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David Hanscom, an orthopedic complex spinal deformity surgeon for 35 years, quit practicing at Swedish Medical Center in Seattle to dedicate his life to stopping unnecessary and harmful surgeries and ending chronic pain. Dr. Hanscom understands that most back surgeries should never happen – that they create further problems including more pain. Now, based in SFB area, he is on a mission to re-introduce true healing into medicine. He has developed the DOC Journey (Direct Your Own Care) that has helped countless people from around the world go pain free. He discusses this program as well as giving much needed and useful information in his new book, “Do You Really Need Spine Surgery?: Take Control with a Surgeon’s Advice.”
In his book, Dr. David Hanscom covers things such as:
· 3 things you must know before having surgery
· Can surgery stop chronic pain
· Are surgeries contributing to the Opioid crisis
· The truth about unnecessary surgeries
· When medical care kills
· Performing surgery on Anxiety
Dr. Hanscom also clearly outlines his DOC Journey, a combination of things such as somatic work, expressive writing, meditation, listening, forgiveness, identifying triggers, getting enough sleep, and getting your joy back.
His website is loaded with valuable information to help people in chronic pain get their lives back and live in complete and whole wellness.
During the Pandemic, he has been working with clients all over the world via Zoom.
Find out more about Dr. David Hanscom at https://backincontrol.com/ and https://www.thedocjourney.com/
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One of the largest initial public offerings just went down in the United States, but the company name is unfamiliar to many Americans. Here’s the basics about what just went down.
Alibaba is a Chinese e-commerce giant with international aspirations.
Alibaba, the Chinese e-commerce company analysts have described as a mashup of Amazon, eBay, and PayPal, dominates around 80 percent of the Chinese e-commerce market. It made around $248 billion in 2013, and intends to grow. The company officially filed their F-1 registration with the Security and Exchange Commission today.
They filed the IPO for $1 billion, but that is a placeholder. This IPO is expected to raise between $15 and $20 billion, which will make it the largest U.S. public offering since Facebook, a name that’s far more familiar with Americans.
Wait, so what does Alibaba do exactly?
Alibaba is an online marketplace, like eBay. On its Taobao site, where businesses sell to customers, it mostly features Chinese companies, although there are Western companies as well. But it’s much more than just a marketplace. It functions as a business-to-business portal that helps Chinese companies connect with international buyers. And the company pulls in millions with its cloud computing services. It has a popular shopping-based search engine. It also created Alipay, a major online payment service in China, though Alipay is not part of the IPO… if it were, it’d be even larger.
What does that mean for Silicon Valley?
Although most of Alibaba’s business is in China, the company has an international mission, and ties to Silicon Valley. Lots of Northern California investors will benefit from this IPO.
This IPO is critical for Yahoo, which has had a strategic partnership with Alibaba since 2005. Yahoo owns 22.6 percent of Alibaba. Alibaba is valued around $150 billion, which means Yahoo’s stake is around $34 billion. Yahoo, right now, is worth around $36.7 billion. And that’s a conservative estimate; when it hits the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq, some analysts believe it will be worth $200 billion. Whether it turns out Alibaba is a $150 billion or $200 billion dollar company, it will provide Marissa Mayer with an enormous increase in spending power.
Meet Jack Ma, the eccentric founder
Alibaba’s primary founder and chairman Jack Ma is already a billionaire. But this IPO will make him even richer. He owns around 7 percent of the company. Ma has an origin story to rival Steve Jobs. He started Alibaba from his apartment in Hangzhou, China, without knowing how to code or much about technology beyond how to answer an email. He’s a charismatic figure who gives enthusiastic singing performances at company functions and is thought to excel at hiring the right employees. Although he stepped down as CEO, he is still considered a central figure in Alibaba.
So, who should be worried?
Ebay and Amazon. But that doesn’t mean Alibaba is perfect, or even ready to really infiltrate the U.S. market. It has been criticized for selling counterfeit goods, and while it will be much easier for a Chinese e-commerce platform to break into the U.S. than it would be the other way around, Alibaba is still primarily geared for Chinese consumers and would have to make some serious adjustments to compete against domestic e-commerce services in a major way. Then again, Jack Ma is one determined dude, so we’ll just have to see.
Photo via Flickr/David_Shankbone (CC BY 2.0) | Remix by Fernando Alfonso III
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Are you planning your retirement?
Is Boca Raton on your next destination list?
Planning to buy a house to settle?
Well if you answered any of the questions with yes then it is the best time to do so. The mortgage rate in US falls for the first time after 5 months. This means you can buy a house in Boca Raton at a very low rate. Golden opportunities for the buyers as well as for those who want to sell their house.
According to most of the analyst, this is the best time to jump in the real estate market.
I know you don’t want to miss this chance. Keep on reading to know how the drop in mortgage rate actually affects the market.
What is a mortgage rate?
Starting from the beginning, the mortgage rate is actually the amount of interest charged on the mortgage. When talking about mortgage rates we are specifically talking about real estate.
How drop in mortgage rate affects real estate:
The mortgage rate is the prime indicator of property values. If mortgage rate rises it means a rise in your property value. If it decreases the value also decreases.
But what exactly do you mean by low mortgage rate or high mortgage rate? One more question is how it affects the real estate market?
The answer is not that tricky it’s simple. When you have a low mortgage rate the market starts bustling with activity. The buyers have enough chance to buy the houses and properties. The lower the rate the less they have to spend in interest. This means they have money to spend on properties. If you take a clear look it is good for the whole market. On the other hand the higher the rates the more they have to give in interest. The less money the buyers have to spend. This not only affects one or two people but the whole market comes to a halt. The sellers have to lower down the prices in order to sell their properties. The prices of everything come down.
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Geneva, Oct 29: Expressing concern over the situation in Kashmir, the UN Tuesday said that people in the Valley continue to be deprived of a wide range of human rights and urged the Indian authorities to fully restore their rights.
“We are extremely concerned that the population In Kashmir continues to be deprived of a wide range of human rights and we urge the Indian authorities to unlock the situation and fully restore the rights that are currently being denied,” said Rupert Colville, Spokesperson for the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR).
“The Supreme Court of India has been slow to deal with petitions concerning habeas corpus, freedom of movement and media restrictions,” the spokesman alleged.
The nudge by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights came just two days before the state is split into two centrally-administered union territories.
The statement also coincides with a visit by a group of European Union parliamentarians to the Kashmir valley.
Normal life remained disrupted in Kashmir for the 86th day on Tuesday following the August 5 decision to revoke Article 370 of the Constitution and bifurcate Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories. Markets remained closed while transport remained off the roads due to the clashes.
“There have been several allegations of excessive use of force by security forces during sporadic protests,” the spokesperson said.
“We have also received reports of armed groups operating in Kashmir threatening residents trying to carry out their normal business or attend school, as well as several allegations of violence against people who have not complied with the armed groups’ demands,” Colville said.
Hundreds of political and civil society leaders, including three former Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir, have been detained on a preventative basis, he said.
While some political workers have reportedly been released, most senior leaders especially those from the Kashmir Valley remain in detention, he added.
“We have also received a number of allegations of torture and ill-treatment of people held in detention. These must be independently and impartially investigated. Torture is totally and unequivocally prohibited under international law,” Colville said.
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The British variant is still dominant in Spain and accounts for nine out of every ten new cases, although the Ministry of Health is carefully watching that it does not lose spread, as this could mean the progress of other cases such as Brazil and South Africa which account for between 0 and 3% and 4.1%.
This is confirmed by the recent update of the epidemiological situation of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of public health importance in Spain, which retains the most public health impact (or VOC, for its English “variables of concern”) B.1.1.7 or British and South African (B.1.351) and Brazil (P.1).
The British “remain clearly dominant in all societies”, but despite this prevalence, the Coordination Center for Health Alerts and Emergencies (CCAES) considers it “important to continue monitoring the spread of” B.1.1.7, as the decline “could be An indirect sign of the expansion of other variables.”
Regarding Brazil and South Africa, he explained that an increasing number of laboratories are beginning to use PCR tests capable of identifying samples compatible with both, although in most cases it is not possible to differentiate.
In the last week of data analysis, and based on data from 6 populations, Health reports that “the percentage of results consistent with B.1.351/P.1 variants ranged between 0.3% and 4.1%.”
In addition, CCAES also contains a magnifying glass for six other variables of interest (VOI), whose public health impact is still unknown, but “the range of mutations that they present or expand at the local level in some locations makes it advisable to monitor their epidemiological status in this time “.
It is about P.2 (Rio de Janeiro); B.1.525 (Nigerian); B 1.429 (California); A – 23-1 (Uganda); B.1.526 (New York) and B.1.1.7 with E484K mutation.
It already accounts for more than 74% of cases in all societies.
Asturias has the highest percentage (99.2%), followed by Navarra (98.7%), Cantabria (97.9%), Melilla (96.9%), Castilla-Leon (95.2%), Madrid (92.5%), Basque Country (91.8%); Canary Islands (91.5%) and Galicia (90.3%).
More than 80% are the same except for Murcia, where it fell to 74.6%: Andalusia (89.6%); Catalonia (84.8%); Balearic Islands (83.6%); Castilla-La Mancha and La Rioja (82.6% both); Aragon 15 (81.8 5); Valencian Community (81.2%) and Extremadura (80%).
B 1.351 (South Africa) and 1 (Brazil)
The percentage of results compatible with the B.1.351/P.1 variants ranged between 0.3% and 4.1%.
LA P.2 (Rio de Janeiro)
Two sporadic cases were detected in travelers from Brazil. Also a familial outbreak with 3 positive cases (one of which was confirmed sequentially) and a hospital outbreak with 9 cases with no known links to Brazil.
LA B.1.525 (Nigerian)
41 cases have been reported, all unrelated to international travel.
B 1.429 (California)
The cumulative number of cases is 26, most of which are not related to travel.
Three confirmed cases in the same population, one associated with another non-sequenced case.
B.1.526 (New York)
Eight cases, all linked to trips to US countries.
B.1.1.7 with E484K mutation
A sporadic case with no record of international travel has been reported.
“Professional problem solver. Subtly charming bacon buff. Gamer. Avid alcohol nerd. Music trailblazer.”
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Hi. New user here.
I installed the full Windows package (control, core, output) on PC “A” and imported a folder and worked with it quite a bit. I then tried to run it while using remote desktop from another PC “B”. Unfortunately, roon will not run over RDP because the graphics device presented to the remote machine A by RDP does not support OpenGL. So I installed Roon Server on A, started it up, and ran Roon Remote (control) on B.
To my surprise, Roon Server did not access the same core metadata database as the full windows package an A. Now I have two servers running on one machine A! Each program (service and all-in-one) appears to have its own core metadata database, one in “C:\Users\eric\AppData\Local\Roon” and the other in “C:\Users\eric\AppData\Local\Roon Server”.
How can I merge these two databases. I was expecting to be able to import one database’s backup into the other’s database. I found nothing in the documentation regarding this.
As an aside, can one change the names of these database directories to enable a sort of multiple database scenario for using Roon? For example, I could load one set of music folders into the server folder, stop the server, rename the Roon Server folder to “Roon Server (database 1)”, restart roon server, get a clean/empty database, load another set of music folders, rename, and rename the first back to Roon Server when I wanted to access it.
In our Knowledge Base you can definitely find an explanation of the DB migration process. Here is the article - https://kb.roonlabs.com/FAQ:_How_do_I_move_my_library_over_to_RoonServer%3F_How_do_I_run_headless%3F
Let us know if you have any questions.
This instructs me to rename the Roon folder to “Roon Server” before installing Roon Server, presumable so Roon Server will use the old database. While it’s interesting and helpful that these directories can be renamed and the app (full or server) will still run, it does not provide instructions for merging the two databases. Do you have any information about merging two databases?
It is impossible to merge two databases, you can either use one or another. Basing on your explanation the database you need for real is located here - C:\Users\eric\AppData\Local\Roon. Since you already installed RoonServer you can do the following:
- Terminate both apps - Roon and RoonServer
- Go to RoonServer folder and remove all folders except the ‘Application’ folder
- Go to Roon folder and copy all the folders except the ‘Application’ folder
- Paste recently copied folders into RoonServer folder
- Launch RoonServer
- Connect to the RoonServer from the Roon remote
After those steps you should get the DB you need on the RoonServer. If you also want to save the DB which was used by RoonServer - instead of removing folders in step#2 place them somewhere outside of RoonServer folder.
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Can we make Borda Count resilient against strategic voting? Yes. Let's see how it works.
The Situation There is only one ventilator -- or liver, or hospital bed, or any other potentially life-saving resource -- at your hospital, but many people need it and are eligible for it. You are part of a group that must decide who gets the ventilator. You all agree about what kinds of things should… Continue reading Voting on Who Gets the Ventilator
What if the Voters Want What Voters Actually Want? In our first look into this topic, we used a simple model of voters and candidates to find some mixed results for Ranked Choice voting. It performed better than the Plurality system that dominates US elections, but it was outclassed by its systems and didn't always… Continue reading Is Ranked Choice Voting the Hero We Need? (Part 2)
Ranked Choice voting is having a bit of a moment in the public consciousness -- at least on the very handicapped scale of voting systems. It promises to avoid some of the unsavory outcomes that occur in the "First Past the Post" Plurality system used in the vast majority of U.S. elections by allowing voters… Continue reading Is Ranked Choice Voting the Hero We Need? (Part 1)
The long months of speculation before the Iowa Caucuses abound with headlines about the "momentum" that a candidate has, including nearly half a million Google results for "Buttigieg Momentum" and one atrocious portmanteau in "Buttimentum". Certainly winning Iowa or New Hampshire can boost a Presidential hopeful's campaign, whereas losing early states can destroy a candidate's… Continue reading Is Momentum Really a Thing in Presidential Primaries (Before the Voting Starts)?
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The joint venture between Skanska, Costain and Strabag (SCS JV) is to 3D print concrete structures on the HS2 project, with the first test deployment scheduled to take place in 2022.
The London tunnels contractor will use the technology, called ‘Printfrastructure’, to print structures on site using computer-operated robots, instead of transporting them as pre-cast slabs.
SCS JV’s Worcestershire-based partner, ChangeMaker 3D, has worked with UK advanced materials specialist, Versarien, to add graphene to the concrete mix.
Concrete with microscopic strands of graphene only several atoms thick running through it replaces traditional steel.
SCS JV estimates that the process it is developing with the Midlands firm could reduce the concrete used and contribute toward reducing carbon by up to 50%.
HS2 said the 3D concrete printing could be deployed in physically restricted areas, avoiding the need to develop complicated and potentially expensive logistical plans. Meanwhile, it could also be used near a live railway, delivering works while avoiding disruption to public transport.
The reinforced concrete structures will be printed with an internal lattice structure to add strength, which reduces the quantity of concrete required.
HS2 innovation manager, Rob Cairns, said: “The project SCS JV and ChangeMaker 3D are collaborating on is a fantastic demonstration of the kind of far-reaching innovations HS2 enables. With a build programme spanning the decade and across the country, the project is creating an ideal environment to develop technologies with the potential to transform how major infrastructure is built.”
SCS JV temporary works manager, Andrew Duck, said: “Automation enabled by Printfrastructure’s 3D reinforced concrete printing creates a factory-like environment that delivers a high-quality product that both increases efficient use of materials, and reduces our carbon footprint.
“It is important that we give technologies such as Printfrastructure the opportunity to flourish because of the possibilities it offers the industry to make a step change in how projects are delivered.”
ChangeMaker 3D director, Natalie Wadley, said: "ChangeMaker 3D stands for sustainability in the built environment. Through our Printfrastructure innovation project with SCS JV – a UK first for this technology – and together with brilliant project partners, we are proud to support the rail sector to unlock lower carbon construction."
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Worry is interest on a debt not yet owed.
We get confused. We think if we can just worry “hard enough,” we can make things go better.
Logically, that doesn’t make sense. But this isn’t about logic. It’s about emotion.
If something is worrying you, follow this simple plan:
1) Ask yourself, “What’s the worst thing that can happen?” If the answer is minimal, refocus your thoughts on something else.
2) If it’s severe, ask yourself, “Can I do anything about this?”
3) If the answer is “no,” it’s time to get support and let go. If the answer is “yes,” it’s time to do something.
No path leads to more worrying.
Worrying depletes your ability to solve the tough problems, and ruins your mood the remainder of the time.
Note: Every Monday, a new motivational memo is posted. Subscribers to ThisTimeIMeanIt.com’s coaching service get this – and many more benefits – sent to them directly. If you’d like to know more, follow this link.
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For bag aficionados, the bag itself is cause for further inquiry, as it’s both extremely massive in size and palpably rare to the point of being virtually nonexistent to the general public.
Christian Allaire, writing for Vogue, noted that the huge bag is indeed a (by comparison) seemingly oversized Hermès. More specifically, the style is known as Haut à courroies, which more storied Hermès appreciators will recognize as what the French luxury maker refers to as its “firstborn.”
The Haut à courroies was initially designed to meet the unique needs of those who needed to protect and transport saddles and riding boots at the beginning of the 20th century. In the decades since, as Scott demonstrated this week, the bag has taken on a new modern life as a versatile travel bag.
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Benefits Of Using Second Hand Robots
Investing in a used robot nowadays doesn’t imply you must purchase completely new. Some companies are instead choosing to buy second hand robots for his or her robotic needs. The second hands robot marketplace just carried on to cultivate along with the need for used robot.
To the shoppers, this implies decrease fees and higher top quality goods. With the ability to lease industrial robots as opposed to buying one, the customer can benefit from the key benefits of both worlds without having to sacrifice value. This permits men and women to use robots in almost any potential they see fit.
Some individuals might be uncertain at the beginning when confronted with booking a robot, nevertheless the benefits far exceed any fears or hesitations. One of the many advantages is having the capability to have less costly maintenance and upkeep expenses, something all renters look ahead to.
The huge benefits may also be noticeable for businesses that could require commercial robots but cannot afford to acquire a single on outright. As previously mentioned, many second hand robots might be rented and employed in any capacity that the business views in shape. Nonetheless, some organizations only need to have tiny products which are not large enough to justify the acquisition. Because of this, they could get away with renting smaller sized and more cost-effective models.
It is essential to remember that even though some men and women could be hesitant about renting instead of acquiring, the robots are generally superior to the choice. Since the robots are utilized, the standard will be superior to those of a brand new device. Plus, the machine will likely become a a lot less hazardous and much more trustworthy device.
Both of these elements go hands-in-hands as robots are required to create a lot better choices than a individual would, with regards to basic safety. As well as, since the second-hand devices are extremely affordable and you should not hurt your wallet, organizations will be jeopardizing a lot less money the device, which means you will find less running expenses. Eventually, because of this enterprises could save a lot of money while making sure that the surgical procedures with their company will operate correctly.
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Xender is an excellent and world-renowned app that is best at sharing files. With that being said, there is no shock when you realize that better than a few millions of people already have Xender downloaded and the number of users grows day by day alongside with the need of sharing files.
If you are here to find out more about Xender’s premium features and how to take advantage of them, we are here to guide you step by step on how to enable Xender on your PC and start sharing files as soon as you have it.
How do you share files?
Yap, this is the app for you! Xender is famous for being able to share, in a matter of seconds, any of files without any restrictions or blockages.
Everybody can share everything they want from documents to images, and even a fully installed app. Xender makes it easy for us to do this because it is a highly optimized app.
Bluetooth is not needed
Another advantage of Xender’s ability to share files is that no Bluetooth connection is required for any operation of sharing. For sharing data with your co-workers, friends or between personal computers, the only thing needed is for both devices to be connected to the same Wi-Fi network. Furthermore, the speed with which Xender can share files is faster than Bluetooth with 200 times, more specifically it can reach up to 40 Mb/s.
How to install Xender on PC
Because file sharing could not be easier without Xender, it also gives you the possibility to use it on your PC. However, as exciting as it sounds, it is not as easy so down below you have the steps to achieve that.
- On a smartphone running on Android, install Xender
- After swiping left to right to access the homepage, click on the option called “Connect to PC.”
- Now, you need to choose the option called “Create Hotspot.”
- Connect the specific smartphone to your Wi-Fi hotspot;
- Open the web address displayed by Xender on your browser, and now you can use the app’s features
Henry Lares is still early into his career as tech reporter but has already had his work published in many major publications including Tech Crunch and the Huffington Post. In regards to academics, Henry earned an engineering degree from Apex Technical School. Henry has a passion for emerging technology and covers upcoming products and breakthroughs in science and tech.
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Central Synagogue is the oldest synagogue in continuous use in New York City and is both a New York City and a National Historic Landmark. Designed in 1872, the 37,000 square-foot building was remarkable for its elaborate Moorish design, but suffered severe fire damage in 1998. The synagogue has undergone a detailed restoration that celebrates its historic character while making the building function as a contemporary space for worship and for the community.
The restoration of the magnificent decorations called for the utilization of a huge range of materials and techniques, including millwork, plasterwork, hand-stenciling, tile, masonry and ornamental metalwork. One of the most significant elements of the restoration is the painting of the geometrical, multicolored stencil patterns on the Sanctuary and Foyer walls and ceilings. The complex, colorful Moorish designs include elaborate geometrical and floral latticework patterns comprising 69 colors and more than 200 patterns with 3 to 7 layers per pattern. Paint is deliberately applied in a loose, free manner to rough sand plaster, creating a modulated effect that reinforces its handmade quality.
Another prime example of the building's spectacular decoration is the complex joinery and high-quality carvings in the black walnut and ash millwork on the pews, railings and gallery fasciae. Ornate plasterwork on the Ark, Bema, Organ Loft and Nave ceilings and walls feature a cusp motif that echoes the millwork.
Throughout, the architect's aim was to recreate, refinish, repaint and repair to seamlessly integrate old and new.
The bema is reconstructed to reflect the original 1872 design intent and to allow for a multitude of pulpit configurations. A sliding platform enables the reading table to be either elevated on the bema or lowered on the platform and extended into the congregation. The new hardwood pews' decoration is evocative of the original, while their size and seating angle has been adapted for contemporary use. To further enhance flexibility, the first 13 rows of pews are movable to accommodate a wide range of seating configurations.
To bring the synagogue into the 21st century, we updated building systems; created state-of-the-art audio and video systems to improve a wide range of amplified and unamplified sound including two new sound systems, web-casting, broadcast capabilities and two interconnected pipe organs; improved the configuration of the sanctuary, foyer and entrance stair; and oversaw an extensive excavation and renovation of the lower levels to create a multipurpose hall and to house mechanical equipment.
The restored Synagogue brings back to life an architectural treasure that has played a significant role both in the history of American Judaism and the cultural life of New York City.
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Geropsychologists are uniquely trained to work at the intersections of medical, psychological, and cognitive domains.
Training & Lifelong Learning
We collaborate with training organizations to offer gero-specific resources for individuals across the career trajectory.
We asked geropsychologists to offer words of wisdom and other helpful insights to succeed in the field of geropsychology. Check out our compilation The Path to Becoming a Geropsychologist from Ask the Experts Survey.
Decision Making Capacity and Ethical Issues in Aging Webinar Recordings catalogs recorded talks about assessing capacities in older adults, offered by VA Boston Healthcare System and New England GRECC, co-hosted by Jenny Moye and Kyle Page.
APA Careers in Aging Roadmap outlines step-by-step educational roadmap to help undergraduate and graduate students find careers in aging. It includes specific questions to consider at each educational level, actions to take to be prepared and positioned to embark on a career in aging, resources (directories of programs in psychology and gerontology, academic resources, preparing for graduate school, networking, and how to prepare for a job search), career profiles, and interdisciplinary careers that intersect with aging including those in engineering, business, law and policy, and biological and health sciences.
GeroCentral offers training activities for students looking for more geropsychology training in research and practice.
Council of Professional Geropsychology Training Programs (CoPGTP) includes Pikes Peak Model for training and lists geropsychology-focused internships and post-doctoral fellowship training programs.
**The term “focus” should be used to describe opportunities in areas of training which are not recognized specialties. Training programs should strive to provide explicit explanations of the type of training provided in these non-specialty areas.
Geropsychology E & T Taxonomy was approved by CoS Board of Directors on 10- 24-2021. CoS will request an updated Taxonomy for CoS review and approval one year prior to Geropsychology’s next petition for renewal of specialty recognition by the Commission for Recognition of Specialties and Subspecialties in Professional Psychology (CRSSPP). The updated Taxonomy will be due at end of 2022.
Common Definitions and Criteria Across All Recognized Specialties
- Broad and general training forms the core of education and training in health service psychology. Programs are accredited by the American Psychological Association or Canadian Psychological Association. Programs integrate the broad and general training with those educational and training activities related to recognized specialties as determined by the specialty and described in a specialty taxonomy. In addition, each specialty will have education and training guidelines consistent with its specialty area. Specialty training may be acquired at the doctoral, doctoral internship, postdoctoral, or postlicensure stages as defined by the specialty.
- By definition, postdoctoral education and training is a Major Area of Study in a specialty recognized by the Commission for the Recognition of Specialties and Subspecialties in Professional Psychology (CRSSPP) and requires that 80% or more of time be spent in the specialty area. At the postdoctoral training stage, as per above, it is recognized that training in the Major Area of Study will be consistent with the education and training guidelines set forth by the specialty.
- A course is typically defined as 3 semester-credit hours (or equivalent) in a health service psychology training program accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA) or the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA).
- A practicum is typically defined as the equivalent of one academic year (e.g., 9 months, in semester or quarter systems) consisting of supervised training for at least 8 hours per week, or its equivalent, with at least 50% of time in the provision of clinical services.
- Consistent with what is described in CoA Standards of Accreditation, supervision should be provided by persons with competencies in the specialty demonstrated by appropriate training, credentials, and qualifications for training in the specialty as defined by the specialty.
- Additional training experiences can also include, but are not limited to, research experiences, lab meetings, brown bags, lecture/colloquia series, and grand rounds, as defined by the specialty.
- For definitions of continuing education (CE) and continuing professional development (CPD) see the APA Quality Professional Development and Continuing Education Resolution. A continuing education (CE) course is defined as an organized program by the American Psychological Association or Canadian Psychological Association, a State Psychological Association, or other major provider of CE (e.g., Society of Behavioral Medicine).
Specialty Specific Definitions and Criteria
1Geropsychology Course = Must have content congruent with APA Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Older Adults and the Pikes Peak Model for Geropsychology Training (cogptp.org). While courses are typically 3 credit hours, a course series (e.g., an advanced clinical seminar encompassing 1 credit hour for each of four semesters) would serve as equivalent. In addition, doctoral programs with Major Area of Study or Emphasis in geropsychology are strongly encouraged to infuse geropsychology & aging content across all courses when possible (e.g., research methods courses may include content on: recruitment of populations of older adults underrepresented in clinical studies, advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal vs cohort designs, assessing research consent capacity, methods of quality improvement).
2Clinical Geropsychology Practicum = Must have at least 50% clinical contact with older adults, family members, and their interprofessional teams, or geropsychology-relevant clinical issues (e.g., grief, chronic pain).
3Aging Project = Empirical research, extended case studies, lit critiques & analyses, or capstone projects that programs require. Programs should have at least one faculty member whose research or clinical interests are in geropsychology and/or aging, and students entering this program would have the opportunity to be mentored by this faculty member on this Aging project.
4Lifespan Development = Lifespan Development course wherein at least 50% of the course focuses on Adult Development and Aging
5Supervised Experience = Must include at least 50% clinical contact with older adults, their family members, and their interprofessional teams and clinical service provision (e.g., assessment, treatment, consultation). If offered, seminar attendance, interdisciplinary team participation, readings, and research may count as part of the supervised experience for interns & postdoctoral fellows. Whenever possible, primary supervisors are strongly encouraged to have training, qualifications, or credentials (i.e., ABGERO). To support growth of the geropsychology workforce, additional supervisors in older adult-focused clinical settings may also include (and are not limited to) geriatric neuropsychologists, health psychologists, and rehabilitation psychologists.
6CE Coursework – Must be approved by APA or by another major mental health or medical organization (e.g., CME, post-graduate certificate in Gerontology) (See also: Hoge, M. A., Karel, M. J., Zeiss, A. M., Alegria, M., & Moye, J. (2015). Strengthening psychology’s workforce for older adults: Implications of the Institute of Medicine’s report to Congress. The American psychologist, 70(3), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038927)
7Clinical Consultation = Weekly consultation by a geropsychologist or equivalent (i.e., geriatrician, geriatric psychiatrist, geriatric neuropsychologist) that includes de-identified case discussion of active clinical work with older adults (e.g., a small group discussion with real-time feedback from the geropsychologist). The 2,000 required hours completed through weekly consultation meetings would generally be achieved in 12 months.
Examples of Program Descriptors for Each Stage of Training
The clinical science program offers a Major Area of Study in clinical geropsychology that provides research training in the science of clinical psychology and aging along with sound clinical training in work with older adults. Both research and clinical training experiences emphasize interdisciplinary work and cooperation with colleagues from related research fields and professions. USC is one of the first clinical geropsychology programs in the country. Faculty and graduates are among the leaders in the field. Clinical geropsychology students take coursework in adult development and aging to become familiar with normal aging (cognitive changes, biomedical aspects, and social context and policy) and with developmental research methodology. For clinical geropsychology students, approximately half of the practicum work in assessment and psychotherapy required by the clinical science program involves older adult clients, primarily seen through the Older Adult Counseling Center located in the Psychology Services Center. The Older Adult Counseling Center affords experience in therapy with individuals and families and with assessment of cognitive disorders. (From the Dept of Psychology, University of Southern California)
The internship offers a Major Area of Study in clinical geropsychology. Typically, doctoral interns are involved in diverse clinical services including in-home, in clinic, in the field, and telehealth psychotherapy with older adults, psychotherapy with severely mentally ill elders, clinical case management, limited psychological assessment, clinical mental health outreach with elders experiencing severe symptoms of mental illness, consultation with multidisciplinary professionals and psychoeducational outreach. Many services are delivered where elders live, including with homeless older adults, as well as services being provided in the office and via telehealth. Each week interns receive two hours of individual supervision, one hour of clinical staff consultation and one geropsychology training seminar. Full-time interns receive two additional hours of group supervision/week. (Adapted from the internship at Heritage Clinic, a Division of the Center for Aging Resources)
The Postdoctoral Fellowship with Geropsychology as the Major Area of Study offers placements in settings where mental health services are provided to older adults with a range of psychiatric difficulties, including psychotic, affective, anxiety, adjustment and personality disorders, as well as Alzheimer’s disease and related dementing conditions. The fellowship is accredited by the American Psychological Association and is a member of the Council of Professional Geropsychology Training Programs (CoPGTP), The goals and objectives of the fellowship are based on the recommendations from the Pikes Peak model for training in professional Geropsychology (Knight, Karel, Hinrichsen, Qualls, & Duffy, 2009). The fellow is expected to devote 32-40 hours per week (80% time) to clinical service delivery (in the form of direct patient contact, documentation and related service such as consultation with colleagues) and 8-10 hours per week (20% time) in educational activities in the form of didactics, receiving supervision, and supervision of other trainees. The Fellowship includes a didactic program of seminars and case conferences. (Adapted from the fellowship brochure at Long Island Jewish Medical Center – Zucker Hillside Hospital)
Our geriatric mental health training institute is approved by the American Psychological Association to provide regular continuing education courses and trainings, permitting participants to gain Exposure to geropsychology over time.
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https://geropsychology.org/training-and-accreditation/
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The problem is that the – or by sleeping for long periods of time difficult, talk to doctors from a sleep disorder. Often, Stress and wrong habits are responsible for it. But also the intake of certain medications can disturb sleep. The chamber of pharmacists of lower Saxony.
Certain medicines and drugs lead to sleep disturbances. To drive count-enhancing antidepressants, stimulant drugs such as appetite suppressants as well as circulation-stimulating drugs or incorrect doses of antidiabetic agents. Also various hormone preparations such as cortisone and thyroid hormones, as well as certain decongestant nose drops and asthma medications can lead to sleep disorders.
Patients taking diuretics, need to consult, under certain circumstances, several times a night the toilet. Those who take expectorant drugs, wakes up in the night may be, to be able to the mucus expectoration. Cough can also be a side effect of ACE inhibitors, which are used for the treatment of hypertension.
The preparations are required, sleep interference due to the correct taking the time avoid. This can leave patients in the local pharmacy for advice. Often it is also useful, the first two to three weeks after taking the beginning keep going: in some cases, the side effects decrease after this habituation phase.
Any Patient taking more than three drugs, is also entitled to a medication plan. Doctors and pharmacists can use it to determine, among other things, whether multiple regulations by different Doctors, the reason for the sleep disturbances.
AK lower Saxony
An Overview of all the messages you get on aponet.de current.
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Payment & Shipping Terms:
|Material:||Stainless Steel Wire Or Copper Wire||Application:||Separate Gas-liquid|
|Filter Rating:||99%||Wire Diameter:||0.1-0.55mm|
|Surface Treatment:||Flat-type And Corrugated Type||Feature:||1.High Operating Pressures 2.High Efficiency|
|Hole Size:||4mm*3mm 5mm*6mm 2mm*4mm,4mm*5mm||Type:||Woven|
Filter Screen 304A Knitted Wire Mesh Flat Crimped Wire Knitted Mesh/High Strength Galvanized Wire Weave Gas-liquid Filter
Demister Mesh also named knitted wire mesh, gas liquid mesh, foam net, wire mesh demister,knitting mesh, demister mesh pad. It is one of using crocheted weaving woven wire mesh. Products are mainly used for gas-liquid separation and despumate in oil; chemical industry, automobile industry, enviromental protection. Can also be used electromagnetic shielding in the construction engineering.
Demister Mesh can be made of stainless steel wire, copper wire, galvanized wire, PTFE wire, flat galvanized steel wire, etc.
Common type Demister Mesh Specification Table
0.07-0.55(round wire or pressed into flat wire)
Commonly used is 0.20mm-0.25mm
|Mesh Size||2X3mm 4X5mm 5X7mm 12X6mm (according to customer request for fine-tuning)|
|Opening Form||Big holes and small holes cross configuration|
|Width Range||40mm 80mm 100mm 150mm 200mm 300mm 400mm 500mm 600mm 800mm 1000mm 1200mm 1400mm|
Planar and Corrugated type(also named V waving type)
|model||hole number and witdth||wire diameter(MM)||materials||weight(KG/m2)|
|40-100||0.27||galv. lead wire||1/0.7|
|40-100||0.1×0.4||red copper wire||1/0.7|
|efficient type||60-100||0.15||polypropylene wire||1/0.7|
|70-100||0.1×0.3||stainless steel wire||1/0.6|
|80-100||0.1×0.3||stainless steel wire||1/0.6|
|90-150||0.1×0.3||stainless steel wire||1/0.6|
|200-400||0.1×0.3||stainless steel wire||1/0.6|
|60-100||0.1×0.5||stainless steel wire||1/0.6|
|high wearing type||20-160||0.1×0.4||polyamide yarns||1/0.4|
|30-150||0.1×0.4||stainless steel wire||1/0.4|
|70-400||0.1×0.4||stainless steel wire||1/0.4|
Mesh is normally knit from wires ranging in diameter from .0035” to .0200”. In special applications, Metal Textiles has knit wires ranging in diameter from .0005” to .0350”. These wires can be round or flat such as those used in Metal Textiles copper gauze for cleaning and in air-filtration applications where large surface areas of wire are needed. A round wire when flattened has approximately twice as much surface area.
In filtration applications, wire diameter is perhaps the most important design variable. It directly affects flow, dirt holding capacity, pressure drop and cost. In general, larger diameter wire allows for higher flow but provides lower dirt holding capacity. Also, larger diameter wire is less expensive. Therefore, a balance must be struck between using a higher density filter of higher cost fine wire or a lesser density filter using lower cost heavy wire.
Density refers to the mass of material per unit volume. It is related to the density of the original mesh and the amount of forming pressure used to compress the mesh into its final form. Determining the required mesh density to produce the specified final product density is a critical step in the design process. Proper density ensures optimal performance of the sealing, gasketing, filtration, heat transfer and separation applications.
Metal Textiles engineers are expert at determining proper density for specific requirements.
Packaging Details: First wrapped with plastic film and then packed by wooden case or cartons. Customized packing is also available.
Delivery Detail: within 7-15 working days after receiving the deposit
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<urn:uuid:c3f51860-d9b0-4b49-be1a-7349d1246cec>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.hengyouwiremesh.org/china-filter_screen_304a_knitted_wire_mesh_flat_crimped_wire_knitted_mesh_high_strength_galvanized_wire_we-12153179.html
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While Boston’s streets have significantly emptied during the current public health crisis, City Councilors Michelle Wu (At-Large) and Liz Breadon (District 9) discussed options for using the reduction in traffic to reallocate street space to create a safer environment for pedestrians and cyclists.
Many cities across the country have started expanding crowded sidewalks and increased the frequency of their public transit in order to ensure that residents are able to practice physical distancing. In New York City, over 40 miles of streets will be closed or modified over the next month to allow extra space for pedestrians and cyclists. Here in Massachusetts, the Department of Conservation & Recreation (DCR) has enacted temporary road closures to allow for more social distancing along parts of William J. Day Boulevard in South Boston, Greenough Boulevard in Watertown, and Francis Parkman Drive in Jamaica Plain.
Once Boston enters its recovery period from the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the transition into more travel and economic activity will require solutions so people can still maintain proper physical distancing.
The City Council opened the discussion about how to ease the concerns regarding taking public transit once businesses start to reopen. “Even when we are at the point where we’re reopening businesses, people will be afraid to use public transit,” said Councilor Wu on Wednesday afternoon.
Councilor Wu advocated for the increase in public transportation services so that riders would be able to sit at a safe distance from others and so that Boston’s streets would not become overwhelmed by traffic due to discomfort over boarding crowded public transit.
She also recommended eliminating the need for fares so that riders would not be required to enter at the front next to the driver, therefore reducing MBTA workers’ exposure to hundreds of people a day.
Safer streets is not a new goal for Boston. As part of Vision Zero, the City has committed to focusing strategies on preventing serious and fatal car crashes by 2030. On April 22nd, a cyclist was killed by a tractor-trailer in the South End just outside of Boston Medical Center. The area has reportedly been a dangerous stretch for cyclists with several non-fatal crashes occurring there.
Councilor Kenzie Bok (District 8) urged officials to be strategic in rethinking infrastructure, citing concerns from residents who fear closing roads for pedestrians could attract crowds of people. She agreed that the opportunity to rethink mobility in the city was important during this phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, she maintained that consideration should be given over how to best assist essential and frontline workers in reaching their workplaces safely.
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https://northendwaterfront.com/2020/04/reduced-traffic-during-pandemic-prompts-discussion-on-creating-safer-streets-in-boston/
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Hospital grade disinfectant with surfactants to keep your facilities clean and safe in 1 step!
USA EPA registered as Klor-kleen under numbers 71847-2, 71847-6, 71847-7 for >99.9% reduction of: hepatitis C (list F), human hiv-1 (list C), norovirus (list G) and SARS-CoV-2 (list N).
Sold in compostable mailer of 200 tablets (13.1 gram each) in 5 tablet packs. Non-returnable except in cases of defects.
Using gloves, add 5 tablets for 2153 ppm or 10 tablets for 4306 ppm to empty r-BIB. Fill remainder of bladder with warm tap water. Wait up to 5 minutes until effervescent tablets completely dissolve. Discard unused solution after 7 calendar days to avoid loss of efficacy. WARNINGS: Toxic tablets. Do not eat or drink. Keep away from mucous membranes. Keep out of reach of children.
For use, fill green spray bottle for 2153 ppm or red spray bottle for 4306 ppm directly from r-BIB. First remove any visible debris from hard non-porous target surfaces (including floors). Second, spray onto surfaces. Third, leave surfaces wet for 10+ minutes (2153 ppm) or 5+ minutes (4306 ppm) contact time. Fourth, rinse with tap water for any food-contact surfaces. Fifth, air dry or wipe dry with microfiber cloth.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.greenmountainamenities.com/products/disinfectant-odor-blocker-sanitizer-nadcc-2153-ppm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00473.warc.gz
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The publications are suspended, except for particular events, from 1 to 21 August. In the meantime, we are preparing some news for the second half of the year.
The North Korea’s ballistic missile tests are fought with DDoS attacks. The Asian country internet traffic has been put down for several hours after the last launch. Furthermore, the cyber warfare “responses” against Pyongyang are intensifying
North Korea has been hit by a cyber-attack a day after Pyongyang launched a new missile test, the fifth in this month. Reuters reported it. All internet traffic to and from the Asian country has been put down for several hours, and still today – as the web traffic has been restored – the local institutions suffer problems on this issue. There are no official confirmations, but cybersecurity analysts believe the cyber warfare operation has been conducted on a country basis via a DDoS offensive. This could be the answer to the recent repeated provocations by Kim Jong-un. Not by chance, a similar incident was observed on January 14, just few hours after another ballistic missile launch test. Moreover, the “responses” are intensifying. The latter, in fact, has put the entire North Korean network offline and not just portions of it, as has happened so far.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.difesaesicurezza.com/en/defence-and-security/north-korea-the-ballistic-missile-tests-are-fought-with-ddos-attacks/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00473.warc.gz
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Tests for the immune response to the coronavirus are revealing thousands of people who were infected but never got severely ill. The findings suggest the virus is less deadly than it first appeared.
Full story of excerpts below at Source: >Coronavirus Antibody Testing Shows Lower Fatality Rate For Infection : Shots – Health News : NPR
Mounting evidence suggests the coronavirus is more common and less deadly than it first appeared. The evidence comes from tests that detect antibodies to the coronavirus in a person’s blood rather than the virus itself.
The tests are finding large numbers of people in the U.S. who were infected but never became seriously ill. And when these mild infections are included in coronavirus statistics, the virus appears less dangerous. …But even a virus with a fatality rate less than 1% presents a formidable threat.
“That is many times more deadly than seasonal influenza,” ….Studies suggest a healthy young person’s chance of dying from an infection is less than 1 in 1,000. But for someone in poor health in their 90s, it can be greater than 1 in 10...And that means different states in the U.S. should expect different infection fatality rates.
(Video) “COVID-19 Update 54 with critical care specialist Roger Seheult, MD of https://www.MedCram.com Production of COVID-19 antibody test kits are ramping up – there are over 70 companies producing them. Antibody tests could be one of the keys to eventually easing social distancing restrictions and allowing schools and businesses to re-open. Unfortunately, only one antibody test is FDA approved at this time, and the approval of each company will take some time. Dr. Seheult illustrates how antibody tests and PCR-RT tests for COVID-19 work on the cellular level, and he discusses potential coronavirus vaccine challenges.”
“Stanford is testing for coronavirus antibodies so they can determine who has been exposed and who could potentially go back to school or work. NPR’s Lulu Garcia-Navarro speaks to Dr. Jay Bhattacharya.LULU GARCIA-NAVARRO,
“HOST:The only way we’ll truly get a hold of this pandemic and come out the other side is through science – ultimately with a vaccine, but in the meantime through testing. There are tests that determine if someone who is sick has COVID-19 by taking nasal swabs, but also important is something called antibody or serological tests. And one of the places that’s doing that is Stanford University. Joining us now is Dr. Jay Bhattacharya, professor of medicine at Stanford University, who is part of this study:
Listen to 5 minute podcast and read full interview at Source: >How Antibody Tests Can Inform Public Policies To Mitigate Coronavirus Pandemic : NPR
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Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) previously treated with sorafenib have significantly improved overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates when treated with cabozantinib compared with placebo, according to data being presented at the 2018 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium in San Francisco, California.
For the double-blind phase 3 CELESTIAL study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01908426), researchers randomly assigned 707 patients with advanced HCC to receive oral cabozantinib 60 mg once daily or placebo; 470 and 237 patients were assigned to the cabozantinib and placebo arms, respectively. Eligible patients were previously treated with sorafenib, had disease progression after no more than 2 lines of systemic therapy, and were unamenable to curative therapy.
At the time of data analysis, 484 (68.4%) enrolled patients had died (317 [67.4%] patients in the cabozantinib arm and 167 [70.4%] patients in the placebo arm).
Median OS was 10.2 months among patients in the cabozantinib arm vs 8.0 months for patients in the placebo arm (hazard ratio [HR], 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63-0.92; P =.0049), and median PFS was 5.2 months vs 1.9 months, respectively (HR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.36-0.52; P <.001). The overall response rate was 4.0% in the cabozantinib arm vs 0.4% in the placebo arm (P =.0086).
The most frequently reported grade 3 to 4 adverse events — which occurred at a higher rate in the cabozantinib arm — included hand-foot-skin reactions, hypertension, elevated aspartate aminotransferase, fatigue, and diarrhea.
The authors concluded that “[cabozantinib] significantly improved OS and PFS vs [placebo] in previously treated patients with advanced HCC. Adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of [cabozantinib].”
1. Abou-Alfa GK, Meyer T, Cheng AL, et al. Cabozantinib (C) versus placebo (P) in patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who have received prior sorafenib: Results from the randomized phase III CELESTIAL trial. Oral presentation at: 2018 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium; January 18-20, 2018; San Francisco, CA.
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Life of a heroic traitor
Jim Creegan looks back at the extraordinary story of Roger Casement on the 100th anniversary of his execution
Of the 16 ‘men of 1916’ - the celebrated martyrs of the Easter Rising - all but two were court-martialled and executed by firing squad in Dublin shortly after surrendering to British troops. One of the two who met his fate elsewhere was Thomas Kent (Tomás Ceannt), a well known republican, who was tried and shot in county Cork after a gunfight with police during a raid on his family home. The other was Sir Roger Casement, hanged on August 3 1916 in London’s Pentonville prison after a sensational trial for treason. His story is so compelling, and so relevant to contemporary political and cultural interests, that its main outlines are worth recalling on the 100th anniversary of his death.
Casement was arrested by the Royal Irish Constabulary on Good Friday, three days before the rising began, near Tralee, County Kerry, on Ireland’s south-west coast. The German U-boat carrying him expected to rendezvous there with the trawler Aud,which had also sailed from a German port.Disguised as a Norwegian vessel, the Aud was carrying 20,000 rifles destined for the rising in Dublin - a shipment the rebels had contracted for with the kaiser’s government, which had an interest in aiding them because they shared a common enemy in the British empire during World War I. But, due to confusion over instructions for the landing, the Aud arrived after its appointed date, and the Irish Volunteers assigned to signal the ship from shore arrived too early. The Aud and its cargo were thus intercepted by a British coastal patrol and scuttled by its captain; the submarine commander was compelled to put Casement and two of his comrades ashore in a dinghy.
After the three men were forced to abandon the small boat and wade knee-deep onto Banna Strand, Casement, suffering from a recurrence of the malaria that had plagued him since his African days, was too exhausted to continue on to Tralee town with captain Robert Monteith and Daniel Bailey, who escaped capture for the time being. He was discovered by a police constable in an old Viking fortification where he had taken shelter, and incriminated by the German railway ticket and admiralty signal code in his coat pocket, which he had carelessly neglected to destroy. When word reached Eoin MacNeill, the head of the Irish Volunteers, that the Casement mission had been aborted, he had the excuse he needed to cancel plans for the rising, which he had opposed all along. But the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the Irish Citizen Army in Dublin decided to go ahead with the insurrection anyway, even with greatly diminished forces and chances of success.
In the eyes of the partisans of empire and Ulster unionists, Roger Casement was undoubtedly the most despised of the rebel leaders who threw down the gauntlet to British rule in Ireland 100 years ago this April. He was an Ulster Protestant and a member of the Anglo-Irish ascendancy; he had recently been a distinguished member of his majesty’s foreign service, celebrated for his exposure of the atrocities of King Leopold II of Belgium in the Congo, and knighted by George V for his reports on similar crimes committed by a British-registered rubber company in the Amazon Basin of Peru. But nearly as heinous in the eyes of his accusers as betraying country and class to consort with the enemies of the realm in time of war were his “crimes against nature”. In a poem unpublished in his lifetime, Casement wrote:
I sought by love alone to go
Where God had writ an awful no
Pride gave a guilty God to hell
I have no pride - by love I fell.
Why this was done I cannot tell
The mystery is inscrutable
I only know I pay the cost
With heart and soul and honour lost.1
During his trial, and more widely while his clemency appeal was pending, the government circulated photographed pages from five journals the police claim to have discovered in Casement’s London lodgings after his arrest. Three of the volumes were unremarkable records of his official dealings and daily affairs. But two - the so-called Black diaries, from the Congo in 1903 and Brazil in 1911 - contained such passages as:
Arrived Pará at 3. Alongside 3.30. Tea at 5 with Pogson to Vaz Café. Lovely moço - then after dinner to Vero Pesa. Two types - also to gardens of Praca Republica. Two types - Baptista Campos one type - then Senate square and Caboclo boy (16-17). Seized hard. Young, stiff, thin. Others offered later. On board at 12 midnight.2
Public bath. Stanley Weeks, athletic, young, 27. Enormous, very hard, 9 inches at least. Kisses, bites, penetration with a shout. Two pounds.3
The entries in which Casement recorded his many, mostly paid-for, homosexual encounters - frank in our own time and scandalous beyond measure in his - were publicised with much success by the government in influential circles in Britain and America to besmirch his name and scare potential supporters away from a burgeoning campaign to spare him from the gallows. Moreover, the clerical-reactionary-patriarchal state that issued from the Irish war of independence, and claimed the Easter Rising as its founding act, was also for many decades profoundly uneasy with the presence of the alleged author of the Black diaries in its Pantheon.
Members of Casement’s family denounced the diaries as forgeries immediately after his execution. The controversy surrounding them was deepened by the fact that the British government held the journals closely under wraps until 1959, when substantial portions finally saw the light of print. In 1936, a Scotto-Hibernian physician resident in the US named William J Maloney published The forged Casement diaries, which attempted to prove that they were actually the work of an Amazonian rubber baron, whose brutalities Casement had exposed. This theory gained some acceptance for a time in Ireland - most notably from its leading poet, William Butler Yeats. Subsequent research, however, has undermined claims of forgery. The diaries contain a wealth of detail that is largely consistent with other, non-homoerotic entries. In 2002, a detailed study by forensic experts concluded that the journals were authentic.
So too - we shall attempt to demonstrate below - was the commitment of the man who penned them. If Casement was an Irish nationalist rather than a socialist or social radical, he was nevertheless one of the most outstanding representatives of that persuasion. His politics were driven not by narrow national parochialism, but by a profound loathing for colonial oppression, acquired in Africa and South America as much as in his native country. His self-sacrifice and courage were as exemplary as those of any of the combatants of 1916. Recent decades have witnessed the publication of several extensive biographies. The appearance, in addition, of The dream of the Celt (2010), a fictional recreation of Casement’s careerby the Peruvian novelist, Mario Vargas Llosa - whose interest in Casement was no doubt piqued by the latter’s Amazonian exploits - contributed further to establishing his rightful place in Irish and world history as a determined foe of imperialism, in an era when European colonial empires were in their heyday, and members of the ruling classes who sided with the colonised were few and far between.
Roger David Casement was born in Dublin in 1864. His father, a former captain in the King’s Own Regiment of Dragoons, had served in the British Afghan campaign of 1842, and had later attempted to volunteer to fight with Lajos Kossuth in the Hungarian revolution of 1848. Having lost both parents by the age of 13, Roger was taken in by his father’s relatives, who lived in Ballymena, in the glens of Antrim near Belfast, where he grew up. Throughout his life, Casement would consider himself an Ulsterman. He was described by those who knew him in his youth, and thereafter, as a strikingly handsome, dark-complexioned man, of mellifluous voice and seductive charm.
Casement quit school at the age of 16 to work for a Liverpool-based British commercial shipping company, the Elder Dempster Line, whose business took him, in 1884, to western Africa, in the vicinity of the Congo river. He soon became proficient in local languages, and met and befriended a young Polish steamboat captain named Jósef Korzeniowski, later to become famous under the nom de plume of Joseph Conrad. Casement soon went to work for the renowned English explorer, Henry Morton Stanley. Unlike his employer, he had no interest in the spoils and treasure of the ‘dark continent’, but supervised the building of a railroad as a firm believer in the civilising mission of the western powers, Britain in particular. His faith was soon to be shattered, however, by his experiences with the newly created territorial entity, for whose European overlord his employer, Stanley’s International African Association, was in fact a thinly disguised front.
The Congo Free State (CFS) was created in 1885 by King Leopold II of Belgium. Stretching for 905,000 miles and containing 20 million people, it was his country’s share of the vast territories along the banks of the Congo river, the other two parts of which were allotted to France and Portugal with the agreement of all major European powers and the United States. The creation of the CFS was accompanied by profuse declarations of high purpose - to end slavery and the slave trade (still practised among Africans), to promote commerce, to enlighten and improve the lot of the natives. Yet Roger Casement, who had now joined the British Foreign Service and been appointed consul for French West Africa, began to suspect, from his post in Boma, at the mouth of the Congo and the border of the Free State, that something far less altruistic was taking place in the interior of Leopold’s domain.
Watching the ships passing in and out of the CFS, Casement noted a peculiar pattern. Although the products of the territory destined for European and world markets were ostensibly procured by trading with native Africans, the ships going out were laden with ivory and rubber, but the ships going in contained little besides guns and ammunition - hardly the stuff of commerce. Casement’s observations coincided with those of an Englishman named ED Morel, then in the employ of the Elder Dempster Line, with which Roger had begun his African career years earlier, and which possessed a monopoly on the Congo’s trade with Europe. Having received reports of atrocities from missionaries in the interior, Morel undertook a close inspection his company’s books, which confirmed his initial suspicion that the treasures of the Free State were being extracted by coerced native labour.
Upon his return to Britain, Morel resigned from his job and began a major effort to publicise his discoveries in the press and in books. His revelations led to inquiries in the House of Commons. Finally, in 1903, Casement was appointed by the British crown to conduct an official investigation. His report, published in 1904, was the result of interviews and observations over the course of several months spent in the Free State. It was a dispassionately worded, meticulously factual version of the fictionalised image of an earthly inferno conjured up a few years later in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of darkness.
The main product of the Congo at this time was rubber - sold to feed the growing worldwide demand resulting from increased production of bicycle and automobile tyres. Casement discovered that a big chunk of the proceeds from its sale were going not to the Belgian state, but to Leopold’s personal accounts. The rubber was extracted by private companies that had received concessions for this work, and were compensated according to the tonnage of rubber delivered to the Belgian authorities. The rubber was in turn extracted by forced labour, imposed upon native tribes people by Leopold’s private army, known as the Force Publique(FP).
Recruited from other parts of Africa, the FP drove the natives to work with aid of the chicotte - a lightweight, portable lacerating whip made of hippopotamus hide. The scars it left were visible on the backs of many natives Casement encountered. Handless arms were also a common sight. Amputations were the penalty imposed upon natives for failure to meet their rubber quotas. So was death. The Belgian authorities did not trust the FP to use their guns and ammunition to kill reluctant natives instead of hunting animals, so they were required to supply the severed hands of their victims - often strung out on lengths of wire - as proof that their weapons had been put to proper use, and were often paid a piece rate for the number of evidentiary items turned in.
Casement was also able to deduce that whole villages and areas had been depopulated to a fraction of their former size, either as a result of murder at the FP’s hands, or flight in order to avoid it. The number of Leopold’s victims is in some dispute. Adam Hochschild, in King Leopold’s ghost, estimates that the territory lost half of its original population of 20 million.4 But, whatever the numbers, it is clear that Casement had exposed what was perhaps the greatest holocaust of the 19th century, and one of the greatest of all time.
Upon returning to Britain, Casement had to struggle for the publication of his report in the teeth of opposition from members of the foreign office reluctant to offend the Belgian monarch, as well as a campaign to discredit him mounted by Leopold himself. Along with Morel, he also founded the Congo Reform Association, which made opposition to Belgian atrocities into an international cause célèbre, attracting the support of such figures as Mark Twain, Booker T Washington and Arthur Conan Doyle, as well as Joseph Conrad. In 1909 the creator of Sherlock Holmes published The crime of the Congo, replete with gruesome photos of mutilated African bodies.
As a result of wide exposure, the Belgian government was forced to appoint a commission of its own to investigate the situation, which ultimately confirmed the essentials of Casement’s report, and wrested control of the Congo from Leopold’s hands, making it an official colony of the government. And - also as a result - Roger Casement had acquired an international reputation as a pioneering crusader for what may now be called human rights.
Casement was not converted to Irish republicanism in any single, Damascene moment, nor were his thought processes ever set down clearly in writing. Biographical evidence would indicate that his Irish loyalties, on the one hand, and his African and South American experiences, on the other, ran on parallel, mutually reinforcing tracks, which in turn intersected with contemporary Irish politics to bring about a gradual shift in perspective.
Ulster Protestants of Casement’s class had little day-to-day contact with Irish Catholics, except as servants. (he once recalled that he was fully an adult before he even knew they called themselves simply Catholics, and not ‘Roman Catholics’, as they were always referred to in Protestant circles). Yet, unlike a typical member of his tribe, Roger from an early age breathed in the history and national lore that is thick in Ireland’s atmosphere. He could not have been unaware that many of the country’s most revered heroes and martyrs - Theobald Wolfe Tone, Lord Edward Fitzgerald, Henry Joy McCracken, Robert Emmet - had been Protestants like himself.
He was a great admirer of another member of the Anglo-Irish gentry, Charles Stewart Parnell, who headed the Irish National Party and, for a time in the 1880s, gave strong support to the struggles of Irish tenant farmers resisting their rack-renting landlords. Casement, who had literary ambitions, wrote a poem eulogising Parnell upon his death in 1891. In 1898, he began an epic poem, ‘The dream of Celt’ (whence the title of Vargas Llosa’s novel), invoking the memory of the last stand of Ulster’s clan chieftains against the armies of Elizabeth I at the dawn of the 17th century. Yet, despite his national sympathies, Casement did not at this time oppose the union of Ireland with Great Britain, and appeared to believe that whatever wrongs his country continued to suffer could be redressed within its confines.
Casement said that his Irish origins helped him to grasp the situation in the Congo. And his Congolese experience no doubt accelerated the marked turn in the direction of Irish national separatism that took place in 1903-05, after his return to Britain. Ten years earlier, another Irish Protestant, Douglas Hyde, had founded the Gaelic League, which spearheaded a growing movement aimed at de-Anglicisation of the island through a revival of native folkways and the Irish language. Casement, who joined the League at this time, attempted to learn Irish himself, without much success. He also frequented the London salon of yet another Irish Protestant, Alice Stopford Green, whose schemes to revive the culture and economy of pre-conquest Ireland probably had more influence on his thinking than any other set of ideas.
1905 also saw the founding of Sinn Féin (‘Ourselves’), which presented a separatist alternative to the National Party. The latter stood candidates for election to the British parliament and confined itself to the promotion of home rule - by which Ireland, while remaining tied to Britain, would be granted its own parliament, with authority over some aspects of domestic law and government. Yet by this time, two home rule bills introduced in the House of Commons by the Liberal Party had already gone down to defeat, and any such attempt in the future would, Casement thought, founder in the House of Lords, which still exercised a veto power. Sinn Féin’s president, a thoroughly bourgeois nationalist named Arthur Griffith, proposed instead a ‘Hungarian strategy’ for Ireland. Just as Hungarian nationalists had boycotted the parliament in Vienna to set up their own assembly in Budapest, Griffith advocated that Ireland’s elected representatives boycott Westminster and give their allegiance to a separately constituted Irish parliament.
While clearly sympathetic to Sinn Féin, Casement was by no means hostile to more socially radical strains of Irish politics. He was drawn to Michael Davitt, who in the 1880s had organised the Land League, which advocated the abolition of landlordism and nationalisation of the land. Casement was, several years later, to congratulate James Connolly on the founding of the country’s first workers’ defence guard, the Irish Citizen Army. His radical tendencies could only have become more pronounced as a result of the next and final chapter of his diplomatic career.
In 1909 an article entitled ‘The devil’s paradise’ appeared in the British magazine Truth;Its subtitle was ‘A British-owned Congo’. Based upon the observations of an American explorer, it described the harvesting of rubber by what amounted to Indian slave labour in the remote Amazonian region of Peru known as the Putumayo, which was separated by the Andes from the main population of the country. The region was dominated by an outfit named the Peruvian Amazon Company (PAC), whose main shareholders and board of directors were in Britain. It was run, with the support of the Peruvian government and local authorities, as the private fiefdom of the company’s Peruvian chief, Julio César Arana.
As reports of atrocities gave rise to a public outcry, pressure in Britain mounted for an official investigation. The British government lacked authority to interfere in Peruvian affairs, but the government found a legitimate cause to look into the matter in reports of abuses committed against PAC overseers recruited in Barbados, then a British colony. Finally, in 1910, Casement, now serving as British consul in Rio, was sent in to submit the region to his now internationally recognised investigatory scrutiny.
The tales of horror were every bit as appalling as Leopold’s crimes. Throughout Casement’s ordeal, Arana spared no effort to derail the investigation with a barrage of denial, promises to correct what he claimed were isolated abuses, and pretences of cooperation. But even at an Indian dance thrown by the PAC to welcome him, Casement observed on the backs of the natives the whip-inflicted scars known locally as ‘the mark of Arana’. Casement was able to elicit the testimony of three Barbadian overseers. They told of flogging as a penalty regularly inflicted upon Indians who failed to fulfil their company-assigned rubber quotas; of the use of stocks, not only for natives, but for overseers who displayed any reluctance to inflict brutalities; of red-hot pokers inserted in the vaginas of local women, many of whom were recruited as overseers’ concubines, to be killed off when no longer useful; of burnings at the stake, beheadings and live burials. The report Casement issued upon his return to Britain was described as a journalistic masterpiece, which for the first time gave both the perpetrators and the victims of this murderous exploitation a personal voice. Any further action - either by the British or Peruvian governments - was postponed, however, pending a Peruvian promise to ‘rectify the situation’.
Casement made a second trip to Putumayo in 1911-12 to report on progress toward ‘rectification’. Not only did he fail to note any, but famously reported for the first time on the use of the pillory to punish Indians:
Men, women, and children were confined in them for days, weeks and often months ... Whole families ... were imprisoned - fathers, mothers and children, and many cases were reported of parents dying thus, either from starvation or from wounds caused by flogging, while their offspring were attached alongside of them to watch in misery themselves the dying agonies of their parents.5
During his return trip to Britain, Casement stopped in Washington, where he tried to enlist the interest of the state department in Putumayo’s plight, even meeting with president William Howard Taft. Yet, despite profuse verbal expressions of sympathy on the part of both British and American governments, and the formation of a select committee to conduct an inquiry in Britain, little was done to stem the abuses or punish the perpetrators in the end. Although the Peruvian government was finally forced to issue arrest warrants for the PAC’s local rubber bosses, few were ever actually arrested, and most managed to flee abroad.
The brutal exploitation of natives slowly abated due only to investors’ abandonment of the PAC because of the international scandal to which Casement’s report gave rise, as well as the opening up of bigger rubber farms in other areas of the world. The company’s infamous local chief, Julio César Arana, lived in comfort for many years in London, eventually returning to Peru and becoming a senator. He died in 1952 at the age of 88.
The knighthood Roger Casement received from George V in recognition of his South American efforts was probably a poor consolation for his inability to bring an immediate halt to the crimes he catalogued, or the punishment of their perpetrators. Yet, as one who endured physical hardship despite an African-acquired malarial infection that continued to plague him, and braved character assassination and death threats for his efforts, he deserves the recognition of posterity. As ED Morel, his partner in exposing King Leopold, wrote in 1912:
To denounce crime at a distance is a relatively simple task. To track the criminal to his lair in the equatorial forest, to rub shoulders with him round camp fires, to realise he knows it is only you that stands between him and immunity - you, and a few inches of cold steel, which makes no noise … to be enervated by fever, and maddened by the bites of stinging flies; to run short of food - and what food! To parch in thirst, to experience the lassitude of damp, moist heat which makes exertion a misery - this is different. And to retain, through all, your clearness of vision, capacity to weigh evidence, self-control and moral strength - this is to pass through the highest test of mental and physical endurance, to attain the most conspicuous point of human achievement.6
Casement retired from the foreign service in 1913, at the age of 47.
Casement’s retirement coincided with the Irish home rule crisis of 1910-14, which had a profoundly radicalising effect upon the country’s politics. The Liberal government of Herbert Asquith had introduced a third Home Rule Bill in 1910. Unlike in the two previous attempts (1886 and 1893), the House of Lords had by this time surrendered its veto, allowing the bill to become law if passed in the Commons alone, in which there were now sufficient votes.
The imminence of its enactment, however, provoked Ulster Protestants, under the leadership of Edward Carson and James Craig, to draw up the Ulster Covenant, pledging to resist home rule - which they said meant “Rome rule” - by force if necessary. To underline their determination, the unionists organised themselves into a paramilitary outfit called the Ulster Volunteer Force, which drilled and paraded openly throughout the province, and had recruited 90,000 by 1914. In April of that year, the UVF received a shipment of 30,000 rifles and three million rounds of ammunition from Hamburg at the northern port of Larne in defiance of the law, while the British government looked the other way, and the Tories - deeply entangled politically with the Orange Order - whipped up anti-home rule sentiment.
Enraged by the impunity with which the unionists were permitted to flout the law in the north, nationalists banded together in their own paramilitary organisation, known as the Irish or National Volunteers, which was pledged to defend home rule. Though founded by the more militant Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians), the Volunteers were soon brought under the control of the moderate Irish National Party, headed by John Redmond. Roger Casement made his Irish political debut as a recruiter for the Volunteers.
Prospects for home rule dimmed further in June of 1914 as a result of the Curragh Mutiny. Sixty officers of the biggest Irish military base in the Curragh of Kildare declared that they would disobey any order to move north to defend home rule from a threatened Unionist uprising. From that point on, the Liberal government began to retreat from its commitment to limited self-government for all of Ireland’s 32 counties, and introduced the idea of partition for the first time.
And, as a result of the Larne landing and the Curragh Mutiny, Casement became convinced that “when you are challenged in the field of force, it is upon the field of force you must reply”.7 He therefore arranged a loan from his old friend, Alice Stopford Green, to purchase arms on the continent for the Volunteers. He was in America - to raise money and make contact with the legendary old Fenian, John Devoy, and his Clan-na-Gael organisation - when he learned of the results of the gun-running scheme. Casement’s comrade, an Englishman turned Irish patriot by the name of Erskine Childers, had succeeded in landing at Howth near Dublin with a shipment of 9,000 German rifles at the end of July.
But the British were less indulgent toward the Volunteers than toward the UVF. A line of troopers attempted to intercept the Volunteers who were carrying the rifles from Howth to Dublin. Although the Volunteers succeeded in making off with most of the guns, many of which would turn up in the General Post Office nearly two years later, British soldiers afterwards fired upon a hostile nationalist crowd, by which they found themselves surrounded in Bachelor’s Walk, leaving seven dead and 30 wounded.
World War I
The outbreak of the war divided Irish nationalist opinion. Home rule legislation was shelved for the duration of the conflict, but the government held out the promise of enacting it afterwards, in exchange for the loyalty of the nation. Eighty thousand Irishmen, Protestant and Catholic, rushed to take the royal shilling. John Redmond, the head of the National Party, took Britain’s word as good coin and declared support for the war effort. But a hard core of intransigents - the Irish Republican Brotherhood, Sinn Féin, Connolly’s Irish Citizen Army, and a number of former home rulers like Padraic Pearse, disillusioned in the possibility of ever attaining sovereignty by parliamentary means - refused to give one grain of support to a war supposedly being waged for the freedom of small nations by the world’s greatest colonial power, which had held Ireland in thrall for centuries. Roger Casement was among those who refused. He wrote from the US at the time:
Ireland has no blood to give to any land, to any cause but that of Ireland. Our duty as a Christian people is to abstain from bloodshed; and our duty as Irishmen is to give our lives for Ireland. Ireland needs all her sons … Were the Home Rule Bill all that is claimed for it, and were it freely given today, to come into operation tomorrow instead of being offered for sale on terms of exchange that only a fool would accept, it would still be the duty of Irishmen to save their strength and manhood for the trying tasks before them, to build up from a depleted population the fabric of a ruined national life.8
Many in the anti-war camp - including Casement, and even James Connolly - harboured strong Germanophile tendencies, no doubt springing from their loathing of Ireland’s historic oppressor. Their main public stance, however, was emblazoned on the banner that hung in front of the Citizen Army’s Liberty Hall: “We serve neither king nor kaiser, but Ireland”. They had, in short, adopted, for their own largely nationalist reasons, a standpoint that coincided with that of Lenin - that the main enemy was at home - and embraced a goal that was parallel to the one he advocated: to turn the war into a civil war in the belligerent countries.
Lenin also coined the concept of ‘revolutionary defeatism’ in order to counteract the powerful tendency of European socialists to capitulate to their own governments. He demanded that revolutionaries subscribe to the notion that the defeat of their own ruling class - even at the hands of the enemy - was preferable to the victory of their country’s side. The Irish rebels adopted a similar logic. True to the old dictum that ‘England’s extremity is Ireland’s opportunity’, they had no qualms about consorting with Britain’s enemies in furtherance of their goals.
With the agreement of Devoy and Clan-na-Gael,Casement departed America for Germany, to examine the possibilities of assistance from the kaiser’s government to the struggle for an Irish republic. He held out the hope that a victorious Germany would guarantee Ireland’s independence. Casement did not travel alone, however. He had been befriended in New York City by a young Norwegian named Adler Christiansen, whom Casement took along with him as his ‘servant’ and made privy to his designs. In transit to Germany, in the Norwegian capital of Christiana (now called Oslo), Christiansen disappeared for a day. He claimed to have been abducted by British consular authorities, who pumped him unsuccessfully for information.
British documents discovered years later told a different story. Christiansen had, in fact, presented himself voluntarily at the British embassy, offering to inform on Casement in exchange for substantial sums. But Casement believed his young companion, and for months attempted to use Christiansen to feed false information to the British. But his companion was in the pay of his enemies. From this point on, the government became aware of Casement’s movements and purposes, as well as receiving from Christiansen a report that “his relations with the Englishman [Casement] were of an improper character”.9
Casement’s German efforts were, in his words, a “ghastly folly”. Though it strung him along for some time, the German government was not prepared in the end to provide significant military support to an Irish rising. The most it did was to make accessible to him several thousand Irish POWs, from whom Casement hoped to recruit an ‘Irish Brigade’ for the independence struggle. But he had gravely underestimated the depth of British-patriotic sentiment that still prevailed even among Irish prisoners. He was heckled, and even threatened physically, before a POW audience. In the end, he succeeded in recruiting no more than a handful of men, which he concluded would be useless in any military operation.
Completely disabused of any warm feelings he may have had for the German Reich, and despondent over his failures, Casement received word that a rising was planned in Dublin for Easter week, which began on April 24 1916. He also learned that his American comrades had contracted for a German shipment of 20,000 rifles for the rebels’ use. Casement thought that a rising without broader German support was bound to fail. He apparently did not share the notions of Padraic Pearse that a blood sacrifice was required to redeem Ireland’s honour. He hoped to persuade the rising’s leaders not to proceed with their plans. He even sent a messenger to Dublin with instructions to cancel the rising, but the envoy failed to appear. Yet Casement thought that, whatever their decision or their fate, his place was by the side of his insurgent compatriots. He thus decided to accompany the weapons consignment and two comrades from his volunteer brigade aboard the submarine that was to take him to the Banna Strand, and then capture, trial and execution as a traitor to the crown.
Roger Casement’s trial for high treason opened on June 26 at London’s Old Bailey. Heading the prosecution was FE Smith (Lord Birkenhead), who had, from his position as a Tory MP, risen to the post of attorney general in part by fanning the flames of Protestant opposition to home rule; the man who now accused Casement of high treason for attempting to smuggle guns into Ireland was one of those who had earlier boasted about shipping rifles to Larne to arm the UVF in defiance of the law, and pledged to resist home rule by any means necessary, even if duly enacted by parliament.
The prosecution was at pains not to turn Casement into another martyr in Ireland’s cause, but rather to paint him as a man who had loyally served the crown and accepted its pension and highest honours, only to betray it to the German enemy in time of war. (He had, in fact, written to Sir Edward Grey, the British foreign minister, in 1914, offering to give up both.) Several witnesses from the German POW camp were produced to demonstrate that Casement had intended to recruit them to fight alongside Germany.
The trial and subsequent appeal against the death sentence took place at the height of anti-German feeling in Britain. The Battle of the Somme, the bloodiest of the war, began in France shortly after the trial, while Casement’s appeal was pending. Pro-war sentiment prevented some who had known him well - Joseph Conrad, and Roger’s one-time closest friend, Herbert Ward - from joining the campaign to save his life.
Help did arrive, however, from an unexpected quarter. Although a Dublin Protestant by origin, George Bernard Shaw had shown little inclination to involve himself in Irish politics. This time, though, he was moved to speak out for Casement, imagining what he would say if he had been in the dock in his place:
I am neither an Englishman nor a traitor; I am an Irishman, captured in a fair attempt to achieve the independence of my country; and you can no more deprive me of the honours of that position, or destroy the effects of my effort, than the abominable cruelties afflicted 600 years ago on William Wallace [a member of the lesser nobility in Scotland who fought against King Edward of England and was publicly hanged, drawn and quartered in London], in this city, when he met a precisely similar indictment with a precisely similar reply, have prevented that brave and honourable Scot from becoming the national hero of his country.10
But this bold line of defence was not the one that Casement’s chief barrister, Alexander (‘Serjeant’) Sullivan, an Irish lawyer who hoped to gain admittance to the English bar, chose to pursue. He instead prevailed upon Casement to accept a technical defence based upon an ambiguity in a statute from the reign of Edward III in 1351. The law defined treason as being “adherent to the king’s enemies in his realm or elsewhere”. Sullivan argued that the law did not apply to his client because the treasonable acts of which he was accused took place not in Britain, but Germany, outside the king’s realm. The judges threw out this interpretation, reaffirming a precedent that a comma could be read into the Norman-French text between the words “realm” and “or elsewhere”, meaning that the clause was intended to refer to where the acts were committed, not where the enemies were. Casement later quipped that he had been sentenced to “hang on a comma”.
Casement spoke from the dock after Sullivan’s weak legalistic defence had obviously collapsed, and his fate had been sealed. Stating that what he was about to read was “addressed not to this court, but to my own countrymen”, he went on to challenge the authority of the crown court to judge and pass sentence upon him: “If I did wrong in making an appeal to Irishmen to join with me in an effort to fight for Ireland, it is by Irishmen, and by them alone, I can be rightfully judged.”11
He went on:
We are told that if Irishmen go by the thousand to die, not for Ireland, but for Flanders, for Belgium, for a patch of sand on the deserts of Mesopotamia, or a rocky trench on the heights of Gallipoli, they are winning self-government for Ireland. But if they dare to lay down their lives on their native soil, if they dare to dream even that freedom can be won only at home by men resolved to fight for it there, then they are traitors to their country .…
If it be treason to fight against such an unnatural fate as this, then I am proud to be a rebel, and shall cling to my ‘rebellion’ with the last drop of my blood. If there be no right of rebellion against a state of things that no savage tribe would endure without resistance, then I am sure that it is better for men to fight and die without right than to live in such a state of right as this. Where men must beg with bated breath for leave to subsist in their own land, to think their own thoughts, to sing their own songs, to garner the fruits of their own labours - and, even while they beg, to see things inexorably withdrawn from them - then surely it is braver, a saner and a truer thing, to be a rebel against such circumstances as these than tamely to accept it as the natural lot of men.12
Casement converted to Catholicism days before his death. The hangman, John Ellis, wrote in his memoirs that he was “the bravest man it fell to my unhappy lot to execute”.13
Casement in history
Leftwing writers have tended, quite rightly, to mark the centenary of the Easter Rising by emphasising the role of its single revolutionary socialist martyr, James Connolly, and the socially and economically progressive ideas of some of its other leaders. And, while Casement was certainly no reactionary, it is clear from his final speech, and from other writings, that he thought almost exclusively in national, as opposed to class, terms. He had no personal experience of the class struggle, and was not enough of an intellectual to act from any broad theoretical outlook.
Yet his wide human sympathies are clearly in evidence. One of the few generalisations from his experience was recorded while visiting the US, contemplating the fate of native Americans:
… you had life - your white destroyers only possess things. That is the vital distinction, I take it, between the ‘savage’ and the civilised man. The savage is; the white man has. The one lives and moves to be; the other toils and dies to have.14
Casement’s experiences of ‘uncivilised’ peoples had obviously awakened him to possibilities of human existence other than the narrow ways of his class and tribe. He was an Irish nationalist, but also a citizen of the world, for whom humanity was not an exclusively European, much less British, club. The possible relation between his rejection of prevailing political attitudes and his departure from prescribed norms of male sexual conduct can only be a matter of speculation.
Irish history holds an important lesson in human universality. The fact that, before the European powers fastened the colonial yoke around the necks of tens of millions of peoples of colour, one white European nation subjected to the same kinds of barbarities, and imposed similar notions of innate inferiority, upon another people every bit as white as they were, constitutes an historical refutation of the notion that imperialism has anything intrinsically to do with the colour of one’s skin. In the first decades of the 20th century, the Irish began a fight against imperialism in Europe itself, on the doorstep of its preeminent colonial power - a fight that prefigured, and gave impetus to the many struggles that were to come in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
More than any of the martyrs of Easter Week, Roger Casement personified the bond between European and third-world struggles for emancipation. The reasons why the custodians of empire reviled him in his time - that he was a traitor to his colonial-settler caste, and to his empire in the midst of one of history’s greatest and most senseless slaughters - are precisely the reasons why he should be honoured on the centenary of his sacrifice.
Jim Creegan may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
1. Quoted in B Inglis Roger Casement New York 1973, pp382-83.
2. Quoted in C Tóibin, ‘The tragedy of Roger Casement’ New York Review of Books May 27 2004.
3. Quoted in ‘The dream of the Celt by Mario Vargas Llosa - review’ The Guardian June 8 2012.
4. A Hochschild King Leopold’s ghost New York.
5. Quoted in Wikipedia entry on Roger Casement.
6. Quoted in B Inglis Roger Casement New York 1973, p201.
7. Quoted in ibid p253.
8. Ibid p268.
9. Ibid p277.
10. Ibid p328.
11. ‘Casement’s speech from the dock’, reproduced in ibid p405.
12. Ibid pp410-11.
13. Ibid p370.
14. Original emphases, B Inglis Roger Casement New York 1973, p263.
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Delaying improved energy requirements in the Building Code has real household impacts.
The National Construction Code influences the energy efficiency of new buildings and major renovations. Improved building energy efficiency presents a win-win-win solution. It can deliver lower bills and reduced burden on the electricity grid and greater resilience to temperature extremes. It can also deliver healthier, more comfortable spaces for people to live and work.
New construction adds up fast: More than half of the buildings expected to be standing in 2050 will be built after the next update of the Code in 2019.
The Building Code Energy Performance Trajectory Project is an industry-led initiative seeking improvements to the energy requirements in the Code. This Interim Report presents preliminary results, focusing on short-term improvements to residential requirements.
It found that just three years’ delay could lock in an estimated $1.1 billion in unnecessary energy bills for the projected half a million homes that will be built in the meantime, and 3 million tonnes of additional emissions to 2050.
The interim report was released by project partners ASBEC and Climateworks Australia in February 2018.
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Rev. Richard Cordley, Ll. D., during a period of nearly forty years minister of the Plymouth Congregational Church at Lawrence, a victim of the Quantrill raid and somewhat known in public life, was born at Nottingham, England, September 6, 1829. When he was about four years of age he came with his parents to America, the family locating on a tract of Government land in Livingston County, Michigan, where Richard attended the pioneer public schools. In 1854 he graduated from the University of Michigan and in 1857 from the Andover Theological Seminary. On December 2, 1857, he preached his first sermon in the Plymonth Congregational Church at Lawrence, Kansas, where he remained as pastor until 1875, when he went to Flint, Michigan, for awhilc, after which he was pastor of a church at Emporia, Kansas, for six years. In 1884 he returned to Lawrence and continued as pastor of the Plymouth Church until his death, which ocenrred on July 11, 1904. At the time of the Quantrill raid, August 21, 1863, his house and all its contents were burned, and he was one of the persons marked for death, but he managed to elude the guerrillas. Mr. Cordley was several times a member of the National Council of Congregational Churches. In 1871 he was elected president of Washington College, but declined the office. Three years later the University of Kansas conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Divinity. He served for some time as a regent of the Kansas Agricultural College, and was for several years president of the Lawrence Board of Education. He was the author of “Pioneer Days in Kansas” and a “History of Lawrence,” and was a contributor to magazines and church periodieals.
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What makes Leakbusters different?
‘You made the impossible happen’ – Veolia Water Plc
We are the UK’s Original Leak Detection Specialist, a family company business.
Unlike other companies we only specialise in all types of Leak Detection, this means we only focus on looking for hidden leaks, nothing else.
We have developed and created our own unique leak detection methods which we even have a TradeMark™ registered at The Patent Office.
We cover the UK and Scotland working directly for the Public, Commercial Organisations, Public Authorities and Schools.
We are approved by most Insurance Companies and Loss Adjusters
Our Unique Leak Detection methods
Flir™ Thermal Imaging Survey – using a military application thermal imaging technology we can locate water and moisture ingress. This is a clever piece of technology which is great for looking for moisture and/or water ingress into the building fabric of properties including flat roofs
ZECT® Tracer Agent Survey™ – we inject this safe nontoxic leak tracing agent into pipe work, the agent will escape and come up through the building fabric
we think it’s the best leak detection tool ever
LabTech Analysis® – where appropriate we will carry out water analysis to find out what’s in the water so we can help identify a probable source
MoistureMap Survey® – All water leaks and moisture ingress leave a hidden moisture trial, we can identify the trial which provides in most instances the flow, direction of the ingress and also the temperature, we then compare the temperature of the moisture ingress with that of the surrounding area to build up a picture of the leak location
Soundfind© Acoustic Survey – our electronic microphones enhance and amplify the sound of the leak, which our engineer can then locate.
LeakSeeker® Survey – Leakseeker® devices are connected to two ends of a suspected pipe. The devices then send sound waves down the pipe to each other, the sound waves then meet at the point of leakage. The devices then send the information via Bluetooth to a PC informing our engineer where the leak is located.
SeeSnake® survey – We have endoscopes for looking into very small inaccessible locations.
Miracle’s……We Try Harder
Our surveys are non-destructive and non-evasive.
Ian Puddick has been a Plumbing and Heating Expert Adviser to:
Word from the boss
Finding hidden leaks and defects in building fabric is often a complex job, there is no such thing as a ‘leak detection machine’ that we simply turn up, plug it in and it tells us where the problem (or problems are, as you may you have more than one leak or issue), that technology does not exist.
Finding leaks is a bit like a jigsaw, we carry out a series of different unique surveys, each survey provides us with a unique piece of information, we simply then use our experience and the various results to build up a picture of what is causing the problem or problems.
Please call me to discuss your leak problems, I would be delighted to help and provide technical and non-technical advice.
‘A team you can trust’ The Evening Standard’
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What are two of the most common methods of destroying FBI CJI data
1) shredding using [Agency Name] issued shredders.
2) placed in locked shredding bins for [private contractor name] to come on-site and shred, witnessed by [Agency Name] personnel throughout the entire process..
What is CJI data
CJI refers to all of the FBI’s CJIS-provided data necessary for law enforcement agencies to perform their mission and enforce the laws. … It also includes FBI’s CJIS-provided data necessary for civil agencies to perform their mission, including data used to make hiring decisions.
Which is not allowed in the securities file
Securities File – serial numbered identifiable securities which have been stolen, embezzled, counterfeited or are missing. This file does not include personal notes, checks, credit cards or coins.
How many fingerprints a day can Iafis handle
48,000 fingerprintsIAFIS was designed to handle a large volume of fingerprint checks against a large database of fingerprints. The IAFIS processes, on average, approximately 48,000 fingerprints per day and has processed as many as 82,000 in a single day.
Is information obtained from the III considered CHRI
Information obtained from the Interstate Identification Index (III) is considered CHRI. Rules governing the access, use, and dissemination of CHRI are found in Title 28, Part 20, CFR. The III shall be accessed only for an authorized purpose.
What are CJIS requirements
Some basic rules include:A limit of 5 unsuccessful login attempts by a user accessing CJIS.Event logging various login activities, including password changes.Weekly audit reviews.Active account management moderation.Session lock after 30 minutes of inactivity.More items…
What shows up on NCIC background check
NCIC is a computerized index of criminal justice information (i.e.- criminal record history information, fugitives, stolen properties, missing persons). It is available to Federal, state, and local law enforcement and other criminal justice agencies and is operational 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
Who is responsible for NCIC system security
FBIFBI is the manager of the system, they help maintain the integrity of the system though: 1 ) automatic computer edits which rejects records with certain common types of errors in the data entered.
How many fingerprints are in the FBI database
IAFIS houses the fingerprints and criminal histories of 70 million subjects in the criminal master file, 31 million civil prints and fingerprints from 73,000 known and suspected terrorists processed by the U.S. or by international law enforcement agencies.
What is a CJIS Systems Agency
The CJIS Systems Agency (CSA) is. [a] duly authorized state, federal, international, tribal, or territorial criminal justice agency on the CJIS network providing statewide (or equivalent) service to its criminal justice users with respect to the CJI from various systems managed by the FBI CJIS Division.
What is a Cjis report
CJIS overview The Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division of the US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) gives state, local, and federal law enforcement and criminal justice agencies access to criminal justice information (CJI) — for example, fingerprint records and criminal histories.
Can I do an NCIC check on myself
Can you get a FREE NCIC background check? Yes, most non-profit volunteer-based organizations might get a FBI background check performed at the local police agency.
How do I get NCIC certified
Given the large amount of confidential crime data contained in its systems, NCIC requires all NCIC operators and all sworn law enforcement personnel to undergo the NCIC training and certification course. The course concludes with an open book written examination which includes a practical performance assessment.
Who is responsible for NCIC records
The NCIC has been an information sharing tool since 1967. It is maintained by the Criminal Justice Information Services Division (CJIS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and is interlinked with federal, tribal, state, and local agencies and offices.
Which agency is notified when you get a hit on a protective interest file record
When an inquiry results in a hit on a PIF record, the inquiring agency receives a caveat providing direction on how to handle the hit, and the agency that entered the original record receives a notification of the hit.
Is Microsoft Azure CJIS compliance
Microsoft continues to work with state governments to enter into CJIS Information Agreements. Microsoft’s commitment to meeting the applicable CJIS regulatory controls help criminal justice organizations be compliant with the CJIS Security Policy when implementing cloud-based solutions. … Azure Government.
Is AWS CJIS compliance
AWS is an attractive environment for regulated data, including Criminal Justice Information (CJI) subject to the Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Security Policy. AWS customers have used the AWS cloud for a wide range of sensitive federal and state government workloads, including CJI data.
Who is responsible for compliance with the FBI CJIS security policy
The state CJIS Systems Agency (CSA) is responsible for compliance with the FBI CJIS security policy.
Who is responsible for NCIC system security quizlet
Responsibility for system security and dissemination of information rests with the local agency.
What CHRI includes
As defined at 28 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), § 20.3, CHRI means information collected by criminal justice agencies on individuals consisting of identifiable descriptions and notations of arrests, detentions, indictments, informations, or other formal criminal charges, and any disposition arising therefrom, …
What database does FBI use
Federal DNA Database UnitThe Federal DNA Database Unit (FDDU) serves the greater forensic community by aiding investigations through hit confirmations against individuals whose profiles are in the National DNA Index System (NDIS). Agencies submit blood or buccal samples to the unit from individuals who are required by law to do so.
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Apostlebird Struthidea cinerea Apostlebird. Photo: John Gitsham Apostlebirds are found in garrulous groups of from 3-20 birds. Many of these are about twelve in number, hence the common name. They are ground feeders living mainly on seeds and insects, but will also take leaves, shoots, small mammals and the eggs of birds. Apostlebird They are co-operative breeders with one breeding pair, the rest of the group being helpers. Breeding occurs in the spring and summer (from August to February). They build a mud nest similar but smaller, than that of White-winged Choughs, being a mud bowl reinforced with grass and twigs. The group is sedentary during the breeding season but otherwise wanders over a larger home range. Description Apostlebirds are medium-sized, grey, dumpy birds with a longish, rounded tail, short wings burnished dark brown, and a sturdy finch-like, black beak. Sexes are alike. Where to find it Apostlebirds thrive in a wide variety of arid and semi-arid woodlands. In South Australia, they are mainly to be found in such habitats from the Flinders and Mid-north regions, west to the Victorian border and north of the Murray River. Some groups are also found in the upper Eyre Peninsula and Gawler Ranges.
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Project Pickled Egg - Part 5
So what about Yorkshire? Another staple in the current larder and a method learned first or second by the vast majority of those who set out to ring Surprise Major.
Unlike with Cambridge, the jury did not spend much time deliberating on the merits of Yorkshire. In fact there was hardly a bad word said about it.
Arguments for Yorkshire’s inclusion based on the selection criteria are:
• It introduces a different Cambridge above method (i.e. Cambridge above the treble) with the same lead end order and so is a relatively easy way of being able to know another method. Ringers do find it quite difficult at first to even ring two methods in spliced so adding an easy one is beneficial.
• Yorkshire becomes a very useful method on higher numbers for inexperienced bands so getting to know it on eight is helpful
• Reasonably musical plain course which extends well to higher numbers
• Virtually every other ringer who knows at least two Surprise Major method knows it so it is very accessible
• Relatively easy to learn
One consultee who is relatively new to learning Surprise Major methods put it like this: “really useful, because so many other things are Yorkshire-y in one way or another. It teaches lots of transferrable skills, and you're probably going to get a rock-steady band to ring round you.” Which is in fact as much an argument for learning it first not second! Short Yorkshire places (dodge place place dodge) are very common in other methods whereas long Cambridge places are rare.
The point about Yorkshire being useful on higher numbers for inexperienced bands is because bells stay in coursing order below and above the treble in Yorkshire whereas they don’t in Cambridge. This may not seem very important or even noticeable on 8, but it does become more noticeable the more bells you ring on – keeping course bells together above and below the treble makes the method easier to ring and easier to conduct.
As this week’s article is relatively short, I would like to say something about the way the line of Cambridge last week and line of Yorkshire this week have been presented. When David Marshall produced his ‘Criblines’ books in the early 1980s, he only showed Surprise Major lines going to the pivot, and indicated the place bells either going up or down the line. So Cambridge and Yorkshire lines start at 2nds place bell and are drawn until the pivot point half way through 3rds place bell. This is the point of reflective symmetry of the line. 2nds 6ths 7ths and 3rds place bells are indicated as going down the line, while 4ths 8ths and 5ths go up. Being able to learn only half of the complete line and then reverse it is a very useful skill, which gets easier with practice.
Even if you cannot do the reversal of the line in your head, knowing the pairs of place bells (5ths is the opposite of 2nds, 8ths is the opposite of 6ths) is really helpful.
I am proposing therefore that Cambridge and Yorkshire retain their places in the larder. Next week I will look at the first method proposed for Project Pickled Egg which is not in the current Standard 8 – a visit to the deli counter!
- The Ringing World, No 5575, 2 March 2018, pg 196.
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Have you ever entered a contest, only to wonder what became of your entry once it was processed? Did you wonder who the winner of the contest was? Half a century ago artists across the country were pondering these very questions. They had entered the 1962 Battle of Gettysburg stamp design contest. The contest closed October 1, 1962. In the months that followed, contestants anxiously wrote to the Postmaster General’s special assistant of public relations and philately, James F. Kelleher, for any information on the outcome of the contest.
The inspiration for the Battle of Gettysburg design contest was the culmination of several compelling factors. For decades, the Post Office Department (POD) had been petitioned by customers to create a commemorative stamp of the Civil War.
While a quote from The Gettysburg Address had been included in a 1948 stamp, as the centennial of the war drew near, the POD had not yet planned a stamp memorializing it. Thus, in 1958, a 41-stamp program was proposed to the Centennial Civil War Commission and Postmaster General Arthur E. Summerfield’s Citizens Stamp Advisory Committee (CSAC). The Commission approved the program. CSAC, however, found the size of the program to be impractical and the commemoration of battles to be unwise. Instead, they recommended the creation of a stamp that emphasized “‘unity through sacrifice.’”¹ The program was shelved.
Meanwhile, a call for improved design in U.S. stamps was gaining momentum. American art had recently contributed Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art and Minimalism to the international dialogue. Critics wished to raise the caliber of design in the stamp program, as well. Among the suggestions for improving the designs were an open design competition – encouraging a wider pool of talent and a closed design competition – involving a group of pre-screened artists.²
In January 1961, a new Postmaster General, J. Edward Day, took office. Keen to appease political and public demands, he immediately revisited the Civil War commemorative stamp program. He and Kelleher swiftly whittled the program down to five stamps, one stamp for each of the five centennial Civil War years. They selected the first and last battles of the war and one significant event for each of the intervening years. With a reduced program, they easily won the approval of CSAC. An embroiled Centennial Civil War Commission* had little choice but to agree to the program. Day and Kelleher, then, turned to improving stamp design.
In May 1962, Postmaster General Day announced the competition for the design of the third stamp in the series, Battle of Gettysburg. The contest was open to artists and art students in the United States. A general news item was sent to all newspapers, the philatelic press, the American Association of Museums and American Institute of Architects. Posters advertising the contest were placed in postal lobbies, art societies, college art departments, and technical schools. Letters were mailed to those on the Post Office Department’s philatelic mailing list. After taking all of these measures, one employee stated that any designer who had not heard about the contest at this point “would have to be a complete hermit.”3
All those interested in competing, were instructed to request the official contest rules, by writing to Kelleher. The rules gave technical specifications and offered tips on entering a successful piece. One rule gave the dimensions required of the art. Another rule suggested that the contestants should, “familiarize themselves with the Battle of Gettysburg.” A third rule stated, “[A] sealed envelope containing the contestant’s name should be affixed to the back of each entry.” According to the pamphlet, multiple submissions were allowed. There were twenty-two rules in total.
Approximately 3000 Contest Rules pamphlets were distributed. 955 completed entries were submitted.4 When CSAC convened for its fall session, it deliberated on the submissions. After the difficult task of choosing ten final pieces, the winning image was a grey Confederate soldier clashing with a blue Union soldier. When they opened the attached envelopes, it revealed the winner, Roy Gjertson, had submitted, not one, but two of the final pieces. Finalists of this contest were asked to compete in a closed competition for the fourth design in the Civil War series, entitled The Wilderness.5
On February 10, 1963, the Post Office Department ran an article in This Week Magazine, a Sunday newspaper supplement, asking the American public to vote on their favorite design. The final design selected by CSAC, although second in the public poll, garnered only half as many votes as the depiction by Russell Hill of a hat on a battle-strewn field.6
News of the winner leaked on February 14 – three days before the official announcement date. The next day, articles criticized the misspelling of “centennial” on the piece. The Post Office Department responded, “the design was chosen for the artistic merit, and not for the correctness of the inscription.”7 Roy Gjertson’s intention was to “portray the unheroic face of war, to show war as a dirty business in which winner and loser are indistinguishable after a battle.”8 Still, as CSAC had earlier predicted, an illustration of the battle, upset many. Nevertheless, the stamp was printed, with spelling corrected, and the first day of issue ceremony occurred at Gettysburg on July 1, 1963.
Gjertson’s final stamp design, along with 299 more Battle of Gettysburg designs, soon traveled to contemporary stamp shows as well as postal lobbies though out the country. Over the years, designs from this contest have been exhibited over and over. When not on exhibit, they were stored in the stamp archives at the Post Office Department (later United States Postal Service). Today, the designs reside within the Postmaster General’s Collection or in the Stamp Design Files of the Third Assistant Postmaster General's Office at the National Postal Museum. Some entries still have a sealed envelope on the back—an artist waiting to be discovered.
*The Centennial Civil War Commission had come under fire for its failure to schedule functions in non-segregated facilities. Because it was under such scrutiny, the Commission was, therefore, willing to agree to a reduced stamp program where it had once staunchly advocated for the 41-stamp program.
1) Faries, Belmont. “The Wilderness.” S. P. A. Journal Volume 27. Issue 1 (October, 1964): 99-105. Print.
2) Berdanier, Paul F., Jr., Designs For U. S. Stamps. New York: Stamp Specialist, 1941, 4. Print.
3) From a note entitled “How to publicize the Contest.” Third Assistant Postmaster General Stamp Design files, Smithsonian National Postal Museum Library.
4) Personal note, “Gettysburg Competition (Background)” folder. Third Assistant Postmaster General Stamp Design files, Smithsonian National Postal Museum Library.
5) Faries, Belmont. “The Wilderness.” S. P. A. Journal Volume 27. Issue 1 (October, 1964): 99-105. Print.
6) From a memorandum written on February 14, 1963, by Brian S. Butler and Alan I. Goldstein, documenting the votes tabulated. Third Assistant Postmaster General Stamp Design files, Smithsonian National Postal Museum Library.
7) "Name Winner of Design for Commemorative G-burg Stamp." The Gettysburg Times 15, Feb. 1963: 1+. Print.
8) Piggin, Julia R. “The Gettysburg Winner.” This Week Magazine 17 Feb. 1963: 5. Print.
“Name Winner of Design for Commemorative G-burg Stamp.”The Gettysburg Times 15, Feb. 1963: 1+. Print.
Berdanier, Paul F., Jr., Designs For U. S. Stamps. New York: Stamp Specialist, 1941. Print.
Faries, Belmont. “Gettysburg Design Finalists.” The Sunday Star 10 Feb. 1963: C-7. Print.
Faries, Belmont. “The Wilderness.” S. P. A. Journal Volume 27. Issue 1 (October, 1964): 99-105. Print.
Piggin, Julia R. “The Gettysburg Winner.” This Week Magazine17 Feb. 1963: 5. Print.
Sopkin, Charles. “Which Stamp Wins ‘The Battle of Gettysburg?’” This Week Magazine 10 Feb. 1963: 10+. Print.
Personal note, “Gettysburg Competition (Background)” folder. Third Assistant Postmaster General Stamp Design files, Smithsonian National Postal Museum Library.
From a note entitled “How to publicize the Contest:.” Third Assistant Postmaster General Stamp Design files, Smithsonian National Postal Museum Library.
From a letter to This Week Magazine editor, George Kabusk, from James F. Kelleher, January 23, 1963, discussing a potential leak. Third Assistant Postmaster General Stamp Design files, Smithsonian National Postal Museum Library.
From a memorandum written on February 14, 1963, by Brian S. Butler and Alan I. Goldstein, documenting the votes tabulated. Third Assistant Postmaster General Stamp Design files, Smithsonian National Postal Museum Library.
Written by Annette Shumway
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Twenty-five years ago, Congress passed the most enhancing act known as the Violence Against Women Act or VAWA. It was a landmark piece of legislation that totally changed the criminal justice system and how it has been responding to crimes. It was an act that supported the survivors and victims of sexual assault and domestic violence. VAWA always represented a critical step ahead and has been providing for a solid foundation for building upon. It has developed with various effective interventions. It was the first federal policy which was dedicated towards creation of a framework for addressing the various types of gender-biased violence like sexual assault, domestic violence, stalking and dating violence. VAWA has been always known for new improvements in its system for strengthening up the protections for the victims. Since, 1994, VAWA went through three reauthorization process for incorporating new provisions in the act.
Growth of VAWA into a holistic style of approach for gender-biased violence
VAWA created the first mechanism of federal structure for addressing IPV. The provisions of VAWA were recognized as the fulfiller of the direst need. VAWA not only strengthened up the criminal laws but also provided funding in order to enhance the enforcements. It was found that VAWA built up a long-awaited successful criminal justice effort for ending all forms of injustice and violence against women. In the early days, there have been various warnings about VAWA’s disproportionate reliance on the enforcement act. There was no form of balanced investment in prevention and social services. In the year 1998, the National Organization of Women noted out in Congress with full support on VAWA that enforcement of laws was not the only solution. It was also necessary to opt for education, training, intervention and research programs for addressing the social problems of sexual assault and domestic violence with full effectiveness.
VAWA reauthorization of 2019
Congress went for reauthorization of the VAWA on April 4, 2019. It will be reauthorized again for five years. The program is meant to be improved with the expansion of eligibility for assistance and by improving funding for granting the various programs. Since its inception in 1994, it has been found that over $7 billion have sent to the local and state Governments for facilitating various programs. The programs included prevention of sexual assault, domestic violence and dating violence. VAWA was last reauthorized in the year 2013. After almost 6 years, it is going in for reauthorization.
The reauthorization of VAWA of 2019 will last up to 2024. The program will be reformed in a number of ways including:
- Expansion of services, officers, training and prosecutors VAWA grants for including additional community resources. It is being done for responding to the incidences of domestic violence in a faster way.
- Increase in grants for combating the violent crimes on campuses. It will range between $12 million to $16 million annually.
- Expanding and preserving the house protections for the victims and survivors.
- Enhancement of law enforcement tools and safeguarding the office of VAWA within the US Department of Justice.
Since its inception in 1994, VAWA has been successful in establishing a vital and nonexistent infrastructure that responds in the best way to sexual assaults, domestic violence, stalking and dating violence. The Federal Government should not shy away from their serious works for improvement of the gender-biased violence. VAWA needs to be reauthorized in such a way that properly maintains the measures of enforcement. Similarly, it should expand its investment for prevention and services for the survivors and victims. Congress needs to continue with its work for the comprehensive approaches towards ending violence against all women.
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AutoScoring – baby steps
Automatic computer analysis (or autoscoring) of crystallisation images is somewhat of a Holy Grail in crystallisation. After trying a number of different approaches to autoscoring, we are now collaborating with Patrick Hop of DeepCrystal to use a deep learning approach to image classification. The DeepCrystal analysis leads to a set of 13 probability vectors (which sum to 100%). The 13 classifications that are used by DeepCrystal don’t map onto the 16 scores that users can assign to an image, so although we save all 13 vectors, we use empirically derived cutoffs to find images likely to contain either crystals, or that are clear. These are then presented to users via See3 as autoscore “crystal” or “clear”. Autoscored crystal images have a pink border around them, and Autoscored clear images have a grey border around them.
The empirical cutoffs were determined by using an ROC curve comparing DeepCrystal scores with C3 scores for two sets of 12,000 images. To get a true positive rate of 80% (80% of images scored by a human as ‘crystals’ are autoscored as ‘Crystal’) we estimate we currently have a false positive rate of 40% (40% of the autoscored ‘Crystal’ images will not contain crystals). We have set the bar a little differently for autoscoring ‘Clear’ – a lower true positive rate but a correspondingly lower false positive rate.
Both user- and auto-scored images are used in the ‘Sort by Score’ option in See3. User scores are always presented before autoscores.
If the option of ‘Last User Score’ is selected on the Score pulldown menu, then only user scores are used to order images. Depending on when user scores were created, this can give unexpected results. The same plate as shown above is shown below, but this time with the ‘Last User Score’ as well as the ‘Sort By Score’ option selected.
This work is being done with Chris Watkins of CSIRO’s scientific computing team.
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After the Supreme Court struck down New York’s tough rules for issuing concealed carry permits last month, overturning firearms laws across several large and heavily urban blue states, many Democrats predicted the decision would unleash new mayhem on their streets.
New York Mayor Eric Adams—who as a candidate told a podcast he would personally pack heat while in office—said at a press conference that the SCOTUS decision “made every single one of us less safe” and vowed that “we cannot let New York become the Wild West.” California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the ruling was “a dark day in America.” Left-leaning pundits were similarly aghast: Ryan Cooper of the American Prospect invoked as a grim portent a recent shootout on Philadelphia’s crowded South Street nightlife corridor involving two licensed concealed carriers.
But these sorts of reactions actually miss the real danger posed by the ruling. While some research suggests that more permissive laws on carrying guns in public lead to more violence, the mechanism is subtler than a rise in shootouts as people take their safety into their own hands. In fact, even in places that have had laws on the books enshrining a right to carry, defensive gun use remains very rare. Instead, these laws foster a proliferation of guns that then get lost or stolen, supplying a black market. So-called good guys with guns almost never have cause to actually use their weapons, and so they get careless, inadvertently supplying the “bad guys.”
In other words, the court’s ruling could lead to more violence, but not because licensed gun owners are about to turn Broadway into the O.K. Corral.
The court’s decision in New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen is unquestionably radical. While making it easier to challenge future gun control legislation, the justices for the first time established a constitutional right to defend yourself with a firearm in public, throwing out long-standing laws in some of the country’s most populous states—including New York and California—that required gun owners to demonstrate a compelling need, such as work in a field that required carrying lots of cash or being the target of threats, before getting a concealed carry permit.
These sorts of statutes were known as “may issue” laws because authorities retained discretion over whether to approve permits for carrying weapons in public. In contrast, many states have “shall issue” laws on the books, which dictate that anyone who meets basic criteria can automatically get a permit. (Permitless carry states take the most extreme approach and do not regulate the practice at all.)
But while the ruling may be radical as a constitutional matter, the reality is that most of the country already lives under the sort of “shall issue” legal regime the Supreme Court is now imposing, and public defensive gun uses—or DGUs, as experts call them—remain very rare. Licensed gun owners simply don’t open fire in public very often.
That’s not to say it never happens. Getting a sense of the scale of the phenomenon is fraught, however. Estimates range from an astounding 2.5 million defensive gun uses annually, according to a heavily criticized but oft-cited early 1990s survey by criminologists Gary Kleck and Marc Gertz, down to a mere 70,040, according to more recent survey data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ National Crime Victimization Survey.
However many DGUs actually occur every year, it seems clear few gun owners use their weapons to protect themselves in public. A 2021 survey by Georgetown professor William English that estimated a relatively high number of DGUs still found that nearly 80 percent of these incidents occurred within the gun owner’s home or on their property, while only 9 percent happened in public. Meanwhile, the National Firearms Survey conducted in 2015 by scholars at Northeastern and Harvard found that only 6 percent of the minority of gun owners who carry a handgun in public had themselves actually been threatened with a gun—the sort of thing that would in theory cause them to draw their own.
Strikingly, DGUs don’t even seem to have increased as states have loosened their laws around public carry. According to forthcoming research by Stanford Law School professor John Donohue—which was included in an amicus brief supporting New York law in Bruen—while the fraction of Americans living in states with “shall issue” or permitless carry laws has risen from under 30 percent in 1992 to over 60 percent in 2011, the share of crime victims who report defending themselves with a gun has remained a steady 0.9 percent through that entire period.
In some ways, these numbers are comforting; they suggest that licensed gun owners aren’t much of menace. On the other hand, they point to the absurdity of the entire ideology built around concealed carry, which promotes a caricature of criminality where responsible “good guys with guns” need to defend themselves from “bad guys” lying in wait to prey on sheeplike unarmed strangers. But that’s not what most gun crime actually looks like. More often, shootings are the results of escalating interpersonal disputes in places where many people are already armed. In the cases of the mass shootings that the NRA argues would be mitigated by concealed carriers, most look like the recent July 4 massacre in Highland Park, Illinois, where a gunman armed with a rifle far more powerful than anything a concealed carrier might pack committed the crime faster than most people can react. A typical legal concealed carrier is preparing to respond to a threat that most likely doesn’t actually exist or far outmatches even trained police officers.
What’s more, while there is disagreement among experts on the issue, some of the most high-quality recent research has found that tighter gun laws, including tighter standards for concealed carry, are associated with lower levels of gun homicide compared with looser gun regulations. It’s just that the role concealed carrying itself plays in this dynamic has long been unclear, considering that few people who go armed in public actually use their weapons as they expect to.
Studies of violent or criminal behavior by concealed carry permit holders are thin. States like North Carolina revoke thousands of the licenses every year, but according to an analysis by the New York Times, the vast majority of revocations are for offenses like drunk driving rather than acts of violence. A study comparing the criminal records of Texas concealed carry licensees (back when the state actually required a license to carry) found that while permit holders were generally much less likely to be convicted of crimes than were nonholders, those who carry and commit crimes are disproportionately likely to have engaged in very serious offenses like sex crimes or an offense involving a weapon.
What seems more important is that states with more permissive gun laws also have more guns, period, and vice versa. Prior to the Supreme Court’s ruling, only nine states had discretionary “may issue” licensing laws: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island. These states also accounted for nine out of the bottom 10 states for rates of gun ownership, and generally had low homicide rates. The states with the highest homicide rates, meanwhile, typically have loose gun laws and high levels of gun ownership. These are deep-seated cultural practices that stretch back centuries and can’t be totally explained by regulations. But loosening the rules around carrying encourages a further proliferation of firearms, which can then fall into the wrong hands.
Indeed, according to a new National Bureau of Economic Research working paper by Donohue along with colleagues at Stanford Law School and Duke University, laws that cement a right to carry guns in public have massive unintended consequences: More guns in public means more lost and stolen guns, which supply a criminal black market, and laws enshrining the right to carry weapons sap the ability of police to actually investigate gun crimes. Right to carry laws are associated with a stunning 35 percent increase in gun thefts, a 13 percent decline in violent crime clearance rates, and as a result, a 29 percent increase in firearm crime, especially robberies. Ostensibly law-abiding gun owners, like those who would automatically get the right to carry a gun in public in a post-Bruen world, can make America a more violent place even if they aren’t actually acting out Bernard Goetz fantasies.
Ultimately, the research suggests that neither pro-gun advocates who champion “good guys with guns” as the solution to crime nor anti-gun liberals who fear more concealed carriers will whip out their Glocks really have an accurate picture of how legal guns create harm. “The public has been too focused on the simple narrative of the good guy with a gun,” said Donohue. “One side likes that and the other thinks, ‘Do we really want someone pulling out a gun?’ They’re focused narrowly on the guy with the permit. What I’m saying with this paper is, let’s broaden the aperture a bit. That’s just a small part of the consequence of these laws.”
Looked at a certain way, Donahue’s findings might offer some hope for New Yorkers and Californians who are now worried for their safety. The Supreme Court may be able to undo historically long-standing gun restrictions like New York’s “may issue” concealed carry laws. But far-right justices can’t induce a cultural sea change around guns in places where the idea of carrying a concealed weapon remains very fringe—and that, in turn, might mean these states won’t see a flood of new weapons entering into circulation. Even among New Yorkers who favor the ruling, there is strong doubt that the court has just opened the floodgates of public carry, as one Queens shooting range owner told the local NPR affiliate. Indeed, 72 percent of New York gun owners told pollsters that they actually hoped the Supreme Court would uphold the “may issue” law. Hopefully, the state is not about to become Texas on the Hudson.
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10 Questions to Ask When Developing Place-based Learning Experiences
by Gregory Smith, Professor of Education, Lewis & Clark College
he March 19, 2014 Oregonian included an article about two math teachers at Benson High School in Portland who have created a course they call Tech Geometry that requires students to apply their emerging mathematical understandings to projects that have social value. They combine work in the classroom with work in a spacious auto shop where they use what they’ve learned about triangles, the Pythagorean theorem, or trigonometric functions to design and construct a 120-foot structure for the otherwise homeless residents of Portland’s Dignity Village or a playhouse for Escuela-Viva, a nearby bilingual preschool.
The class is an example of place- and community-based education. This approach to teaching and learning involves finding ways to give young people a chance to use their emerging academic knowledge and skills to make positive contributions to their community. The result is almost always engaged students, energized teachers, and enthusiastic community members. Learning becomes meaningful as the boundaries between classroom and the world beyond are reduced, students understand the value of what they’re learning, and tax-paying citizens come to see public school as an institution that gives back as well as takes.
Developing lessons or units that incorporate these possibilities can serve as an important motivation for student learning. Even with today’s emphasis on instruction driven by standards and tests, teachers in school districts around the United States and other countries are finding ways to integrate opportunities for applied learning outside the classroom into their work with students. Teachers successful in moving in this direction start small with projects that easily connect to curriculum requirements and have a strong likelihood of success. To guide their efforts, they often consider the following questions:
1. What local topics, issues, or projects are likely to be meaningful for students and give them an opportunity to participate in learning activities that others will value?
2. What aspects of the required curriculum are related to this issue or project? List specific subtopics that students might explore, including those related to other subject areas.
3. What four or five overarching questions might guide your students’ study?
4. What specific learning standards would this topic or project enable you to address?
5. How will you assess student learning? List possible strategies, including some culminating projects. Discuss how you will scaffold the learning that students need.
6. What community partners might you bring into the classroom to help teach this unit or to support activities outside of school?
7. What field studies, monitoring, or other inquiry activities might students become involved with in their neighborhood, community, or region?
8. What community needs might students address as part of this unit or project? What service learning opportunities does it afford? How might you publicize the contributions that students make?
9. How might students become involved in community governance activities related to this project? How could they participate in data gathering, reporting, or other forms of public participation, such as organizing meetings or planning community events?
10. What creative possibilities in the fields of art, music, dance, film, or theater relate to this project? What about vocational opportunities or internships?
More than anything, implementing place- and community-based education requires a shift of perspective and the willingness to see learning opportunities in something other than textbooks, computer programs, or laboratory experiments whose end results are already known. By approaching the world beyond the school as a text filled with potential resources and needs, teachers can bring to their students the kinds of learning experiences that once lay at the heart of cultural transmission in earlier human societies, experiences that gave young people the chance to develop valued competencies and to perceive themselves as people able to contribute to the well-being of their community. When this happens, learning becomes not a chore but a means for realizing one’s identity and ability to make a positive difference in the lives of others.
Gregory Smith is a Professor Emeritus of Education at Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon. Contact him at email@example.com
This article originally appeared in TOST, the journal of the Oregon Science Teachers Association, June 2014.
Place-Based Education Northwest was formed following a suggestion from a participant at a two-day workshop about this educational approach in November, 2005. Its primary purpose has been to serve as a meeting place for people interested in making room for local knowledge and learning experiences in regional schools. The organization now meets twice-yearly in early December and May at Lewis & Clark College in Portland, Oregon. These gatherings have provided an opportunity for local educators who have adopted place-based approaches to share what they are doing with others. Meetings have also served as the springboard for the beginning of local workshops and Institutes about place-based education as well as presentations at regional conferences.
For more information about this network, go to the PBENW Blog at: http://placebasededucationnw.blogspot.com/p/history.html
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- This event has passed.
Laura Foster Nicholson: Scenes From The Carbon Border
March 4 @ 6:00 pm - April 18 @ 6:00 pmFree
From the hands of a young person in China, to a shipping container crossing the Suez Canal, to a semi-truck driver transporting containers cross country, to people at the big box or mom and pop who unload them, to everyone going to the stores to buy things. These are carbon borders we’ve created 一 our feet, our cars, trains, planes, streets, and sidewalks all in motion. These borders both connect and divide us.
Two years ago, driving from her home in New Harmony, Indiana to Chicago, artist Laura Foster Nicholson — a textile artist known for her handwoven tapestries — paused to notice the landscapes from our carbon borders. And the work she began creating then offers us — in this exhibition — a view of the path taken by the goods we purchase. This is often unseen and costs the world more than what’s listed on the price tag. And these carbon borders separate us from the people who made many of the items with which we live and adorn ourselves.
Nicholson noticed the cost to the environment and ultimately ourselves. She began incorporating these aspects in her works, calling attention to disasters and accidents along these borders, reminding us of the seen and unseen dangers of our way of life. “I watched the Wabash swell annually, frequently inundating the fields, sometimes filling basements, and once in a while warranting the efforts of the National Guard to sandbag around the New Harmony Inn. This past couple of weeks, texts have updated me regularly about extending the flash flood warning for the area,” says Nicholoson.
With this, we can pause to consider the invisible people and places behind items we consume and the inevitable disasters that result from the journeys. As each piece takes many hours to create, Nicholson’s work gives us access to our connectedness as humans instead of being based on consumerism and the whims of market research and algorithms. “As an artist, I am first visually inspired: the reflections in the water of these structures, foretelling the future, reflecting the past,” says Nicholoson.
This work reminds us that though we say the world has become smaller, we have become more distant from one another. No longer do we know all the hands that touched the objects we use to define ourselves. These tapestries are scenes from the carbon borders driven by our consumption and connecting us like the threads of her works.
Laura Foster Nicholson’s artwork is in several museum collections, including the Art Institute of Chicago, the Minneapolis Institute of Art, and the Denver Art Museum. With a BFA from Kansas City Art Institute and MFA from Cranbrook Academy of Art, she has lectured, taught, and exhibited in the US, Canada and Italy. She has been awarded an NEA fellowship, the Leone di Pietra prize at the Venice Biennale of Architecture, three Illinois Arts Council fellowships, and a grant from the Graham Foundation for Research in the Fine Arts. Most recently she was awarded the Dehaan Artist of Distinction grant.
Part of our Social Alchemy Project in partnership with University of Southern Indiana & The New Harmony Gallery of Contemporary Art- this exhibit was made possible by Indiana Humanities, Allen Whitehill Clowes Charitable Foundation, The Arts Council of Indianapolis, The City of Indianapolis, The Efroymson Family Fund and The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts.
Image: “Hanjin,” 2021. 31” x 43 ½”. Wool, mylar, cotton. Nicholson used “warming stripes” to indicate long term warming trends.
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We have detected that you are using an older browser, and therefore this site may not run properly for you. Please update your browser.
Our initial in-showroom consultation is focused on achieving an understanding of the scope of the project and “penciling out” a rough budget estimate. We express this initial estimate as a range from the minimum that we feel will be required to the maximum that we think might be reasonably spent. We use this meeting to share our ideas and discuss possible design alternatives while exploring “likes and dislikes” which will affect the direction the project takes. At this point we may ask for a nominal retainer before we move forward with the project.
The next step of the process takes place in the client’s home where we begin to develop a more detailed view of the project. In addition to taking pictures of the space, we take complete and precise field measurements. We investigate the electrical, mechanical, and structural systems to uncover any constraints which will affect the final design. We also use this opportunity to share with the client the best way to configure the space to seamlessly integrate with the rest of the home.
At this point our design work begins in earnest. Utilizing our CAD (Computer Aided Design) system we virtually create the space, exploring various layouts and design options. We explore different material selections to coordinate with the rest of the home and choices the client may have already made for the project. We also establish a “working budget” to track the costs of the project as we proceed.
At our next meeting, in our showroom, we present our designs using computer renderings to aid in visualizing how all the elements will work together and relate to the rest of the home. We discuss suggested materials, including cabinet door styles and finishes, countertops, tile, hardware, plumbing, and other elements needed to complete the project. We also present our initial labor estimates, reviewing all labor items required. Each step along the way, we update the working budget to reflect the cost of the choices being made. Because of the amount of detail involved, this phase may take several meetings.
Once the design is finalized and all product and material selections have been agreed upon, we re-visit the home with our contractor for a final bid meeting. We then make any necessary adjustments and execute a comprehensive contract which covers all materials and labor and specifies the deposit and progress payments required. Upon receipt of the deposit and execution of the contract, all material orders are placed.
The construction phase begins when all materials have been received and are available. Once construction has begun, we ask that our contractors stay on the job until completion. We visit the jobsite frequently to check progress, answer questions, and work closely with our contractor to resolve any issues that might arise during installation.
Planning and carrying out a remodel project can be a frustrating and anxiety-ridden experience. At Designers Point, we are aware of this and strive to provide a clear and transparent process which places you, our client, in full control. We work very hard so that all you have to do is enjoy the results.
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Visitors to the Four Corners are often blown away by our outstanding skies. This month I have been blown away too, but that has been from the all-too-often red flag conditions in the afternoon. Unfortunately, during most evenings the “seeing,” or how astronomers describe the stability of the atmosphere for stargazing, has been terrible as a result of these conditions.
In addition to the turbulence from the wind, there is also the dust and smoke that comes with it. If you haven’t noticed, dust in the atmosphere makes things look much browner or redder than they normally would. This is because blue light is scattered away from its initial path much more efficiently than red light, leaving the redder colors to reach our eyes more easily.
The same blue scattering happens with clear air, just not as noticeably. This is why sunsets are red – when the sun is on the horizon there is a longer path through the air for the light to traverse, and thus more opportunity for the blue light to be scattered away.
The reddening of stars also happens when their light has to go through interstellar clouds of gas and dust before it gets to us. This is particularly noticeable for stars seen along the plane of the Milky Way. Some of those clouds are so thick that even visible red light is scattered away, leaving only infrared light that gets through. Instruments that are sensitive to infrared light, such as the new James Webb Space Telescope, are particularly useful for seeing stars through these clouds.
Sunday night we will be treated to a total lunar eclipse. If you have a clear horizon to the east, you can watch the full moon rise shortly after 8 p.m. Although the penumbral (partial) eclipse will have already started by then, the moon will look bright and fully lit.
By 9:29 p.m., it should be entirely in the Earth’s shadow, and have the rusty, “blood” red color these eclipses are known for. The red comes from what little light is hitting the edge of the Earth and passing through the thin atmospheric layer where the blue light is scattered away. Totality will last until 10:54 p.m.
NASA ECLIPSE PAGE: https://go.nasa.gov/38mKETt.
INTERNATIONAL DARK-SKY ASSOCIATION: www.darksky.org.
ASTRONOMY PICTURE OF THE DAY: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod.
OLD FORT LEWIS OBSERVATORY: www.fortlewis.edu/observatory.
AN ASTRONOMER’S FORECAST FOR DURANGO: https://bit.ly/2eXWa64.
FOUR CORNERS STARGAZERS: https://bit.ly/2pKeKKa.
Many are familiar with the pointer stars in the Big Dipper. Because the North Star is rather dim and the Big Dipper is relatively bright, it is easier to find Polaris using the pointers Duhbe and Merak. This month the Dipper is at its highest point in the sky in the early evening, with the handle pointing to the east. In this orientation, Duhbe and Merak are the leftmost stars. You would follow the line made by these two stars almost straight down about 30 degrees to find Polaris.
What most people don’t know is that the same two pointer stars can be used to find Leo. By going along the same line, but in the opposite direction, you can find the bright star Regulus near the head of the lion. Both Ursa Major and Leo have lots of galaxies that can be seen with small telescopes, but you should get a star chart to help locate the brightest ones.
The easily seen planets Saturn, Mars, Jupiter and Venus make a nice line along the ecliptic in the early morning sky. Uranus, Neptune and Pluto are also there, but you would need a telescope. By the beginning of June, Mercury will join the party, giving us a rare opportunity to see all the planets in such a line.
Charles Hakes teaches in the physics and engineering department at Fort Lewis College and is the director of the Fort Lewis Observatory. Reach him at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Tips for Solo Travelers to Asia
“You must go on adventures alone to find out where you belong.” A quote by Sue Fitzmaurice captures the essence of solo traveling. Navigating a foreign country brings in a sense of independence, empowerment, and freedom.
It is very safe to travel to Asia, especially for lone tourists. The crime rate is low, a chance for mugging is flimsy and violent attacks are rare. The people are warm, accommodating, and very hospitable. A very reassuring tidbit is that the English language is widely used and spoken, especially in the Southeast Asia region.
Asia is set up for tourism, and it offers an array of touristy stuff such as remarkable beaches, exhilarating nature, epic parties, calm, rich, traditional history and culture, and a killer food scene.
Come prepared with a local SIM card.
Secure all your web and cloud data with aws waf. Always come prepared with a local SIM card. Solo traveling is for those who want to disconnect, but it is highly encouraged to get one for your peace of mind. In addition, it will help you to stay connected with your loved ones and access maps for better navigation.
Do some research
Knowledge is power. Go around and travel comfortably to a new place by equipping yourself with the norms, customs, tradition, and what to wear. The right amount of information can make you feel secured during your solo travels.
Travel insurance is an essential travel must-have. However, it is still best that you are always prepared. Acquire insurance with more excellent coverage and affordable.
Observe and take a look around
As you are in foreign territory, it is best if you act like the locals and blend in. Look at how they are behaving, what they are wearing and how they go about their day. Be friendly and get acquainted. The locals are very much happy to assist and help. Strike up a conversation and join workshops, social networks and group trips.
Soak in the traditional charm, scenic places and diverse mix of people. Take as many photos as you can. Every location is unique; it is not something you can see when you get back home. So take opportunities to snap a shot. Asia is an Instagram feed dream.
Navigate the public transport system. Countries like Japan and Korea have the most efficient and well-connected forms of transport. Set a day without an itinerary and wander around. You will indeed discover sightseeing places only the locals would know.
Disclose to your loved ones your plans for the day
It does not need to be a blow-by-blow account of your itinerary. It is advisable to be always on the safe side. A framework of your day disclosed to your family and friends will keep you safe, and feeling looked after.
Refrain from going out alone at night
A rule of thumb is to not go out alone at night in Asia. It depends on the city primarily, but good old-fashioned research before you travel will come in handy.
These tips will surely guide solo tourists traveling Asia. It is a part of everyone’s bucket list. Suggested countries would be the South East Asia region like Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia and the Philippines. Taiwan, South Korea and Japan are excellent travel destinations as well.
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Understanding the Basic Finance Options
When it concerns obtaining your financial resources in order, it is a good concept to understand a little about all the tools that you have at your disposal. Below are a couple of reminders of the a number of various means you can collect support and also info to assist you manage your funds.
No matter what our goals happen to be, the majority of us locate ourselves seeking good noise finance advice every so often. We can discover all kind of certified finance advisers around us. Our local financial institution is typically going to aid us recognize the workings of saving as well as investing, and also without charging anything for looking at the basics. Numerous areas have charitable organizations that assist with preparing spending plans as well as supplying therapy when individuals need a couple of pointers on breaking negative monetary practices.
Therapy is additionally readily available to help you fulfill long term financial objectives too. As an instance, if one of your objectives is to finance college tuition for your children, a qualified counselor can help you establish a savings program that will certainly enable you to allot a fair amount often in some sort of interest bearing account. By utilizing a finance calculator to format your monthly budget, and ensure your budget plan is realistic, you can start to make headway toward building that college fund.
Of course, it might be that you need some guidance in looking for a finance lendings to purchase a home or start an organization. You will want to speak with greater than one finance lending institution, so that you can do some window shopping on finance rates, month-to-month payment terms, and also just how much of your regular monthly settlement will certainly be related to your concept. You additionally need to know if there are any type of penalties for settling the funding early, or if there are any kind of incentives that would certainly make it worth your while to retire the debt earlier than planned.
Finance equity can additionally be a topic where you would want to look for some expert advice before making a move. Comprehending simply precisely how much equity you existing have in your home can make all the distinction in reviewing your overall financial health. This is particularly true if you are considering the sale of a section of your homes. Without a practical quantity of equity built up, you might find it advantageous to hold on to the homes for a little while longer.
If you want to discover to take care of even more of your finances by yourself, there are probably a number of avenues in your community where you can take a finance program or more. Your local area university may have programs that can be taken in the nights or on weekend breaks. Credit score associations usually have short-term programs that are tailored towards certain locations of monetary management. Check in the phone book and also with your regional chamber of commerce to learn what possibilities are coming up.
Record maintaining is additionally important to your fiscal health and wellness. If you have a home computer, you can make use on your own of finance software program. Some computer systems feature basic finance tracking packages currently filled right into the hard disk drive. If you need something a bit much more durable, there are a variety of various software application on the marketplace today. Usually, you can download a test variation of any kind of finance software program you want and see if the plan will certainly do every little thing you need it to do.
With many tools at your command, you can prepare your funds and start to set objectives that will make life a lot easier for you in the years to find.
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The leaves of salix babylonica are lanceshaped and grow three to six inches long. As defined by the invasive species advisory council, an invasive species is a non. They make a great focal point in landscaping and add an elegant touch to a yard. Contract for the purchase of pest control and elimination services. Older specimens do become trees, but they tend to have weaker branches that dont support much weight. Potentialdistribution willows have only invaded about 5% of their potential geographic range in temperate australia. Willowick in janesville 2860 liberty lane janesville, wi, 53545. Salix control, crack willow control, invasive species control, manual control, cultural.
Crack willow is an exploration of emotions captured through the use of vivid, powerful and. Willows weeping habit adds interest to the winter landscape. Crack willow salix x rubens, salix alba, salix fragilis. Willows, wisconsin synonyms, willows, wisconsin pronunciation, willows, wisconsin translation, english dictionary definition of willows, wisconsin. The master plan further expanded the authorized property boundary by 8,630 acres, setting the approved acreage goal at 34,804 acres. The black willow is native to wisconsin and the weeping and crack willows are exotics brought into wisconsin from somewhere else. Select trees, plants that wont damage foundation abt. About half of all known willow species grow as trees, most others grow as shrubs, and some willows grow as miniature alpine subshrubs. Oak wilt is widespread in southern wisconsin but in much of northern wisconsin it is still a new and uncommon disease.
Salix x rubens basket willow reproduces from seed and vegetatively. Control and management for habitat restoration projects often uses. Salix fragilis, with the common names crack willow and brittle willow, is a species of willow. The willow flowage scenic waters area is located in westcentral oneida county, 15 miles southwest of minocqua. Willowarea historical tornado activity is slightly above wisconsin state average.
The pendulous shape, groundsweeping branches and yellowgreen, lacy boughs of this. Willow flowage scenic waters area wisconsin department of. Our family is extremely happy that we found willowick. Salix fragilis crack willow mainly reproduces vegetatively and will hybridise with at least three other species. Willow is a town in richland county, wisconsin, united states.
Original model barbie doll wisconsin historical society. An illustrated flora of the northern united states, canada and the british possessions. The unincorporated community of loyd is located in the town. The fictional populated place of willows, wisconsin is where the doll barbara barbie millicent roberts, better known as barbie, supposedly lives. Salix fragilis, with the common names crack willow and brittle willow, is a species of willow native to europe and western asia. Any attempt to control crack willows or other invasive plants in aquatic habitats must be done using rodeo or other herbicides formulated for use over water. The unincorporated community of loyd is located in the town geography. Begin control at top of catchment, treat every stem. While its definitely a relative of the willow family, it often grows more as a shrub. Salix fragilis is an introduced species that has become thoroughly naturalized in wet, sunny sites once established in the open, the forest can grow up around it or with it, but it is rare to see successful seedlings under canopy.
Willowick in beloit 1971 cranston road beloit, wi 53511. Purchasing services university of wisconsin madison. Oak wilt is caused by a fungus, ceratocystis fagacearum. It can be left entirely alone to develop the famous broad weeping willow shape. Learn how easy it is to propagate willow trees for soil erosion control on your homestead property. The wisconsin weeping willow has dullgreen or brown pendulous branches and narrow dark glossygreen leaves.
Factors such as location and weather will play a part in which issues your tree encounters. The specific epithet fragilis means fragile, relating to the brittle, easily broken branches, as does the english common name, crack willow. Willow valley llc in shullsburg, wisconsin lafayette. I was fishing on the willow river this morning for crappies. It has widespreading branches and brittle, fragile twigs which break crack cleanly at the base, when bent down. Willow tree names and types of willow salix species. View more property details, sales history and zestimate data on zillow.
Propagating willow trees for soil erosion control mother earth news. With mark bennett, reg bennett, melanie luby, alexis marshallmaye. Menasha plans to cut willow brush on drum corps drive this spring. Willows, wisconsin definition of willows, wisconsin by the. The open, shared spaces in the assisted living facility are comfortable and attractive.
Willow valley llc in shullsburg, wisconsin lafayette cost. With their weeping or contorted branches, willow trees can create a fairytalelike atmosphere in the area where its planted. The most seriously invasive willow, grey sallow salix cinerea, is expanding its range rapidly. Willows grow 3550 feet high with a diameter of 625 inches around. The fungus invades areas inside the tree where water moves. As you make your plans, be sure to consider keeping your foundation safe as you select plants and trees, and decide where to plant them. Oak wilt dnr wisconsin department of natural resources. Wood is used for fuel, erosion control, basketmaking, landscape plantings. Salix fragilis can grow to be a large tree, often dividing into several large branches low on the trunk, or even at the ground level. Produces narrow, silverygreen catkins in the spring. As some species of willow can grow as either a tree or a shrub, depending on their local habitat, this site will list the names of all willows without regard to growth habit. Roots sucker and rootlets are bright red when in or near. These insects are difficult to controlespecially on large treesbut.
Deciduous tree to 25 m, occasionally only shrub size, with spreading rather than hanging branches, and rough and fissured bark. A class 2 trout stream, sandy beach, prairie remnants and a nature center are featured on 2,891 acres of rolling countryside. In fact, it is far less common than salix fragilis, an alien species now fully naturalized. Later, balloonlike bumps called tyloses are formed and they plug up the waters path through the tree. The black willow grows an average of 3040 feet high and might only grow as a. Growing to a height of about 50 feet, the weeping willow salix babylonica is an imposing tree that is cultivated for the sweeping, cascading habit of its branches. Current research on the environmental impact of salix fragilis in the great lakes is inadequate to support proper assessment. Spectacular views of the historic willow falls and the willow river gorge. Though the weeping willow is susceptible to a host of problems, many gardeners still find the tree to be worth the effort to keep it in good shape. Willows is a fictional city in the us state of wisconsin residents. The catkins of males yield numerous tiny flowers full of pollen later in spring, and when the blooms reach this point they are not considered decorative for floral cuttings. Permits are required for herbicide application over water in many states, including wisconsin, michigan and minnesota. The university of wisconsin madison occupies 936 acres at the main university campus. Every fruit tree has the future potential for disease and insect damage.
Various types of weeping willow trees grow in the united states. These trees unfortunately produce suckers that spread throughout the soil. Ideal for specimen, foundations, and mass plantings. Pets are welcome in wisconsin state parks but must be on a leash and under control at all times. I have a few that i purchased from stark brothers that i have planted down near my pond in the wetlands here in oregon. Make 1 cut or hole every 100 mm around the trunk and. It grows by rivers and streams and in other wet areas. Everyone really cares about the residents and will do whatever it takes to go above and beyond expectations. Control and management for habitat restoration projects often uses herbicides. Nd, nj, oh, or, nh, nm, nv, ny, pa, ri, sd, ut, va, vt, wa, wi, wv, and wy. Jan 14, 2006 left to their own devices, our native crack willow and white willow will grow to quite some height in just a couple of decades, which means the trees provide almost immediate shade for livestock.
The black willow grows an average of 3040 feet high and might only grow as a shrub with a short trunk and spreading branches. Willow trees adapt to many soil conditions but prefer a moist environment. The weeping willow is probably the best known of the weeping trees, with gracefully arching stems that dangle delicately and shiver in the breeze. This willow hybrid clone has been my fastest growing tree in iowa. After the passing of his father mark walker embarks upon a nihilistic journey which, eventually leads him to confront his pain and loss. The willow is a great location for scrapbooking, quilting, church, business, and other retreats, or as a getaway with friends for large and small. There appears to be a large body of misinformation perpetuating the idea that virtually any large tree willow in wisconsin is salix nigra and that it can be identified by its bark alone. Crack willow is a deciduous tree up to 20 m high, with a short, thick trunk, a deeply ridged bark and a rounded crown. Weeping willow trees thrive near bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers, but can grow in drier locations as well.
Sep 21, 2017 weeping willow trees thrive near bodies of water, such as lakes and rivers, but can grow in drier locations as well. African american and hispanic street gangs control the retail distribution of crack cocaine throughout the state. This is a large family of trees and shrubs that grow along streams and in other moist places. Willows, wisconsin definition of willows, wisconsin by. Left to their own devices, our native crack willow and white willow will grow to quite some height in just a couple of decades, which means the trees provide almost immediate shade for livestock.
Salix nigra black willow, salix cinerea common sallow, salix alba white willow reproduces from seed and vegetatively and hybridises with other salix species. They are cultivated for erosion control because their extensive interlocking root systems form a barrier against water. Herbicide to kill a willow tree home guides sf gate. Salix nigra has the potential to be a large tree, with simple, alternate, toothed leaves. The purity levels for powdered and crack cocaine in wisconsin have risen. An affectionate portrait of one mans struggle with death and loneliness. Salicaceae willow family where is it originally from. The university of wisconsinmadison occupies 936 acres at the main university campus. As water movement inside the tree is slowed, the leaves wilt and drop off the tree. A common weeping tree, weeping willow salix babylonica is a picturesque. This popular classic makes a dramatic addition to any open space.
Pussy willows are dioecious, with the male pussy willow trees producing catkins earlier than the female trees and therefore being more highly prized. Eddmaps distribution this map is incomplete and is based only on current site and county level reports made by experts, herbaria, and literature. How to grow and care for a weeping willow tree the spruce. Crack cocaine is the drug most often associated with violent crime in wisconsin. Most of the academic buildings have pest control and elimination services provided by a university employee employed by university facilities, planning and management.
Willowick in clinton 306 ogden avenue clinton, wi 53548. According to the united states census bureau, the town has a total area of 35. Department and an additional 38 acres near the willow dam that included two prominent boat landings. Please email them to the sites webmaster, or call 6086495926. The wisconsin department of natural resources says the black willow is native to wisconsin and that the weeping and crack willows are. It is native to riparian habitats, usually found growing beside rivers and streams, and in marshes and water meadow channels. Willow area historical tornado activity is slightly above wisconsin state average. I was putting in a drain line from the house down to the pond the other day and this is a approximately 15 foot tall 5 inch in diameter weeping willow and i was digging about ten feet away and hit some small roots all the way out there. Senior care authority is a no cost service for families and offers families personalized assistance and guidance through the numerous longterm care options.
For a weeping willow with even longer pendulous branches, try the cultivar elegantissima. The black willow is native to wisconsin and the weeping and crack willows are. Purpleosier willow, basket willow, purple osier, purple willow, salix purpurea. The fungus produces a sweet odor that attracts sapfeeding beetles to the mats. As defined by the invasive species advisory council, an invasive species is a. Get verified descriptions and ratings for willow valley llc in shullsburg, wisconsin, and others assisted living facilities in lafayette and throughout wisconsin. Adaptable to a variety of soil conditions, weeping willows feature extensive root systems that help prevent erosion. Wisconsin weeping willow salix x blanda my garden life. With spring just a few weeks away, wisconsin gardeners are already planning how theyll spruce up their yards this year.1359 145 681 37 257 635 428 1248 255 299 689 933 1496 490 803 306 1519 164 205 1410 1236 30 1304 74 1094 642 318 702 187 866 1007 1142 219 1552 646 240 725 1430 62 698 179 574 483 624
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Consignment: Neolithic (2500BC) painted wide mouth clay pot with two handles has black designs over red matte surface.
Consignment: Neolithic (2000BC) painted wide mouth clay pot has black decoration over red matte ground. SOLD
Consignment: Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280) pottery model of a house boat, one figure stands at the edge of the interior entrance, remnants of red and blue paint, sits on a wooden base. SOLD
Consignment: Western Han (206BC - 25AD) Hu shaped painted grey clay wine vessel with lid has decorative white abstract and geometric shapes across the body and neck.
Consignment: Tang Dynasty (618 - 907) ritual bronze Zun shaped wine vessel has white crackle glaze with splashes of turquoise, nail head decoration along the shoulder. SOLD
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- Open Access
Melanin: the biophysiology of oral melanocytes and physiological oral pigmentation
Head & Face Medicine volume 10, Article number: 8 (2014)
The presence of melanocytes in the oral epithelium is a well-established fact, but their physiological functions are not well defined. Melanin provides protection from environmental stressors such as ultraviolet radiation and reactive oxygen species; and melanocytes function as stress-sensors having the capacity both to react to and to produce a variety of microenvironmental cytokines and growth factors, modulating immune, inflammatory and antibacterial responses. Melanocytes also act as neuroendocrine cells producing local neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, catecholamines and opioids, and hormones of the melanocortin system such as proopiomelanocortin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, that participate in intracellular and in intercellular signalling pathways, thus contributing to tissue homeostasis.
There is a wide range of normal variation in melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa. In general, darker skinned persons more frequently have oral melanin pigmentation than light-skinned persons. Variations in oral physiological pigmentation are genetically determined unless associated with some underlying disease.
In this article, we discuss some aspects of the biophysiology of oral melanocytes, of the functions of melanin, and of physiological oral pigmentation.
While under physiological conditions the number of melanocytes in the oral epithelium is the same regardless of racial/ethnic origin, the colour of oral mucosa varies between persons and is determined by several factors including the number and melanogenic activity of the melanocytes in the basal cell layer of the epithelium, differences in number, size, and distribution of melanosomes, differences in the type of melanins, and the masking effect of heavily keratinized epithelium[2–4]. The variations in melanin colourisation of the oral mucosa will be determined against a background of the degree of vascularization of the tissues and by the level of haemoglobin in the blood.
Melanocytes containing melanin are present in the basal cell layer of the epithelium even at those oral mucosal sites that show no visible signs of melanin pigmentation[5–7]. Oral melanocytes may or may not produce melanin, but as in the case of the skin, the amount of melanin they produce is genetically determined[2, 6]. There are substantial variations in the degree of melanin pigmentation between persons of different racial/ethnic groups and between persons of the same racial/ethnic group, and these variations are normal[2, 8, 9]. Physiological/racial melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa is common in black persons, and is more frequent in darker skinned whites (Caucasians) than in lighter skinned whites. The oral mucosal melanin pigmentation may be patchy or uniform and most commonly affects the gingiva.
Melanocytes produce melanin in membrane-bound organelles termed melanosomes. Melanosomes have all the proteins and enzymes necessary for melanin biosynthesis, for maintaining the structure of the melanosome, and for the maturation of the immature pre-melanosome into a mature melanosome producing melanin[11, 12]. As the melanosomes mature intracellularly, they are transported via microtubuli to the surfaces of the elongated dendrites of the melanocytes whence they are ultimately transferred to the keratinocytes in the ‘keratinocyte melanin unit’[11, 12]. Within the keratinocytes, the melanin is preferentially localised within the nuclei forming protective barriers known as supranuclear ‘caps’ oriented in such a way that they shield the nuclear DNA from ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Non-physiological alterations in melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa are related to genetic, metabolic, endocrine, chemical or physical factors, to infective agents and to inflammatory or neoplastic processes[6, 9]. It has been reported that in about 30% of cases, oral mucosal melanoma develops at sites of hyperpigmentation[2, 14]. However, the nature of the hyperpigmented pre-melanoma is obscure.
Most of our knowledge about the regulation and biology of oral melanocytes is derived from data obtained from research on epidermal melanocytes which are histologically and ultra-structurally similar[15, 16]. However, when extrapolating data from epidermal melanocytes, one needs to bear in mind that as a rule, oral mucosal melanocytes under physiological circumstances are said to be less metabolically active. Nevertheless, in some cases oral melanocytes may be inherently metabolically active, and in other cases an increase in metabolic activity may be in response to environmental triggers such as hormones, inflammation or injury.
The aim of this short review is to discuss some aspects of the biology and physiology of oral melanocytes, the function of melanin and critically to evaluate the concept of intraoral physiological pigmentation.
The origin of oral melanocytes
Melanocytes are melanin-producing cells originating from the neural crest. During development melanocyte stem cells migrate from the neural crest to the skin and to mucous membranes. Active melanocytes are present in the stria vascularis of the cochlea, in the leptomeninges, in the substantia nigra and locus coerulus of the brain, and in the heart, where they play a number of as yet ill-defined roles[13, 18].
Melanocyte stem cells have the capacity for self-renewal and for differentiation and thus can maintain the population of mature melanocytes. In the epidermis, the melanocyte stem cells reside in the bulge region of hair follicles[19, 20], but the niche in which they reside in the oral mucosa is unknown.
Epidermal melanocyte stem cells give rise to transient-amplifying melanocyte precursors that settle without the stem cell niche where they differentiate into mature melanin producing melanocytes[19, 21–24]. Stem cell factor (SCF) and its tyrosine kinase receptor C-kit signalling pathways are critical for epidermal melanocyte development during embryogenesis[17, 20], notch signalling pathways are essential in the maintenance of adult melanocyte stem cells, and thus for melanocyte homeostasis, endothelin 1 plays a role in the differentiation of melanocyte precursors, and micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) with its cAMP response element play a critical role in melanogenesis.
In the skin, migration of precursor melanocytes from the dermis to their final destination in the basal cell layer of the epithelium is mediated by c-Kit/SCF, endothelin 1 and 3, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). These precursor dermal melanocytes, as they pass through the basement membrane, express E-cadherin which later facilitates intercellular communication with neighbouring keratinocytes in the basal cell layer of the epithelium. Sometimes, melanocyte precursors on their way to the epithelium may become arrested in the lamina propria/dermis, and as they have the capacity to produce melanin, if they are aggregated they will form nevi. The functional activity of melanocytes, both those in the basal cell layer of the epithelium and those that may have become arrested in the lamina propria is influenced by signals from the neighbouring fibroblasts[13, 27, 28].
The keratinocyte-melanocyte unit
Mature melanocytes are elongated dendritic cells residing in the basal cell layer of the epithelium. They contain all the proteins required for melanin biosynthesis and for the structural maturation of melanosomes, including tryosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related proteins-1 (TRP-1) and TRP-2, gp 100, and melanoma antigen recognizable by T lymphocytes (MART-1)[13, 29–31].
In the basal cell layer of the epithelium the ratio of melanocytes to keratinocytes ranges from 1:10 to 1:15. Melanocytes and keratinocytes form epidermal melanin units, each unit consists of one melanocyte and a group of about 36 neighbouring keratinocytes. The melanosomes produced by melanocytes are disseminated via a network of melanocytic dendritic processes to the keratinocytes of the epidermal melanin unit[25, 32]. It appears that keratinocytes have some control over the process of dendritic melanosome transfer since the capacity of keratinocytes to phagocytose the melanosomes is influenced by the degree of activation of the protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) on the surface of keratinocytes.
It has been suggested that through biological mediators present in the melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes, melanocytes can influence the functional activities of keratinocytes, and keratinocytes via an array of paracrine-like biological mediators that they secrete, have the capacity to regulate melanocyte melanogenesis[13, 25, 34]. These mediators include α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), β-endorphin, bFGF, endothelins, HGF and SCF.
However, such a mechanistic description is an oversimplification as the ratio of keratinocytes to melanocytes is different at different stages of growth and development, and in adulthood the ratio is variable being determined by biological mediators secreted in the local microenvironment. Furthermore, the numerical density of melanocytes in the epithelium varies in different parts of the skin or oral mucosa, and between the same skin or mucosa sites in different persons, regardless of their racial/ethnic origin. It appears that Langerhans cells in the epithelium, and fibroblasts in the subepithelial connective tissue play an important role in maintaining the functional activity of the epidermal melanin unit[30, 31, 33].
The adherence of melanocytes to keratinocytes is by means of tight junctions where they co-express E-cadherin cell adhesion molecules and by gap junctions. E-cadherin supresses melanocyte proliferation, but a switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin owing to metabolically or traumatically triggered events in the microenvironment obviates the melanocytes from growth suppression. Melanocytes expressing N-cadherin can freely proliferate, migrate and self-aggregate in nests, and exhibit longevity.
The function of oral melanocytes
The functions of melanocytes are not fully understood, but it is clear that the melanin that they produce determines the colour of skin, hair and eyes, and provides protection from stressors such as UV radiation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals in the environment. Melanins also have the capacity to sequester metal ions and to bind certain drugs and organic molecules[32, 38].
The colour of skin and probably of any pigmented part of the oral mucosa is genetically determined by the number and size of the melanosomes and the type of melanin (eumelanin, pheomelanin) that they produce. Environmental factors have only a modifying influence on skin colour, though on an evolutionary scale this influence can have a more profound effect. Melanosomes vary in size and contain both eumelanin and pheomelanin. More, larger eumelanin impart a dark colour to the skin. Small, few pheomelanin-containing melanosomes are associated with light skin, and the spectrum of size and number of melanosomes and the balance of eumelanin to pheomelanin within the melanosomes, will determine all the other colour variations.
As melanin synthesis is an oxygen dependent process, paradoxically, it also generates ROS that may accumulate in the melanocytes and cause DNA damage, and in fact UV radiation exaggerates the production of ROS during the biosynthesis of melanin and more particularly pheomelanin. Thus, melanin possesses both antioxidant and ROS-dependent cytotoxic properties.
Quinones and semiquinones which are intermediates of melanogenesis are toxic or mutagenic with the potential to cause cytogenetic instability; and L-dopa, another intermediate of melanogenesis, has the capacity to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines by T lymphocytes and monocytes, thus downregulating immune and inflammatory responses[38, 40].
Melanins produced by melanocytes residing in the basal cell layer of the gingival epithelium have the capacity to neutralize ROS generated by dentogingival plaque-induced inflammation in the periodontal microenvironment. Interestingly, a recent report shows that markers of gingival inflammation are reduced in subjects with pigmented gingiva compared to subjects with non-pigmented gingiva, despite comparable dentogingival plaque levels in both groups of subjects. However, one needs to bear in mind that the sulcular and junctional epithelium, in contrast to the keratinized epithelium usually does not harbour any melanocytes.
Melanosomes contain lysosomal enzymes including α-mannosidase, acid phosphatase, β-N acetylglycosaminidase, β-galactosidase, and acid lipase that can degrade bacteria. Melanin itself can neutralise bacteria-derived enzymes and toxins, and since it has strong binding properties, it can also act as a physical barrier against microorganisms. Furthermore, melanocytes can act as antigen presenting cells, can stimulate T-cell proliferation, and can phagocytose microorganisms[32, 41]. Thus, melanocytes and their products have the capacity to inhibit proliferation of bacterial and fungal microorganisms.
As keratinocytes ascend through the cell layers of the epithelium and are shed, their melanosomal membranes undergo degradation with release of melanin ‘dust’ which becomes entangled in the keratin filaments of the desquamating surface cells. This melanin dust inactivates pathogenic chemicals, microbial toxins and other biologically active molecules. Therefore, melanocytes and melanins may be viewed as an integral part of the innate immune system with a role in neutralising the products of superficial bacterial and fungal infective agents.
It is possible that from an evolutionary point of view, the primary role of melanocytes is not to produce melanin, for melanin does not confer a selective advantage to the organisms, but that melanin production is only a secondary specialization so melanocytes must have other more important functions to perform. Melanocytes in skin, and perhaps in oral mucosa express genes encoding corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), proopiomelanocortin (POMC), ACTH, β endorphins, α-MSH and melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R). These elements of the skin melanocortin system have the capacity to neutralize external noxious agents, to mediate local antimicrobial and immune responses, and to mediate local nociception[34, 42]. UV radiation induces the generation of CRF, POMC and α-MSH by cutaneous keratinocytes and melanocytes, bringing about an increase in melanin biosynthesis, imparting protection against solar radiation.
Melanocyte-derived α-MSH, ACTH, and other peptides of POMC, stimulate the MC1R of neighbouring melanocytes, activating an intracellular signalling cascade involving the second messenger cAMP and the MITF. The α-MSH/MC1R/cAMP/MITF pathway controls the transcription of tyrosine and is therefore essential for melanogenesis, and also determines the type and quantity of the melanin produced[1, 13].
Regulation of melanogenesis
Melanogenesis comprises a process of oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine and derived aromatic compounds, forming two main types of polymeric phenolic compounds. Large, irregular granules of eumelanin which are black-brown in colour and smaller, more regular granules of pheomelanin which are yellow-red in colour. Melanocytes are capable of producing both eumelanin and pheomelanin, and the proportion of the two melanins produced by a particular melanocyte is a function of availability of tyrosine, of reducing agents, and of the types of pigment enzymes expressed.
The melanocortin system through the cAMP/MITF pathway can stimulate proliferation of undifferentiated melanocytes, their maturation with fully formed dendritic processes, and upregulation of melanogenesis, thus increasing the formation of melanin[42, 44]. α-MSH has the capacity to suppress inflammatory responses, because it can inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that regulates the expression of genes of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, the same biological mediator of the melanocortin system that stimulates melanogenesis, also downregulates inflammatory responses.
It appears that the epidermal adrenergic signalling pathway plays a role in the regulation of skin pigmentation. Epidermal melanocytes express α1- and β2-adrenoceptors, the activation of which leads to an increase in melanin biosynthesis and a concurrent increase in the number and complexity of melanocytic dendrites. The adrenalin/β2-adrenoceptor/cAMP/MITF pathway like the α-MSH /MC1R/cAMP/MITF pathway has therefore the capacity to mediate melanin production and its dendritic distribution.
β-endorphin, an opioid peptide cleaved from POMC is positively associated with increased skin pigmentation. The β-endorphin/μ-opioid receptor/PKCβ isoform signalling pathway is expressed and functionally active, mediating differentiation and maturation of melanocytes with increased melanogenesis and dendricity[36, 45]. To the best of our knowledge, the role of melanocortin, adrenergic and opioid systems in relation to melanogenesis in the oral epithelium is unknown.
Mediators of inflammation such as histamine and arachidonic acid metabolites trigger melanogenesis, and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1α induce the secretion of melanogenic agents (SCF, HGF, bFGF, endothelins) by keratinocytes. Together these agents account for the melanin pigmentation sometimes observed in association with inflammatory conditions of skin or oral mucosa[41, 46], such as oral lichen planus and healing after periodontal surgery.
Physiological oral pigmentation
Variation in oral physiological melanin pigmentation is ascribable to variations in the activity of melanocytes in the basal cell layer of the oral epithelium. Such oral pigmentation is more common in darker-skinned persons regardless of their racial/ethnic origin[10, 16]. This strongly suggests that physiological oral pigmentation is determined by genetic factors associated with melanogenesis. Microscopical examination of physiologically pigmented oral mucosae shows increased melanin in the basal cell layer and sometimes in the upper portion of the lamina propria within melanophages, or simply as extracellular melanin particles. These microscopical features are very similar to those found in melanotic maculae and smoker’s melanosis.
Physiological oral pigmentation and pathological oral pigmentations that may be similar in appearance should be differentiated. Diseases that may be confused with physiological oral pigmentation include Addison’s disease, neurofibromatosis, oral melanotic maculae, oral mucosal melanoma, drug-induced oral mucosal pigmentation, and to a much lesser extent Kaposi sarcoma, vascular malformations and haemangioma of the oral mucosa.
Physiological melanin pigmentation of the oral mucosa affects males and females equally, as asymptomatic, solitary or multiple brown maculae with well-defined borders (Figure 1). It may involve any part of the oral mucosa (Figures 2,3,4), but most frequently the gingiva[3, 48, 50]. In the gingivae, pigmentation when it occurs, is most commonly bilaterally symmetrical and does not transgress the mucogingival junction (Figure 2)[3, 8, 9, 48, 51], and in such cases sometimes the free gingiva is not pigmented (Figure 5)[3, 7, 48]. Occasionally, the alveolar mucosa is affected, and again the mucogingival junction is not transgressed (Figure 6). Oral pigmentation gradually appears during the first two decades of life but affected subjects may be unaware of it[48, 50].
The extent and intensity of physiological oral pigmentation increases with age[52, 53], concurrently with an increase in the number of oral melanocytes, perhaps because of the effects of potentially melanogenic stimuli such as recurrent minor functional injury, inflammatory conditions, medication, or tobacco smoke are cumulative.
The global frequency of physiological oral pigmentation in different racial/ethnic groups is unknown; but it has been reported that about 95% of healthy black persons in the United States are affected; that pigmentation is more extensive in the anterior than in the posterior portion of the mouth; and that when the gingiva is affected the buccal/labial surfaces are more intensely pigmented than the lingual/palatal surfaces. It has been reported in one study from South Africa that oral pigmentation occurs in 98% of black persons.
Eighty to a hundred percent of Australian Aborigines have physiological oral pigmentation with equal gender distribution. By contrast Fry and Almeyda have reported that only about 5% of white people in England have physiological buccal mucosal pigmentation. In general, it appears that persons with more darkly pigmented skin are more likely to have physiological oral pigmentation.
Melanocytes can adjust and respond to biological, physical and chemical stimuli in their microenvironment, and can in turn generate physical and biochemical signals which may affect that microenvironment. Melanocytes have the capacity to mediate antimicrobial and immune responses and to act as neuroendocrine cells, and they produce melanin that provides protection from environmental stressors such as UV radiation, reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Why certain persons are more affected by physiological oral pigmentation is unknown, but certainly it occurs predominantly in darker skinned persons.
Written informed consent was obtained for the publication of this report and any accompanying images.
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Concept of paper was devised by LF. LF, AM, RAGK, MA, YJ, and JL wrote the manuscript. The manuscript was critically revised by LF, RAGK and JL. All authors read and approved the manuscript.
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Feller, L., Masilana, A., Khammissa, R.A. et al. Melanin: the biophysiology of oral melanocytes and physiological oral pigmentation. Head Face Med 10, 8 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-10-8
- Oral melanocytes
- Melanocyte stem cell
- Pigment transfer
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Mathematics, Statistics, Finance and Economics Private Tutor
I am a mathematics, statistics, finance and economics tutor. I have 5 years working as a private teacher and I also worked in local and international schools as a substitute teaching to high school students between 12 and 18 years old. I can teach in French, English and Italian. I can also teach adults at university level. I can tutor via webclasses or get students at my office. Je suis une enseignante en mathématiques, statistiques. finance et économie. J'ai 5 ans d'expérience avec les cours privés et j'ai aussi travaillé dans des école publiques et privés comme remplaçante en enseignant mathématiques à des élèves de 12 à 18 ans. Je peux enseigner en français, anglais et italien. Je peux aussi enseigner aux adultes à l'université. Je donne mes cours via webcam où à mon bureau. Sono un'insegnante di matematica, finanza, statistica ed economia. Ho 5 anni di esperienza nei corsi di sostegno e ho anche lavorato per scuole pubbliche e private come sostituta, insegnando ad allievi dai 12 ai 18 anni. Posso dare lezioni in francese, inglese e italiano. Posso anche aiutare gli adulti su corsi universitari. Le mie lezioni si tengono via webcam o a domicilio al mio ufficio.
Intensive French course based on conversation + preparation for Exams level. B1/B2-C1 (Students and Adults) to communicate better
GOALS: Written and Oral Communication for Beginners or Advanced, Upgrading, Preparation Delf, University Preparation + Personalized Coaching OBJECTIVE: Social integration, Development of a project + Suvi and Accompaniment; Oral and written fluency, with varied media DOMAINE: Media-Press, Social, Economic, Professional, Politics, Laws and Regulations, Society, Work, Commercial, Money, Family, Health, Philosophy, Culture, Literature, etc, CONTENT: Presentation of oneself, family, work, school, Introduce someone, Tell their holidays, their habits, an event, an experience, Do their shopping, Ask their way, Explain the reasons for their project or idea, Give their notice, outline the advantages and disadvantages of different possibilities. SUPPORTS: Journalistic reading, images, press, blog, internet, Presentation or Presentation, magazine, biography, brochures, books, CV, Letters, other supports to be agreed INCLUDED: Spelling, Pronunciation, Grapheme, Sounds, Conjugation, Verb Tenses, Grammar, Vocabulary, Free or Directed Writing, Life Story, Creative Writing, etc. OR? In Geneva, at your home or other location. WHO? For all PEOPLE? 1-10
Private lessons in Maths and Statistics - English or Spanish
Hello, my name is Víctor and I am graduated in Mathematics with a Master's Degree in Applied Statistics. Mathematics is a huge science area and I consider that a way to understand the maths and its complexity is throw exercises. However, the first step is to know the theoretical aspects. The lessons will be organized in two parts: the first one will be theoretical and the second one practical. The objective is to have a quick view of the theory applied in each exercise in order to be able to use it in similar exercise.
High School Economics IGCSE, AS/A level, IB, and AP
I specialize in teaching Economics for high school students. I have a Master's degree in Economics and I am a certified Cambridge Economics teacher. I worked in several international high schools both in Turkey and abroad. I put a 5 years of experience teaching Economics into assisting students to acquire knowledge and approach exams with confidence. My lessons focus on helping students to gain a full understanding of the concepts, the ability to apply their knowledge, and the skill of analyzing data and evaluating real life situations. All these advanced skills are crucial for passing standard exams of Economics.
School support in management and accounting by webcam
Academic support in management and accounting for all students of Geneva business schools (public or private). Matu / CFC base or extended. Repeater for over 8 years, my students are only improving their grades. Satisfied or refunded! See you soon!
Econometric analysis (Stata & R), econometrics, microeconomics, macroeconomics, statistics
I have teaching experience in econometrics, microeconomics, macroeconomics, and statistics at undergraduate and graduate levels. I teach these courses using widely-used comprehensive resources together with applications on Stata and R. I make extensive use of technological opportunities in order to make the courses more efficient. I can help you with theoretical and applied issues at undergraduate and graduate level econometric and statistical analyses on any subject. I benefit from comprehensive advanced level resources on econometrics, statistics, and statistical software on a daily basis. I can help undergraduate and graduate students with their projects and theses (also with LaTeX). I can also help researchers in the statistical analysis part of their academic studies. I have expertise in the application of statistical methods in the social sciences.
🚀 EVERY CHILD IS A MATHS GENIUS | British Tutor 🇬🇧
When I was a young child, I believed I was not a mathematical person. It wasn't until I met an amazing teacher at age 15 that I discovered my mathematical genius and my life was changed forever. I'm eternally grateful to that teacher. My teacher knew that self-image and self-belief is the key to unlock your child's mathematical abilities. Everyone is good at maths, but we all have different styles of thinking. Bad teachers teach every child the same way. My job is find your child's style of mathematics and allow him to discover that for himself. When he discovers that, he will begin to enjoy the beauty and power of mathematics ...and then you will see as the grades begin to soar. 👉Click the blue "Contact Oliver" button above and lets discuss how we can unlock your child's mathematical talents! 😊
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World Bulletin / News Desk
European Union (EU) leaders on Thursday agreed to extend economic sanctions against Russia for another six months .
“Agreed. EU will extend economic sanctions against Russia for their lack of implementing the Minsk Agreement,” President of the European Council Donald Tusk confirmed on Twitter account.
EU first agreed to impose economic sanctions against Russia in 2014.
These restrictive measures “impose an export and import ban on trade in arms, establish an export ban for dual-use goods for military use or military end users in Russia and curtail Russian access to certain sensitive technologies and services that can be used for oil production and exploration”, according to the council’s website.
Ukraine has been wracked by conflict since March 2014 following Russia’s annexation of Crimea after an illegal independence vote.
This had followed violent anti-government protests which led to the overthrow of the then-president, Victor Yanukovych.
The UN General Assembly later voted to proclaim the Russian annexation as illegal.
Along with many UN countries, the U.S., the EU and Turkey also do not recognize Crimea as Russian territory.Güncelleme Tarihi: 23 Haziran 2017, 01:57
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27th European Maya Conference: Cracow, Poland
Call for Papers
The Call for Papers for the EMC in Cracow is open.
The 27th Annual European Maya Conference is co-organised by the European Association of Mayanists (Wayeb) together with the Jagiellonian University in Cracow. The conference will begin with an opening keynote talk on Monday November 28th, followed by three-day workshops, and concludes with a two-day symposium held from Friday December 2nd to Saturday December 3rd 2022 at the Jagiellonian University Conference Center “Auditorium Maximum.”
The theme for the 27th European Maya Conference is MAPPING MESOAMERICA. The topic will be explored from a variety of perspectives and disciplines, taking into account the time-depth and cultural and geographic expanse of Mesoamerica. Among others, we would like to present the results of recent research focused on the mapping of the Maya area, and other parts of Mesoamerica, with a particular emphasis on LiDAR technology. LiDAR has revolutionized our perception of settlement patterns, demography, and the scale of landscape modification during pre-Columbian times. LiDAR and other modern mapping techniques have facilitated higher-resolution documentation of ancient structures, roads, agricultural terraces, water reservoirs, etc. They have also helped uncover many natural features that were used by ancient communities (such as caves and cenotes). During this conference, we will attempt to answer questions concerning the nature of settlements in Mesoamerica, the scale of human interaction and its impact on the local environment. This conference will also address another important topic: how space and landscape were perceived and represented in the art and writing systems of inhabitants during the pre-Hispanic and Colonial periods. The theme of the conference will be approached from various disciplinary points of view – including archaeology, cartography, historical geography, toponymy, art history, epigraphy, and linguistics – as well as interdisciplinary perspectives exploring the intersection of these disciplinary approaches.
The main topic is broken down to the following subthemes:
– Modern mapping technologies (e.g., LiDAR)
– Perception of place and space by ancient Mesoamericans
– Maps in colonial Mesoamerica
– Epigraphic and iconographic representations of landscape, place and space in pre-Hispanic and Colonial sources
Submission of abstracts
The Wayeb Conference Board invites the submission of abstracts concerning the conference theme Mapping Mesoamerica presented above under the headline Call for Papers. Submissions from a variety of perspectives and sub-disciplines of Maya and Mesoamerican Studies are encouraged. Presentations in English and Spanish will be accepted. Abstracts may not exceed 250 words.
Contributions of authors who submit more than one abstract including co-authored papers will not be considered and co-authorship needs to be indicated upon submission.
Please submit in electronic format (e.g., Word) in the following order:
- Author’s name and affiliation
- Address, phone number, and email address
- Title of paper
Please submit your full application to firstname.lastname@example.org
The abstracts will be forwarded without the author’s particulars to an anonymous Review Committee that will be selected by the Wayeb Conference Board. Therefore, it is imperative that submissions are ONLY made to the above address. Submissions may not be made to conference organisers nor any other members of Wayeb. Submissions sent to any address than the above will be immediately disqualified.
Deadline for the Call for papers is June 30th, 2022.
For more information, please contact the Wayeb Conference Board email@example.com
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As a study conducted by the Pew Research Center finds, based on a broad range of factors, Christian women in the United States express a higher level of religiosity and religious commitment than Christian men.
Many of us treat relationships like unpaid internships: We cannot expect them to lead to anything long-term, so we use them to get experience. If we look sharp, we might get a free lunch.
One-quarter of singles (23%) would be motivated to go to church if they simply knew that anyone would be welcomed into the church community.
“Followers of Christ have something essential and meaningful to share with their families, neighbors, friends and those they come into contact with,”
“What we found gives us a much more nuanced portrait of the American prayer life. The most notable aspect of which is it’s individual quality. People pray mostly alone—it is a solitary activity defined primarily by the immediate needs and concerns of the individual. Corporate prayer and corporate needs are less compelling drivers in people’s prayer lives.”
“Parents continue to be the single greatest influence on their children’s faith.”
Things not to say to your single friends:
“The results jump off the page as the strongly disagree column spikes to 61%. That conviction is fundamentally a conviction about the character of God. If he is perfectly holy and just, he cannot let sin go unpunished. But God is no longer holy—in the minds of six out of ten Americans.”
Young adults are unable to think coherently about moral beliefs and problems. Young adults have an excessive focus on consumption and materialism as the good life.
“What we believe shapes how we behave. As we see evangelicals slipping away from foundational beliefs, we also see them rejecting biblical teaching on Christian living.”
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42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Zeszyt 23 (1992)
Results of infrared spectroscopic studies on holocellulose and lignin preparations taken from wood of different kinds and degree of degradation were presented.
It was found that holocellulose taken from pine and beech wood, cooked in NaOH is highly deacetylated. Also the 30-70% increase in degree of oxidation of pine and beech lignin from the wood cooked in NaOH and pine lignin from the wood decomposed by fungi was noted.
Samples of Scots pine wood coming from forest stands damaged to a various degrees by industrial air pollution were investigated. It was proved that the specific gravity of wood decreases when the stand damage by industrial emissions increases. The proportion of late wood, diameter increment in 10- and 20-years long periods, number of annual rings per 5 cm of sample length as well as the length of tracheids of early and late wood do not change significantly under the influence of industrial air pollution.
Beech wood Fagus sylvatica L. test samples were decayed by white-rot fungus (Fomes fomentarius) and brown-rot fungus (Deadalea quercina). After 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of fungal exposure changes of mass loss and compressive strength were determined. This widely used decay evidence were compared with changes of chromatic constituent of wood colour using colorimeter MON COLOR D.
Results indicated significant regularity in relation between tested parameters.
Data concerning cutting resistance in the case of slicing of the black locust, published so far, are far from complete. For this reason it seems advisable to investigate this parameter.
The results of studies on the cutting resistance in the case of slicing of the black locust are included in this paper. The results were presented in the form of a dependence of cutting force Ps/b, thrust force Po/b and specific cutting energy on chip thickness g for chosen cutting angles.
Investigations were carried out on the defibration of the pine wood in a low frequency ultrasonic field. The highest defibration dynamic was observed during the two first hours of the sonication. The predominant effects of ultrasound treatment are: fibrillation of the external wood parts and deterioration at the middle lamella region.
The investigations of the influence of the ultrasonic treatment in acid and alkaline media on lignin and carbohydrate content in wood were carried out. In both studied media lignin was the wood component the most susceptible to the degradation. Cellulose was resistible to the insonation and noncellulosic polysaccharides showed only partial degradation.
The presented paper reports the results of investigations of acoustic emission (AE) events generated in the drying process of pine wood samples of various length which initial moisture content was close to the fiber saturation point. The maximum in AE events count rate are correlated with the maximum in the restrained wood shrinkage, so occurs when dessorptive stresses reach the highest values.
Radial variation of the vessel lumen diameters and vessels density was investigated in sessile oak wood from dominant, intermediate, and suppressed trees. With the rise in age of growth rings, especially in the core zone of stem cross-section, the vessel diameters and late vessels density increases, but the early vessels density decreases. The results of measurements of he variation of conductive elements in oak wood indicate that juvenile (core wood) of the trees involves about 30 growth rings. Decrease of the conditions of tree growth in a stand causes lowering of the vessel lumen diameters and rise in vessels density.
A variation in the total transsection area of walls in a single radial row of tracheids as well as the dependence of the transsection area of walls of single tracheids on the cambial age of growth rings and on the tree growth rate in a 52-year even-aged pine stand were determined. The total area of transsection walls of tracheids ranges from 77⋅103 µm2 in the outer rings of the stem. This value changes with the cambial age of the growth ring according to a negative exponential curve. Due to the worsening of the conditions of tree growth in a stand, the total area of transsection of walls in a single row of tracheids for a given growth ring increases. There is a linear dependence between the total area of transsection of walls in a single row of tracheids and the number of tracheids in the growth ring. The mean area of transsection of walls of a single tracheid is constant within ±10%, irrespective of the type of tracheid (early or late), of the tree growth class, and of the zone of the stem cross-section.
Chlorhormidium flaccidum and Chlorococcum lobatum algae were isolated from wood surface and incubated under laboratory conditions in liquid mineral medium. The test pine and beech samples were exposed to the pure colony of those microorganisms. After three months of algal activity, wood was examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. The ability of growth of algae into wood and ability of growth though pits was proved. Despite the lack of absolute evidence of degradation of wood structure by algae this possibility can not be ignored.
Effect of various species of wood on the curing reaction of phenolic resin were examined by means of differential thermal analysis (DTA) to evaluate the activation energy (Ea) of this process. It was found that all wood species decrease Ea in comparison to Ea of unfilled resin. Based on the values of Ea the species of wood may be divided into three groups.
Ten-year investigation with the Synpregnit CBZ and Pentor 70 wood preservatives carried out in field test of the Warsaw Agricultural University (at Rogów) and the Poznań Agricultural University (at Murowana Goślina) are presented. Two dimension stakes of the beech and Scots pine wood impregnated with different concentration of both preservatives taken by vacuum-pressure method were applied.
Instrumental measurement of the modulus of elasticity as well a visual-manual estimation of the infestation and destruction degree were assumed as an estimation efficacy criterion. The protection efficacy in time was expressed in years, in which the infestation degree did not exceed 25 in the decay scale, while the module of elasticity decrease was less than 50% in relation to the value of control samples. The comparison of the methods applied was performed.
The results of investigation on the estimation of efficacy of wood protection were presented. Pine and spruce wood were impregnated with the water solution concentration 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0% of the “BS” preservative. The depth of penetration was determined by the coloric reagent method; efficacy of wood protection by the bioisotope method. The results obtained by both methods are comparable.
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Price Summary of 10 Best Digital Thermometer Options in India
|S No.||Product Name||Price|
|1||AmbiTech PHX-01 Digital Thermometer with One Touch Operating For Child and Adult Oral or Underarm Use (Made in India)||Rs. 220|
|2||Medtech Digital Thermometer||Rs. 285|
|3||MCP Digital Thermometer F Scale||Rs. 250|
Accordingly, how much does a digital thermometer cost in India?
Digital thermometers can read the temperature from 94°F to 105°F.
|Thermometer Type||Min Price||Max Price|
|Infrared Thermometers||Rs 550/Piece||Rs 2590/Piece|
Keeping this in consideration, is 99 a fever?
An adult probably has a fever when the temperature is above 99°F to 99.5°F (37.2°C to 37.5°C), depending on the time of day.
Is 99.7 a fever?
Normal body temperature ranges from 97.5°F to 99.5°F (36.4°C to 37.4°C). It tends to be lower in the morning and higher in the evening. Most healthcare providers consider a fever to be 100.4°F (38°C) or higher. A person with a temperature of 99.6°F to 100.3°F has a low-grade fever.
The best thermometers you can buy
- iProven DMT-489. Best thermometer overall. …
- Vicks ComfortFlex. Best thermometer for infants. …
- Chooseen Digital Forehead and Ear Thermometer. A flexible thermometer option. …
- Kinsa Smart Ear Thermometer. Best smart thermometer. …
- Kinsa QuickCare. …
- Elepho eTherm. …
- Braun ThermoScan 7.
The average body temperature is 98.6 F (37 C). But normal body temperature can range between 97 F (36.1 C) and 99 F (37.2 C) or more. Your body temperature can vary depending on how active you are or the time of day. Generally, older people have lower body temperatures than younger people have.
Hospital thermometers such as TRITEMP™ use sophisticated TAP&TAKE technology, meaning that the healthcare professional simply aims the device at the patient’s forehead, and receives an accurate core body temperature reading in seconds.
A quick look at the best thermometers
- Best overall thermometer: CHOOSEEN Digital Forehead and Ear Thermometer 8-in-1.
- Best ear thermometer: Braun Thermoscan 7.
- Best oral thermometer: Vicks ComfortFlex Thermometer.
- Best forehead thermometer: Exergen Temporal Artery Thermometer.
No-touch or non-contact infrared thermometers measure temperature through the forehead from a close distance in seconds. They may be used on newborns and older people. They’re easy to use and may reduce the risk of spreading disease by allowing more physical distancing.
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The work of artist Leora Lutz deals with language and the landscape:
I am particularly fascinated with ephemeral and invisible lines,
whether man-made or natural. They reveal secrets of how we interact
with our surroundings or how we communicate with each other:
plane flights that eventually end at a destination,
words that disappear into the void of hearing,
gun shots that travel unseen until impact,
the melting of ice to create a small pool,
a fable gone wrong,
life and death,
Most recently she traced the “flight path” of a single word at a time with line drawings:
The word strata was translated into a flight path drawing that is sewn onto the canvas. Each locations coordinates used to calculate the path begin with the letters s-t-r-a-t-a.
If you look to the very bottom of each, you’ll see the atlas lists that generate the flight paths are sewn onto the bottom of each painting. Don’t miss the details of mapping language at large, or small.
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You are to write a consulting report ofno more than three pagesin length for the body (Introduction to Conclusion), plus all calculations in appendices (which can be as many pages as you need).
Local councils and businesses wish to consider the idea of pumped hydropower as an energy storage option for the Eyre Peninsula and beyond.
You have been asked to conduct a preliminary study to identify one location on the Eyre Peninsula (South Australia) that may be appropriate for a pumped hydropower facility. The client has provided nothing specific, nor any data.
It is expected that you will:
Identify at least one potential area for pumped hydropower systems.
Provide an indication of work required for installation of any farms/systems.
Justify any assumptions you make.
Remember that you are writing a consulting report for the client/consortium that wish to invest in the establishment of one or more wind farms. Consequently, this report may be read by technical experts, and/or non-technical staff. You should have the following sections in the report:
I expect to see an analysis related to elevation, potential power generation, reservoir volumes and thus potential energy availability, diameter, length, and flow rates related to penstocks.
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Protect Your Land
Purchase of Development Rights
What is Purchase of Development Rights?
How is the value of non-farm development rights established?
How does the process work?
We currently partner with local municipalities and landowners who apply for farmland protection grant funding for the New York State Department of Agriculture. This is program is called the Purchase of Development Rights (PDR). If a farm is selected for protection with the NYS farmland protection program it will pay for up to 87.5% of the non-agricultural development rights value. The municipality may contribute funding towards the transaction costs. Other counties provide in-kind services, such as computerized mapping.
NYALT works with the sponsoring municipality and landowners and who have been selected for a NYS farmland protection grant (PDR) to help them with the conservation land planning, related documents, and materials necessary to meet state and federal guidelines for farmland conservation projects. As part of this process, NYALT agrees to uphold the conservation agreement (called a conservation easement) into the future.
Where does funding come from?
Donating a Conservation Easement
By donating a conservation easement, you become a community leader, establishing a gift that keeps giving to future generations. Conserving your land is one of the greatest legacy actions you can take. Good farm and forestland will become ever more important as we work to strengthen our local food supply and conserve our water and natural resources. You can make a real difference with the gift of an agricultural conservation easement. Donating a conservation easement can help families with estate planning and can provide state and federal income tax deductions and state property tax credits.
For more information, please complete the Landowner Information Form and return it to NYALT or contact Amy Olney, Farmland Conservation Program Coordinator at email@example.com or 518-860-6115.
What is involved in donating a conservation easement?
Meet With Staff
Review of Title Documents and Public Records
Draft the Conservation Easement
Prepare Final Documents
Prepare the Baseline
Complete the Project
Apply for State and Federal Income Tax Deductions
Project Time Frame
When you begin the project, NYALT will work with you to estimate what the costs are likely to be incurred to complete the project. Among these costs are: title continuations, survey expenses, baseline report preparation, recording fees and a stewardship contribution. The stewardship contribution is needed to pay for future monitoring and enforcement expenses and for insuring that NYALT continues to have the capacity to assist you and future owners and to uphold its long-‐term responsibility as the holder of the easement.
Note on Costs: If your project moves forward, we will work with you to identify grant funding or other sources of funds for donating a conservation easement.
If landowners donate a conservation easement in full or as a bargain sale and plan to utilize a federal tax deduction, they must get a certified appraisal documenting the value of the conservation easement, within the same tax year of, but no more than 60 days prior to the donation. There may also be estate tax benefits associated with the conservation easement as well.
The New York State Tax Credit gives landowners whose land is restricted by a donated or partially donated conservation easement an annual refund of 25% of the property taxes paid on that land, exclusive of structures and improvements, up to $5,000 per year. Your local municipality will not experience a reduction in tax revenue because the it is a New York State income tax credit.
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University of Alabama to become smoke-free Thursday
Change aims to improve health and reduce litter, risk of accidental fire
Students and staff at the University of Alabama will return from the holiday break to a smoke-free campus.
The new policy, announced in November, begins Thursday, the first day of 2015, and applies to students, faculty, staff, campus visitors and contractors. The university resumes normal business hours on Jan. 5, and classes for the spring semester begin Jan. 7.
UA announced plans to go smoke-free as part of a policy change meant to improve health and reduce litter and the risk of accidental fire.
The policy does not cover smokeless tobacco products, though it does include electronic cigarettes and other vapor devices.
The university plans to offer cessation resources through various departments and websites as well as free classes. UA launched a website, www.ua.edu/smokefree, to assist with the policy change.
Assistance and resources will be available through the Student Health Center, Office of Health Promotion and Wellness, and the College of Community Health Sciences and University Medical Center.
UA will use information campaigns, including more campus signs, and reminders for smokers on campus to encourage adherence to the policy.
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Hgh youth hormone, trenorol buy
Hgh youth hormone
To find out the answers you need to understand the half-life of an anabolic steroid. The half life is defined as the removal of half drug from the body. The different steroids are coming with a different half-life, hgh youth hormone. Benefits of Exogenous Testosterone, hgh youth hormone.
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Developing your own journalism portfolio can be a challenging task. The best design can be the difference between landing your dream task or not. The complying with write-up will talk about how to construct a successful portfolio and just how to consist of the appropriate instances. The initial step is to develop an internet site for your task. A site for your journalistic job must be simple to navigate. It needs to display your work, but it should additionally contain web links to samples. To produce a specialist and also distinctive profile, make use of a layout and also comply with the standards detailed above.
Producing a journalist portfolio online is easy. Begin by selecting your finest work and also detailing it by news agency. You can likewise compose as well as release your very own posts if you do not have actually any type of released material. Ensure your short articles are well-formatted and also free of mistakes. As soon as you have a website for your journalism profile, it is time to start applying to work! Remember that your profile should be a representation of your work as well as need to reflect your professionalism and trust as well as capability.
You can develop a portfolio web site for your journalism projects making use of websites committed to profiles. You can additionally create a complimentary internet site that allows you to tailor the style and voice of your project. A free site is a great way to build a portfolio rapidly and also quickly. There are several different alternatives readily available on the web, so discover the one that fits your style as well as voice. You can also publish samples of your work by sending them as pdf files, a link to an on-line magazine, or perhaps a page with history info.
A journalist’s profile must be well-organized. It needs to be simple to surf and highlight the most effective work. It should not distract the visitor. If your reporter portfolio is too long, no employer will certainly read it. Rather, it needs to highlight your ideal work. An excellent portfolio showcases your professionalism and trust, flexibility, and also organization skills. So exactly how do you create a solid and also expert journalism profile? You need to think about an online website as an expert return to.
The online website for your journalistic profile ought to display your ideal job. The website must additionally list news agencies that have dealt with you in the past. If you have not released any type of posts yet, you can compose them on your new site. Just ensure they are well formatted and without errors. It will certainly reveal your versatility as an author. So make sure your site is appealing to prospective employers! If you wish to land a job in the media, your journalistic profile will certainly establish you apart.
As a journalist, your profile needs to be a representation of your job. It is a vital part of your application. Whether you’re searching for a task at a huge media business or a smaller sized, much more personal internet site, the trick to an excellent journalism career is to show your convenience. You’ll reveal prospective employers that you have the abilities to cover a wide variety of topics. You ought to consist of both print as well as digital media.
A journalism profile is a superb method to showcase your composing skill. Your portfolio can be made up of various sorts of job. It can include posts from newspapers and magazines to blogs. If you have actually never released anything, you can compose your very own articles and also submit them to a brand-new web site. Moreover, you can include audio-visual operate in your journalism portfolio. In this manner, you can demonstrate the flexibility of your skill. You can provide your work in various means.
If you are seeking a work as a reporter, it is essential to display your writing abilities. A profile serves as an introduction of your finest work. The pieces ought to reveal a broad series of topics as well as reveal the breadth of your skills. Noted in chronological order, you should have a clear overview of your job. You need to likewise include a short biography. It will likewise highlight your passions as well as capacities. An excellent profile will certainly highlight the variety of your abilities.
A journalism portfolio is also an outstanding device for showcasing your ideal job. As a journalist, you may have numerous clips from different magazines. You might have forgotten to include some of the a lot more famous items since they have actually been released in numerous areas. With an online portfolio, you can show potential employers your best work with simply a couple of clicks. Similarly, a paper’s website will certainly show the convenience of your writing.
It is essential to construct a journalist profile online to demonstrate your abilities. It should display your most well-written write-ups and a checklist of news agencies where you have actually contributed. If you have never ever written posts before, you ought to start composing them and upload them to your brand-new site. Make certain that your short articles are properly formatted and free from mistakes, just like an actual news article would be. Your profile must be an excellent representation of your skills and experience.
Producing a reporter portfolio ought to be very easy, yet specialist. The format as well as design of your profile is extremely crucial. A simple yet efficient template can assist you start. You can utilize Squarespace or Contently to present your job. If you intend to integrate infographics or designs, you can utilize the last. If you’re a current graduate, you can utilize a blog writing device such as WordPress to build your profile. These options are totally free.
When building a journalist profile, it is important to make certain that the examples you existing are varied. While some journalists concentrate on details publications, other publications play a big role in distributing news. For example, small online magazines usually play a crucial duty in the news circulation sector. A journalism profile need to include a mix of newspaper as well as publication articles, post, audiovisual media, docudrama sections, as well as photojournalism. A journalist’s work can be discovered in lots of kinds and also styles, and ought to be very easy to navigate. Find out more
When constructing a reporter profile, it is very important to bear in mind the sort of publication you’re obtaining. If you’re making an application for a travel task, then you’ll want to focus on traveling. If you’re getting a sports journalism task, then concentrate on sports. Nevertheless, it is important to adhere to a constant motif in your profile. You can also look up a range of instances of journalism portfolios online.
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The unexpected and tragic loss of a loved one, in addition to causing grief and pain, can also lead to tremendous financial strain for families, particularly if they’ve lost a primary wage earner or breadwinner. When the death was caused by someone else’s negligence or wrongdoing, families in Rhode Island may be able to file a wrongful death lawsuit, which is a civil lawsuit, seeking compensation for their losses.
How Rhode Island Law Defines Wrongful Death
Rhode Island law defines “wrongful death” as one that is caused by “the wrongful act, neglect or default” of another person or entity. The act or neglect that led to the death of the decedent must be the type of action that would have allowed the deceased to file a personal injury claim had he or she survived. A wrongful death occurs when one person dies as a result of the fault of another person or entity. Examples include auto accidents that occurred due to someone else’s negligence, medical malpractice or an intentional act such as a physical assault.
As in other types of personal injury cases, the defendant’s liability in a successful wrongful death case is expressed solely in terms of financial compensation or damages that the court orders the defendant to pay to the decedent’s survivors. This is one of many factors that distinguish a civil wrongful death case from a criminal homicide case where a guilty verdict and conviction could result in prison time, fines paid to the state, probation and other penalties.
Another significant difference between a criminal homicide case and a wrongful death lawsuit is that in criminal court, the defendant’s guilt must be established beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil lawsuit, the defendant’s liability needs to be proven by a preponderance of the evidence, meaning it is more likely than not that the defendant is responsible for the death. A defendant could be sued for wrongful death in civil court even as he or she is facing criminal charges relating to the same death. Under Rhode Island law, a wrongful death lawsuit can be filed even if the death was the result of a crime.
Proving Wrongful Death
In a wrongful death case, the burden of proof is on the plaintiff. In order to prove wrongful death, the plaintiff must prove the following four elements:
Duty of care: The plaintiff must show that the defendant owed them a duty of care. You must show that the defendant was responsible for the safety of the victim. For example, a driver has a duty to follow the rules of the road and to act in a safe and reasonable manner.
Breach of duty: Plaintiffs must also show that defendants violated or breached that duty of care by acting negligently or carelessly. For example, when a driver operates under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs, that amounts to a breach of duty to others who are using the roadway.
Causation: Plaintiffs must also show how the breach of duty caused the victim’s wrongful death. For example, in a medical malpractice case, plaintiffs must show that a medical professional’s failure to diagnose cancer directly caused the victim’s death. While it may seem like an obvious connection, it could require extensive testimony from experts to show and prove causation.
Damages: You must also prove that the victim’s wrongful death resulted in compensable damages such as medical bills (that were incurred before the victim’s death), funeral and burial costs, lost future income, etc. Calculating the financial losses of the victim’s surviving dependents and beneficiaries is how you arrive at the final settlement amount.
The value or worth of a wrongful death lawsuit will depend not just on the victims’ losses but also the level of negligence on the part of the defendant. In some cases where the level of negligence or wrongdoing is egregious or outrageous, juries or courts may award punitive damages in addition to compensatory damages. This is meant to punish the defendant and deter others from engaging in similar behavior.
Why You Need a Wrongful Death Lawyer
It can be extremely challenging to navigate the complexities of a wrongful death lawsuit, especially when you are still grieving the loss of a loved one. An experienced Rhode Island Wrongful Death Lawyer will help protect your rights every step of the way, help compile crucial evidence and also assist you with avoiding the pitfalls that could potentially jeopardize your claim.
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What is a health savings account and how does it work?
Health savings accounts (HSAs) are like personal savings accounts, but the money in them is used to pay for health care expenses. You — not your employer or insurance company — own and control the money in your HSA. The money you deposit into the account is not taxed.
Is an HSA better than a PPO?
In return for a higher deductible, a high deductible health plan will charge lower premiums than PPO plans. In addition, most HDHPs come with an HSA to which your employer contributes on average $500 annually. … You will be better off with the PPO if you go over that amount because your HDHP deductible is so much higher.28 мая 2014 г.
Can you use HSA for health insurance?
You can ONLY use your HSA to pay health insurance premiums if you are collecting Federal or State unemployment benefits, or you have COBRA continuation coverage through a former employer. See our list of Qualified HSA Expenses or refer to IRS Form 502 for more information.7 дней назад
What are the benefits of HSA insurance?
Health Savings Account Advantages:
Contributions to the HSA are 100% deductible (up to the legal limit) — just like an IRA. Withdrawals to pay qualified medical expenses, including dental and vision, are never taxed. Interest earnings accumulate tax-deferred, and if used to pay qualified medical expenses, are tax-free.
What is the downside of an HSA?
What are the Disadvantages of an HSA? Having a high deductible plan means you are going to pay more money out of pocket before your medical coverage kicks in. Your upfront costs will be higher whenever you have to use your medical coverage during the year until the deductible is reached.
How much money should I have in my HSA?
The short answer: As much as you’re able to (within IRS contribution limits), if that’s financially viable. The slightly longer answer: If you’re covered by a high-deductible health plan (HDHP), the IRS allows you to put as much as $3,550 per year (in 2020) into your health savings account (HSA).
Who should use HSA plans?
A Health Savings Account (HSA) can help patients with high-deductible health insurance plans cover their out-of-pocket costs. Contributions to HSAs generally aren’t subject to federal income tax, and the earnings in the account grow tax-free.
What happens to HSA if you switch to PPO?
A: You own your account, so you keep your HSA, even if you change health insurance plans or jobs. … If you no longer are enrolled in a high-deductible health plan, you are not eligible to make new contributions to your HSA, but you can continue to withdraw funds for qualified expenses.
Should I choose a high deductible health plan?
For the insurer, a higher deductible means you are responsible for a greater amount of your initial health care costs, saving them money. For you, the benefit comes in lower monthly premiums. … High-deductible plans make sense for people who are generally healthy, and for those without young children.
How do I use my HSA money?
How do I use my HSA funds to pay for IRS-qualified medical expenses? You can pay for IRS-qualified medical expenses with funds from your HSA by using your debit card. You can also pay for part of all of your IRS-qualified medical expenses out-of-pocket and reimburse yourself later with HSA funds.
Should I use my HSA or save it?
If you have medical bills right now that you can’t cover from your checking account (or by tapping a portion of your emergency savings), it is wise to use your HSA today to pay your outstanding medical bills. Withdrawals for qualified medical expenses will be tax-free if you use your HSA to pay those bills.
What can HSA pay for?
In general, you can use your HSA to pay for any qualified medical expense. Qualified medical expenses are defined by the IRS and include medical care, vision and dental care expenses, prescription drugs, and payments for long term care services and insurance.
Where can I withdraw money from my HSA account?
Your HSA Bank Health Benefits Debit Card provides access to your HSA funds at point-of-sale with signature or PIN and at ATMs for withdrawals.
How do I withdraw money from my HSA account?
You can submit a withdrawal request form to receive funds (cash) from your HSA. If the cash is used to pay for ineligible purchases, it must be reported when you’re filing your taxes. Once it’s reported, it’s subject to an income tax and treated as though it had never been in your tax-free HSA.
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The answer to beating chronic pain isn’t one size fits all, so for those who are suffering sometimes it’s hard to find the right mix of treatments to help them get rid of pain. Chronic pain can develop from many different sources including an underlying disease or disorder, injuries such as a car accident, arthritis, and it can even develop from no known source. Here is a list of different treatment options in hopes that you can find something new that may help you relieve pain.
There are many medications that can help ease the pain. Since pain often comes from some sort of inflammation within the body, NSAIDS, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen, naproxen and acetaminophen are good choices. Other medications options include patches and creams, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and opioids. Talk to your doctor about what they believe is the best fit for your particular situation, as not all drugs may be a good fit.
Treatment to the nerves:
For some, the nerves are constantly sending signals of pain to a specific part of the body. A physician can go in and inject an anesthetic that essential ‘blocks’ the nerves from sending those signals, which is called a nerve block. A radiofrequency ablation is where the physician goes in a heats the tissue of the nerve in an attempt to decrease pain signals.
There are many different injections that can help ease pain. Medication is injected into the area where the patient is feeling pain. Examples of some injections include trigger point injections, epidural steroid injections, facet joint injections, lumbar sympathetic blocks, prolotherapy and platelet rich plasma (PRP) injections.
Therapy comes in many forms. Physical therapy is a great way to help you slowly build your muscles to increase flexibility and function of a part of your body that is dealing with pain. Massage therapy is effective in helping to work out your tense muscles and get you back to a more relaxed state. Psychological therapy is a great way to help you work out any stress and depression, which is a very common side effect of life with chronic pain.
There are other options to help you manage your pain. It’s important that you only see someone who has been fully trained in their field. Acupuncture, chiropractic treatment, yoga, and meditation are a few options available for someone looking for a complimentary treatment.
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|Release date||March 1997|
|Magic: The Gathering|
The Fifth Edition was the seventeenth Magic: The Gathering set and fifth core set, a revision of the base set released in March of 1997. It contained 449 cards, counting multiple illustrations of basic lands, making it the largest card set in the game's history. It was the first edition of the core set to reprint cards from the first 'Block' of expansions; Ice Age, Fallen Empires, and Homelands.
Like its predecessors, Revised and Fourth Editions, Fifth Edition made numerous changes to the game's rules and card mix. The set's designers stated in The Duelist that they wanted to prune from the base set cards that were too powerful or too weak. Many overpowered cards from Limited and Unlimited Editions had survived the past two rotations, including Channel, Balance, Black Vise, and Mind Twist, all of which had been restricted (i.e. limited to one per deck) or outright banned in Standard tournaments. Although they were removed from Fifth, a few powerful cards still survived, including Dark Ritual and Mana Vault. Many unpopular cards that the developers (and most players) considered too weak and narrow in function were also removed, including the "Laces" (Chaoslace, Deathlace, Lifelace, Purelace, & Thoughtlace), the "Wards" (Black Ward, Blue Ward, Green Ward, Red Ward, & White Ward), and Fortified Area.
Unlike its predecessors, though, Fifth Edition also removed many cards that Magic's Design and Development team saw as just a little bit too good, but not quite so powerful as to heavily disrupt tournaments, including Savannah Lions, Serra Angel, Hypnotic Specter, Sengir Vampire, Lightning Bolt, and Swords to Plowshares. Many of these cards were brought back in later sets after the designers had re-evaluated their impact on play. A few cards that were in Revised but had been cut from Fourth were brought back as well, including Atog and Shatterstorm.
Fifth Edition also set a new precedent by changing the artwork and/or flavor text on many cards, especially the five basic lands, each of which was given four new illustrations to replace its original three. This was done so that WotC would not have to continue to pay for the use of many arts done for earlier sets, as originally artists were paid royalties for their artwork being used, instead of a flat fee as is done today for new Magic art.
Fifth Edition was the first version of the base set to reprint cards from the Fallen Empires and Homelands expansion sets; it also reprinted more cards from those sets than any other version of the base set has. Because those expansion sets were perceived by many players as weak, there was and still is some dissatisfaction with the Fifth Edition card mix. However, many of the reprinted cards were good enough to be used in tournaments, and at least one Ice Age card (Necropotence) was later declared "broken," i.e. its mechanics are inherently overpowered. Boxes of Fifth Edition currently reach about the same prices on eBay that boxes of more recent sets are retailing for. This is opposed to boxes of 4th Edition which go for much higher, and to boxes of Fallen Empires and Homelands which are probably the cheapest boxes anyone can find to buy that are tournament legal.
Fifth Edition was the first version of the base set to use the cosmetic changes that were introduced in the Mirage expansion (including a slightly expanded text box and bolder, more visible power/toughness numbers) It was also the last version of the base set to use what are sometimes referred to as the "old rules". The rules were drastically changed in Sixth Edition, and the term "Sixth Edition rules" refers to all versions of the rules afterward. Most notably 5th edition was the last Core Set to feature game concepts like 'fast effects' and 'interrupts', being replaced by the "stack" in 6th Edition, and all spells being either Instants or Sorceries.
|Magic: The Gathering sets|
|Advanced Level Core sets: Alpha, Beta, Unlimited, Revised, 4th Edition, 5th Edition, 6th Edition, 7th Edition, 8th Edition, 9th Edition, 10th Edition|
|Expert Level Early Sets|
|Arabian Nights, Antiquities, Legends, The Dark, Fallen Empires, Homelands|
|Expert Level Block Expansion Sets|
Ice Age Block: Ice Age, Alliances, Coldsnap
Invasion Block: Invasion, Planeshift, Apocalypse
Ravnica Block: Ravnica: City of Guilds, Guildpact, Dissension
|Un-Sets||Starter Level Sets||Compilations/reprint/gift box sets|
Portal, Portal Second Age, Portal Three Kingdoms, Starter, Starter 2000
|Chronicles, Renaissance, Anthologies, Battle Royale, Beatdown, Deckmasters, Masters Edition|
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Here is some sage advice from an experienced financial planner. If there is an asset of decent value that you won’t be using or needing going forward, it may be better to dispose it off and use the proceeds in a way that best suits you and yours, all in your lifetime. Look at the good reasons she provides for making that move in the article below. Team RetyrSmart
Unlocking value of a house you won’t be using makes sense
Shanti looked at the basket of mangoes. Every year, for 65 years, these summer goodies had brought joy. But this year was the last. She had just signed the sale deed for her house. Memories of walking into the yard as a bride lingered. It was here the children were born and brought up, before they left for cities to study and work. They visited with the grandchildren sometimes. Shanti knew they would not live here. Their lives were in faraway lands that had become their own, where they were making their own memories.
It was not easy for Shanti to sell the house. The neighbours told her how new developments will enhance the price of her property. The broker told her that if she waited longer she would get a better price. The tenants told her that if she spends a few lakhs to modernise the house, she could charge higher rent. All lures that hold an owner back.
Shanti wanted to focus on what was important to her. She received a widow’s pension that was adequate for her simple needs. She lived with her son and enjoyed a cordial relationship with her daughter-in-law. She did not need the house because neither she nor her children lived there anymore. She only made the annual trip for the mangoes.
The decision to sell was based on the fact that the house was no longer being used by the family. There was no likelihood of anyone using it in future either. The asset had served its purpose. It was no longer needed in its current form, and emotions and sentiments should not cloud that fact. She told me that it was tough for a nomad like me to imagine what it was like to live in the same place for 45 years. But that bond had now truly ended.
The sale required effort. It took her over five years to complete it. She was too old to travel to the village frequently to negotiate with potential buyers. Her sons made those trips by turn, despite their full time jobs. The distance and the lack of air connectivity made the logistics difficult. Not every buyer was willing to finalise without meeting the owners. Some deals fell through just as they seemed ripe. Shanti tells me that when it comes to property, it is the buyer’s market. The seller is at their mercy and has limited bargaining powers as they have fewer choices compared to the buyers who can change their minds on a whim.
Shanti insisted she would only accept cheque payment and the deal would be above board in all respects. She was fine with paying the capital gain taxes as required. The broker told her she was naïve. Despite all the recent noise about driving cash out, the devil haunted the system, especially in the property market. Most buyers were investors, who had the money to buy, hold, turnaround and sell the property. They wanted to deal in cash and pay lower stamp duties. Other buyers had to do the paperwork of applying for and getting loans, or selling something else to fund this. All these activities took time.
Shanti decided she will distribute the sale proceeds among her three children. Her children asked her if she wanted to keep the money invested during her time. It could be bequeathed later. She told them she wanted to make it simpler for everyone. She wrote out cheques, dividing the money equally among her three children. What her husband bought for a few thousand in the 1950s was sold for many lakhs, and she felt a great sense of accomplishment passing that money on. The family went to the village to celebrate the deal and enjoy the mangoes from the garden. What were the personal finance lessons in Shanti’s story?
First, recognise assets you do not use and realise their value. The money locked into them can be put to many other uses in more efficient ways. Shanti’s house will now fund higher education, entrepreneurial ventures, house expansion and modernisation, jewellery for the family wedding, long-term saving for grandchildren and so on. Several uses are funded by unlocking the value of one property. Don’t glorify idle assets.
Second, complete difficult tasks that involve paperwork in your life time. Leaving a house behind in a remote village is not a great bequest. Your children won’t have the time and energy to chase buyers and complete a deal. Everyone lives on with mental comfort of a property lying somewhere, without doing anything about it. Make it easy for your heirs.
Third, bequest need not mean writing a will. If Shanti had willed her property to the children, they would have to go through a very long process before accessing the money. In eight out of 10 cases, family relationships are cordial. Children are not preying on elderly parents to rip off money and orphan them. Except for those sad exceptions where worth is determined by wealth, most bequests can be completed in one’s life time, especially when one is 85 years old like Shanti.
Fourth, wealth transfers are easy and efficient if they are financial assets. Shanti’s cheques to her children are gifts that are not taxable in the hands of her children, available to use freely. If she gifted the property, the deeds would have had to be registered and duties paid. A single property is not divisible easily among three children. Don’t overdo property in your wealth portfolio.
Fifth, greed for money can bring out the ugly side of humans. In our society, we still cherish values such as being deferential to the elders in the family, not bringing up unpleasant arguments in a family gathering and so on. Distribution by the elder, when they are alive, holds a great merit in sweeping possible unpleasantness about money matters under the carpet. Then everyone moves on and accepts the distribution as the right of the elder.
Shanti leads a simple life, but her wise decisions about her wealth hold precious lessons for us.
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In the global warming debate the big issues is whether what human beings do contributes significantly to global warming. That global warming is occurring is not much in dispute, although some scientists do make a good deal of the point that there have been warming periods in the past, some of them far greater than those being recorded in our time.
by Professor Tibor R. Machan
Note: Professor Tibor R. Machan has very kindly allowed Alternate Solutions Institute to post his columns/articles on our website for the benefit of our readers. His writings are an epitome of both clarity and brevity. We are grateful to him for this act of generosity.
In the global warming debate the big issues is whether what human beings do contributes significantly to global warming. That global warming is occurring is not much in dispute, although some scientists do make a good deal of the point that there have been warming periods in the past, some of them far greater than those being recorded in our time. There has of course been steady global warming, on average, since as the earth evolved it was at certain early times, following the initial cooling, covered with ice and quite uninhabitable by anything alive. Warming was a precondition to the emergence of life. But the warming never increased steadily and there have been periods of both, warming and cooling all along. Even after serious warming had commenced, there were long periods during which cold spells reemerged. (The most up to date picture of this can be found at
http://www.scotese.com/climate.htm and indicates a volatile history, with coolings as well as warmings throughout the last 500 millions years, with a huge span of cooling during the last 4 million, the renewed warming.)
At this time, however, there is discernible warming, although the actual records-as distinct from computer projections-show only very small increases in the temperature of the earth. And in some places no warming is occurring at all. However, the history of temperature rise is not what concerns many of the skeptics about climate change. Nearly everyone agrees that there has been a rise recently. What is in dispute is (a) how much of an increase is likely to occur in the future and (b) whether human activities have had, are having, and will have a significant impact on global warming.
As to (a), the evidence is mixed and the more dire predictions are all based on several computer models combined with other computer models. And as the saying goes, “garbage in, garbage out.” Here is the first place where skepticism occurs. Are those doing the modeling doing it right and can they actually be trusted to do it right? Is the science and technology on which modeling is based itself-and the scientists themselves-reliable?
Given that global warming research now consists of a mostly government subsidized industry across the globe, including the United Nations, with millions of dollars in grants going to those doing work in the field, there is understandable concern about whether those involved are stacking the deck in favor of a Doomsday scenario. It is often noted by private industry research critics that profit can corrupt research but the same is hardly ever noted in mainstream circles about government subsidized research. Furthermore, skeptics well understand that without a scare, there are fewer funds forthcoming. Government funding requires, ultimately, political support and such support relies heavily on a concerned, even frightened constituency. No Doomsday scenario, no concerned citizenry, and no allocation of funds obtained via taxation.
But there is more. In my own community the rangers put warnings out each day about fire hazards, ranging from “moderate” to “extremely high.” Interestingly, the “moderate” sign is displayed even if it is pouring rain. In the ten years I have lived here, there hasn’t been a fire. Yet the “extremely high” has been displayed (by my assessment) routinely roughly 70% of the year. It is a tendency of those assigned to be on the lookout to exaggerate hazards. Vigilance calls for it, as they see their jobs.
As to the human factor, here the skeptics are often concerned about what may be dubbed (following a book by that title by Jonathan R. T. Hughes) the governmental habit-if global warming were unrelated to human activity, there isn’t a lot that politicians and bureaucrats could promise to do about it. Or, alternatively, if the best approach to encouraging responsible human conduct would be to leave politicians out of the picture and simply deploy various measures banning or containing what economists call negative externalities-bad side effects from normal productive processes-that, too, would leave the politicians out of the picture. And then what would they do, how would they gain the power most of them hunger for? There is, then, a strong probability that Doomsday scenarios will be projected by government officials and all those who work for them – get financial support, appointments to prestigious committees, invited to plush conferences, etc., etc.
So when one puts together the lack of solid science and technology behind the claim that global warming is imminent and that human conduct significantly contributes to the probable global warming, the attitude of skepticism is most reasonable. Or, to put it differently, how reasonable is it to trust politicians about their need for increased powers over the rest of us?
Professor Tibor R. Machan holds the R. C. Hoiles Chair in Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at Chapman University’s Argyros School of B&E and is research fellow at the Hoover Institution (Stanford University) and Pacific Research Institute in the SF Bay Area. His web address is: http://www.tibormachan.com
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This scientific research is for informational use only. The results reported may not necessarily occur in all individuals. Care/of provides this information as a service. This information should not be read to recommend or endorse any specific products.
Iron deficiency is a common nutritional disorder, affecting a large number of women and children in both developing and industrialized countries. According to the World Health Organization, over 30% of the world’s population – approximately 2 billion people, are anemic due to iron deficiency.
People who are vegan may have a greater chance of being iron deficient because high-fat meat products are the best source of iron.
Who is at risk of iron deficiency?
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2014
Iron deficiency is dangerous and is easily diagnosed by a simple blood test. If you are deficient in iron and have trouble obtaining enough iron through dietary sources, iron supplementation may be a good alternative. For more information about iron, please visit:
Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Common and Curable Disease
Jeffery L. Miller, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 2013
iron - Health Professional Fact Sheet
Office of dietary supplements, National Institutes of Health, 2016
Iron deficiency affects about 1 in 10 women who are pregnant and 1 in 4 women during their third trimester. Women who are capable of becoming pregnant are at risk of iron deficiency anemia due to low intakes of iron. In pregnancy, blood volume doubles and iron needs go from 18 mg to 27 mg. Iron may be of particular concern for pregnant women following a vegan or vegetarian diet. Plant source foods only contain non-heme iron, which is less bioavailable than heme iron found in meats, poultry, and seafood. Women who are pregnant are advised to take an iron supplement when recommended by a healthcare provider.
2020 – 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2020 – 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020
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Wait! Just Listen is a weekly Sunday newsletter on living a purposeful and meaningful life, in a digitised world of opinion polarisation, gratuitous commentary and click-bait. Subscribe with one-click to receive my musings right in your inbox.
Wait! Just Listen is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.
Within the narrow confines of our being, nothing appeals to us more than freedom; an intoxicating aspiration we idealise to counter the slew of reminders that perhaps we are not as free as we think. Freedom has long become an ally of modern day ideological sophistry; the carrot at the end of the neo-liberal stick, dangled by the obscenely powerful to win the favour of a an increasingly disillusioned public. But beyond being a currency for lip-service, what does freedom actually mean?
British philosopher, Iris Murdoch, once argued that we are least free when confined to the trap of the self. She contends that our pesky ego, stymies our ability to absorb the nectar of life outside of our own perspective. Even some 23 years later, her words have an immeasurable salience.
We are living in a landscape where empathic imagination has been eclipsed by the recursive self-reference of the human ego. Just look at our social media feeds and the dizzying carousel of reality TV shows. Ultimately, there seems to be a fundamental lack of attention on what it means to be interested in something other than oneself. Put in another way, there is a narrative of the self that continues to hover over much of our existence, one that instigates a series of self-initiated post-mortems on what we should have done or could have said in any given circumstance.
This zealous reverence for the self and all its associated anxieties, prompted Murdoch at the time, to advocate for unselfing; a term deftly coined in her 1970 masterpiece, “The Sovereignty of Good”, a book with an unusual blend of spirituality and grounded philosophy, painted in lush resins of metaphors and teeming ruminations.
Unselfing requisites us to step outside of the self, and walk beside it with non-judgemental curiosity, acknowledging the infinite other ‘selves’ that have trod on similar and different paths to our own.
With sublime lyricism, Murdoch recollects an experience of peering out of a window whilst being clamoured by anxious thoughts, or as she puts it, “brooding perhaps on some damage done to my prestige”. She spots a hovering kestrel. In that singular languorous moment, she undergoes a triumphant transformation, where the crippling weight of her anxiety disappears and a wide-eyed wonder transmutes into her being, freed from the clasps of her nagging thoughts. The full presence of the kestrel is revealed.
For Murdoch, her serendipitous communion with nature provided the perfect occasion for ‘unselfing’. She writes:
I am looking out of my window in an anxious and resentful state of mind, oblivious of my surroundings, brooding perhaps on some damage done to my prestige. Then suddenly I observe a hovering kestrel. In a moment everything is altered. The brooding self with its hurt vanity has disappeared. There is nothing now but kestrel. And when I return to thinking of the other matter it seems less important. And of course this is something which we may also do deliberately: give attention to nature in order to clear our minds of selfish care.
The takeaway from Murdoch’s words are clear. The moral life begins with the fundamental act of seeing. It is an undiluted and loving attention to reality that frees the self from its prison house of illusion. An ideal life, for Murdoch, involves forging a fruitful distance from our storied self and its accompanying mist of doubts and dilemmas. Because it is through this difficult separation that the first taste of freedom is experienced, a freedom to discover beauty in everything.
Murdoch’s sagacious reflections on unselfing, encourages us to step out of our addictive relationship with the self, to feel the thud of paradoxes and dualities that resonate within our soul. To allow life’s anxieties to pucker our skin. To allow some blood to trickle. To allow some scars to heal. To allow freedom.
Before I end today, here are a few reads that I’ve found particularly reinvigorating with a piping hot Sunday morning coffee. For those of you that know my reading habits, I’m brutally selective of what I read because there is so much out there and so little time to absorb them all - to proffer them with the attention they duly deserve. So take the following list as a hand-curated offering of words that evoke and stir the soul in a really special way.
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Iran celebrates the 43rd anniversary of its Islamic Revolution. This episode of The Communiqué deals with one of the most consequential events in modern political history.
Irans Islamic Revolution of 1979 continues to shape not just Irans socio-political makeup, but that of the entire Middle East, and even the world. A crucial value of the Revolution is helping the oppressed vanquish the oppressor. This belief is alive and well in Irans foreign policy, as Iran continues to support the Syrian, Palestinian, Lebanese, Venezuelan and Yemeni resistance against imperialism and neocolonialism.
Richard Medhurst, host of The Communiqué, sits down with John Wight, writer, and political commentator, to discuss the importance and accomplishments of Irans Islamic Revolution.
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Herbs often have medicinal, relaxation, and culinary properties, and it is great if we can have them throughout the entire year in the home.
In fact, we can! We will reveal a way to grow certain herbs in the kitchen and provide a pleasant flavor in it. What best about it all is that you do not need to water them regularly, nor change the soil, and they will be still as flavorsome as if grown in the garden.
Yet, you will need to sow dill, mustard and cilantro seeds in a soil and then transfer them to water, as a soil herb cannot be transferred to water as the roots are different from the water roots.
This is how to grow herbs in water:
Put some herb cuttings in glass bottles with plain water, and it is best to use spring water if possible, as it is high in minerals. You should not use chlorinated water, as the bleaching chemical can damage the plant tissues. You should leave some tap water to air overnight or store some rainwater.
Choose a glass bottle, a mason jar, or even a plastic bottle for the herbs. Yet, use colored bottles or warp a piece of paper around the bottle as the roots should not be exposed light.
The darkness will help you avoid algal growth on the bottle and on the root. The narrow-mouthed containers support the cuttings and keep them upright.
Yet, avoid narrow or tight-fitting ones as the mouth of the container should support a free transition of air for the roots to be able to breathe.
You should pick soft cuttings roots, and cut some 6-inch sections from the growing herbs. Put them in the containers and remove the lower leaves as they can rot in the water and spoils it.
You can change the water once a week in the case of herbs like rosemary cuttings. As soon as the roots start growing, within 2-6 weeks, you do not need to change the water.
To continue Reading, Please Open The Next Page .
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Modern Energy Cooking Services
Around 1.8 billion people across the globe have access to electricity but still cook with biomass. Load shedding, weak grids, affordability of electricity, accessibility of liquid petroleum gas (LPG), tradition, perceptions, and a lack of suitable cooking appliances all act as barriers to scaling up the use of electricity or gas for cooking – clean cooking. ERC in collaboration with Loughborough, intend to pilot the use of Electric Pressure Cookers in the villages that ERC is building mini-grids in. For more information on MECS, please click here.
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In-Pact currently maintains eight group homes, also known as Intermediate Care Facilities (ICFs). ICFs provide a safe, long-term, nurturing environment for individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disability. Homes are licensed and governed by state and federal regulations and have an annual recertification which includes Life Safety. The Group Homes Department has been CARF Accredited since 2002.
The Bureau of Developmental Disabilities Services (BDDS) is the placing authority for In-Pact and other state-regulated group homes. To be eligible for services, an individual must meet the required Intermediate Care Facility for the Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities (ICF/IID) level of care. A family must specifically ask for group home placement to take advantage of supervised group living.
Family members are encouraged to visit frequently. Participation in all program planning and development is highly encouraged. Each home offers intensive, individualized programming designed to allow everyone to reach their fullest potential in the following areas:
- Behavioral management
- Communication training
- Personal hygiene
- Independent living skills
- Participation in community activities and recreation
Funding for Group Homes is through Medicaid. Traditional Medicaid provides full health care coverage to individuals with disabilities residing in ICFs. For those who meet Indiana Medicaid eligibility guidelines, a daily rate covers costs with exception to personal items. Eligibility is based on the income of the individual needing service, not the combined family income.
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Topic: MDB Breadcrumb full working example
Can you provide a link to a full working example.
So full config in: - app.model.ts - app-router.model.ts - form.component.ts - form.component.html - form.component.scss - form.component.spec.ts
In such a way that when I can fully understand how to config the application that when I click of for instance the "Home" breadcrumb, the app is routed to the home form.
Unfortunately we don't have such example. You can find detailed routing guide in the Angular official documentation: https://angular.io/guide/router
If you have your routing module configuration, you just need to add
routerLink directive to the breadcrumb element.
Hire our experts to build a dedicated project. We'll analyze your business requirements, for free.
- User: Premium
- Premium support: Yes
- Technology: MDB Angular
- MDB Version: 9.1.0
- Device: MacBook
- Browser: Chrome
- OS: MaCOS
- Provided sample code: No
- Provided link: No
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Published: Tues., October 30
College classrooms are increasingly diverse places. Instructors need to consider not only the obvious diversity in their classroom such as gender and ethnicity, but also aspects such as students’ prior knowledge or preferred ways of learning. Inclusive teaching refers to using teaching methods to address the needs of all students in your classroom and ensure that all students are able to participate equitably in your class. Inclusive teaching requires preparation before entering the classroom and consistent efforts in the classrooms to create an environment that will be beneficial for all.
Before Entering the Classroom
Examine your implicit biases and the classroom environment you will teach in
Everyone has some implicit biases about people of different backgrounds. Whether those biases are positive or negative, it is still worth being aware of those unconscious biases because it might impact (unintentionally) the examples you use, who you call on during class, or how you view students’ success or failure in the class. Take some time to reflect on your own views. Some people use a measure like the Implicit Association Test to think about this; others may simply engage in meaningful reflection about diversity, their experiences, how that impacts their teaching. You also need to consider the the class's demographics. Are there specific concerns relative to that class that you should be aware of? For example, if you are teaching a politics class you might have students from both ends of the political spectrum. What will you do to ensure there are productive, civil discourse in your class?
Plan for diversity in the syllabus
All classes start with a syllabus. If you plan to be mindful of diversity and teach inclusively, that should be reflected in your syllabus. You might have a statement about diversity in your classroom explaining how you value diversity and what that means for your classroom. You can also think about the readings or assignments your students might have. For example, if you teach an English class, do you include diverse authors? Are there ways to bring in readings or assignments that might appeal to students' backgrounds or preferred ways of learning? How do you describe the class and your expectations in the syllabus? All of those elements should be part of your syllabus if you are serious about inclusive teaching.
In the Classroom: Teaching Strategies
Establish a positive classroom environment
A positive classroom environment is one where all students feel comfortable to participate and that their contributions are valued. To create a positive classroom environment, think about the rules you might establish to encourage everyone to participate. It also means a classroom where there is rapport between the teacher and students and they all feel comfortable. Provide opportunities for students to get to know each other and for them to get to know you. While it is important to have some professional distance between teacher and student, you may be willing to share a few facts of your life, perhaps a hobby, that might help students see you as a person and not just a teacher. Learn their names. Let students know you care about their success. More information on creating a safe environment is available in this article.
Not all students may be comfortable participating in class. This could be for any number of reasons. Some may be naturally shy. Others may feel uncomfortable if they are outnumbered by others in the class. For example, physics classes can often have very few women and we know that this gender imbalance can affect their willingness to participate and their success in those classes. One simple way to address this is to think about the way to set up groups in the class making sure you are conscious of the class demographics when you do so. Show that you are welcoming to all student questions and comments and encourage students to think through answers even if they make mistakes initially. For example, saying "good thinking", or "almost there", are more encouraging that saying "no, that's not right" when students answer a question in class.
Be available to students when they need help. Check in with students to make sure they understand the material and to offer support when needed. Offer support outside of class when necessary. Encourage a growth mindset in your students by fostering the idea that they can all learn the material is they put in the effort and not simply whether they innately understand the subject.
You may also familiarize yourself with resources and support or students across campus. The Services for Students with Disabilities, the Writing Center, or other offices can be useful resources for you in making sure all all students had ether resources needed to succeed. They can also provide you some resources to make sure you are meeting the needs of students in the classroom regardless of their backgrounds or needs.
Vary teaching strategies and examples
Use examples that include people of diverse backgrounds. If you use case studies or examples, try to vary your examples to include people from different backgrounds. If you talk about researchers or past studies, are they written by researchers of the same background? Remember students benefit when they can see themselves as professionals in that field and showing them examples of researchers who might look like them is one way of doing this.
Solicit student feedback
Just as not all students may be comfortable speaking in front of the entire class they may not be comfortable giving feedback in a formal setting. provide opportunities for them to express themselves or share concerns in other formats, perhaps minute papers or reflective assignments. Some students who may not shine in class discussions, may love written assignments.
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October 4, 2016
By Ned Rozell
Sometimes, a great idea arrives ahead of its time. A person squints at a raw landscape, thinks about it in his bunk on a heaving ship, dreams of it. He scribbles a diagram. He remains quiet years later as others rediscover the same thing.
Such was the case of a rugged geologist who island-hopped in the Aleutians following World War II. Thinking about the age of rocks he found, the placement of a string of volcanoes and how they were linked with the depth of earthquakes, Bob Coats arrived at this notion: the sphere of Earth is constantly eating its own plates and regurgitating them back out. At those explosive boundaries, now called subduction zones, volcanoes often ooze to the surface.
Coats died in 1995, but his idea remains in a 1962 paper he wrote of his time in Alaska.
“He solved a major problem that wasn’t known to be a problem — where’d the skin (of the Earth) go?” said the late scientist’s friend, David Scholl. Scholl is a seasoned geologist who recently visited Fairbanks. At the end of Coats’s career, Scholl had an office just down the hall at the USGS headquarters in Menlo Park, California.
Scholl, 82, thinks it important that his friend get credit for his prescient idea. It is a story of how an Alaska mystery shed light on tsunami-causing forces deep within the Earth.
At Menlo Park, the USGS had an “Alaska Branch” to which Coats was assigned. Coats was familiar with the state because he worked at the university in Fairbanks in 1937.
Just after World War II, Okmok Volcano on Umnak Island erupted, spitting ash in the air. Volcanic ash is abrasive and damaging to aircraft engines. Planes on a military base at Umnak were grounded.
Officials at the War Department needed more knowledge about the volcanoes that make up almost every island in the 1,200-mile Aleutian arc. They funded the Alaska Branch to send up Coats and others. On the “reconnaissance geology” trip, they would map a few islands and perhaps learn when they might erupt.
Aboard the 78-foot schooner Eider, built in 1912 to aid seal hunters of the Pribilof Islands, Coats sailed the length of the Aleutians. The team stopped to study many islands. Several questions popped up: When were the islands made? How did this enormous chain get built?
Coats knew that Earth’s mantle, the thick layer beneath Earth’s outer crust that makes up 84 percent of the planet’s volume, melts when water comes in contact, inspiring the rise of lava. He knew the immense Aleutian Trench lay just offshore and to the south of the islands. He found that volcanoes farther from the trench were older, and that seismologists mapping earthquakes found they happened deeper as distance increased from the trench.
On a cold, moist Aleutian evening, Coats had the epiphany that one of Earth’s giant plates was sliding down beneath another, pulling water as it went. He sketched a diagram showing Earth’s plates meeting beneath the islands, as others had. But, unlike the others, he included arrows that showed movement: what we now call the Pacific Plate diving beneath the North American plate, causing earthquakes and forcing up molten rock, sometimes enough to make an island.
His idea solved a problem. As Earth’s crust expanded, where did it go? Unless the planet was growing larger, the crust needed to go somewhere. Nobody paid much attention to the subtle idea in his paper.
“He published the diagram and nobody gave it a damn,” Scholl said.
Seven years later, at a conference in Asilomar, California, scientists borrowed the Latin/French term subduction, “drawn from below,” to describe what happens beneath Alaska and other places at the boundary of Earth’s giant plates.
“Years before we met at Asilomar, a big part of the puzzle had been solved,” Scholl said. “It was stepped over by a community of scientists.”
Scholl said Coats did not mind not getting full credit for the idea, probably because his close colleagues, like George Plafker who did so much work on the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake, had read Coats’s work and based his interpretations on it. And because Coats was satisfied with what he had done in the 1962 paper and had no need to trumpet the idea.
“The diagram he drew of the Aleutian subduction zone applies to others all over the Earth,” Scholl said. “And it all came from a little cinder cone in Okmok Caldera huffing and puffing.”
Ned Rozell is a science writer for the University of Alaska Fairbanks‘ Geophysical Institute. Since the late 1970s, the Geophysical Institute as provided this column free in cooperation with the UAF research community.
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The Government today said that the Phase-III of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, PMGSY is being finalised, wherein Sustainable Maintenance of Roads and Financial Incentives to best Performing States will be the key focus areas. Addressing a workshop on Maintenance of Rural Roads here, the Minister for Rural Development Shri Narendra Singh Tomar informed that Punjab, Haryana, Gujrat and Karnataka are the four States in the country, which have achieved the target of construction of rural roads under PMGSY, well before the target year of 2019, set by the Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi for connecting all un-connected habitations with all-weather roads.
The Minister said that the Ministry of Rural Development is planning to give a financial incentive of 5 percent to the best performing States for maintenance of roads and it is estimated that the government will earmark Rs 1200 crore for this purpose. There are 8 to 9 States in the country which are building standard and durable rural roads well before the scheduled target. The Minister informed that so far 15 State governments have notified the State Rural Road Maintenace Policy and appealed to other states to complete this process in coming one to two months so that third phase of PMGSY can be rolled out.
Tomar Said that between the year 2011-2014, 73 Kilometers of rural roads were built daily under PMGSY, while between 2014 to 2016, it has increased to 100 kilometers per day and this year up to 140 kilometers of roads are being built each day. He said that 15 percent of rural roads built under PMGSY are using Green technologies like cold mix, fly ash, geo-textiles, plastic and other waste materials and urged the States to use this technology on a larger scale. He informed that between the year 2000 to 2014, only 800 kilometers of rural roads were built using green technologies, while from 2014 to 2016 more than 2600 kilometers of roads were built under this alternative mechanism. The Minister also urged the States to complete the road projects in timely fashion to avail the Central funds and incentives as budget is no constraint for PMGSY.
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The Trump administration is looking into discrimination at universities. According to documents obtained last week by the New York Times, President Trump is poised to redirect Department of Justice resources into investigating universities for discriminatory enrollment practices guided by affirmative action.
In light of this and following media reports on the internal directive, UC President Janet Napolitano issued a statement calling the plan a “misguided Justice Department initiative.”
The UC system, however, as it is funded by California tax dollars, has not adhered to affirmative action policies since 1996 when Proposition 209 passed about 55 percent to 45 percent. The proposition amended the California State Constitution to prohibit public institutions from discriminating students on the basis of race, sex or ethnicity when evaluating their application.
Instead, the UC system “looks at students’ academic achievements in light of the opportunities that were available to them,” said UCOP spokesperson Ricardo Vazquez in an email.
Proposition 209 has been followed by a string of legal challenges, most recently in 2012.
Following its adoption, minority admissions to the state’s most prestigious universities, including UC Berkeley, have declined. On campus, this decline was most immediately evident for Hispanic students, whose percentage of fall enrollment dropped more than 5 percent in the first several years, but has since recovered to 1996 numbers.
The effect of Proposition 209 was both immediate and long-lasting for Black campus students. Since 1996, enrollment of Black students has steadily dropped, now making up the lowest percentage of undergraduates at 3 percent.
Asian students were 36 percent of the undergraduate class, and white students were 26 percent.
In 2016 Latinx students made up about 52 percent of California high school graduates, but only about one-third of enrolled UC freshmen last year identified as Latinx.
The university has been working to bridge this gap, noting the group’s enrollment growth in the past decade, but admitted that “there remains a lot of work to be done to close the eligibility gap of Latinos and other underrepresented minorities graduating from California high schools,” according to Vazquez.
Under the university’s Eligibility in the Local Context program, students in the top 9 percent of their high school class are guaranteed admission to at least one UC campus. Vazquez added that the university also works on outreach with K-12 schools and community colleges to help students become competitive in the admissions process.
On campus, similar programs are run through the Center for Educational Partnerships, according to Division of Equity & Inclusion spokesperson Sandra Messick.
“Over the years public universities have been the one tried and true tactic for addressing issues of inequality in our country,” Napolitano said in her statement. “Thus, UC has been increasing its outreach efforts to historically underrepresented groups like Latinos and African Americans, while still bound to the strictures of Proposition 209.”
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Coronavirus: A Challenge and Lesson for Families
Karen Kaye, LMHC and Hara Wachholder, LMHC
It is terrifying when you do not have all the answers, especially when you are a parent and your children are looking to you for safety. We are living in a very chaotic time due to the fear of the unknown while a feeling of powerlessness and despair creeps over us. Some of us have many questions while others are not sure what to ask or what to do during this difficult time. The issue is that human beings seek comfort and once they receive that comfort, they either experience life lessons, are destined to repeat patterns until they learn from the lesson, or never understand the lesson at all.
While in crisis mode, we have the opportunity to recognize how to make improvements in our lives, but once the crisis is over, we often return to our typical behaviors such as disconnecting from face-to-face communication and quality time to focusing on technology and “socializing” online with strangers. As we are currently being asked to avoid unnecessary trips outside, the universe is asking us to go inward and identify areas in need of our attention that we have been neglecting. Now comes the test of our inner abilities of adapting and handling change as well as dealing with being out of control and powerless. We are going back to an era where family is a necessity for survival. Some families will break down further, while other families will rise to the occasion and hopefully work through their differences by focusing on what is most important to them.
Bear in mind that panicking is not equivalent to being prepared. Fear can result in illness. We highly recommend that you utilize this time wisely. First, it is imperative to do what we call a “self-check-in,” to identify personal concerns and worries in order to avoid instilling those fears in your children and others. Once identifying your personal concerns, fears, thoughts, and feelings, we recommend that each household establishes routine family meetings with age-appropriate information. Prior to providing information to your children, we recommend asking them what they have already heard, what they are thinking and feeling, and whether they have any questions they would like to ask prior to adding more to their plate.
From there, you can provide a general overview of the situation such as stating, “There is an illness going around. Many will recover as there are many helpful nurses and doctors, but some will have it worse than others, so it is important to be careful not to spread germs.” An overview of proper handwashing would be beneficial as well as teaching ways to interact with others while promoting social distancing, i.e., staying six feet away from one another, waving hello rather than shaking hands, etc.
It is important for children to have guidance and the facts as well as a safe place to share their own concerns and fears. When researching answers to questions that you or your children may have, utilize credible sources such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as additional .gov and .org sources. Be mindful of overexposure for children, as the media can sensationalize these situations. Keep in mind that even adults can be overexposed to the chaos, so take breaks from the news for your own well-being. Some healthy ideas for taking breaks would involve quality family time such as: playing board games, building an indoor fort, reading, doing a puzzle together, cooking a meal, exercising, going for a walk, drawing or painting, etc. Children can also be encouraged to identify creative and healthy activities that they would like to do on their own as well as with their siblings, parents, and additional family members.
Should you want to process your concerns and fears with a professional, we highly recommend that you reach out to local therapists and mental health/family therapy centers in your area, as many have established telehealth sessions to accommodate the needs of the public. If you are located in the State of Florida and would like to schedule a phone session with Karen Kaye, you can email her at [email protected] or call her at 954-384-1217.
Karen Kaye, LMHC and Hara Wachholder, LMHC are a mother-daughter team of therapists as well as coauthors of My Parents Are Getting a Divorce . . . I Wonder What Will Happen to Me, an interactive discussion book that helps provide a bridge of understanding between parents and their children based on the personal and professional experience from the authors. The book creates a safe space for children to share their innermost thoughts and feelings while also teaching healthy coping skills for children to empower themselves during a chaotic and confusing time in their lives. The goal is to take children out of the middle and provide them with a voice as well as the tools that will allow them to grow into healthy, balanced individuals. For further information, please visit www.imstillmebook.com.
Karen Kaye is a licensed mental health counselor with the State of Florida and received her master’s degree in family therapy from the University of Maryland. For fifteen years she has written a column titled, “Ask the Therapist” in the Natural Awakenings Magazine of Broward County, Florida. My Parents Are Getting a Divorce came to life through Karen’s efforts to keep her own child out of the middle of her divorce when Hara was young. The book has been an evolutionary healing process for her and her daughter.
Hara Wachholder is a licensed mental health counselor with the State of Florida and received her master’s degree in counseling from Nova Southeastern University. It was after the resolution of the long-winded custody battle between her parents that Hara recognized her calling to help others going through the same struggle. Hara Wachholder is currently the clinical director for a family therapy center located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Carol graduated from Riverside White Cross School of Nursing in Columbus, Ohio and received her diploma as a registered nurse. She attended Bowling Green State University where she received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in History and Literature. She attended the University of Toledo, College of Nursing, and received a Master’s of Nursing Science Degree as an Educator.
She has traveled extensively, is a photographer, and writes on medical issues. Carol has three children RJ, Katherine, and Stephen – one daughter-in-law; Katie – two granddaughters; Isabella Marianna and Zoe Olivia – and one grandson, Alexander Paul. She also shares her life with her husband Gordon Duff, many cats, and two rescues.
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en
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How do we plan for the unpredictability that is a recurring feature of our business lives?
Brexit, COVID-19, and now the war in Ukraine, all conspire to create trading conditions that can best be described as chaotic.
Present challenges include increasing energy and commodity prices, both of which are forcing up the cost of living and inflation.
It used to be the case that we could create a business plan for the coming year and still be using the same numbers at the end of our trading year. Prices were stable, there were no disruptive supply-line issues and no coronavirus, at least, not the variety labelled COVID-19.
But times have changed and to survive and flourish in these new trading conditions we too will need to be adaptable.
One way to cope with unpredictability is to adopt a flexible planning approach. Instead of setting your budgets once a year, review them monthly or quarterly. In this way you can constantly see how changing the forecast numbers – to reflect new trading conditions – will affect your business in the coming year.
For example, if rising commodity prices increase your cost of production, you can consider your options to increase your prices before these changes start to exert downward pressure on your profits.
Flexing your budgets for changing costs will also provide you with the data to project forward the effects on cash flow and solvency.
We must all learn from the rising unpredictability of the past two and half years. The days of ‘steady as you go’ may be consigned to history. The new mantra will be to invest in planning for the unexpected.
If you would like to discuss the issues raised in this article and to see how flexible forecasting could empower your business in the coming year, please call.
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Every student takes a different set of factors into consideration when doing their college search. For some, the financial aspect may be the primary criteria for choosing a college, while others may be more concerned about the size of the college, or where it is located. Here’s how to search for colleges based on what you decide are your top 5 personal factors.
Ask these questions to determine your top 5 factors in the college search.
- What is my family’s financial situation? What’s the maximum tuition that your family can afford without stretching their budget to breaking point?
- What is the program that I want to study? Do the colleges on my list offer this program?
- Would I do better in a small-sized school with fewer students and personalized attention or would I thrive in a large university with lots of diverse people? What size fits me best?
- Would I prefer to spend my free time in an urban neighborhood with shopping centers and other facilities nearby, or in more rural surroundings with plenty of opportunities for outdoor exploration?
- Am I a good match for the level of competition in the college? Am I prepared to work hard in a highly competitive environment or will I shine in a less competitive environment?
What to consider afterward:
Which of these five topics seem the most important to you? Or if you’re thinking of multiple, how would you rank them in order of most to least important? Do you have other big questions or concerns that we didn’t mention?
By narrowing down important elements, you can more effectively search for colleges. Specificity is key.
College Raptor can help in that regard. If finances concern you, we can show you an estimate of scholarships you could earn from any 4-year college in the country—for FREE! We also have plenty of information on each college that can help you create a solid list—campus location, size, popular sports, average ACT/SAT test scores, diversity statistics, and so much more.
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https://www.collegeraptor.com/find-colleges/articles/college-search/determine-personal-top-5-factors-college-search/
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Established in 2022, Theater J’s Expanding the Canon initiative will commission seven extraordinary racially and ethnically diverse Jewish writers to create new full-length plays that thematically and visually center diverse Jewish narratives. This program is for Jews of Color, Multi Racial/Multi Ethnic Jews, Indigenous Jews, and Mizrachi and Sephardic Jews who seek to correct and broaden the historically limited portrayals of Jewishness on stages in the US and around the world. Expanding the Canon is made possible in large part by funds granted by The Covenant Foundation.
Each writer will receive a $10,000 commission to create a new play over two and a half years; each will also have access to a $5,000 developmental budget that can be used for readings, workshops, research, and travel.
The program will commence in August 2022 with a three-day intensive “Beit Midrash” led by Rosh Beit Sabrina Sojourner, a Shaliakh Tzibur and nationally recognized Jewish leader, and an exceptional teaching faculty. They will guide the cohort of commissioned writers through a curriculum covering Jewish life, philosophy, history, and literature. This intensive introduction will give playwrights access to texts and understandings of Jewish thought and tradition that will inspire them as they begin to craft their plays. Throughout the commission, writers will meet monthly to continue to learn, share additional resources and workshop written material.
Excerpts of the finished scripts will be shared in a final gathering in December 2024. All commissioned scripts will be strongly considered for Theater J mainstage productions.
Applications are now closed. Information about the selected cohort will be announced in the coming months.
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It is often said that we are all connected to the universe. We feel it as a deep sense of balance and belonging, even when our physical world seems off-kilter. The more we can tap into this connection, the easier it becomes to find peace in any situation and move forward with confidence. This blog post will discuss how you can reconnect with your spiritual self and deepen your connection with the Universe through meditation, mindfulness, yoga, and other practices that promote greater awareness of both mind and body.”
What is Universe
The universe is all of space and time. Everything that exists, including planets, stars, galaxies, the contents of intergalactic space (and any other forms or phenomena) are part of the universe.
Why do we need to connect with the Universe?
When you connect with the universe, your spiritual self becomes more accessible. You will be able to handle any situation from a place of peace and calm rather than confusion or stress. This is because tapping into a deep connection can bring about a sense of balance in both mind and body that naturally soothes our souls.
Steps to Connect with the Universe
There are some steps to connect spiritually with the universe:
- Meditate – Mindfulness meditation: it is a great way to clear your mind and connect with the spiritual self.
- Work out – Yoga, running, lifting weights, attending classes at the gym are all ways you can work out for this purpose.
- practice gratitude: Make a list of everything for which you feel grateful throughout each day or week. If it helps, write these down in a journal and reflect on them during your daily meditation or at night before bed.
- Connect with nature, animals, and your surroundings
- Be open to opportunities that present themselves to you
- Be kind to yourself and others throughout each day
- connecting yourself back into the Universe
- practice yoga: Yoga has been shown time and again to reduce stress.
- practice mindfulness: Mindfulness helps you focus on the present rather than dwelling in past fears or worrying about future dangers that may not ever come to pass. This is a great way to connect with the universe through meditation.
- Feel your intention: focus on it, and let go of any outcomes.
- connect with the higher self: The more you tune into this connection, the deeper your spiritual experience will become.
Allow yourself to be guided by intuition rather than fear or doubt. This is a great way to connect with your spirit without worrying about what anyone else has to say.
What else can we do to Connect?
You should also put in the effort to make time for yourself throughout each week. Whether it is taking bubble baths, going for walks in nature, or just catching up on your favorite TV show. Dedicating time to yourself each week allows you an opportunity to recharge and reconnect with the spiritual world that exists deep inside of us all.
What are some benefits?
The deeper your connection becomes over time, the easier it becomes to handle any life situation. You will have a sense of peace and calm that is not easily shaken. Therefore, you are able to live your life with greater awareness, happiness, and love for the people in this world around you.
Connecting yourself back into the Universe
Once you have reconnected with your spiritual self, you will be able to go about living a more peaceful and balanced life. This is because you are no longer operating from a place of fear or anxiety but rather peace and calm.
What does it mean?
Everything has its opposite – light vs dark, hot vs cold, good vs evil, life vs death. Balance is essential to understanding our world and the universe around us. It can be found in many places through many different mediums but usually, it’s felt as a deep sense of connection between oneself including mind, body, and soul – with everything that exists outside of self.
What are some examples of connecting with the Universe?
Many people connect with the universe through meditation, yoga, gratitude exercise,s and activities that allow them to be more present in their life. Find a practice you enjoy doing each day or week and dedicate time for this purpose.
What is our connection to the universe?
One of the best ways to connect with the universe is through meditation. This helps you clear your mind and focus on what truly matters in life rather than getting caught up in fear or anxiety over things that may never come to pass.
How can we feel more spiritually connected?
Practicing gratitude is a great way to feel deeper connections within yourself . It is also one of the easiest ways to be spiritually connected. Make a list every day or week for all of your blessings, including things like animals, nature, family members (living or deceased), etc.
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The nursing home had labeled it.
A thin strip of sticky white paper
folded over the band, pressed together,
with your name in neat, tiny letters
as if it was a reminder in itself
that the person who once owned it
could no longer claim it as their own
and had to be told ‘this is yours’
‘this is something precious to you’
‘this is part of who you were’.
Tonight’s prompt was to write a poem based on a token such as those left by mothers for their children at the Foundling Hospital in London. Make sure to click the badge above and check out the other wonderful poems written by the fantastic poets taking part in tonight’s fun.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://caroljforrester.com/tag/postaday/page/2/
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The epidemic has brought many inconveniences to people. In addition to wearing masks every day when going out, and disinfecting products such as alcohol at home, there is also nucleic acid testing! According to statistics, China's nucleic acid test exceeds 48.85 million/day, and a total of 9.214 billion nucleic acid tests have been carried out. Demand for medical plastic parts also grows. It is conceivable how much demand is for new crown antigen test kits! Therefore, the characteristics and molds of Nucleic acid detection kit are introduced below.
1. Structural features
The wall thickness of the product is thin and it is not easy to fill. Nucleic acid detection kit interference of the upper and lower covers directly affects the tightness of the upper and lower kits. In addition, the wall of the product is thin and long, and the overall deformation is not easy to control.
2. Material selection
ABS: The material fluidity is relatively medium, the processing temperature is relatively wide, the thermal deformation temperature is good, and it has excellent mechanical properties, its impact strength is excellent, its wear resistance is excellent, and its dimensional stability is good.
3. Mold Features
Nucleic acid detection kit mould structure requirements are not high, but it is relatively difficult to control the size of the matching gap between the upper and lower covers and the matching gap between the lower cover and the reagent tablet. The mold usually mainly adopts the 1*8 layout, and the gate usually is cold runner submarine gate.
Feel free to contact us for more information.
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<urn:uuid:6abec366-724c-4fae-817d-1b8aa27c9fb3>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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Fatigue is common after Covid-19 infection. When is action needed? By Dr Kiran Desai, Dr Rebecca Bamford and Dr Adam Ainley
Fatigue is a very common symptom of Covid-19, affecting around eight in 10 patients. Normally, this symptom will settle in two to three weeks but in some cases a post-Covid fatigue can last for weeks to months. The Coronavirus Infection Survey by the Office of National Statistics found that fatigue was one of the most common symptoms in post-Covid patients, with around 12% having symptoms at five weeks after Covid-19 infection.1
Could the fatigue be unrelated to Covid-19 infection?
Fatigue is a generalised symptom seen with many infections, as well as other systemic conditions. Postviral fatigue is already well known and is commonly described after glandular fever, mumps, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and other viral infections. Severity and length of symptoms do not always reflect the severity of the initial infection or the patient’s previous fitness level. The majority who experience postviral fatigue will make a full recovery. Rarely, post-viral fatigue can develop into chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS).
Fatigue can be a manifestation of normal physiological states, physical diseases or psychological disorders. Physiological causes would include pregnancy, breastfeeding, inadequate rest or sleep and excessive exercise. Physical conditions include anaemia, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and malignancy. Psychological causes include depression, anxiety, loss and stress.2
For patients with fatigue following Covid-19 infection, a full medical assessment should include a review of physical, cognitive, psychological and psychiatric symptoms, as well as assessment of functional ability.3
A clinical history should include a review of the suspected Covid-19 infection and duration of symptoms, detailing any other associated persistent symptoms such as headache, cough, breathlessness, chest pain and palpitations in keeping with a possible post-Covid syndrome.
It is also important to assess the pattern and character of the fatigue. Post-exertional fatigue is common, and can feel particularly debilitating as it may not be relieved by rest or sleep.4
A history should be used to exclude other causes of fatigue, especially where the symptoms are isolated or in patients with pre-existing conditions that may account for the symptoms.
Symptoms such as cold intolerance, history of thyroid dysfunction and muscle cramping may be more suggestive of a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. Fatigue-associated shortness of breath may suggest an underlying anaemia and it would be important to consider causes of this in the history-taking process. Additional symptoms such dyspepsia, haematemesis or melena may raise suspicion of acute blood loss via upper GI bleeding, which would warrant urgent referral to secondary care.
Lastly, fatigue is also a common symptom associated with malignancy and history-taking should include exclusion of red-flag symptoms such as persistent cough, change in bowel or bladder habits, dysphagia, unexplained weight loss, lumps, pain, bleeding or change in skin lesions.5
Investigation and management
Extensive investigations are rarely needed in postviral fatigue,4 but with post-Covid fatigue, NICE recommends offering blood tests, in particular FBC, kidney and liver function, CRP, ferritin, BNP and thyroid function tests6, which will help to exclude alternative causes.
In primary care the main recommendation is that treatment should be given to correct any underlying or reversible causes such as thyroid dysfunction, iron or B12 deficiency or vitamin D deficiency. Further advice can be provided to patients about energy conservation and pacing. A number of resources are available for patients to undertake self-management including the NHS Your Covid Recovery platform and resources from the Royal College of Occupational Therapists.
Long Covid clinics
NICE recommends referral to a long Covid service after ruling out acute or life-threatening complications and alternative diagnoses.6 Assessment clinics are recommended to include a multidisciplinary integrated assessment service including occupational therapists and physiotherapists.3
There are no gold-standard treatments for post-Covid fatigue and no specific pharmacological interventions.6 However, management of post-Covid syndrome is based on experience of other postviral syndromes until further evidence becomes available. One of the aims of post-Covid clinics is to assess the degree of functional impairment, the impact of this on patients’ daily lives, including work and social life, and to develop personalised rehabilitation and management plans. These include treatment of diagnosed underlying conditions and self-management strategies such as energy conservation techniques and pacing.2
Dr Kiran Desai is a senior clinical fellow in respiratory medicine, Dr Rebecca Bamford is a specialist trainee registrar in respiratory medicine and Dr Adam Ainley is a consultant respiratory physician, all in Barking, Essex
- Office for National Statistics (ONS), 2020. The prevalence of long Covid symptoms and Covid-19 complications
- NICE. Clinical Knowledge Summary (CKS), 2020. Tiredness and Fatigue in Adults. London: NICE, 2020
- Greenhalgh T, et al. Management of post-acute Covid-19 in primary care. BMJ 2020;370:m3026
- Gaber T. Assessment and management of post-Covid fatigue. 2021. Progress in Neurology and Phsychiatry 2021;25:1:36-39
- Sakthivel M, et al. Screening for red flag symptoms of cancer: A community-based cross-sectional study from urban Puducherry, India. Journal of Education and Health Promotion 2018;7:174
- NICE. Rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of Covid-19. London: NICE, 2020
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The current administration has announced a number of initiatives to support the development of the real estate industry, as well as improve the provision of housing for the general populace.
One of the biggest issues of the last half-decade has been land. Many of the leading developers have very substantial land holdings. According to the report “Industry Insight on the Real Estate Sector” by the American Chamber of Commerce (Amcham) in Egypt, as of June 2014, Talaat Moustafa Group had the largest land bank with 47.3m sq metres. This was followed by Heliopolis Housing with 29.4m sq metres, Madinet Nasr Housing and Development with 9.9m sq metres, Palm Hills Development with 8.9m sq metres, and Sixth of October Development and Investment Company (SODIC) with 5.5m sq metres.
Following the 2011 revolution, land became a contentious issue, not just for developers but for property holders across the board, following allegations of below-market pricing schemes conducted under the administration of President Hosni Mubarak. According to reports in the local press, by the end of 2014 there were at least 155 cases being reviewed by the government’s dispute settlement committee across a number of sectors. The dispute resolution committee has proposed solutions for 20 of these cases, at least nine of which lay within the real estate segment.
The situation appears to be resolving itself with the help of ongoing extensive dispute resolution negotiations, which in some instances have resulted in the return of land plots or payments on re-assessed land. For example, the press reported that in May 2011 Palm Hills returned a 9m-sq-metre plot it had purchased under the previous administration on Egypt’s north coast to the government. As in other cases, the courts were involved to sort through the outstanding issues.
Foreign firms have also been drawn into protracted negotiations for outstanding previous sales transactions. In a settlement with the New Urban Communities Authority, an agency under Egypt’s Ministry of Housing, the Emirati firm Damac was forced to waive a 17.78% stake in the luxury development Hyde Park and, in another example, the backers of Cairo Festival City, Al Futtaim, negotiated a revised payment agreement with the government in 2014.
Such disputes are particularly complex in Egypt, given the lack of transparency in land pricing, which makes assessment uniquely challenging. With opacity in the land market, many would argue that it is difficult to ascertain a fair market value for land.
The government has recognised this, and is itself in a delicate position, caught between the conflicting desires to ensure a fair price for public lands and the need to attract further investment to the industry. As such, it has tried to expedite the process of settling land disputes.
In the first quarter of 2014, at the annual Cityscape real estate forum, the then-housing minister, Ibrahim Mehleb, announced to the press that, ‘“the state of confusion regarding real estate investments has ended despite all the obstacles and concerns surrounding the current policies, which look to strike a balance between investors’ rights and those of the state”.
With several cases still outstanding in the dispute settlement committee this may be an optimistic take on the current situation. Yet the government is certainly looking to put this period of uncertainty behind it and is also looking at introducing a number of measures to ensure that the potential for future opacity and misuse of public lands is minimised. At the same forum in 2014, for example, Mehleb announced that public land would now only be available through public auctions rather than direct contracts.
However, one of the most important measures to improve the environment for land investment is the government drive for co-development of land. In the first quarter of 2015 the government announced plans to offer state land to private developers on a revenue-sharing basis. These plans are being rolled out.
The new model will allow the government to generate revenue from public lands in a transparent manner, while easing the difficulties with land acquisition and the constraints on supply for private developers. As well as helping to moderate land price inflation, the new system will allow the government to offer land to private developers in exchange for a certain quota of affordable units in any subsequent development.
The government has already effectively used the new structure to settle ongoing settlement disputes with developers. In March 2015, for example, the real estate firm Talaat Moustafa Group signed a final agreement with the New Urban Communities Authority (NUCA) offering 3.2m sq metres of finished units in its flagship Madinaty project in Cairo to conclude a contract made with NUCA in 2010. This was accompanied by a $380m payment to be fulfilled over 10 years as part of the settlement for deals with the previous administration.
The government strategy has been well received by private developers. Dasha Badrawi, the then-managing director of SODIC, told press in March 2015, ‘“This is very positive for the industry. Essentially, [the government] is becoming partners with a share of the top line.”’ As of August 2015 the government had signed LE35.8bn ($4.9bn) worth of revenue-sharing deals with a combined area of 6.4m sq metres, according to HC Securities and Investment. This number is only likely to increase in the future, given the moderate land banks of leading developers and the desire to maximise units in the suburbs of Cairo.
The other major government intervention in the sector in the last 18 months was an amendment to the building tax law. First introduced in 2008, the law was reinforced by President Abdel Fattah El Sisi in August 2014. It is hoped that the new regulation will improve collection and revenues, as well as encourage construction completion and the sale or rental of units.
Under the new law, all buildings, both completed and under construction, will be liable for taxation, meaning that the swift development and sale or rental of property is preferable. Given the issue of vacant units in the country at a time when there is high demand for housing, this legislation could be a useful tool for improving the supply situation in the mid- to low-income segment of the market.
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By Hakon Heimer
17 March 2022. Students around the world can now draw upon the combined knowledge of precision medicine researchers and clinicians in all the Nordic countries.
The online course “Personalised Medicine from a Nordic Perspective” represents a collaboration between the leaders of Nordic faculties of health and medicine and the Nordic Society of Human Genetics and Precision Medicine, with funding from the Joint Committee of the Nordic Medical Research Councils (NOS-M).
The “massive open online course” (MOOC) is designed to introduce the concept of personalized, or precision, medicine as a final-year elective for medical students. With 30 videos in six modules and a faculty of 35 contributors, it is one of the largest online courses ever produced by the Coursera team at the Centre for Online and Blended Learning at the University of Copenhagen (UCPH), which provided significant in-kind support, as did the University of Iceland and deCODE genetics.
Many members of NSHG-PM volunteered their time to create lectures and participate in interview segments, and
“We are very proud of this course,” said Engilbert Sigurdsson, dean of University of Iceland’s medical faculty, on behalf of the Educational Working Group of Faculty leaders at Nordic universities. Sigurdsson led the project with Ulla Wewer, dean of UCPH’s faculty of health and medical sciences.
The curriculum was developed by professors Sisse Ostrowski at University of Copenhagen and Sædis Sævarsdottir at University of Iceland and deCODE genetics.
Introduction to Personalised Medicine from a Nordic Perspective (video, two minutes)
The Nordic model
The technical revolution has generated large numbers of data in healthcare and biomedical research. The rapidly increasing capacity to analyze these data holds great potential to support a change from the one-size-fits-all paradigm of healthcare to personalized medicine, also called precision medicine.
"To be able to make sense of the complexity of human biology, you need an awful lot of data," said NSHG-PM President Kári Stefánsson of deCODE genetics in a promotional video for the course.
Nordic countries provide a unique platform for personalized medicine, with unparalleled health data infrastructure that can be combined for research and the implementation of new knowledge into clinical care.
NSHG-PM officer Søren Brunak of UCPH added that, "In the Nordic countries we have longitudinal data. We can track people over time: not only one disease but actually all the diseases they've had, even if they move around."
The course describes precision medicine from the perspective of patients, healthcare systems, research and development, and infrastructure elements. The extensive Nordic electronic health records, disease registers, and biobanks are poised to generate a learning environment that is integrated with everyday care of patients.
The curriculum also covers communication of risk and the ethical, legal, and social aspects of personalized medicine, and presents examples where the approach already is used in routine care.
“The course has already become part of the optional curriculum for last-year medical students' electives at the universities of Copenhagen and Iceland,” said Sigurdsson. “It can also be harnessed as part of specialist training courses and continuing medical education (CME) activities in this field as well as for doctoral and master-level students in allied health sciences.”
The course is still in its “beta test” phase at the two lead universities, but in the first month it jumped onto the list of the 30 most popular Coursera MOOCs worldwide. The creators are encouraging health and medical faculties across the region to add the course to their regular 2022-2023 elective offerings.
"We want to emphasize that this should be thought of a basic course to gain understanding of the personalized medicine concept from different angles, and we hope it will give insights into future possibilities in the Nordic countries," said Sævarsdóttir. "We also hope that this can serve as a platform to add on more in-depth activities in this field, and bridge the gap between basic research and the everyday clinic."
Even if you are not affiliated with a university that is offering the course for credit, you can watch the videos by creating an account at Coursera.
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Photo Credit: TN
Happy Independence Day Senegal: A Look At The History Of This Vibrant, West-African Nation
On April 4, 2022, the vibrant, west-African nation of Senegal celebrates its 62nd year as an independent nation. The bulk of the Independence Day program is held in Dakar, the capital city. Military personnel and civilians march, there are flags displayed everywhere, and onlookers, who are off from work and school, gather to mark the occasion.
Before France gained possession of Senegal, other European superpowers, including Portugal, Britain and Holland, wrestled for dominance. They were drawn to its beauty, rich resources and its location as a convenient gateway to the New World.
According to Discover Senegal, France “made Senegal an overseas territory,” and Gorée Island, just off the coast, was a launching point during the Atlantic Slave Trade. It’s possible to visit the island, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, via ferry from Dakar.
There is a fort on the island called the Slave House, which functions as a museum today. It was, according to the BBC, “one of the warehouses through which Africans passed on their way to the Americas.” Attempts to escape the Slave House would have been nearly impossible, as the surrounding waters were deep with strong undercurrents. Similar to the Door of No Return in Ghana, the sordid history of Gorée Island is palpable for Black visitors. The colorful houses, cobblestone streets and lack of cars provide only a small distraction. Among the island’s most famous visitors were Nelson Mandela and the Obamas.
But there is so much to Senegal outside of slavery. According to Today Tourism, “the earliest known human settlement in Senegal existed over 350,000 years ago,” and it was advanced. Before colonization, Senegal was ruled by a series of kingdoms. Bou El Mogdad, a cruise line operating on the Senegal River, highlights the Djolof kingdom as “the largest and most influential.” Its first bourb, or king, was Ndiadiane Ndiaye.
Compared to other nations, including those within the continent, Senegal is often overlooked. But it has great beaches, pleasant weather year-round, and a layered history. The chief languages are French and Wolof, and it’s beneficial to learn greetings and basic phrases in at least one of these. Teranga, which refers to warmth and hospitality, is a way of life for Senegalese people, and it shows in how they interact with each other. During religious holidays, Muslims, who make up most of the population, share food with Christians and other religious minorities. This giving spirit is extended to outsiders as well, but be sure to do your research on protocol and cultural norms.
Dakar is a multi-ethnic city, peppered with bustling markets, mosques and a booming surfing community. You’ll also find the African Renaissance monument, the tallest statue on the continent. Built in a socialist-realism style, it consists of a man, woman and child looking out to sea. When it was unveiled in 2010, then president Abdoulaye Wade said it was intended to commemorate Senegal’s independence. But there was backlash for a few reasons. It cost a fortune (the equivalent of 27 million dollars), and the partial nudity of the figures didn’t sit right with conservative onlookers. Some critics also questioned how pro-African the sculpture truly was, since it was built by North Koreans.
For all the controversy, the African Renaissance monument makes a bold statement and since it’s perched on a hill, it’s impossible to miss. Climb the steps for a closer look and, for a fee, you can take the elevator to the top of the man’s head. You’ll want to have your camera ready for the sweeping views of Dakar and the sea beyond.
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During Education Portfolio Questions at the Scottish Parliament, Ms Hyslop asked the Cabinet Secretary for Education and Skills, Shirley-Anne Somerville, for more insight into the progress of Holyrood actions on this matter, as set out in the Autism in Schools Action Plan.
Ms Hyslop said: “Early identification can make a world of difference to neurodiverse children and young people, allowing them to access the support they need at an earlier stage.
"The Autism in Schools Action Plan sets out important steps but it is important that these are delivered on the ground in mainstream schools and I was glad to highlight the needs of neurodiverse pupils in Parliament.”
Ms Hyslop also recently visited the Donaldson Trust– the leading charity in Scotland for neurodiversity, which is based in Linlithgow – to hear more about the charity’s work, and what can be done to support neurodiverse young people.
She added: “I have recently met with a number of my constituents, who are neurodiverse, and they provided great insight into the difficulties they have faced in mainstream schools in particular. Small adaptations to school environments and teaching could really improve the experiences of neurodiverse students.”
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# Build Recommender
Recommender systems are complex. The overall workflow in Gorse is as follows:
- Users, items and feedbacks are stored in database (a.k.a.
data_storein config file). Item Management introduces how to manage items in Gorse. Feedbacks are required to generate personalized recommendations for user, which is discussed in Feedback Collection.
- Latest items, popular items, user neighbors, item neighbors, recommendations and meta data are store in cache (a.k.a
cache_storein config file).
- The master node loads data from database. In the process of loading data, popular items and latest items are write to cache. Then, the master node search neighbors and training recommendation models. In background, random search is used to find the optimal recommendation model for current data. The worker nodes pull recommendation models from the master node and generate recommendations for each user. The server nodes provides RESTful APis.
- Recommendation Strategies shows how to define recommendation behaviors.
- Performance vs Precision discusses how to trade off between system performance and recommendation precision.
- The server nodes and worker nodes synchronize meta information from the master node. The address adn timeout of meta communication are specified in config file.
[master] # GRPC port of the master node. The default value is 8086. port = 8086 # gRPC host of the master node. The default values is "0.0.0.0". host = "0.0.0.0" # Number of working jobs in the master node. The default value is 1. n_jobs = 1 # Meta information timeout. The default value is 10s. meta_timeout = "10s"
All data and status can be viewed in Gorse dashboard (read Gorse Dashboard for more information).
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SYNOPSISqdel [-c] [-m message] [-p] [-W delay] job_identifier ...
DESCRIPTIONThe qdel command deletes jobs in the order in which their job identifiers are presented to the command. A job is deleted by sending a Delete Job batch request to the batch server that owns the job. A job that has been deleted is no longer subject to management by batch services.
A batch job may be deleted by its owner, the batch operator, or the batch administrator.
A batch job being deleted by a server will be sent a SIGTERM signal following by a SIGKILL signal. The time delay between the two signals is an attribute of the execution queue from which the job was run (settable by the administrator). This delay may be overridden by the option.
See the PBS ERS section 22.214.171.124, "Delete Job Request", for more information.
- -W delay
Specify the delay between the sending of the SIGTERM and SIGKILL
signals. The argument
specifies a unsigned integer number of seconds.
- Clean up unreported jobs from the server. This should only be used if the scheduler is unable to purge unreported jobs. This option is only available to a batch operator or the batch administrator.
- Forcibly purge the job from the server. This should only be used if a running job will not exit because its allocated nodes are unreachable. The admin should make every attempt at resolving the problem on the nodes. If a job's mother superior recovers after purging the job, any epilogue scripts may still run. This option is only available to a batch operator or the batch administrator.
- -m message
- Specify a comment to be included in the email. The argument specifies the comment to send. This option is only available to a batch operator or the batch administrator.
OPERANDSThe qdel command accepts one or more operands of the form:
STANDARD ERRORThe qdel command will write a diagnostic messages to standard error for each error occurrence.
EXIT STATUSUpon successful processing of all the operands presented to the qdel command, the exit status will be a value of zero.
If the qdel command fails to process any operand, the command exits with a value greater than zero.
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The Moyamoya Program at Boston Children’s Hospital provides the full spectrum of diagnostic, consultation, surgical, and follow-up care services for children and adolescents with moyamoya. This life-threatening condition causes a slowing of the blood flow to the brain.
Our depth of experience in moyamoya
Our team of moyamoya experts collaborate with our clinicians across the hospital — from neurologists, radiologists, and anesthesiologists to physical therapists, social workers, and speech therapists — to devise a comprehensive treatment plan that is right for your child and family.
Because some children with moyamoya are also living with other medical conditions, like Down syndrome, sickle cell disease, and neurofibromatosis, our clinicians work closely with specialists throughout the hospital to deliver care for all of our patients’ needs.
Why choose the Moyamoya Program?
The Boston Children’s Moyamoya Program is the largest center of its kind in the country — and our team is the most experienced in caring for children and adolescents with this rare condition. Our physicians played a key role in developing the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for management of stroke and moyamoya.
We are also the highest volume center for surgical treatment, called revascularization, in patients with moyamoya, with the shortest length of stay and best outcomes.
Meet a moyamoya patient turned doctor
Elizabeth Kwak is living proof of how far the treatment of moyamoya has come. She talks about her experience with moyamoya and how it has dramatically shaped the course of her life.
The only effective long-term treatment for moyamoya is surgery. In 1985, Boston Children’s neurosurgeon R. Michael Scott, MD, developed and first performed a procedure called pial synangiosis that directly applies a healthy artery onto the affected area of a child’s brain. Since then, he and Edward Smith, MD, have used pial synangiosis to treat more than 50 children each year with moyamoya.
In addition, we also offer several other leading-edge treatment options including:
- same-anesthesia bilateral hemisphere revascularization
- surgical treatment of sickle cell patients with moyamoya, including timed exchange transfusions, ICU management, and medication regimen
- specific surgical protocols for patients who have moyamoya and neurofibromatosis or Down syndrome
- occipital synangiosis for cerebral revascularization
Our physicians conduct research into the causes, development, and treatment of moyamoya. Our research efforts include:
- studying how blood vessels in the brain respond to moyamoya and to surgical treatment
- examining the alterations of blood flow in the brains of children with moyamoya
- determining how certain components of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid may influence the onset and progression of moyamoya
- developing new, noninvasive methods of diagnosing moyamoya at an early stage, before disabling strokes occur
Read more on our research and innovation page.
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Maquenque Mixed Wildlife Refuge, located in Boca Tapada, Pital de San Carlos, was the scene of a Harpy Eagle sighting.
In Costa Rica, the last recorded sighting was in 2017. On that occasion, it was documented in Santa Cecilia de Upala, in the Guanacaste National Park.
Henry Antonio Solís Loría, a resident of Boca Tapada, was the lucky one to spot the animal. Subsequently, he shared it on his social networks and with the Ornithological Association of Costa Rica.
“I was on my way to a kayak tour, so I was riding with some tourists when suddenly I saw the eagle, and at first glance, I saw it was huge, so I shouted to the driver: ‘Stop!’ Because I had never seen it before and knew it was unusual,” he commented.
According to local authorities, this sighting is unusual in the country. They indicated that seeing this eagle is practically a matter of luck.
Pablo Elizondo, a biodiversity specialist, explained that before 2009 the eagle was considered extinct.
“This species is confused with the Crested Eagle, and in both cases, it is quite an event because both are quite rare, but we are looking at a Harpy Eagle,” confirmed Elizondo to Telenoticias.
The Harpy Eagle is the largest in Costa Rica and South America. Unfortunately, it is in grave danger of extinction.
“They are highly threatened and in great danger of extinction. The recent records come from the Northern Zone, probably from the Indio Maíz Biological Reserve in Nicaragua,” said the expert.
The Ornithological Association of Costa Rica discussed this event on its Facebook page
The age of the eagle is unknown at this time. It is possible that it can be confirmed, and more details can be revealed as soon as experts analyze the video.
Video is for illustrative purposes and not actual siting
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One of the most prominent trends in the linguistics of the 21st century is the unparalleled growth of machine-readable resources. While some legacy databases are steadily being converted into standardized formats like CLDF (Forkel & List, 2020), more and more new datasets get published every year. These datasets, while often including well-described languages, increasingly add languages that have so far enjoyed little to no scholarly attention, or have not been aggregated and made publicly accessible for various reasons (Dellert et al., 2020; Dellert, Daneyko, & Münch, 2019; Kassian, 2020). An example of the latter is TuLeD (Tupían Lexical Database) (Gerardi, Reichert, Aragon, List, & Wientzek, 2021; Gerardi, Reichert, & Aragon, 2021) which grew out of a wide variety of sources on Tupían languages (living and extinct) and was subsequently used in a phylogenetic classification of the Tupí-Guaraní branch (Gerardi & Reichert, 2021).
However, there is a clear need for further resources that would ideally capture even more of the linguistic and cultural diversity of South America. Our overarching goal is not only to continue providing sources to spread the knowledge on Amazonian languages and thus broaden our understanding of linguistic typology, but also to do so in a way that would enable us to empirically test some of the hypotheses put forth in the research literature. One such hypothesis suggests that two of these language families (Katukinan and Harakmbut) are genetically related (Adelaar, 2000, 2007). We also conjecture a macrofamily which adds the Arawan family to Katukinan1 and Harakmbut, following a proposal by dos Anjos (2011); Jolkesky (2016). For these reasons we are working on the Katukinan-Arawan-Harakmbut Database (KAHD) by aggregating the published sources and making sure the data is consistently transcribed, aligned, and enriched with information on cognacy. Far from being a purely lexical database, KAHD is planned to encompass phonetic-phonological and morphological information as well.
At present, the size of the database can neither support nor refute the genetic relationship between these languages. Our goal in this paper is thus to introduce the database as an instrument which could, among other things, be employed in attempts to answer this question of genetic relatedness. The quantitative methods presented in Section 2 are intended to demonstrate the current status of the database.
1.1 The Arawan language family
The Arawan family is roughly known since 1891, when Brinton recognized similarities between Arawá and Paumari, and consists of six languages:2 Paumari, Madi (and its dialects Jarawara, Jamamadí, and Banawá) (see Dixon 2004), Sorowaha, Deni, Kulina, and the extinct Arawá (Ehrenreich, 1897). The number of speakers varies, as well as their social vulnerability, and consequently the status of their language: vigorous for Sorowaha with less than 200 speakers, but threatened for Kulina, with 2500 speakers.
Most of the Arawan speakers were contacted during the end of the nineteenth century and some of them, as is the case of the Sorowaha, escaped from the intensive Indigenous territorial invasion process which took place in the middle Purus River, and (they) still live as a recently contacted group (Aparicio, 2015; Huber, 2012). Others remain isolated like the groups who live in the Hi-Merimã Indigenous Area in the middle Purus (Shiratori, Cangussu, & Furquim, 2021). The Table 1 presents information on ethnic population, speakers and status of the language according to (Eberhard, Simons, & Fennig, 2021) which stem from a source dating back to 2012, and the Figure 1 shows the location of the languages. These numbers do not necessarily reflect the current situation, but they offer a general picture of the state of the Arawan language family. The ethnic population for Kulina, for example, differs significantly from that given by Dienst 2014 (5500 in Brazil and 600 in Peru), while a source from 2015 cites a comparable figure for the Sorowaha (Aparicio, 2015). In the lack of official or more precise and recent sources, Ethnologue (Eberhard et al., 2021) seems to be the most reliable source to quote.
The Arawan communities are located in Brazil, in the south-western Amazonia, except for the Kulina speakers, who live near the Peruvian border (Ucayali). The Purus basin and the Juruá river are the historical seats of the Arawan groups. Their presence on the margins of the Purus and Juruá rivers, especially in the middle course of the Purus (which extends from the surroundings of the Acre River to the surroundings of the city of Tapauá, between the Acre River and the Tauamirim stream), was marked by the continuous exploration of rubber and the presence of proselytizing missionaries (Aparício, 2019). Only after the 1990s, their territories have started to be delimited and recognized by the Brazilian authorities (Aparício, 2011), although not soon enough to avoid the devastating effects of genocide and epidemics which happened since the rubber extraction had been introduced in the Purus (Kroemer, 1985).
The Arawá, a group whose name is now used for the Arawan language family, are a case in point. Their presence on the Juruá River was first signaled by Castelnau (1851, 87). The tribe was reported to have been exterminated by an epidemic of measles, introduced by the first migration of people from the north-eastern state of Ceará on the east coast of Brazil which was caused by the drought of 1877. The few survivors sought refuge with the Kulina, speakers of a language from the same family, who are said to have massacred them (Rivet & Tastevin, 1938, 72). Little is known about Arawá language and it is possible that the remnants of the group were incorporated into the Kulina, whose language they may have influenced.
1.2 The Harakmbut-Katukinan language family
Harakmbut is spoken along the Madre de Dios River and its upper tributaries in Peru. There are several dialects which fall into two large clusters (Helberg Chávez, 1984, xv,50) (Helberg Chávez & Solís Fonseca, 1990, 227–228). Toyoeri and Huachipaeri form one cluster, while the other is formed by Sapiteri, Arasaeri and Amarakaeri, which is the best known and has the largest number of speakers (see also van Linden (2022)). It was initially classified as belonging to the Arawak family (Matteson, 1972; McQuown, 1955), but more recently, based on lexical evidence, Adelaar (2000, 2007) has proposed that it is genetically related to the Brazilian Katukina family. Wise (1999) seems to consider it an isolate.
The Katukinan family is known thanks to the work of Tastevin (1920) (see also Rivet 1920; Rivet and Tastevin 1921, 1923) and Natterer (1817–1835). Rodrigues takes it for granted (Rodrigues 1986, 79–81). It was Adelaar (2000) who first proposed the link between Harakmbut and the Katukinan languages, which has not been challenged and seems to be widely accepted by now. Of the two dialects of Kanamari, Katukina is probably the only surviving of the family, since Katawixi was already said to have disappeared in 1926 (dos Anjos, 2011, 16–17). Table 2 offers a brief overview over the current situation of these two language families.
In the era of rapidly growing number of linguistic resources, arriving at comparable results in cross-linguistic research entails working with comparable datasets and standardized sets of tools and specifications. Despite the proliferation of datasets, they often fail to conform to the data FAIRness (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reproducible) principles outlined in Wilkinson et al. (2016) and may require laborous and costly preprocessing before any analysis can take place. In order to address this need, we decided to follow the standards of the CLDF (Cross-Linguistic Data Formats) initiative that enjoys growing popularity in the (computational) linguistic community (Forkel et al., 2018). CLDF offers ways to ensure the integrity of the data, its connection to the major reference catalogs like Glottolog (Hammarström et al., 2021) and Concepticon (List et al., 2022), as well as scripts written specifically for (historical) linguists to get the most out of their data. CLDF works with simple text formats that can be read and modified in any environment and allows for automatic validation of datasets against the specifications. Additionally, projects based on CLDF specification, like CLICS (Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications) (List et al., 2018) or the CLTS (Cross-Linguistic Transcription Systems) initiative, which endorses the use of unified phonetically transcribed forms (Anderson et al., 2018; List, Anderson, Tresoldi, & Forkel, 2021), constantly add new ways to explore available data and increase its cross-linguisitic interoperability. This framework alongside its tools as well as the agreed upon workflow was used in preparation of the TuLeD dataset (Gerardi, Reichert, & Aragon, 2021).
The pre-release version of the dataset, which this paper describes, consists of 8 doculects (Good & Cysouw, 2013) and 556 concepts across 2503 forms.3 The lexical coverage for each language in the dataset is given in Table 3.
The choice of concepts respects the established lists like Swadesh (1955, 2017) as well the Leipzig-Jakarta list (Tadmor, Haspelmath, & Taylor, 2010), but also adds multiple concepts whose inclusion is motivated by their cultural prominence in the (daily) life of the native speakers.4 These concepts cover a variety of semantic domains: food and drink, kinship, the physical world, agriculture and vegetation, basic actions and technology, emotions and values, as well as fauna and flora, among others. The specifics for each concept, including semantic domains, except for some fauna and flora items can be accessed on Concepticon (List et al., 2022), since the names of concepts in our database are based on this source.
Cognacy was at first obtained through the five methods for automatic cognate detection implemented in LingPy and discussed in List, Greenhill, and Gray (2017) using the default parameters with the number of permutations set to 10,000 for each method, thus closely following the workflow of the original paper. The B-Cubed scores used for evaluation of each analysis are given in Table 4.
Initially, we relied on the LexStat method because of how it performed (see Table 4) in cognate assignment and subsequently manually improved the results using expert judgment. This did not lead to any significant improvement, because the family appears to be quite shallow, as indicated by the low number of cognate diversity of cogids: 0.169 and for cogid: 0.186 (see List et al. (2017) for cognacy diversity in other families). Even though we have assigned cogids for partial cognacy and added morpheme glosses, partial cognacy will only be thoroughly addressed in the next release. This means that morphological segmentation will be made available as well.
LingPy also implements an alignment algorithm which was used for this pre-release version of the dataset.5 It should be noted that the resulting alignments have not been manually checked and no changes have been added to the output of LingPy. An example of the alignment for the concept “shoot with blow-gun” is given in Figure 2.
We have further computed maximal mutual coverage6 for all doculects in the dataset. The result is 6 doculects with an average mutual coverage of 219.
We have conducted a simple attempt of classification in order to compare the results with the proposed classification of Arawan by Dienst (2008), shown in Figure 3. We are not proposing a classification, but testing the validity of the automated cognacy against an already existing classification.
3 Results and discussion
Despite the various ways of hosting scientific datasets on the web, the process of data validation and curation may require considerable time and cost investment alongside technical skills and acumen. An additional consideration is the need to increase interoperability between datasets for typological and phylogenetic analyses, among others. In the case of South American language families, having freely available data in standardized transcription and enriched with information on linguistic features like cognacy would bring together the many valuable contributions from ethnographers and linguists alike. We believe that the next crucial step can be made much easier by using the toolset built around the CLDF datasets. The effort involved in checking the data’s integrity is minimal and the steadily growing number of datasets published in adherence to these standards attests to its robustness and utility for (primarily) linguistic purposes. In making our database open-access, we rely on the cldfbench framework that greatly reduces the cost of the FAIR data curation by providing ways to read, write, and validate standardized CLDF datasets (Forkel & List, 2020).
This pre-release version is not yet hosted in the CLLD web-application despite being publicly available. The official release is planned to include a suitable graphical user interface, but the dataset can be accessed in its entirety via a permanent link in the EDICTOR which offers various search and analysis tools (List, 2017) as well as an option to download the full dataset.7
With the publication of the pre-release, we now begin to focus on the primary official release (version 1.0) which will contain enough data in all three families with cognacy assignment to preliminary test an interesting hypothesis regarding the relation between these families (Adelaar, 2000, 2007, Jolkesky, 2011; 2016). The inclusion of morphological items will provide valuable insights for comparison and allow for better typological description of languages, for which few resources are available.
We submitted our dataset to Zenodo8 for archiving.
The last decades have witnessed a growing amount of phylogenetic classifications of language families thanks to the use of lexical databases with cognacy assignment (Heggarty, 2021; Kolipakam et al., 2018; Sagart et al., 2019; Walworth, 2017; Zhang, Yan, Pan, & Jin, 2019). Such databases, beside elucidating the internal classification of language families, play a role in the understanding of displacement and linguistic contact, for example, through borrowing. Words of a language are valuable for understanding the culture where it is spoken (Harrison, 2008), even more so when the whole family is considered. In addition, culturally relevant lexical items offer us insights into possible genetic relations between individual languages, and it is even possible to putatively reconstruct items that were part of a proto-culture (Corrêa-da Silva, 2013; Rodrigues, 2010).
Apart from its value for (computational) historical linguistics mentioned in the previous section, the KAHD database also serves as language documentation and preservation effort for Amazonian language families since, as shown in Section 1.1, the number of speakers for some of the languages is diminishing at a fast rate (see e.g. D’Ávila 2019). Lehmann (2001, 5) affirms that the primary purpose of language documentation is to “represent the language for those who do not have direct access to the language itself.” KAHD strives to achieve this goal by collecting primary data and making it publicly available after careful pre-processing, e.g. by performing cognacy judgment. Aside from language documentation (Romaine, 2015), the preparation of the Arawan dataset reveals the vast amount of work which is still to be done. The relative scarcity of published linguistic research on this language family underscores the necessity for a project like KAHD that would become the central hub for collaboration and research into the lexical richness of these three underdescribed language families. Access to further sources to include in the dataset is essential in substantiating any theories on these language families.
An important future direction of the project is its use as a source for creating learning materials for the Indigenous communities, helping them raise their language vitality and providing an authentic context for the language acquisition. Dictionaries, for instance, are one type of pedagogical materials whose compilation could be made easier and more cost efficient by relying on a database like KAHD. An obvious advantage of an online database is the quick and effortless addition of new concepts and words. Thus, KAHD is being prepared with an eye toward wedding technology with ongoing language revitalization efforts. Moreover, as with KAHD’s precursor TuLeD, we intend to actively involve community members in shaping KAHD into a useful and free tool for a variety of purposes starting with the preparation of educational resources locally. We welcome any kind of contributions to the project.
All data relevant to the creation of this pre-release version of the Arawan dataset can be accessed and downloaded from our GitHub repository (https://github.com/LanguageStructure/KAHD_pre_release). All output files produced by running LingPy scripts are uploaded into the folder LingPy.
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THE TRANSFORMATIONAL SOLUTION FOR ASSESSORS
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With property tax revenue making up the majority of city and county budgets in many areas, governments need to deliver.
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GIS can provide the tools for the public – and internal users within the organization – to access the property information they need in a way that meets expectations for self-service, availability across devices, and easy interpretation. It allows up-to-date data to be automatically shared through web maps and apps, enables communication with taxpayers and educates users on how property values are determined and how they are affected over time.
EQUITABLE PROPERTY VALUE INITIATIVE
The Equitable Property Value Initiative for ArcGIS Hub is a purpose-built solution that addresses the challenges of sharing property information and engaging with citizens based on Esri’s ArcGIS Hub platform. It organizes property information in a way that is publicly accessible, easy to navigate and use, and brings together a wealth of resources in one location. Citizens can gain insight into the process of property assessment and find answers to specific questions about land records without having to leave the site or visit multiple departments.
Organize your valuation and parcel data, accomplish organizational initiatives, and deliver on your stakeholder outreach goals in a single, cloud-based experience.
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WORKING WITH PRO-WEST
Pro-West is working with local governments to implement the Equitable Property Value (EPV) Initiative for ArcGIS Hub. Whether your organization is an existing ArcGIS Hub user or not, we can help you through the process from start to finish, ensuring you receive a hub that meets your needs.
Our EPV customers always receive a product that allows them to easily share property information, engage more easily and efficiently with citizens and other users of that information, and provide transparency into government processes related to property valuation.
Discover more about the Equitable Property Value initiative and see how local governments Assessors are deploying and benefitting from it, with an e-book and webinar recording.
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Contact Pro-West to learn more about the Equitable Property Value Initiative for Assessors.
Pro-West also offers free consultations to help define your needs.
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OSHA Safety Consulting Services – Fleming Island , FL
OSHA Safety Consulting Services serving in Fleming Island , FL
What does a safety consultant do?
What is OSHA compliance?
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is a branch of the federal Department of Labor charged with the task of ensuring that employers establish and maintain a safe workplace for their employees.
Fleming Island, FL
Fleming Island is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Clay County, Florida, United States. It is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Jacksonville, on the western side of the St. Johns River, off US 17. As of the 2010 census the Fleming Island CDP had a population of 27,126. Fleming Island’s ZIP code became 32003 in 2004, giving it a different code from Orange Park, the incorporated town to the north.
OSHA Safety Consulting Services for companies in Fleming Island, FL
- OSHA Construction Safety Consulting
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- Workers Compensation Claims Management
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A 'remote work' system has been launched for the public sector employees in Abu Dhabi and Dubai.
Government department employees in Abu Dhabi, including mothers, elderly people and those with respiratory problems will be working from home beginning next week as the authorities step up measures to contain the spread of Covid-19.
The Abu Dhabi government announced that it has activated the "remote work" system for some of its employees, given government's advanced technical system and technological readiness.
The Dubai Executive Council has also outlined a range of precautionary steps to ensure the health and safety of government employees and contribute to local and international efforts to combat Covid-19.
The move comes as part of the Dubai Government's preventive measures against the pandemic, and under the directives of Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai and Chairman of the Dubai Executive Council.
The measures include suspending fingerprint attendance machines and activating the 'Smart Employee' app or alternative attendance systems; and allowing pregnant female employees, elderly employees, employees with disabilities and those with diseases that compromise the immune system to work from home.
Remote work system in the capital
"Enhancing the series of preventative and precautionary measures taken by the government to ensure the safety and health of its human resources, remote work is focused on elderly employees, working mothers and employees who suffer from chronic diseases and respiratory symptoms," said a statement from the Abu Dhabi Government Media Office.
The executive committee of the Abu Dhabi Executive Council also issued a resolution forming the Higher Committee of Digital Government, chaired by Ali Rashid Al Ketbi, Chairman of the Department of Government Support.
"The committee will be responsible for activating the governance of the digital transformation. This will enhance the digital government ecosystem," officials said.
Activating digital ecosystem
Last week, authorities said efforts were under way in cooperation with various federal government institutions to ensure readiness for work from home.
Seif Jumah Al Dhahiri, official spokesperson for the National Emergency, Crisis and Disaster Management Authority, said: "Various institutions are discussing with their employees to see how distance working or work from home can be conducted," he said.
Al Dhahiri noted that the authority, in cooperation with the Ministry of Education, has already succeeded in implementing the distance learning initiative for students following the announcement to suspend schools for four weeks for the safety of students.
"This is really a good precautionary measure, especially for the old people and the ill because they have weak immune systems. It's good that they work from home for their protection and to prevent them from interacting with the public," said Khalid Waheed, who works for a government department.
Employees hail new measures
Emirati mother Amna Nasser said working from home will enable her to look after her kids who are in the spring break since she's been leaving them with the housemaids.
"I understand I'm allowed to work from home starting from next week as our HR has indicated," said Nasser, who works for a public department in Abu Dhabi.
"Besides protecting us from the risks of having close contact with other people as my job involves attending to customers, the initiative will help me monitor my children who will be having classes through the distance learning programme."
She said their department is already digitalised with all the necessary technologies in place and can enable everyone wok from anywhere and deliver good services.
The UAE authorities have always reminded the public to be extra cautious, follow precautionary measures from health authorities including maintaining good hygiene in all places of work and in homes, to wash hands with water and soap, cover the nose and mouth when sneezing, avoid close contacts with people and public assemblies, not to shake or great others with hands and to limit travelling outside the country unless when necessary.
Measures adopted in Dubai
Each department has been authorised to take additional precautionary measures in coordination with concerned bodies including sterilisation of the facility, furniture, office equipment, vehicles and elevators. All departments have also been directed to encourage their customers to use online customer service apps; postpone non-critical overseas assignments and training programmes, especially in high-risk countries; use online meeting technologies; and raise awareness about essential precautionary measures among employees.
Employees returning from overseas trips have been directed to stay at home until it is proven that they are not infected. In such cases, employees will receive their full salary and be allowed to work from home.
Maximum flexibility in working conditions
Abdulla Al Basti, secretary-general of the Dubai Executive Council, said the government places the highest priority on the health and well-being of its employees. He explained that the preventive measures are aligned with the leadership's directives to provide maximum flexibility in working conditions. The measures have taken into consideration the needs of the family and community, Al Basti added.
He said: "Sheikh Hamdan directed us to implement all procedures required to protect Dubai Government employees and their families. Accordingly, the General Secretariat of the Executive Council has outlined measures that ensure a balance between protecting government employees and ensuring normal workflow in the government sector."
The Director-General of the Dubai Government Human Resources Department Abdulla Al Falasi thanked Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed for the support and care he has extended to government employees and their families across government departments.
Palem was founded by husband and wife duo Selim and Juliette Barken to create responsible and desirable collections
Probe demanded into incident where Briton was "beaten and knelt on" by bouncers and police
The institution works with local law enforcement agencies and Interpol to combat illicit activities
The place will open its doors to public on October 5
Patients can suffer from physical as well as mental symptoms
Flooding has caused immense damage to property and people
Aerial photo shows railway line cutting through Hajar Mountains towards Ras Al Khaimah
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Read these 13 Cleaning Fountains Tips tips to make your life smarter, better, faster and wiser. Each tip is approved by our Editors and created by expert writers so great we call them Gurus. LifeTips is the place to go when you need to know about Fountains tips and hundreds of other topics.
Keeping water fountain bowls gleaming, inside and outside, enhances the appearance of any fountain and helps keep fountain waters sparkling. Since indoor and outdoor fountain bowls come in a delightfully diverse array of materials, there is no single best cleaning method. Different materials require different cleaning solutions. Use these tips for cleaning some of the leading fountain bowls:
Distilled water is the best way to prevent algae build up in tabletop fountains. However, if distilled water is not available, rain water or tap water can be used if treated to remove harmful minerals and chemicals. About every three months, indoor fountains should be emptied and thoroughly cleaned on the inside and outside. Periodically cleaning pumps and filters keep them operating at maximum capacity and extends their operational life. Between periodic cleaning, watch for early signs of problems like algae, slime, white scale and foam.
Avoid using bleach in an indoor fountain -- it contains chemicals that may harm pets and children. Bleach may also cause fountain deterioration and it smells bad. Fountec is one popular choice for treating fountains. Just a drop a week typically keeps most fountains sparkling. Barley is another preventive maintenance alternative. And there are also a wide variety of fountain care products and fountain cleaning kits for preventive maintenance and easy cleaning. Look for No More Algae, No More White Scale and No More Foam. Care Free Enzymes Fountain Protector is a natural fountain care product completely safe for pets and wildlife. And, the Fountain Acscents Cleaning Kit comes with everything you need for keeping fountains clean.
Tap the power of Mother Nature to help balance and keep garden fountains clean. If you are interested in growing water garden plants, a garden pond fountain needs to be located where it gets four to six hours of direct sunlight daily. Mother Nature's sunny days also power solar fountains that inhibit algae bloom through aeration and by cooling water temperatures in summer.
Watch out for excessive direct sunlight, especially in sweltering summer months, as it may lead to increased algae bloom. Best bet: Use water plants to cover up to 2/3 of the garden fountain surface and prevent too much sunlight from reaching the surface while reducing algae build-up. (Note: if plants cover more than 2/3 of the surface they trap excessive carbon dioxide and other gases.) Keeping fountain pumps running continuously also helps Mother Nature.
Fish add interest and pleasure to a garden fountain. Although a garden pond fountain stocked with fish requires more care and cleaning, Mother Nature once again helps out with scavengers. Snails love algae. Tadpoles and goldfish feast on mosquito larvae. Plants help ecologically balance a fish-filled garden fountain by helping remove natural nitrates that are a by-product of the ammonia fish secrete into the water.
When the ecological balance of outdoor water features is in sync the water is clear. Fish and flora flourish. A balanced fountain system requires less time, effort and money. Use these tips to get an edge on ecological balance:
If your water feature has a fountain pump, inevitably, you'll need to perform some basic maintenance to get it cleaned. Your fountain pump likely has a strainer or screen to prevent pebbles and other debris from jamming the function of the pump. It's always a good idea to clean your fountain pump before the water flow is completely blocked because your equipment can overheat and burn out. Here are just a few tricks to keep your pump jam-free.
When you're adding water to your fountain, you might simply use water from the garden hose and think nothing of it. However, if you truly want to keep your fountain in good shape, use distilled water in lieu of tap water. Why? Because tap water has minerals in it and over time, it can cause ugly spots and rings in your fountain that are difficult to clean. Distilled water, which is not the same as drinking water or spring water, does not carry the minerals which create the unsightly damage spots. Just a gallon of distilled water might run you a dollar, give or take, depending on where you live. Once you fill your fountain up, just add a splash of additional distilled water every day to replace the amount lost to evaporation.
And if you live in an especially humid area, you can actually create your own distilled water using a dehumidifier. The collection tank in a dehumidifier can actually collect a few gallons a day in a climate with high humidity, eliminating the need for you to purchase your own.
You can use bleach as a fountain cleaner. However, although it would clean out your fountain, you should exercise some level of caution if any wildlife will be around your fountain. Obviously, if your fountain contains any fish, you shouldn't use bleach as a fountain cleaner because it contains harmful chemicals. But consider these reasons, as well:
Is unsightly green algae clouding your beautiful outdoor fountain? Eventually, all the slime and algae can clog your pump, so not only is it unsightly, it can become a maintenance problem. If you need to treat algae that's already formed, try a product called Fountec to clean out your fountain. By just adding one drop a week, you can have a clean fountain without physically cleaning it. Fountec also works to keep mosquito breeding at bay and it's safe for use with most pets. Avoid use of this product if you have fish, however. You should also keep in mind that although Fountec is deemed safe for plant use, some plants might not survive the effects of this fountain cleaning remedy.
Sometimes using a fountain cleaner is the only means to get your water feature into optimum shape. However, just a little routine prevention can save you from the trouble of having to clean out your fountain from algae. An alternative to having to use a fountain cleaner is adding barley to your water. Barley is more of a preventative measure than a fountain cleaner, which makes it even more effective. It works by preventing new algae from forming in your fountain, whether you have a wall fountain, waterfall fountain, a tabletop version or a pond. There's another bonus to using barley as a fountain cleaner alternative – you can purchase a small bale of it without spending very much money.
Hint: By also keeping your fountain in the shade, you help prevent the growth of algae in your fountain.
A fountain pump is the primary workforce for indoor and outdoor fountains. There are external and submersible fountain pumps. It is the pump's job to keep the water moving and it's a big job. Preventive maintenance and cleaning help the pump do its job and extend its lifetime. Don't wait until you notice diminished water flow or no water flow to service a fountain pump. Use this advice from garden pool experts to keep your pump purring:
All algae are not bad algae. Healthy algae are a natural link in a garden pond fountain ecosystem. However, too much of the “wrong” kind of algae presents a problem for garden fountains. Occasionally, algae blooms turn fountain waters slimy green almost overnight. Free-floating algae strand and globs coat the sides of the fountain, clog fountain pumps and choke out plants. It smells bad. It's time for action.
For filamentous or erect algae, clean-up begins with physically removing the glutinous strands or globs with a rake, dip net or by hand. Ugh! Although barley works best as an algae inhibitor, it is also a helpful and inexpensive natural alternative to damaging algaecides. Barley straw, pellets or extract degrades in the water and sunlight and creates peroxide that kills algae. Fountain care products like No More Algae liquid also inhibit growth of suspended algae and algae that grow on the sides of fountains.
For recurring algae bloom problems in garden pond fountains, consider investing in a skimmer that collects water and algae and sends them through an attached filter that removes the algae and returns the water. Ultraviolet sterilizers also zap some types of algae with a wavelength of light. Combating an algae attack is never fun. Stop problems before they start with proactive prevention, balance and cleaning.
Water is associated with good fortune (chi) and wealth enhancement in Feng Shui principles. Moving water is even more auspicious. However, chi is only attracted to sparkling clean waters. A garden fountain, garden waterfall, garden pond or in-door fountain that sits stagnant, filled with debris and choked with algae attracts negative energy and misfortune attracts negative energy, known as shar chi.
Even people that do not subscribe to the principles of Feng Shui recognize a sluggish and stagnant water feature as unsightly and unhealthy. Stagnant waters are contaminated with chemicals that present health hazards to wildlife and children. Mosquitoes breed in stagnant waters. An unkempt fountain detracts from an otherwise soothing environment.
Fountains are much easier to clean and maintain on an on-going basis than facing major maintenance caused by neglect. Fortunately, a well-planned and well-tended water feature requires minimal time and effort. The secret is keeping the ecosystem in balance. A good rule of thumb: Average-sized water features that are ecologically balanced typically require about one hour per week for cleaning garden fountains. And, for large fountains, allot about 10 minutes per 1,000 gallons each week for keeping fountain clean.
If you have a ceramic fountain bowl that is either glazed porcelain or stoneware, you're in luck. You have a fountain bowl that's fairly easy to clean. If you're using distilled water, you won't have to deal with unsightly mineral spotting. However, you still might have some spots due to the minerals in the slate of the bowl. If these stains occur, it's simple to clean. Just use a scuff pad and gently scrub your bowl with some vinegar.
Another common type of fountain bowl is one made of plastic resin and dusted with marble or limestone for a rich appearance. If yours is one of these, take caution not to scratch the bowl. For plastic resin bowls, you should only use a soft rag and warm soapy water to clean.
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2020 has certainly been one for the history books. It seems like in all aspects of society we are more divided than ever before. Recently, this divide has manifested itself in silly debates about masks, garage pull-ropes, Russian Facebook ads, flag etiquette, and statues of Columbus. While many of these things may seem unrelated, there is a common thread that I believe links all of these different areas of conflict.
I believe the real issue that plagues our nation is our growing distrust of “the system.” In the protests that have followed George Floyd’s murder, I have been particularly struck by the disdain many young people seem to have for our nation and its leaders.
While on the surface these actions by our youth appear to be ideological, I believe they are actually primarily economic. Today, many millennials find themselves saddled by debt, particularly student loan debt. Because their costly degrees have produced lower than anticipated incomes, many graduates are struggling financially.
According to a recent survey conducted by Clever Real Estate the average college graduate expects their first year salary will be close to $60,000. This estimate is approximately 20% higher than the $47,000 median salary of bachelor degree holders with less than 5 years’ experience. These false expectations do not stop with how much they will earn. Millennials also underestimate how long it will take them to pay off their student debt. According to a 2019 study by Cengage, the average graduate believes they will pay off all student loan debt in 6 years, but in reality it takes closer to 20 years to pay them off.
These differences between perception and reality, have forced many to delay life milestones like moving out, starting families or purchasing homes. In my opinion, much of the unrest we are currently seeing is a direct result of the economic frustration many young people feel about their own situation. However, rather than focus the blame on the decisions they made, it is “the system” that bears the brunt of their anger. If the economy continues on its downward trajectory this resentment will only grow as will the social unrest.
In large part, Donald Trump was elected because of these same systemic concerns. Many working class people experiencing wage stagnation and high unemployment hoped an outsider might improve their economic situation. Due to dissatisfaction in the current administration’s success in addressing these issues, I would guess another sweeping power shift in Washington is coming this November. If I’m right, I fear what will happen when once again politicians are unable to solve our society’s problems.
At the risk of sounding like Joseph McCarthy the threat of communism is more real today than it has been in my lifetime. If you don’t believe me, just look at the recent autonomous zones set up in the Pacific Northwest. For many years, the seeds of Marxism have been planted throughout our education system, and what is happening today is proof that this failed ideology has once again become popular in many circles.
I don’t mean to sound too pessimistic I believe we still have the ability to right this ship. However it will require a return to the rugged individualism this nation was built on. We must go back to the belief that it is our actions and decisions that determine our fate. If we look to anyone, or anything else here on earth we will always be left disappointed.
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The salaries paid to some of the BBC's biggest stars have been made public for the first time. That’s good for transparency, but bad for keeping wages under control.
Details of all those earning more than £150,000 were revealed as part of the corporation’s annual report but while the BBC’s openness has been welcomed by many, Alexander Pepper, professor of management practice at the London School of Economics, argues that while it shows up pay gaps in "sharp relief" the big earners will still be the winners in the long-run.
"One of the peculiar, paradoxical consequences of publishing high earners’ salaries is that it adds to pay inflation, rather than moderating it," Pepper says. "Labour markets for the ‘average worker’ work reasonably well. With lots of buyers and lots of sellers, you arrive at the right price. The problem with high-paid categories, whether that’s TV presenters, footballers or CEOs, is that the market doesn’t work properly because they have very specialist skills. This tends to ratchet up pay. That’s what happened in the corporate market when CEO salaries first became public information in the 1990s.”
So while publishing TV stars' salaries may appear to be a noble gesture to appease politicians and license fee payers, it’s those highly-paid stars themselves that have the most to gain. A handy rundown of how much they earn is invaluable for competitors on a headhunting spree, Pepper argues, with talent salaries higher at commercial broadcasters.
The BBC report revealed Chris Evans as BBC's top earner, making between £2.2m and £2.25m in 2016/2017, while Claudia Winkleman was revealed as the BBC’s highest-paid female celebrity with a salary between £450,000 and £500,000. The revelations are a requirement under the BBC's new Royal Charter, which came into effect on January 1 and provides a constitutional basis for the broadcasting corporation.
As well as stoking up the debate over income transparency, the report has highlighted the gender pay gap. Only a third of the names on the BBC’s high earners list are women. The report also revealed a disparity in the salaries between white BBC stars and those from Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds. George Alagiah, Jason Mohammad and Trevor Nelson are the highest paid BBC stars with BAME heritage, each receiving between £250,000 and £300,000, while news presenter Mishal Husain tops the female table with a salary between £200,000 and £250,000.
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Dear Members and Friends,
Our biosphere’s soil has long been considered to be inert. For more than a century, men have only abuse it more and more. The destruction of environment is one of the consequences of soil destruction. However, we are totally dependent of this substance which is actually very much alive.
We invite you to discover the fauna that composes it and the sustainable model of nature. About our agriculture, a quick overview shows us this has got to change, but how soon?
Then we will move to Egypt : a female dugong was found dead last November. In France, wolf hunting is allowed again for political reasons.
Nevertheless, here is some good news: a mining exploration project was halted in Kyrgyzstan so that the snow leopard’s territory could be enlarged. In Australia, Areva failed to obtain a mine located on the Kakadu National Park, despite very questionable manoeuvres ...
Finally, you will find some dates in our calendar for March and April 2013 and for our pink “notebook” we have a young spotted hyena. This fascinating animal is still suffering from the bad reputation we have cooked up for it.
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There are well documented security flaws in GSM, and publicly available tools to exploit them. At the same time, it has become considerably cheaper and easier to analyze GSM traffic over the past few years. Open source tools such as gr-gsm have matured, and the community has developed methods for capturing the GSM spectrum without the need for expensive SDR radios.
With less than $100 and a weekend it’s possible to capture and analyze GSM traffic. With some extra effort it’s possible to decrypt your own traffic, and depending on how your mobile provider has set up their network it may even be possible for somebody else to illegally decrypt traffic they don’t own.
GSM is terrifying.
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The precision of ML models can weaken over time, a phenomenon known as design drift. Lots of elements can cause model drift, such as modifications in design functions. The precision of ML models can also be impacted by concept drift, the difference in between data utilized to train designs and data utilized throughout inference.
Amazon SageMaker Pipelines is a native workflow orchestration tool for developing ML pipelines that make the most of direct Amazon SageMaker integration. 3 elements improve the functional strength and reproducibility of your ML workflows: pipelines, model registry, and projects. These workflow automation parts enable you to easily scale your capability to build, train, test, and release numerous models in production, repeat much faster, lower errors due to manual orchestration, and develop repeatable mechanisms.
In this post, we go over how to automate retraining with pipelines in SageMaker when design drift is spotted.
From fixed designs to continuous training
Fixed designs are a fantastic location to begin when youre explore ML. However, since real-world data is constantly changing, fixed designs deteriorate with time, and your training dataset will not represent genuine behavior for long. When developing an MLOps pipeline, having an effective release model tracking phase is an essential step. Its likewise among the most challenging elements of MLOps due to the fact that it needs having a reliable feedback loop between the data captured by your production system and the information distribution used throughout the training phase. For model re-training to be efficient, you also should be constantly upgrading your training dataset with new ground truth labels. You may be able to utilize specific or implicit feedback from users based upon the predictions you supply, such as in the case of suggestions. Alternatively, you may require to present a human in the loop workflow through a service like Amazon Augmented AI (Amazon A2I) to certify the accuracy of predictions from your ML system. Other considerations are to monitor forecasts for predisposition on a routine basis, which can be supported through Amazon SageMaker Clarify.
In this post, we propose a solution that concentrates on information quality keeping track of to detect principle drift in the production information and re-train your model automatically.
Our service uses an open-source AWS CloudFormation template to develop a model develop and deployment pipeline. We utilize Pipelines and supporting AWS services, consisting of AWS CodePipeline, AWS CodeBuild, and Amazon EventBridge.
The following diagram highlights our architecture.
The following are the high-level steps for this service:
Produce the new Amazon SageMaker Studio task based on the customized design template.
Create a SageMaker pipeline to carry out information preprocessing, produce standard data, and train a design.
Register the design in the SageMaker Model Registry.
The information researcher verifies the models metrics and efficiency and approves the model.
The model is released to a real-time endpoint in staging and, after approval, to a production endpoint.
This option utilizes the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC) Trip Record Data public dataset to train a model to predict taxi fare based on the details readily available for that trip. The readily available information consists of the start and end place and travel date and time from which we engineer datetime features and distance took a trip.
For instance, in the following image, we see an example journey for location 65 (Downtown Brooklyn) to 68 (East Chelsea), which took 21 minutes and cost $20.
Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor is configured on the production endpoint to spot a concept drift of the information with respect to the training standard.
Model Monitor is arranged to run every hour, and publishes metrics to Amazon CloudWatch.
When metrics surpass a model-specific threshold, a CloudWatch alarm is raised. This leads to an EventBridge rule beginning the model construct pipeline.
The design construct pipeline can likewise be retrained with an EventBridge rule that runs on a schedule.
If youre interested in understanding more about the dataset, you can utilize the exploratory information analysis notebook in the GitHub repository.
You can use the following flying start button to release a CloudFormation stack to release the custom SageMaker MLOps task design template to the AWS Service Catalog:
Open the notebook.
On the Repository tab, choose clone repo … and accept the default values in the dialog box.
Under Project template parameters, for RetrainSchedule, keep the default of cron( 0 12 1 *? *).
Pick Create project.
When you pick Create task, a CloudFormation stack is developed in your account. There you can find the stack that is being created.
When the page refills, on the primary job page you can find a summary of all resources created in the task. In the meantime, we require to clone the sagemaker-drift-detection-build repository.
Choose the Python 3 (Data Science) kernel for the note pad.
Select Organization templates.
Pick Amazon SageMaker drift detection template for real-time implementation.
Select Select project design template.
Create a new task in Studio
After your MLOps task template is published, you can develop a brand-new project using your brand-new design template through the Studio UI.
On the Create task page, SageMaker design templates is chosen by default. This alternative notes the integrated templates. However, you want to use the design template you published for the drift detection pipeline.
Your task name must have 32 characters or fewer.
If a Studio instance isnt already running, an instance is provisioned. This can take a couple of minutes. By default, an ml.t3.medium instance is released, which suffices to run our notebook.
In the Studio sidebar, choose SageMaker Components and registries.
This clones the repository to the Studio space for your user. The notebook build-pipeline. ipynb is supplied as an entry point for you to go through the service and to help you understand how to use it.
If you have just recently updated your AWS Service Catalog project, you may need to refresh Studio to make sure it finds the current version of your design template.
Pick Projects on the drop-down menu.
Choose Create Project.
In the Project information area, for Name, get in drift-detection.
When the notebook is open, edit the 2nd cell with the real project name you chose:
BaselineJob– This step is responsible for generating a baseline relating to the anticipated type and distribution of your data. This is necessary for the tracking of the model. Design Monitor uses this baseline to compare against the current collected data from the endpoint. This step does not require custom-made code since its part of the Model Monitor offering.
Delete the CloudFormation stack produced to provision the staging endpoint: aws cloudformation delete-stack– stack-name sagemaker-<<< < project_name>>> >- deploy-staging.
This pipeline consists of a build stage that gets the most current authorized model version from the model pc registry and generates a CloudFormation design template. The design is deployed to a staging SageMaker endpoint utilizing this template.
Now you can return to the note pad to evaluate the staging endpoint by running the following code:.
# Uplaod the information to the input location.
artifact_bucket = f” sagemaker-project- project_id – “. input_data_uri = f” s3:// artifact_bucket/ / input”.
S3Uploader(). upload(” data”, input_data_uri).
Pick this pipeline run to open its details.
The first thing you see is the monitoring schedule (which hasnt run yet) if you choose the prod version.
EvaluateModel and CheckEvaluation– In these actions, we calculate an assessment metric that is essential for us, in this case the root imply square mistake (rmse) on the test set. If its less than the predefined threshold (7 ), we continue to the next step. If not, the pipeline stops. The EvaluateModel action requires customized code to calculate the metric were interested in.
Re-train the model.
The preceding change in data raises an alarm in action to the CloudWatch metrics released from Model Monitor exceeding the configured limit. Thanks to the Pipelines combination with EventBridge, the design construct pipeline is started to re-train the design on the most current information.
This code likewise customizes the circulation of the input information, which triggers a drift to be identified in the forecasted fare quantity when Model Monitor runs. This in turn raises an alarm and reboots the training pipeline to train a brand-new design.
The tracking schedule has been set to run hourly. After the hour, you can see that a brand-new tracking task is now In development. This must take about 10 minutes to complete, at which point you need to see its status modification to Issue Found due to the data drift that we introduced.
In the note pad the cell, change FILL-IN-PROCESSING-JOB-ARN with the ARN worth you copied.
Run all the notebook cells.
Pick the prod endpoint to display additional details.
You can likewise clean up resources utilizing the AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI):.
sess = sagemaker.session.Session().
region_name = sess. _ region_name.
sm_client = sess.sagemaker _ customer.
project_id = sm_client. describe_project( ProjectName= project_name) [” ProjectId”] print( f” Project: (project_id )”). Next, we need to specify the dataset that were using. In this example, we utilize information from NYC Taxi and Limousine Commission (TLC).
For your own customized template, you might also submit your information directly in the input_data_uri location, due to the fact that this is where the pipeline anticipates to discover the training information.
Run the training pipeline.
To run the pipeline, you can continue running the cells in the note pad. You can also begin a pipeline gone through the Studio interface.
TrainModel– This step is accountable for training an XGBoost regressor using the integrated execution of the algorithm by SageMaker. No custom code is required because were utilizing the integrated design.
Erase the CloudFormation stack created to arrangement the SageMaker pipeline and design plan group: aws cloudformation delete-stack– stack-name sagemaker-<<< < project_name>>> >- deploy-pipeline.
Pipelines instantly constructs a graph revealing the data reliance for each step in the pipeline. Based on this, you can see the order in which the actions are finished.
Download the data from its public Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) location and upload to the artifact bucket provisioned by the job template:.
PreprocessData– This action is accountable for preprocessing the data and transforming it into a format that is suitable for the following ML algorithm. This action contains custom-made code established for the particular use case.
In our example, the approval of a design to production is a two-step process, showing different obligations and personas:.
Navigating to the CloudWatch console and selecting Alarms must show that the alarm sagemaker-drift-detection-prod-threshold is in the status In Alarm. When the alarm changes to In alarm, a new run of the pipeline is started. You can see this on the pipeline tab of the main job in the Studio user interface.
Delete the task, which eliminates the CloudFormation stack that produced the release pipeline: aws sagemaker delete-project– project-name <<< < project_name>>> >.
# Download to the information folder, and upload to the pipeline input uri.
download_uri=”s3:// nyc-tlc/trip data/green _ tripdata_2018-02. csv”.
S3Downloader(). download( download_uri, “information”).
Select Update status.
Automatic scaling makes sure that if traffic increases, the deployed design scales out in order to fulfill the user request throughput. Furthermore, the production variation of the release allows information capture, which means all requests and reaction predictions from the endpoint are logged to Amazon S3. If information drift is detected, a brand-new run of the develop pipeline is begun.
Screen the model.
For model monitoring, a crucial action is to specify practical thresholds that relate to your organization problem. In our case, we want to be informed if, for example, the hidden distribution of the prices of fares alter. The implementation pipeline has a prod-config. json file that defines a metric and threshold for this drift detection.
Erase the CloudFormation stack created to arrangement the production endpoint: aws cloudformation delete-stack– stack-name sagemaker-<<< < project_name>>> >- deploy-prod.
RegisterModel– During this step, the experienced design from the TrainModel action is signed up in the model pc registry. From there, we can centrally manage and deploy the qualified designs. No custom-made code is required at this step.
We approved the design in the design windows registry to be evaluated on a staging endpoint. This would generally be performed by an information scientist after evaluating the design training results from a data science point of view.
After the endpoint has actually been checked in the staging environment, the second approval is to release the model to production. This approval could be limited by AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) roles to be carried out only by an operations or application team. This second approval could follow extra tests defined by these groups.
Run the first number of cells to initialize some variables we require later and to confirm we have actually picked our task:.
Model Monitor allows you to capture incoming information to the deployed design, find changes, and raise alarms when significant information drift is identified. The latter feature enables for integration between keeping an eye on a design and instantly retraining a design when a drift in the incoming function data has been discovered.
You can utilize the code repository on GitHub as a beginning indicate check out this solution for your own data and utilize case.
For additional info, see the list below resources:.
SageMaker prod endpoint.
SageMaker staging endpoint.
SageMaker pipeline workflow and model package group.
Amazon S3 artifacts and SageMaker job.
This notebook outputs a series of charts and tables, consisting of a circulation that compares the recently collected information (in blue) to the baseline metrics distribution (in green). For the geo_distance and passenger_count functions for which we presented artificial noise, you can see the shifts in distributions. As an effect you can see a shift in the distribution for the fare_amount forecasted worth.
When the pipeline begins, its contributed to the list of pipeline runs with a status of Executing.
At this moment, the brand-new model that is produced struggles with the exact same drift if we use that same generated data to check the endpoint. This is because we didnt change or upgrade the training information. In a real production environment, for this pipeline to be reliable, a procedure ought to exist to load freshly identified information to the area where the pipeline is getting the input information. When developing your solution, this last detail is crucial.
The build-pipeline. ipynb notebook includes cells that you can run to tidy up the following resources:.
The deployment pipeline for a signed up model is triggered based on its status. To release this design, finish the following steps:.
Empty the S3 pail containing the artifacts output from the drift deployment pipeline: aws s3 rm– recursive s3:// sagemaker-project-<<< < project_id>>> >- region_name.
Delete the AWS Service Catalog task design template: aws cloudformation delete-stack– stack-name <<< < drift-pipeline>>> >.
To get more insights into the tracking task, choose the most recent job to examine the task details.
Pick the Data Quality tab of the Model Monitoring page.
Select Add chart, which exposes the chart properties.
Approving the model generates an event in CloudWatch that gets recorded by a guideline in EventBridge, which starts the model release.
To see the release progress, navigate to the CodePipeline console. From the pipelines area, pick sagemaker-drift-detection-deploy to see the implementation of the approved design in development.
Select the pipeline drift-detection-pipeline, which opens a tab including a list of previous runs.
from sagemaker.s3 import S3Downloader, S3Uploader.
To discover more, copy the long string under Processing Job ARN.
Choose View Amazon SageMaker notebook, which opens a pre-populated notebook.
Evaluate the production endpoint and the information capture by sending out some synthetic traffic utilizing the note pad cells under the Test Production and Inspect Data Capture sections.
When you initially get to this page, you can see a previous failed run of the pipeline. This was started when the task was initialized. Because at the time there was no data for the pipeline to utilize, it stopped working.
You can now begin a new pipeline with the information.
Choose Start an execution.
For Name, get in First-Pipeline-execution.
About the Author.
Julian Bright is an Principal AI/ML Specialist Solutions Architect based out of Melbourne, Australia. Julian works as part of the global Amazon Machine Learning group and is passionate about assisting consumers understand their AI and ML journey through MLOps. In his extra time, he enjoys running around after his kids, playing soccer and getting outdoors.
Georgios Schinas is a Specialist Solutions Architect for AI/ML in the EMEA area. He is based in London and works closely with clients in UK. Georgios helps customers style and release device learning applications in production on AWS with a particular interest in MLOps practices. In his extra time, he enjoys traveling, cooking and spending quality time with buddies and family.
Theiss Heilker is an AI/ML Solutions Architect at AWS. He assists consumer produce AI/ML options and accelerate their Machine Learning journey. He is passionate about MLOps and in his spare time you can find him in the outdoors playing with his canine and child.
Alessandro Cerè is a Senior ML Solutions Architect at AWS based in Singapore, where he helps clients design and release Machine Learning solutions throughout the ASEAN area. Before being an information scientist, Alessandro was investigating the limits of Quantum Correlation for safe and secure interaction. In his spare time, hes a landscape and undersea photographer.
The precision of ML designs can degrade over time, a phenomenon known as design drift. The precision of ML designs can likewise be affected by idea drift, the distinction in between information used to train data and designs utilized throughout reasoning. Go to the Model groups tab, pick the drift-detection model group, and then a signed up design version. Design Monitor allows you to capture inbound data to the released design, find modifications, and raise alarms when substantial information drift is discovered. The latter function allows for combination in between keeping track of a model and immediately retraining a model when a drift in the inbound function information has actually been discovered.
To monitor the metrics discharged by the tracking task, you can add a chart in Studio to examine the different functions over a pertinent timeline.
Browse back to the main project page in Studio.
Select the Endpoints tab, where you can see both the staging and the prod endpoints are InService.
Promote the design to production.
If the staging endpoint is carrying out as expected, the model can be promoted to production. If this is the first time running this pipeline, you can authorize this model by selecting Review in CodePipeline, entering any remarks, and choosing Approve.
print(” Listing input files:”).
for s3_uri in S3Downloader.list( input_data_uri):.
print( s3_uri. split(“/”) [-1].
In Monitor Job Details, you can see a summary of the found restraint infractions.
Pick Update status.
Change the pending status to Approved.
SageMaker understands that these actions are safe to run in parallel because there is no information reliance between them. You can explore this page by picking the different steps and tabs on the page.
Approve and deploy a design.
Go to the Model groups tab, choose the drift-detection model group, and then a signed up design version. You can examine the outputs of this model including the following metrics.
predictor = wait_for_predictor(” staging”).
predictor.predict( information= payload).
Go back to the primary job view page and pick the Pipelines tab.
|
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://webcollegedegree.info/automate-model-retraining-with-amazon-sagemaker-pipelines-when-drift-is-detected/
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If you are looking for information on how to clean up after a demolition, you will first need to know if there are any hazardous materials to deal with. This means if asbestos was used in the construction it is illegal to remove it from the home or the property without a specialist to do it for you. Also any structural materials like drywall or concrete should not be moved or removed without the permission of the site owner.
Once the debris has been removed you can clean up by hose or water. Some people choose to use organic solvents and natural cleaners to ensure no harmful residue remains. Some cleaners that are non-toxic are just as effective at removing debris and residues as other commercial products. After a thorough rinsing you can scrub down remaining walls and floors with a detergent solution (use a natural one if possible) to ensure they are totally clean and safe to be reused. Rubble and other debris can be removed from the site by Grab Hire Gloucester. Find out more at https://telstargrabhire.co.uk/
If you find yourself with a demolition project then you may not be able to salvage everything. Check with your local government for rules and regulations about demolition debris and cleanup. You also need to check with your insurance company about what is not covered. A demolition and clean-up can be a time-consuming project but restoring the site to be used again is a worthwhile task.
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…besides visiting the Atomic Bomb Memorial Park and Museum, that is. But let’s skip the obvious and focus on a couple of less familiar sights and experiences that Hiroshima offers.
See Mazda cars roll off the production line
Even if you are not a huge car buff the Mazda museum is worth a visit. It is part of the original factory, which dates back to 1920. If nothing else, the sheer size of the plant complex is awe-inspiring. It stretches over 7 km southeast of the city and even includes its private port!
I don’t remember any specific car models on display (obviously, they were all Mazda or its predecessor Toyo Kogyo). Yet, I could have stayed at the observation deck of the assembly line for hours. Seeing Japanese precision in action was the absolute highlight of the tour for me.
To visit the museum, you need to plan in advance and book a spot at one of the guided tours which are free of charge. If you are arriving by taxi, make sure the driver takes you to the headquarters and not to the museum as shown in Google Maps.
We learned this lesson the hard way – by ending up at the wrong end of the huge complex. This resulted in a bit of confusion at the gate when we tried to explain where we were headed. In the end, a friendly driver picked us up in a limo and brought us straight to the museum while the rest of the group was bused in from the main entrance. I call that arriving in style.
Climb to the top of Hiroshima Castle
Not by far as large as Osaka Castle nor as impressive as Himeji, Hiroshima Castle is still a sight to behold. The building was completely rebuilt after WWII and merits a visit for this fact alone. It somehow made me more aware of the terrible Hiroshima past than anything else in the whole city. Plus the view from the top is really nice. It makes you contemplate the whole nonsense of wars some more.
Try the Hiroshima okonomiyaki
This traditional Japanese pancake with shredded cabbage is one of my favourite Japanese dishes. The Hiroshima version, an absolute must-try dish when in town, is made with noodles and supposedly dates back to the post-war period when the city was rebuilding itself.
Many city guides recommend the multi-storey Okonomimura restaurant as the place to get your okonomiyaki fix. Given the high quality of Japanese restaurants, any other place might be just as good. We had ours in a tiny teppanyaki place across from our hotel, where we planned to stop only for a drink and a small bite.
The “bite” turned out to be two okonomiyaki pancakes which were so good that we were determined to come back the next evening. And we did, only to find the place full. We had no other choice but to … 👇 👇 👇
… accidentally stumble into a Michelin-starred restaurant for dinner
Not being able to get a seat at the restaurant of your choice might be a minor tragedy anywhere else but in Japan. In a country with such an abundance of delicious food, you simply go to the next available place.
I’ve noticed this unassumingly looking restaurant during the day in a shopping arcade not far from our hotel. So, when we got turned down at the teppanyaki place, we knew where to head to next. A small mom-and-pop place with only a dozen counter seats seemed perfect for yet another small bite.
The owners didn’t speak any English, but we knew the magic foodie word “omakase”. Soon the whole line-up of tiny plates started to appear in front of us, each one dish tastier than the last.
Finally, one of the guests asked us how the hell we found out about the place. At first, we didn’t understand the question. Sure, the food was great, but what was so special about this place? Imagine our surprise when they told us that we were dining in a Michelin starred restaurant!
Luckily, we got some heads-up about the bill that was about to come our way, no matter how late. In the end, the total cost of the dinner, even though higher than originally planned, didn’t break the bank. In fact, compared to restaurants of similar rating in Europe it was a rather good value. So, all in all, it was a worthwhile experience. Plus, a story to remember.
Go for a stroll
Another reason I liked Hiroshima so much is that it is such a walkable city. You can cover the whole area between Hiroshima Station, Hiroshima Castle and the Peace Park on foot.
Be sure to stop at the pretty Shukkeien Garden not far from Hiroshima Station. And if you’re in town at the time of cherry blossom, you won’t be able to miss all the cherry trees stretching far into the distance along the Ota River.
These were just a couple of the highlights of our three days in Hiroshima. Even though we barely scratched the surface, we have seen enough to fall in love with the city. It might charm you too if you give it a chance and stay a while longer.
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Whether you’re a skin care fanatic or a total novice, by now you’ve probably heard of blue light, and how it may be damaging your skin and causing premature ageing. Yay! Anyone else feel like everything in this world just wants to suck the youth out of you? ‘Cause same.
Along with the growing buzz around blue light, you’ve probably also noticed a whole heap of new skin care products on the market that promise to protect you from the harmful rays of your computer screens, smartphones and other digital devices.
But is blue light from our electronics really damaging our skin? Are all these creams and lotions really worth the money and the extra effort? Because girl, if your skin care routine looks anything like ours, then you’re already dealing with one step too many. To find out if we should be minimising our exposure to electronics to save our skin, we spoke with dermatologist and founder of Bespoke Skin Technology, Dr Katherine Armour.
Why is there such a buzz around blue light?
So, what’s the go? Why are people talking so much about blue light all of a sudden? “I think that the buzz around blue light and premature ageing is related to the latest research that shows that visible light (in the blue and violet wavelengths) can contribute to unwanted pigmentation in the skin,” says Dr Armour. “Whilst we have long been aware of the ageing effects of ultraviolet A and B wavelengths on the skin, investigations into the effects of blue light are relatively recent, and studies are few.”
Can blue light really damage our skin?
If you're a bit hazy as to what blue light actually is, let’s have a bit of a refresher. Blue light is part of the visible light spectrum (not to be confused with UVA or UVB rays, which are part of the non-visible spectrum) and is a high-energy, short-wavelength light. The main blue light source we’re exposed to is the sun, however it has been suggested that we get a significant dose from our screens and indoor light sources, too.
While blue-light exposure plays a critical role in good health (it regulates our body's circadian rhythm - our body's sleep pattern), it has been reported to contribute to eyestrain and blurry vision and can increase the risk of macular degeneration. What's more, there is some evidence that supports the contribution of blue light to photoageing (including wrinkles, loss of skin laxity, and hyperpigmentation). However, Dr Armour says research into the effects of high-energy visible light on the skin is still ongoing.
“We are still learning a lot about the effects of visible light on our skin. Melanocytes (the pigment-producing cells in our epidermis) can “see” blue light. Upon exposure to a threshold level of blue light, melanocytes start producing more melanin,” explains Dr Armour. “This leads to hyperpigmentation. What we know for sure is that blue light from the sun stimulates prolonged hyperpigmentation in darker skin types (called Fitzpatrick III-VI – think olive skin and darker), but not fair skin types. The amount of sun exposure in summer that it takes to induce pigmentation is approximately one and a half hours.
“Studies have also shown that blue light contributes to the development of something called ‘post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation’ (PIH). PIH is unwanted increased pigmentation seen after some kind of insult to the skin, such as acne or eczema. This can take a long time to diminish, and may never completely resolve. Blue light can also lead to relapses of melasma in those who are prone to this condition.”
To recap: We know blue light from the sun can cause damage to our skin, but do we have to worry about our electronic devices? If we're guilty of sitting in front of a computer for long periods of time or constantly using our phones, should we start minimising our screen time?
Dr Armour recently attended the 24th World Congress of Dermatology in Milan, which she says revealed recent findings as to whether or not digital screens themselves actually produce enough light to cause serious damage. “New data presented at this conference showed that the levels of blue light emitted from devices such as mobile phones, tablets and laptops are not significant, despite what has been reported recently in the media,” she says. “In fact, the emission of blue light from screens is of low intensity. It was reported that more than 150 hours of continuous exposure to a screen would be needed to induce even minimal pigmentation.”
So, do skin products targeting blue light really work?
According to Dr Armour, this depends on the part of the skin care product being considered. “Skin care targeting blue light tends to focus on either antioxidants to mop up the effects of blue light, or ingredients to block out the blue light,” she says. “Antioxidants per se will not have an effect specifically on the pigmentation induced by blue light, as this is not due to free-radical formation. However, it is possible that antioxidants which generally combat pigment (such as niacinamide or ascorbic acid) may have a role to play. However, this has not been studied rigorously yet.”
But, before you go ahead and consider all blue-light protection a total myth, Dr Armour says there are a few specific ingredients that work to protect the skin from blue light. “Fortunately, iron oxide has been proven to be useful to block the effects of blue light in causing pigmentation and can be used in cosmetically acceptable formulations,” she says. “We have harnessed this technology in the Bespoke Skin Technology Active Combat Stick. Iron oxide has also been proven to protect against relapses of melasma in those prone to this condition.”
Together with looking out for these kinds of ingredients, Dr Armour says you should always make sure you limit your sun exposure and wear sunscreen daily (but you’re probably already doing this to block out UV rays anyway, right guys? RIGHT?). “We should limit sun exposure during the times of the day with a high UV rating, and wear hats and clothing. In terms of skin care, blocking or scattering blue light with inorganic sunscreen ingredients is effective. However, zinc or titanium dioxide needs to be fairly opaque, and hence white-looking, to scatter blue light,” she says.
Want the lowdown on some other things that could be causing your skin to age? Check out four things you didn’t know were ageing your skin.
What do you try to do to limit your exposure to blue light? Let us know in the comment section below.
Main image credit: @kaiagerber
Erin Docherty is a Beauty Writer for BEAUTYcrew, Beauty Editor for Women's Health magazine and a Grooming Writer for Men's Health magazine. She has a keen interest in cosmeceutical skin care and is currently working on minimising her 9-step skin care routine – because ain’t nobody got time for that. When she’s not writing about the latest beauty news, or applying copious amounts of serum, you can find her spending all her money in Sephora.
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On Tuesday, a press release from the ILA called for a shutdown of ports along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts to protest job losses and highlight hiring practices that purposely reduce the numbers of dockworkers, causing immeasurable damage to the nation’s economy. The ILA also states that the Waterfront Commission, which helps regulate the labor supply, is “damaging the regional economy of the Port of New York and New Jersey” by “causing hundreds of jobs at the port to remain unfilled.” The press release also stated “interference by the South Carolina Port Authority has reduced the number of dockworkers, injuring not only the port itself, but also the local and national economy.”
On Wednesday the United States Maritime Alliance (USMX) responded with a statement, “The master contract between the ILA and the USMX forbids any unilateral work stoppage by the ILA for any reason. If the ILA engages in any unilateral walkout, USMX will enforce the contractual rights of its members to the fullest. USMX urges the ILA to remain in compliance with the master contract and thus continue to provide the stable labor environment that has existed on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts for decades.”
Further comments have continued to come in and include those of Peter Friedmann, executive director of the Agriculture Transportation Coalition (AgTC), in a letter to Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao, “on behalf of U.S. agriculture, forest products and commodities exporters, we ask that you bring your experience and office to bear to prevent such a shutdown, and to protect the economy from injury that in some cases will be irreversible. Unfortunately, we have ample and recent experience as to the impact of the shutdown of operations of marine terminals. Another shutdown of our ports would again undermine our reputation as dependable suppliers.”
“Our exports constantly face the challenge of foreign competition,” Friedmann added. “There is nothing that we export in agriculture, forest products and many commodities, that cannot be sourced somewhere else in the world. If we do not deliver efficiently, affordably and dependably, our foreign customers have demonstrated that they can and will find another source in another country.”
With a shutdown threatening, shippers are concerned at the possibility of delays. The last shut down by the ILA is estimated to have cost the U.S. economy approximately $1.9 billion per day. Peter Friedmann explained that for every day a terminal is down, it will take a minimum of six days to recover.
This morning, ILA President Harold Daggett has expressly urged union members to avoid work stoppage until the ILA has met with Congress to express their concerns. Informal talks on February 15th in Delray Beach, FL between the ILA and USMX were called “productive and fruitful” in a joint statement.
Nelson International is closely watching as this unfolds and will continue to bring you updates as more information becomes available.
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