the bourgeoisie class was a heated debate in the historiography of Europe. For some canonical examples see: Geoff Eley and David Blackbourn, The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth Century Germany (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984); Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution: 1789–1848 (Cleveland: World Publishing Company, 1962); David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1969); and A. J. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1981).
58. Robert Vitalis, When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), and Robert Vitalis, “On the Theory and Practice of Compradors: The Role of Abbud Pasha in the Egyptian Political Economy,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 22(3) (August 1990): 291–315.
59. Vitalis, “On the Theory.”
60. See the work of Toufoul Abou-Hodeib, “The Material Life of the Ottoman Middle Class,” History Compass 10(8) (2012): 584–595; Michael Gasper, The Power of Representation: Publics, Peasants, and Islam in Egypt (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009); Athanasios Gekas, “Class and Cosmopolitanism: The Historiographical Fortunes of Merchants in Eastern Mediterranean Ports,” Mediterranean Historical Review 24(2) (2009): 95–113; Will Hanley, “Grieving Cosmopolitanism in Middle East Studies,” History Compass 6(5) (2008): 1346–1367; Aliye F. Mataraci, Trade Letters as Instances of Economy, Ideology, and Subjectivity (Istanbul: Ottoman Bank Archives and Research Centre, 2005); Akram Fouad Khater, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon, 1870–1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Kevin Martin, “Enter the Future! Exemplars of Bourgeois Modernity in Post-World War II Syria,” PhD dissertation (Georgetown University, 2005); Robert L. Tignor, Capitalism and Nationalism at the End of Empire: State and Business in Decolonizing Egypt, Nigeria, and Kenya 1945–1963 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998); Keith David Watenpaugh, Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
61. Watenpaugh, Being Modern, 18.
62. Keith Watenpaugh, “Being Middle Class and Being Arab: Sectarian Dilemmas and Middle Class Modernity in the Arab Middle East, 1908–1936,” in Barbara Weinstein and Ricardo Lopez, eds., The Making of the Middle Class: Towards a Transnational History (Durham: Duke University Press, 2012).
63. Weinstein and Lopez, Making of the Middle Class, 3.
64. Ibid., 8.
65. ISA RG2/CSO/87/19: “Representations by the Arab Chamber of Commerce to the Control Department of Post-War Trade,” 1945.
66. Rema Hammami, “Gender, Nakbe, and Nation: Palestinian Women’s Presence and Absence in the Narration of 1948 Memories,” in Ron Robin and Bo Strath, eds., Homelands: Poetic Power and the Politics of Space (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2003), 35–60.
67. Hillel Cohen, Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism 1917–1948, trans. Haim Watzman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 18.
68. Ibid., 261, 263.
69. The big landowning families in this period were: Khuri (Haifa), ‘Abd al-Hadi (Nablus), al-Taji al-Faruqi (Ramli), al-Ghusayn (Ramli), Baidas (Shaykh Mu’nis), Abu Khaddra (Jaffa, Gaza), Shawa (Gaza), Hanun (Tulkarm), Baydun (Acre), al-Fahum (Nazareth), al-Tabari (Tiberias), Jarrar, and Nimr (Nablus).
70. Shulamit Carmi and Henry Rosenfeld, “The Origins of the Process of Proletarianization and Urbanization of the Arab Peasants in Palestine,” Annals of the New York Academy of Science 220 (1974): 470–485. Issa Khalaf provides a thorough critique of this conclusion (see following note).
71. Issa Khalaf, Politics in Palestine: Arab Factionalism and Social Disintegration 1939–1948 (New York: SUNY Press, 1991), 46.
74. Ibid., 49.
75. Metzer, Divided Economy, 154.
76. Khalaf refers to the work of Bayan N. al-Hout, “The Palestinian Political Elite During the Mandate Period,” Journal of Palestine Studies 9 (1979): 85–111. She surveys 100 political figures, including individuals in various political institutions throughout the Mandate: the Arab Executive, the Supreme Muslim Council, the Arab Higher Committee, Muslim Christian societies, National Committees, the Arab League, and delegations to the United Nations.
77. Khalaf, Politics in Palestine, 52.
79. Ibid., 52–58.
80. Ibid., 52.
81. Sarah Graham-Brown, “The Political Economy of the Jabal Nablus 1920–1948,” in Owen, Studies, 102.
82. Matthews, Confronting an Empire, 52.
83. Khalaf, Politics in Palestine, 74, 86.
84. Notable in this regard is Rashid Khalidi’s work, which details identity formation along the competing but not necessarily mutually exclusive lines of religion, locality, and family. Khalidi, Palestinian Identity. Musa Budeiri also provides an entry into the cross-fertilizations of Islamism and nationalism in Mandate Palestine. Musa Budeiri, “The Palestinians: Tensions Between Nationalist and Religious Identities,” in James Jankowski and Israel Gershoni, eds., Rethinking Nationalism in the Arab Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
85. This definition of the nahda is adapted from Akram Fouad Khater’s work, Inventing Home: Emigration, Gender, and the Middle Class in Lebanon 1870–1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001), 155. The call for “awakening” had wide resonance in pan-Arab movements as well as Egyptian, Syrian, Iraqi, and Palestinian Arab nationalist movements. “Awake, O Arabs, and arise!” were the first lines of the 1868 ode Tanabbahu wa istafiqu by the Syrian poet Ibrahim al-Yaziji. George Antonius later evoked these words in his treatise The Arab Awakening (London: H. Hamilton, 1938). This theme of awakening was to characterize the language of Arab nationalists and its historians for decades to come. In the wake of the 2011 uprisings and revolutions in the Arab world, this theme of awakening has again found dominance in intellectual and media circles.
86. T. Khalidi, “Palestinian Historiography,” 59.
87. For a taste of this debate: Onur Ince, “Colonial Capitalism and the Dilemmas of Liberalism: Locke, Burke, Wakefield, and the British Empire,” PhD dissertation (Cornell University, 2013); Domenico Losurdo, Liberalism: A Counter History (London: Verso, 2011 [first published in 2005 in Italian]); Mehta, Liberalism and Empire; Karuna Mantena, Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2010); Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Imperial Liberalism in Britain and France (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005); Sankar Muthu, Enlightenment Against Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003); Jennifer Pitts, “Free for All,” Times Literary Supplement 23 (September 2011): 8–9; Jennifer Pitts, “Theories of Empire and Imperialism,” Annual Review of Political Science 13 (2010): 211–235; Andrew Sartori, “The British Empire and Its Liberal Mission,” Journal of Modern History 78(3) (September 2006): 623–642; and Andrew Sartori, Bengal in Global Concept History: Culturalism in the Age of Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008). Scholars have convincingly argued that the project of British and French liberalism cannot be fully understood outside of the material conditions of imperialism and colonial capitalism that informed it. Here, the shift is not to trace how European liberals understood and acted on the colonized, but how colonized elites adapted a variety of ideas and practices to navigate the promises and dangers of economic growth.
88. Tarif Khalidi punctured this narrative by detailing Palestinian intellectuals’ turn to history. Khalidi, “Palestinian Historiography,” 59, 60.
89. Subhi Yasin among others speaks of the post-Revolt period in Palestine as one of severe political stagnation. See Subhi Yasin, al-Thawra al-‘arabiyya al-kubra fi filastin, 1936–1939 [The Great Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–1939] (Cairo: Dar al-Katib, 1967), 230. The “frustration trope” can be read in such works as Ann Mosely Lesch, Arab Politics in Palestine: The Frustration of a Nationalist Movement, 1917–1939 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1979); and Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity. For a critique of this narrative, see Munir Fakher Eldin, “Communities of Owners: Land Law, Governance, and Politics in Palestine, 1882–1948,” PhD dissertation (New York University, 2008).
90. Manu Goswami, Producing India: From Colonial Economy to National Space (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 335, fn. 10.
91. For Margaret Schabas, economy as “as an autonomous set of relations” is a configuration that is about “two hundred years old.” Margaret Schabas, The Natural Origin of Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 3. For Susan Buck-Morss as well, the conceptual elaboration of the economy as a distinct sphere takes place in the eighteenth century. Susan Buck-Morss, “Envisioning Capital: Political Economy on Display,” Critical Inquiry 21(2) (Winter 1995): 434–467; at 439.
92. Chris Hann and Keith Hart, Economic Anthropology: History, Ethnography, Critique (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2011), 4.
93. Ibid., 6.
96. Timothy Mitchell, “Fixing the Economy,” Cultural Studies 12(1) (1998): 82–101; at 82.
97. Hugo Radice, “The National Economy: A Keynesian Myth?” Capital and Class 8(1) (Spring 1984): 111–140; at 121.
98. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (Cambridge, UK: Macmillan and Cambridge University Press, 1936).
99. U. Kalpagam, “Temporalities, History, and Routines of Rule in Colonial India,” Time Society 8(1) (March 1999): 141–159; at 151.
100. Julia Elyachar, Markets of Dispossession: NGOs, Economic Development, and the State in Cairo (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005); and Janet Lee Roitman, Fiscal Disobedience: An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 19.
101. Michel Foucault, “Governmentality,” in Graham Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), 92. See also Janet Lee Roitman, An Anthropology of Economic Regulation in Central Africa (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005).
102. J. Adam Tooze, Statistics and the German State, 1900–1945: The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
103. Catherine Gallagher, The Body Economic: Life, Death, and Sensation in Political Economy and the Victorian Novel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006).
104. Roitman, Fiscal Disobedience, 8.
105. Louis Dumont, From Mandeville to Marx—The Genesis and Triumph of Economic Ideology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.
106. Koray Çalıșkan and Michel Callon, “Economization, Part I: Shifting Attention from the Economy Towards Processes of Economization,” Economy and Society 38(3) (August 2009): 369–398; at 369.
107. U. Kalpagam, “Colonialism, Rational Calculations and Idea of the Economy,” Economic and Political Weekly 32(4) (25–31 January 1997): PE-2–PE-12; at PE-2.
108. Gustavo Estava, “Development,” in Wolfgang Sachs, ed., The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power (London: Zed Books, 1992), 17.
109. Antony Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
110. Kalpagam, “Colonialism, Rational Calculations,” PE-8.
111. Ibid., PE-7.
112. Tooze, Statistics, 14.
113. Franco Moretti, “Conjectures on World Literature,” New Left Review II(1) (2000): 54–68, as cited in Tooze, Statistics, 13.
114. Goswami, Producing India, 24.
115. Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse (London: Zed Books, 1986).
116. Watenpaugh, Being Modern, 301.
117. Here I am adapting Julia Elyachar’s critique of the use of neoliberalism as an epithet that stands for everything that is wrong with the present. Julia Elyachar, “Before and After Neoliberalism: Tacit Knowledge, Secrets of the Trade, and the Public Sector in Egypt,” Cultural Anthropology 27(1) (2012): 76–96.
118. It is useful to remember here Gayatri Spivak’s reflections on the intellectual’s complicity in constituting the other as the self’s shadow. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak? Speculations on Widow Sacrifice,” Wedge 7–8 (Winter/Spring 1985): 120–130.
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|TAMS / Java / Hades / applets: contents|
This page collects some of the frequently asked questions about Hades, and their answer. Please don't hesitate to contact us to add any relevant information that is missing here!
What is Hades?Hades is a framework for interactive discrete-event and object-oriented simulation written in Java. It consists of:
The name "Hades" stands for "Hamburg Design System", but also indicates that some of our computer science students don't really like having to learn about digital systems - Hades is meant to help them.
Where do I find information about Hades?Please visit the Hades homepage.
If you prefer printed documentation, download and read the Hades tutorial.
Which version of Hades do I have, which version do I need?The Hades applet will not display version information, because the correct version of the software will automatically be downloaded by your (Java-enabled) browser. Basically, the web-designer is responsible for ensuring that the required version of the editor and simulator are used for the applets. Please report all problems (see the feedback page).
If you are running Hades as a standalone application,
the version number will be displayed in the window title.
Or select the "About" menu item in the "Help" menu
to open a dialog window with version information.
Select the "Changes" menu item to see a list of recent changes to Hades;
you can also look at the
The applet won't startGiven a recent Java plug-in, the applets should work in all current web-browsers on all current desktop operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X. We recommend to use the most recent version of JDK/JRE (or OpenJDK) for your platform and browser.
For historical value, the following table summarizes our experiences of common browsers and Java virtual machines around 2007:
Also, please remember that your browser has to download
the whole applet software before starting the applets.
As the complete
You will need quite some patience when trying to access the applet demos over a slow internet connection like an analog modem line: 5 MBytes at a typical rate of about 40 kbps (or 4 KB/s) implies an initial download time of about 1250 seconds (or 20 minutes). After that, most individual applets will load in a few (up to ten) seconds, but a few applets (e.g. the carry lookahead adders) are based on dozens of subcomponents with correspondingly longer download times.
The first applet worked, but the next applets won'tSo far, we have only seen this behaviour with the KDE konqueror browser, but with all Java versions (JDK 1.4.x and JDK 1.5.x). For unknown reasons, the KJAVA/KJAS server process is started for each new applet, but it doesn't do anything. You might have to restart konqueror for each new applet, or run the webstart version of the applets. Given that the only konqueror help docs still refer to JDK 1.2.2, Java support obviously isn't a high priority for the konqueror developers.
I just downloaded the Hades archive, but it won't run!To run Hades as a standalone application, you need the following:
In theory, Hades should run with any Java 2 compatible Java virtual machine. When using the AWT-mode, the editor and many simulation components may even be used with an old Java 1.1-generation virtual machine, but such setup is no longer supported.
In practice, you should use JDK/JRE (Java development kit, Java runtime environment) version 1.4.2 or J2SE 5.0 (a.k.a. Java 1.5.0) or later. To run the editor, open a shell and type the following command:
java -Xmx256M -jar hades.jarThis assumes that the shell knows how to find the
Can I use the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) instead of the JDK?Yes, no problem.
Can I run Hades as an applet inside a WWW-Browser?Yes. This should work with most Java-enabled web-browsers, with JDK/JRE 1.4.2 or higher recommended as the Java virtual machine.
However, note that the applet version is mainly intended to allow easy access to pre-defined example circuits. As such, most edit functions are disabled in the applet version.
I cannot open files!This can only happen if you are running Hades as an applet inside your web-browser. You need to change the Java security settings and restart your browser. Please read the security information in the usage page for details about the Java security mechanism and the required entries in your .java.policy file. Or click the following link to directly go to our Java Policy Editor.
No sound!In general, audio (both sampled and MIDI) should work on current Java virtual machines like JDK 1.4 or higher on all supported platforms including Windows, Linux, OS X, etc. However, audio output is used by very few applets on this website, namely the FreeTTS-based text-to-speech functions.
If audio output does not work on your system, please check the following:
The default configuration of the Java virtual machine denies applets any audio output, to prohibit malign applets from bothering the user. Therefore, you will have to add an explicit "AudioPermission" entry to your Java security control file (.java.policy) in order to get audio including the text-to-speech functions working. Please read the security information in the usage page for details about the Java security mechanism and the required entries in your .java.policy file. Or click the following link to directly go to our Java Policy Editor.
The applet worked, but the Webstart version don'tSorry, you've hit a known bug here. The applet version of Hades uses a slightly different algorithm to look for subdesign files than the standalone application and webstart versions. As a result, the application version will sometimes fail to find nested subdesign files referenced by the webdemos design files.
What are those funny colors?The Hades editor uses colors to indicate the current logical value for each signal during the simulation. This is called 'glow-mode' and can be switched on and off via the popup-menu (in the applet) or the layers-menu (editor). For details, please read the corresponding section in the applet usage.html introduction and visit the logic model and colors applet page.
The actual mapping from logical value to colors depends on the signal type and the settings in your Hades configuration files. In the default configuration of the applets, the following colors are used for the five most important states:
The simulation is slow!It shouldn't be. The simulation speed should be more than adequate for most of the circuits found in typical classroom examples and exercises and all the demonstration circuits on our website. Note that the simulation is deliberately slowed-down in real-time simulation mode (the default), to allow the observation of gate-delay effects.
On modern PCs or workstations with a recent Java virtual machine, the Hades simulator will usually run at about one million simulation events per second. (This isn't so much slower than some discrete-event based commercial simulators for digital circuits, e.g. some versions of Synopsys VSS. Note that Hades can do fewer optimizations and has to do many more runtime checks, because it allows editing and modifying the circuit as runtime.)
Also, Hades should be able to run at 10 ... 50 screen redraws (or frames/second) in interactive simulation. However, redrawing the screen often takes much more time than the simulation itself, especially when glow-mode is activated or the circuit contains many interactive components like LEDs.
I cannot print!Whether you can print the applet pages depends on your Java virtual machine and web-browser. Quite a few browsers simply ignore Java applets during printing; but even if your web-browser supports printing, the output quality may be low. This is a known bug that hampers all Java applets, and there is little we can do about it.
I hate those tooltips!Open the popup-menu and select view - toggle tooltips to enable or disable the tooltips. Or click the mouse inside the schematics area (to ensure that the Hades applet has the keyboard focus) and type cntl+t to switch the tooltips on or off.
The applet crashed!Unfortunately, this can happen, especially when you quickly browse through multiple applets. Even more unfortunately, these failures seem to be related to the Java virtual machine itself and are hard to reproduce. Please don't hesitate to report your experiences and provide detailed bug reports or troubleshooting tips.
One failure scenario occurs when quickly browsing through the list of applets. Each time you visit a new applet page, the previous applet has to be stopped and destroyed by the Java virtual machine. However, in order to start the new applet as quickly as possible, all current Java plugins first start the new applet before they begin to clean-up the previous applet(s). If you request too many applets to quickly, the Java pluging doesn't manage to clean up at all, and runs out of resources. The details are highly system dependent, but the usual outcome is that the Java virtual machine starts to consume 100% of CPU time without doing any useful work. In some cases, you may even have to kill the Java virtual machine via the task manager (just restarting the browser won't always help in this situation, because the virtual machine is busy with itself).
Also, the Java plugin somehow seems to leak about 300 KBytes of memory per invocation of the Hades applet (at least on Unix/Linux systems.) This really should not happen, because all applet resources are claimed to be destroyed when you leave the applet webpage. While 300 KBytes doesn't sound much, the lost memory sums up pretty quickly when you visit a lot of applets. Remember that the default memory limit for the whole Java plugin is only 64 Mbytes. Browsing through all Hades demonstration applets alone might eat up all available memory, unless you increase the memory limit via the Java plugin control panel.
|Usage | FAQ | About | License | Feedback | Tutorial (PDF) | Referenzkarte (PDF, in German)|
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« PrejšnjaNaprej »
STATE P A P E RS,
RELATIVE TO THE
WAR against FRANCE
Now carrying on by GREAT BRITAIN and the
several other EUROPEAN POWERS:
Printed for J. DEBRETT, opposite Burlington House,
Fletched 4-15.47 59648 %
lection, the Editor flatters himself that it will be found to in clude documents of equal, perhaps of superior importance, to any of those contained in the preceding volumes.
As he has been singularly fortunate in procuring a considerable number of State Papers, which, he trusts, have never yet been published in England, he thinks it necessary to direct the attention of the Public in a more particular manner to them. Of the negotiation at Paris between the United States of America and the Reo public of France no complete account had hitherto been collected; the Editor therefore obtained from America an official copy of the proceedings printed by order of Congress. The very detailed letter from the American minifters* upon the differences between the two nations, and upon the conduct of France towards the United States, has never yet been published in this country. The same affertion may be made with respect to the answer of the American ministerst to the letter of the French minister for foreign affairs. But the Editor has also been able to render the narrative of the negotiation still more complete even than the official publication of the American government. That publication concludes with the departure of General Pinckney and General Marshall from Paris. From the French official papers the Editor has extracted all the subsequent correspondence between Mr. Gerry and the French minister to the departure of the former from France, and the final rupture of the negotiation.
Hitherto the Public have only seen a short and unsatisfactory account of those disturbances at Vienna which led to the departure of the French ambassador Bernadotte from that capital. The reader will here find.an official account of the event by Bernadotte
* Page 232 to 265.
+ Page 399 to 426.
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Ex 1.1 LEC 4 Q 1-3
This video lecture from Functions and Limits (F.Sc. second year Mathematics) covers: Question 1-3 of exercise 1.1. In these questions we are given with some functions and we find the values of these functions at given input. In question 3 we express (i) parameter of a square as a function of its area, (ii) area of circle as a function of its circumference, (iii) volume of a cube as a function of the area of its base. Find more e-learning material and educational video lectures in Urdu at maktab.pk. These videos are free to use for promotional and commercial purpose by keeping the credits to Maktab.
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Bangladesh expects to share the Teesta waters on a 50-50 basis during the lean period. An interim agreement on sharing the river waters for 15 years is likely to be signed during the visit of the Indian Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh, on 6-7 September. The water resources minister, Ramesh Chandra Sen, said this on Friday. The Indian water resources minister, Pawan Bansal, will reach Dhaka on September 6 to attend the Joint River Commission (JRC) meeting to be held on the same day.
The secretary-level meeting of the JRC will be held on September 5, he said. “We are not getting enough water during the lean period for irrigation, but receive enough during the rainy season. During the past few years we have had only 5-7 cusecs of water in the Teesta in the lean period. After signing the agreement on the Teesta, we hope to get enough water during the dry season,” he added.
Sharing the waters of other common rivers – Dharla, Dudhkumar, Manu, Khowai, Gumti and Muhuri – between Bangladesh and India has also been finalised, the minister said. Bangladesh has agreed to give 50 cusecs of water from the Feni river to India for drinking water supply, Sen said. The main objective of the agreement on the Teesta aims at ensuring irrigation during the lean period by sharing its flow and stopping flooding in its basin, the minister added.
The multi-purpose Teesta barrage was constructed in 1981 for irrigation purpose, but Bangladesh could not use it fully owing to lack of flow in the river, Sen said, adding that, “the long outstanding problem in this regard would be resolved after signing the deal during the visit of Dr Singh.”
The minister further said the JRC meet will discuss every aspect of the agreement to iron out long standing problems between the two countries.
Bangladesh has only the Teesta barrage at Dalia in Lalmonirhat, while India has a barrage on the Teesta at Gazaldoba in Jalpaiguri, the Mahananda barrage at Fulbari and the Dahuk barrage at Chopra.
Sources in the water resources ministry said the water of the Teesta would be shared by measuring the amount of flow at the Gazaldoba point across the Bangladesh border. According to New Delhi’s proposal, India will retain 52 per cent, while Bangladesh will get 48 per cent of the water, sources in the water resource ministry said. The 15-year interim agreement will be signed on a 52-48 basis, but a long-term deal will be signed after observing the flow of water later, the Indian proposal added.
Bangladesh has already made an arrangement to share 75 per cent of the Teesta’s waters – about 5,400 million cubic metres. Under an agreement of 1983, India uses 39 per cent of the river waters, while Bangladesh gets 36 per cent. It’s the remaining 25 per cent that is the bone of contention. The issue gets complicated because groundwater mixes with the river water along its 90 km stretch from the Gajaldoba barrage in India to Bangladesh, making it difficult to measure the quantity of water, said a recent report.
“We have to know exactly how much water flows into the Teesta, how much water is regenerated from the ground water resources and how we can equitably divide 25 per cent of the remaining water between the countries,” Bansal said while talking to the media in Delhi recently.
“We have our own ideas, they have theirs. Bangladesh is not talking about regenerated water, which they get from the Teesta, whereas we are considering that,” said Bansal, adding that the two sides are looking at setting up a joint observation commission to collect the precise data. “I am very hopeful that this time we will be able to clinch the agreement,” said Bansal.
“There is a lot of understanding between the two countries.” Originating from the So Lomo Lake in Sikkim up in the Himalayas, the Teesta enters Bangladesh through Jalpaiguri and joins the mighty Brahmaputra after flowing 124 km inside Bangladesh. Talks between the water resources secretaries of the two countries, held on January 10, led to a framework for an interim agreement between the countries on sharing of the Teesta waters for 15 years.
The meeting managed to remove the long-standing misunderstanding over sharing the waters after successful talks in the capital.
The Indian water resources secretary, Dhruv Vijai Singh, led a six-member delegation and Bangladesh’s water resources secretary, Shaikh Wahid-uz-Zaman, led an 11-member team at the meeting.
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(Please be aware, this article was posted on April 1st)
Open access publishing for 99¢? A new Internet start-up hopes to cash in on the open access movement by offering a stripped-down publishing service for the iPhone.
OAapp (pronounced “oh-app”) is the first academic publishing application specifically built around smart phone technology.
The application, available from the iTunes store or directly from the company (http://oaapp.com), OAaap is the brainchild of Rich Hanley, CEO of OAsys, who was astonished at the article processing fees charged by leading Open Access publishers and thought he could do it cheaper.
Where some publishers are competing on quality, OAaap is focused on price, offering a no-frills publishing service that any scholar can afford.
OAaap offers little more than automated publishing. Documents are uploaded to a public server in Bangalore, India along with Medline-compliant metadata supplied by the author. OAapp accepts manuscripts prepared in standard MS Word, LaTeX, or texted directly into one’s phone. The app allows cell phone pics to be inserted directly into the manuscript.
Removing expensive editorial oversight, peer-review, and copy editing were key to getting prices down to 99¢, according to Hanley. Following pricing models like DeepDyve‘s, OAaap will offer $9.99 monthly subscriptions for unlimited manuscript publishing, which can be charged to a PayPal account or deducted directly from one’s institutional library OA fund.
OAaap removes lengthy publication delays and expensive article processing fees. This is a race to the bottom, and we want to be there first!
Rather than investing in editorial control, the company is betting on post-publication evaluation. Using a 5-star evaluation model similar to PLoS, mobile readers can rate each article using their numerical keypad. Each month, authors receive an automated text message with performance statistics for their articles. And if you want to increase your metrics, the company will be releasing a auto-downloading app for that too.
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The NDIS is designed to assist you in achieving your life goals. This is why you must think very carefully about what you want to achieve with your NDIS plan. It is also important to partner with a trusted NDIS service provider, such as Best Disability Support Services (Best Dss).
And because managing an NDIS plan can be challenging, especially if this is your first time, we’ve highlighted the NDIS’s major stages to assist you in getting started on your journey.
Get an NDIS Approval
Applying for the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is the initial step. You must complete and submit an application for the NDIS to the NDIA for assessment. You may now download the NDIS Access Request Form or call 1800 800 110 for assistance. Once your application has been approved, you will receive a letter notifying you of the result. Following that, your Local Area Coordinator (LAC) will call you to arrange a meeting to discuss the NDIS.
Developing an NDIS Plan for Yourself
Your NDIS provider will work with you during the NDIS planning meeting to come up with the best plan for your scenario. You will assess your existing disability support services, long term goals, and any additional assistance required to achieve your objectives.
Moreover, your NDIS provider will let you know how long it will take the NDIA to examine your NDIS plan. And they will share the report with you in person or mail a paper copy to your designated address once it has been approved. You can also log onto the myplace site to view your plan.
Identify the Services Covered by the NDIS
The NDIA may evaluate some aspects of a person’s life when determining a person’s support needs, including the following:
- Daily tasks
- Living arrangement
Supports may include the following:
- Assistance with daily living activities and participation in the community and workforce.
- A resource or piece of equipment such as a wheelchair, assistive technology, home or car adaptations to help you live the life you want.
- Those that contribute to the development of the abilities necessary for an individual to live the life they desire, such as opportunities to work, pursue their education, volunteer, or learn something new.
Best Dss Is Your Trusted NDIS Service Provider
Best Dss is a reliable National Disability Scheme (NDIS) service provider. We aim to deliver quality services and support coordination with NDIS that cater to the needs of people with disabilities. We adhere to all Victorian and Commonwealth Government regulations to ensure the safety of your disability support services. We are registered with the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS).
Our team is always ready to help you find the best way to reach your goals. Book a free consultation now!
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Word Count Apple Notes Mac. To see other statistics, tap the word counter. Open your document in the pages app on your iphone and do the following:
It is a useful tool if you make drafts of social media such as twitter, instagram, snapchat, etc. While microsoft’s office 365 bundle is considered as gold standard among all. Google’s g suite is fiercely popular.
Apple Provides Iwork Suite Of Productivity Apps.
Tap done, and you’ll see the. Go to the tools menu and choose word count. Drag it anywhere on the page.
The Pages Word Counter Will Appear At.
Textedit, mac’s popular text editor application comes with. Word count will be shown at the bottom. With windows, microsoft word comes with a word counter at the bottom of the page.
Notes App For Mac Recover Basic Music Editing Software For Mac Unit Converter App For Mac Hacking A App File Macos Email Hacker Software For Mac Software To Create K1 On Mac.
All you need to do is go to. Tap the “…” three dots button in the top corner. This lightweight, free ios app not only provides an accurate word count for your content, but also provides a today widget and action extension.
To See Other Statistics, Tap The Word Counter.
To view word count in the pages app on your iphone, follow the steps below: To see word count and other statistics for only part of a document, such as a paragraph, select. To see word count and other statistics for only part of a document, such as a paragraph, select the text that you.
Click View Options (Rectangle Icon With A Margin) On The Top Left.
The good news is that word count does allow for sharing. Google’s g suite is fiercely popular. Oct 26, 2018 2) enable word count by moving the slider.
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Economic Information Bulletin No. (EIB-48) 25 pp
An Illustrated Guide to Research Findings from USDA's Economic Research Service
This book contains a sampling of recent ERS research illustrating the breadth of the Agency's research on current policy issues: from biofuels to food consumption to land conservation to patterns of trade for agricultural products.
Keywords: 2008 Farm Act, nutrition assistance programs, U.S. food security, agricultural productivity, land conservation, farm households, rural population, natural amenities, invasive species, biofuels, agricultural trade, organic agriculture, global food security
In this publication...
- Entire Report
- USDA's Farm Act Funds
- About 1 in 5 Americans Participates in at Least One of USDA's Nutrition Assistance Programs During The Year
- Who Has Trouble Putting Food on the Table?
- Higher Productivity Drives Growth in U.S. Agriculture
- Transforming "Working Lands" Conservation Budgets Into Environmental Gains
- U.S. Farms?Large and Small
- Racial and Ethnic Diversity is Increasing in Rural America
- Forestland a Big Draw for Rural Living
- Land Retirement
- Economics of Invasive Species in Agriculture
- Biofuels and Agriculture
- Anatomy of a Global Food Price Spike
- Developing Countries Emerge as Biggest Destination for U.S. Food Exports
- NAFTA Clears the Way for Agricultural Trade with Canada and Mexico
- U.S. Demand for Organic Products Goes Global
- Global Food Security: A Goal, A Challenge
- Where Does Your Food Dollar Go?
- The Amount Spent on Food Rises with Income...While The Proportion Falls...And Diet Composition Shifts, Particularly in Other Countries
- Regional Variation Nearly Double Inflation Rate for Food Prices
- Can Low-Income Americans Afford a Healthy Diet?
- Why Do So Few Americans Choose a Healthy Diet?
- America Eats More of Everything?And Too Much of Some Things
- Food Safety From Farm to Fork
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NEW YORK—Amid continued COVID-19 anxiety, shoppers plan to spend cautiously this holiday season, averaging $1,387 per household, down 7% from 2019, according to Deloitte’s new “2020 Holiday Survey: Reimagining Traditions” report. Spending is expected to shift to non-gift purchases for celebrations at home ($435, up 12%), and socializing away from home and travel is expected to decline 34% year over year.
Price, product, and convenience remain top of mind for consumers, the survey found.
While the majority of consumers (71%) are in a similar or better financial situation than last year, nearly 1 in 3 (29%) say that their household’s financial situation is worse year over year. Given the financial uncertainty, 38% of consumers say they plan to spend less on the holidays, a level not seen since the Great Recession.
Contactless gains importance as consumers seek safety and convenience. Ongoing anxiety spurred by COVID-19 continues to compound consumers’ shift from in-store shopping to contactless options. More than half of consumers (51%) are anxious about shopping in-store during the holiday season because of COVID-19, and 49% won’t return to pre-COVID shopping behavior until a vaccine is developed. The average shopper plans to visit 5.2 stores to complete their holiday shopping.
“As travel spend declines, retailers will likely benefit, and should receive a higher percentage of total holiday spend,” said Rod Sides, vice chairman of Deloitte LLP and U.S. retail, wholesale and distribution leader, in a press release. “The key for retailers is to stay flexible and offer options that appeal to consumers’ changing behaviors and address their evolving needs. Those that do will likely be better positioned for a bright holiday season.”
Target intends to ease worries about in-store shopping by allowing holiday shoppers to reserve their spot in line at their local store via Target.com/line and receive a notification when it’s their turn to enter the store. The big box retailer plans to hire twice as many store associates dedicated to contactless services, including drive-up and order pickup at its stores, and will expand same-day delivery and pickup services. Shoppers also will be able to use contactless self-checkout anywhere in the store via Target’s Wallet app.
“Given that Target is a very popular holiday destination, the new system makes sense in terms of both keeping people safe and giving customers a convenient tool that prevents them having to wait ages outside the store,” Neil Saunders, managing director of GlobalData Retail in New York, told the Washington Post. “During the pandemic Target has been a savvy operator and has used both online and its stores to drive sales. This is another example of how Target is using digital technology to improve the store experience.”
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This 25 July 2018 video says about itself:
We speak to the former Prime Minister of Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi, who is now the opposition leader and the chair of Sudan Call, about the historic signing of a peace deal between Sudan and South Sudan.
By Jean Shaoul:
Protests against Sudan’s al-Bashir regime enter fourth month
30 March 2019
On Monday, Sudan’s capital, Khartoum, saw journalists protesting to demand press freedom.
Since a wave of opposition demonstrations began on December 19, the government has routinely blocked Internet access and social media networks and censored the media. It has demanded that the newspapers submit their articles for review before printing, seized rolls of newspaper and banned foreign journalists from reporting on the protests.
Some newspapers, including Al-Maidan, Akhbar al-Watan and Al-Baath have been off the streets for more than 70 days since January. According to the Sudanese Journalists’ Network, which organised the protest, some 90 journalists critical of the government have been arrested. The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) says the number of arrests is unprecedented.
On February 22, the authorities arrested Othman Mirghani, editor-in-chief of the independent newspaper al-Tayar, shortly after he gave a televised interview criticising President Omar al-Bashir’s declaration of a state of emergency. He remains in custody without being charged.
The protests take place amidst the most sustained challenge to al-Bashir’s rule since he seized power in a 1989 coup. Triggered by a government decision that tripled the price of bread, the protests quickly developed into anti-government demonstrations across the country calling for al-Bashir to step down. They have drawn in ever-broader sections of the population, with nationwide strikes of workers on March 5 and 13.
Sit-ins have taken place at universities and schools, and there have been strikes by public and private sector workers, including those at Port Sudan on the Red Sea, the main gateway for Sudan’s imports and exports, who are demanding its sale to a Philippine company based in Dubai be halted. There have also been work stoppages and protests at major telecom providers and other corporations.
Al-Bashir has responded with brutal measures aimed at crushing all resistance, including the use of live ammunition by snipers, tear gas and baton charges. Officials say 31 people have died in protest-related violence since December, but Human Rights Watch has put the death toll at 57, including children and medics, some of whom have died in prison as a result of torture.
There have been numerous arrests including that of Mariam Sadiq al-Mahdi, deputy leader of the main opposition Umma Party (and daughter of the prime minister whom al-Bashir ousted in 1989) and 15 others while demonstrating in front of Umma’s headquarters in Omdurman, Sudan’s second largest city.
On February 22, al-Bashir announced a year-long state of emergency—the first in 20 years—and dismissed his cabinet and all 18 provincial governments, replacing the governors with military and security officers. The newly reshuffled government under Mohamed Tahir Eila is the third to be formed in less than two years.
The state of emergency grants the authorities unprecedented powers to ban protests, public meetings and political activities, and gives the police and security forces more power to arbitrarily detain people indefinitely, search buildings and seize property. While Sudan’s parliament has approved the decree for six months, not a year, it can be extended at any time.
Special emergency courts, set up to prosecute people for taking part in demonstrations, imposed harsh sentences against more than 800 protesters—some given jail terms of up to five years as well as fines—in the space of a week. Three weeks ago, the courts sentenced nine women protesters to 20 lashes each—since overturned—one day after al-Bashir issued a presidential decree ordering the release of 150 women protesters from prison to mark International Women’s Day.
On March 27, an emergency court in Omdurman sentenced three protesters, including two female university students, to six months in prison for taking part in an anti-government rally in the city.
None of this repression has deterred the demonstrations and strikes. Rallies have taken place over unemployment, soaring inflation, and controls on accessing foreign currency and cash that are making living conditions intolerable. Above all, they are aimed at al-Bashir’s regime.
The government insists that the problems are economic and stem from 20 years of US sanctions and the secession in 2011 of oil-rich South Sudan. It is desperately seeking loans from Abu Dhabi, other international investment, an end to black-market foreign exchange transactions and a deal with South Sudan that will restart the latter’s oil production and its transit to overseas markets through Sudan.
To dampen down opposition, al-Bashir has resigned as head of the ruling National Congress Party (NCP), appointing his close associate Ahmad Harun as its deputy head. Harun has announced a national dialogue in a bid to win over some elements of the opposition and maintain NCP rule via stage-managed elections in which Harun or Bashir would run and thereby forestall any attempt by sections of the armed forces, in the name of “the people”, to oust them.
The powerful movement of the Sudanese working class is part of a growing wave of strikes and demonstrations by workers across North Africa, including in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco, as well as around the world.
Sudan’s opposition rallies have been led by an umbrella group, the Alliance for Freedom and Change, that includes the Sudanese Professional Association (SPA), the National Consensus Forces (NCF), Sudan Call, the Unionist Gathering and the Umma Party, with the Sudanese Communist Party (SCP) playing a crucial role.
According to the secretary of the SCP’s information bureau, Dr Fathi Elfad, who is one of at least 40 senior party leaders who have been arrested, the SCP has sought to “build the broadest possible alliance of political parties, armed groups, mass democratic organisations, professional unions, workers’ and peasants’ movements, as well as students’ and women’s unions.”
They are all demanding constitutional change and for al-Bashir to go. …
At least 80 percent of the Sudanese population live on less than US$1 per day. Some 5.5 million of the country’s 40 million population needed humanitarian assistance in 2018, an increase of 700,000 on 2017. Around 2.47 million children suffer from acute malnutrition.
In 2018, there were an estimated 1.2 million refugees and asylum seekers living in Sudan, including nearly 500,000 South Sudanese refugees who fled the civil war that erupted in 2013, as well as nearly 2 million internally displaced persons following Sudan’s decades of internal conflicts and droughts.
The critical question is the development of an independent political strategy and the formation of a new revolutionary leadership. It means forming popular organs of power, based on the working class, to fight to overthrow and replace the al-Bashir regime with a workers’ government.
ARMY FORCED OMAR AL-BASHIR TO STEP DOWN Tens of thousands of Sudanese were making their way to the center of the country’s capital on Thursday, cheering and clapping in celebration as two senior officials said the military had forced longtime autocratic President Omar al-Bashir to step down after 30 years in power. [AP]
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Understanding LAP Services
- Understanding the LAP to XML Service
- Understanding the XML to PLC Service
In order to setup and use the services you must have the LAP Configuration Tool version 126.96.36.199 or higher.
LAP Service Install Center:
LAP Integrated Control Center:
Configuration Manager Window:
Database Connection Window:
Control Module Details:
Setup Details Window:
The XML Service writes a value of 1 to Connection Handshake in the ServiceData table in the LAP Database every second. The PLC Service reads the Connection Handshake value and if that value is 1 it writes a 0. If the value is still a 1 it starts a timer that runs for 10 seconds. If the value does not change to 0 within the 10 seconds a value of -2 will be written the LifeCounterIN tag in the PLC, otherwise it writes a 1 to the LifeCounterIN tag in the PLC.
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7 ways to improve leadership skills
A leader of a team is like a captain of this ship. The team’s success or failure depends on the effectiveness and expertise of its leader. When given a chance to lead a team, how do you ensure that you do a good job of it? You can follow these 7 simple tips in our daily lives to hone your leadership skills.
It is very important to do a self-analysis and take stock of your strengths and weaknesses to perform your leadership roles to perfection. If you are good at number crunching, you can train your team to understand the numbers more and infer important points from them. If you lack listening skills or people management skills, you can work on them to consciously to ensure that you create a comfortable atmosphere for your team to work in.
2. Setting smart goals
If you want to improve your leadership skills, you have to set SMART goals for your team members. The term SMART stands for specific, measurable, acceptable, realistic and time-bound. This way, you assign reasonable goals to your team and give them a considerable amount of time to complete them. Your team will respect you for not pressurizing them too much and by giving them goals that are in line with their skill sets.
3. Constant guidance throughout the process
A good leader is not one who calls for a team meeting, assigns tasks and pressurizes his team about the delivery dates. In the course of the project, your team may have lots of challenges and problems to complete the task within deadlines. This is where you have to be there for them and guide them to combat these challenges successfully. You should assure them that they can fall back on you for support if there is a problem.
4. Giving freedom to work for your team
Leadership doesn’t involve your growth alone; you are considered an excellent leader if you are able to guide your team members to grow as well. How can you do that? By giving them the freedom to work and allowing them to explore their creativity to the maximum extent possible, of course! Encourage them to come up with innovative ideas and give them responsibility as well, to do their jobs well.
5. Assume accountability
While you make your team members responsible for their individual tasks, you should assume accountability for the overall project. You should never give up on your team before your senior management, clients and other stakeholders.
6. Help your team to keep going
As a leader, you will face lots of challenges in your project. It is natural for your team to feel dejected and demotivated when things don’t go their way. To improve your leadership skills, one of the first things that you should do is to motivate your team and keep them as positive and confident as possible. When you sound confident, it will certainly rub on them as well and lift their spirits.
7. Be a good listener
You should be available for your team at all times. That’s the mark of a good leader. Your team should feel confident and comfortable enough to approach you when they have an issue. You should never be too busy to hear them out, and you should come up with practical and long-lasting solutions for their problems, at all times.
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Where is the DLC connector located?
The OBD II DLC is usually located under the instrument panel on the driver side, though there are several exceptions. The OBD-II connector is required to be within 2 feet of the steering wheel (unless an exemption is applied for by the manufacturer, in which case it is still somewhere within reach of the driver).
Where is the OBD port on a Toyota Previa?
OBD connector location for Toyota Previa (1990 – 1999)
- Exterior of the vehicle.
- OBD Connector is located to the top of the dashboard (remove cover to access to fuses)
- OBD Connector.
Where is my OBD port?
The most common place to find your car’s OBD2 port is under the dashboard on the driver’s side. Most vehicles have the connector under the instrument panel (aka, the dashboard) on the driver’s side, but some can be found near the center console area or even on the passenger’s side of the car.
What is the DLC and where is it found in modern vehicles?
All of the data and DTC codes collected by the ECU can be accessed via the Diagnostic Link Connector or DLC. The DLC port is the point of access for vehicles with OBD systems and is often found beneath the dashboard on the driver’s side of the vehicle, though it may be located elsewhere in commercial vehicles.
What OBD protocol does Toyota use?
|Protocol||Mode 1||Mode 6|
|ISO 9141||983B8011 80000000||00300000|
Where is the OBD2 port on a Dodge Ram 1500?
OBD connector location for Dodge Ram (2001 – 2008)
- The OBD II port is located above the pedals.
- The OBD II port is visible above the brake pedal.
- Here is the OBD II port.
Does 1995 cars have OBD2?
All cars and light trucks built and sold in the United States after January 1, 1996 were required to be OBD II equipped. In general, this means all 1996 model year cars and light trucks are compliant, even if built in late 1995. Diesel vehicles were not required to be OBD II compliant until January 1, 2004.
What year did OBD2 start?
Does my car have OBD-II? All cars built since January 1, 1996 have OBD-II systems. Manufacturers started incorporating OBD-II in various models as early as 1994. Some early OBD-II cars were not 100% compliant.
What type of connectors are the DLC on all HD OBD?
- OBD-II Connector: Modern OBD systems use standardized DLCs called Type 2 Connectors.
- System Monitoring: The EPA requires that OBD systems monitor problems that affect vehicle emissions.
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Whether it comes to protecting the integrity of any structure will end up depending on how well you can protect it from water damage. This is where fascia boards come in. Here at New Standard Building Materials, we take pride in providing you with only the best. In the interest of such, we have developed special cedar fascia boards to make sure that everyone has access to the necessary materials. Here is why it’s necessary to make an effort to build up effective fascia boards and to use the best materials available for it.
What Is a Fascia Board?
In architecture and engineering, the fascia board is the long straight board that is placed along the lower edge of the roof of a building. This board is fixed directly to the lower ends of the roof trusses, doing most of, if not all, the work of supporting the lower edge of the bottom row of roof tiles. Additionally, they support all of the guttering. This means that the board must not only be strong enough to hold up part of the roof tiling and flashing but also the gutters that drain water away from the structure and the water that is being drained in and of itself. This isn’t really easy, for we are talking about holding up structural components as well as gallons of water at a time. The integrity of fascia boards protects the structure from water damage, redirecting water away from vulnerable points, and ensuring proper drainage.
Commonly referred to as a durable species, cedar is a very popular choice for construction, siding, and, yes, fascia boards. Most of it comes from western red cedar and it features remarkable dimensional stability. This makes cedar quite an ideal material in terms of retaining its shape while at the same time taking to staining and nailing well. When used for siding, the composition of the material is great for maintaining warmth during the cold months as well as keeping interiors cooler during warmer times of the year. If well maintained, cedar siding can last for over twenty-five years. Sure, it requires some maintenance, such as occasional re-staining, inspecting every so often for moisture, and frequent washing to remove dust and cobwebs.
Cedar Fascia Boards
Everything that makes cedar a great choice for siding also makes it a good material for fascia boards. After all, you want a durable material for such an important component of your building’s exterior. These boards will be able to properly hold up the roof tiles while also providing enough support for the necessary gutters to drain water away from the structure.
Cedar Fascia Boards in Seattle
We at New Standard Building Materials are proud suppliers of quality building materials to the Seattle area. In the interest of providing our customers with the best products available, we carefully select our source materials and enforce quality manufacturing throughout the ensuing process. For more information on our products or custom quotes for materials, you can always give our team a call at (206) 268-0663. We are here to help you find the best cedar fascia boards.
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The line at the ice cream is as long as the one at Oxboard Square. But the soccer robots and VR goggles at VisitU also get a lot of interest. Just like the more specific medical components of the Maxima Medical Centre (perform an operation yourself!) and the 3D printers from ASML. These are just some of the dozens of activities neighbours ASML and MMC have brought together as part of the High Tech Discovery Route.
Children are the first target for the five clusters where the Discovery Route is organised today. But their parents are enjoying themselves at least as much, as is seen at all high-tech areas that have put the doors wide open today. For one day everyone gets access to the field of the real technology specialists. It’s the final day of the Dutch Technology Week, the sun is shining and everyone enjoys.
ASML / MMC
Complete families strolling through ASML Plaza, where MMC and ASML show off together for this one day. In a joint exhibition the themes “tell”, “do” and “discover” offer all possible diversity. ‘Discover’ was already sold out even before the day really started, one after the other group makes tours through hospital and ASML labs. The lectures – even the ones for children – are well attended, but the ‘do’-activities turn out to be favourite. The children make their own electric motor, racing car or robot. And then quickly to the blood test and the 3D printer. So much to do!
A few kilometers further south, KempenTech, a cluster of high tech companies in and around Hapert, has built a large tent on the site next to Diffutherm. A wide collection of regional manufacturing companies show what they have to offer. Many large machines, but also enough here to get the kids into action. VDL has a miniature parking place where minis are to be put in the right place with a crane. A delicate operation in which not everyone succeeds. The story behind KempenTech: Together we’ve built what’s really needed for the things we need every day.
High Tech Helmond / De Peel
At AAE bv in Helmond everyone is welcomed by a NAO robot. Inside all the attention goes to the highlights of the mechatronics, metal, food and textile industries and the stands of the ministry of defense. Again, it’s the hands-on activities that get all the attention. Doing a taste test, or flying a jet plane in the flight simulator – so many choices, and all are attractive.
Just steps away from AAE is the center of the smart mobility, the Automotive Campus. Today, the stands are full for a historic spectacle: the GCDC, a contest for autonomous cars. The mission today: to merge into another lane, smoothly between the other cars. The audience senses it is witnessing something special. But there’s much more. A real F16 is parked in front of the buildings and just about all the acclaimed cars and motorcycles of the TU/e student teams can be admired: Stella Lux, STORM, FAST.
At Strijp-S, both the Ontdekfabriek and many businesses in the area have opened up their doors. It provides a colourful mix of activities and glimpses-in-the-kitchen. As was the case at ASML, children can get themselves photographed in a cleanroom bunny suit. Meanwhile outside, one after the other tries to “be like Max” on the seat of a Formula 3 car. The workshops at various companies are doing well and the battle to build the fastest wind car is on its way.
— ERIKS Nederland (@ERIKSbv) 28 mei 2016
When the last tech hub closes its doors, the evening falls. The participants, tired after a full day of High Tech Discovery Route at the end of an already jam-packed Dutch Technology Week, can now only hope for results. What this week brought anyway, is that the high tech manufacturing industry has once more put itself in the spotlights. But they know it’s the long breath that counts. In the coming months – and years – they will find out whether all this will lead to an influx of new high tech colleagues at all those companies where they are needed so much.
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Patients, their families and physicians are becoming increasingly aware that the terminally ill may be more comfortable and may receive more comprehensive and satisfying care when palliative measures, rather than life-prolonging goals, are pursued.1 A 1996 Gallup poll showed that 88 percent of adults would prefer to be cared for in their own home or a family member's home if they became terminally ill.2 At the forefront of this approach to dying are hospice programs and physicians dedicated to rational and compassionate end-of-life care.3
Since the Medicare Hospice Benefit was introduced, many terminally ill patients and their families have relied on interdisciplinary, comprehensive end-of-life care given in the home.4 As early as 1986, Medicare recognized that the nursing facility was the home of its residents.5 Consequently, the rapidly increasing knowledge and skills of palliative care should be applied in the nursing home setting, where more than 20 percent of Americans die.5,6
By keeping terminally ill patients in their own environment, the natural dying process can be respected. This approach is consistent with the general hospice philosophy, in which death is viewed as a natural part of life and a process that should be handled with compassion and dignity.
Eligibility for Medicare Hospice Benefit
The first task in determining when hospice care is a covered service is accurately predicting life expectancy.7 Medicare-certified hospices require physicians to certify that a patient's prognosis is expected to be six months or less of life should the disease take its usual course. Medicare has not been explicit about the maximum expected survival rate at six months (e.g., 10 percent or 50 percent survival). However, recent enforcement actions have led to conservative interpretations, with hospices tending to enroll only those patients who are virtually certain to die within six months.8
Nursing home patients may differ from the usual outpatient hospice population, since most of the former have a noncancer-related diagnosis.9 Once the usual outpatient cancer patient has begun to lose function and weight, the prognosis is more precise than that for a patient who has a noncancer-related disease.
The National Hospice Organization recently published guidelines to help determine the appropriateness of chronically ill patients for hospice care.10 These guidelines generally combine disease-specific information with functional and nutritional measures. Based on the guidelines, an example of an eligible patient would be one who has less than six months to live, who has advanced dementia at stage 7 of the Functional Assessment Staging Scale11 and who has comorbid medical conditions of sufficient severity to have required medical treatment within the past year. In addition, the patient should exhibit all of the following characteristics: inability to ambulate without assistance; inability to dress without assistance; inability to bathe properly; urinary and fecal incontinence, and inability to speak or communicate meaningfully.
The guidelines require frequent reevaluation of the patient's condition to monitor disease progression. Perhaps a useful initial method might be to screen all new nursing home residents for hospice eligibility, just as many nursing facilities currently screen new residents for physical therapy.
Medicare Hospice Benefit Services
When a nursing home resident is identified as having a limited life expectancy, it is appropriate to plan for end-of-life care. Medicare Hospice Benefit can help greatly with the many tasks involved in providing palliative management of the dying patient's symptoms, attending to increased hygienic needs and supplying bereavement services.12 Specially trained hospice professionals and volunteers can provide many services that are beyond those usually offered in nursing homes13 (Table 1).
|1. Hospice nursing care under the supervision of a registered nurse who usually has special training and expertise in end-of-life care. The hospice nurse visits the patient as needed and is on call, with other hospice nurses, 24 hours a day, seven days a week, for support of the nursing home staff, the terminally ill patient and the patient's family.|
|2. Medical social services provided by a social worker.|
|3. Consultation and oversight provided by the hospice medical director.|
|4. Counseling services, including dietary recommendations and bereavement counseling, with respect to the terminally ill patient, as well as adjustment-to-death support for the patient's family and friends. Bereavement services are provided for a year after the patient's death.|
|5. Friendly visits, compassionate listening and companionship provided to the patient and family by trained hospice volunteers.|
|6. Other services provided as needed, including physical, occupational and speech therapy, as well as home health aide and homemaker services. For the provision of these services, there may be a special arrangement between the hospice and the nursing home.|
|7. Drugs and medical supplies provided by the hospice as needed for palliation and management of the terminal illness and related conditions. The patient is responsible for a 5 percent drug copayment, not to exceed $5 per drug.|
|8. Pastoral care assessment. Clergy offer spiritual support as desired, and establish or maintain communication between the terminally ill patient and his or her regular congregation of worship.|
When a nursing home resident is referred for care under the Medicare Hospice Benefit, the hospice assumes responsibility for the professional management of many interdisciplinary services that supplement the usual care provided by nursing home staff. The process of delivering end-of-life care continues within the dual regulations of the nursing home and the hospice. Thus, the care plan must reflect hospice philosophy and must be based on an assessment of the patient's needs and specific living arrangement in the nursing home.14 The plan of care must include the resident's current medical, physical, psychosocial and spiritual needs. The coordinated care plan must also designate which care and services the nursing home will provide in order to be responsive to the needs of the patient.
During the provision of all hospice services, the attending physician remains in charge. This physician works cooperatively with the interdisciplinary team but is responsible for medical services and continues to bill as the attending physician. It is comforting for the patient and family members to know that the attending physician will remain involved during the patient's time of greatest need and will be working in collaboration with a team of experts who are skilled in end-of-life care.
The physician generally orders the personalized medical care, which includes pain control and, as needed, the relief of dyspnea and other common symptoms of dying.15 All medical treatments should have the goal of symptom control, and they should be consistent with the hospice plan of treatment. In the nursing home setting, some medications that are essential for good hospice care are typically weaned or controlled under regulations set by the Omnibus Reconciliation Act. However, these medications can be given appropriately, with careful documentation of their use in the patient's chart and care plan.
One major hospice benefit is bereavement services for nursing home staff and residents who have become attached to the dying patient. Since these services are provided for a year after the patient's death, hospice staff and volunteers can, over the course of the bereavement period, assess and counsel those who cared for and about the patient.16 Some hospices establish ongoing support groups for nursing home staff.
The Medicare Hospice Benefit covers all visits by hospice team members, the rental or purchase of durable medical equipment and the cost of supplies that are ordered by the hospice team. The hospice also supplies drugs for the palliation and management of the terminal illness, a benefit that normally is not available under the regular Medicare program. For each of these drugs, the beneficiary is only responsible for a small copayment ($5 or less per drug). Thus, hospice care is not an additional expense for many nursing home residents. Payment of room and board remains the responsibility of the patient and/or the family, or it is covered by government assistance programs for eligible residents (e.g., under Medicaid).
The Medicare Hospice Benefit cannot be provided for nursing home residents who are receiving skilled Medicare coverage if their diagnoses for both hospice and nursing home skilled care are the same. Before the Medicare Hospice Benefit can be initiated, these patients may choose to use all their skilled-care days, or they may elect to waive their skilled coverage. How these Medicare regulations will change as more experience is gained in providing hospice care in nursing homes remains to be seen.
Deciding on Hospice Care
Most nursing home residents die of the same diseases as the general American population: heart disease, cancer, stroke, lung disease, diabetes and other illnesses. However, nursing home residents often have concomitant diseases, particularly dementia. Altered cognitive capacity in 40 to 60 percent of nursing home residents increases the challenges involved in deciding on and providing palliative care.17 Special techniques for assessing and managing discomfort in cognitively impaired patients are reviewed elsewhere.18,19
Relationship Between Hospice and Nursing Home
While many nursing homes have a contract with a hospice program, they may not have used hospice services regularly. Therefore, these nursing homes may not have established procedures for ensuring that patients receive the services.
Some nursing homes have not yet developed a formal relationship with at least one hospice program that meets the regulatory requirements of both entities. Thus, the physician may serve as a catalyst for a nursing home to develop a hospice relationship by requesting that these valuable services be provided to his or her patients.
Setting of Hospice Care
Some nursing homes have special units that handle the care of dying residents, but most facilities allow these residents to stay in their usual room. A terminally ill resident will generally prefer to remain in his or her usual setting. However, this matter should be discussed individually with each resident and family, and the accommodation of other residents (e.g., roommates) must be taken into consideration.20 Hospice personnel work closely with the patient, family and staff to determine where the resident spends his or her last days.
No matter where or how end-of-life care is delivered within the nursing home, the physician is responsible for assessing the quality of the terminal medical care that is given. Three general areas can be regularly and easily assessed.21 These minimum standards of care include documentation of advance directives, attention to pain control and relief of the dyspnea that often accompanies the last moments of dying. Other areas that require evaluation include management of the other symptoms of dying, patient hygiene and psychosocial support for the patient and family members.22 If indicators in these areas are regularly measured and addressed within a general nursing home program, good-quality terminal care can be assured.
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Someone on Facebook said ‘my dad passed away this morning at 3.30am. I’m so relieved he isn’t in pain anymore. I’m so sad at the same time’.
Is it really possible to be feeling two such strong feelings at the same time?
Once upon a time I would have said no. Now, especially since my husband died, I know it is indeed possible. But how is that?
Grief is a tiny, weeny word that we use to cover a vast array of emotions.
While we are familiar with the more common ones (tears, fear, sadness) there are others that happen too, that can be quite discombobulating.
Laughter, happiness, numbness, terror, rage – just some of the feelings that grief can bring that we are not so approving of.
If you are a griever at the moment, you’ll probably recognize this. Here’s the infographic from my website that shows just some of the myriad of words we associate with grief. It can feel overwhelming at times. So how best to cope?
Don’t judge yourself, or others.
You or they will likely be feeling all over the place, up one minute, down the next, not to mention going round and round at the same time. It’s important to know this is normal.
How best you can deal with it is to let yourself feel whatever has come knocking at your door. Even if it is numbness, feeling nothing, or several feelings all at once. That is just as valid as the tumultuous emotions some people feel.
When a feeling arises in us that we don’t like, or that doesn’t feel nice, we tend to push it away. Here’s an example:
Dorothy, a client, was recently bereaved and feeling very angry with her husband for abandoning her by dying. At the same time, she felt guilty for feeling like this. Not one, but two feelings she would rather not have had.
However, they were knocking at her door. I encouraged her to open the door AND the windows, and just let the feelings be there. At the same time I asked her to open the back door of her metaphorical house, so that the feelings could easily leave when their time was up.
When you do this – when you have the courage to let the feelings be there, they will go. They only hang around in the garden (trying to be fully felt) when you lock the doors and windows and effectively do your best to push them away.
Ultimately, this does not work because emotions arising in the body will stay in the body in one way or another if they are not allowed to leave.
The action of opening both doors is an action of acceptance. And although you may say ‘I don’t want to accept this (whatever feeling it is)’, that is the path to suffering.
Whenever we bash up against something that is happening that we don’t want, don’t like, or simply wish was different, and we continue trying to not have the experience, we suffer.
This is why the great spiritual teachers speak of ‘accepting what is’ or ‘being here now’, or in my words ‘stopping interfering in what life is showing me’.
Because the irony is, when we are willing to fully accept what is, in the moment, then in all likelihood, it disappears. Sometimes it takes a bit of time, but disappear it does.
Now, in relation to someone actually dying, this does not mean they will not die. It does mean that the anxiety and fear that cause so many to have treatments in the last weeks/months of life can simply dissolve. Then from a place of clarity and presence, a decision can be made as to whether treatment is appropriate or not.
But it’s all only possible when the front door AND the back door are kept open, and we welcome in whatever emotion is wanting to visit.
Whether you are grieving or not, this applies. Watch yourself the next time a feeling comes along that you wish was different. Imagine yourself just opening the doors instead of locking them. Play with it. See what happens. Let me know in the comments.
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Christians under global attack
“It’s a dangerous time to be a person of faith. We are at a critical moment. We can and must do more.” Those are the words of U.S Ambassador Callista Gingrich addressing a Rome symposium earlier this week on ‘Defending International Religious Freedom: Partnership and Action.’
The meeting bore special significance as the 20th anniversary of the International Religious Freedom Act approaches, while religious liberty around the globe has reached a critical point. According to recent reports, 75 percent of victims of religious persecution are Christians, a disturbing fact of which many are unaware or unconcerned.
Archbishop Joseph Coutts of Karachi, Pakistan, soon to be named a cardinal by Pope Francis later this week, added his voice to the chorus, saying that the initial promise of religious freedom in his country after independence in 1947 is being “eroded.”
“There are forces at work within society, Islamic groups and others, with the idea that Pakistan should be an Islamic state with Islamic laws, a theocratic state like Saudi Arabia,” Coutts said.
He recalled how a Pakistani Christian mother has been facing a death sentence under the country’s blasphemy law since 2010 because of an argument with Muslim women. He said the government is “even afraid to take the case forward” because it is concerned about an “emotional reaction” by extremists.
Pakistani blasphemy laws prescribe execution or life imprisonment for anyone accused of offences against the prophet Muhammad or the Quran, Islam’s holy book.
By every measure, Christian persecution – and even more fundamentally, fear and loathing of biblical Christianity – is growing worldwide, even in the once-Christian West, including Europe, the United Kingdom and North America.
The most recent manifestation within the U.S. has been the appalling church shooting massacres, including September’s church shooting in Tennessee and November’s mass-murder in rural Texas when a militant atheist, calling believers “stupid,” slaughtered 26 churchgoers and injured dozens more.
In many parts of the globe, the reasons Christian believers are targets is very clear: Christians are considered “infidels” by millions of Muslims taught from the moment of birth that such are deserving of death or forced conversion to Islam, or else dhimmitude (subservient second-class status including a punitive tax).
The tyrannical elites in communist societies indoctrinate their population with the notion that there is no God – or, as in North Korea, that their leader is a god himself.
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Would executing public officials reduce corruption?
The English writer G.K. Chesterton said “it is terrible to contemplate how few politicians are hanged.” In the wake of Democratic legislator Leland Yee’s arrest for gun trafficking, one California politician agrees with him. Phil Wyman, a 17-year state senator and Republican candidate for attorney general, has called for corrupt politicians to be put to death.
“How can you even respond to something that ludicrous?” asked a spokesman for California’s Democratic president pro tem.
A poll on the CBS Sacramento website shows that thousands of people agree with Wyman.
Wyman isn’t merciless: he says he’d let corrupt politicians opt for an honorable death. “Firing squad, at least that’s a bit more macho than getting some other cocktail. Let that person choose. That person’s been at the pinnacle of power. If he wants to be executed by firing squad, let him,” said Wyman. “I want to discourage and teach the new generation about values – that nobody is above the law.”
Would Wyman’s idea reduce corruption? We might look to China for an example of Wyman’s suggestion in practice. After the 2007 Chinese export recalls, the Chinese government executed the head of its State Food and Drug Administration for accepting bribes. In 2011, the vice mayors of Hangzhou and Suzhou were executed for accepting bribes.
There is some reason to think that China’s anti-corruption policies have at least a marginal effect. China borders 15 other countries. According to Transparency International, China is less corrupt than 14 of these countries. The 15th, Bhutan, is the second least corrupt country in all of East Asia after Japan.
Yet corruption in China remains a monumental problem. Chinese people see corruption in their country as so endemic that visiting American officials often shock Chinese observers and attract viral media attention by buying cheap meals or paying for coffee themselves. When Treasury Secretary Jack Lew dined at a cheap dumpling restaurant in Beijing, one Chinese blogger commented “He must have done it purposely to embarrass Chinese officials.”
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“i take advantage of social media marketing mostly for scrolling, between activities each day,” stated Lauren Lee ’22. Scrolling is starting to become a regular ritual, gently filling every bare moment. “I also examine they right after getting up and before-going to fall asleep. Apple claims i take advantage of about 40 min from it daily,” she added.
Lee, whom enrolled in Facebook on her thirteenth birthday celebration, views it a way “to keep in touch with friends, determine a solid picture of my personal identification, and find out the other folks are as much as.”
But people, such as Sophie Nagle ’23, are finding your platforms increase the pressure of crafting a public graphics. “As the systems have grown, I have experienced far more force to truly post to my records.”
“Instagram was actually quickly this thing where you could develop a type of yourself that people couldn’t necessarily argue with and Snapchat is this voyeuristic screen into what that meant,” Bochicchio stated.
Societal media’s increase to ubiquity enjoys defined the ten years. As of June 2018, “75 per cent people 18-24 12 months olds tend to be Instagram consumers,” according to research by the businesses of software.
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Tequila has a much richer history than many people realize. Alcohol has been distilled from the agave plant since 1000 BC and the major tequila brands started in the 1700s. Since its origins, the drink has been the subject of many tales.
Here are a few of the most interesting legends and myths about tequila and the most popular brands:
The Aztec Legend of the Agave Plant
An Aztec legend explains how the agave plant, which is used to make tequila and other mezcals, came to be. They believed that when the Earth was first created, there was an evil goddess named Tzintzimitl who lived in the sky and devoured light. One day Quetzalcoatl, another Aztec deity, decided to ascend to the heavens to fight Tzintzimitl.
Although Quetzalcoatl did not find the evil goddess, he did find her beautiful granddaughter, Mayahuel, who Tzintzimitl had kidnapped. Quetzacoatl fell in love with Mayahuel and went to Earth to live with her secretly. However, Tzintzimitl eventually found out and a battle ensued. During their epic fight, Mayahuel was accidentally killed.
After the death of his lover, Quetzacoatl killed Tzintzimitl and restored light to the Earth. The other Aztec gods caused the agave plant to sprout at the site of Mayahuel’s grave. The elixir of this plant, which would be an early version of the tequila we know today, was meant to comfort Quetzacoatl.
The Rivalry of Cuervo and Sauza
The Cuervo and Sauza families started two rival tequila brands that remain popular to this day. The Cuervo family started their brand in 1740 when Spanish royalty granted them land to farm agave plants.
The Sauza brand started later, in the 1870s. The founder, Cenobio Sauza, originally worked at the Cuervo distillery starting in 1858. In 1870, he leased La Gallardeña distillery and from there began to expand his tequila business, becoming a leader in the industry. This success made the Sauza family a major rival for the Cuervo family.
One of the tall tales behind this rivalry is that of Javier Sauza. Javier’s father took the rivalry very seriously and there was a rumor that he shot and killed a member of the Cuervo family in the city of Tequila. When Javier went to university in Chicago, he met and married a woman from the Cuervo family. When his father found out about Javier’s marriage, he banned him from working with the Sauza company. Javier was eventually allowed back in the family business shortly before his father’s death in 1946. This story illustrates just how intense the rivalry between these two tequila brands was.
Tequila Brands Today
These two stories are only a small portion of the myths and legends surrounding tequila. Today, the industry has grown immensely. There are many tequila brands to choose from, from the classic Cuervo and Sauza family brands to newer options, such as George Clooney’s Casamigos.
Our Tequila Bar
Guads has an extensive selection of tequila brands. Order a shot of your favorite as the perfect accompaniment to your Mexican meal. Our three favorites are Don Julio Añejo, Casadores Respado, and Patron Silver. With over 100 different options, there is always something new to try. In addition to our shots, we offer margaritas. Try a House Margarita or something more adventurous, like our Diablo Azul made with Blue Curacao and Jose Cuervo Gold.
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Setting up both the Amazon Echo and the Google Home is simple, though the method is barely totally different for every. Both the Google Home and Amazon Echo look good in their own means – although I personally assume the Echo seems slightly nicer. Using smart-home gadgets to guard your home doesn’t should price a ton. Smart-residence sensors are the secret sauce to making your smart house truly smart. These are our favourite ones for anybody who uses Apple’s HomeKit sensible platform.
The Amazon Echo may look good, however that doesn’t imply that the Google Home is ugly. The speaker isn’t fairly as evenly cylindrical because the Echo with its slanted touch-delicate prime for fast controls. But which sensible speaker is healthier – the Google Home, or the Amazon Echo? We’ve used both audio system for years, so these comparisons come from actual-world expertise and testing.
The Google Home options … Read More
How We’d Get a Smart Christmas Tree at the Last Minute
Nest’s device has one of the best video we’ve yet seen from a video doorbell cam; its microphone and speaker have been excellent, too. Nest’s digital camera can recognize faces, and even announce them when they come to your door. While it needs a hardwired connection, it constantly data video, so you’ll never miss an occasion. You can also arrange specific zones, so you’ll solely be notified when a person or object seems in that space of the frame.
It’ll take some work, however you can use Alexa to manage a lot of the gadgets in your own home by the sound of your voice. If you already have a favourite speaker, the cheap Echo Dot can connect with it and add Alexa functionality. And if you want a contact display screen to see search outcomes and make video … Read More
Alexa used to rank sites based mostly primarily on monitoring a sample set of Internet site visitors—customers of its toolbar for the Internet Explorer, Firefox and Google Chrome web browsers. The Alexa Toolbar features a popup blocker (which stops undesirable advertisements), a search field, hyperlinks to Amazon.com and the Alexa homepage, and the Alexa rating of the website that the consumer is visiting. It additionally permits the user to price the web site and think about hyperlinks to external, related websites. In early 2005, Alexa acknowledged that there had been 10 million downloads of the toolbar, though the corporate didn’t present statistics about energetic utilization. Originally, net pages were solely ranked amongst users who had the Alexa Toolbar put in, and might be biased if a selected viewers subgroup was reluctant to take part within the rankings.
While it has its imperfections, we found the Samsung SmartThings hub to be … Read More
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For many, the benefits of investing in real estate are offset by the responsibilities of becoming a landlord. Real estate investments by owning rental properties can create wealth and cash flow, but they aren’t the only way to reap the rewards of real estate investing.
How come passive real estate isn’t more popular?
- Lack of knowledge of the available options
- Not knowing how to do due diligence
You can find expert real estate agents and investors by checking out our tips on how to choose a realtor.
This guide will help you with the first problem. Here’s how to invest in real estate without being a landlord.
Investors can purchase and sell REIT shares so that dividends and long-term value can be earned on the properties. Equity is traded, not debt. Many of these companies have millions or billions in valuable properties that generate cash flow. Investors don’t own properties directly; they own shares in the companies that own & operate them.
2. Real Estate Syndications
The goal of syndication is to pool investors’ resources to buy or manage big projects they could not afford alone. Sponsors may present deals to investors that involve buying 350-unit apartment buildings and raising $15 million.
Sponsors put together deals and run them for investors. When you invest, expect to go on the ride the entire time. Do your due diligence before investing. You only have to check your bank account for deposits and file taxes every year after making the investment.
3. Real Estate Funds
In most cases, syndicates are considered single properties. However, a real estate fund invests in multiple properties under one umbrella. Fund operators will purchase multiple deals with the capital you invest. You benefit from diversified investments across multiple locations and properties with a single investment.
4. Note Investing
An example would be a personal check-in. A note would contain your name. Promissory notes accompany property sales and define the loan terms. It is the safest method of investing in real estate, even though it is not secured by collateral. Investing in secured debt allows the investor to become the lender. Notes are bought at a discount by investors and sold to lenders.
5. Hard Money Loans
Hard money loans are short-term loans also known as bridge loans. Investors need these loans to get started with a project. It is mostly used by house flippers to renovate or develop properties for a profit. Many private lenders offer these loans.
As private lenders, these loans offer flexible terms in addition to convenience. As with collateral, the lender decides whether to give you leeway.
Investing is all about giving money out to borrowers on your terms as a lender. Based on your needs, you can request a share or a fixed percentage.
Investing in real estate goes beyond buying and selling. The industry offers tons of opportunities depending on your goals and commitment level.
Trying to sell your property quickly? Check out our experts’ guide on selling your house in 24 hours.
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To Stockholm and Back - A Rediscovered Portrait of Karl Weierstrass
The one hundredth anniversary of the death of this famous Berlin mathematician is celebrated on 19th February 1997. It seems therefore appropriate to publish this picture in that journal, to which Weierstraß contributed for many years as an author and later as its co-editor.
The portrait was done in 1895 by the painter, designer and sculptor Conrad Fehr (1854-1933), when Weierstraß was already 80 years old. At that time, Weierstrass was confined to a wheelchair and no longer active. In that same year he could see the second volume of his collected works appearing. On his 80th birthday, Weierstrass sat in his chair and received tributes from students, friends and colleagues (but only for two hours, on the strict orders of his doctor). He showed signs of physical discomfort but was still quick-witted and reciprocated appropriately to the speeches made.
The painting was discovered in the following way: The oil painting of Weierstraß on his 80th birthday by R. von Voigtländer is well known (see ). However, it has only rarely been mentioned that Fehr too made an etching which was commissioned by students and friends of Weierstraß and presented to him on his birthday. In preparation for the coming centenary celebrations, I looked for this etching in the Mittag-Leffler Institute in Djursholm, Sweden but only found a photograph of a Weierstrass portrait, on which Fehr's signature was clearly legible. Was this the picture I was looking for? It didn't look like an etching. Although G. Mittag-Leffler had definitely received it at one time, the etching was nowhere to be found. I then heard that the copperplate etching gallery in Berlin does actually possess a portrait done by Fehr in 1895. This picture was published in but without any mention of Fehr or the year 1895. It is, however, without doubt, the etching in question. The photograph in Djursholm, however, is of a quite different portrait. Fehr must have made two portraits - could the second be found anywhere?
And, sure enough, I found the original in the archives of the art collection at the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences. It has been reproduced here after the photograph found in Djursholm (by kind permission of the Mittag-Leffler Institute). It is a pastel drawing dome in 1895 by Fehr (103 cm x 108 cm); some details which are no longer clear on the original (e.g. Fehr's signature) can, however, clearly still be seen on the photograph. The picture was exhibited in 1901 at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition (it was listed in the catalogue, but not depicted). In October of the same year, Fehr presented the picture to the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin."
- Reinhard Boelling (1997) -
Sources of the mentioned Weierstrass portraits:
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There are many hot issues in our world today. Examples include food and water security, racial discrimination, pandemic viruses, biotechnology risks, weapons of mass destruction, and more.
Hot issues invite for hot discussions. There is not only global warmth of the environment but also in the heated discussions that lead to the global warming of human interrelations.
The question that comes to my mind is the scientific findings that global rising warmth is causing our brains to shrink.
Similarly, I ask if hot issues shrink our minds to lose their ability to think of expansive solutions to the heated global issues.
Higher temperatures lead to drier environments. Are our minds becoming drier of new solutions because of heated global competition and negotiations?
Are our minds being fractured by heat as clay behaves when dried?
Are our minds losing their elasticity and behaving like rubber compounds, which shrink as they warm up?
Is this shrinking of minds a global crisis that warrants global attention so that we find ways to sponge our heat before entering into discussions of hot crisis?
Are heated discussions and conflicts causing a greenhouse effect on us as global warming does?
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Note: This post showcases the latest migration out-of a good relational database (RDB) model to celebrity schema making use of the Eclipse IDE having Voracity (and its provided factors), IRI Table, after the an overview of both architectures. When you find yourself seeking moving your RDB otherwise data to a document Vault dos.0 model, yet another Workbench wizard commonly first at the Worldwide Data Container Consortium in ; join the IRI site to find men and women step-by-step recommendations once they publish!
A data warehouse (DW) are some investigation taken from new working otherwise transactional program when you look at the a business, transformed to cleanse up inconsistencies, after which establish to support rapid investigation and you may/or reporting. The new DW means an outline, or logical description and graphical expression of their functional database. This particular article suits into the the individuals subject areas while you are bringing an exactly how-to support into the swinging out-of a conventional relational databases outline to the a popular DW schema entitled star schema.
An Er drawing can be used on the development of abstract patterns having an online deal running (OLTP) databases management program. It will be the supply at which brand new desk framework is actually interpreted.
The fresh new celebrity schema, but not, ‘s the commonly recognized standard toward underlying dining table structure out-of a data factory. Their simple star-contour (when Er-diagrammed) reveals the point that table (who has exchange values or steps) on cardio, and dimensions tables (which has detailed otherwise attributive opinions) radiating from it. Usually, the truth that desk is during 3rd-typical mode (3NF), whenever you are dimensional tables is actually denormalized.
FYI, IRI uses an identical metadata and you will GUI having profiling and diagramming DBs, generating shot research, carrying out ETL, formatting reports, masking PII, trapping changed research, migrating and replicating analysis, washing and you can validating data, etc
- Emergency room patterns play with analytical and you will bodily formations getting normalized database construction
- Aspect designs spends an actual framework to possess denormalized databases construction
In this post, I have shown how to transfer analysis regarding a beneficial relational design on the superstar playing with jobs you will want to determine basically yourself, but could manage and you may work on instantly, and you may customize with ease.
What you would get a hold of here are IRI’s 4GL analysis and you can employment requirements – indicated during the “SortCL” texts – that map research to the dimensions dining tables, and you will sign-up studies on main fact dining table. SortCL ‘s the key data manipulation and mapping system in the IRI Voracity studies government and you can ETL system. But not, understanding the methods and you can mappings within my SortCL work ‘s the secret https://www.datingranking.net/tr/muzmatch-inceleme here, perhaps not the newest scripting sentence structure.
New totally free Eclipse GUI, IRI Counter, provides a syntax-aware SortCL publisher, and graphical traces and dialogs, workflow and mapping diagrams, and user friendly employment wizards, to instantly make or customize this type of scripts if you don’t require to get it done by hand.
Workbench uses a sophisticated sort of the information and knowledge Systems System (DTP) plug-in for Eclipse to connect to database more JDBC, and to allow SQL operations and IRI metadata change on Databases Explorer (DSE) consider. In such a case, the newest Workbench is support:
FYI, IRI spends a similar metadata and you will GUI to have profiling and you will diagramming DBs, generating shot investigation, starting ETL, formatting records, masking PII, capturing altered studies, moving and you can replicating data, washing and you can confirming studies, etc
- the fresh manufacturing and you will people of restricted Oracle decide to try (source) dining tables through SortCL (or IRI RowGen work, for every single this post)
- new mapping regarding organization dining table studies to the Measurement dining tables thru SortCL
- the fresh mapping of-fact issue due to the fact an letter-ary reference to representative the principle dimensions desk; i.age. carrying out a multi-desk interact SortCL which will make the reality that desk
- inhabitants of all the target (celebrity outline) tables
- Er diagrams of one’s resource and you may address schemas
The second diagram shows the final Superstar model having 7 aspect tables plus one reality desk. The fresh aspect tables is actually: Dept_Dark, Emp_Dark, Emp_Salary_Range_Dim, Project_Darkened, Category_Darkened, Item_Price_Range_Dark, Item_Darkened. The truth that table about cardio is actually Marketing_Truth, which contains keys to all of the aspect tables.
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Household recycling, municipal waste and fly-tipping
The Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) publishes waste and recycling statistics. Please note that the definition of 'household waste' sent for recycling, which is produced for each financial year and analysed in this report, differs from the narrower 'waste from households' sent for recycling definition, which was introduced by Defra in 2014. Statistics relating to the narrower definition are produced by calendar year.
Household waste sent for recycling, reuse or composting
The 2020/21 statistics on household waste sent for recycling, reuse and composting reveal that the rate for the Lancashire-12 area of 44.6% was just below the North West rate of 44.7%, and above the England rate of 42.3%. The Lancashire-12 percentage fell by -1.1 percentage points (pp) over the previous year, back to where it was in 2018/19
At the district/unitary level, recycling, reuse and composting rates varied between lows of just 27.5% in Blackpool to 48.1% in West Lancashire.
Seven of the authorities in the Lancashire-14 area saw improvements in their recycling rates over the past 12 months. In Rossendale the improvement of over 4 percentage points (pp) was the 7th highest in England. Conversely in Blackpool there was a huge reduction of -10.9 pp.
Collected household waste per person
Hyndburn had the 17th lowest figure in England for household waste generation per head at just 314.5 kg. The top six authorities were all London boroughs, the best being Camden at 186 kg. Blackburn with Darwen unitary authority featured in 10th place among the best councils in England for reduction of household waste per head, with a reduction from 352.3 kg in 2019/20 to 339.6kg in 2020/21 (-3.6%)
Waste sent to landfill
In 2020/21, 7.8% of 'local authority collected' waste for England was sent to landfill (down -0.7 percentage points from 8.5% in 2019/20). For the North West region, the rate was higher at 9.2%, unchanged from 2019/20.
The percentage of municipal waste that was sent to landfill in 2020/21 was 35.4% for the Lancashire-12 area, 39.5% for Blackpool and 0.7% for Blackburn with Darwen. The percentage for Blackburn with Darwen was 28th lowest out of 122 disposal/unitary authorities. Blackpool's figure was third highest and Lancashire-12 6th. The figure for Lancashire-12 was up from 35.2% in 2019/20.
Energy from waste
The Microsoft Power BI slide below tracks the replacement of landfill as the main method of disposal by other methods: Recycling, composting and reuse; Incineration with Energy from Waste (EfW); and Incineration without Energy from Waste (EfW). This is for years beginning in 2000/01 and is for England and the North West Region only. This lengthy time-series is not available for local authority statistics, but we have included the data points beginning in 2014/15 for the Lancashire-12 area, Blackburn with Darwen and Blackpool.
Figure (a). Management of Local Authority Collected Waste 2000/01 to 2020/21
Source: Defra: ENV18 - Local authority collected waste: annual results tables
(LA_and_Regional_Spreadsheet_2021_rev, Table_2 & Table_2a)
A total of 1.13 million fly-tipping incidents were dealt with by local authorities in England in the year to March 2021, which represented a yearly increase of 15.8%. The results for Lancashire authorities reveal quite a volatile pattern with some very large increases and decreases from one year to the next. For the Lancashire-12 area, there were 27,887 reported incidents of fly-tipping during the year to March 2021.
Recycling specialists in Lancashire
A selection of recycling specialists is included in the full report.
Page updated February 2022.
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It is tough trying to be nice to people , especially when they are very different from us. Especially today when everyone is critical. This week we dig deeper into what it means to regard one another with humility like Christ did.
Read: Philippians 2:1-2
What are the character traits that you should exhibit being united with Christ? Why does such a union give you these traits? What does verse 1 suggest is the reason for such love? What does it mean to you to have fellowship with the Spirit? What does that do to Christ when we act in such a way? Today commit to having the mind of Christ with your family and acquaintances.
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Ferocactus glaucescens, commonly known as the blue barrel cactus, is well known for its striking and unique coloration, which can range from green to bright pink to various shades of blue or purple.
The blue barrel cactus normally grows in arid regions between 2000 and 4000 feet above sea level in the Sonoran Desert as well as in parts of Mexico and Arizona.
Ferocactus glaucescens takes its name from the bright blue color of its body, which can range from dark blue to light blue depending on the light source.
This type of cactus comes in many shapes and sizes, with most having upward-pointing spines that grow upwards. The ones with downward-pointing spines are known as Ferocactus viridescens, although both types are closely related and classified under the same genus.
Origin and distribution
Ferocactus glaucescens is a cactus that is native to the Sonoran Desert in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. It is found in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah in the United States, and in Sonora and Baja California in Mexico.
The blue barrel cactus grows in sandy or gravelly soils on slopes and plains. Occasionally it can be found growing with saguaro cacti. The Blue Barrel cactus is pollinated by bees, which are attracted to its nectar-filled flowers that bloom during the spring and summer months.
This plant has been listed as threatened by the IUCN Red List due to human activities such as the development of land for urban use and agriculture, livestock grazing, invasion of invasive plants, wildfire suppression techniques, and climate change leading to increased frequency of fires.
Ferocactus glaucescens propagation
To propagate by stem cuttings, allow the cuttings to callous over for a few days before planting them in a well-draining cactus mix. Keep the soil moist but not wet and provide bright, indirect light until roots form and new growth appears.
Grow at a temperature between 50-85 degrees Fahrenheit with night temperatures around 55 degrees Fahrenheit. In spring, plant the cutting outdoors in rich garden soil after all danger of frost has passed.
Space plants 1 foot apart and water thoroughly once established. If planted indoors, put them near a sunny window with good air circulation. Once the shoots are 4 inches tall, move them back outside where they will continue to grow and produce blooms of their own accord.
Ferocactus glaucescens care information
Ferocactus glaucescens is a slow-growing cactus that can reach up to 6 feet tall. It prefers full sun and well-drained soil. Water the cactus deeply, but infrequently, and allow the soil to dry out completely between waterings. This cactus is not frost-tolerant and should be protected from cold weather.
Ferocactus glaucescens plants are native to desert regions and as such, they require full sun to partial shade. They will tolerate some shade, but not much. They prefer a sunny location with well-drained soil. If you live in an area with hot summers, these cacti will do best in a protected location where they will not be exposed to the full afternoon sun.
A good potting mix for a Ferocactus glaucescens should be well-draining and contain some organic matter. You can either make your own mix or purchase one from a garden center.
Be sure to avoid mixes that are too high in peat moss, as this can hold too much moisture and lead to root rot. If you choose to use an all-purpose potting mix, add perlite or coarse sand to the soil at a ratio of 1:1. Keep the soil evenly moist but not wet.
The blue barrel cactus is a succulent, so it doesn’t need much water. In fact, too much water can be harmful. Water the cactus about once a week, making sure the soil is dry before you water again. If the leaves start to droop, that’s a sign that you’re watering too much. You should also water less in winter when the plant slows down and starts to go dormant.
A common misconception about this cactus is that if it gets enough sun, it won’t need any water at all. While this may be true for other types of plants, this isn’t true for succulents like the blue barrel cactus.
The plant has some natural protection against extreme heat or cold because of its waxy coating on the surface of its leaves.
Ferocactus glaucescens are relatively easy to care for, but they do require some specific fertilizer requirements. Use a fertilizer that is high in phosphorus and low in nitrogen. Apply the fertilizer during the spring and summer months when the plant is actively growing.
A good rule of thumb is to fertilize every three weeks with a diluted solution of water and fertilizer until you reach the desired concentration. Over-fertilizing can be just as harmful as under-fertilizing, so make sure not to overdo it!
The blue barrel cactus is a heat-loving plant that thrives in temperatures above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. It is native to desert regions of Mexico and the southwestern United States, where it grows in hot, dry conditions.
During the summer months, the blue barrel cactus will tolerate temperatures up to 100 degrees Fahrenheit. However, it should be protected from direct sunlight during the hottest part of the day. The blue barrel cactus can also tolerate cool winter temperatures, as long as it is not exposed to frost or freezing temperatures.
If you live in an area with high humidity, you may be wondering if a Ferocactus glaucescens will do well in your landscape. The good news is that this cactus is quite tolerant of high humidity and can even thrive in it! Just make sure to provide adequate drainage for your plant so that it doesn’t become waterlogged.
The ideal humidity range for ferocactus glaucescens is between 40% and 60%. If the air becomes too dry or too moist, this species will not grow as effectively.
It’s important to prune your ferocactus glaucescens (blue barrel cactus) regularly to maintain its shape and size. Pruning also encourages new growth, which can help keep your plant looking full and healthy.
To prune, simply cut off any dead or dying leaves or stems with a sharp knife or pair of scissors. Be sure to disinfect your tools before and after use to avoid spreading the disease.
You should also wait until the soil is dry before you prune. Fertilize in spring and summer only if the plant has grown less than 6 inches during the year, using a general-purpose fertilizer such as 10-10-10 or 20-20-20.
If you fertilize too often, it may affect how well the roots develop, making them unable to provide water to other parts of the plant as needed.
When to repot
You should repot your ferocactus glaucescens every two to three years. If you notice that the plant is becoming pot-bound, or if the roots are starting to come out of the drainage holes, it’s time to repot.
When you do repot, be sure to use a well-draining potting mix and a pot that is only slightly larger than the current one. Make sure the soil does not become too wet as this can lead to root rot.
Place the cactus in an area with plenty of sunlight and make sure it has adequate water, but avoid letting it sit in standing water.
Ferocactus glaucescens can also be watered from below by placing a container filled with gravel under the pot; this will allow for better water retention in sandy soils.
The blue barrel cactus is a desert plant that goes through a period of dormancy, or winter rest, during the cooler months. This is a natural process that helps the plant conserve energy and survive in its harsh environment.
During dormancy, the cactus will stop growing and its leaves will fall off. It may also shed some of its older, outermost layers of skin. When the weather warms up again, the cactus will start to grow new leaves and flowers.
Although it does go dormant for short periods of time, this does not mean it should be kept indoors. The blue barrel cactus thrives best in dry climates with full sun exposure. Keep your plant outdoors where it can experience temperatures between 60°F-90°F year-round!
Ferocactus glaucescens flower & fragrance
The flowers of the Ferocactus glaucescens are a beautiful blue color. They have a strong fragrance that can be detected from a distance. The flowers bloom in the spring and summer months.
The blue barrel cactus has a moderate growth rate. In ideal conditions, it can grow up to 2 inches per year. This cactus prefers full sun and well-drained soil. It is drought tolerant and does not need much water to survive.
The blue barrel cactus is native to Mexico and can be found in the deserts of Arizona, California, and Nevada.
The blue barrel cactus is not considered to be toxic to humans or animals. However, the plant does contain saponins, which can cause stomach upset if ingested in large quantities.
The saponins are also known to be irritating to the skin and eyes, so it’s best to handle this cactus with care. If you experience any irritation after coming into contact with the plant, wash the affected area with soap and water.
USDA hardiness zones
Ferocactus glaucescens thrives best in USDA hardiness zones 10-11. They grow well with good drainage and a bright sunny location. There are a few different varieties of this cactus, including one that is a spineless variety called ferocactus pilosus variegatus.
Pests and diseases
Ferocactus glaucescens is susceptible to mealybugs, scale, and fungal diseases. Mealybugs can be controlled with horticultural oil or insecticidal soap. Scale can be controlled with horticultural oil or neem oil. Fungal diseases can be controlled with fungicides.
Spider mites are common on cacti but do not pose a significant threat to plants. Light infestations of spider mites may be controlled by washing the plant off with water or hose streams of water, or by applying an insecticidal soap spray at the base of the plant.
Serious infestations should be addressed by using one of the miticide soaps mentioned above. If your Ferocactus glaucescens has developed powdery mildew, you will need to remove any infected leaves as soon as possible and allow healthy foliage to fully mature before exposing it to direct sunlight again.
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The isolated figure of the dreamer on the right of this composition could be interpreted as an architect or as the artist, Isac Friedlander, himself. Is the figure dreaming of coming to the US and seeing a cityscape like the one evoked in this painting, or of building structures beyond the scale of humanity? Friedlander’s work illustrates the challenges faced by humans. He had been sentenced to death as a young man in Latvia as the Russian czars took power. Following a set of circumstances allowing for his release, he studied at the Academy of Rome. After immigrating to New York City in 1929, he arrived in time to document people suffering from the Great Depression, resulting in a series of prints for which he is best known. The city became his adopted home, and by the time he painted this work in 1960, it was very familiar to him.
—Whitney Richardson, associate curator
Painted towards the end of Friedlander’s life, this oil painting speaks less directly of the suffering he so often depicted in his works and potentially more about hope and possibilities. On the right, the angular face appears to be partially shadowed, and the expression is difficult to read. The aggressive, geometric shapes and dark, cool tones of the face and background suggest a history of hardships. The intense colors speak to a range of strong and complex emotions.
On the left I see a figure ascending a staircase. Although angular, this figure feels relaxed among the warm colors of what might be a sunset or sunrise in the city over a river. The architecture resembles buildings or doorways, and the curves of what might be a distant bridge soften the hard lines throughout the painting. Perhaps at the top of the staircase is a new opportunity or a new start that this dreamer seeks.
Although the distinct lines feel rigid, the application of the paint is very smooth but also imprecise as it blends within each form. I find that I can follow the lines and colors throughout this work endlessly and that there’s no beginning and no end as my eyes bounce from edge to edge.
Friedlander’s The Dreamer is on view in Old World/New Soil: Foreign-Born American Artists from the Asheville Art Museum Collection through August 2, 2021.
—Steph Wisnet, communications manager
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By Somali K Chakrabarti
“I write only when inspiration strikes. Fortunately it strikes every morning at nine o’clock sharp.”
Some attribute this quote to Somerset Maugham, others to William Faulkner, but the fact stated in the quote does ring a bell.
The Writer’s Block
A number of times, we find ourselves in a situation when the creative juices in our brain dry up. Ideas don’t crystalize and words don’t flow. This is what you call a writer’s block – a term previously reserved for writers and now extended to bloggers as well.
The block could last for a few hours or a few days or a few weeks, when you are not able to cook up any ideas. Inspiration simply doesn’t strike. It displays erratic behaviour, striking at its own will instead of yours.
It could indeed be an annoying situation when you want to write, but just can’t figure out what to write and how; all the more frustrating if you have deadlines to meet.
Is there a way by which we can influence inspiration so that instead of striking randomly at any point of time, it strikes habitually at some regular intervals?
I prefer to believe that it might be possible to train our minds to think in a particular manner that enables us to habitually draw inspiration from certain triggers. My reason for this belief is that initially when I started blogging inspiration would strike only once in a fortnight, but now it strikes almost every alternate day. Maybe, with practice and over a period of time the mind trains itself to think on certain themes in a round clock manner.
When inspiration strikes, ideas firm up in the crevices of the mind and words flow out with ease, like a stream of water gushing out of an orifice.
Where do creative ideas germinate from?
Good ideas rarely strike all of a sudden. Even a brainwave may result from certain thoughts that may have resided in some corner of your mind over a period of time.
A creative inspiration is often needed to trigger off those thoughts. The creative inspiration may come from looking at a work of art, or on hearing a great story, or while listening to music, or maybe while you take a walk in a garden. A creative inspiration may also come when you strongly feel about how something should be, perceive a conceivable gap in how things really are, and start working on your hunches for addressing it.
How to find inspiration for blog writing?
Here are some tips to help you to find inspiration for writing blog regularly.
Discussions – Discussions with like-minded people can be a great source of inspiration. One creative thought may spark another. An engaging or an uplifting discussion expands your mind in some way, thereby creating the condition for other ideas to emerge.
Prompts – Writing prompts help at times by narrowing the focus and thus allowing you to think on a theme or a pointer. Prompts often help in maintain the schedule. However prompts can sometimes get restrictive and may or may not work for all.
Identifying triggers – Triggers work differently for different people. By identifying the conditions that trigger off ideas, one can recreate those conditions. I hardly get ideas when I am looking into the laptop. Most times the ideas occur while doing some other mundane work and my inspiration for writing haikus comes from looking at beautiful images of nature. Likewise, if you get inspired by listening to an inspirational talk or music, or by watching a movie, by reading a book, by looking at art work, or while taking a walk in the garden, you can repeat these activities more often.
Taking a break – At times, if you feel knackered, at times it is best to take a break for replenishing your creative energies and come back recharged. Fresh ideas will start cropping up in a rested mind.
A good piece of creative writing
“Words are a lens to focus one’s mind. “– Ayn Rand
Good creative writing, in my opinion, requires the presentation of a good idea in a way that elicits the desired response. Use of ornamental language without a good idea or a value proposition to the reader or without a gripping plot falls flat. Also, a good idea if not presented properly will not interest the reader.
“Don’t tell me the moon is shining; show me the glint of light on broken glass.” –Anton Chekov
So, for the continuous influx of good ideas it is imperative that we make inspiration to strike regularly.
Having said that, I am still trying for inspiration to strike every day in a scheduled manner.
Tell me how do you inspire yourself to write regularly?
This post is a response to the question posed by Deeshani Batra in her post Sunshine Blogger Award:
What is the most difficult part of the writing process, according to you?
Before I end I would like to thank Deeshani Batra and Shweta Dave for nominating me for Sunshine Blogger, Ashish Kumar for nominating me for Very Inspiring Blogger Award and Nancy Seeger for nominating me for The Leibster Award. Sorry Nancy for taking a hell lot of time to respond.
I know I am bending the rules and not adhering to the formats. Honestly speaking, have lately written about myself (thanks to Ravish Mani ) , so avoiding that. But then, keeping with the spirit of blogging and writing I will let the ideas flow.
If you like the post, please consider following the blog for email updates.
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Museum of the African Diaspora
Log Number: MH-252018-OMS-22
The Museum of the African Diaspora will expand its Emerging Artists Program, a competition to identify emerging Black artists for solo exhibitions. Each year of the two-year project, museum staff will work with a jury of experts to identify four fellows to receive financial and professional support to help promote their work, better establish their careers, and expand their visibility. A digital publication will document each fellow’s exhibition. Museum staff will provide professional development workshops for artists who apply but are not selected for the fellowship, as well as establish a paid curatorial fellowship to support a current college student to build their professional skills within a museum. The project amplifies the work of contemporary Black artists and supports access to artists at a critical point in their careers.
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PCOS and Pregnancy
Getting a positive diagnosis for polycystic ovarian syndrome is a dreaded event for many women of childbearing age, as it is becoming more widely known that PCOS and pregnancy don’t go well together.
The effects of having this metabolic disorder conspire to make conception difficult, leading to many sufferers of this syndrome to fear that it has rendered them infertile. While the biological mechanisms of this disease makes it beguilingly difficult for an egg to be produced, then attach to the uterus without being wiped out by unruly hormones at a later date, there are treatments that have been or are being developed that are making PCOS and pregnancy into things that aren’t mutually exclusive.
In this article, you will learn why it is hard for PCOS patients to conceive, as well as the mechanisms behind the various treatments that have made a seemingly impossible dream come true for many women.
How PCOS inhibits pregnancies in women
For most females, the occurrence of the monthly cycle of egg creation, ovulation and menstruation is a rhythm that is so ingrained in their routine that after puberty, most give little thought towards it. For those that suffer from PCOS though, the monthly release of an egg and the subsequent menstrual fluid after no fertilization has taken place is anything but predictable.
In a PCOS patient, the scarred ovaries that she possesses often fail to release an egg, making it impossible for sperm to fertilize. When they do manage to release an egg, it is often done so earlier than usual, resulting in it being immature (1). Hormonal imbalances due to the effects of PCOS also wreak havoc on the fetus in the early days of conception, making the odds of a miscarriage much higher for PCOS women than those without it (2).
Due to the scattershot nature of attempting to conceive when one has PCOS (as well as the higher risk of a miscarriage when one manages to occur), seeking out a supervised treatment protocol via a fertility specialist and your doctor is highly advised.
Is it possible to have a baby successfully if I have PCOS?
While it may be a less than ideal situation for those seeking to start a family, there are ways to get pregnant with PCOS. With the help of your doctor and allied medical professionals in the field of reproductive medicine, more and more women afflicted with PCOS are making their dream of having children come true everyday.
Present day fertility treatments for women that suffer from polycystic ovarian syndrome have a high rate of success, giving the present generation of women of childbearing age more hope than ever before (3).
In fact, with the variety of different medical procedures and treatments that are available, the vast majority of women under the age of 35 will experience success in their endeavor to get pregnant. provided they find the protocol that works best for them.
While we don’t guarantee that every PCOS sufferer will meet with success pursuing the popular treatment protocols that lie below, they have had a long track record of enabling women that they treat to finally start that family that they had always dreamed of having, so check them out and find the one makes the most sense for you.
What are my options for a fertility intervention if I have PCOS?
There are upwards of five protocols available (four involving drugs, and one involving manual intervention) for those afflicted with PCOS-related infertility, and all involve the induction of ovulation. Since the mechanics of this metabolic disorder either actively suppress the release of an egg, or it triggers its release well before it is mature, you will need to pursue methodologies that induce the follicles to release their payload on time.
The medications listed below help follicles to develop fully mature eggs where lifestyle choices and other non-medical treatments have failed to allow the ovaries to function in the manner that nature intended.
There are four types of medication that are used to attain the desired effect of those seeking treatment. They are…
4) Injectable gonadotropins
Let’s go over each of these treatments for PCOS and pregnancy in detail below…
The overproduction of estrogen plays a central role in the suppression of hormones that are required to stimulate the follicles to produce eggs, as counter-intuitive as it may seem (4). Letrozole tapers the production of this hormone while simultaneously boosting the amount of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) in the subject’s system. This stops antagonistic forces from preventing the follicle from doing its job, while aiding that same structure to fulfill its destiny.
While Letrozole is as effective as Clomid with regards to inducing ovulation, it is still not clear whether it offers superior rates of successful conception and birth rates.
Another option for women juggling the topics of PCOS and pregnancy is Clomid, which is also known as Clomiphene. This drug, which is the favorite of many fertility doctors presently, indirectly causes eggs to mature and be released into the fallopian tubes of women receiving treatment (5). It works in much the same way as Letrozole and is just as effective, it also occasionally has the unintended effect of going overboard on the fertility front, as 1 in 10 women who use Clomid end up having at least twins or triplets (6).
Normally a drug used to treat diabetics, Metformin is increasing being used to help PCOS afflicted women conceive. Since it helps bring insulin levels under control by resensitizing the circulating hormones, there ends up being less of it floating around the system of those being treated with this drug.
This means the amount of insulin available to stimulate testosterone falls significantly, thereby reducing the damage done by the latter compound to the follicles. They can then go on to their job normally without inhibition, leading to an increased success rate for pregnancies in PCOS women (7).
Some fertility doctors may elect to go with injections of compounds called Gonadotropins. Packed with a high dosage of FSH, the effectiveness of this treatment is on the high side, but it does come with a hefty price tag, as some patients may require $400 worth of these hormones everyday for as long as two weeks.
Additionally, this potent follicle stimulator poses a high risk of multiple fertilization, so if you go this route, be sure you can bear the costs of the shots, and the legacy expenses of raising two or more children at the same time (8).
None of these drugs are working … am I barren for life?
If these treatments fail to work, don’t lose hope just yet. You have one more tool at your disposal, and while it is expensive and not always covered by insurance, it has a very high track record of success. With in vitro fertilization, your partner’s sperm and one of the eggs from your ovaries are placed in a petri dish, allowing conception to occur there. The fertilized egg is then placed back into your uterus, where the rest of the pregnancy plays out as per the usual (9).
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Retired numbers are an honor situation in the NBA. Even when many Hall of Famers don't have their number retired, and several franchises are planning retiring certain numbers.
During the summer. the Memphis Grizzlies plan to retire Zach Randolph's number 50 as their first retired number in the history of the franchise.
There are almost 200 retired numbers across the NBA. From the 00, numbers wore by Robert Parish with the Boston Celtics and Johnny Moore with the San Antonio Spurs, to the 1,223 Jerry Sloan's coaching win total with the Utah Jazz.
Coaches, players, general managers, trainers, and broadcasters have numbers representing them in banners or history books.
How many teams in the NBA have retired number 23?
The number 23 is probably the most iconic in the NBA. However, just six different teams retired the number 23 from their roster.
The Chicago Bulls and Miami Heat retired the number 23 in honor of Michael Jordan.
Jordan never played for the Miami Heat. Jordan is one of the 14 people to have a number retired by two different teams.
The teams that retired number 23 are the following:
Atlanta Hawks - Lou Hudson
Boston Celtics - Frank Ramsey
New Jersey Nets - John Williamson
Houston Rockets - Calvin Murphy
Chicago Bulls - Michael Jordan
Miami Heat - Michael Jordan
If the Washington Wizards retire number 23, Michael Jordan will become the third player to be honored by three different franchises.
Just Wilt Chamberlain and Pete Maravich share the honor to have their jersey retired by three different teams.
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Chill out, Mom, on the 'told you so's'
There’s nothing quite as annoying as these four little words: I told you so.
Parents find themselves uttering them in moments of frustration when their kids were forewarned about a challenge, a risk or an outcome that came about because mom’s or dad’s wisdom was not heeded. Or needed.
I’ve learned to Keep Calm and Refrain from Finger Wagging.
I remember when my 16-year-old was 9 and insistent on bringing his scooter into the subway when we lived in New York.
His logic was colliding with my maternal vigilance.
“No, we cannot bring the scooter into the subway,” I declared at the front door.
“But my legs get tired walking! I will carry it myself. I promise!” he insisted.
“Please, Mom! I really, really want to bring it! I can fold it down fast like this, Watch! And then look, right back down, just like that. It’s fast and it’s simple. You won’t have to carry it for me,” he said. “It will help me get around the city. It’s a great idea!”
I shake my head. “We have to leave the scooter here, and go now.”
He huffs and sighs fall the way to the train, lamenting that he didn’t have the scooter, reminding me his legs were getting tired. Once we approached the train station, we are ushered into the flow of pedestrian traffic.
Revolving doors. Turnstiles.
Throngs of people in a mad rush.
Bumping. Strangers. Moving stairs. Overcrowded platforms.
The train pulls in.
We clasp hands and board the car together. There are zero seats available. We huddle to together, and I grab a metal pole with one hand, and wrap my arm around my son with the other.
Five stops later, we get off and walk one block to take another train uptown. More stairs. Corridors. Crowds. Bumping. Pushing.
We get on our next train, find our seats. My son leans his head on my shoulder. I put my arm around him, and he exhales.
“It’s so good to be finally sitting down,” he says.
I nod. Then, I whisper, “Imagine ... if we had the scooter right now.”
He lifts his head and looks in my eyes, and gasps with a wide-mouthed smile.
“Oh, Mom, I’m so glad we didn’t bring it! Imagine how hard it would have been to carry and bring through all the turnstiles and everything! Ugh! Phew!”
Sometimes, all we have to do is offer a way for our child to make the connection for himself. There’s no time for wisdom in the morning rush. We can’t have these insights when tensions are mounting. No room for insight or foresight in those moments. Telling a child a hundred times does not compute in the heat of resistance.
But, a little while later, in that sweet convergence of context and connection, we discover the gift of coming back to our previous cliffhanger, and making sense of it. We often assume we have to lecture, wag a finger of judgment, or politely remind a child of how unnecessarily stubborn he was — the old “now do you see why I wouldn’t let you bring the scooter and how difficult you were being?!”
Instead of telling or yelling, we can experience the connection of sharing an a-ha moment. We may be amazed to discover what unfolds when we simply ask our child to “imagine.”
Lu Hanessian is an award-winning writer, the author of several books including the acclaimed Let the Baby Drive (St. Martin’s Press, 2004), former NBC anchor and host of Make Room for Baby on Discovery Health Channel, international speaker, educator and workshop leader, founder of and WYSH Wear Your Spirit for Humanity www.wearyourspirit.com. www.letthebabydrive.com
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https://www.courierpostonline.com/story/life/2015/10/02/chill-out-mom-told-you-sos/73229452/
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Bookmakers require a profit to make a living and to make sure this can happen they frame their bookmaker percentages based on the probability that they will win more often than they lose. A bookmaker will try to ensure they have a big enough margin on every framed betting market to enable the bookie to come out in front over time.
A bookmaker will adjust his market after taking bets on a race to gain an edge over the punter. Horses will either firm or ease depending on the amount of bets a bookie takes for each horse in a particular race. Over time the bookmaker's edge will work in his favour.
Horse Racing Info will explain below how a bookmaker might frame a market for a race.
For the purposes of this exercise we will frame a market for a mythical race where we have five competing horses of equal ability, equal weight, in a race run over their favourite distance, assuming it will be a truly run race. All horses would have an equal chance of winning and a bookmaker might fram a market such as the following.
|Total Market Percentage||100%|
A bookmaker requires a betting market to be above 100% if he plans to make a long term profit. The bookie will tweak the odds and frame a market with horses under and over there true odds to shift the percentages in his favour.
The below market has been framed by the bookmaker to change the percentage from 100% to 120% which allows him to theoretically return $120 for every $100 outlaid, ensuring a profit in the long run no matter who wins.
|Total Market Percentage||120%|
The bookmaker has now framed his market to 120%, which is also known as 20% overround, and ensures he can return a 20% profit on all bets regardless of who wins, assuming everything goes to plan.
Our initial bookmaker market assessed the true odds of each horse at $5.00 or 4/1 because they all had the same equal chance of winning therefore would all be the same odds. Once the bookmaker adjusted the market to 120% we find the following has occurred.
After adjusdting the market we can now assess which horse are under the odds and which ones are value.
The market above has Black Road at $2.00 and Down Under at $3.00 which is well below their true odds of $5.00 and they represent poor value.
My Dagger at $6.00, Fall Road at $10.00 and Dashaway at $15.00 are all above their true odds of $5.00 and therefore representing good value considering we have determined all horses have an equal chance of winning.
Punters who frame their own markets will look to continually back horses such as My Dagger, Fall Road and Dashaway who are over their true assessed odds and considered an "Overlay" bet. The punter's long term profit will depend on how well the market is framed compared to each horse's chances of winning.
See our Framing Your Own Market section to learn how you can create your own prices and back overlay horses at value odds
When placing a bet you should always be looking for value, and online bookmakers give you the luxury of comparing multiple markets to make sure you always receive the best odds available for your selection. If you can manage to get the best price on a regular basis then you'll be doing better than the average punter at the TAB who regularly accepts poor value odds.
We basically frame an imaginary market in our mind when checking the odds of a horse we plan to back in a race. The horse's displayed odds will dictate if we put money on the horse or not. If it is too short then we will pass, and if we think the price is right or good value then we will place the bet.
Of course some punters will take any price regardless, and they are the punters that put a smile on bookmaker's faces.
Below you will find the most common bookmaker's percentages.
Visit our Betting Guide to learn more about online betting including racing bet types, form guides, betting glossary and more.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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Individuals who engaged in both LTPA in addition to lively travel carried out significantly and slightly better on the tests of verbal fluency and processing pace, but not on delayed recall, in contrast with those that were inactive. This suggests that engaging in lively travel over and above LTPA may not have a significant influence on memory. Engaging in LTPA appears to be the common thread underlying benefits for government function and memory. There is a possibility that respondents could not have accurately reported their bodily exercise.
The capital return and income of every iShares fund are based on the capital appreciation and revenue on the securities it holds, less bills incurred. Therefore, each iShares fund’s return could additionally be expected to fluctuate in response to modifications in such capital appreciation or earnings. Additionally, the securities in an equity benchmark index might under-perform fastened earnings investments and inventory market investments that track other markets, segments or sectors completely different to that of an iShares fund. As overseas exchanges may be open on days when shares in an iShares fund usually are not priced, the value of the securities in an iShares fund’s portfolio may change on days when shareholders will be unable to buy or promote an iShares fund’s shares. Through Q Lifestyle and Asia Leisure, we proceed to spend money on hotels around the globe, providing engaging travel and vacation packages.
Our findings have implications for regulatory our bodies, managers, and traders concerning future pandemic outbreaks. The leisure travel trade is comprised of a number of different sub-industries that make up the various elements of traveling for pleasure or leisure. These leisure travel sub-industries embrace transportation and lodging, as nicely as any reservations and packages for excursions and other entertainment and recreation actions one participates whereas touring. Entertainment consists of any activity that gives most of the people with pleasure throughout their leisure time. These actions could include watching tv, attending a theatrical or efficiency or the opera, going to the films, attending a sporting occasion, and playing quite a lot of board games or video video games.
Careers in travel and tourism might embrace working in a travel agency, forming part of an on-flight cabin crew, managing a hotel or resort, helping to market or promote a vacation spot or holiday supplier, or organizing guided excursions and actions. This is a various and thrilling sector to be part of and you’re unlikely to undergo from boredom! Note that no matter your place, speaking successfully with a spread of various people, both prospects and colleagues, will be central. Fluency in no much less than two languages is a particular asset right here, in addition to a natural aptitude for customer service, and wonderful organizational skills.
Many travelers may even be booking last minute as reserving intervals continue to shorten, with Expedia reporting a rise in last-minute getaways this summer and extra bookings made zero to seven days before a trip. Airbnb’s strength has at all times been with urban destinations where travelers have been trying to connect with locals for insider tips on where to go and what to do. However,COVID-19 has made cities less enticing, and Airbnb made suburban and rural trip rentals its marquee offering. Implement a localized content material administration system to enable properties with the instruments to manage their own communication, imagery and property information. Beyond enabling localized pandemic info, properties may also have the ability to discover new revenue as they collaborate with local companies and travel suppliers to supply localized travel packages.
The pandemic has refocused people’s attention on their local communities. Domestic travel shall be a precedence for leisure vacationers in the short time period. Profile your guests to search out your best audience, their interests, life-style and wealth after which uncover tips on how to find travellers similar to them. Understand the place they travel, how a lot they spend and which activities they engage in while on vacation. Analyse their behaviour, leverage survey information, uncover buy drivers and decide the optimum mix of products and services.
Tui also mentioned the Canary Islands, along with Mexico, have been seeing the most important enhance in summer time holiday bookings up to now. EasyJet stated flights to Spanish locations, particularly the Canary Islands, were most in demand, led by Tenerife, Alicante, Málaga and Lanzarote, with bookings to Lanzarote up 427% week on week. Travel firms and airways have reported surging bookings following the relief of Covid testing requirements for travellers returning to the UK. It is filled with funding ideas, information and educational material to help construct and run portfolios and get extra out of your cash. Ascended 9.3% to £45.seventy six on the information its passenger numbers increased in December amid an ongoing restoration in the travel sector.
Very few travel choices are as daunting as finding the proper lodging. Savvy travellers today are not simply taking the easy means out when in search of the best holiday escape. Owing to the inflow of hoteliers that have raised the bar, nowadays Travel & Leasuire it is a lot tougher to seek out service-oriented resort resorts which have the all the mandatory perks and luxurious feeling that exceeds expectations. Working proper across the trade, we’ve developed deep relationships with innovative travel, leisure and hospitality businesses.
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A dispute over the western Sahara threatened to wreck today's opening to the summit conference of the Organization of African Unity, writes Monitor contributor James Dorsey.
Although spokesmen for the OAU maintained that the summit would convene as scheduled, various embassies here have been told by the Ethiopian Foreign Ministry to disregard their invitation for the opening of the summit and to await further information.
Disputes over western Sahara, Libyan chairmanship of the OAU, and the representation of Chad have twice prevented the summit from convening. This time a committee of 12 African states is attempting to reconcile the two sides - the Algerian-backed Polisario Front, which is the liberation movement of the western Sahara, and Morocco, which in effect has annexed the region and refuses to sit with the Polisario.
Moroccan delegates here say they are seeking to implement the resolution from the 1981 OAU summit to hold a referendum on the region's future. But Polisario says the resolution is superseded by an OAU 1982 declaration, which it says recognizes their Saharan Arab Democratic Republic and thus allows it the right to participate in OAU councils.
Egypt, in the middle, has proposed to link an abstention of Polisario to attend the summit to the establishment of a date for the referendum in the Sahara within the next six months. Various African and Arab states are trying to convince Polisario that it has much to win by accepting such a compromise and that it otherwise runs the risk of being blamed for a possible failure to convene the Addis Ababa summit. But informed African sources believe the Polisario opposes the referendum out of fear that it may not come out of it victorious.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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The latest version of a public school curriculum set to be implemented across California includes an assignment for students to volunteer for an Arab-American organization, a call that's not made for any other ethnic group.
The call is included in a sample homework assignment for California’s Ethnic Studies Model Curriculum (ESMC), an education blueprint years in the making that has been criticized in the past as "blatantly anti-Semitic" and caused an uproar in the American Jewish community.
California is poised to endorse the radical ethnic studies curriculum, igniting a firestorm among both Jewish and pedagogical groups that are concerned about what public schools in the Golden State will be teaching students.
The assignment asks students to make a "commitment to personal action" and take what they learned in class to "help combat prejudice and improve perceptions of Arab Americans." It then recommends students "volunteer at an Arab American organization" or "develop a social media campaign to raise awareness about bias against Arab Americans."
A review of the fourth and current draft of the curriculum found no similar calls for direct advocacy in defense of any other ethnic or racial group, and Jewish groups have taken notice. Max Samarov, the executive director of research and strategy for StandWithUs, a nonpartisan Israel education group, says the new lesson plan was finalized without feedback and goes against the stated goals of the curriculum.
"It's important that the [State Board of Education] addresses the flaws in this lesson plan, which was submitted at the last minute with almost no time for public review and feedback," Samarov told the Washington Free Beacon. "The curriculum itself states that ethnic studies should present various points of view instead of pushing students to engage in specific advocacy. It also repeatedly cautions about the danger of a single story, which is what the lesson plan promotes by erasing the unique identities and stories of so many Mizrahi and Sephardic Jews."
Samarov’s criticism of the current draft echoes what civil rights groups objected to in previous versions. Almost 100 Jewish and pro-Israel groups accused earlier drafts of the proposed ESMC curriculum of "eras[ing] the American Jewish experience." The current version goes even further, erasing centuries of Jewish life in the Arab world.
In its list of ethnic groups that lived in the Arab world, the curriculum states that Arab countries "have majority Arab populations, [and] they are also incredibly diverse and include other ethnic groups, such as Kurds, Imazighen, and Persians." It makes no mention of Jewish history in the Arab world, or that hundreds of thousands of Jews were forcibly expelled from their homes by Arabs throughout history.
While the curriculum now includes two sections about Jewish Americans, educational groups remain critical.
In the curriculum’s section on "Antisemitism and Jewish Middle Eastern-Americans," Jewish Americans are placed within the prism of intersectionality. According to the curriculum, Mizrahi and Sephardic Jews have "intersectional identities as a result of experiencing prejudice and discrimination as Jewish Americans, as Middle Eastern refugees and immigrants, and some as people of color."
A spokeswoman at the Alliance for Constructive Ethnic Studies (ACES) told the Free Beacon that "having a curriculum that is founded on critiquing colonialism and imperialism is what will ultimately allow anti-Semitism and other forms of racism to creep into our K-12 classrooms."
The latest curriculum is scheduled to be voted on by the State Board of Education on March 18. Unless the SBE requests a deadline, it is required to complete the curriculum by the end of the month. Once the curriculum is adopted, individual school boards across the state determine how much will be used in their own curricula. The Arab Resource and Organizing Center hosted an event last month with BDS activist Angela Davis to push for the inclusion of Arab Studies in schools across the state.
The FBI reported last year that California had the most anti-Semitic hate crimes in the nation in 2019.
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https://freebeacon.com/latest-news/california-curriculum-pushes-volunteering-only-at-arab-american-organizations/
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Nephrology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Are polymorphisms in chromosome 22, risk factors for HIVAN in South African Adults?
Insights on HIV-related kidney disease among South Africans were extrapolated from findings in developed countries. The prevalence of renal disease-related genetic and environmental factors, however, likely differs; therefore, application of findings from developed countries may be invalid. HIV-infected South Africans present with advanced kidney disease, with limited availability of diagnostic and treatment interventions. Therefore, strategies for identifying those at greatest risk of kidney disease are needed to inform preventive strategies in this population. Recently discovered APOL1 risk variants associated with kidney disease among African Americans may be potentially useful in the diagnosis and management of kidney disease among HIV-infected South Africans. The purpose of this proposal is to advance our understanding of the role of APOL1 variants in the manifestation of kidney disease among HIV-infected South Africans. Specifically, we aim: 1) to evaluate whether APOL1 risk alleles are associated with kidney disease; 2) to determine whether APOL1 genotype is predictive of underlying renal histopathological findings; and 3) to compare APOL1 renal mRNA and apolipoprotein L1 levels among risk allele carriers versus non-carriers. To achieve these aims, we have established a multidisciplinary group of collaborators from the Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Michigan and Stellenbosch University in Cape Town, South Africa. This study will provide preliminary data for larger studies in which host and viral gene interactions may be examined in more depth and in which the clinical utility of APOL1 genotyping may be evaluated prospectively.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://hopkinscfar.org/science-cores/clinical-core/awards.detail/michelle-estrella-md
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Morning & Evening Daily Devotional Reading– August 20
by Charles H. Spurgeon, Revised and Edited by William C. Neff
“The sweet Psalmist of Israel.”
—2 Samuel 23:1
Among all the saints that appear in Holy Scripture, David’s life seems most filled with experiences of the most striking, varied, and instructive character. In his history we find trials and temptations that can be found no where else, and that’s why he is a model of our Lord Jesus in many ways.
David knew the trials of all ranks and conditions of men. David knew the troubles of kings, and the cares of the peasant. Like the wanderer, He know how to live in caves. As a captain he had to deal with rebels in his camp.
David was tried by his friends. His counselor Ahithophel betrayed him. His worst enemies were members of his own household: his children were his greatest affliction. The temptations of poverty and wealth, of honor and reproach, of health and weakness, all tried their power upon him.
He had temptations from without to disturb his peace, and from within to deflate his joy. David no sooner escaped from one trial than he fell into another. This is why David’s psalms are the universal delight of experienced Christians. Whatever our frame of mind, whether ecstasy or depression, David has described our emotions exactly. He was an able master of the human heart, because he had been tutored in the best of all schools– the school of heart-felt, personal experience.
As we are instructed in the same school, as we grow mature in grace and in years, we increasingly appreciate David’s psalms, and find them to be “green pastures.” Let David’s experience cheer and counsel YOU today. [M&E]
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.morningandevening.org/morning-and-evening-daily-devotional-reading-august-20/
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Loneliness and the workplace
2020 U.S. Report: When employers and employees work together to combat loneliness, everyone wins. Combating loneliness at work should be a priority for employees and employers. If we can begin connecting with people more productively at work, we’ll be more productive doing our work.
Download Cigna’s Infographic here and learn why Americans are getting lonelier, why loneliness isn’t good for business and how to combat loneliness in the workplace.
Please visit Cigna.com for more information.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.firerescue1.com/fire-products/financial-services/articles/loneliness-and-the-workplace-yDxCiUBlHAm0SH7e/
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en
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Following the election of the new government in Kosovo, the US special presidential envoy for the Kosovo-Serbia dialogue, Richard Grenell, has taken a proactive and assertive approach to the talks, increasing the likelihood of a final deal in which the US plays a significant role.
Representatives of Kosovo and Serbia were supposed to meet at the White House at the end of the month. Grenell was blunt in his statement that, “If either side is unsatisfied with the June 27 discussions then they will go back to the status quo after they leave Washington.”
The political climate in Kosovo is currently one of deep polarisation. Nonetheless, the Kosovo delegation must take into account the following five crucial points before the next rounds of negotiations.
Meanwhile, Kosovo Prime Minister Avdullah Hoti on Thursday cancelled an eagerly anticipated trip to Washington to meet Serbia’s President Aleksandar Vucic and resume stalled negotiations with Serbia over the future status of the former Serbian province whose independence Belgrade does not recognise.
Hoti canceled his trip after the Hague-based Specialist Prosecutor’s Office filed a ten-count indictment with the Kosovo Specialist Chambers, KSC, accusing Kosovo President Hashim Thaci, Kosovo politician Kadri Veseli and others with a range of crimes against humanity and war crimes, including murder, enforced disappearance of persons, persecution, and torture during the Kosovo war.
A final deal does not guarantee UN membership for Kosovo
A final deal with Serbia will put Kosovo in a better position internationally and will lessen the obstacles to membership in international organisations. However, it does not guarantee UN membership for Kosovo.
Russia and China are both UN Security Council permanent members with veto powers. These countries do not recognise Kosovo, so even if Kosovo and Serbia reach a deal, this will not automatically translate into UN membership for Kosovo.
Consequently, the Kosovo delegation should demand concrete steps on how to overcome potential vetoes from Russia and China.
Grenell is not a neutral envoy
Kosovo is the most pro-American country in the world and has welcomed the US re-engagement in the region. However, there is enough evidence to show that Grenell is not the best pick to handle these negotiations. A man of controversy, he has no experience working on the Balkans.
Grenell has served the interests of authoritarian and corrupt politicians such as Viktor Orban in Hungary and Vladimir Plahotniuc in Moldova, without reporting these activities as required under the US Foreign Agents Registration Act, FARA.
Moreover, his tenure as US ambassador to Germany stirred much criticism, amid accusations, he was biased and undiplomatic. Grenell’s track record gives good reason to be sceptical of his ability to fulfill his role as the US Envoy for the Kosovo-Serbia dialogue and also begs the question of whether Grenell can act as an unbiased intermediary.
Kosovo must push for a comprehensive deal, not just any deal
A deal that does not tackle all open issues with Serbia is destined to fail. Serbia has not demonstrated it is ready to deal with its past. In fact, President Alexandar Vucic declared that Serbia is willing to give up potential EU integration if that is the only benefit for Serbia from the negotiations on Kosovo.
Serbia wants to gain more from these negotiations, potentially a land swap. Serbia expects Kosovo to make major concessions while Belgrade itself has yet to acknowledge, let alone apologise, for the devastating effects of the Kosovo war, including the massacre and rape of civilians and widespread damage to property.
A formal letter of apology would be a starting point to resolve deeply rooted issues. The deal should also include guarantees that Serbia will remove reference to Kosovo from its constitution, a formal letter of recognition and an expression of willingness to open an embassy in Kosovo.
The deal must be in full accordance with Western liberal values
Kosovo does not have to compromise on its borders, provide extraterritoriality for the Serbian Orthodox Church, or establish an Association of Serbian Majority Municipalities with executive powers.
Kosovo is a multi-ethnic state with a progressive constitution which defends and promotes the rights of ethnic minorities. Giving executive powers to municipalities based on ethnicity violates the multiethnic nature of the country. In addition, transferring autonomous powers to a church is in violation of the secular nature of the republic.
Most importantly, a sustainable final deal with Serbia must be based on solidarity and human rights consistent with Western values, and not based on ethnic lines and changes to current borders.
Refusing to sign a deal is not the end of the world
The Trump administration’s eagerness to finalise a deal or the fear of lost momentum are not reason enough for Kosovo to sign a deal. At a time when Trump’s foreign policy is motivated by his reelection prospects, Kosovo should be especially wary of a deal proposed by the US.
If the Kosovo delegation is pressured into signing a deal which they consider to be biased or unfair towards Kosovo, they must refuse to do so.
Refusal to sign a deal does not necessarily mean a deterioration in relations between Kosovo and the West. Kosovo must be persistent in its demands and defend what is best for the country’s national security and wellbeing. Kosovo’s independence is irrevocable, but its functionality is at stake. No deal is better than a bad deal.
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<urn:uuid:aac7e79b-2ecf-40cf-b19c-7d049b3cb14e>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.eurasia.ro/2020/06/27/five-things-kosovo-must-know-before-doing-a-deal-with-serbia/
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en
| 0.958785
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|
Battery giant Samsung SDI has announced that it will completely exit the fuel cell business in order to concentrate on battery-based energy storage.
“Samsung SDI decided to drop fuel cell-related business projects, as the outlook of the market isn’t good,” a company spokesman told the Korea Times.
The move is part of a strategy to drop unprofitable lines of business. The company recently shed chemical and plasma display panel divisions. “We should burn fat in our tissues and bulk up muscles to win from heated competition with our chief rivals,” CEO Cho Nam-Seong told employees in January.
Samsung SDI developed fuel cells for notebooks based on methanol in 2005. However, demand never materialized, as lithium-ion batteries turned out to be more usable, affordable and efficient.
Unnamed industry sources told the Korea Times that Samsung will sell its fuel cell patents and equipment to Kolon Industries for “a few million dollars.”
“The money that will be saved from the sale of the fuel cell business will be used to boost energy solution-related businesses such as batteries for EVs and energy storage systems,” said an official.
Samsung SDI plans to invest more than 3 trillion won (about $2.5 billion) in batteries for EVs and related parts over the next five years.
Source: Korea Times
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After four aircraft of Indian Air Force carrying relief material were forced to return from Kathmandu, highly placed sources said it was partly due to piling up of relief material at the Tribhuvan International Airport.
“A lot of relief material has reached the Kathmandu airport but it is not going out which has resulted in a stockpile. The airport is anyhow small, so there is lot of congestion,” a senior official from the defence ministry said.
“In addition, there were lot of other flights landing from different countries, so there was congestion,” the source said.
The official added that the flights will now land there after midnight.
“We are looking at a slot after mid-night to land these aircraft,” the source said.
Four Indian Air Force flights, two C-17s carrying communication equipment and water, one C-130J and one IL-76 carrying NDRF teams that flew to Kathmandu on Monday had to return to Delhi due to congestion at Kathmandu airport.
“IAF reschedules its relief planes for Nepal to low density time to avoid congestion at Kathmandu,” Defence Ministry spokesperson Sitanshu Kar tweeted.
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Families participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) can now use their benefits for a much wider variety of brands and types of infant formula, helping them access the formula available in stores during national shortages when Gerber products are not available. The North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services has temporarily made 55 additional formula products available to WIC recipients today as part of its efforts to support families during the shortage. This is in addition to the eight options added last week for different sizes and types of Gerber products.
Amid infant formula shortages across the country, the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services is connecting families with resources and sharing recommendations to help safely navigate supply issues.
As children across North Carolina head back to school this month, the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services reminds families that vaccinations are an important part of back-to-school success and overall health and well-being.
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Use clomid get pregnant
Well there are some people that get pregnant their first month using Clomid, then use clomid get pregnant there are some that it takes numerous months, and then for some.Because about 25% of all fertility struggles are related to ovulation issues, the drug is a good choice.If you are taking Clomid to help with ovulation, you may be told that you will ovulate "within 5-10 days" after your last pill.However, it was discovered that clomiphene also helps.I stopped OPKs on CD 19 but probably ovulated later than that Clomid often makes your cycle much longer (it can lengthen luteal phase) but if your cycles are super long in general, sometimes it makes them shorter You also may be wondering about success rates.0 You know if Clomid works if you ovulate that month.Ovulation would occur every 3 to 8 months and would not be considered “healthy” ovulations.I really cant wait to get started on the whole thing.Clomid, the brand name of the generic drug Clomiphene, may be prescribed if you have been having difficulty ovulating or getting pregnant on your own.I'm not sure if I ovulated on the 1st cycle of Clomid, as blood tests were not accurate.I'm just desperate to start the clomid when my period comes but worried about side effects Jul 18, 2011.Com to chart it all The time that is taken to get pregnant on Clomid.I'm just desperate to start the clomid when my period comes but worried about side effects..Just got two positive hpts & am at the lab about to take a blood test.I stopped OPKs on CD 19 but probably ovulated later than that..Depending on the Clomid protocol you’re on, that means you should be having sex every day or every other day starting on Day 11 through Day 21 of your cycle There is a slightly higher risk of having a multiple pregnancy when taking Clomid.I didn’t have any side effects, but it’s a low dose.It works by inducing ovulation and thereby increasing your chances of getting pregnant.Mark Leondires from the Reproductive Medicine Associates of Connecticut states that it was originally used as a treatment for breast cancer since it has anti-estrogenic properties.Today we are going to tell you all […].
Plan B Price With Insurance
Argh, the months seems so long, right!How much time does it take to get pregnant on clomid?It should not be given to women with ovarian cysts or liver disease unless advised by your doctor What is Clomid?Argh, the months seems so long, right!Although I experienced ovarian cysts.Depending on your prescription, you may need to take anywhere from 1-3 tabs per day for 5 days.What are the potential side effects of Clomid?Argh, the months seems so long, right!If your doctor has prescribed Clomid for you, you might be asking yourself use clomid get pregnant what the use clomid get pregnant best way is to get pregnant while on Clomid.Clomid is a prescription drug that should only be taken under the guidance of a medical professional Clomid is easy to take and is given in pill form for 5 days, usually beginning on day 3 to 5 of the menstrual cycle.The second time, when I was successful, I was on 50 mg.If you are having problems trying to get pregnant, you may be thinking about talking to your doctor about prescribing Clomid I was put on clomid for my last cycle and I got pregnant.The birth rate is lower than the pregnancy rate due to miscarriages.Clomid is a prescription drug that should only be taken under the guidance of a medical professional Clomid may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.Is it possible to get pregnant when using Clomid for the first time?Fertility specialist said to take at night, if that helps.Said use clomid get pregnant that you dont have get your periods to take clomid.Well there are some people that get pregnant their first month using Clomid, then there are some that it takes numerous months, and then for some.I have only seen fertile cervical fluid during my Clomid cycles.Yes: Clomid (clomiphene) is supposed to induce ovulation and thus help fertility.When it does, he'll schedule a pelvic exam within about three days, after which he'll decide exactly when you should begin taking Clomid.The second time, when I was successful, I was on 50 mg.Your doctor will start your first dose of Clomid typically 50 mg orally on either day 2, 3, 4, or 5 of your cycle ‒ clomid ovulation calendar without a rx.So any feedback and thoughts about Clomid would be appreciated Clomid is a synthetic chemical whose chemical name is Clomiphene citrate.I dont get my periods unless i take provera and my doc.I was only put on 50 mg so that's a pretty low dose When to Take It How to Take Clomid to Get Pregnant.'s: Clomiphene is an ovulation inducer, and using a ovulation kit and having intercourse when the test is positive may not always "work".They have me on 50mg, I’d prefer 100mg, let’s get this party started!!They recommend to start having intercourse after those 48 hours and every other day after that.26 years experience Fertility Medicine.
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By Sisir K. Majumdar
After the abortive London Round Table Conference (1930-1932), Jinnah declared his aims in more definite terms:
?We are a nation with our distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitude and ambition; in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation.?
Jinnah spoke extempore at the inaugural session of Pakistan Constituent Assembly in Karachi on August 11, 1947:
“…you are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any place of worship in this State of Pakistan…you may belong to any religion or caste or creed?that has nothing to do with the business of the State.”
Very sweet to the ears! Empty rhetoric! Deeds and words were poles apart?his Pakistan showed its real self later. Seeds of secularism were never sown by its creator on the soil of his dreamland?Pakistan.
The above statements bear testimony to the dearth of transparency in his political thinking?two different tunes from the same lips almost singing in unison.
Nationalist poetess and Congress leader, Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949) was another vocal admirer of Jinnah'ssecularism. Both Gokhale and Naidu were superficial and short-sighted in their assessment. History proved them wrong. Jinnah was Islamic in instinct.
Jinnah never believed in a united India. He always asserted that history would vindicate Partition of India on the basis of his now defunct two-nation theory. His last laugh: “Any idea of a United India could never have worked and in my judgement it would have led to a terrific disaster.”
Though at one time in his early political career Jinnah did earn the title of ?the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity??an epithet coined by the eminent Maharastrain leader, Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915). It was largely through Jinnah'sefforts that the Congress and the Muslim League began to hold their annual session jointly, to facilitate mutual consultation and participation (Joint session in Bombay, 1915; Lucknow Pact in Lucknow, 1916).
Nationalist poetess and Congress leader, Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949) was another vocal admirer of Jinnah'ssecularism. Both Gokhale and Naidu were superficial and short-sighted in their assessment. History proved them wrong. Jinnah was Islamic in instinct. Islam is totally incompatible with secularism. He resigned from the Congress in 1920; he never supported the disobedience movements in 1930 and 1932; he opposed Congress Satyagraha in 1940 and he was against the Quit India Movement in 1942. He was never a leading luminary of the freedom movement. Jinnah is even reported to have initiated the process of closer association with Islamic countries of medieval Middle East and is also reported to have secretly sent Feroze Khan Noon his personal emissary in order to assure them that Pakistan was an Islamic State. Later, of course, Pakistan turned into a Western puppet and even verbally supported Britain and France along with Iran and Turkey against Muslim Egypt when the Anglo-Franco-Israeli forces attacked the Sinai peninsula and the Suez Canal on October 29,1956. Pakistan was, and still is an American puppet.
Jinnah is painted in some ill-informed circles as a liberal democrat gazing fondly at the mother of all Parliaments at Westminster, London. Let us examine it critically. The Muslim League, of which Jinnah was the life-long President, was established in Dacca (now Dhaka, capital of Islamic Bangladesh) in 1906 by Muslim feudals and aristocrats who were the running dogs of British colonialism. Jinnah was never elected; he was always selected by a motley collection of privileged feudal Musalmans. The Muslim League of Jinnah was not a mass organisation like the Indian National Congress, originally established in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1885; it became so only in Pakistan after 1946. Within a short period it disintegrated; the rest of the history is well-known. Jinnah was Pakistan'sfirst dictator in civil dress. He was Governor-General of Pakistan (August 14, 1947- September 11, 1948). He also made himself President of the Constituent Assembly and a Cabinet Minister. However, lawyer, constitutionalist Jinnah failed to give Pakistan any Constitution at all. Of course, it needs to be mentioned that he did not live long enough; he died on September 11, 1948; he was ruler of Pakistan for about one year and 27 days. There was not enough time. He used to preside over cabinet meetings, though there was a Prime Minister?another Mohajir (migrant from India), Liaquat Ali Khan (1925-1951). ?At a Cabinet meeting presided over by him on December 30, 1947, a notification was passed that ?no question of policy or principle would be decided except at a Cabinet meeting presided over by the Quaid-e-Azam and that in the event of any difference of opinion between him and the Cabinet the decision of the Quaid would be final…?(H.N. Bali: Partition of India?Was It Unavoidable or A Handiwork of Self-seekers? Organiser Independence Day Special, dt. August,18, 2002, p.24). What a blatant rape of cabinet form of government and Westminster type of parliamentary democracy? He was out and out an autocrat.
He pretended to be a constitutionalist always obedient to the rule of law. Let us go back to his Kashmir invasion (October 27, 1947) again. Under the Instruments of Accession the rulers of 565 princely native states of British India were bound by law to accede either to India or to Pakistan after they attained Independence (August14/15, 1947). The ruler was authorised to take the decision on accession, and its subjects had no role to play in this matter. The ruler, Maharaja Hari Singh, of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) acceded to India according to the Instruments of Accession passed by the British Parliament at Westminster, London. Jinnah?the product of English legal education system, a pseudo-constitutionalist showed no respect or regard to the constitutional mechanism devised by the British Parliament. He was guided by his own whims and self-interest. It is even on record that ? The State of Jammu and Kashmir was invaded by the Pakistani army and Pathan tribesmen on October 20,1947? (Dipak Basu: The Kashmir Story-I Distortions Prevailing in the West. The Statesman, Kolkata, July, 2002). It happened six days before the Ruler of J&K actually signed the Instrument of Accession. It was a naked aggression by Jinnah'sPakistan.
Napoleon Bonaparte?Napoleon I (1769-1821) used to say that lessons of history are that the lesson is never learnt. Jinnah could have followed the footsteps of Mustafa Kamal Ataturk (1880-1938), Father of modern Turkey.
He did not do it intentionally. He wanted to see himself as the reincarnation of a Mughal Bhadshah (King/Emperor) of his ?Kingdom?, Pakistan. He even boasted that it was he who created Pakistan and nobody else. He even regretted it on his deathbed when he saw his dream fading away in the mist of hard reality. It was too late. During convalescence at Ziarat near Quetta, capital of Baluchistan, Jinnah is reported to have told Liaquat Ali Khan, his Prime Minister, that the creation of Pakistan was the greatest blunder of his life.
He is reported to have said, ?…You think you have made Pakistan. I have made it. But I am now convinced I have committed the biggest blunder of my life.? (Quoted by M. Hasim Kidwai, MP in The Statesman, Kolkata/New Delhi, July 30, 1988, p. 10). This is a fitting epitaph to his dreamland?Islalmic Pakistan . It was his own obituary written by himself. Though written recently in a different context, what the President of India?Abdul Kalam wrote in his book seems to be very relevant to what Jinnah was really:
?For great men religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool.? (A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Ignited Minds, Viking Penguin India, 2002.)
Jinnah, needless to say, belonged to the group of ?small people?. It may be noted that the old religious Muslims with traditional values were not for Pakistan which was demanded by the well-shaven new Muslim elite led by ?secular? Jinnah miles away from Islam. (A.K. Roy: Roots of communalism-I?Blaming BJP is not enough. The Statesman, Kolkata/New Delhi September 21, 2002).
Jinnah, the Governor-General of Pakistan, encouraged infiltration by Afridi-Pathan tribal hooligans and terrorists of the State of J&K on October 20,1947. It was the beginning of Islamic terrorism?initially against India and now against the civilized world.
Though expressed in a different context, V.S. Naipaul, gave a real insight into Islamic fundamentalism in an interview published in The Times, London (Quoted by The Free Press Journal, August 8, 2002):
He even boasted that it was he who created Pakistan and nobody else. He even regretted it on his deathbed when he saw his dream fading away in the mist of hard reality. It was too late. During convalescence at Ziarat near Quetta, capital of Baluchistan, Jinnah is reported to have told Liaquat Ali Khan, his Prime Minister, that the creation of Pakistan was the greatest blunder of his life.
?I have been aware of madness in the Islamic world. I have written about it. The madness of people who have fallen behind technically, and who do not have the will to make the intellectual effort to catch up.?
?I was aware of the religious hatred. I was aware of the indifference to life. I was aware of the anti-civilization aspect of the new fundamentalism. But I had no idea it had gone so far?the madness. The idea of their strength is an illusion. Nothing is coming from within.?
Jinnah'spolitical gamble with religion sowed the seeds of this ?madness? in his Islamic Pakistan and later in its deformed offspring?Islamic Bangladesh. East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) seceded from Pakistan in 1971. It was the burial of Jinnah'stwo-nation theory as well.
Everybody in politics will have to face trial in the court of history and posterity. Jinnah probably did not realize that. The present was important to him. The future meant nothing to him. Nothing in this world is a paragon of perfection, nor a den of fallibilities. Jinnah had qualities. He had talents. He misused them all in his political adventure.
?The evil that men do lives after them,
The good is of interred with their bones?:
So said Mark Antony in Julius Caesar Act. III, Scene 2. The so-called ?Quaid-e-Azam? (?The Great Leader?) turned out to be the great destroyer of the basic interests of the Musalmans of British Colonial India. His legacy of Islamic fundamentalism pushed his moth-eaten Pakistan and its break-away part Bangladesh into the den of misery and madness. It gave Pakistan a false sense of nationalism without a nation and plunged Bangladesh?a product of this failed two-nation theory?into a perpetual crisis of identity.
(The writer is founder-director of Majumdar Institute of History, Sociology and Philosophy of Science and Health Sciences, and can be contacted at [email protected])
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In a televised address on Wednesday, he said all travel from Europe would be suspended for the next 30 days. But he said the “strong but necessary” restrictions would not apply to the UK, where 460 cases of the virus have now been confirmed. There are 1,135 confirmed cases of the virus across the US, with 38 deaths. “To keep new cases from entering our shores, we will be suspending all travel from Europe to the United States for the next 30 days,” President Trump announced.
By the close of trade on Wednesday, the South African rand weakened against the US dollar.
- More cases of coronavirus were confirmed in South Africa [13 cases] and as energy utility company, Eskom intensified load-shedding to stage 4.
- In the US, consumer price index (CPI) unexpectedly rose on a monthly basis in February, as rising food and accommodation costs offset cheaper gasoline.
- The US government recorded less than expected budget deficit in February. On the global front, the WHO declared a global pandemic as the coronavirus rapidly spreads across the world. In the US the NBA To Suspend Season Following Tonight’s Games.
- Secretary Mnuchin says Trump is focused on a broad strategy for stimulus package to assist in the fight against COVID-19
- The yield on benchmark government bonds rose yesterday. The yield on 2021 bond advanced to 6.09% while that for the longer-dated 2030 issue rose to 9.26%.
In early trade on Thursday morning, the US dollar is trading 1.4% higher against the South African rand at R16.4272, while the euro is trading 1.8% higher at R18.5789. The British pound has gained 1.4% against the South African rand to trade at R21.0659.
By the close of trade on Wednesday, the euro advanced against most of the major currencies.
- The BoE slashed its key interest rates by half a percentage point in an emergency move to combat the impact of coronavirus outbreak. The central bank has also announced a new term-funding scheme to support small and medium-sized companies in which it announced that it would allow banks to release a special store of capital, known as the counter-cyclical capital buffer, so they can continue lending to households and businesses during the coronavirus epidemic. The BoE Governor, Mark Carney, stated that the economic impact from coronavirus could be large and sharp and economic activity will likely weaken materially in the coming months.
- As part of a global effort to find a vaccine for the Covid-19 coronavirus, pharmaceutical companies are offering thousands of dollars to people willing to voluntarily get infected with a form of the virus and spend two weeks in isolation. Being the first to come up with an effective vaccine for Covid-19 would undoubtedly prove very profitable for any pharmaceutical company, and many are spending big money to increase their chances of success.
- A measure of British house prices rose at the fastest pace in nearly four years in February as the residential property market picked up for a third month in a row, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) said on Thursday.
In early trade on Thursday, the euro has advanced 0.4% against the US dollar to trade at $1.1310, while it has gained 0.3% against the British pound to trade at GBP0.8820.
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At Get Healthy Philly, our Healthy Early Childhood Coordinator, Shannon Dryden has been conducting messaging regarding the Philadelphia Board of Health Recommendations around Beverages and Screen Time in Early Childhood Settings. Sharing information at the Southeast Regional Key monthly provider meeting was a great opportunity to start conversations about healthy practices and have a little fun. We have also been able to provide PHL Pre-K educators with training around the recommendations most recently on “Reducing Screen Time”. Highlights included thoughtful discussion, a movement break with teachers and educators participating in a silly dance to “The Banana Song”, and hearing all of the great practices that centers already have in place! This has been an ongoing theme as the recommendations are shared with all providers who continue to highlight improving nutrition and physical activity through their own stories:
“At the Children’s Community School in west Philly, we have a well established practice of not only offering children a variety of fresh and whole foods, but also involving them actively in the creation of their food—for instance, baking fresh bread together, helping harvest fresh veggies from our garden, loading the rice cooker with whole grains for a warm winter snack, etc. Our teachers, however, are eager for more training on the specifics of early childhood nutrition; we’re excited to work with a nutritionist in January!” – Jarrod Green, Children’s Community School
“…being a diabetic I base my menu for the kids off of what I think is both healthy and tasty. That way the kids are eating healthy and they enjoy it at the same time.” – Connie Mathis-Dunston, Mrs. Connie’s Daycare
“The children at Nicole’s Family Child Care adhere to the Let’s Move Campaign! We have increased physical activity as well as learned new and exciting ways to make healthy food choices. We involved all are families by hosting walking trips and providing resources such as coupons to purchase healthy food at our local supermarket.” – Nicole Bamba, Nicole’s Family Childcare
“Two vegetables, two fruits, two whole-grain menu items, and two lean proteins are found every day at Children’s Village between breakfast, lunch, and afternoon snack, representing a variety of cultures present within the center. Menus are planned by the kitchen team, and reviewed by a committee of toddler, preschool, and school-age teachers along with administrative staff and parent representatives. Teachers model nutritious eating practices by discussing and introducing unfamiliar foods and demonstrating openness and curiosity about them at mealtimes.” – Zaina Keenan, Children’s Village
Early childhood education providers already have many great practices in place and the Board of Health recommendations open the door for continued conversation, reflection, and growth for our educators.
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There is, however, something equally important that such scandals causes and that is the erosion of the rule of law.
In any free and equitable society, such as the United Kingdom, the rule of law is of utmost importance in ensuring that the society in question remains both free and equitable. The rule of law simply refers to the fair application of the laws of the land without any discretion in their application. We see discretion in the application of the law quite frequently, especially when it comes to elected representatives in our national and regional parliaments around the UK.
The rule of law is an ancient legal principle with its routes as far back as 350 BC. It has existed in our legal systems since the creation of the systems that in the UK we recognise today and has not only existed in them, but been a central principle of them.
It has been reported that no MPs will face prosecution over their expenses, which would be fair enough if there had been no offences committed. There were a large number of fraudulent claims knowingly submitted by “Honourable” Member’s of Parliament. This is where the rule of law is destroyed, had a member of the public gained taxpayers money through a fraudulent claim and that fraudulent claim was discovered they would not just be allowed to pay the money back and for it to disappear – they would be taken to court and would, at the very least, end up with a criminal record. However, the MPs are not being prosecuted for gaining taxpayer’s money for gaining fraudulent claims.
Prime Minister Gordon Brown MP has promised to clean up the House of Commons, but few have any confidence in what he has to say because the rules that have been broken in recent years were ones brought in by his party under his predecessor Tony Blair in order to clean up the House of Commons. What will give the British public confidence in the political system we have here in the UK would be for it, firstly, to be reformed (but that’s an issue for another time). Secondly, for Mr Brown to call an immediate General Election without all those who had made claims for things they shouldn’t have, and, thirdly, that those MPs who clearly made fraudulent claims to face public prosecution in the criminal courts.
The above three steps would help to bring confidence back into the system, but it would also help to re-build the rule of law that has systematically been broken down into pieces by those elected to not only the UK Parliament, but also to the Scottish Parliament, over the last few decades (don’t forget, all parties were involved here and there have been similar scandals without criminal prosecutions in the days before the current Labour Government.
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The below was written in response to an interview of author Andy Fisher by Steve Holt for Citylab, which can be found here.
Like Janet Poppendieck in Sweet Charity, Andy Fisher raises some good points, but mistakes common poor practices within the charitable food system (over reliance on food drives, providing a 3-day standardized box of food once a month, insufficient attention paid to the dignity of people seeking help, etc.) for justification of a broad indictment of the system itself.
Over 50% of the households in this country are not well positioned to cope with unexpected expenses, and even more are only a missed paycheck or two away from a real financial crisis. The charitable food system, run properly, is an outstanding means of providing families that run into bumps on the road of life (unexpected car repairs, medical expenses, etc.) with an emergency injection of resources that can help prevent a temporary situation from turning into a financial death spiral, thus speeding a return to self sufficiency. (In such situations, it is more of a trampoline than a safety net!)
Even when providing long-term assistance, the charitable food system (again, run properly) produces a multiplier effect in terms of community impact per dollar that most other programs can only dream about. Including the operating expenses of our regional Feeding America food bank, the organization I run provides more than $5 of food assistance to people in need for every $1 of community resources spent in the process. In comparison to that 5:1 ratio, even the best cash or cash-equivalent programs like SNAP operate at less than 1:1 due to administrative costs.
I also strongly object to the idea that the charitable food system (or SNAP) should be in the business of paternalistically deciding what foods are “acceptable”. We should certainly encourage and empower people to make healthy choices – and indeed over 2/3 of the food my organization handles is fresh produce – but to claim that we shouldn’t also offer people in need the opportunity to have things like birthday cakes is to deny the emotional, social, and cultural role that food plays in all of our lives, and is fundamentally hostile to the basic human dignity about which Mr. Fisher professes to be so concerned. (More on that subject here.)
Hunger is a foundational problem. If we want the economically struggling people in this country to be active in bringing about long-term positive change at any level (personal, community, national), we must do more to address hunger in the near term, not less. As a wise man once said: “A person who knows where their next meal is coming from can have many problems, a person who does not has only one.”
Anyone interested in learning more about how the charitable food system can (and should) work to adequately address the acute problem of hunger in America, and thereby create space in which long-term solutions can plausibly be enacted, can learn more here.
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If you are interested in equity in leadership, fast fashion and environmental sustainability, look no further than an exhibition at Port Macquarie Library.
The free exhibition, titled Use Your Outside Voice!, features a collection of stories crafted by participants in the first-ever Picture Justice Australia program, which was run over five days in Charles Sturt's Design Lab in 2019.
The exhibition highlights issues important to the participants including environmental sustainability, improving social connections, fast fashion and equity in leadership.
Mel Streater participated in the program where they learnt about community, citizenry and processes of democracy, and skills such as design thinking, ethical interviewing and photography.
She also worked alongside Jess Green and Dr Willhemina Wahlin as co-curator and co-designer for the exhibition Use Your Outside Voice!
"For me, the key benefit of the program was understanding the power of the individual voice," Mel said.
She said through the program they learnt practical avenues for shining light on issues of concern and communicating their interests - be that through a creative arts project, voting, writing letters to members of parliament, creating petitions, peacefully protesting, sharing news articles on social media - the list goes on.
CSU Bachelor of Laws/Bachelor of Criminal Justice student Emily Hollingworth took part in the program and focused on women in leadership.
"I absolutely loved the program," Emily said.
"I learnt about design aspects and I also learnt about working as a team for one common goal."
She said the program empowered individuals to make positive change in the world.
"Given the tools, when the opportunity arises, we know how to handle that opportunity," Emily said.
Dr Wahlin, one of the curators for the exhibition and lecturer in design at Charles Sturt, said they were so excited to be sharing the stories from these young changemakers with the community.
"Our young people are so passionate about what they believe in, so it's important they are given more opportunities to have a voice in our community," she said.
The Picture Justice Australia program focused on the theme of community, citizenry and processes of democracy and featured a series of workshops led by a team of experts from the fields of civic education, photography, design, and education.
"We embedded design thinking in a really unique way, weaving it into workshops in civics, ethical interviewing, photography for storytelling, narrative development and story editing," Dr Wahlin said.
"The aim was to not only provide the participants with a range of skills and knowledge, but to also give them the confidence, through these skills, to become more active citizens."
The exhibition is on show at Port Macquarie Library until Friday, January 31.
The Picture Justice Australia program is a joint research project by Charles Sturt University, Swinburne University of Technology and The Whitlam Institute, and is supported by Port Macquarie-Hastings Council, PROOF: Media for Social Justice and the Posify Group.
What else is making news, sport?
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The making of money
What does it take to make a coin or a banknote? Who has designed the coins and notes we are using? Is money made in Portugal? Does it take money to make money?
Two short videos show many facts about the life of coins and banknotes: when the world's first paper money and coins began to appear; what metals were used to mint the first coins, what are the production processes, from the oldest to the newest, and much more!
“The making of coins: from ancient times to the present” (video), available at: https://youtu.be/Q6ZDfzGQr88
“The life of the banknote: from the first Chinese banknotes to the euro” (video), available at: https://youtu.be/hvca-VQy8xo
“Money also has a price”, by João Miguel Salvador, December 2016, available at: https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2016-12-17-O-dinheiro-tambem-tem-preco (in Portuguese)
· Educational Resources online
>Theme: The making of money
>“The making of the metallic coin: From ancient times to the present” (Video), “The life of the banknote: from the first Chinese banknotes to the euro” (Video), And “Money also has a price” (Article in newspaper Expresso)
>2nd and 3rd stages of basic education, secondary education (+11 years old)
>Sources: Money Museum, Expresso
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If you’re like many other people that have a hard time finding a job, then you should see why many people are working online. The Internet is ideal for earning extra cash or making a full-time living. Keep reading for great advice that can assist you in landing the right online work for you.
Be cautious of scams. There are some opportunities that are not as glamorous. Do some research online to see what others have to say about any company or website that you are interested in working for.
You must pre-determine your niche before you consider working online. Do you have good writing skills? Sell yourself as a content writer. Is graphic design something that you excel at? Lots of folks will give you work on their websites and other documents. Help yourself with some introspection.
Look into surveys. There are a multitude of surveys for you to complete. It is an easy way to make a little extra cash. They don’t pay much, though. However, they are easy to do during down time, and the money you make from them will quickly add up.
If you find a company online that you want to work for and you know for a fact they are legitimate, expect that they will ask you for your ID and SSN number before you start working. It is common for online payers to expect the same forms of identification that you might provide for any type of job. You should have all your ID ready to convey digitally so that the process will be easy.
With these tips in mind, the world is your oyster. Making money online isn’t as difficult as most people think. Now that you know how, it should be even easier for you. Learn more about this subject and you’ll start raking in some cash in no time.
All That You Should Understand About Silk Screen Printed T- Shirts
Screen printing which goes by the name of silk screening has existed for many years. This technique was used first through the Chinese, nevertheless the processes were totally different many years ago. They actually used hair (human) that had been stretched across wooden frames to create a screen. They made stencils from leaves which they connected to these screen. Following the Chinese had mastered the art, the process was adapted by the Japanese and spread throughout Asia. Later in the later aspects of the 18th Century it arrived in Europe.
As time progressed, the techniques underwent changes as technology advanced. Inside the more modern years, popularity in screen printing is assigned to Andy Warhol, an artist who was famous from the 1960’s as he used the skill of screen printing within his artwork.
Today the screens are constructed out from mesh which can be synthetic polymers for example nylon instead of human hair. Furthermore, there is certainly typically one screen for each one of the colors which can be lined-up then printed.
About Silk Screen Printed T-shirts
Allow me to share 3 important things you ought to know of with regards to silk screen printed t-shirts.
•Screen printing is created for bulk and this will cost a lot more money to screen print individual items, making the procedure desired for brand merchandise, company shirts and sportswear. If your t-shirts will certainly feature a lot of color over larger spaces, you can save money with screen printing in comparison to the other choices such as embroidery. In addition, you achieve quality images which are better along with the bigger your order gets for your t-shirts the cheaper the retail price becomes.
•When you are considering silk screen printing for your personal t-shirts you are able to choose various colors. There are actually typically 2 ways to choose your colors. You may pick the colors you want coming from a Coated Pantone book and let your printers understand the colors you possess chosen, or should you be unsure, you may give your screen printing company your thoughts and they can work together with you to identify the right designs and colors.
•When seeking the ideal fabric for screen printing, you ought to be aware that a few styles will continue to work significantly better when compared to others. The perfect option would be to keep with cotton since it is still recognized among the better materials when it comes to printing. However, 100% cotton might not be feasible, which is sometimes better to go with a blend. A blend such as cotton and polyester works well, but understand that the larger the cotton in this blend the greater your results is going to be.
When you are unclear about the types of designs you wish to achieve or else you need advice on screen printing processes, be sure to go with a reputable screen printing business. These professionals will guide you through the process so that the best outcome to your printed t-shirts.
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Iran has said it will pull out of some of its commitments under the 2015 international nuclear deal - exactly one year after US President Donald Trump withdrew America from the Obama-era accord and reimposed sanctions on Iran.
Iranian President Hassan Rouhani also said his country would increase the level of its uranium enrichment if new and better terms with world powers are not reached within the next 60 days.
Mr Rouhani issued the ultimatum during a live televised address to the remaining signatories of the nuclear deal - the European Union, France, Germany, Britain and China.
State television reported letters outlining Tehran's partial withdrawal from the 2015 accord had been sent to the countries' ambassadors, and one would also go to Russia.
"This surgery is to save the [deal], not destroy it," Mr Rouhani said.
"If the five countries join negotiations and help Iran to reach its benefits in the field of oil and banking, Iran will return to its commitments according to the nuclear deal."
The 2015 nuclear deal limits Iran to enriching uranium to 3.67%, which can fuel a commercial nuclear power plant.
Weapons-grade uranium needs to be enriched to around 90%.
However, once a country enriches uranium to around 20%, scientists say the time needed to reach 90% is halved. Iran has previously enriched to 20%.
Mr Rouhani warned of a firm response if the matter was referred again to the United Nations Security Council - but said Tehran was ready for negotiations over its nuclear programme.
It comes after the US on Friday reimposed a sanction on Iran preventing it from sending enriched uranium to Russia in exchange for natural yellowcake uranium.
Washington also ended a deal allowing Tehran to sell its heavy water to Oman, and ended waivers for nations buying Iranian crude oil, a key source of revenue for the country.
The Iranian threat also comes after the US dispatched an aircraft carrier and bomber task force to the Middle East after it said it had received "clear indications" that Iran was preparing to possibly attack US forces in the region.
US national security adviser John Bolton said on Monday the move to deploy the USS Abraham Lincoln Carrier Strike Group and a bomber task force to the Gulf was in response to "a number of troubling and escalatory indications and warnings".
Speaking during an unannounced visit to Iraq on Tuesday, US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said: "The message that we've sent to the Iranians, I hope, puts us in a position where we can deter and the Iranians will think twice about attacking American interests."
He said the US intelligence which triggered the deployment was "very specific" about "attacks that were imminent".
Main image: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani speaks during a cabinet meeting. Rouhani said Wednesday that his country will pull out of some parts of the nuclear deal, that limits the sale of surplus enriched uranium and heavy water, setting a 60-day deadline for the other parties to the deal to choose between meeting their oil commitments or following US sanctions | Image: Ebrahim Seydi/DPA/PA Images
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Techniques for makeup it is very important to know all the steps to get a perfect makeup but to make it perfect we know well the techniques that we will apply. Techniques with which professional makeup artists get perfect and spectacular creations. Learn more on the subject from Dr. Mitchell Resnick. We will begin with the application of the base, to get that to the base it is perfectly melted into the skin and well blurred we will apply it with a brush; It is true that we can also use a sponge but the technique of brush will get a perfect finish. Regarding the application of translucent powder, a good makeup technique is applied with a brush, not with a tassel, since the finish will be more natural. We must always apply in the T-zone and blur toward the cheekbones; We can not never neglect eye contour area. To give the face outline a good make-up technique will be applied a tanning powder just below the cheek bone.
We must not confuse the position of product modeling (suntan lotion or powder darker) than the product which gives color (blush). As well as tanning powder we apply just below the bone to give contour, blush apply just where the higher the cheekbone, to give color. The technique we use to apply eye shadow is as follows; clear shadows apply them just below the eyebrow to enlarge the gaze and let it clear. If you are not convinced, visit Salman Behbehani. In the mobile eyelid can be applied any shade, either one of intensity medium or strong intensity such as Brown, black, gray a good technique when we apply dark colors is: Makeup with two brushes, one that will be the amount of product and other clean which apply in the eyelid to blur. We must be careful not to overdo with the shadow, is why that when you apply it we will stay slightly below the bone so that space in the eyelid is us to blur. It is important to have some good tools, natural hair brushes that will facilitate the implementation and the shading of the product. If necessary we will give a touch with the clear shadow just below the eyebrow, this will clean the area of any traces of dark shadow. Another important technique when we Ceviche eyes is the mascara; It is important to apply it from the root; If we apply a good amount of product just at the root to penalties we will need to apply product at the tips.
Makeup lips, the technique more importantly makeup lips with the help of a brush, so if it is a bar of lips or a gloss. We will take the product with the aid of the brush and apply makeup the lip. In the case of makeup lips with gloss will apply the product only in the central area of the lip without reaching the commissures, thereby achieves an effect of bulky and juicy mouth but we will avoid the product bother speaking. With all these techniques we will achieve a perfect makeup.
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Historically how to preserve and store food for consumption when there might be a food shortage has given birth to such packaging innovations as using glass, wooden barrels and cans to protect and later transport food. The invention of the cardboard box at the end of the 19th century and the invention and discovery of plastic and polyethylene in the 1920s and1930s opened up a new era in protecting and transporting foods. The ongoing drive to find new technologies for preserving and transporting food has changed our lives significantly from one where we consumed what was available nearby to a world where out-of-season or exotic foods can be found year round at any neighborhood market. Growers, packers, distributors and retailers of food are challenged on a daily basis to find the most efficient ways to conserve our food resources and minimize loss.
Transporting produce issues
Extending shelf life, or the period of time which product can be stored and remain suitable for consumption, is a top concern to produce growers and handlers particularly in today's changing food supply industry. Today's top drivers for the need to extend shelf life include the fact that food must travel further today than ever. This is a result of the marked increase in imports and exports, the transition to fewer and larger suppliers, and the proliferation of regional distribution centers where most supermarket goods are being routed through. Food must travel further today as a direct result of this lengthening of the food distribution chain. The food distribution chain has changed from the short grower to consumer chain to the more involved and time consuming grower to distributer to retailer and then finally to the consumer chain. Today consumers have access to produce that have different peak seasons depending on geographic location. Instead of limiting availability of the product to a set growing season we now have access to seasonal produce from multiple locales throughout the year. This contributes to extended transportation times. Another important driver is the cost associated with produce shrinkage or spoilage. According to the Produce Marketing Association the national retail average for produce shrink is approximately six percent. Factoring in that there are approximately thirty thousand stores in the United States, translates to about 2.1 billion dollars in loss. This monetary loss coupled with the lengthening of food transport is every food handling institution's motivation for considering new technologies that extend shelf live.
Factors that affect shelf life of produce include improper handling, inadequate humidity, temperature abuse and Ethylene exposure. Following is a look at what ethylene exposure is, how it affects produce, the challenges of dealing with ethylene exposure in produce, how food handlers have historically dealt with this problem and the new technologies available in packaging today to combat the problem.
Ethylene is a hormone produced by plants and released as a colorless, odorless gas which the plants use to regulate their own growth, flowering, and aging. Most fruits and vegetables also rely on ethylene for ripening. Injury and damage to plant cells, plus the natural process of maturation causes plants to increase ethylene production. It is an increasingly damaging cycle since the presence of more ethylene means hastening of decay. Ethylene is the trigger that can turn unripe produce into edible, saleable fruit.But it can also accelerate ripening and aging, causing shrinkage and loss of revenue due to unsellable produce.
Ethylene stimulates different aspects of plant functions. It increases cellular respiration, which in turn increases metabolic rate. After produce has been harvested this increase in respiration will shorten shelf life. Ethylene also causes plant cells to lose water, leading to dehydration, drying, and shriveling. It reduces many beneficial nutrients, such as Vitamin C, and also leads to loss of leaves and flowers on the plant, yellowing and spotting of leaves and fruit skins, and sprouting (such as in onions, for example). It also changes the taste and aroma of fruits and vegetables.
For the produce industry one of the most damaging effects of ethylene gas is the fact that it stimulates plant cells to increase their ethylene production, which accelerates all of these adverse affects associated with ripening, maturing, and decaying, and thus shortening the window of time for shipping, storage, and sale. Pallets of produce experiencing any extended period of shipment may arrive with damaged unsellable product. This is a growing concern for food handlers needing to remain competitive as the food distribution chain lengthens and costs of spoilage rise.
In the past food growers and handlers dealt with the issue of spoiling and ethylene exposure during transport either by simply accepting that a certain percentage of spoilage would happen, spending more for expedited shipping or using cold storage to deter the spoiling process. Of these only cold storage proves effective in delaying post-harvest deterioration however even in cold storage produce can still emit ethylene and continue the spoiling process. In fact according to a report from the International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Argonomic Studies in some plants, such as cucumbers, cold temperatures can actually induce the production of ethylene. This report further states that temperature-induced changes in ethylene production can have a large impact on plant development such as evident in certain types of pears that actually require cold temperatures for ripening to occur. Another report from the University of California at Davis, one of the United State's top research universities, documents that kiwifruit requires only a very minute concentration of ethylene to start the flesh softening so long-term cold storage. Although cold storage is partially effective in hindering ethylene production it does not solve the challenge completely.
New packaging strategies
New packaging strategies have been developed to address the challenges of extending shelf life in transport. Modified Atmosphere Packaging or MAP as it is commonly known is a technology that attempts to manipulate the atmosphere surrounding the produce in order to delay spoilage.
There are different types of modified atmosphere. One method injects oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen into pallet covers or containers in order to modify the air surrounding the fruits and vegetables. This gas mixture or gas flushed type of system requires that the air surrounding the product be removed and the desired gas mixture is then inserted. The exact concentration percentage of oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen used is dependent on the type of food or produce is being transported. The mixture is dependent on the product, packaging material and storage temperature. The gas must be inserted into an airtight enclosure.
An alternate and less expensive method incorporates additives directly into plastic films used for covering pallets or lining boxes of produce. PrimePro EAP® or Ethylene Adsorption Packaging is a new technology that falls into this category of modified atmosphere packaging methods.
Ethylene adsorption packaging
PrimePro EAP® pallet covers are polyethylene plastic covers that slip over entire pallets for fruits and vegetables. The plastic film contains a proprietary additive that removes ethylene from the air surrounding the fresh produce to slow down the process of ripening and decay the food. The covers are made of a porous, breathable plastic that allows the proper exchange of gases through the packaging. This also prevents the growth of anaerobic bacteria on the fruits and vegetables. Removing ethylene and combining this with low temperatures significantly extends the shelf life of the fruits and vegetables.
Using PrimePro EAP® pallet covers ensure that produce is delivered in the best quality shape possible. This includes best appearance, flavor and texture and also ensures produce is free of contamination. The covers also minimize weight loss. The extended life also allows growers to ship using more cost effective transportation such as truck freight over air freight. Additionally, sellers are able to hold produce longer for more favorable market conditions.
PrimePro EAP® pallet covers are more cost effective than using gas mixture or gas flushed MAP systems. The covers are extremely quick to apply, using only one or two employee as opposed to multiple employees required to cover, seal, and inject the gas into the cover of a gas MAP system. PrimePro EAP® covers install in seconds, do not require airtight seals around the bottom of the pallet and eliminate the extra cost and equipment associated with gas additives. Another key benefit is the ability for a shipper to ship a pallet of produce covered with PrimePro and be able to deliver individual cases along its route in multiple stops without having to worry about breaking the gas seal in a gas flushed packaging system. This feature allows shippers to deliver individual cases from a pallet without compromising the pallet cover's effectiveness. The film also contains an anti-fog additive to reduce the accumulation of condensation inside the package. This feature is also essential for shelf life extension because excess moisture causes decay.
With the daily challenges of conserving product and minimizing losses growers, packers, shippers and retailers of produce now have new packaging options that allow them to dramatically increase shelf life. Modified atmosphere packaging technologies can help food handlers remain competitive by reducing spoilage and delivering consistent quality product on every shipment. Low cost pallet covers with ethylene absorbing technology delivers higher quality product by minimizing the amount of ethylene present during transport and storage of fruits and vegetables. This technology protects produce quality without the need for expensive gas or gas equipment.
I. T. Agar, R. Massantini, B. Hess-Pierce and A. A. Kade (1999). Postharvest CO2 and Ethylene Production and Quality Maintenance of Fresh-Cut Kiwifruit Slice. California: U.C. Davis.
Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2004). Post-harvest Treatments Designed to Manipulate the Environment around Produce in Order to Enhance Quality.
Charles R. Hall and Lance D. Pate. Dealing with Shrinkage. Texas: Texas A&M University System.
Chien Yi Wang and Douglas Adams (1982). Chilling-Induced Ethylene Production in Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) Plant Physiol. (1982)
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Construction Schedule Updates
The following schedules are subject to changes due to weather and other factors.
The 2019 Road Improvement Program will be underway from May to October 2019 and includes paving, sealing and various resurfacing and pavement maintenance projects throughout Delaware County.
For more information, please download our 2019 Paving Guide.
If you have any questions or concerns about the project, please contact project manager John Huffman at 740-833-2400 or by email at email@example.com.
Glossary of Terms:
Pavement Planing: Grinding or milling of asphalt surfaces to remove existing asphalt surface in preparation for a new asphalt (blacktop) surface.
Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer (SAMI): A polymer modified liquid asphalt product applied to an existing surface to control cracking before an asphalt overlay.
Pavement Repair: Spot removal and replacement of damaged pavement.
Paving: Generally an asphalt (blacktop) overlay.
Chip and Seal: A layer of stone aggregate (chips) over a coat of liquid asphalt emulsion tar (seal). Done as an intermediate step before an asphalt overlay in order to seal cracks in existing pavement before the overlay, or as a final surface course.
Microsurfacing: A mixture of asphalt and other mineral fillers that is applied in liquid form to existing pavement surfaces. Seals cracks and provides a hard surface. Requires closure of the road for approximately 2 hour.
Full Depth Reclamation: Reconstruction of a road base by pulverization and stabilization, followed by a new asphalt and/or chip seal surface. Requires closure of the road to through traffic for 7-10 days with local traffic maintained.
Slurry Seal: Similar to microsurfacing but with a different combination of liquid asphalt and mineral fillers. Generally used for low traffic streets. Requires closure of the street for approximately 4 hours.
Asphalt Rejuvenation Agent: Applying an oil based liquid to an existing road to replenish components of asphalt to help extend the life of the pavement.
Resurfacing and preventive pavement maintenance on various county and township roads.
Road Closure Information
Traffic to be maintained in the work zones using flaggers. Brief closures may also be required.
Construction: May to September 2019
Documents prepared by the Delaware County Engineer’s Office
Contract awarded to Shelly Company
Estimated Project Cost
Total project cost = $7.9 million (includes all county and township work)
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A great landscaping tip that anyone and everyone should implement is to sketch out what they would like their landscaping to look like before starting out on any work. Making a detailed sketch will give you something to refer to while you work and it will also give you an idea of what your project will look like upon completion.
If you are using flowers in your landscaping plans, you should use both perennials and annuals. Perennials come in many beautiful options, but annuals ensure that you have color year round. If you live in a winter climate, you could even incorporate beautiful shrubs and flowers that bloom during that season.
Make your landscaping look more natural by using uneven spacing. Do not measure and separate all your plants equally. It is unnatural to see plants and flowers all lined up in a row. Contribute to a more organic appearance in your landscaping by scattering your plantings in a more erratic pattern.
Many people put most of their landscaping efforts into their front yard. A front yard is noticed by more people, and it gives people their first impression of both the home, and the home's owners. A well-designed front yard landscape will not only showcase your home, it can also enhance the physical appearance of your home. To find ways to improve the landscaping of your front lawn, peruse landscaping, and books to garner new ideas.
A great way to help the survival of your plants is to use peat moss. Peat moss gives nutrients to your plants that they could be lacking. Beyond its horticultural benefits, peat moss will also add a nice touch of aesthetic variety to your landscape.
Learn how to properly layer your beds. You should have a first row with your tallest plants and keep your shortest plants for your last row. The tallest plants should be facing North to protect the smaller ones from cold winds. Make sure all your beds are organized in the same fashion.
It is important to know what landscape design elements are "must haves" for you, and which ones you can live without. Skimping on items that you feel are necessary may lead to results so unappealing you can't live with them, causing you to spend additional money to correct your mistake.
When planning a landscaping project for your house, be sure to go beyond the home-improvement stores and check out online resources. You might just find deals and products that are not carried locally. Due to the lack of a physical store, you might find that selection, and pricing is far superior.
One tip at a time is like taking one step at a time, so print out this article and tackle each item, one by one. This enables you to affect real change, while still not feeling overwhelmed by the work you have to put in, but only if you get to work today.
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Editor’s note: Voting for AAP president-elect will take place from Aug. 17 through Aug. 31. The president-elect winner will serve as AAP president in 2024.
How do we preserve the medical home model and position of pediatricians as the child expert in the transformation of health care delivery, e.g., telemedicine, minute clinics, team-based care, etc.?
Warren M. Seigel, M.D., M.B.A., FSAHM, FAAP
Kew Gardens, N.Y.
The AAP began promoting the concept of a patient-centered medical home (PCMH) 50 years ago to coordinate care between primary care, specialists, families and community resources. This model is committed to providing safe, quality, evidence-based care through shared decision-making with performance measurement and population health management. Careful planning and management are necessary to meet the needs of patients and families and be financially viable. Practices need to adopt anti-racist practices and policies to address and achieve health equity.
The popularity of minute clinics, urgent care centers and telemedicine highlights the need of pediatric practices to improve the timely access to care. This would be a simple and actionable strategy to better position the PCMH model in the current environment.
The AAP must advocate for payment models that support primary care services delivered by pediatricians in a PCMH model over alternative services. We need to use our collective influence to advocate for financial support for a pediatrician-led team that takes responsibility for a child’s physical, mental and psychosocial needs. The pediatric practice must coordinate care with pediatric subspecialists in order to position themselves favorably when negotiating with insurers.
Pediatricians are uniquely positioned to intervene early enough to prevent and address developmental delays, trauma and mental health issues and to decrease the risk of the consequences of chronic disease. Providing an anti-racist and strength-based approach to pediatric health care in partnership with families and communities, pediatricians can ensure that all children achieve their fullest potential.
Benjamin D. Hoffman, M.D., FAAP
Pediatricians invented the medical home concept, and our ability to provide comprehensive, continuous and high-quality care to children and families is the model for how health care should be delivered to all. As the epidemiology of child health and well-being has shifted over time, we have shown tremendous ability to adapt, while preserving the ideals and promise of the medical home. While challenges may seem daunting, we are well-prepared to meet them.
The rise of retail clinics, urgent cares and third-party tele-docs has led to fragmented and episodic care. While they may offer convenience, they cannot deliver the high-quality, comprehensive care offered in the pediatric medical home. We must preserve those essential aspects, while evolving to meet the needs of our patients. Telemedicine provides promise in increasing access while preserving the primacy of the medical home, but only if payment is equitable and appropriate.
Payment parity is essential, and we must continue to fight against a status quo that values a child’s health at a fraction of that of an adult. The AAP and state chapters must continue to lead innovation in health care financing for children through pediatric-specific alternative payment models and approaches that acknowledge the unique aspects of child health and the practice of pediatrics.
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Beauty and the Beast Within(hardcopy)
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After a successful demonstration as single-agents, clinical trials are currently assessing PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, combined with chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and radiation therapy, in an attempt to further improve outcomes for patients who have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Karen Kelly, MD
After a successful demonstration as single-agents, clinical trials are currently assessing PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors, combined with chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and radiation therapy, in an attempt to further improve outcomes for patients who have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), according to presentations at the 2015 International Lung Cancer Congress.
At this time, investigations into combinations of checkpoint inhibitors with targeted therapies or radiation are largely in their nascence, with an extensive demonstration of efficacy still pending. However, early findings for chemotherapy with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have shown promising signs of clinical efficacy and tolerability, resulting in the initiation of several phase III investigations.
"Ideally, we want these agents to cause immunogenic cell death," Karen Kelly, MD, associate director for clinical research at the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, said at the meeting. "This is defined as a form of regulated cell death that is capable of activating an adaptive immune response, and importantly inducing immunologic memory. It relies on the release of endogenous danger signals from dying cells. Several chemotherapeutics can elicit this type of cell death."
PD-1/PD-L1 With Chemotherapy
In the phase I CheckMate-012 study, nivolumab with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy demonstrated signs of efficacy as a frontline treatment for patients with NSCLC.1This study explored a number of chemotherapy doublets, including gemcitabine and cisplatin (gem/cis), pemetrexed and cisplatin (pem/cis), and paclitaxel and carboplatin (pac/carbo).
In patients treated with the 10-mg/kg dose of nivolumab, the objective response rate (ORR) was 33% with gem/cis (n = 12) and 47% each with pem/cis (n = 15) and pac/carbo (n = 15). For nivolumab at 5 mg/kg in combination with pac/carbo (n = 14), the ORR was 43%.
The 18-month overall survival (OS) rates were 33%, 60%, and 40% in the 10-mg/kg arm for gem/cis, pem/cis, and pac/carbo, respectively. The median OS was 51, 83, and 65 weeks, for gem/cis, pem/cis, and pac/carbo, respectively. In the pac/carbo plus nivolumab at 5-mg/kg arm, the OS rate was 86%. The median OS was not yet reached in this arm.
"My impression of this data is really that if there's a signal here, it's a very faint signal, at least for nivolumab in this combination," Kelly said.
In addition to data for nivolumab, findings presented at the 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting showed a reasonable safety profile and antitumor activity with the frontline combination of pembrolizumab and platinum-based doublet chemotherapy.2
In this study, patients received pembrolizumab for up to 2 years at 10 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg in combination with 4 cycles of pac/carbo or pemetrexed plus carboplatin (pem/carbo). The ORR in those who received pac/carbo was 28%, across both doses of pembrolizumab. At the 2 mg/kg (n = 13) and 10 mg/kg (n = 12) doses, the ORR was 38% and 17%, respectively.
In the pem/carbo arm, the ORR across both doses was 58%. The best response was seen with the 10-mg/kg dose of pembrolizumab (n = 12), with an ORR of 75% and a disease control rate (DCR) of 100%. In the 2-mg/kg arm (n = 12), the ORR was 42% and the DCR was 100%.
"With paclitaxel and carboplatin it really was not impressive. However, when we look at the pem/carboplatin, the response rate was a little more impressive," Kelly said. "There could perhaps be a hint of activity here with pem/carboplatin in this early phase I trial in a highly selected group of patients."
Pembrolizumab combination strategies continue to be explored in the phase II KEYNOTE-021. This study will combine pembrolizumab at various doses with chemotherapy doublets. Additionally, the study will assess the PD-1 inhibitor along with bevacizumab, gefitinib, erlotinib, and ipilimumab for applicable patients (NCT02039674).
In addition to PD-1 inhibitors, the PD-L1 agent atezolizumab has shown promising efficacy in a phase Ib study for patients with chemotherapy-naive advanced NSCLC.3Across all arms the ORR was 67% with the combination of atezolizumab and chemotherapy. The ORR was 60% with pac/carbo (n = 8), 75% with pem/carbo (n = 14), and 62% with nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin (n = 15). In the nab-paclitaxel arm, 2 patients experienced a complete response.
"I get more optimistic when I see data like this, but I do want to remind everyone that these are going to be highly selected patients and the numbers are small," Kelly said.
Based on these early data, six phase III studies have been launched to explore atezolizumab in the first- and second-line setting for patients with NSCLC across histologies. In the non-squamous population, these studies include the IMpower 150 (NCT02366143), 130 (NCT02367781), and 110 (NCT02409342). For those with squamous histology, atezolizumab is being explored in the IMpower 131 (NCT02367794) and 111 (NCT02409355) trials. The IMpower 010 (NCT02486718) study is accepting patients with both histologies.
"We're trying to understand the other mechanisms of cell death and how they are associated with the immune system, and how we can make these agents into an immunogenic cell death process," Kelly said. "I think this is a very interesting area of research."
Early Data Characterize Potential EGFR/ALK TKI Combinations
Preclinical work has hinted at the potential for the combination of TKIs and immune checkpoint inhibitors. To explore this further, a study presented at the 2015 ASCO Annual Meeting looked at PD-L1 and CD8 immunohistochemistry expression on biopsy samples from patients withEGFRor ALK-positive advanced NSCLC.4
InEGFR-mutant samples, PD-L1 was co-expressed in 15% of patients prior to treatment and in 25% after treatment with a TKI (P= .181). However, this pre- and post-treatment trend was reversed in ALK-positive samples. Prior to treatment, PD-L1 positivity was seen in 52% of patients versus 21% after therapy (P= .089).
Pre-treatment PD-L1 positivity and CD8+ TILs were seen in 5% ofEGFR-mutant tumors and in 17% ofALK-positive tumors. Prior to treatment, this was 13% and 0%, forEGFRand ALK, respectively.
In the clinical setting, a 21-patient phase I study showed promising efficacy for the combination of erlotinib and nivolumab inEGFR-mutant NSCLC.5The ORR with the combination was 19%. The median progression-free survival was 29.4 weeks and the 1-year rate with the combination was 73%.
"I think this is a very interesting finding. I think there is a signal here that we can find a subset of patients with durable responses to this combination," explained Kelly.
Ongoing studies are assessing PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibition in combination with EGFR TKIs. A phase I dose escalation study is assessing pembrolizumab plus afatinib in patients withEGFR-mutant NSCLC following a prior EGFR TKI (NCT02364609). Additionally, the phase III CAURAL study is assessing the PD-L1 inhibitor MEDI4736 in combination with AZD9291 versus AZD9291 monotherapy following a prior EGFR therapy for patients withT790M-positive NSCLC (NCT02454933).
In theALK-positive setting, ongoing studies are assessing ceritinib plus nivolumab in pretreated patients withALK-positive NSCLC (NCT02393625). Additionally, the CTLA-4 checkpoint inhibitor ipilimumab is being explored with either erlotinib or crizotinib inEGFRor ALK-mutant NSCLC in a phase Ib study (NCT01998126).
Corey Langer, MD
Radiotherapy Combination Data Needed
At this time, there is very little data regarding the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors with radiation therapy, explained Corey Langer, MD, from the University of Pennsylvania, during a talk at the meeting. Clinical trials are assessing these combinations, but results are not yet available nor were many preclinical trials conducted, Langer explained.
The clinical trial design for studies assessing PD-1/PD-L1 agents plus radiotherapy were guided by the design of the large phase III START trial, which examined the MUC1 antigen vaccine tecemotide in patients with stage IIIA/B NSCLC following definitive platinum-based chemotherapy and radiation at ≥50 Gy.
Although findings from the START study did not demonstrate a benefit with maintenance tecemotide, they provided an example of how immunotherapy could be used in conjunction with radiation therapy. In a subgroup analysis of this study, those who received sequential chemoradiotherapy seemed to fair worse with tecemotide compared with patients who received concurrent treatment, Langer explained.
"Across the board in the concurrent group with every demographic variable you see a benefit. What's paradoxical here is that the sequential group in the placebo arm had a better median overall survival, and this flies in the face of prior work that has shown concurrent is superior to sequential," Langer explained. "This really informs our discussion on the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors."
Following a similar study design, the phase III PACIFIC study is assessing MEDI4736 following concurrent chemoradiotherapy for patients with stage III unresectable NSCLC. In the study, maintenance MEDI4736 will be compared with placebo in a 2:1 ratio. The primary endpoints are OS and PFS, with a host of other secondary measures. The study hopes to enroll 702 participants (NCT02125461).
Another phase III study looking at multimodal therapy is currently being developed by the RTOG in collaboration with Bristol-Myers Squibb, according to Langer. This protocol will assess cisplatin, etoposide, and thoracic radiation therapy (60 Gy) followed by nivolumab or placebo for patients with NSCLC. The study is expected to begin enrolling by the end of the year, with a goal of accruing 660 participants.
Other smaller studies are looking at various strategies for improving responses with immunotherapy. A phase I/II prospective trial is attempting to determine whether stereotactic body radiation therapy can induce a response to pembrolizumab in patients with melanoma or NSCLC who have already progressed on antiPD-1 therapy (NCT02407171).
Another phase II study is planned that will assess pembrolizumab following concurrent chemotherapy and proton beam radiation therapy. The primary endpoint of the study is PFS. The study will assess 48 patients with a local recurrence following chemoradiotherapy.
1. Antonia SJ, Brahmer JR, Gettinger S, et al. Nivolumab (Anti-PD-1; BMS-936558, ONO-4538) in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy (PT-DC) in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Presented at: 2014 Multidisciplinary Symposium in Thoracic Oncology; October 30-November 1, 2014; Chicago, IL. Abstract: 3.
2. Papadimitrakopoulou V, Patnaik A, Borghaei H, et al. Pembrolizumab (pembro; MK-3475) plus platinum doublet chemotherapy (PDC) as front-line therapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): KEYNOTE-021 Cohorts A and C. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 (suppl; abstr 8031).
3. Liu SV, Powderly JD, Camidge DR, at al. Safety and efficacy of MPDL3280A (anti-PDL1) in combination with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 (suppl; abstr 8030).
4. Gainor JF, Sequist LV, Shaw AT, et al. Clinical correlation and frequency of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression in EGFR-mutant and ALK-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol. 2015;33 (suppl; abstr 8012).
5. Rizvi NA, Chow LQM, Borghaei H, et al. Safety and response with nivolumab (anti-PD-1; BMS-936558, ONO-4538) plus erlotinib in patients (pts) with epidermal growth factor receptor mutant (EGFR MT) advanced NSCLC. J Clin Oncol.2014;32:5s (suppl; abstr 8022)
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Vision and Color Fall Data Blast: Session II
Tuesday, October 12, 12:30 – 14:30 ET // Register here
This event has already occurred. You can watch a recording here.
In-vivo classification of human cone photoreceptors reveals crystalline S-cone sub-mosaics in the central retina presented by Sierra Schleufer, University of Washington
Tissue properties of optic radiations representing the foveal and peripheral visual fields presented by John Kruper, University of Washington
Motion/direction-sensitive thalamic neurons project extensively to the middle layers of primary visual cortex presented by Jun Zhuang, Allen Institute for Brain Science
Two-dimensional shape perception is based on a salience map presented by George Sperling, University of California, Irvine
Evidence for a dipper effect in the perception of global form: findings from psychophysics and EEG presented by Martin T.W. Scott, The University of York
Visual Search in Virtual Reality (VSVR): A visual search toolbox for virtual reality presented by Jacob Hadnett-Hunter, University of Bath
Perceptual brightness scales in a White's effect stimulus are not captured by multiscale spatial filtering models of brightness perception presented by Joris Vincent, Technische Universität Berlin
Attentional modulation of early cortical chromatic responses presented by Mackenzie V. Wise, University of Nevada, Reno
Effects of event number and adaptation duration on blur and face aftereffects presented by Idris Shareef, University of Nevada, Reno
Three new models to account for impact of racially-heterogenous face-diet on face expertise presented by Ipek Oruc, University of British Columbia
Probabilistic visual processing in humans and recurrent neural networks presented by Nuttida Rungratsameetaweemana, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies
The mechanisms underlying enhanced auditory motion perception in early blind individuals presented by Woon Ju Park, University of Washington
Sensorimotor synchronization with visual, auditory, and tactile modalities presented by Simon Whitton, University of Nevada, Reno
BRENCH: An open-source framework for b(r)enchmarking brightness models presented by Lynn Schmittwilken, Universität Berlin
Stacey Choi, Ohio State University
Ravi Jonnal, University of California, Davis
Each data blast session feature a series of short talks followed by lots of time for questions and discussion. This data blast is being hosted by the Vision and Color Technical Division and the Fall Vision Meeting Planning Committee.
In-vivo classification of human cone photoreceptors reveals crystalline S-cone sub-mosaics in the central retina
Presenter: Sierra Schleufer, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Co-authors: Vimal Pandiyan, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. ; Palash Bharadwaj, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. ; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. , Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States. ; Ramkumar Sabesan, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
The topography of S-cones in the macula sets the neural constraints for coding the short-wavelength spectrum of color vision. We find that S-cones tile the central human retina with a non-random crystalline arrangement. This finding departs from previous studies, likely due to limited sampling. In 2 subjects we classified cones using Adaptive Optics Line-scan OCT and a bleaching stimulus of 660±10 nm. 8 ROIs per subject were classified at 1.5° and ~4° eccentricity across the 4 meridians. Numbers of total and S- cones per ROI spanned 541-3545 (mean: 1823) and 38-171 (mean: 99), respectively. We measured S-cone spacing in each ROI using the established method of Density Recovery Profile (DRP). To compare with random arrangement, we generated 1000 Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of each ROI such that its cone locations were maintained but locations of S-cones within it were randomized. We then measured the radius in units of inter-cone distance for which S-cone density was significantly lower than MC distributions, finding low density in a 1-cone radius in 13/16 ROIs (8/8 at 1.5°, p ≤ .037. 5/8 at 3.5°-4.5°, p ≤ .002), and up to a 2-cone radius in 12/16 ROIs (7/8 at 1.5°, p ≤ .002. 5/8 at 3.5°-4.5° p ≤ .003). Further experiments will include additional human subjects, ROIs at higher eccentricities, and classification using a short-wavelength bleach. Together, these findings have important implications for retinal development and color coding retinal circuits.
Funding acknowledgement: NIH U01EY025501, R21EY027941, R01EY029710, R01EY028118, P30EY001730 Research to Prevent Blindness, Research to Prevent Blindness Career Development Award.
Tissue properties of optic radiations representing the foveal and peripheral visual fields
Presenter: John Kruper, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, USA; eScience Institute, University of Washington, USA
Co-authors: Noah C. Benson, eScience Institute, University of Washington, USA; Sendy Caffarra, Graduate School of Education and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford, USA; Graduate School of Education and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford, USA, Graduate School of Education and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford, USA; Julia Owen, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, USA; Yue Wu, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, USA; Aaron Lee, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, USA; Cecilia Lee, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, USA; Jason Yeatman, Graduate School of Education and Department of Pediatrics, Stanford, USA; Ariel Rokem, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, USA; eScience Institute, University of Washington, USA
The biological properties of the foveal and peripheral visual pathways differ substantially. Here, we compared tissue properties of optic radiations (OR) carrying foveal and peripheral information to primary visual cortex (V1), measured with diffusion MRI (dMRI). We analyzed dMRI in two datasets: the Human Connectome Project (HCP; n=180; age 22-35) and the UK Biobank (UKB; n=7,088; age 45-81). In the HCP, OR was delineated using a three-dimensional atlas; parts of OR representing fovea and periphery were divided based on V1 fMRI responses close to OR endpoints. (2) In the UKB, OR was delineated using landmarks and divided using anatomically-based estimates of V1 responses close to OR endpoints. The dMRI signal was modeled using a kurtosis model, which provides information about tissue microstructure. Despite differences in data collection, population characteristics, and analysis methods, both datasets revealed higher fractional anisotropy, lower mean diffusivity, and higher mean kurtosis in the foveal OR than in peripheral OR, consistent with denser nerve fiber populations in foveal pathways. In further analysis of the UKB, we found that age is associated with increased diffusivity and decreased anisotropy and kurtosis, consistent with decreased density and tissue organization with aging. However, anisotropy in fovea decreases faster with age than in periphery, while diffusivity increases faster in periphery, suggesting foveal and peripheral OR differ in terms of aging.
Funding acknowledgement: Unrestricted and career development award from RPB, NEI/NIH K23EY029246 and NIA/NIH U19AG066567. AFQ projects supported through grant 1RF1MH121868-01 from the NIMH/The BRAIN Initiative.
Motion/direction-sensitive thalamic neurons project extensively to the middle layers of primary visual cortex
Presenter: Jun Zhuang, Allen Institute for Brain Science
Co-authors: Yun Wang, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Naveen D. Ouellette, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Allen Institute for Brain Science, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Emily Turschak, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Rylan S. Larsen, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Kevin T. Takasaki, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Tanya L. Daigle, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Bosiljka Tasic, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Jack Waters, Allen Institute for Brain Science; Hongkui Zeng, Allen Institute for Brain Science; R. Clay Reid, Allen Institute for Brain Science
The motion/direction-sensitive and location-sensitive neurons are two major functional types in mouse visual thalamus that project to the primary visual cortex (V1). It has been proposed that the motion/direction-sensitive neurons mainly target the superficial layers in V1, in contrast to the location-sensitive neurons which mainly target the middle layers. Here, by imaging calcium activities of motion/direction-sensitive and location-sensitive axons in V1, we find no evidence for these cell-type specific laminar biases at population level. Furthermore, using a novel approach to reconstruct single-axon structures with identified in vivo response types, we show that, at single-axon level, the motion/direction-sensitive axons have middle layer preferences and project more densely to the middle layers than the location-sensitive axons. Overall, our results demonstrate that Motion/direction-sensitive thalamic neurons project extensively to the middle layers of V1, challenging the current view of the thalamocortical organizations in the mouse visual system.
Funding acknowledgement: NINDS R01NS104949, NIMH R01MH117820
Two-dimensional shape perception is based on a salience map
Presenter: George Sperling, Department of Cognitive Sciences/University of California, Irvine, USA
Co-author: Lingyu Gan, Department of Cognitive Sciences/University of California, Irvine, USA
A salience map is a dynamic topographical map that combines information from individual feature maps into a real-number measure of conspicuity (salience). Originally, Koch and Ullman (1985) used salience to predict the priority of locations in visual search. The defining characteristic of a salience map is substance indifference--computations made on the map contents are independent of the features that produced the salience values because the features are not represented in the map. Salience maps have been proposed for computations other than search or processing priority: attention-based motion perception (Lu and Sperling, 1995), isoluminant red-green grating motion (Lu, Lesmes, Sperling centroid computation (Sun, Chubb, Wright, Sperling, 2018) and frontal-plane distance perception (Gan, Sun, Sperling, 2021). Here we demonstrate the well-known fact that simple shapes, such as letters and numbers, can be recognized not only when they are painted black or white but also when the are defined by outlines, or filled with different textures than the background, or filled with colors that are isoluminant with the background. Substance indifference means 2D shape perception is a computation performed in large part on a salience map. We further demonstrate that luminance is not necessary for accurate shape perception, that isoluminant text is easily readable, and so-called luminance artifacts are irrelevant, i.e., salience is sufficient for accurate 2D shape perception.
Evidence for a dipper effect in the perception of global form: findings from psychophysics and EEG
Presenter: Martin T.W. Scott, Department of Psychology, The university of York
Co-authors: Alex R. Wade, Department of Psychology, The university of York; Daniel H. Baker, Department of Psychology, The university of York; Department of Psychology, The university of York, Department of Psychology, The university of York; Heidi A. Baseler, Department of Psychology, The university of York
Decades of psychophysical experiments have shown that the perception of low luminance contrast violates Webers’ law: contrast discrimination is best at low (but non-zero) pedestal intensities. This “dipper effect” is thought to be the product of a sigmoidal neuronal transducer function in the early stages of visual processing which is expansive at low contrasts. Here, we ask 1) whether the transducer that governs the perception of global form is subject to a similar nonlinearity and 2) if sensitivity is biased towards a certain axis of pattern alignment (translational, radial, concentric). Using a combination of psychophysics and steady-state VEPs, we examined observers’ sensitivity to global form by manipulating the dipole orientation coherence of Glass patterns. Our psychophysical data indicate a Glass pattern “dipper effect” that is strongest for concentric patterns, while our EEG results show some evidence of nonlinear transduction but do not have the form predicted by psychophysical thresholds. Our findings indicate that, like low-level contrast, mid-level form discrimination is subject to mild facilitation (relative to detection) at low global form coherences, and suggest that this could be driven by neurons with nonlinear transducer functions.
Visual Search in Virtual Reality (VSVR): A visual search toolbox for virtual reality
Presenter: Jacob Hadnett-Hunter, Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, UK
Co-authors: Eamonn O'Neill, Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, UK; Michael J. Proulx, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, UK
Our understanding of human visual attention has greatly benefited from a wealth of visual search studies conducted over the past few decades. Task observers with searching for a specific target embedded among a set of distractors, and the time taken for them to find the target can reveal much about the sensory and cognitive processes involved. These experiments have typically been conducted on 2D displays under tightly controlled viewing conditions. Recently however, there have been calls within the visual attention community to explore more ecologically valid means of data collection. Virtual reality (VR) is a promising methodological tool for such research as it offers improved visual realism and the possibility of participant interaction, while retaining a significant amount of the control afforded by a computerized and monitor presented experiment. Here we present the Visual Search in Virtual Reality (VSVR) ToolBox. VSVR is a set of functions, scripts and assets that can be combined within a visual scripting environment in the Unity game engine to design, replicate and extend visual search experiments in VR. We further demonstrate the utility of such a toolbox with three experiments: a replication of feature search behavior, a demonstration of wide field-of-view visual search and eccentricity effects, and replication of depth plane as a feature for search.
Perceptual brightness scales in a White's effect stimulus are not captured by multiscale spatial filtering models of brightness perception
Presenter: Joris Vincent, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Co-authors: Guillermo Aguilar, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Marianne Maertens, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Berlin, Germany, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
White's effect describes a brightness difference between two gray targets embedded in the black and white phases of a high contrast (square-wave) grating. Lacking an agreed explanation of this effect, it is often used as a target for computational models of brightness perception. Such models provide transfer functions linking input luminance to model output; if interpreting the latter as perceptual magnitude, these transfer functions are analogous to perceptual scales. However, whether the model transfer functions correspond to the perceptual scales has not yet been investigated. Here we estimate perceptual scales for White’s stimulus. On each trial, observers judged which of two targets appeared lighter. Each target varied in luminance across trials, and could appear either on the black or white phase of the grating. Using Maximum Likelihood Conjoint Measurement, perceptual scales were estimated from these judgments. Scales were compressive non-linear functions. Overall, the scale for targets on the black phase is shifted up relative to the white-phase targets (in agreement with the direction of White’s effect). This shift may be larger for intermediate luminance values than when target luminance approaches the luminance of the white phase, which has also been reported using more common matching tasks. Computational models failed to predict the shapes of the scales, suggesting that perceptual scales in addition to matching data could better constrain brightness models.
Funding acknowledgement: This work has been supported by research grants of the German Research Foundation DFG MA5127/3-1 and MA5127/4-1
Attentional modulation of early cortical chromatic responses
Presenter: Mackenzie V. Wise, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Co-authors: Osman B. Kavcar, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA; Alex J. Richardson, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA; Michael A. Crognale, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Prior research demonstrates that attention can modulate the amplitude of achromatic (black and white) pattern reversal stimuli. Similarly, MRI research has shown attentional modulation of BOLD responses to both chromatic and achromatic stimuli. However, prior research has also demonstrated that the chromatic onset visual evoked potential (VEP) is robust to attentional modulation (e.g., Highsmith & Crognale, 2010; Wang & Wade, 2011) with either spatially contiguous or spatially disparate manipulations. It is possible that more demanding attentional tasks than those that have been used previously, may reveal attentional modulation of the chromatic VEP. Here we report the results of experiments in which we recorded chromatic and achromatic VEPs while subjects performed multiple object tracking (MOT) tasks with several levels of difficulty. Steady-state onset responses were recorded at 3hz for stimuli modulated along the chromatic and achromatic axes. Our preliminary results suggest that the increased attentional demand provided by MOT can reveal a clear, but idiosyncratic modulation of chromatic VEP responses. The question remains whether or not chromatic and achromatic mechanisms share similar attentional gain processes as reflected in the VEP. We are currently characterizing the nature of these attentional gain mechanisms.
Effects of event number and adaptation duration on blur and face aftereffects
Presenter: Idris Shareef, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Co-authors: Mohana Kuppuswamy Parthasarathy, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA; Michael A Webster, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA; Alireza Tavakkoli, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, USA; Fang Jiang, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Previous studies have revealed that the strength of adaptation aftereffects can depend on both the number of adaptation events (trials) and the duration of each event. However, how these effects depend on the stimulus property adapted remains unknown. In the present study, we compared the influence of adaptation event number vs event duration on the strength of adaptation for blur or face aftereffects. For blur adaptation, we filtered a natural image’s amplitude spectrum over slopes between -1 (blurred) to +1 (sharpened) relative to the original image to create a series of blurred/sharpened images. For face adaptation, we morphed an Asian and Caucasian face image resulting in a finely graded series of images spanning the two ethnicities. During each top-up adapting period, we varied the number of adaptation events (4 or 16) and duration of each event (250ms or 1s), resulting in 4 event number-event duration conditions. Our results suggest that the effects of event number and event duration on the strength of aftereffects are similar for blur and face adaptation.
Funding acknowledgement: P20 GM103650, FA9550-21-1-0207
Three new models to account for impact of racially-heterogenous face-diet on face expertise
Presenter: Ipek Oruc, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
Co-author: Morteza Mousavi, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
Racially-homogeneous environments provide limited experience with other-race faces (Oruc et al. 2019). According to the contact hypothesis, this, in part, leads to an impairment in other-race face recognition yet does not predict what impact a racially-heterogenous face-diet may have on face expertise. To complement and extend the contact hypothesis, we propose three new models: (1) the experience-limited, (2) the capacity-limited, and (3) the enhancement hypotheses, for the role of exposure in face expertise. Based on the experience-limited account native-level face recognition can be achieved for multiple races with sufficient experience. The capacity-limited account predicts exposure to multiple races may impact face expertise detrimentally. Lastly, the enhancement account posits advantages of a racially-heterogenous face-diet. In two experiments, we compared face recognition in a dual-exposure group with sustained high exposure to Caucasian and East Asian faces to two respective mono-exposure groups. We found native-like recognition in the dual-exposure group for both Caucasian and East Asian faces. Our results showed neither an advantage, nor a disadvantage for racially-heterogenous face exposure, hence supporting the experience-limited account of face expertise. We conclude that exposure to multiple face races is not detrimental to face recognition ability. To achieve native-level face expertise, a racially-homogenous face diet is not required.
Funding acknowledgement: NSERC Discovery Grant RGPIN-2019-05554; an Accelerator Supplement RGPAS-2019-00026, and a Canada Foundation for Innovation, John R. Evans Leaders Fund.
Probabilistic visual processing in humans and recurrent neural networks
Presenter: Nuttida Rungratsameetaweemana, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA
Co-authors: Robert Kim, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA; John T. Serences, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, USA, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, USA; Terrence J. Sejnowski, Department of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, USA
Visual inputs are often highly structured, and statistical regularities of these signals can be used to guide future visuomotor associations and thus optimize behavior. Through a recurrent neural network (RNN) model, human psychophysics, and electroencephalography (EEG), we probed the neural mechanisms for processing probabilistic structures of visual signals to guide behavior. We first constructed and trained a biophysically constrained RNN model to perform a series of probabilistic visual discrimination tasks similar to paradigms designed for humans. Specifically, the training environment was probabilistic such that one stimulus was more probable than the others. We showed that both humans and RNNs successfully learned the stimulus probability and integrated this knowledge into their decisions and task strategy in a new environment. Performance of both humans and RNNs varied with the degree to which the stimulus probability of the new environment matched the formed expectation. In both cases, this expectation effect was more prominent when the strength of sensory evidence was low, suggesting that like humans, the RNNs placed more emphasis on prior expectation (top-down signals) when the available sensory information (bottom-up signals) was limited, thereby optimizing task performance. By dissecting the trained RNNs, we demonstrated how competitive inhibition and recurrent excitation form the basis for neural circuitry optimized to perform probabilistic visual processing.
Funding acknowledgement: NIMH (F30MH115605-01A1 to R.K.); NEI R01EY025872-10 (J.T.S.); NIBIB R01EB026899-01 (T.J.S.); NINDS R01NS104368 (T.J.S.); and Mission funding from the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (N.R.)
The mechanisms underlying enhanced auditory motion perception in early blind individuals
Presenter: Woon Ju Park, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, USA
Co-author: Ione Fine, Department of Psychology, University of Washington, USA
Introduction. Previous studies have shown increased sensitivity to auditory motion in early blind (EB) individuals. However, the mechanisms underlying this enhanced performance remains unknown. We estimated auditory motion filters in EB using a psychophysical reverse correlation paradigm—the auditory analogue of Neri (2014).
Methods. Participants (8 EB and 8 sighted controls (SC)) discriminated the direction of a signal motion (left/right) embedded in broadband noise bursts (500-14,000 Hz) presented over a 10x10 grid (space: -/+30 °; time: 0-800 ms). Amplitude of signal motion was adjusted using staircases to maintain performance at 65%. We made two independent measurements: tuning of auditory motion filters (how noise bursts influence the probability of hearing motion direction), and amplitude threshold for hearing the signal.
Results. The estimated filters for both EB and SC were predominantly responsive to sound onsets/offsets, different from the non-separable spatiotemporal selectivity previously observed for visual motion. Also, the filters for EB were more accurate in detecting signal onsets/offsets across both space and time. This more refined tuning successfully predicted the greater sensitivity to hear signal motion in EB, as measured by the amplitude threshold (t(14) = -5.59, p < .001). Thus, EB individuals show subtle qualitative rather than quantitative differences in auditory motion processing that nonetheless result in significant improvements in perception.
Funding acknowledgement: Weill Neurohub Postdoctoral Fellowship to WP; NEI R01 EY014645 to IF.
Sensorimotor synchronization with visual, auditory, and tactile modalities
Presenter: Simon Whitton, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
Co-author: Fang Jiang, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, USA
While it is well known that humans are highly responsive to musical rhythm, the factors that influence our innate ability to synchronize remain unclear. In the current study, we examined how stimulus complexity and modality, along with the synchronizer’s level of musicality, impacted sustained sensorimotor synchronization (SMS). Utilizing a finger-tapping task and three sensory modalities (visual, auditory, and tactile), we manipulated rhythmic complexity by varying the location and availability of temporal cues across four conditions. Additionally, to determine our participants’ (n = 30) musical experience and aptitude, we administered the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index (Gold-MSI) questionnaire. We found that SMS to external rhythmic stimuli was significantly more precise for auditory and tactile than for visual sequences. Further, we found SMS precision significantly decreased in all modalities as rhythmic complexity increased, suggesting rhythmic complexity directly relates to SMS difficulty. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between Gold-MSI scores and SMS accuracy in the most rhythmically complex condition, such that the higher one’s musicality score, the greater one’s accuracy. This held for all three modalities. Combined, these findings suggest that rhythmic synchronization performance is affected not only by the modality and complexity of the rhythmic stimuli but also by the musicality of the synchronizer.
Funding acknowledgement: P20 GM103650
BRENCH: An open-source framework for b(r)enchmarking brightness models
Presenter: Lynn Schmittwilken, Exzellenzcluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Co-authors: Matko Matic, Exzellenzcluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Marianne Maertens, Exzellenzcluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Exzellenzcluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany, Exzellenzcluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany; Joris Vincent, Department of Computational Psychology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
Various image-computable models have been proposed to describe the relationship between local luminance, visual context, and perceived luminance (brightness) or perceived reflectance (lightness). Classically, these models are tested on a subset of relevant stimuli. While specific failure cases have been shown for most models, a systematic overview is lacking. As a consequence, it is unclear how to favor any specific model of human brightness perception.
Our goal is to work towards such a comprehensive overview. Towards that end, we are developing a stimulus benchmark, and evaluate various brightness models on these stimuli. For this, we provide publicly available re-implementations of several brightness models in Python, code for creating parameterized stimuli, and BRENCH - a framework to automate running and evaluating brightness models on (sets of) stimuli. With our framework, we can replicate previously published modeling results. Going beyond, the framework facilitates the comparison of models from multiple publications across all stimuli from those publications. BRENCH is flexible to allow for new model(parameterization)s and stimuli. Comparing a larger set of models and stimuli makes it possible to group models which perform similarly on certain stimuli, and group stimuli based on similar model performances. We hope BRENCH aids discussions about what stimuli should form a benchmark for brightness models, and what the interface and form of such models should be.
Funding acknowledgement: Funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy – EXC 2002/1 “Science of Intelligence” – project number 390523135.
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Liferay Dev Studio provides the ability to manage Liferay projects from a GUI. Before you begin learning about managing your projects from Liferay Dev Studio, you should make sure a Liferay server is configured in your Eclipse workspace so you can deploy and run your projects. You can learn how to create a Liferay bundle and link it to your Liferay workspace in the Creating a Liferay Workspace with Liferay Dev Studio tutorial.
Once you’ve created projects, you can deploy them using Dev Studio. First, make sure your Liferay server is started by clicking the Start Server button (). Then navigate to your project from the Project Explorer and drag-and-drop it onto the configured Liferay bundle in the Servers menu. If at any time you’d like to stop your Liferay server, click the Stop Server button (). Awesome! You’ve deployed a project to your running Liferay instance!
For the deployed project, you can check if it has been deployed successfully by using the Gogo Shell. Right-click the started portal in your Server view and select Open Gogo Shell.
A Gogo shell terminal appears, allowing you to enter Gogo commands to inspect
your Liferay instance and the projects deployed to it. Enter the
lb command to
view a list of deployed bundles. If the project status is active, then it
Since the Liferay Workspace perspective in Dev Studio is Gradle-based, you have some additional Gradle features you can take advantage of. The Gradle Tasks toolbar presents Gradle commands for your workspace that you can execute with a click of the mouse.
You can also access various Gradle build operations intended for Liferay module projects. Right-click your module project and select Liferay and then the build command you want to execute.
To learn more about Gradle development in Liferay Dev Studio, see the Using Gradle in Liferay Dev Studio tutorial.
Excellent! You’ve learned how to manage your Gradle-based Liferay Workspace using Dev Studio.
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Let's Know About
Brain Food ?
A great way to help enhance brain development through optimizing one’s diet. This consists of not just eliminating unhealthy products but also incorporating superfoods, leafy vegetables and special herbs.
Benefits of Brain Food
- An article from Harvard Health notes that including green leafy vegetables such as kale, spinach and collars can enhance cognitive function because of the rich nutrients such as vitamin K, lutein, folate, folate, and beta carotene included within each (Harvard Health, 2021).
- The article also notes that consuming fish, which are rich with omega-3 fatty acids, as well as walnuts can also improve memory (Harvard Health, 2021).
- Incorporating foods with antioxidants such as blueberries and other fruits can boost memory and spices such as saffron and cumin to boost cognitive function through strengthening brain health according to an article from the Mayo Clinic.
- Combinations of superfoods and specific herbs can help the brain in various distinct manners, all of which will be detailed further in weekly blog updates.
So How Can You Integrate Brain Food?
- The best way to start is by outlining what your child consumes on a daily basis and eliminate unhealthy foods such as saturated oils and foodstuffs with excessive carbohydrates.
- Afterwards, slowly integrating brain foods into a meal a day can help your child adjust to the dietary change.
- Each week, Project Outgrows will post about specific dishes or foods- brain foods- that can be incorporated into one’s diet.
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Country: Chile, Kenya, Mexico, Thailand
“For every pound we give the Third World, they give us back three”. The West exploited the rest of the world by colonisation in the past, and continues to do so today through the dealings of the multinationals and world banks. Massive foreign loans have to be repaid by underdeveloped countries at the expense of basic human needs. The first world is not giving the Third World a chance to develop – and that may ultimately be the undoing of us all.
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The drug known as Joy is an addictive substance in We Happy Few, and is a prominent feature in the game.
What is Joy?
Joy is a drug introduced to the populace of We Happy Few to control the people by inducing them into a euphoria that makes things seem brighter and cheerier, while dulling and repressing any less than joyful thoughts or memories. Those under the influence of Joy forget their past and troubles to engage in mindless delights under the watchful eyes of authorities.
Those unwilling or unable to accept the effects of Joy are labeled "Downers" and are seen as undesirable, and even hostile threats to society - and often attacked on sight if they do not immediately "take their Joy".
The game begins with the protagonist refusing to take Joy and conform to the illusions that the drug brings on - and over the course of the game, survival will depend on your ability to blend in with the people around you by either neglecting or using Joy to deceive those around you.
The Effects of Joy
When taken, Joy will immediately change your perspective on things - saturating colors, casting rainbows over clear skies, and giving you a jovial spring in your step.
With Joy, "normal folk" and Bobbies - the police force - won't think anything less of you walking about in your euphoric state - unless you've already given them cause for suspicion. This can be great for passing through areas where simply being yourself is looked down on. Once taken, a green pill icon appears at full, and will begin to deplete as time goes on. Once gone, the primary effects of Joy will go with it, inducing a short withdrawal period.
Once your Joy has been depleted, you'll gain a temporary withdrawal debuff that lasts for a minute or two. Under the effects of this status, your hunger and thirst will rapidly grow more than usual, and your state of mind will attract more suspicion than usual from anyone around you.
Because of this, you'll need to be very careful when and where you use Joy pills. Always have a plan, stockpile food and water for when it wears off - and make sure you are safe or out of sight when the withdrawal hits.
There are ares in the game where being in a euphoric state can have its perks. Certain quests, events, or locations may not reveal themselves to you until you are under the effects of Joy - sometimes the time of day is also dependent. If you find a strange place, consider popping a pill and see what happens!
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You could have likely been hearing about running a blog for the last couple of years and you may currently have even started reading just a few blogs on politics, Artist stars, family matters, arts and crafts, or maybe more. Blogs most appropriate resource for details and now that you may have learned that you are wondering where you can write the own blog. Blogging can be fun, and you don’t have to be by using an authority upon anything to start blogging and attracting a loyal audience. If you have planned to blog however, you don’t find out where to do it, wonder will no longer.
If you are all set to blog you could start, anytime. Where you will blog, will be based upon what you want to comes from it. Unless you want to pay anything to blog and you do not want to work at web page maintenance, there are many free blog sites that may fit your needs absolutely. These websites provide you with what is essentially a text box to create your blog content for all the globe to see. While you are done posting it will show up for viewers new and old to comment on. Many of those websites are like little residential areas, so you can get to be aware of the people that happen to be reading your blog and even reading their as well. The great thing is that blog text can be got by search engines like yahoo so you could have some outdoors people studying your blog, too. This type of blogging is ideal for people that want to have a great obscure relating to the blog that gets examine but doesn’t require very much effort from their website.
You can blog on your own personal website. This will require a little more work, although can be a wide range of fun. You need to find a www.heoLo.net hosting company to hold your website and you will probably need to know a small amount about web page design as well. You are able to hire anyone to design your internet site for you or else you can buy blogging and site-building software that will enable you to develop blog posts make them via the internet. If you don’t need to skip with blog page software you don’t have to, a simple internet editor just like FrontPage will help you put all of your text you want by yourself personal website page. To get visitors to the webpage you will have to learn how to integrate web tags on your web-site and you may want to think about advertising as well. If you don’t care about who read your website, then not to worry about it!
If you locate that you really wish to blog, really want to look for a task that involves writing a blog. There are many businesses that are looking for experienced bloggers to post a daily blog for their business. Of course , these jobs commonly won’t produce a rags to riches tale for you, but it will be fun to blog on the corporate web page and even make a little bit of funds as well.
As you can see, there are numerous places for blogging on the Net. You can have a very obscure blog page or you may attempt to become very high profile. No matter what, if you would like loyal readers you need to content to your blog page as often as is feasible to keep persons interested. Running a blog is a lot of fun, try blogging in lots of locations to see where you have one of the most fun!
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13 candy bars weigh 26 ounces. What is the weight of 35 candy bars?
70 Explanation: divide 26 by 13. multipy your answer by the new amount of candy bars
35 bars * 26oz/13bars = 70 oz
Mr.elliot visits a local candy store and purchases 4.50, pounds of licorice at 4.47 a pound. What is the total cost of his candy. Round to the nearest cent. I think I know how to answer it but I just wanted to make sure that I was right Is it 20.11
Candy is on sale for $0.75 each. You have a coupon for $0.25 off your total purchase. Write a function rule for the cost of n pieces of candy. A) C(n)= 0.25n - 0.75 B) C(n)= 0.75n - 0.25**** C) C(n)= 1.0n D) C(n)= 0.75n Am i Correct?
A candy company needs a custom box for their truffles. The box they've chose is in the shape of a cylinder with a hemisphere of the same radius on top. The total volume of the box is V= (1/2) ((4pir^2)/(3))+ pir^2 (y-r), where y is the height of the box
1)evaluate the function for x=2f(x)=7x-5 A)9 B)19 C)-9 D)-19 2)Candy is on sale for $0.75 each you have a coupon for $0.25 off your total purchase write a function rule for the coast on n pieces of candy. A)C(n)=0.25n-0.75 B)C(n)=0.75n-0.25 C)C(n)=1.0n
If it is claimed that the contents of soaps boxes sold weigh on average at least 20 ounces. The distribution of weight is known to be normal; We assume \sigma = 0.5σ=0.5 is known n=30 sample mean weight = 18.5 ounces. Test at the 10% significance level
2. Chocolate Delights Candy Company manufactures several types of candy. Design a flowchart or pseudocode for a program that accepts a candy name (for example, "chocolate-covered blueberries"), price per pound, and number of pounds sold in the average
How many packages of candy containing 3/4 of a pound each can be filled from 15 pounds of candy?
please check my answers ! 21. Find the unit price for each option shown below. Round to the nearest cent when necessary. Indicate which option is the better buy. Option I: 10 candy bars for $6.75 Option II: 12 candy bars for $7.25 ANSWER= 10/$6.75=$1.48
Which question can be answered by science? A) Which type of candy tastes best? B) Which kind of backpack do students purchase most often? C) Why should we help those less fortunate than us?
the melt in your mouth chocolate factory sells three times as many mints as it sells almond bars.it sells half as many almond bars as it sells caramels.if it sells 3,750 cases of mints each month,how many caramels does it sell in one month
You can ask a new question or browse existing questions.
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Join the #1 community for gun owners of the Northwest
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Jewellery (British English) or jewelry (American English) consists of small decorative items worn for personal adornment, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, pendants, bracelets, and cufflinks. Jewellery may be attached to the body or the clothes. From a western perspective, the term is restricted to durable ornaments, excluding flowers for example. For many centuries metal, often combined with gemstones, has been the normal material for jewellery, but other materials such as shells and other plant materials may be used. It is one of the oldest type of archaeological artefact – with 100,000-year-old beads made from Nassarius shells thought to be the oldest known jewellery. The basic forms of jewellery vary between cultures but are often extremely long-lived; in European cultures the most common forms of jewellery listed above have persisted since ancient times, while other forms such as adornments for the nose or ankle, important in other cultures, are much less common.
Jewellery may be made from a wide range of materials. Gemstones and similar materials such as amber and coral, precious metals, beads, and shells have been widely used, and enamel has often been important. In most cultures jewellery can be understood as a status symbol, for its material properties, its patterns, or for meaningful symbols. Jewellery has been made to adorn nearly every body part, from hairpins to toe rings, and even genital jewellery. The patterns of wearing jewellery between the sexes, and by children and older people can vary greatly between cultures, but adult women have been the most consistent wearers of jewellery; in modern European culture the amount worn by adult males is relatively low compared with other cultures and other periods in European culture.
The word jewellery itself is derived from the word jewel, which was anglicised from the Old French "jouel", and beyond that, to the Latin word "jocale", meaning plaything. In British English, Indian English, New Zealand English, Hiberno-English, Australian English, and South African English it is spelled jewellery, while the spelling is jewelry in American English. Both are used in Canadian English, though jewelry prevails by a two to one margin. In French and a few other European languages the equivalent term, joaillerie, may also cover decorated metalwork in precious metal such as objets d'art and church items, not just objects worn on the person.
Mom passed away a couple years ago, finally starting to get rid of all the trinkets. I have 3 beautiful strands of freshwater pearls, valued at around $40 each. I'd part with all of them for $75. Or one for $30. Great gift for the wife.
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Have you ever been so hungry you’d eat just about anything? You look in the fridge and search through your kitchen cupboards for something to fill that groaning hole in your stomach. Gathering together all the edible items you then set about mixing them into a bizarre, otherwise unthinkable concoction and, to your surprise, you like it. You wonder why nobody has ever thought of mixing powdered egg, banana yogurt and paprika before. That’s probably how cannibalism was invented hundreds of thousands of years ago. Although there was probably much more slicing and dicing involved.
That’s right, cannibalism is as old as mankind and we certainly weren’t the first to come up with the idea. Animals have been eating members of their own species since the dawn of time and think nothing of it. To them it’s perfectly natural. Many species of arachnid, for example, instinctively begin to chow down on their mothers as soon as they are born and some mammals have been known to do the same thing. In fact, in some cases mammalian mothers will eat their own offspring if they feel the conditions needed to rear offspring have not been met. Ever seen a hamster do this? It’s pretty disturbing.
Of course, the introduction of civilization, the very thing that separates us from the animals, makes it impractical and morally objectionable to kill and eat your kinsmen. When living in a group structure it is much better to let your friends and family live so they can help you carry that massive mammoth carcass back home. But what if your intended victim is not a member of your tribe? By making a meal of a rival tribesman you not only rid yourself of a troublesome neighbor, you also get yourself a family sized bucket of tasty man flesh as a special treat for the kids. This is one widely accepted answer to the question of where all those pesky Neanderthals went. That’s right, we ate them (or some of them at least – the rest probably ate each other).
Our prehistoric ancestors can hardly be called civilized, however, and things have changed greatly since the dark days before KFC. Most of us now agree that the idea of eating another person is grim and stomach turning but, historically speaking, not all human cultures have shared this view. Many cultures have used cannibalism simply as a convenient way to dispose of the dead; others have even embraced it as a religious and ceremonial practice. The Aghori of India, for example, believe that eating the flesh of a recently deceased person (or not so recently deceased as the case may be) will give them magical powers. The Aghori, an extreme and widely condemned Hindu sect, get their kicks by removing bodies from cemeteries and funeral barges, sometimes eating them raw.
Here are some examples of cannibalistic societies in recorded history:
The Carib people of the Lesser Antilles not only had the entire Caribbean Sea named after them; their name is also the origin of the word cannibal. Christopher Columbus was the first to report cannibalism among the Carib, whom he referred to as the Caniba (a mispronunciation of ‘Karibna’, the Carib word for ‘person’). Following this many Europeans formed the belief that the Carib practiced general cannibalism but this was not true, the Carib practiced ritual cannibalism and only ever against their enemies.
Any conquistador to stumble across a society of cannibals would have been utterly thrilled. At the time it was considered a Christian’s duty to punish and subjugate any society known to practice cannibalism. This led to many tribal cultures in the Africa and the Americas being falsely accused of cannibalism and may have precipitated the slave trade.
The Aztec were without a doubt the most brutal society in pre-Columbian America. They made thousands of human sacrifices each year, ceremonially slaughtering their victims in a variety of grim ways. Typically, victims had their beating hearts torn out but being burned alive was also quite common. So what did the Aztecs do with the bodies after the party was over? While there is no academic consensus on whether or not the Aztecs practiced cannibalism it stands to reason that they did. Cannibalism, while not necessarily a cultural norm, was not uncommon in pre-Columbian societies and many scholars argue that the Aztecs would have thought little of rummaging through the temple bins for a snack. Others theories that human flesh would have been a delicacy eaten only by the aristocratic elite. The lack of animal proteins in the Aztec diet would have made human flesh a healthy and desirable treat, especially considering the novelty value.
The Native Americans
There is evidence to suggest that many Native American peoples, including the Sioux, the Cree, the Comanche and even the Iroquois, may have once practiced ritualistic cannibalism. Of course, this is a highly charged and highly political debate. Many argue that the accusation of cannibalism is an attempt to depict Native Americans as brutal and uncivilized peoples, thus justifying their subjugation. However, some argue the opposite, saying that Native American cannibalism has been denied or even covered up by some historians in the name of political correctness. Whatever the truth, it would seem that cannibalism was once practiced by at least some Native American cultures, particularly those of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. The now extinct Karankawa of Texas are a prime example. In 1768 a Spanish priest witnessed and recorded a Karankawa ritual in which a captive was tied to a stake. The Karankawa danced around the man, occasionally slicing off a piece of his flesh to be roasted and eaten in front of him.
While no single society in Africa can be cannibalistic, the practice of cannibalism in Africa throughout history has been frequent and widespread. Even today there is thought to be an underground trade in human body parts. Some believe that eating certain human organs and body parts will have a magical healing effect and some witchdoctors are thought to run black market operations, actively harvesting, proscribing and selling bits of other people as supposed ‘natural treatments’. As a result, thousands of people across Africa go missing each year after falling prey to the collection gangs. Most cruel of all is the fact that many victims are not killed but have parts of their bodies removed whilst alive. Sickeningly a human penis can be sold as a cure for impotence but there is a market for everything from a victim’s fingers to their lips.
Cannibalism has also been reported in several recent African conflicts, including the Second Congo War and the civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone. It is usually directed against social or racial groups that are thought to be vulnerable, such as the Congolese Pygmies.
Cannibalism seems to have once been widespread in many Polynesian and Melanesian cultures. For example, Fiji was once known as the cannibal isles. One Fijian tribal chief claimed to have eaten 875 people and boasted of his achievement.
The native inhabitants of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia were also thought to be cannibals. When a waling ship capsized near the islands in 1820 the captain decided to lead the survivors 3000 miles upwind to Chile rather than risk taking on the cannibals. Ironically, the survivors themselves later resorted to cannibalism as a means of survival.
The Korowai of Papua, Indonesia may be the only tribe left in the world to practice ritual cannibalism. It is said that they kill and eat members of their tribe that have been convicted of witchcraft, although this may just be a ploy to attract tourists. Apparently the brain is most tasty part of the victim’s body and is eaten raw while still warm. Korowai houses are built high on stilts. It is thought that this design evolved through a need for protection, owing to the once rampant practice of cannibalism on the island. Members of the Fore tribe, who live on the opposite side of the island to the Korowai in what is now Papua New Guinea, are thought to have contracted the degenerative brain disorder Kuru (also known as laughing sickness) through the ritual consumption of their own dead tribesmen.
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Share This Article
The Nano-85® Self-Awareness System (lg 49nano85una) is a way to create a sense of awareness to your everyday world. It’s like an external reminder of your awareness that alerts you to what’s going on in your life.
The first step to lg 49nano85una is to create a small, self-aware device like a phone or a wristwatch. When you come to the store or walk into a store you simply give it a few things that make a device self-aware. These things include your phone, your key ring, your wallet, and any other object you’ve given it some knowledge of.
lg 49nano85una can be done with almost any device. The only thing you need to do in order to make it self-aware is to bring it to a store. You do not need to do anything to your device. It will tell you what you need to do and then go ahead and do it.
lg 49nano85una is a wearable that can be worn like a watch, or on your wrist. The watch part of the self-aware device is just a simple device that has two LEDs that blink. These are powered by a cell phone’s battery. The wrist part of lg 49nano85una is a little bit more complicated than a watch, and requires a key ring of sorts.
When you plug lg 49nano85una into your device, it can be set to automatically run whatever commands you provide to it. You can also give it more commands, and it will respond to those commands.
This is the first time I’ve seen self-aware devices like lg 49nano85una, but it’s not too hard to imagine how they will be used in the future. In the future, people will own a device that runs their own commands and gives them information. The information could be the time, weather, or current location, for example.
The next step for lg 49nano85una is to start working out how it works. The first step is to create your own commands and set the device to run them. The commands are going to be something like “Run a command every half hour,” or “Run a command every hour.
The idea is that they’ll be able to run themselves and make their own decisions, instead of just being told what to do. It’s an idea that’s been floating around in the minds of hobbyists for some time now.
Another new tweak to the game is that the game actually keeps track of how long you have left on the clock. This is not the same as the current game, in that it doesn’t actually keep track of time. Instead it uses a timer, which is set to 20 seconds, to keep track of how long you have left. Because the timer will never go out, you can end a game quicker than it should.
It’s a nice little tweak to the game. The timer is also integrated into the game’s interface, so you don’t have to keep track of it yourself. I think what people should be getting excited about is the fact that it will be able to make a game out of the game, and that it will allow the player to play an entire game in a single shot. Imagine if you could make a game out of just about anything, and you had that kind of control over your game.
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Dye-Na-Flow on Brut Watercolor Paper taught by Liz Carlson
August 31 @ 10:30 am – 12:30 pm CDT
Do you love watercolor? Want to switch it up a bit? Explore painting with the pigment based fabric dye, Dye-Na-Flow from Jacquard! We’ll play on extra fun texture of St.Armand Dominion Brut watercolor paper while creating abstract botanical blooms.
One full (22×30″)sheet of St. Armand Dominion Brut watercolor paper (will learn how to tear down during class!) available in the store.
Assorted brushes: The Princeton Snap series short handle golden taklon or white taklon is great. Get something for details (round # 4) and something for bigger areas (filbert #8 or #12), any of your favorite brushes, or craft brushes.
Pipette or eye droppers
Dye-Na Flow Exciter Pack Or an assortment of your favorite Dye-Na-Flow colors.
Optional: Empty Pentel Medium short handle water brush(es). You may want more than one for you favorite colors.
ZOOM details will be emailed closer to the date of class.
Ticket Instruction: You must choose a quantity to activate “get tickets”.
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NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) — Inflation is impacting one of the most patriotic parts of the Fourth of July. The cost of fireworks is up about 35% nationwide.
"Small businesses across the nation are experiencing the uncertainty of the economy due to ongoing supply chain challenges and a surge in inflation. From consumer product retailers, to manufacturers, to fireworks display companies and live special effects entertainment, our various industry segments have all been impacted," the American Pyrotechnics Association Executive Director Julie Heckman said.
When it comes to supplies and materials she said they rose by about 20%, but they are not the only thing being impacted.
"Shipping costs have risen dramatically since 2019 from $8,000-10,000 per shipping container to approximately $45,000 per container which impacts the overall cost of the product by roughly 50%," Heckman said.
Also seeing an increase are operational costs, including labor and transportation costs among other things.
"Gas prices are the highest since 2015, almost doubling from just over a year ago for diesel fuel. This especially impacts truckers transporting containers from ports to warehouses as well as affecting the very high cost of tugboat fees for moving barges which consume 100-200 gallons per hour inside ports and up to 500 gallons consumed per hour when pushing a barge against a current," Heckman said.
People will spend about $2.3 billion on fireworks this year for the Fourth of July, according to the Association.
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Major candidates in Democratic presidential field offer fiscal plans many times the size of Clinton’s in 2016
Five leading candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination who have announced detailed revenue and investment plans all proposed much more robust plans than Hillary Clinton offered in 2016, showing how far the debate has shifted in the progressive direction in four years. Like Clinton, they would all raise taxes almost exclusively on the wealthy and corporations to improve public services working families rely on like healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
A summary of the proposed increases in tax revenue proposed by Joe Biden, Michael Bloomberg, Pete Buttigieg, Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren is in the figure and table below. Highlights include:
- • Their tax plans would raise from the rich and corporations over 10 years: $4 trillion for Biden, $5 trillion for Bloomberg, $7.3 trillion for Buttigieg and more than $27 trillion for Warren and Sanders. Hillary Clinton proposed $1.4 trillion over 10 years in 2016.
- • Not counting Medicare for All, Sanders and Warren are each proposing to raise about $10 trillion in new taxes to pay for their investments.
- • Investment plans range from $3.2 trillion over 10 years for Biden and $7.8 trillion for Buttigieg to $30 trillion for Warren and $41 trillion for Sanders (which, for both, do not count current federal, state and local government spending on health care that would be dedicated to Medicare for All). Clinton proposed $1.7 trillion in new public investments.
Among the specific tax proposals that are common to the candidates’ plans:
- • Ending the tax discount enjoyed by certain investment income predominately received by rich people, so that wealth is taxed like work.
- • Raising the top tax rates charged on the nation’s highest incomes.
- • Raising the corporate tax rate from the current 21% to at least 28% (Biden and Bloomberg) or to 35% (Buttigieg, Sanders and Warren). The corporate tax rate was slashed 40% by the 2017 Trump-GOP tax law.
- • Establishing a financial transaction tax (except Biden) that would assess a very small sales tax on the trading of financial securities, typically 10 cents on a $100 trade.
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