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A Theoretical Model for Internet Banking: Additionally, Internet banking has grown rapidly from the recent and dramatic increases in e-commerce. Internet banking IB continues to dominate the landscape of electronic banking as consumers continue to use IB to complete routine banking transactions in addition to conducting on-line sales and purchasing.
This study presents a theoretical model designed to help researchers and practitioners better understand the acceptance and adoption of Internet Banking. The proposed model may be particularly useful in developing nations where consumers are reluctant to use Internet Banking even when the services are available.
Following an extensive review of the literature, the proposed Internet Banking Model is specified and introduced. The paper concludes with discussions of the managerial implications and avenues for future research. Internet banking in Jordan: An Arabic instrument validation process.
Factors affecting consumer's continued use of Internet banking: Empirical Evidence from Australia.
Adoption of Internet banking among sophisticated consumer segments in an advanced developing country. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 22 3 Adoption of Internet banking by Yemeni consumers: Influencing factors on behavioral intention to adopt Internet banking service.
Customer adoption of tele-banking technology: Online Shopping in the s. Reproduction prohibited, 33 4 Factors influencing the adoption and usage of online services in Saudi Arabia.
The effect of self-efficacy in the acceptance of information technology in the public sector. Technological innovation and the adoption of internet banking in Oman. Internet banking acceptance model: Journal of Business Research, 63 The impact of trust on acceptance of online banking.
An investigation into the acceptance of online banking in Saudi Arabia. Technovation, 29, — AlSudairi, M. The effects of self-service web portals on online banking service quality: Society of Interdisciplinary Business Research, 2 2, www.
Smarter phones smarter moves. E-banking in developing economy: Empirical evidence from Nigeria. Arts and Entertainment Networks, http: Technological and organizational preconditions to Internet Banking implementation: Case of a Tunisian bank.Evaluating User Acceptance of Online Banking Information Systems: An Empirical Case of Pakistan Article (PDF Available) · January with Reads Cite this publication.
Borneo online banking 7 The primary objectives of this research therefore are three fold: to examine the predictive power of the extended technology acceptance model . Read this essay on “Evaluating Customer Perceived Value in Mobile Banking Apps Using Technology Acceptance Model (Tam)”.
Come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays.
Get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more. Only at initiativeblog.com". banking transactions, which bring much added value for customers (Riivari, ). The number of mobile users is increasing every day, and more rapidly than the increase in customer ownership of personal computers, with which they might make use of online banking facilities.
Defining and evaluating emergency-release criteria Decision process for evaluating UAT results Test summary report conclusions This is a book about user acceptance testing (UAT) in its many forms and the uses.
to which it is put. It draws together many strands of material about testing, project. acceptance of information technology; it may be used to predict online banking adoption. (TAM) is a perfect model which shows how users accept and use a technology. | <urn:uuid:f76cebb7-95aa-44c0-832d-21183f4fc179> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dyrasew.initiativeblog.com/evaluating-user-acceptance-of-online-banking-10182sl.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.882714 | 758 | 2.046875 | 2 |
About This Book:
There once was a time when the sun alone ruled the day, the moon graced the night, and little children were sent to bed before sunset. Then early one dawn, the moon heard sounds of children laughing, and she yearned to see them by daylight.
“Certainly not!” snapped the sun. “The day is mine. The night is yours!”
But the moon had a clever plan…
Carmen Agra Deedy and Jim LaMarche have brilliantly crafted an original pourquoi tale about finding one’s place in the universe.
*Review Contributed by Olivia Farr, Staff Reviewer*
What I loved: This is an imaginative story about the sun and moon that personifies them and celebrates the special times during the day and the intrigue of the night. Through the story, it gives a whimsical background to eclipses and the Children’s moon phenomena. The illustrations are really lovely with lots of detail, color, and faces on each the moon and the sun. These will appeal to young readers. I also really enjoyed the backmatter that gives additional facts about the moon, showing the different phases, telling when readers can see the “children’s moon,” and loads of fun facts about the moon. These are great for sparking some additional learning.
Final verdict: Whimsical and imaginative, THE CHILDREN’S MOON is a fairytale-esque story about the development of the Children’s Moon phenomenon with educational backmatter. This would work well for young elementary school aged children.
*Find More Info & Buy This Book HERE!* | <urn:uuid:976d4ff3-625d-40dc-9967-19131a90b3ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yabookscentral.com/kids-review-the-children-s-moon/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.948095 | 346 | 2.359375 | 2 |
What is Brahmi Chyawanprash?
Brahmi Chyawanprash is the beneficial preparation known as rasayana in the field of Ayurvedic medicine. This is called rasayana because of their capacity to communicate the superior rasa as well as other dhatus. Brahmi Chyawanprash is an Ayurvedic supplement made with various pure and natural herbal extracts and minerals and rich in Vitamin C. The use of it helps in avoiding many diseases through its immunomodulatry effects and rejuvenation properties.
There is story behind the preparation of Chyawanprash which clearly explains its benefits and potential. There was a Rishi named Chyawan (Cyavana) who was very old, but he became youthful through taking this preparation. By taking this preparation he realized that his elderly, old and weakened body became young.
What are the medicinal properties of Brahmi Chyawanprash ?
- Enhances the physical performance
- Helpful in cold and cough
- Beneficial in Infections – throat, chest
- Cardio protective
- Helpful in restoring health
- Prevents skin diseases
- Useful in Gout
- Increases hemoglobin levels
- Improves memory
- Increases the immunity and appetite
- Blood disorders
- Anorexia nervosa
- Lung injury
- Tuberculosis (TB)
- Male infertility
- General debility
- Nutritional deficiency disorders
- Insomnia (Sleeplessness)
- Debility after any disease
Herbs used in the preparation of Brahmi Chyawanprash
All the herbs used in the preparation of it has specific qualities and benefits. When these herbs are mixed together than the qualities work collectively which makes the preparation to be one of the best health supporter.
|S. No||Herb Used||Latin Name|
|2||Dashmoola||It contains roots of 10 Herbs|
|5||Bhumi Amla||Phyllanthus niruri|
|14||Fresh Green Amla||Phyllanthus Emblica|
|16||Choti Elachi||Elettaria Cardamomum|
|21||Akar Kara||Anacyclus Pyrethrum|
1. Brahmi(Bacopa Monnieri)
It is one of the most useful herb to improve memory. Improve learning power and grasping capacities. It is useful in giving relief in fatigue and increases stamina and concentration. In preparation of Brahmi Chyawanprash the extract of brahmi is used.
Its name is given on roots of ten herbs. The combination of these ten herbal roots are widely used in Ayurveda for treating many health issues related to nerves, muscles, bones and joints. It has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and moderate analgesic properties. The 10 herbal roots are :
- Aegle Marmelos – Bilva (Indian Bael)
- Premna Serratifolia (Premna Mucronata & Premna Integrifolia) – Agnimantha (Arani)
- Oroxylum Indicum – Shyonaka
- Stereospermum Suaveolens – Patala
- Gmelina Arborea – Gambhari (Beech wood/Kasmari)
- Solanum Indicum – Brihati (Indian Nightshade)
- Solanum Xanthocarpum – Kantakari
- Desmodium Gangeticum – Shalaparni
- Uraria Picta – Prishnaparni
- Tribulus Terrestris – Gokshura
3. Bala (Sida cordifolia)
It is a herbal plant and the roots are used for medicines in Ayurveda. It is helpful in managing and controlling these health issues.
- Weight loss
- Erectile dysfunction (ED)
- Asthma and bronchitis
- Lack of perspiration
- Nasal congestion
- Other conditions
4. Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)
This herb has the potential to balance the tridoshas vata, pitta and kapha which are reason of various diseases and ashwagandha is herb used to treat imbalanced vata. It is a supplement that helps to overcome various types of stress. It provides relaxation to the muscles and calm down our nervous system. Root extract of ashwagandha is used.
5. Bhumiamlyaki or Bhumi amla (Phyllanthus Niruri)
The standardized herbal extract of the whole Phyllanthus Niruri plant is used. This not only supports healthy kidneys and healthy urinary system, but can also serve as a dietary supplement for general well-being when combined with other health supplements.
6. Shatavari (Asparagus Racemosus)
The has antioxidant property, gives energy to the body maintains overall health.
7. Nagarmotha (Cyperus scariosus)
It is considered as an invasive weed; it has been called “the world’s worst weed.” It is bitter and astringent, light and dry, cold, pungent (aromatic) by nature. It has many medicinal properties.
- Pacifying Kapha and pitta
- Helpful in urinary disorders
- Fevers and digestive system disorders
8. Jivanti (Leptadenia reticulata)
The herb has been used in treating many health issues and has very beneficial results also. It has the potency to balance the tridosha – Vata, Pitta and Kapha. Helpful in
- Improves overall body health
- Increases the immunity
- Bleeding disorder
- Weight Loss
9. Punarnava (Boerhavia diffusa)
Punarnava herb possesses bitter, cooling and astringent properties. Has the quality to balance all the three tridosha -Vata, pitta and Kapha. As per its qualities it is very beneficial in many health issues
- Helpful in digestive system
- Reduces swelling due to arthritis
- Prevents blood-clotting protein fibrin
- Helpful in urinary tract infections
10. Pipali ( Piper Longum)
Is a herb which the quality to balance Vata and Kapha dosha. Used in
- Treating Indigestion
- Relives cold and cough
- Useful in ascites
- Abdominal tumour
11. Dalchini (Cinnamomum verum)
It has the property to balance the Vata and Kapha doshas. It has the quality of detoxification, cooling and calming effect.
What are the benefits of Brahmi Chyawanprash in Sapth dhatu?
|Indian Name||Modern Meaning||Benefits|
|Rasa||Nutrient Portion of the Blood||Good Skin Quality, Vitality|
|Rakta||Blood||Good Coloration of the Cheeks, Lips, Ear Lobes, Tongue, Tip of Nose, Warm Palms and Soles|
|Mamsa||Muscles and Soft Tissues||Muscles in the Chest, Arms, and Legs are Strong, Facial Muscles Yield good Expression and Eye Movements, Speech is Clear.|
|Medas||Lipids – Fats, Membranes||Proper Moisture of the Skin, Eyes, Lips and Hair, Normal Sweating without Bad Odor, No Excessive Accumulation of Fat in the Area of Abdomen, Hips, Back, and Neck.|
|Asthi||Bone, Cartilage||Well Proportioned Body, Strong Teeth and Nails, Thick Hair; Joints are Supple and Freely Mobile|
|Majja||Marrow||Glowing Face, Healthy Skin, Soft Voice|
|Shukra||Vital Fluid and Semen||Eyes Become Bright, Teeth are White, Skin is Soft, Voice is Pleasant, Sexual Vitality is Strong but Controlled|
Dosage of Brahmi Chyawanprash as per age group
Up to 12 Months – Generally Not Recommended.Chyawanprash should be used only if an Ayurvedic physician recommends. Lactating mothers can eat Chyawanprash. What mother eats will be beneficial for the baby through breastfeeding.
- 1 – 3 years – 1 to 2 grams (about 1/7 to 1/4 teaspoon)
- 3 – 5 years – 2.5 to 3.5 grams (about 1/3 to 1/2 teaspoon)
- 6 – 12 years – 3.5 to 7.5 grams (1/2 teaspoon to one teaspoon
- 13 – 19 years – 7.5 to 15 grams (1 to 2 teaspoons)
- 19 to 60 years – 12 to 24 grams (about 1.5 to 3 teaspoons)
- Above 60 years – 7.5 to 15 grams (1 to 2 teaspoons)
- Lactating mothers – 7.5 to 15 grams (1 to 2 teaspoons)
- Normal Dosage – Possibly 48 grams Per Day (in divided doses)
- Doses – 1 or 2 doses per day | <urn:uuid:03ddbe6d-c937-438c-87b7-d47de0f43a3e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://alwaysayurveda.com/store/products/brahmi-chyawanprash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.837966 | 2,356 | 1.914063 | 2 |
If your scale gets too large you may start getting visual effects
involving lots of black pixels and spots. The problem here is that
POV-Ray hard-codes a value for DEPTH_TOLERANCE which is different for
each shape varying from 1.0e-2 to 1.0e-8. This tolerance determines
whether an intersection point is close enough to the surface to be
considered on the surface. Without it, ray-object intersection
calculations could calculate an intersection point on the other side of
the surface and cause it to be a dark or bright spot.
As your scale increases, these numbers lose precision and eventually
become ineffective. You start getting ray trace acne or shadow acne.
I would say you're probably safe on the scale of 1000 or even 10,000,
but once you get to millions you may start seeing problems. The depth
tolerance for polygons is the smallest at 1.0e-8 so if you want to
experiment, polygons would be a good candidate.
On 2022-06-03 11:48 p.m., HackerDaGreat57 wrote:
> I'm pretty new to POV-Ray and have gotten somewhat experienced with its
> coordinate system and how it places cameras.
> I'm wondering what is the limit for coordinates? Take Blender, for example - it
> starts losing precision after a few thousand meters, but what about POV-Ray?
> TL;DR: What is the max reliable coordinate number in POV-Ray
Post a reply to this message | <urn:uuid:e43d0381-154d-45a3-83e1-003760b527ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.povray.org/povray.general/message/%3C629f33b3%241%40news.povray.org%3E/#%3C629f33b3%241%40news.povray.org%3E | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.891498 | 352 | 2 | 2 |
It is hard to remember a time when the lights of our Chanukah menorahs carried as poignant a message as they do in this tumultuous year. Night by night, as we add another candle to those we light in celebration, we propose to add a contemporary twist to the rabbinic gloss on the significance of our candle lighting ritual. We suggest that the nightly ritual of adding lights also reflects the increase in our concern for one another, as our world has joined in the epic struggle to overcome the COVID -19 virus.
Our lives have changed. We have gone from cherishing moments together to fearing them. Every aspect of our community and family lives has been impacted. And we have all had more than enough. On the eve of Chanukah, we learned that there is a light at the end of the tunnel.
Like the celebration of Chanukah, the vaccines being developed against COVID-19 promise light, joy and redemption. But even in that optimism, the situation remains fraught. While we are all susceptible to the coronavirus, we cannot all be the first in line to receive the vaccine. If, as seems to have been wisely determined, health care workers and the frailest of the elderly will receive the first U.S. injections, how will the vaccine be delivered to them? And what happens next?
There are approximately 3 million residents of nursing homes and long-term care facilities in the U.S., and millions more elderly at high risk living at home. Estimates of the number of essential workers vary. For purposes of vaccine priority, the category will have to be narrowed. Even so, the number will be large. The orchestration and coordination of a two-shot vaccine (with varying requirements for storage, shipment and delivery) will be an immense undertaking, albeit achievable. But what about everyone else?
Once the vaccines are available to the public, will there be enough takers to produce herd immunity, thereby allowing us all to resume life without the fear of another crisis? According to the Mayo Clinic, some 70 percent of the population needs to have COVID-19 antibodies in order to interrupt the spread of the virus. But a November Gallup poll indicated that more than 40 percent of Americans say they will not take the vaccine for a number of reasons, including the fear that the cure may be worse than the disease.
Those opposing vaccines include members of minority communities that have been victimized by past inoculation campaigns, and dogmatic anti-vaxxers who stubbornly believe that they and their advisors know better than the scientific community. The job of educating the population regarding the need for and efficacy of the vaccine seems as challenging as discovering and delivering the pandemic cure itself.
Let’s use the inspiration of Chanukah to help spread the light of knowledge and understanding of the safety and effectiveness of our vaccine protocols, and do everything we can to help all of our communities participate in the life-saving program of the coronavirus cure. | <urn:uuid:70124936-c23f-4b36-8052-d7a41a326cbd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.washingtonjewishweek.com/chanukah-and-coronavirus-cure/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.957015 | 605 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Horse Spirit’s vision to transform lives begins by partnering our participants with horses, allowing them to build a connection of trust. Our participants acquire new ways of coping with anxiety and stress. As prey animals, horses are highly sensitive to emotions and the messages behind them.
Through observing how horses relate to one another and then interacting with the horses themselves, participants learn to ask for space, set healthy boundaries, lead without force, relax without losing awareness and rebuild trust.
If a veteran or first responder desires to participate in an alternative form of therapy other than equine assisted learning, that individual can contact Horse Spirit with the details of the program or event that they wish to participate in. Based upon the availability of funding, grants to cover the costs of these alternative therapies can be awarded. To apply, use the Contact section of this website.
Horses are often a good match for children and adolescents because they allow for a non-traditional setting for therapy. Many young people relate better to being outside with the animals than inside a counseling office. Additionally, completing exercises in an experiential format can help them better understand how others see them or what impact their behavior might have on their environment. It is also a good situation for learning to improve self-confidence, self-esteem, and communication. We encourage local schools and youth organizations to contact us for additional information on how you can get involved with Horse Spirit.
For those wishing to schedule a session for youth, please contact : Len Sheehan 715-558-1970
Veterans/Emergency Personnel & Your Families
For the men and women who served our country, the ability to remain relaxed in the present moment and make important connections with other people can be difficult. Often, this is a by-product of PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD can be caused by experiences in war, exercises, and military sexual trauma. Additionally, when serving in the military, there is a demand for all individuals to be deeply aware of their surroundings at all times due to the perilous conditions faced each day. For many who have served, this hyper-vigilant state does not subside when returning to adjust into the civilian world. Making connections with civilians is challenging often resulting in a sense of isolation even when returning to home, friends and family. Horse Spirit provides a calm, welcoming, and safe place for our Veterans to connect with not only horses, but other Veterans and their families. It's not uncommon for many of our emergency personnel to be Veterans—they continue to serve community after military service! We welcome all Emergency Personnel, Veteran or not, to join and participate in our weekly program. We understand the stress these jobs can bring and we wish to connect you with a horse that can provide a sense of peace and connection away from work. | <urn:uuid:6fe9cb6f-bca6-4ae7-8a20-7c3bd3f1ae42> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wisconsinhorsespirit.com/2about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946668 | 573 | 2.1875 | 2 |
As the World Health Organization (WHO) recently raised the alert status of the COVID-19, now being a pandemic, health authorities across the world are asking travelers to postpone their travel plans unless necessary, but it is just as important for those who travel to know the checks and measures in place as well as their responsibilities in their immediate communities.
This is in line with the spike in local/community transmission of the disease in most parts of the world, noting a shift of focus from China to other highly visited places including Italy and South Korea.
DHA Announces New Travel Procedures Amid Global Crisis due to COVID-19
On Thursday (March 5), the UAE Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP) asked all citizens and residents to avoid traveling due to COVID-19. The Ministry highlighted that if travel is necessary, preventive measures will be taken upon the traveler’s return to the UAE, according to a report by WAM.
In a statement released by MOHAP, Dr. Manal Taryam, CEO of Primary Healthcare at the DHA discussed the latest measures in the UAE.
Dr. Taryam said: “The DHA and all relevant health authorities in the UAE are working together and have in place screenings at the airport as well as after-travel precautions that people with recent history of travel to places of concern must follow. All these measures are aimed to control and slow the spread of coronavirus.”
She also noted that depending on the travel history, people may be asked to stay home for a period of 14 days.
In line with this, Dubai airports have been carrying out strict measures such as non-intrusive thermal screening for all passengers that arrive at Dubai airports and passengers from countries with a high infection rate are screened twice.
14-Day Home Isolation for Travellers from These Countries
And as of the moment, passengers who return from Countries of Concern or from one of the top ten countries reporting local transmission of COVID-19 disease will also have to undergo home isolation for 14 days, to ensure they remain infection-free and avoid spreading the virus in case they end up developing symptoms during the 14-day incubation period.
Presently, the Countries of Concern are China, Hong Kong, Italy, Iran, South Korea, Japan, Germany, Singapore, and France. However, the DHA noted that the list can quickly change depending on the situation.
According to the announcement, during the stay at home quarantine, community members should:
- Keep an eye if they develop a fever or any flu-like symptoms.
- Avoid contact with others, and
- Not go to work or school during this 14-day period.
Dr. Taryam further explained that community members should be responsible, avoid taking any public transportation and avoid any crowded public place.
“The basic idea is to stay indoors and to keep a distance from other family members (about 3 feet or 1 meter) until the self-isolation period is over. This is a matter of community health and it’s a precaution that should be taken seriously,” she said.
Furthermore, the DHA noted that if an individual develops a fever (37.5 C or higher) or have symptoms of any respiratory illness, they should seek medical care.
And finally, the DHA advised individuals to call ahead before visiting their doctor’s office or emergency room.
“Tell your doctor about your recent travel and your symptoms, and avoid contact with others,” it added.
And finally, the DHA urges people to only rely on information from official sources and those who have any query can call the following numbers:
- DHA call center -800 342,
- Estijaba service at the operation center, Department of Health – 8001717 or Ministry of Health & Prevention – 80011111. | <urn:uuid:ac829baf-96af-42cd-86c1-07088a3f7fa4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dubaiofw.com/travel-procedures-dha/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954457 | 798 | 1.914063 | 2 |
By Alison Malawey
Change is hard.
When it comes to bettering yourself, getting started can be intimidating.
The sheer amount of resources out there to help you become a better version of yourself can be enough to dishearten someone into giving up before even getting started.
I just wanted to let you know that getting started is not as scary as it may seem.
Whatever the journey you’re looking to take, it can’t start unless you take the first step.
There are all sorts of resources out there suggesting what you should do to be healthier and how should do it, but the truth is, “healthier” is different from one person to the next.
It’s important to remind ourselves that our journey isn’t, and can’t be, the same as someone else’s.
The Shape Your Future Program is a resource provided by the state of Oklahoma to encourage people to live healthier lifestyles.
The program promotes a “Power of One” campaign to highlight how incorporating small, healthy habits into your daily routine adds up to a healthier lifestyle over time.
If you’re like me, you have a lot about yourself that you want to fix.
Nothing happens overnight. Pick a few things you can add to your daily routine that don’t change it all too much.
Instead of soda, drink some water. Add more vegetables to just one of your meals.
Park farther away from the building when running errands.
Your new habits don’t all have to be about physical improvement.
Try carrying a reusable water bottle or snacks from home to keep yourself from spending money on vending machines.
Instead of scrolling through Tik Tok or Instagram for hours, set aside 30 minutes of that time to read a book.
Try to avoid watching TV in bed. Turn off your devices at least 30 minutes before bed.
I have a limit set on my phone for Instagram, and when I’ve reached the allotted amount of time, my phone lets me know and closes the app.
After graduating, I would like to travel internationally. Recently, I’ve started practicing French for 15 minutes a day.
Language apps make it easy to practice languages. I’ve only been doing this for a few weeks, but I find myself starting to think in French as well as English.
Have you ever heard the rule, “it takes 21 days to form a habit?”
Well, that’s a load of bull.
In a study performed by Phillippa Lally, a health psychology researcher at University College London, and published in the European Journal of Social Psychology, Lally and her team found that it takes on average 66 days to form a habit.
Don’t be discouraged if your habit doesn’t become automatic right away. It can take anywhere from two to eight months for your new habit to really stick.
The study also found that “missing one opportunity to perform the behavior did not materially affect the habit formation process.”
In other words, it’s okay to fall of the wagon every now and then. If you forget one day, all your hard work is not lost.
The most important aspect is to not quit.
A journey of a thousand miles begins with one step. | <urn:uuid:6e357354-003e-480c-9088-2ab34b0f2f39> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://aggiecentral.com/2021/10/healthy-habits-everything-starts-at-the-beginning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.939561 | 698 | 2.125 | 2 |
Winter break is great for spending time with your family, but it’s not long before kids start getting restless with the lack of a routine. Once you’ve exhausted board games and trips to local museums and zoos, try some of these creative ideas to spend time with your kids and keep them entertained.
Hot cocoa bar and movie night
The holiday season can be exhausting, making it the perfect time to end your days with a movie night. Get your kids a little more excited about the occasion with a hot cocoa bar. Pair hot cocoa mix with a variety of toppings and sweet sauces for a delicious and cozy treat.
Put on a play or make a movie
First, let your kids create a plot to let their imaginations run wild. Letting them choose costumes turns it into a great game of dress-up as well. They can either put on a play at a holiday gathering, or film scenes on your phone to create a short movie. After, they can help you edit the movie and add music and titles.
Fort Day and/or competition
Dig up every available blanket and sheet and let the kids (and/or adults) build to their heart’s content. If your kids already make them pretty often, change things up and turn it into a competition. Give awards for creativity, number of rooms, or to the tallest (and to keep the fun going, make each one of these categories its own event!). Pro tip: kids love new spaces to build, so if they’re usually not allowed to take over a room, giving them permission could add to the fun.
Try a new recipe, and let your kids help.
Inspire your children to try to cook an entire meal with you and allow them to do as much as possible. Start with helping them to create the menu and finish up with them learning to set a table. Turn it into a learning experience by letting them measure ingredients and explaining some cooking processes. They’ll finish up with a sense of accomplishment and enjoy every bite.
Pamper yourself and your kids with an at-home spa day. Start with a bubble bath with colorful bath bombs for the kids, then make one of these DIY face masks. Make some tea or lemonade to sip on while you do manicures and pedicures.
We generally associate s’mores with summer, but who says you can’t make them in winter? Go old school and use a fire pit if the weather allows, or do them indoors with some careful use of some Sterno. Hint: if you’re tired of traditional s’mores, buy some different candy to try. Caramellos and Peanut Butter Cups, for example, work well – but your kids might enjoy giving some other things a try.
Paint Nite or Plant Nite
Evenings where adults gather to paint a picture or plant a terrarium while sipping some wine are super popular—why wouldn’t kids enjoy something similar? Change the wine to some sparkling wine or fruit smoothies, make an example or set up a still life, give the kids supplies, and let them go to town.
Get a head start on your New Year’s resolution
Even if it’s not quite the New Year, it’s never a bad idea to get started on your New Year’s resolution. Change up cookie recipes to have healthier ingredients (check out these 67 healthy substitutions) when you bake together. Be active with your kids by playing outside or having a dance party, or volunteer your time as a family.
At times winter break can feel like it can drag on forever, but planning activities that integrate relaxation and family time will make the time off enjoyable for both you and your kids. | <urn:uuid:0536927a-3374-4803-9b5e-d3acf84e5068> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.bendbroadband.com/residential/2017/12/27/winter-break-ideas-for-kids/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.93594 | 791 | 1.65625 | 2 |
As the world mourns Stan Lee, the co-founder of Marvel Comics, many of his famous friends and colleagues have been paying tribute to him on social media—and one of the people to do so was Larry King, who had interviewed Lee multiple times over the years. "We lost a real-life superhero today. Stan Lee was a visionary, who elevated imaginations across the globe. I'm grateful for the time I got to spend with him," King wrote on Instagram. "Rest peacefully, Stan."
Four years ago, King asked Lee point-blank if he was afraid of death.
"I don't fear death. I'm curious. I can't imagine what it could be like, because I personally feel when you die, that's the end. It's the machine that the engine is off," Lee said on Hulu's Larry King Now. "But how can there be nothing forever? You know what I mean? I can't believe it."
With a laugh, Lee added, "I almost can't wait to find out—but I'm not in a big rush!"
Lee, who was raised Jewish in New York, revisited the topic a year later when he returned as a guest on King's show. Answering a fan's question at the end of the program, the acclaimed writer pondered, "If immortality existed, would I choose be immortal or would I rather be a superhero or a supervillain? Of course, I'd rather be a superhero than a supervillain. I don't think I'd want to be immortal unless it went for everybody. I wouldn't want to be alive while all my friends and relatives were dying...but if everybody could be immortal, I think that'd be fun!"
Once again, King asked Lee, "Are you afraid of dying?"
"No," the pop culture icon replied, appearing unfazed. "Not at all."
Regarding the afterlife, Lee reiterated, "The one thing I can't understand, I can't grasp my head around, is I feel when you die, there's just nothing; it's like when you're asleep and you're dreaming. But, I can't imagine nothingness lasting forever. That is the thing that I cannot get."
Lee didn't view death as a grim topic—and he never did. "When I was a teenager, I needed work and I wrote obituaries of living people. Because, as you probably know, when a person is famous and that person dies, 10 minutes later the newspaper has a long obituary. Well, that was written in advance—and that's how you know if you're famous, if your obituary is already written. If mine isn't already written, then I'm a failure," Lee told King, joking, "Same with you!" | <urn:uuid:f03696b4-639a-4acd-bfc2-42303226da4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/986819/what-marvel-comics-stan-lee-thought-about-death-and-the-afterlife | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.98678 | 576 | 1.570313 | 2 |
The Republic of Malta is an island located in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Sicily and the North African Coast. The island spans over 316sq km and has a population of 450,000 people.
This makes Malta one of the smallest and most densely populated countries in the world. The capital is Valletta, the smallest capital in the European Union. There are two official languages, Maltese and English.
Malta is home to three separate UNESCO World Heritage Sites and attracts tourists around the world for its warm climate, recreational activities, and historical monuments.
To make your stay in this very special Mediterranean country even more special, consider staying at Intercontinental Malta. See more details here: malta.intercontinental.com
Roam the streets of Valletta
Malta’s Capital city is so small, that it is easy to see everything it has to offer. The city is filled with historical buildings made with distinct baroque architecture. St John’s Co Cathedral is a perfect example of this architectural style. It is known to be one of the most beautiful cathedrals in all of Europe. There are several charming museums to visit including the National Museum of Archeology with artifacts dating back to 5000 B.C.
This is a budget-friendly activity to experience nature and learn about Malta’s history. The gardens are located in Valletta and are open to the public. They are divided into the lower and upper gardens. For panoramic views of the city and the Mediterranean, visit the Upper Gardens. The gardens are also filled with statues and plaques paying tribute to Maltese history. One statue of special significance is a bronze piece sculpted by Antonio Sciortino. The Saluting Battery is found in the lower gardens. A popular tourist attraction where a cannon is fired every day at 12 pm and 4 pm.
St. John’s Co-Cathedral
Malta’s most stunning cathedral is dedicated to Saint John the Baptist. An architect named Gerolamo Cassar built the church between 1572 and 1577. The interior of the church was revamped in the 17th century with baroque style in mind. This cathedral has beautifully painted ceilings, marble floors, and gold and silver accents. St. John’s Co Cathedral is a true work of art and a must-see in Valletta.
Megalithic Temples of Malta
Visit a World Heritage site of prehistoric temples. These temples were built between 3600 B.C and 700 B.C. The Megalithic Temples are rumored to be one of the oldest freestanding structures on earth. Each temple is an architectural masterpiece and is still intact for your viewing today.
A megalithic temple found on the island of Gozo. A UNESCO World Heritage site built between 3,600 and 3,200 B.C. The name “ggantija” is the Maltese word for “giant”. This makes perfect sense when seeing the size of the limestone blocks Ggantija was built from. A few statues and other ancient artifacts from Ggantija can be seen at the Museum of Archaeology.
Another outstanding World Heritage site in Paola, Malta. The Hal-Saflieni Hypogeum is a Neolithic Subterranean structure that dates back to 3300-3000 BC. The Hypogeum is known to be a sanctuary where over 7,000 individuals were buried. It is filled with fantastic carvings, statues, and tombs.
Comino’s Blue Lagoon
When visiting Malta, you cannot miss the vivid turquoise water of the Mediterranean. To take a dip in natures’ swimming pool, take a ferry from Gozo or Malta to the nearby island of Comino. It is only 4km away and inaccessible by car. This is the perfect way to get away from the crowded streets of Malta and relax in a serene lagoon.
A colorful fishing village filled with vibrant boats and fresh seafood restaurants. It is best to go on a Sunday to avoid crowds of tourists and enjoy the morning catch of the day. If you’re not in the mood to cook your own, stop at Tartarun or Roots to indulge at a local restaurant.
Pin For Later | <urn:uuid:ac5e4947-e412-4e75-8f07-ca209ea6df57> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.travelbelles.com/best-things-to-do-in-malta/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.935429 | 923 | 2.234375 | 2 |
This journal promotes the trade of knowledge and knowledge on theoretical and operational features of business cycles, involving each measurement and evaluation. The recession in 2008 was a cruel one where GDP instantly contracted by 1.8 percent during the first quarter, had a really minimal growth of 1.three on the second, but fell consistently in all the quarters that followed as much as the primary quarter of 2009.
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Throughout expansions, comparable to the present one the nation has loved for greater than 10 years, the financial system is rising as measured by GDP, the fundamental economic yardstick that measures all the goods and services produced in the country. Furthermore, the latest enhance in poverty in Brazil because of the recession factors to the large effects that the business cycle might have on poverty.
The variations in the employment creation by firm dimension during economic cycles are regarded as influenced by each credit score constraints and the supply of unemployed workers. A decrease in the BCI indicates that enterprise cycle conditions are worsening — both transferring nearer to entering a recession or to a deeper recession.
The Historical past of Business Cycle Analysis on the Institute for the World Financial system dates again to the year 1926. Understanding that the economic system travels by way of cycles might show you how to put current enterprise situations in better perspective. Ataman Ozyildirim is Director of Business Cycle and Progress Analysis with The Conference Board.… Read more | <urn:uuid:90eadc89-5df7-4e1a-96ab-cee4767f937f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cafeofdreamsbookreviews.com/tag/crisis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.959934 | 342 | 2.25 | 2 |
Prime Scott Morrison last week outlined a plan to create jobs and revitalise the economy post COVID-19. Part of this so-called Jobmaker plan includes an overhaul of the “bewildering”, “unresponsive” and “fundamentally flawed” skills sector.
Morrison’s reforms are based on Steven Joyce’s 2019 review of Australia’s vocational education and training (VET) system, of which all recommendations were accepted by the federal government.
But actors in the sector may be sceptical of the “overhaul” based on their experience of past changes. Reforms in 2014 were similarly aimed at making VET more responsive to industry needs and cutting red tape, all the while pulling funding from the sector.
The end result was a substantial contraction of the sector, as well as significant rorting by private organisations.
What’s happened since the last reforms?
Governments from both parties have introduced 33 significant sector reforms since 1998. And the Coalition has made a number of attempts to reorganise VET since being elected in 2013.
The sector has also shrunk. Between 2013 and 2018 total full-time equivalent student hours decreased by 30% – while total student numbers decreased from 1.9 million to fewer than 1.1 million.
Apprenticeships were particularly impacted by the changes. While 214,000 apprentices completed their training in 2013, this went down to 89,000 in 2018. This was accompanied by a substantial drop in financial support from government – from A$6.8 billion to A$5.3 billion.
Meanwhile, efforts to decrease regulation to make the sector more responsive to the market resulted in substantial rorts by private providers, who greatly tarnished the reputation of the sector as a whole.
How Morrison’s reforms compare
Morrison’s disparaging rhetoric towards VET harks back to federal industry minister Ian Macfarlane’s attempts at reform in 2014, when he aimed to update a “fractured, unwieldy and overly bureaucratic” sector to be “streamlined and effective”.
Morrison outlined three key problems to overcome in the VET system. First, the system is too complex and unresponsive to industry demand. Second, it does not offer clear information about the skills needed for the future. And third, the system is inconsistent between states and there is poor accountability over how money is spent.MICK TSIKAS/AAP
To solve these problems, the government will establish pilot Skills Organisations to “enhance the […] leadership of industry in the skills pipeline”, by giving industry more control over the contents of qualifications.
These organisations are reminiscent of Macfarlane’s 2014 Industry Skills Councils. These were aimed at giving industry “the freedom to design the type of training they’re after”.
Given this still a recurring issue, it appears previous efforts to give industry more voice in training package design have not achieved their goals.
Morrison also announced the establishment of the National Skills Commission to provide a countrywide view of Australia’s skills needs and coordinate state VET activities.
This draws from another past VET reform. Paul Keating established the Australian National Training Authority in 1992. It had a very similar remit to this new skills commission but was dissolved by the Howard government in 2005.
A final feature Morrison’s skills overhaul shares with its predecessors is a lack of commitment to increasing funding to the sector. Morrison said he wanted to better target A$1.5 billion of federal funding to the sector, rather than committing to providing additional financial support.
While funding was raised as a key issue during the 2014 reforms, it remains relevant. Vocational education is still comparatively underfunded compared to schools and higher education.
Without increasing funding to the sector, it is hard to imagine it achieving the goals set up for it by Morrison and the Joyce review.
Authors: Patrick Locke, Research Associate, LCT Centre for Knowledge-Building, Department of Sociology and Social Policy, University of Sydney | <urn:uuid:9864af0f-ecb5-4dbb-8d8d-0a3c272e0b71> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dailybulletin.com.au/news/54813-morrison-s-vet-reforms-offer-the-same-old-promises-with-no-more-money | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95939 | 847 | 2.109375 | 2 |
By Timothy Gillette
How are emerging trends impacting law enforcement in the United States? Are today's police chiefs equipped with the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics needed to succeed in their police leadership role? Will the selection criteria for future police chiefs need to change to accommodate an evolving society that reflects a growing distrust and disrespect for police officers?
These are all critical questions confronting local government managers responsible for hiring police chiefs. In a national law enforcement study I conducted for my dissertation in 2015, 264 local government police chiefs representing each state in the United States were surveyed in an attempt to answer these same questions.
Specifically, the police chiefs were asked to assess how emerging social, economic, technological, and domestic terrorism trends are impacting their role and influencing the qualities needed to carry out that role. Emerging trends examined in the study included growing diversity in the community and the workplace, prevailing economic constraints, rapidly changing technology, and increasing threats and acts of domestic terrorism.
Here is a broad overview of the qualities these police chiefs identified as important.
- Having knowledge of high-liability issues, community policing strategies, changing community and workforce values, budget resource management, and technology systems and applications.
- Demonstrating skills in leadership, communication, collaboration, decision making, problem solving, finance and resource management, strategic planning, and emergency management.
- Possessing the ability to establish trust and confidence, create and sustain an ethical organizational culture, enforce the laws fairly and impartially, apply critical thinking to problem solving, exercise good judgment in decision making, develop effective community relationships, provide visionary and adaptable leadership, and assess and respond to community concerns.
- Having more than 10 years of law enforcement management experience.
- Possessing advanced education (e.g., a master's degree in public administration, organizational leadership, or criminal justice) and management training through the FBI National Academy, IACP Center for Police Leadership, University of Louisville Southern Police Institute, or Northwestern University School of Police Staff and Command.
To further verify the reliability of the study's findings, I interviewed Cedric Alexander, deputy chief operating officer for public safety, DeKalb County, Georgia. Chief Alexander served on President Obama's 2015 Task Force on 21st Century Policing. The task force outlined its own recommendations for future police chiefs (see https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/blog/president-s-task-force-21st-century-policing-recommendations-print-action).
Chief Alexander emphasized the importance of promoting diversity in the workplace to include cultural diversity and diversity in thought processes and philosophies to allow for creativity and innovation; obtaining access to federal resources; protecting youth from feeling marginalized and being susceptible to recruitment efforts by terrorist groups through social media; and leveraging technologies to benefit the law enforcement mission.
My 2015 study sets forth these recommendations for the hiring of police chiefs:
1. City officials should obtain the input of their communities in determining the criteria to be used in selecting a police chief. They also should afford the community the opportunity to participate in the selection process, thus ensuring the candidate understands the needs of the community and possesses the experience, training, and education to lead the community's agency in the face of social, economic, technological, and domestic terrorism trends examined in the study.
2. In developing the selection criteria for their future police chiefs, local officials should examine their current job descriptions to ensure they reflect the changing times and needs of the community, especially in consideration of emerging social, economic, technological, and domestic terrorism trends.
City officials should also modify their selection criteria and include the critical characteristics most relevant to the changing and expanding role of the police chiefs in the midst of these emerging trends.
3. In establishing selection criteria for future police chiefs, city officials should consider critical and sometimes new criteria regarding the type and level of law enforcement that police chiefs should possess. Such selection criteria should consider the candidate's:
- Knowledge of high-liability issues, community policing strategies, changing community and workforce values, budget resource management, technology systems and applications.
- Skills in decision making, collaboration, forecasting, strategic planning, finance and resource management.
- Ability to exercise emotional intelligence, to build community relationships based on trust, to create and sustain an ethical organizational culture, to build learning organizations, to implement and facilitate change, and promote social justice by treating all persons fairly and equally.
- Personal characteristics, including honesty, intelligence, credibility, trustworthiness, adaptability, and forward thinking.
- Prior experience in building community partnerships, working on community committees and projects, securing federal resources, and responding to acts of domestic terrorism.
- Advanced education.
- Specialized police leadership and management training in ethics and integrity, emergency management, cultural and generational diversity, problem solving, and community policing.
4. In training and selecting the next generation of police chiefs, the most important criteria to consider is the ability of the chief to lead a police agency in an ethical manner that ensures public safety, provides social justice, and instills public trust and confidence.
For this reason, managers must ensure their selection criteria include the ability to apply effective leadership models that can promote change, build community partnerships, and improve the effectiveness of their police organizations in meeting the needs of their communities.
5. When selecting and evaluating police chiefs, managers should always consider the character and integrity of the candidates, as well as their commitment and ability to serving all persons in their community fairly and equally.
Timothy Gillette is professor of criminal justice and leadership programs, Nova Southeastern University and Broward College Institute of Public Safety, Fort Lauderdale, Florida (email@example.com). He served as police chief for the cities of Pembroke Park and Weston, Florida. | <urn:uuid:cebb65be-8a87-48aa-b589-03cee71c15ef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://icma.org/articles/pm-magazine/selecting-next-generation-police-chiefs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.930774 | 1,181 | 2.296875 | 2 |
German coaster manufacturers Maurer Rides have created the Spike Snow Coaster for ski resorts and mountain resorts.
This winter wonderland caters for various thrilling elements, including airtime over snow-covered hills, long curves over lakes, a non-inverted loop and even a reverse ride with a roll-back element over the mountain.
The roller coaster is ideally made for ski areas, resorts and holiday destinations in the mountains as well as traditional theme parks.
Its snowy winter landscape features are sure to give a fun ride on-board its snowmobile with the twist of its backwards roll from the rock face.
Spike’s technical specifications include 100% traction at every point of the track. Each rider controls their own speed – up to 80 km/h (50 mph), be it accelerating up the hill to extend the airtime or braking to enjoy the mountain scenery. Its track length is 550m with a height of 22m. There are six vehicles in all with a capacity of 600 passengers per hour.
The modern version of the gear drive also gives operators 100 % control with precise position of its vehicles at all times. The cutting-edge roller coaster can recover braking energy by means of recuperation to be used it again on the next incline.
A spectacular snowmobile concept suitable for all terrains from an environment and sustainability standpoint. | <urn:uuid:120b525f-b59b-4f8b-8505-ca2c11b30d9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://interpark.co.uk/maurer-rides-launch-revolutionary-spike-snow-coaster/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.936808 | 276 | 1.601563 | 2 |
It’s one of the hottest times of the year and the temperature is at some of its all-time highs. You’re likely drenched in sweat just being outside for a few minutes even just relaxing in the sun or walking.
Unfortunately, kids get put into situations all the time where they’re doing a lot more than that. For example, your child may be involved in a summer sport, prepping for football training or taking part in a summer camp. They’re supposed to be under the watchful eye of the adults in charge, but those adults may not realize that the summer heat can be more problematic than a bit of uncomfortable sweat.
Here’s what you should know:
Dehydration can be deadly
All that sweat pouring out of your child’s body is just their body’s way of trying to cool off – almost like an automatic A/C kicking on when it gets too hot.
When your body releases sweat, it expects you to intake water to make up for all the lost water. If you don’t have access to water or don’t have the time to take a break then you could experience dehydration. For young children, this can happen very fast.
A watchful adult may notice signs of dehydration at any point:
- Dry mouth
- Sunken eyes
Dehydration can lead to more complications such as vomiting and diarrhea, making it easier to contract an illness. The best thing you may do is to stay hydrated as much as possible.
Watching out for heatstroke after dehydration
Dehydration and heatstroke are often two sides of the same coin. In other words, your child may experience heatstroke if someone doesn’t attend to your dehydration first.
When your child’s body has no way to cool itself down – such as during dehydration – then their body may overheat and cause heatstroke. In time, heatstroke can harm the brain, heart, muscles and kidneys without the proper medical care. These medical issues can cause long-term or even life-threatening problems.
You may need to know your options if your child was in a situation beyond your control that prevented them from staying cool under the sun which led to a serious or fatal injury. | <urn:uuid:13e5e3f9-df41-4745-ae20-f350c6d4aead> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nathancobblaw.com/blog/2022/07/why-you-need-to-stay-cool-during-the-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94782 | 487 | 3.03125 | 3 |
In the Footsteps of Sykes-Picot Agreement Consequences / When the Student Outshines the Master — Part 2
By: Adel Bashqawi
20 November, 2020
mentioned the Sykes-Picot Agreement signed in 1916, between France and Britain with the approval of two false witnesses representing both the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. The agreement aimed to divide territories, which were an “integral part of the Ottoman Empire,” between the two main signatories.
*Part One
The Russian Colonial Concept in the caucasus
— Scene can be shortened by depicting intruders playing a lousy game of chess on the territorial board to be divided between the aspiring partners, by drawing lines on the map to be reflected on the ground regardless of the consequences. However, on the other side, there are nations who did not know about the prepared conspiracies that were being hatched against their peoples and their destinies. Good gesture of the peoples of the Caucasus usually flip to be oddly toxic positivity, when the time comes and the game is exposed.
— There is a background to what Russia and the Soviet Union did in regard to mining and poisoning relations between different peoples across the Caucasus region. Thus, became a source of concern, a cause for the outbreak of armed conflicts, tension and wars from time to time. Not to mention depriving peoples to live in peace and harmony with their compatriots, countrymen and their peers from neighboring communities and peoples.
— Apparently, Soviet Russians were able to follow in the footsteps of their British and French teachers and advisers, and had even surpassed them. That is a background to what Russia and the Soviet Union’s legacy of dividing the territories according to own administrative sectors of other peoples’ territories. The evil and opportunistic game is drawing lines on the map so as to be reflected and implemented on the ground regardless of the consequences.
— Thence, those who created permanent problems in the first place, and their future successors have certitude that they will be eventually requested to intervene in order to stop bleeding, murder and destruction that occurs between the quarreling parties, until battles break out again. This gives the colonial powers the pretext for staying in the region under suspicious presence.
— At the same time, it grants and facilitates strategic grip and control over natural resources, material capabilities and economic potentials. Not to mention the actual military presence to monitor what is happening on the ground between the conflicting parties. Such issues become international limbo indefinitely, where the effective powers in these files act in accordance with the colonial principle: ruin if you can’t rule.
The Circassian Examples
— Events have demonstrated that the aftermath of the Russian-Circassian War that ended in 21 may 1864, has left only 10% of the Circassians, who managed to stay in or around their homeland. As a result of the brutal occupation, they were subjected during the period of the Russian Empire’s mandate of military administrative and authoritarian procedures, simultaneously with cruel and tyrannical treatment by the occupation military administrators, to inhumane treatment. Moreover, they have been distributed and scattered in different non-contiguous geographical locations.
— It’s no secret that the Russian imperialists wanted Circassia without Circassians. Subsequently, what remained of the native nation have been distributed and scattered in different non-contiguous and divergent geographical regions and locations. Moreover, the occupiers and their successors did what they could to delete Circassia from the map of the region in order to conceal the traces of their heinous crime.
— Whereas, Circassian dwellers’ villages and towns, who were doomed in most locations to be murdered, ethnically cleansed or evacuated and displaced in accordance with arbitrary military decrees imposed by the military occupation, the Russian and Cossack settlements and colonies were founded in the Circassian territories, in order to replace the native population. They were deported from the mountainous areas adjacent to the Black Sea coast to inland areas in particular. The whole area has been cleared and cleansed to prepare it to receive strangers of various origins and ethnicities.
— The Republic of Adygea was originally established in 1922 as the Adygea Autonomous Region. It went through different administrative links, titles and names until it became described as the Republic of Adygea (Adygea) since 1992. The Adyghe Circassians consist of 25% of the total population, while Russians are 63%, beside others of Armenian, Ukrainian, Kurd and other ethnicities.
— The Soviet era cannot be described as similar as its preceding regime, but even worse, especially with its repressive measures and Iron Curtain after 1945. Criticism has been made of “the expansionistic policies of the Soviet Union. In addition to the ‘iron curtain’ that had descended across Eastern Europe, Churchill spoke of ‘communist fifth columns’ that were operating throughout western and southern Europe.”
— In the Circassian part of the North Caucasus, Circassians were divided into five different enclaves. The Kabardino-Balkaria Republic consisted of several peoples, the Circassians, who speak Adyghe Kabarday language, and the Balkars, who are of Turkic origin and they speak Turkic language. Additionally, there are various types of inhabitants, such as Russians and others of different origins and religions.
— The Karachay-Cherkess Republic consisted of several peoples, the Cherkess / Circassians, who speak Adyghe language, and the Karachay, they are of Turkic origin, who speak Turkic language. Hence, the republic contains Abazinsky District, where its inhabitants speak Abazin, which was established in 2005. Additionally, there are various sorts of inhabitants, such as Russians, Ukrainians, Nogais and others of different origins and religions.
— But what is interesting is the fact that the Balkars and Karachay are of the same origin and speak the same Turkish language, while the other Kabardians and Circassians are of same origin and speak the same language. Despite this, the Circassians and Turks are merged in one of the two republics with the Circassians and the Turks in the second one, hence, there are peoples who are similar in origin and language, which they did not share the same republic. Culture and language can bring people together in harmony instead of dissonant, and instead of all being on a keg of powder that can explode at any time.
— In light of the disastrous results of the Russian-Circassian War, the invaders focused on occupying the land and displacing the indigenous population according to primitive and tendentious methods of demographic engineering processes under the auspices of the Russian state. That led to the fragmentation of the population that resided in the area, and thus the rest of their homeland was transformed into a fragmented minority enclave in multiple locations. Not to mention those who were either wiped out or deported to the Ottoman Empire.
— “Scattered fragments of the once unified ethnic mass of Adyge-Shapsugs were scattered in different settlements of the region, and their return to the mountainous-coastal zone in the 1870-80s from different points affected the distribution of indigenous families of villages (auls) . Residents of the villages(auls) of Psebe and Aguy-Shapsug know the story that families from the village(aul) of Psebe did not mainly leave these places after the war, but simply hid in the mountains until the authorities allowed to return to their former places. Residents of the villages of Psebe and Aguy-Shapsug know the story that families from the village of Psebe did not mainly leave these places after the war, but simply hid in the mountains until the authorities allowed to return to their former places.”
— During the Soviet era, the administrative Shapsug villages formed the Black Sea Coastal Shapsugsky National area or district in 1925. The issue of giving or removing its sovereign status remained in an unstable situation of constant change of guardianship and administrative link with the center. Eventually, the district’s title and status were dissolved permanently in 1945. However, the Soviet and local authorities persisted to create and fake harassment and difficulties that match with annexing or detaching portions from Shapsugsky. Those deceptive games kept Shapsug citizens, who are the indigenous inhabitants of the region, permanently at the temperament and under the thumb of the occupiers and strangers. Ultimately, the Circassian Shapsugsky name has been changed to Lazarevsky district.
— It is well-known that Adygha Shapsug is one of the main Circassian tribes, who lost tens of thousands of its population as a result of the war of annihilation and destruction waged by the Russian Empire against their homeland. Thence, Shapsugsky was changed to Lazarevsky, as mentioned above, after Admiral Mikhail Lazarev. Knowing that he is one of those Russian commanders and generals, who participated in the siege that the Circassian coast was subjected to, in addition to the invasion and occupation of the entire Caucasus.
“Ossetians, ethno-linguistically and religiously different from their neighbors, have been Russia’s principal allies in the North Caucasus for two centuries. As Russia dealt with a host of ethnic nationalisms in the first years after the Soviet collapse, including Chechen separatism and later an armed Islamist movement, North Ossetia gained strategic importance and leverage in the eyes of the Russian leadership. It has used that leverage to ensure robust Russian support for South Ossetian separatism from Georgia.(10) Likewise, other ethnic groups in the mountains of the North Caucasus (for example, the Chechens, Kabardians, and Cherkes) saw in Abkhaz separatism from Georgia the validation of their own ethnic nationalisms.”
Redrawing the borders between the peoples of the administrative regions is a common practice between different federal entities’ territories, where the authorities implement them according to the colonial principle: divide and rule. Under the rule of the Russian state, such redrawing create chaos and conflicts such as the controversy created for the recent changes of the borders between Chechnya, Dagestan and Ingushetia. “As long as a pro-Kremlin strongman like Chechnya’s President Ramzan Kadyrov can overpower and outwit neighbors without overt force, expansionism based on ethnic allegiances is acceptable. This plan of action can only go so far before it becomes too heated to handle by federal courts.”
“Russian policy in the South Caucasus is intertwined with the North Caucasus—to which Russia has devoted the blood and treasure of generations and which post-Soviet Russia sees as key to the integrity of the Russian state. Russia’s domestic security concerns have intruded on the South Caucasus in a number of areas.”
This has been proven every time when armed conflicts have erupted every now and then, with impossibility to find a lasting solution for anyone of them. A war has erupted recently between Arminia and Azerbaijan. “The unrest in Nagorno-Karabakh dates back to the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the region, backed by Armenia, declared independence from Azerbaijan.”
Their well-known game is to create unsolvable problems and conflicts that they typically pretend mediating to solve, to keep fiddling around and Mediate between litigants to quell conflicts down the line. What happened recently between Armenia and Azerbaijan regarding Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as Nakhichevan, and Russia’s intervention as a mediator, then Turkey’s participation to stop the destructive war is a vivid example of such events. Let alone, the disputes that Russia caused on the borders between parties considered part of the Russian Federation.
Abkhazia and South Ossetia, have given Russia a reason to impose itself as a winner and beneficiary party in the conflict with Georgia. “In August 2008, the conflict spiral between Russia and Georgia initially centered on Georgia’s enclave of Abkhazia, but the actual war broke out in and around the separatist region of South Ossetia.”
It is inevitable that the Russian state will at some point act in a more realistic manor, which should be sooner rather than later, and come to the truth that the behavior and measures, committed by the previous regimes, specifically during the imperial and Soviet eras must be reviewed. The effects and repercussions must be taken in consideration. If a positive step is not taken, it would ascribe blame against the present authorities as the legitimate successor regime. This must select a parallel path with taking into account the rights of victims and their descendants in order to take appropriate measures to act according to modern and civilized patterns that do not offend anyone. Accordingly, the people who corroborate the confirmed occurrences and the international community, must be taken into consideration as goodwill mediators. They would eventually take a role in accordance with international laws and norms. Normally, the situation will not stabilize without being bound by rules to implement.
The reason is known the surprise is blown. As per the mentioned above, secret and publicly announced meetings and agreements were held between the major players to plan colonial and conspiratorial schemes, in the absence of the concerned peoples. Thus, the plans were implemented at the time those colonial powers deemed appropriate. Accordingly, the Russian Empire achieved its colonial goals of occupying the entire Circassian soil and getting rid of 90 percent of the citizens deported to the Ottoman Empire after a fierce war that lasted for 101 years. Not to mention the occupation of nations and/or the imposition of tutelage on other Caucasian peoples. Russia brought about demographic changes, confiscated properties, changed major landmarks, and annexed the occupied territories by force of arms to impose the sovereignty of the Russian state.
However, the question remains when will the Circassian nation and other peoples would regain their usurped rights. Thus, the international laws and norms, especially the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and all related conventions must be observed and applied. “Regulations of the Hague Conventions of 1907 and, more importantly, the 1949 GENEVA CONVENTION for the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War have attempted to codify and expand the protection afforded the local population during periods of military occupation.” | <urn:uuid:60965607-da1b-40c7-986b-cef3ea3221bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://justicefornorthcaucasus.info/?p=1251682779 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963002 | 3,041 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In this Tutorial am gonna teach you “How to Create an 3 Dimensional Image From An 2 Dimensional Photo”.
You will be needing some software to work on the photo manipulation one will be for photo editing and the other to manipulate the 2D image(object and background of the object).
The effect can also be called the 2.5D parallax effect. 2.5D refers to the visual depth perception in an otherwise 2-dimensional image or view. If you want to adopt this parallax effect in your photographs, you can, with the help of Photoshop and Sony Vegas Pro.
The software needed
Steps To Follow
First, We will be using Photoshop for separating the background image and the object on the background image and make them both saved separately to edit in Sony Vegas Pro.
In the next step, we will be using our two saved files which are the background image and the object image. we will move both images simultaneously to look like its 3 dimensional.
For further detailed steps go to the video description down below. | <urn:uuid:6897ca75-b461-493b-9757-43d9bb3f9bc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tech4hunt.com/parallax-effect-tutorial-3d-picture-2d-images/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.864784 | 218 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Examination of Liner Stability During Magnetic Implosion Using Experiments and Simulations
LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LAB NM
Pagination or Media Count:
Los Alamos has been conducting a number experiments to examine dynamic properties of materials using high-energy pulse power generator systems. These experiments are conducted in a Z-pinch configuration typically with an outer aluminum liner to carry the current, develop the acting force, and act as the driving element. The peak magnetic fields produced by these systems have ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 mega gauss. The onset of what has been called Magneto-Raleigh-Taylor MRT instabilities in the outer aluminum liner, when excessive current is applied, has been considered a limitation on the design of these liners. However, in several cases where the material of the liner was calculated to be completely melted the outside liner surface remained stable. Analysis of the data from this and several other experiments and comparison to 1D MHD simulations has already permitted us to examine how the drive conditions on this aluminum layer appear to effect the likelihood of onset of these instabilities. Additionally, careful variations of drive conditions, initial liner surface conditions, and EOS properties including conductivity suggest two phenomenons that appear to cause onset of instability. First, while the nature of the instability may still be fundamentally driven by the acceleration of a fluid interface, the effect may be drastically accentuated by the onset of liquid to vapor phase change if the material is allowed to approach too closely to the saturated liquid line. Furthermore, several observed cases which remained stable even after melting suggest that there may be drive conditions which maintain the aluminum at densities and temperatures above the saturated liquid line and significantly delay the onset of MRT instabilities. Second, the gradient of distribution of forces within the melted liner may also impact the growth of instabilities.
- Electricity and Magnetism
- Plasma Physics and Magnetohydrodynamics | <urn:uuid:39ab33d6-9a87-48ff-a063-041a1b47503d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA634498 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929971 | 444 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Running a safe riding and breeding program requires knowledge of the behavioral characteristics of horses. Behavioral characteristics of animals are known to vary depending on the breed, age, and sex [1,2]. In addition, the genotypes of animals affect the behavioral characteristics of individual animals . The behavioral characteristics of each animal can also be determined by the individual’s physical, hormonal, and nervous systems . Neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that transfer specific signals from a neuron through the synapse into the targeted cells, play a pivotal role in the operation of complex neural networks . It was previously reported that neurotransmitters are related to the expression or inhibition of social behaviors, such as aggressive, sexual, and maternal behaviors .
Dopamine (DA) is one of the neurotransmitters known to have an important role in the nervous networks . Primarily, it plays a functional role in regulating reward and pleasure centers in the brain . According to the previous research results on humans and animals, when aversive events occur, the DA reward system induces stress reduction through appropriate DA secretion [9–11]. Furthermore, DA also plays an important role in eliciting motor function in animals, which is why DA-based drugs are widely used to reduce Parkinson’s disease in humans . In rats, maternal behaviors, such as licking and grooming, increased in the group with a higher DA-detected signal than in the lower signal group, highlighting the importance of DA activity in the maternal behavior of rats . Based on the results of these studies, we hypothesized that DA is one of the biomarkers determining the behavioral characteristics of horses.
Interestingly, variations have been observed in the concentration of DA among dog breeds, suggesting a causal relationship between DA level and behavioral characteristics . In monkeys, the concentration of DA differed by age group . In several animals, it has been identified that the DA concentration in the brain is controlled by sex hormones , suggesting that there is a difference in DA concentration by sex of animals. A previous study reported that the allele frequency of the DA receptor D4 gene (DRD4) was associated with the variation of DA concentrations among dog breeds . Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate (1) the effect of breed, age, or sex on the plasma concentrations of DA in horses and (2) the correlation between genotypes by the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in DRD4 and the concentration of DA in horse plasma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study was performed at the Horse Industry Complex Center of Jeonju Kijeon College in the Korea. The Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Kyungpook National University approved the protocol for animal use (2020-0131). A total of 31 horses, divided into groups based on breed, age, and sex, were used in this study. There were four breed groups, including Haflinger (n = 5), Pony (n = 9), Thoroughbred (n = 13), and Warmblood (n = 4) and three age groups: post-pubertal (2–5 years; n = 6), adult (6–13 years; n = 19), and aged (15–24 years, n = 6). Sex was divided into geldings (n = 8) and mares (n = 23). The horses were individually stabled (3.5 × 3.5 m cages) and fed 1.5% of their body weight (BW) of Timothy hay (dry matter basis) with 0.5% BW of commercial feed per day. Additionally, the horses had ad libitum access to water throughout the experimental period. The horses were used for horseback riding and therapeutic riding and participated in competitions such as show jumping and dressage.
The period of blood collection was in May, the reproduction stage of horses. For the analysis of the plasma concentration DA, approximately 10 mL of blood was collected from the jugular vein of the horses using an 18-gauge needle connected to an EDTA tube (Becton, Dickinson, and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). Samples were collected between 09:00 and 10:00 h to avoid the riding and meal periods of the horses. After collection, the tubes containing blood were immediately stored in a 4°C icebox. The residual blood samples were centrifuged at 1,500´g for 10 min at room temperature (°C) to separate the plasma and preserved at −20°C until further analysis.
The frozen plasma samples were thawed in a 38°C prewarmed water bath and resuspended using a 1000 μl capacity micropipette for sufficient mixing within the tube. The DA concentration of the plasma samples was analyzed using an ELISA kit (HREB0039, ELISA Genie, Dublin, Ireland). The sensitivity of the DA ELISA kit was 0.23 ng/mL. The loaded plasma samples were detected at 450 nm absorbance on a Sunrise absorbance microplate reader (Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland). The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation for the ELISA of DA were 20.86% and 9.04%, respectively.
Blood samples were isolated to allow DNA extraction using a DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany), and 504 base pairs of the exon 3 region in the equine DRD4 gene (GenBank) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The PCR analysis was performed as previously described , with minor modifications. Briefly, the extracted DNA from the blood samples was diluted to a total concentration of 100 ng/μL. The DRD4 forward (5′-CCGCTCATGCTGCTGCTCTACTGG-3′) and reverse (5′-TGCG CTCCCGGCCGGTGATCTT-3′) primers (Cosmogenetech, Seoul, Korea) were diluted to a final concentration of 10 pmol with dH2O, respectively. The PCR was performed using a G:BOX Chemi XRQ (Syngene, Bangalore, India) with the following cycling conditions of six steps: initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, denaturation at 94°C for 1 min; annealing at 65°C for 15 s, extension at 72°C for 1 min, repetition of 35 cycles from annealing to extension at 72°C for 5 min; and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. The samples were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel at 100 V for 10 min. The expression bands of DA in each DNA sample were observed and captured with a Mastercycler X50s (Eppendorf, Enfield, CT, USA).
The DA concentration in each plasma sample was statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS Version 25 statistical software (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Differences in DA concentration by breed and age were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with least significant difference (LSD) post-hoc analysis. Differences in the DA concentration by sex were compared using Student’s t-tests. Furthermore, ANCOVA analysis was conducted to identify the interaction between breed, age, and sex. The interquartile range (IQR) value was two, and the DA concentration data that exceeded two terms of the first and third quartiles of the raw data were determined as outliers. The allele frequencies according to each genotype were derived from an instrumented distribution and were used to calculate the percentage of the expected genotypes. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were counted directly. The frequencies of observed and expected genotypes were compared by the χ2 test using CERVUS 3.0.3 . All the data were represented by mean ± SEM and the p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
The mean concentrations of DA in plasma by breed ranged from 7.3 ± 2.10 to 16.4 ± 3.65 pg/mL. There was no significant difference among the breed groups (Table 1). The mean concentrations of DA in plasma by age ranged from 7.3 ± 2.38 to 10.9 ± 2.31 pg/mL. There was no significant difference among the three age groups (Table 2). The mean concentrations of DA in geldings were significantly lower than that in mares (4.8 ± 0.71 vs. 10.5 ± 1.31 pg/mL, p < 0.05; Table 3). The significant difference according to sex was valid even when the covariance factors such as breed or age were removed.
|Breed and number of horses|
|Thoroughbred (n = 13)||Pony (n = 9)||Warmblood (n = 4)||Haflinger (n = 5)|
|Dopamine (pg/mL)||8.3 ± 1.65||7.9 ± 1.51||16.4 ± 3.65||7.3 ± 2.10|
|Age and number of horses|
|2 to 5 years(n = 6)||6 to 13 years(n = 19)||15 to 24 years(n = 6)|
|Dopamine (pg/mL)||7.3 ± 2.38||9.0 ± 1.45||10.9 ± 2.31|
|Sex and number of horses|
|Geldings (n = 8)||Mares (n = 23)|
|Dopamine (pg/mL)||4.8 ± 0.71a||10.5 ± 1.31b|
The SNPs (G292A and C147T) were used as genetic markers to assess the correlation between genotypes and DA concentration. For the G292A SNP, genotypes GG, GA, and AA were detected with frequencies of 25.80%, 64.52%, and 9.68%, and the G and A allele frequencies were 58.06% and 41.94%, respectively (Table 4). For the C147T SNP, the frequencies of the CC, CT, and TT genotypes were 90.32%, 9.68%, and 0%, and the gene frequencies of the C and T alleles were 95.16% and 4.84%, respectively (Table 5). The DA concentrations (ng/mL) by genotypes GG, GA, and AA for the G292A SNP were 8.1 ± 1.65, 10.1 ± 1.50, and 4.8 ± 0.91, respectively, and 9.1 ± 1.19 and 8.5 ± 1.32 by genotypes CC and CT, respectively. Animals with the GG and GA genotypes had significantly higher DA concentrations compared to the AA genotype. For the C147T SNP, there was no significance between the DA concentrations of CC and CT genotypes (Table 6).
|SNPs||No.||Genotype frequency||Allele frequency||χ 2 1)||Diversity parameter|
|SNPs||No.||Genotype frequency||Allele frequency||χ 2 1)||Diversity parameter|
|GG (n = 8)||GA (n = 20)||AA (n = 3)||CC (n = 28)||CT (n = 3)|
|Dopamine (ng/mL)||8.1 ± 1.65b||10.1 ± 1.50b||4.8 ± 0.91a||9.1 ± 1.19||8.5 ± 1.32|
The purpose of this study was to find out the internal factors affecting the plasma concentration of DA in horses. In our study, the plasma concentration of DA was varied depending on the sex and genotype of G292A in horses. First, we found that the sex of horses was one factor causing the variation of the plasma concentration of DA; geldings had a lower plasma concentration of DA compared with mares. This suggests that the dopaminergic pathway in horses is regulated by reproductive hormones, such as testosterone. This speculation is supported by a previous study showing that DA concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) increased as the colts matured to stallions .
Melrose et al. demonstrated that prepubertal mares had a significantly lower DA concentration in CSF compared to adult mares, showing that maturity contributed to determining the concentration of DA in horses. However, it is not known whether the DA concentration can increase post-puberty. In the present study, there was no significant difference in plasma concentration of DA among all the age groups, including post-pubertal (2–5 years; n = 6), adult (6–13 years; n = 19), and the aged group (15–24 years, n = 6). The reason for the lower concentration of DA in pre-pubertal mares compared to adult mares may be the very low levels of reproductive hormones before puberty. Based on these results, it is proposed that the age of horses after post-puberty may not be related to the plasma concentration of DA in the horses.
In this study, we aimed to identify the difference in plasma concentration of DA according to the horse breeds, but there was no significant difference. However, we verified that although there was no significant difference in the plasma concentration of DA by breeds (p = 0.064), post-analysis using LSD showed that Warmblood had significantly higher DA levels than the other three breeds. Unlike other breeds, Warmbloods have been bred as show horses for a long time . Especially, the Warmbloods used in this study had participated in showjumping and dressage events in which the horses need to cooperate with trainers and riders. A previous study suggested that DA and serotonin amplify cooperation through social compliance and empathy . According to our previous study, other neurotransmitters, oxytocin, and serotonin were significantly higher in Warmblood compared to Pony . Stelly et al. demonstrated enhanced DA levels in male rats exposed to acute and short-term stress. It suggested that animals exposed to acute or short-term stress selectively promoted reward-related DA release, causing changes in neural activity. In the present study, Warmblood horses had been selected and bred to conform and cooperate with humans to prepare for events. Thus, Warmbloods were exposed to frequent short-term stress during performance training and competition, causing a higher DA concentration compared to other breeds. However, the significant difference between the breeds may be due to the effect of sex, as there is a limitation that all four Warmbloods used in this study were mares. Therefore, it is considered that it can be possible to validate the difference in plasma concentration of DA between the Warmblood and other breeds through follow-up studies by securing additional samples.
In this study, we also attempted to identify whether the plasma DA concentration in horses differs depending on the DRD4 genotype, which is known to be correlated with the behavioral characteristics of horses. The ratio of each genotype or allele frequency for DRD4 was observed in two different SNPs, G292A and C147T. When the concentration of DA was classified according to the G292A genotype, animals with the GG and GA genotypes had significantly higher DA concentrations than those with the AA genotype. These findings suggest that GG and GA genotypes of G292A are associated with a high plasma concentration of DA in horses. Interestingly, all three horses with AA genotypes were identified as Thoroughbreds. This result is consistent with a previous report in which the highest frequency of the A allele gene of G292A was observed in Thoroughbred horses . This may be because of the unique breeding history of Thoroughbred horses for racing performance. Another previous study also suggested that the A allele of G292A was associated with low curiosity and high vigilance in Thoroughbred horses . These results suggest possible correlations among the plasma concentration of DA, the genotype of DRD4, and the behavioral traits of horses. Further study is warranted to clarify the DRD4 polymorphism and behavioral characteristics of horses in association with the plasma concentration of DA in horses.
In this study, there was no T allele gene in the genotype classification according to C147T, which made it impossible to compare DA concentration according to the C147T genotype. Therefore, further research is needed to confirm the difference in DA concentration according to the C147T genotype of DRD4 in horses. To conclude, we observed differences in the plasma concentration of DA in horses according to sex and the DRD4 genotype. | <urn:uuid:cbe9d0e7-73bd-458e-9e15-d7cfb5c06ebc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.ejast.org/archive/view_article?pid=jast-64-4-792 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.952582 | 3,651 | 3.125 | 3 |
Lee was an active member of the First Continental Congress, where admirers of his oratory compared him to Cicero. In the Second Continental Congress he introduced three resolutions: (1) for declaring independence, (2) for forming foreign alliances, and (3) for preparing a plan of confederation. His first resolution was adopted on July 2, and the Declaration of Independence followed two days later. He remained active in Congress until forced to resign in 1779 because of poor health. In 1777, 1780, and 1785 he served in the Virginia House of Delegates and in 1784 was back in Congress, where he remained until 1787, acting as its president in 1784. He opposed ratification of the federal Constitution because it created a “consolidated” government and lacked a bill of rights. He served, nonetheless, as senator from Virginia in the first Congress from 1789 to 1792, when he retired from public life.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Michael Levy. | <urn:uuid:06caf7f8-92a7-4561-9d92-fedfc9578151> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Henry-Lee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.975746 | 206 | 3.796875 | 4 |
The early development
In the First World War the German Navy used, among their guns, the
8,8cm SK L/45 gun. Krupp en Rheinmetall built out of this, the 8,8cm K-Zugflak L/45 anti-aircraf gun (the Flak). At the Reichswehr it was known as the Flak 16 and saw service in the First World War.
After the First World War it was by the Treaty of Versailles that
it was conducted that Germany was no longer allowed to manufacture weapons in their own
country. To surpass this rule, Krupp sent some technicians to Bofors in Sweden, between 1920 and 1930.
When Hitler came to power in 1933, the technicians from Krupp returned to their homeland with
the design of a new 8,8cm (or 88mm) anti-aircraft gun, the Flak 18. ‘Flak’
stood for FlugzeugAbwehrKanone. The barrel of the Flak 18 was stille constructed as one piece.
But experieces done in the field would lead to improvements, and to the Flakk 36/37 with a new barrel.
This was constructed of several segments so damaged pieces could be easy replaced. Another plus
was that there was no special machinery necessary, and they could be produced in substantial numbers.
Directionequipment on an 8,8cm Flak 37
After a few changes, the first production cannon was named the 8,8cm Flak 36. More improvements led to the model 37. The best way to spot
which Falk is Which of the two models is to look at the directionequipment, which are placed in boxes on
a Flak 37, and were round on the Flak 36.
Directionequipment on an 8,8cm Flak 37
A well trained crew could shoot 15 shells of 9 kilo each to a height of
12 km within one minute. Until the end of the war, the Flak 36/37 and the Flak 18
variant were the basis of the German anti-aircraft units.
In 1935, during the Spanish Civil War, the German Luftwaffe brought
the Kondorlegion to Spain to gain experience with the new equipment and to test
new tactics in the support of Franco. In Spain an 8,8cm Flak 18 with a smoother
barrel was used. Here was discovered that it was not only a great anti-aircraft gun,
but also a superb cannon for targets at ground level. It had a devastating effect on
targets and moral, the last on both sides. In Germany a special direction finder and
anti-tank ammunition was developed for the 8,8cm. But this sidestep was only for extra
support when needed, because the standard anti-tank cannon, the 50mm PaK 38 was manufactured in plenty of numbers.
A 50mm PaK
38, the standard anti-tank cannon
Early in the Second World War, the PaK (Panzerabwehrkanone) 38 with armoured piercing
shells had a penetration ability of 96 mm at a 1000 meters, enough for every British
tank at that time.
But the 8,8cm proved itself in the west during the blitzkrieg of Europe. During a desperate
attempt to break out of their predicament, 74 British tanks tried to escape on May 21,
1940 near Arras. The German 35mm was the only anti-tank gun around and was not sufficient
enough. But with the assistance of 105mm artillery and 8,8cm’s the British were stopped.
Not only vehicles were the targets for the 88’s, also stationary targets, like bunkers
and casemats were shot at. From relative short distances some fortresses of the Maginot
Line were fired upon with devastating effect.
An 8,8cm Flak
18 fires at the Maginot Line
During the war in the desert in 1941, the anti-tank guns were scattered
over great distances. To overcome the empty spaces between these guns, the Lufwaffe had 24
88’s Flak guns for the army to use. Because of their high profile, it had a two meter
high protective plate, the gun was a prominent target. To protect the gun it was necessary
to dig it in behind an earth wall.
An 8,8cm in
action in North-Africa
The first shots in anger on ground targets in North-Africa came during the
defense of Halfaya. A British tank, with armour of 80 mm in 1941, was an easy target for over
2200 meters, even under an angle 30°. At 2000 meter it could penetrate 90 mm. Over a distance of
1100 meters, the 8,8cm could handle 108 mm of steel, detonate a small charge that brought death
to any tank and it’s crew.
A Flak 37 has a plane in sight
(notice the rings on the barrel, one for every downed aircraft)
Because at one time there were enough 8,8cm’s 8,8cm anti-aircraft guns with the Luftwaffe,
spare ones were lent for anti-tank duties. In the field the anti-aircraft equipment was taken of, and the
guns adapted for ground targets.
The success of the anti-tank roll of the 88’s, the Africa Corps was equiped with extra guns. During the
battle of Alamein, the ‘Korps’ had 86 guns to use against the British troops.
A Flak 37 is preserved at the
Omaha Beach Museum, Vierville-sur-Mer
When during the Russian campaign, the German troops came across the T-34 tank, a
lot of the anti-tank guns proofed insufficient. Even the 50mm PAK 38 cannon was useless. Only ammo with
a core of wolfram could penetrate the Russian armour. Unfortunately for Germany, this material was hard
to come by. So once more they went to Krupp to produce a 75mm gun, and a special 8,8cm for the anti-tank
roll. This would lead to the PAK 43. An advantage with this cannon was it’s ability to fire when it was
on his wheels. For the 8,8cm Flak it was always necessary to placed it on it’s platform before it could
go into action. Also, the profile of the PAK 43 was brought down to a height of 1.50 meter.
An 8,8cm PAK
43/41, Omaha Beach Museum
The taught behind the concept was to improve it’s action by extending the room for
a larger shell. But during production problems came to light that required to adapt the undercarriage.
The gun, the 8,8cm PAK 43/41 became struggle for the troops to handle in the Russian mud. But, nevertheless,
the PAK 43/41 was a excellent weapon with a penetration of 168 mm from a distance of 1100 meters under an angle
of 30°. As far as 3300 meters, the gun had more effect the 8,8cm Flak op 1100 meters! Despite it’s clumsiness in
the field, it was a very deadly weapon from 160 to 3300 meters. It is known that at one time it killed six T-34
tanks in Russia from as far as 3900 meters! The 23 kilo heavy shell had one nasty habit, after every shot a black
cloud of smoke was produced that with calm weather obscured the view for the next shot, and gave the enemy the
position of the gun.
Different sorts, but only one size, 8,8cm
(a Flak 18 outside the (former) war museum at Falaise)
During the war, the 8,8cm PAK 43 cannon found it’s way in German tanks,
like the Jagdpanther. Was gun firstly developed as a weapon of defense in the anti-aircraft
roll, in the tank it became a tactic fast moving attack weapon. But the Allies had the armour
on their tanks improved and also better anti-tank guns mounted like the British 17-pounder
and the American 90mm. But the 8,8cm stayed to the end of the war a horror to the Allied crews
in their tanks. During the battles around Caen the gun was terribly effective. Especially when ‘Operation Goodwood’ was launched on July 18, 1944.
The German defense destroyed at least 220 British tanks, mainly with the 88’s.
A Flak training unit
The 88’s stayed in the frontline of the Flak air defense. In the progress of
the war, the air defense became very accurate, thanks also to radar. In 1942, around 15.000 8,8cm
guns were in the frontline of the German air defense. During 1944 3501 American planes fell victim
to the anti aircraft fire. Another 600 were shot down by German fighters. In November, 1944, when
Merseburg was attacked, 56 B-17’s were shot down or damaged by Flak alone.
Crewmember K6 places a grenade into the detonatersetting
The crew of a Flak unit consited of 10 men. The K1 wa the unit commander, the K2 the gunner (Seitenrichtkanonier), the K3 shoved the grenade into the breech. The K6 had the task to set the timer of the grenate by placing the head of the grenade into the detonatorsetting appartus, to the left of the Flak gun. The setting could be done by hand or electronically. When the grenade reached the desired height, it would explode into thousands pieces of schrapnell to a devastating effect tot aircraft at that height.
With the help of a Kommandogerät 36 (Kdo.36)
a plane can be spotted
Their were several ways to hook up the Flak onto a target. A battery of a couple of Flak guns could be commanded through a central command post, for example with help from a radar and a stereoscopic Kommandogerät 36 and pointed electronically onto the target . The crew of the unit only had to set the detonator and push the grenade into the breech. Also the Flak gun could be getting commandos by telephone and pointed on the target by Kommandogerät 35.
A Flak 37 captured by American GI’s
(notice the panoramic telescope (Rundblickfernrohr) on top of the barrel,
used on various Flak guns to concentrade fire onto one point ('zero' setting))
Rheinmetall developed the Flak 41 as new concept 8,8cm gun. The barrel was positioned lower with a barrel of three pieces. But because of many problems wit hit, it was brought back to two pieces. Evenso, it was a Flak with many problems. But despite the problems, some 556 of the Flak 41 were produced.
A posed picture with Luftwaffe Flak crew
After the war a lot of the old 8,8cm’s found their way in the armies of the
East-European nations. Some of these guns stayed operational until the sixties before the were
replaced for Russian anti aircraft missiles.
After the battle, another British plane is added
Below are the decorations the Flak crews could earn. On the left the decoration de 'Flak-Kampfabzeichen der Luftwaffe’ for the successful crew that had shot down at enemy aircraft. Crews got points for every downed plane, and when the had 16 points, the decoration was handed out. Beside the decoration for a Luftwaffe crew, there was also one for the army, the 'Heeres-Flak-Abzeichen'. This one was only handed out to crews who had shot down aircraft, and not for groundtargets. Central of the decoration was a Flak gun placed.
The decorations for a successful | <urn:uuid:5732cacb-5380-4dcb-adbe-df9b796ffd08> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.strijdbewijs.nl/tanks/duits/88eng.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.962736 | 2,593 | 3.265625 | 3 |
The sensitivity of modern forensic techniques has drastically increased, with sensitive technology detecting even the smallest traces of DNA evidence left behind. This has made it possible to detect DNA profiles deposited through contamination. When DNA contamination occurs in forensic science, it has the potential to change the outcome of a criminal investigation and may have significant social and financial repercussions. A compilation of global research shows that DNA evidence transfer can occur during forensic product manufacturing, the fingerprinting process, or even autopsy and crime lab examinations. These vital areas of the forensic investigation are vulnerable to contamination, and national standards should address this susceptibility. Understanding the origins of contamination events provides the greatest insight into preventing their occurrence and maintaining the integrity of forensic evidence.
"Reducing Contamination in Forensic Science,"
Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science: Vol. 3
, Article 12. | <urn:uuid:c5dd28c5-bb8a-42ab-9201-6078fc6fb612> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/themis/vol3/iss1/12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.891187 | 228 | 3.015625 | 3 |
When some species of flatworms (left) are decapitated, they can regenerate a new head. Double-amputees can regenerate both a new head at the anterior surface and a new tail at the posterior surface (right). They do this by the proliferation and differentiation of the pluripotent stem cells (called neoblasts) that it retains in its body throughout its life.
How do the cells know whether to develop into a head or a tail? Thanks to the ease with which individual genes can be knocked out by RNA interference (RNAi), it has been shown that Wnt/β-catenin signaling dictates where the head and tail form.
- Blocking Wnt/β-catenin signaling by RNAi causes a head to form where a tail should (producing a two-headed animal) while
- blocking part of the β-catenin degradation complex (thus enhancing the pathway) causes a tail to develop where a head should (producing a two-tailed animal).
These amphibians can regenerate a missing tail, legs, even eyes. This remarkable ability is particularly pronounced in the larval stage. For this reason, larval salamanders are favorites for doing research on regeneration. For example, cutting the tail off a larval salamander initiates the following sequence of events:
- A layer of epidermal cells grows over and covers the stump.
- A mass of undifferentiated cells — called the blastema — develops just beneath.
- Muscle and cartilage form in the regrowing tail.
- The notochord and spinal cord grow out into the regrowing tail.
- After a few weeks, a new, fully-functional and anatomically-correct tail is complete.
For years, it has been unclear as to whether this regeneration depends on
- a population of pluripotent stem cells that have resided in the animal body prepared for such an event (as occurs in the hydra) or
- the dedifferentiation of specialized cells, e.g. muscle and cartilage cells, in the stump.
The answer appears to be both.
- Stem cells in the spinal cord migrate into the regrowing tail and differentiate into several cell types, including muscle and cartilage. Although the stem cells are ectoderm, they are able to develop into mesoderm.
- Muscle cells in the stump migrate into the blastema while
- reentering the cell cycle to produce thousands of descendants;
- dedifferentiate as they do so; that is, they lose the characteristic proteins, etc. of muscle cells.
- Even though there is as yet no sign of a tail, its final pattern is established during this process for if the blastema is removed and transplanted elsewhere, it will continue the process of regenerating a tail.
- Finally the cells of the blastema differentiate into all the cell types — nerve, muscle, cartilage, skin — used to build the regenerated tail.
Don't we wish that we had the same powers of regeneration that salamanders do: able to regenerate a severed spinal cord or grow a new heart! But unfortunately, we cannot. We can regenerate some skin, a large amount of liver, and the very tips of fingers and toes. But that's about it. Just why we are so limited is not known (but is the subject of intense research). Much of the excitement surrounding research on stem cells is because of the hope that they may provide a means of regrowing damaged or lost tissues or even organs.
In contrast to the situation that appears to hold for salamanders, dedifferention of specialized cells does not appear to play a role in the formation of a blastema in mice. Instead, the various tissues — epidermis, hair follicles, sweat glands, neurons (all ectoderm) and muscle, bone, tendon, blood vessels (mesoderm) — that participate in regenerating the tip of an amputated mouse digit (finger or toe) develop from a diverse population of "adult" stem cells in the stump that retain their restricted developmental potential. You can read about the evidence for this in Rinkevich, Y., et al., Nature, 476, 409-413 (25 August 2011).
Genetic Control of Regeneration
A number of genes have been found to be implicated in regeneration. One of the most potent of these is Wnt.
- Injection of agents (e.g. antisense RNA molecules) that interfere with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
- blocks limb regeneration in salamanders and, as we saw above,
- promotes head formation in regenerating planarians, while
- injection of agents that enhance the Wnt/β-catenin pathway
- enable chicks (that, like mammals, are normally incapable of regenerating limbs) to regenerate a wing;
- as well as enabling a regenerating planarian to form a tail where a head should go. | <urn:uuid:d2089ea9-6c61-414e-a095-692a032139c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Book%3A_Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_Regulation/14.10%3A_Regeneration | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.917904 | 1,030 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Government Urged To Raise Standard Of Education, And Avoid Discrimination
Lahore: The participants of a consultative meeting organized under the auspices of Centre for Social Justice (CSJ) urged the government to adopt more inclusive process for framing education policies in order to fulfill the promise of Articles 22 and 25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. Peter Jacob, Dr. Rubina Saigol, Dr. Yaqoob Khan Bangash and Dr. Priscilla Lall joined as keynote speakers, while the educationists, religious leaders, and rights activists including, Venus Suleman, Prof. Rehana John, Dr. Aneel Samuel and Jennifer Javed contributed their perspective to make the education more inclusive and equitable. The speakers reminded that it was the commitment Pakistan made under sustainable development goals, and other international human rights treaties, according to the press release by CSJ.
The participants emphasized that the Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training should broaden the consultation to the parents, policy experts and educationists to develop a national education policy.
CSJ’ executive director, Peter Jacob lamented that the new curriculum might become an instrument of divisions rather than fostering social cohesion in the society. He noted that the orders of the court under the Jillani Judgment calling for developing tolerant curricula had not been effectively implemented by the federal and provincial governments. The content of textbooks developed under the SNC end up adding more religious teaching in subjects which are essentially non-religious such as languages and social sciences. As per instructions, the teachers are supposed to send minority students out of the classrooms when lessons on Islam are taught. This arrangement is discriminatory and violates the constitutional guarantees of right to equality and non-discrimination and freedom from coercion.
He emphasized that the government must pay heed to the independent voices calling for positive educational reforms, as the promotion of the social and religious tolerance through curricula and textbooks is in the national interest of the country.
A researcher and author, Dr. Rubina Saigol categorically rejected the Single National Curriculum for violating the 18th amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, and the principles of federalism. She termed it an encroachment into provincial domain by the federal government. She observed that teaching one religion overwhelming in every subject is against the spirit of tolerance, diversity and pluralism, and the forced teaching of a religion totally different from students’ religious conviction is the blatant violation of Article 22(1) of the Constitution of Pakistan.
She observed that the government has misunderstood the concepts of harmonization and equality, as the economic redistribution can only produce equality, not the harmonization of education. She noted that the single national curriculum is basically a way to harmonize everybody into one singular kind of thinking, which is static thinking. She warned that “SNC is gender-biased, and religiously prejudiced, therefore using anything like SNC is going to be damaging for all sections of society”.
A historian and educationist, Dr. Yaqoob Khan Bangash observed that the haste in approval of the craft, the lack of expert involvement, and transparency, has made the Single National Curriculum controversial. All concerned quarters must work together to make it comprehensive and inclusive as it is going to have a lasting effect on the country and concerns the future of our children.
He further noted that the nationalisation of schools in 1972 caused a decline of quality education. Rather than improving the quality of government schools and increasing their number, the then dictatorial regime simply took over private schools. Particularly for the Christian community, this takeover was a huge setback from which they have never recovered. The recent efforts to take over Edwardes College Peshawar, is an exercise of the same approach which must be condemned. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government must immediately stop interfering with the educational institutions, while all remaining institutions should be denationalized in Punjab and Sindh and handed over to the relevant bodies honouring the policy for the denationalisation of educational institutions, 1984.
CSJ presented the findings of the study on Christian run schools in Punjab which revealed that many schools are facing severe challenges with regard to proper facilities, training, etc. including; availability of sufficient classrooms, computer and science laboratories, portable water and clean toilets, etc.
The study also assessed that the Christian students belonging to same schools lagged behind by 12% from their Muslim peers in their academic performance at Matriculation level in Punjab. The participants demanded that the federal and provincial ministries with the mandate on education, human rights and minorities affairs must support the Community lead schools, in need, to improve their institutional and infrastructural capacity in order to improve Pakistan’s progress towards SDG goal # 4. | <urn:uuid:dbf3ce3f-b27c-46e3-af5d-d49ada0e3819> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nayadaur.tv/2021/06/government-urged-to-raise-standard-of-education-and-avoid-discrimination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94591 | 956 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Chances are you’ve knocked on wood in the past month. But, really, why? Here’s one origin story:
Knocking on wood is thought to come from the folklore of the ancient Indo-Europeans, or possibly people who predated them, who believed that trees were home to various spirits.
Touching a tree would invoke the protection or blessing of the spirit within.
Somehow, this tradition has survived long after belief in these spirits had faded away.
To learn more about superstitions, watch this TED-Ed Lesson: Where do superstitions come from?
Art credit: TED-Ed/@jefflebars | <urn:uuid:cb04ac47-99de-49f6-89a1-060378222800> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.ed.ted.com/2017/05/18/why-do-we-knock-on-wood/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.952566 | 137 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Pulse Metering Gateway
The SMART METERING GATEWAY SOLUTION from CASCADEMIC enables wireless remote data reading from domestic and industrial supply meters by means of GSM/GPRS network connections. Measurement values for electricity, gas, water and heat are automatically transmitted to one or more centrals locations using common Internet standards..
The platform is based on the Wireless MBus 868MHz protocol, allowing long range and low power communication. The communication is highly secure thanks to the AES128 encription scheme and also it has been optimized for low energy consumption.
- Wifi,GPRS, Ethernet and MODBUS compatible Gateway
- GSM, 6LoWPAN and MODBUS compatible meter
- Secured communication using AES
- Customisation on existing solution based on OEM's
- Data collection from any types of WMBUS supporting meters sensors (electricity mater, gas meter, water meter etc.).
- Act like a repeater to extend the range.
- Uc Linux, which provides a realtime service to the cloud.
WMBUS Protocol with AES Security( EN-13757 ):
- Authentication of all command messages.
- Encryption (AES 128) to ensure confidentiality of metering data using block ciphering and
a unique symmetric encryption key for each meter.
Long range RF transceiver (upto 600m):
- Long range modem that provides ultra-long range spread spectrum communication and
high interference immunity whilst minimising current consumption.
WMBUS modes can be configured by user:
- S mode,T mode.
FOTA (Firmware Over the Air):
- This facility supports to upgrade the firmware over the air.
User data storage:
- 256 MB of NAND flash memory with JFFS2 file system for storing user data and
configuration of the gateway.
Number of meters to the system:
- one concentrator can be handled 1-512 meters. | <urn:uuid:e1abca9e-51f6-49cc-b3d4-ba22827a4e50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cascademic.com/products/pulse-metering-gateway/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.826049 | 416 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Chinese tech giants are hopeful of getting into the metaverse and non-fungible token (NFT) business, despite a tough year at the hands of the country’s anti-crypto government. Heavyweights like JD.com and Alibaba have made plans on the matter, though regulations have forced them to make shallow name changes.
Under pressure from Beijing, which has cut their stock market value by billions by chopping off their wings this year, these companies are referring to NFTs using terms such as «digital collectibles . » They have also placed limits on trading in secondary markets, and these items will be sold on private blockchain networks, unlike NFTs which elsewhere are typically traded on Ethereum (ETH) and other well-known protocols.
However, in the face of the progress of their American, Japanese, South Korean and European rivals, it seems that Alibaba and its ilk feel that the limited progress they are allowed to make under strict Beijing control is better than standing still. .
According to an article from the Global Times, as well as Next Money and the South China Morning Post, many companies are leveraging their existing NFT businesses to deploy their strategies.
Thus, Alibaba created a new subsidiary, Yuanjing Shengsheng , and endowed it with a capital of 1.58 million dollars. «Sources» ( identified by the South China Morning Post as being employees of Alibaba) confirmed that the new subsidiary would be oriented towards the metaverse, without giving further details.
Other players could use international channels to advance their own expansion plans.
Gaming and entertainment giant Tencent probably believes it just can’t afford to be left behind in the metaverse race. The company’s domestic NFT business line is already active, but more inclusive metaverse projects may well be on the horizon. Chinese media have pointed out that Epic Games , an American games company in which Tencent has a 40% stake, is in the process of implementing its own metaverse projects, likely with backing from Tencent.
Tencent also has minority stakes in a series of other video game companies. In October, the Korea Times reported that the Chinese giant had made an investment in South Korean company NXN , following an earlier investment in Line Games company of the Japanese and South Korean application operator. cat Line .
Tencent CEO Ma Huateng reportedly told investors:
“The Metaverse is an exciting topic. I think Tencent has great technologies and capabilities in areas like games, social media, and AI to explore and develop the Metaverse.”
E-commerce player JD.com has released its very first NFTs (opting for the term «digital collections») — and seems happy with their reception. Without much fanfare, the company listed five sets of JOY dog-themed tokens on its Lingxi platform through its subsidiary JD Technology , which specializes in fintech and blockchain technology.
The company unveiled 2,000 coins in each series, pricing them at just over $ 1.50 each.
Search engine Baidu , meanwhile, continues to strengthen its involvement in «smart hardware» — seen as a cornerstone of meta verse developments — by supporting the efforts of its Nasdaq-listed iQIYI video streaming subsidiary .
However, the latter seems to be having difficulties if we are to believe China star market which indicated that the company had been forced to make «substantial» layoffs and increase subscription fees — a sign that all may not be well. Good…
Another Chinese gaming giant, NetEase (which also has stakes in a number of overseas gaming companies) has «filed dozens of meta verse-related patent applications,» according to the Global Times.
Either way, companies will take note of Beijing’s attitude towards NFTs and the development of metaverse. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has pledged to implement a digital yuan early next year, and will not take a positive view of anything in the digital space that threatens to cause harm. shadow to his new token.
The CCP-backed media has already made mention of the «huge bubble» in the NFT markets and suggested that new regulations related to NFTs may be needed in China. | <urn:uuid:f773340d-15c8-4665-a50d-67bd50895546> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://world-news.uk/chinese-tech-giants-develop-metaverse-and-nft-strategies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963707 | 863 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Cloud Computing In Insurance Market Scope
Cloud computing in insurance is a method to risk management in which a promise of financial reimbursement is made for specific potential disappointments on the part of a cloud computing service provider. Rising demand due to enhance operational efficiency and increasing dependency due to reduced operational costs will help to boost global cloud computing in the insurance market. Moreover, the introduction of the online insurance system is a major driver of global cloud computing in the insurance market. Cloud computing has the potential to help transform the insurance business. Insurers can look at the four major categories of their business processes and applications front office, back office, compliance, and investment, and evaluate what applications could be moved to cloud computing.
The Cloud Computing In Insurance market study is segmented by Type (Public cloud, Private cloud and Hybrid cloud), by Application (Public Sector and Private Sector) and major geographies with country level break-up.
Research Analyst at AMA estimates that United States Players will contribute to the maximum growth of Global Cloud Computing In Insurance market throughout the predicted period.
Microsoft (United States), Oracle (United States), IBM (United States), Infosys (India), SAP (Germany), TCS (India), Adobe (United States), Prudential (United States), Alphabet (United States) and Amazon (United States) are some of the key players that are part of study coverage. Additionally, the Players which are also part of the research are Ellie Mae (United States), Intuit (United States) and Medidata (United States).
The research aims to propose a patent-based approach in searching for potential technology partners as a supporting tool for enabling open innovation. The study also proposes a systematic searching process of technology partners as a
preliminary step to select the emerging and key players that are involved in implementing market estimations. While patent analysis is employed to overcome the aforementioned data- and process-related limitations, as expenses occurred in that technology allows us to estimate the market size by evolving segments as target market from total available market.
AMA Research has segmented the market of Global Cloud Computing In Insurance market by Type, Application and Region.
On the basis of geography, the market of Cloud Computing In Insurance has been segmented into South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America), Asia Pacific (China, Japan, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, Rest of Asia-Pacific), Europe (Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Rest of Europe), MEA (Middle East, Africa), North America (United States, Canada, Mexico). North America region held largest market share in the year 2020. Europe on the other hand stood as second largest market due to the presence of key companies into the region and high technological advancement.
Market Leaders and their expansionary development strategies
On 29th Sept 2021, Microsoft and At-Bay partner to offer data-driven cyber insurance coverage. Customers managing cyber-risk with Microsoft 365ís built-in security controls qualify for savings on At-Bay cyber insurance policies.
On 14th November 2019, Allianz SE and Microsoft Corp. announced a strategic partnership focused on digitally transforming the insurance industry, making the insurance process easier while creating a better experience for insurance companies and their customers. and On 17th January 2018, dacadoo, a leading Swiss-based global digital health engagement platform, and Oracle Insurance, the global solution provider for Life and Health applications are partnered for offering a new Health and Wellness Administration Cloud Solution that includes a digital frontend (dacadoo digital Health Score Platform) integrated with a core administrative processing solution for Life and Health insurers
- High Adoption Due To Greater Storage Capacities and Increased Bandwidth
- Introduction Of Online Insurance System
- Rising Demand Due to enhance operational efficiency
- Increasing Dependency due to reduced operational costs
- Rising Opportunity in Untapped Market
- Data and Information Security
- Increasing Concern Related to Privacy
- Straighten Government Regulations
Key Target AudienceCloud Insurance Providers, Industry Associations and Experts, Private Research Organizations and Consulting Companies, Industry Associations, Government Market Research and Consulting Firm and Others | <urn:uuid:6b483dd7-bbe6-4eb8-b46b-0491fac3b7ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/reports/72489-global-cloud-computing-in-insurance--market | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919993 | 861 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Tyr is the god of justice and right action in Norse mythology, portrayed as a one-handed man. He sacrificed his hand to the Fenris Wolf to protect his people and fellow Gods. The runes say ""TYR OK FENRISULFR" in old Norse, which translates to "Tyr and Fenris Wolf".
- An original design by artist Paul Borda of Dryad Design
- Made of solid .925 sterling silver
- Measures 1 1/2 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter
- Single sided with Tyr rune on back
You may purchase the pendant alone, or pair it with the perfect chain! You can view our full selection of styles and sizes here.
Stock Number: DD-TPD-2699 | <urn:uuid:375f645b-ab33-428f-bdd4-641cdc5a72b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.moonlightmysteries.com/wiccan/dryad-design/sterling-silver-tyr-pendant/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.916862 | 156 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Both aerial and underwater drones can be used for preventive maintenance in offshore drilling, offering several advantages compared to traditional methods. In 2018 and beyond, these drones will have a prominent impact on the inspection process for oil pipelines.
Preventive maintenance is essential for many industries. For the oil and gas industries, especially, it's vital in reducing the risk of catastrophes, including oil spills and gas leaks that can impact the general public. These safety measures involve monitoring for corrosion, wear and tear and manufacturing defects. Considering the size and inaccessible location of some oil and gas operations, traditional methods of preventive maintenance are not always optimal.
The oil industry often utilizes thousands of different components. If one of these components falters, it can severely impact operations. Essentially, an operation is only as reliable as its weakest component. With that in mind, drones have emerged as a practical utilization in preventive maintenance, providing a safer, cheaper and more efficient way of doing things.
The Drone-Based Advantage
Drone-based maintenance in offshore oil makes a lot of sense. Drones can be deployed rapidly to remote areas and conduct inspections quickly and without error, reducing workforce costs in the process.
The oil industry has already incorporated aspects of robotic and artificial intelligence in their operations, especially to extract oil in remote areas that may be too dangerous for human workers. Technology is effectively simplifying the extraction process, which is good for everyone. Consumers may find lower-cost oil, due to less overhead costs from the extractor.
Oil extraction companies strive to keep prices at a reasonable level due to a variety of sectors being reliant on oil production. Still, with oil alternatives emerging, there's no doubt that embracing drones and technology will continue so oil companies can continue their strong business.
Important Cost Savings
One of the most notable cost-cutting areas resulting from drones' utilization in preventive maintenance is the training of specialist workers. These workers require ample time and money to train so they can abide by strict safety standards. With drones and other technology, oil extraction businesses can remain competitive while cutting costs. Additionally, even after ample training, these specialist workers can endure serious injury due to the remoteness of locations and the dangerous work required to extract oil and undergo preventive maintenance.
Aerial and Underwater Drones
Advances in both aerial and underwater drone technology have made both types capable of conducting preventive maintenance. Equally capable of operating autonomously, either with preset instructions or remote control, aerial and underwater drones collaborate to cover most types of terrain. While it's still essential to train workers that operate these drones remotely, the safety risk reduces dramatically from a human fatality to that of a replaceable machine.
Drones can collaborate with other robotics, which can aid in tasks like lifting oil rigs, allowing drones to transmit real-time images of pipelines for engineers to analyze. Some drones are also capable of detecting methane using sensors, as well as contributing to surveys and 3-D laser scans.
Impact on Oil Pipeline Inspections
Underwater drones are especially important for submerged offshore pipeline inspections, helping prevent leaks by conducting these inspection via remote operation instead of using specially trained workers. Although visual inspections are fairly straightforward on land, underwater can be trickier since leaks may be more difficult to detect due to the aquatic environment.
In 2018 and beyond, drones can utilize a combination of predictive data analytics, robotics and artificial intelligence. Drones can utilize predictive data analytics to progress from reactive to predictive repair. In the coming years, strides in augmentative defect recognition and classification of those defects will combine with machine learning to result in an overall decrease in oil pipeline mishaps. Predictive analytics can also incorporate weather data to isolate explanations for certain types of corrosion, differentiating whether a malfunction is due to a systemic or weather-related impact.
As 2018 promises more advancements in cloud services, memory and computer power and communication infrastructures than ever before, artificial intelligence and robotics will continue to play an increasing role in oil pipeline inspections. Additionally, data automation through these advancements can decrease costs by up to 25 percent and make the overall process much safer.
In 2018 and beyond, there's no doubt that businesses will embrace a model driven by data analytics, robotics and artificial intelligence that's cheaper and safer, making for a universally beneficial outcome.
The Future of Drone-based Prevention
Drones have been in active use in the aerial industry and others throughout the past decade or so, though the oil industry’s drone involvement is still relatively new. As a result, there is likely to be substantial growth in drone-based prevention, considering the oil industry’s strong desire to remain competitive and tap into new sources.
Drones will combine with AI and big data to provide the clearest picture imaginable regarding the safety of an oil site's infrastructure and general operations, reducing the risk of catastrophe while also cutting costs for everyone, from oil extractors to consumers. Big data from imaging equipment, pipeline-embedded sensors and offshore buoys already provides valuable insight. The rising involvement of drones in the oil industry can make for a safer and more efficient extraction process.
Megan Ray Nichols is a freelance STEM writer and blogger whose work has appeared on Manufacturing Business Technology, American Machinist, and IoT Evolution. Read more posts by Megan on her blog, Schooled By Science, and follow her on Twitter @nicholsrmegan. | <urn:uuid:1832c28d-38f0-4cb8-8149-0e9ab38c84bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.manufacturing.net/operations/blog/13128146/advantages-of-dronebased-preventive-maintenance-in-offshore-oil-inspections | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.944027 | 1,092 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Water is the lifeblood of agriculture and food production. Managing freshwater is fundamental to our operations and supply chains, as well as to the communities and environments in which we operate.
30% of our upstream plantations, concessions, farms, and large processing plants are in water stressed regions. We monitor and manage the use of water in these upstream operations and are working towards creating resource management plans for all our priority supply chains.
Within our processing operations, we seek to optimise our water use, to reduce wastewater volumes and content, and to protect water courses. Read about some of our latest initiatives and goals in the latest annual report.
Last year, 5.57 million farmers benefited from digital agronomy support. This also included providing accurate weather forecasting and actionable insights to help with water management.
Our agronomists and digital experts have collaborated to implement precision irrigation on our owned farms so we can manage, monitor, and reduce water use.
Over 98% of our freshwater footprint is in our supply chain. We work with large-scale suppliers to transform their practices and improve water efficiency for example onion growers in Egypt.
We have commenced an irrigation project in our palm plantations in Gabon. Over 23,000 ha of planted land will be supported during extended dry periods, improving yields.
Our coffee facility in Vietnam has installed a pH correction system to enable condensate water from evaporators to be reused. It has updated the reverse osmosis system to recover, and reuse rejected water, reducing water intensity.
We continue to review our own operations and supply chain, to make positive changes. However, we cannot make the level of change required alone. We are active in a number of sector-wide initiatives and are collaborating with customers to help them mitigate their environmental impacts. | <urn:uuid:5ae92b60-8565-4b2e-9eb5-6ad9ca32d40d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.olamgroup.com/sustainability/priority-areas/water.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942459 | 361 | 2.296875 | 2 |
The Story of a Child at the Emergency Center
Shalom arrived in Shabtai Levi at the age of three.
He was only speaking a few words. He was still using diapers, would have temper tantrums where he would thrust his head into the floor, throw objects and take toys from the other children in the center. The few moments he would calm down were when he would stay in the bath for a long time and the water created a soothing envelope for him.
Shalom moved out with his mother from his home in the Haifa suburbs, after the mother, a young woman suffering from mild depression, claimed the father was beating her.
The welfare system arranged for her to stay at a shelter for abused women in Tel-Aviv, however she didn’t climatize there as well, and after a short period of time she moved with Shalom to a different shelter in Jerusalem. In this shelter Shalom’s little brother was born, after it turned out that Shalom’s mother was heavily pregnant.
When his brother was born, Shalom was suffering from partial treatment from his mother, and she asked for him to move to a foster family because she couldn’t control his temper.
Shalom moved in with the Dudu family, however after about a week the family claimed that the cannot take care of him because he is vibrant, violent and cries nonstop.
Thus, Shalom was received at the emergency center.
When he came, Shalom behaved as a post traumatic child. He had trouble falling asleep at night, and referred to anyone as either “mother” or “father”.
At the emergency center, in collaboration with the Child Welfare Unit, the internal emergency center, which is also a part of the Home’s association, an extraordinary therapeutic and rehabilitation plan was constructed for Shalom.
Firstly, Shalom was diagnosed by a developmental psychologist, by a clinical psychologist and by a developmental doctor.
Later on, a comprehensive treatment plan was created for him, which included individual work with a speech therapist, an occupational therapist and a personal tutor. He was incorporated into the emergency center’s kindergarten for younger children.
The treating social worker held regular meetings with Shalom’s mother and father, and ensured that the come visit him and receive training on how to treat their son, and find ways to contain the storm he was in.
After five months of staying at the emergency center, the therapeutic plan began showing results, and Shalom became a calmer child, loved by the emergency center staff. One of the center’s guides became especially connected to him, and the special bond created between them brought Shalom to have impressive sensations of security and prosperity.
He quickly acquired the language, began speaking, and his violent behavior decreased as well.
After about two months, his behavior already enabled him to move to a kindergarten with children his own age, and he learned to trust the caretakers and prefer their closeness.
After a foster family was found for Shalom with the consent of his parents, a process of creating a relationship with the family members began. They immediately fell in love with him and arrived over two weeks to visit him every day and get to know him closely.
When he moved in with them at the end of the acquaintance period, the family decided to move him from the therapeutic kindergarten to regular kindergarten, since his behavior and capacities were better than expected.
Shalom has been staying with the family for about two months and they describe a happy and loved child. He had a costume for Purim and he invites friends from the new kindergarten to visit him in his new home.
According to the recommendation, his foster parents incorporated him in hydrotherapy treatments in a swimming pool near their home, and Shalom is just happy. | <urn:uuid:e6f01912-ce28-4655-91df-4070d2928b6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.shabtailevi.org/shalom-3-years-old/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.991705 | 793 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Team Relay Puzzles
Animal puzzles teach communication skills through fun, active team challenges!
Combine the mental exercise of a puzzle with the physical exercise of a relay race! In these puzzle games for physical education, teams collect vinyl puzzle pieces in relays or other activities, then assemble them as a team. The puzzles depict frogs, rabbits, pigs, and cats in 10 or 11 pieces each.
There are many different ways you can use these puzzles to create relay games for PE. Create relays between teams to see who can build their puzzle the fastest. You might also decide to use them for teambuilding activities, station activities, or blindfold puzzle activities.
Made of a flexible and durable polyvinyl, these puzzle pieces are tear-resistant and designed to last for years of use. Their grippy side underneath sticks to a gym floor to prevent players from slipping if they step on them. The pieces can also be easily disassembled and stored away. Each puzzle measures 30” x 24” and features 10 to 11 pieces.
Each set of 4 includes an animal puzzle depicting each a cat, frog, rabbit, and pig. | <urn:uuid:5617a4c3-627b-4d0e-bfd9-e91a5d5eda9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://moving-minds.com/team-relay-puzzles-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.938588 | 267 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A Study of the Effectiveness of the Army's National Advertising Expenditures. Volume 1. Executive Summary.
Final draft rept. 27 Sep 79-31 Aug 81.
AYER (N W) INC NEW YORK
Pagination or Media Count:
The Armys advertising expenditures, were shown to be cost-effective in a two-stage modeling process. Advertising was related to ASVAB exams, and exams were then related to accessions. The principal objective of this modeling project was to measure advertisings impact on recruiting in terms of both quantity and quality of recruits. The secondary objectives were to determine the importance of the other major factors and to analyze the impact of media alternatives. The project has been successful in that these objectives have been met advertising payout has been measured according to target group, the importance of six other factors has been quantified, and although available data was limited, some indication of media differences was developed. The methodology employed followed standard econometric practices. A list of measurable variables was developed and data concerning those variables was compiled. The analysis covers the five-year period of 1976-1980. Exam-taking by prospects was chosen as the criterion against which we directly measured advertisings effects because exam-taking occurs fairly early in the recruiting process after the first contact with the recruit, but before the critical negotiating session between the prospect and the career counselor.
- *Management planning and control
- *Army budgets
- *Army personnel
- *Mass media
- *Cost effectiveness
- Army procurement
- Operational effectiveness
- Public relations
- Army planning
- Planning programming budgeting
- Cost estimates
- Cost models
- Feasibility studies
- Administration and Management
- Economics and Cost Analysis
- Personnel Management and Labor Relations | <urn:uuid:2569c33e-8532-47f0-9c59-8e55f1d6bc9a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA139993 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.945045 | 448 | 1.625 | 2 |
Your body does many incredible things — from keeping you breathing without thinking to giving you the strength to move every day.
Many of our body processes happen without us giving them a second thought. One of those many jobs is that our livers filter out excess hormones like estrogen, toxins, chemicals, and other substances in our bodies.
But what happens if your liver becomes overwhelmed? It can’t function as well, and you may be left suffering. (1)
In my mid-twenties, I myself struggled with a heap of health issues — some extra weight I couldn’t get off, being chronically tired, and suffering from mood swings.
Rather than suffer in silence, I took it upon myself to shift my lifestyle and make small, mindful changes that forever altered the way I feel — for the better.
One of those changes was incorporating detoxes into my diet.
WHY LIVER DETOX IS SO IMPORTANT
Studies have shown that in healthy premenopausal individuals, estrogen plays a key role in helping limit the risk of chronic liver disease. However, studies have shown that increased estrogen levels were linked with chronic liver disease. (2)
Our livers do an amazing job of naturally filtering out excess hormones, toxins, and more.
But if your liver becomes overwhelmed, it can’t function as well, and you may be left feeling sluggish, suffering from symptoms of hormone imbalance, and more.
A detox is a great way to help function the best it can. Reducing your liver’s toxic load will help it do its job effectively.
It doesn’t have to be complicated — incorporating small, mindful, daily detox tips into your routine can help your liver function as best as it can, so you can feel your most energized and healthy self.
Here are five easy daily detox tips you can incorporate into your life.
5 EASY DAILY DETOX TIPS
1. SWAP OUT PERSONAL CARE AND CLEANING PRODUCTS
The products we use every day are full of chemicals.
Before even leaving the house in the morning, the average person is exposed to over 100 chemicals. This is just from items like soaps, cosmetics, and personal care items. (3)
Research also shows that many household cleaning products contain carcinogens — cancer-causing substances — and can cause loads of other health problems. (4)
One simple step you can take is to swap out chemical-laden personal care and cleaning products with natural alternatives. (5)
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products: Look for items with ingredients that are natural and organic. The shorter the ingredient list, the better. Common, clean ingredients may include beeswax, baking soda, and coconut oil.
Cleaning Products: Green cleaning products certified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will have a Safer Choice label. (6) You can also make your own cleaning products at home.
Try one of my favorite recipes for a great all-purpose cleaner: (7)
- One part vinegar
- One part water
- Lemon rind (or 2-3 drops of Lemon essential oil)
- Fresh rosemary sprigs (or 2-3 drops of Rosemary essential oil)
Not sure what to look for? An app like Think Dirty can tell you how clean your products are. (8)
2. OPEN YOUR WINDOWS FOR AT LEAST 30 MINUTES A DAY
Studies from the EPA’s Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (TEAM) found that regardless of whether homes were in rural or urban areas, indoor areas contained two to five times more pollution than outdoor air. (9)
Poor ventilation, heat, moisture, gas, wood, and other products all contribute to this buildup. (10)
Opening your windows for just 30 minutes a day lets fresh air circulate indoors — and gets rid of harmful pollutants that build up. (11)
3. SWAP OUT PLASTICS FOR GLASS OR STAINLESS STEEL
Humans likely take in around 74,000 to 121,000 plastic particles each year, studies reveal. (12)
We may be ingesting 200 plastic particles a week just from plastic food storage units as microplastic particles flake off them. (13)
When you drink from plastic bottles and reheat food in plastic containers, you’re putting yourself at risk of ingesting microplastic particles that can harm your health.
A simple swap is to use glass or stainless steel bottles and containers for your food. Not only are they more durable, but they’re also better for your health. (14)
4. DRINK LOTS OF WATER — AND ADD LEMON FOR AN EXTRA BOOST
Water helps balance the fluid content of your blood. When your blood is thicker, your body has a harder time filtering it — and, therefore, has a more difficult time filtering excess hormones, toxins, and chemicals. (15)
The recommended average fluid intake for women is 11.5 cups, or 2.7 liters a day. (16) However, those who are active or live in warmer climates may need to drink more.
Listen to your body, and when in doubt—drink more water!
Looking for an added boost? Add some lemon to your water! Lemon aids in digestion, prevents oxidation, and gives you extra potassium and vitamin C — all of which are great for your health! (17) Even just a drop of Lemon (or any citrus) essential oils will deliver more benefits to your body along with a delicious taste to make your daily water more exciting.
5. ADD A DAILY LIVER SUPPLEMENT FOR SUPPORT
Even if you eat a healthy, well-balanced diet, you may struggle to get all the essential vitamins and nutrients your body needs.
Especially if you’re feeling tired, suffering from hormone imbalances, or mood swings, your body may be using up nutrients faster than you realize.
A supplement like Liver Support Blend will give your liver the daily support it needs. It’s designed for consistent, daily use to help you detox effectively every single day!
Full of vitamins B and C, biotin, zinc, green tea extract, turmeric extract, grape seed extract, N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine, L-Leucine, and more, Liver Support Blend is the complete blend of bioavailable nutrients, vitamins, and adaptogenic herbs to support your liver.
Ready to aid your liver in a daily detox? Get Liver Support Blend here.
SIGNS YOU NEED A MORE COMPLETE DETOX
The steps above are great daily habits for everyone to incorporate into their daily lives.
However, how do you know if you need a more complete detox? A few telltale signs include:
- You have trouble concentrating or struggle with brain fog.
- You’re often feeling anxious or depressed.
- You suffer from intense sugar cravings.
- You have difficulty losing weight.
- You suffer from persistent skin breakouts or eruptions.
Curious if you need a more complete detox? Take the detox assessment here to see if a complete detox might be a good fit for you.
If you’re ready to get started with a more complete detox, grab a 14-Day Detox Kit today!
GIVE YOUR LIVER THE SUPPORT IT NEEDS TODAY WITH LIVER SUPPORT BLEND
Choosing natural, organic products, drinking lots of water, opening your windows for 30 minutes a day, and swapping plastics for glass or stainless steel containers are all great ways to support your liver in a detox.
Even if you don’t feel like a complete Detox is something you can commit to right now, adding Liver Support Blend to your daily regimen can support your liver every single day.
Give your body the support it needs with the best blend and most complete supplement, Liver Support Blend. Your body will thank you!
Free Download: Essential Oils for Cravings, Stress, and Fatigue
Ready to take charge of your own health? Grab this free guide to get you started! | <urn:uuid:61b5e370-0bc2-4644-b588-df04ec3a08a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://drmariza.com/5-easy-tips-for-daily-detox/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.879448 | 2,413 | 1.625 | 2 |
Health Benefits Of Kale
If you haven't eaten kale yet, it is time to give it a try. This super food is loaded with protein, iron, vitamins and minerals. Kale also contains an antioxidant known as alpha-lipoic acid, which has been shown to lower glucose levels, increase insulin sensitivity and prevent oxidative stress-induced changes in the body. It can also be used to treat heart health, cancer and is very good for shiny hair and a smooth, clear complexion.
Weight loss: As kale is loaded with sulfur it helps with digestion and tones the liver. It is also packed with vitamin C, which boosts metabolism, leading to weight loss and healthy blood sugar levels. The fibre present in kale also lowers cholesterol.
Boosts the immune system: Kale is loaded with vitamins and minerals and can strengthen the immune system and fight viruses and bacteria.
Shiny hair and a clear complexion: Since kale contains large amounts of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, it makes hair strong and healthy and keeps scalp infections at bay. Kale also contains large amounts of vitamin A and C, which helps give one a clear, smooth complexion and prevents ageing.
Keeps eyes healthy and bones strong: Since it is high in vitamin A, it protects the eyes and keeps optical disorders away and since it also has large doses of calcium, vitamin K and D it keeps bones strong.
Fights Disease: Kale, can prevent cancer due to its abundant supply of vitamin K , which boosts the immune system and prevents osteoporosis.
*Images courtesy: © Thinkstock photos/ Getty Image
For More: Healthy Foods | <urn:uuid:41aa72c9-b354-46d2-a744-830a666a8018> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.indiatimes.com/health/healthyliving/health-benefits-of-kale-241386.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942286 | 335 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- Open Access
Clinical assessment of DSM-IV anxiety disorders in fragile X syndrome: prevalence and characterization
Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders volume 3, pages 57–67 (2011)
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability (ID). Anxiety and social withdrawal are considered core features of the FXS phenotype, yet there is limited diagnostic evidence of the prevalence of formal anxiety disorders in FXS. This study assessed the prevalence of anxiety disorders in a sample of 58 males and 39 females with FXS (ages 5.0–33.3 years). Participants’ parents completed the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule (ADIS-IV), a clinical interview based on DSM-IV criteria, and the Anxiety Depression and Mood Scale (ADAMS), a psychiatric disorders screening instrument normed in ID. We conducted cognitive (IQ) and autism (AUT) assessments and surveyed medication use. Despite a high rate of psychopharmacological treatment, 86.2% of males and 76.9% of females met criteria for an anxiety disorder, with social phobia and specific phobia the most commonly diagnosed. Proband status, gender, and IQ were not significantly related to any anxiety disorders, however significantly higher rates of a few anxiety disorders were found in older age and AUT groups. Significant correlations between ADIS diagnoses and ADAMS scores provided cross-validation of instruments, indicating that the ADIS is suitable for use in FXS. A greater percentage of our sample met criteria for most anxiety disorders than has been reported in other ID groups or the general population. The rate of anxiety compared to general ID suggests that the FMR1 full mutation confers an especially high risk for these disorders, regardless of factors commonly associated with FXS clinical involvement. A thorough clinical assessment and treatment of anxiety should be included in the FXS standard of care.
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of genetically inherited intellectual disability (ID). FXS results from an expansion of CGG repeats at Xq27.3 in the fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1) on the long arm of the X chromosome. The frequency of the full mutation allele is approximately one in 2,500 (Hagerman 2008) although the affected prevalence has been estimated to be one in 3,600 (Crawford et al. 2002; Fernandez-Carvajal et al. 2009) because some individuals with the full mutation, such as females, do not have significant ID. The expansion leads to a reduction or elimination of FMR1 protein (FMRP) production known to be essential for normal brain function and growth (Bassell and Warren 2008). Due to the presence of a second X chromosome, females can be less cognitively impaired than males but are vulnerable to behavioral and emotional problems (Lachiewicz 1992, 1995; Lachiewicz and Dawson 1994), as well as math deficits (Murphy 2009; Lachiewicz et al. 2006). Variability in functioning of the FMR1 gene (X-activation ratio in females, FMRP expression, methylation, etc.) leads to heterogeneity in clinical presentation, among both males and females with FXS (Loesch et al. 2004).
The behavioral phenotype of FXS is characterized by mild to severe ID, anxiety, social deficits, hyperarousal, abnormalities in communication, abnormal sensory reactivity, gaze aversion, inattention, impulsivity, aggression, and hyperactivity (Sudhalter et al. 1990; Cohen et al. 1991; Reiss and Freund 1992; Hessl et al. 2001). Anxiety has been recognized as a prominent feature of FXS, yet the severity and pervasiveness of clinical anxiety disorders in this population have not been studied. Despite the lack of diagnostic information, anxiety symptoms are frequently treated with medications (Berry-Kravis and Potanos 2004).
In the general population, anxiety disorders are among the most common psychiatric disorders, occurring in 2.4% to 10.7% of children (Fergusson et al. 1993; McGee et al. 1990; Costello et al. 2003). As part of an epidemiological study, the National Institutes of Mental Health (NIMH) developed a DSM-III-R criteria-based interview (the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, DISC) to assess the presence of psychiatric disorders and found that 9.8% of children met criteria for an anxiety disorder (N = 1,289, 9–17 years) (Shaffer et al. 1996). The most common anxiety disorder was social phobia, followed by overanxious disorder (analogous to generalized anxiety disorder in the DSM-IV) and separation anxiety (4.5%, 3.1%, and 2.3%, respectively). In a national survey of households (N = 9,282), the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS-R) found that the median age of onset for anxiety disorders was 11 years, with half of all cases occurring between 6 and 21 years old (Kessler et al. 2005). Many studies have reported that girls are at higher risk for an anxiety disorder, at any age, compared with males (Fergusson et al. 1993; McGee et al. 1990; Costello et al. 2003).
The clinical assessment of anxiety in individuals with ID, including those with FXS, can be particularly difficult. Though psychiatric problems in ID are common, they are not often accurately identified (Reiss and Valenti-Hein 1994). Clinical diagnosis of psychiatric problems often relies upon verbal expression and a degree of personal insight, which can be lacking in ID. Many treatments, interventions, and allocation of services are tied to the clinical diagnosis of these disorders. Therefore, individuals with ID who are not properly diagnosed may not receive the supports and treatment they need. The most recent version of the DSM suggests that adaptations to diagnostic criteria made for children are appropriate for individuals with ID.
Despite the complexity of psychiatric diagnosis among those with ID, the risk for psychopathology in this population is high. It is estimated that individuals with ID are two to four times more likely than the general population to experience psychiatric problems (Eaton and Menolascino 1982). Dekker and Koot (2003) found that 38.6% of individuals with idiopathic ID met criteria for a psychiatric disorder.
Similar to the general population, anxiety disorders are prevalent among individuals with ID. Using the DISC to measure DSM-IV disorders (N = 474, ages 7–20 years), Dekker and Koot (2003) reported anxiety disorders in 21.9% of children with ID. Specific phobia was the most common (17.5%), followed by obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD; 2.7%) and social phobia (2.5%). Neither generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was found in the sample. In contrast to general population data, there was no relationship between age and anxiety disorders, except for OCD. Myers and Pueschel (1991) found that 22.1% of individuals with Down syndrome (DS) met DSM-III criteria for a psychiatric disorder. However, anxiety disorders were not common in those with DS: only 1% of participants were diagnosed with phobias and 0.8% with OCD.
Other genetically caused neurodevelopmental disorders, such as Williams syndrome and 22q deletion syndromes, exhibit higher rates of anxiety compared to the general population. Previous studies of 22q deletion syndromes have reported rates of anxiety disorders ranging from 32% to 60.7% (Dekker and Koot 2003; Myers and Pueschel 1991; Gothelf et al. 2007; Prasad et al. 2008). The most common diagnoses were OCD, specific phobia, and social phobia (32.6%, 32.6%, and 18.6%, respectively). Multiple studies have described the behavioral and emotional characteristics of individuals with WS (Einfeld et al. 2001; Dykens 2003; Gosch and Pankau 1997). Both WS and FXS share the features of cognitive deficits and anxiety. While social withdrawal is associated with FXS, the WS phenotype is described as extremely social and outgoing. In studies using a DSM-IV-based interview (Leyfer et al. 2006a, b), 62.1% of individuals with WS were diagnosed with at least one anxiety disorder, with specific phobia being the most common (56.1%) and social phobia occurring in only 2.3% of the sample. Taken together, these studies show that rates and types of anxiety disorders vary among genetic disorders causing ID. However, anxiety is more prevalent in these genetic conditions compared to the general population.
Anxiety symptoms have long been recognized as a prominent component of the FXS phenotype. In a recent national survey of 1,492 children with FXS, parents reported that 70% of males and 56% of females with FXS had been treated for anxiety symptoms or received a formal anxiety diagnosis (Bailey et al. 2008). A review of the literature in FXS shows reliance upon questionnaires and behavior checklists, many of which were not developed for use in individuals with ID. Anxiety and social withdrawal symptoms are commonly reported in parent-report questionnaire studies of children with FXS.
Lachiewicz (1992) used a parent-report questionnaire, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), in a sample of 38 females (ages 4–11 years) with FXS. Almost half (47%) of the girls scored above the 98th percentile on the social withdrawal subscale. More girls with average IQ (64%) than those with borderline IQ (28%) or IQs below 70 (46%) scored above the 98th percentile. This pattern could have been due to an artifact of the measure since the CBCL version used had not been developed or normed in ID. Similar findings were reported using the Conners Rating Scale to compare a group of females with FXS and a group of females with developmental delay (DD) without FXS. There was a significant difference between the percentage of girls with t-scores above the 98th percentile in the DD (2%) and FXS (23%) groups (Lachiewicz and Dawson 1994). Similar to the CBCL findings, more girls with FXS who had normal or borderline IQ had t-scores above the 98th percentile compared to those with IQ scores below 70.
A few studies have used diagnostic criteria to measure psychiatric problems in FXS. For example, Freund et al. (1993) assessed a group of FXS females (N = 17) and non-FXS age-matched controls (N = 17) (ages 4–27 years old) for the presence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders. Using the DICA-P interview, there was a greater frequency of avoidant disorder (11 of 17) and mood disorders (8 of 17) in the FXS group compared to controls. Two of the 17 females with FXS met criteria for overanxious disorder, compared to none of the controls. Further, parents and teachers rated the FXS group as significantly more withdrawn and depressed compared to control participants. It is noteworthy that this study used a behavior checklist normed in both learning disability and DD populations, as well as a semi-structured interview and found no association between IQ and anxiety, as reported in the Lachiewicz studies.
The goal of the present study was twofold. First, we sought to measure the prevalence and characterize the types of anxiety problems in individuals with FXS using a diagnostic clinical interview and questionnaire normed in ID, while addressing adjustments in the diagnostic formulation related to children and ID. Second, we examined factors that may be associated with the presence of anxiety disorders in individuals with FXS. Third, we compared rates of anxiety disorders in FXS to those reported in the general population, in ID, and in another specific genetic syndrome manifesting anxiety, Williams syndrome.
Participants were 58 males (ages 5.0–26.7 years, M = 13.07, SD = 5.60) and 39 females (ages 5.5–33.3 years, M = 12.35, SD = 6.17) with a confirmed diagnosis of FXS (see Table 1). The majority of participants were the first to be identified with FXS in their family: 64.9% were probands (52 males, 11 females). The remainder of the sample was identified by cascade DNA testing. Race and ethnicity data were collected in accordance with NIMH funded project requirements. The majority of the sample was Caucasian (78.4%) and not Hispanic or Latino (64.9%).
The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Parent Report Version (ADIS-IV) (Silverman and Albano 2004) was administered to measure the presence and severity of current anxiety disorders according to DSM-IV criteria. This measure is a semi-structured interview designed to diagnose a variety of anxiety disorders and allows the rater (the parent) to make dimensional ratings of disorder features. These ratings indicate either the degree of distress or interference the item presents in a person’s functioning (0 = none to 8 = very severe). The test-retest reliability is good (k = 0.73) (Silverman et al. 2001). Inter-rater reliability between the parent- and child- report versions of the ADIS for both principal diagnosis and individual anxiety disorders is excellent (k = .80–1.0) (Lyneham et al. 2007). Administration of the ADIS takes an average of two hours and was completed with the participant’s mother (89.2%), father (5.4%) or mother and father combined (5.4%). The ADIS has been used extensively in published studies of anxiety across many settings and populations (Ross et al. 2007; Panichelli-Mindel et al. 2005; Leyfer et al. 2009; Bodden et al. 2008; Waters et al. 2008), in validation studies (Thaler et al. 2010; Simon and Bogels 2009; Bodden et al. 2009; Leyfer et al. 2006b), as well as a federally-funded pediatric anxiety treatment trial (Compton et al. 2010).
The Anxiety Depression and Mood Scale (ADAMS) (Esbensen et al. 2003) is a 28-item questionnaire used to screen for psychiatric disorders in persons with ID. Behaviors are rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (“not a problem”) to 3 (“severe problem”). The ADAMS yields 5 subscale scores: General Anxiety, Social Avoidance, Depression, Manic/Hyperactive and Obsessive/Compulsive Behavior. It was psychometrically evaluated and normed using 265 individuals and validated with 129 psychiatric patients with ID (Esbensen et al. 2003). For the current study, the ADIS and ADAMS were completed by the same respondent (mother or father) within a maximum interval of 14 days.
Intelligence testing was conducted as developmentally appropriate by a trained clinician. Due to the wide age range of participants, measures included tests from the Wechsler Scales of Intelligence: WASI (48.4%), WPPSI-III (8.6%), WAIS-III (9.7%), WISC-III or WISC-IV (16.1%) and a limited number of non-verbal intelligence tests (4.3%). Those with an IQ score below 70 were classified as having an ID.
Assessment for the presence of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale (ADOS-G), the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI-R), DSM-IV criteria and clinical team consensus as previously described (Harris et al. 2008). All diagnostic assessments used to determine ASD status were administered by a trained clinician.
Consent or assent was obtained from all participants (and parents, if applicable) in the study and all procedures were approved by the institutional review board. Participants were seen for 1 to 3 days as part of a larger study of the physiological correlates of anxiety in FXS. A list of current medications was reported by the parents. The ADIS was administered by an experienced, licensed clinical psychologist (D.H.) or graduate level student (L.C.) who had passed reliability training on the instrument. Training for the ADIS began with reviewing the interview, observing both videotaped and live administrations of the interview and assigning diagnoses and severity ratings for each interview. Once trainees had obtained three or more matches on diagnosis and severity, a practice ADIS was administered and videotaped. The videotape was reviewed by a licensed clinical psychologist. Once the trainee and the clinical psychologist matched on diagnoses and severity, the interviewer was permitted to administer the ADIS for the study. Disagreements of diagnosis were resolved by case discussion, with final diagnosis made by the licensed clinical psychologist. One-third of all cases were reviewed as a team.
During the ADIS interview, specific examples were requested of the parent to check for comprehension and ensure proper symptom endorsement. For example, if fear of dogs was endorsed in the specific phobia section, parents were asked to describe the reaction, the last time it occurred, the consistency of the fear, and the degree and type of interference in daily functioning. Parents were also asked whether their child ‘reported’ fear or if they had ‘observed’ a reaction or behavior demonstrating fearfulness or distress. The collection of this information allowed for any necessary diagnostic adjustments, as described below.
The information collected during the ADIS interview along with the age, ID classification and autism status of each individual were used to make diagnostic determinations. The DSM-IV-TR notes that in children and adults with ID who function at similar levels, adaptations for children are applicable. As such, in children with or without ID and adults with ID, DSM-IV adaptations for children were followed. For example, specific phobia in children may be expressed as crying, tantrums, freezing or clinging. Further, children may not recognize that the fear is excessive or unreasonable. Standard DSM-IV criteria were used in adults without ID.
Possible factors related to anxiety
Exploratory analyses of the relationships between proband status, autism status, IQ score, ID status, gender and age with both the presence and number of anxiety disorders were conducted in preparation for planned multiple logistic (MLR) and multiple linear (MRA) regressions, respectively. Due to a lack of significant relationships in the exploratory analyses, multiple univariate comparisons and a high rate of anxiety disorders in this sample, MLR and MRA were ultimately not conducted.
Cross-validation of interview and questionnaire data
Spearman’s rho correlations were used to assess the association between each anxiety disorder and each ADAMS subscale. Pearson’s moment correlations were used to assess the relationship between total number of anxiety disorders diagnosed and ADAMS scores. These relationships were examined to validate the use of the ADIS in FXS.
Comparison of anxiety disorder rates
Proportion tests (z-tests) (Newcombe 1998a, b) were carried out using the SPSS (v17) Custom Tables module (SPSS Statistics 2007a, b) to determine if the prevalence of anxiety disorders in the current study were significantly different from prevalence in previous studies among the following groups: general population, idiopathic ID, and Williams syndrome. Alpha values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using a Bonferroni correction.
Among the entire sample of participants with FXS, 82.5% met criteria for at least one anxiety disorder and 58.3% met criteria for multiple anxiety disorders (see Table 2). The majority of participants met criteria for one to three of the nine anxiety disorders assessed. The most common anxiety disorders were specific phobia (64.9% of males and 51.4% of females), social phobia (34.5% of males and 39.5% of females) and SM (28.1% of males and 25.3% of females). Many more participants had clinical symptoms of anxiety, although they did not meet full diagnostic criteria for the disorder. This demonstrated a range of clinical involvement related to anxiety, among both males and females with FXS (see Figs. 1 and 2, respectively).
For social phobia only, an additional diagnostic category was examined based on the authors’ determination that the screening question (“In social situations, does your child worry that they might do something that will be embarrassing?”) was beyond the cognitive or expressive language capacity of most of those with ID. This modification to the criteria and resulting category is hereafter termed “social phobia (adjusted)”. Elimination of the screening question criteria (but maintenance of all other criteria) increased the rate of social phobia to 60.3% of males and 55.3% of females. This adjustment also resulted in an increased rate of social phobia among participants with ID (from 32.8% to 69.0%). This single modification allowed for a diagnosis of social phobia in individuals who demonstrated clinically significant impairment as a result of social phobia symptoms, but who are not able to verbalize or explain “a worry that they might do something embarrassing.”
Use of medications
Medications were used by 53.6% of participants. The most common class of medication was selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), used by 27.8% of participants (24.1% of males and 33.3% of females). Stimulants and atypical anti-psychotics were also common (24.7% and 20.6%, respectively). A greater percentage of probands (27.0%) than non-probands (8.8%) were using anti-psychotics. A similar pattern was found for the use of anti-psychotics among those with (27.6%) and without ID (10.7%). Among the subset of participants taking medications, more females (72.2%) were taking an SSRI than males (41.2%). A more detailed description of medication usage is in Table 3.
Possible factors related to anxiety
The relationships between proband status and gender with the presence of any or total number of anxiety disorders were not significant (p = .07 and p = .18, respectively). Social phobia and PTSD were significantly more common in individuals over age 18 than among children (p<.05). A greater percentage of participants with ID met criteria for all anxiety disorders measured, except for Separation Anxiety, Social Phobia (unadjusted), GAD and PTSD. Comparison of FXS + ID and FXS-ID groups revealed a higher rate of specific phobia and social phobia (adjusted) among those with a below average IQ (p < .05). Note that there was not a significant difference in the rate of social phobia among FXS + ID and FXS-ID when the aforementioned adjustment to criteria was not made. The percentage of participants who met criteria for an anxiety disorder across autism groups did not follow a consistent pattern. Some anxiety disorders, such as Specific Phobia and Social Phobia (adjusted), occurred more frequently among participants with Autism. Significantly more participants with an ASD were diagnosed with SM (p<.05), despite accounting for communication deficits among those with an ASD.
Cross-validation of interview and questionnaire data
The ADAMS Social Avoidance subscale was significantly correlated with two social anxiety disorders: Social Phobia (rho = .263, p = .02) and Selective Mutism (rho = .421, p = .001). The ADAMS OCD subscale was significantly correlated with an ADIS OCD diagnosis (rho = .252, p = .04). The ADAMS General Anxiety subscale was significantly correlated with many ADIS diagnoses (rho = .251 to .338, p < .05) and total number of ADIS anxiety diagnoses (r = .508, p < .001). No significant relationships were found between the ADAMS Depression subscale and the presence of any ADIS diagnosis.
Comparison of anxiety in FXS with other groups
Prevalence rates of anxiety disorders were compared to the rates in a group with idiopathic ID, the general population, and a group of individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) (see Table 4). The comparison of FXS + ID to idiopathic ID included data from the largest (N = 474) epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders among children (ages 6–18 years) with idiopathic ID using DSM-IV criteria (Dekker and Koot 2003). The comparison of FXS-ID to the general population was based on the findings from the largest published NIMH epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents (N = 1,285, ages 9–17 years) using DSM-III-R criteria (Shaffer et al. 1996). Finally, the entire sample of FXS was compared to a sample of children (N = 132, ages 4–17 years) with WS assessed with the ADIS who had a similar range of cognitive ability (Leyfer et al. 2009).
More individuals with FXS + ID met criteria for an anxiety disorder than has been reported in other idiopathic ID groups (see Table 4). Rates of seven of the ten anxiety disorders included in the comparison were significantly higher in the FXS + ID group than the idiopathic ID group. In both the idiopathic ID and FXS + ID groups, specific and social phobias were the most commonly diagnosed anxiety disorders.
More than three-quarters of the FXS group with an average or borderline IQ (FSIQ > 70) met criteria for at least one anxiety disorder, compared to just 9.8% of the general population. The rates of all anxiety disorders in the FXS-ID group were significantly higher compared to the general population, with the exception of separation anxiety.
In comparison to a sample of individuals with WS with a similar level and range of cognitive abilities, the rate of specific phobia was similar. The rates of specific phobia, separation anxiety and PTSD were not significantly different between the FXS and WS groups. The number of individuals in the FXS group who met criteria for at least one anxiety disorder was significantly higher than the group with WS. Though the rate of GAD in WS was more than double the rate in the general population, it remained significantly lower compared to FXS. As expected, the rate of social phobia in FXS was much higher than in WS or ID.
This study documented high rates of anxiety disorders in a large sample of individuals with FXS, using appropriate clinical diagnostic criteria for those with or without ID. Though the severity of anxiety and social withdrawal behaviors in FXS have been well described via parent-report behavior checklists, this is the first study to use a clinical tool for the assessment of DSM-IV diagnoses, among both males and females and across cognitive abilities. This study found similar results between a questionnaire previously developed and validated for use in ID and a semi-structured interview based on DSM-IV criteria, supporting both the appropriateness of the DSM-IV based interview used, as well as the specificity of both measures. The pervasiveness of anxiety in this population suggests a profound effect of the FMR1 gene mutation on anxiety symptoms.
The high percentage of females with FXS who met criteria for an anxiety disorder is in contrast to previous research. A study using a semi-structured diagnostic interview (SADS-L) to compare emotional problems in females with FXS, premutation carriers and controls found no difference between two 18–45 year old female control groups (familial or mothers of children with DD negative for FXS), premutation carriers or those with FXS in the lifetime incidence of anxiety disorders (Sobesky et al. 1994). This finding could be due in part to the genetic testing available at the time of the study, resulting in poor identification of the premutation range across groups and smaller sample size of females with FXS (N = 21), as well as the limited number of anxiety disorders (social phobia and GAD) assessed by the SADS-L. There have been disparate reports regarding the psychological problems experienced by females with FXS. However, this study affirms anxiety is experienced at similar rates as males, irrespective of an ASD or ID.
Selective mutism (SM) was the third most common disorder in the study, occurring in 25.3% of the sample. Although not formally classified as an anxiety disorder, SM is considered a severe form of social anxiety. DSM-IV criteria for SM can be summarized as a consistent failure to speak in specific social situations, despite speaking in other situations and is not better explained by a communication disorder or speech abnormalities. Further, social anxiety and avoidance (as part of social phobia) may be associated with SM and both diagnoses can be given. In the general population, prevalence estimates of SM are 0.47%–0.76% among children (Viana et al. 2009). Hagerman et al. (1999) documented the case of a 12-year old female with FXS who met criteria for SM. To our knowledge, there has been no other specific investigation of SM in FXS. Previous studies of psychiatric comorbidity in idiopathic autism have reported rates below the prevalence estimates of the general population and significantly lower than the rate found in the present study (de Bruin et al. 2007). Both autism status and language ability were taken into account before a diagnosis of SM was given. The vast majority of the sample met criteria for social anxiety and one-quarter met criteria for the additional diagnosis of SM. Though many parents of individuals with FXS and clinicians may observe selective talking in social situations, the high rate in this sample warrants replication.
Currently, the treatment of anxiety in FXS relies heavily on psychotropic medication, among which SSRIs are the most commonly prescribed (Berry-Kravis and Potanos 2004). Although over 80% of our sample met criteria for a DSM-IV anxiety disorder, just 27% were using SSRIs at the time of assessment. Cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological interventions are empirically validated for patients with anxiety disorders in the general population; however there has been little research on the utility of these methods in FXS.
There were no significant differences in the rates of anxiety relative to proband status or ASD, except for a higher rate of SM among those with an ASD. This suggests that the high rate of anxiety disorders in FXS reported here is unlikely to be associated with clinic referral bias, as the non-probands were generally not referred and seen only for research purposes. However, there was a trend towards more anxiety disorders and higher rates of specific phobia among those with an ASD. In a comparison of those with ID and a pervasive developmental disorder (ID + PDD) and those with ID without PDD (ID-PDD), Dekker and colleagues did not find an increased likelihood for any anxiety disorder, except OCD (Dekker and Koot 2003). Research examining comorbid diagnoses of anxiety and idiopathic autism have reported higher scores of anxiety and social worries in autism compared to controls (Gillott et al. 2001). A recent review concluded that anxiety is common in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders and may be a source of additional comorbidity (White et al. 2009). Other than SM, significant differences in anxiety related to autism were not found in this sample, confirming that anxiety is a pervasive problem in FXS.
The relationships found between the ADAMS, a measure normed and validated in ID and the ADIS, a DSM-IV based clinical interview, support the use of both measures in FXS. The relationship between the social anxiety disorders (social phobia and selective mutism) and the ADAMS Social Avoidance subscale demonstrate the specificity of each measure. The General Anxiety subscale of the ADAMS was significantly correlated with many of the ADIS subscales, suggesting it is a good measure of overall anxiety. The lack of significant relationship between the ADAMS Depression subscale and any of the ADIS anxiety diagnoses is notable considering the commonly found overlap in anxiety and depressive symptoms (Clark and Watson 1991; Brady and Kendall 1992; Stark and Laurent 2001).
In comparison to idiopathic ID, the general population, and WS, FXS had significantly higher rates of the majority of anxiety disorders. WS is another genetic disorder characterized by ID. The social behavior of FXS and WS differ: individuals with WS have a tendency for social engagement, while individuals with FXS are often characterized as socially withdrawn. The fact that FXS and WS have similar rates of ID and specific phobia but strikingly different rates of social phobia suggests that these two syndromes offer a unique opportunity to elucidate neuroanatomical and other biological mechanisms underlying social behavior.
Recently, there has been increased evidence of potential biological differences specific to FXS that may be related to anxiety. Research focusing on the biological bases of anxiety in FXS have found disruption of limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (L-HPA) axis activity and dysregulation of sympathetic-parasympathetic nervous system modulation in both human studies (Hessl et al. 2002, 2006) and animal-models of FXS (Markham et al. 2006; Spencer et al. 2005). Studies of sympathetic nervous system activity (Miller et al. 1999; Roberts et al. 2001; Farzin et al. 2009) have demonstrated enhanced reactivity to sensory stimuli that is inversely correlated with the level of FMRP (Miller et al. 1999). This hyperarousal may be associated with the high rates of anxiety observed in FXS. Further, the increased activity of metabotropic glutamate 5 receptors (mGluR5) and decreased activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that have been documented in the animal models of FXS also appear to be related to anxiety and the use of targeted treatments in FXS may improve anxiety as has been shown in the mouse model of FXS (Berry-Kravis et al. 2009; Hagerman et al. 2009). Finally, recent neuroimaging studies of children and adults with FXS have implicated limbic structures such as the amygdala and insula (Hagan et al. 2008; Haas et al. 2009), which may mediate these hyper-responsive physiological systems and play an important role in emotion regulation, fear reactions and processing social stimuli. Future research linking these biological mechanisms associated with anxiety and hyperarousal to appropriate clinical measures of anxiety will have substantial implications for treatment and intervention design.
There were several important limitations of the study. First, although the ADIS has been used in prior studies of anxiety in ID, it has not been extensively validated for those with mental impairment. However, the high rates of anxiety disorders among individuals with FXS who do not have ID, the significant correlations with specific ADAMS subscales and the controlled comparison to WS ADIS data help to substantiate the application of this tool in the FXS population. Second, interviewers were not always blind to the FMR1 status of the participants. Third, we only assessed current disorders and are unable to report the lifetime incidence of anxiety in this sample. It is possible that some participants visited our facility seeking assistance with symptoms that were not salient in the past. Future studies that balance sample characteristics and recruitment approaches will validate the findings of this study. Finally, due to the nature of ID and its associated limitations on verbal communication and insight, we relied exclusively on parent report. Many anxiety symptoms are experienced internally and may not be reflected in external behavior observed by parents.
This study documents the pervasiveness of clinical anxiety in FXS. Among those with or without ID or an ASD, male or female, anxiety is a significant and frequently untreated problem in FXS. The striking prevalence of anxiety and previous findings of physiological dysregulation in FXS necessitates clinical assessment for anxiety disorders in FXS, along with other standard neuropsychological assessments. The results uncovered debilitating anxiety symptoms, suggesting a history of diagnostic overshadowing in FXS. With the advent and increased use of more appropriate measures of psychopathology in ID, the psychological problems in FXS and other ID populations can be more accurately measured and treated.
Fragile X syndrome
- FMR1 :
Fragile X mental retardation 1 gene
Fragile X mental retardation protein
Autism spectrum disorder
Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule
Anxiety Depression and Mood Scale
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The authors thank Susan Harris, Ashwini Mulgaonkar and Jennifer Yuhas for their contribution to this research. We are especially thankful for the participants and their families and their contribution to the understanding of fragile X syndrome. This work was supported by NIH grants MH77554, MH080025, and HD02274.
Lisa Cordeiro and Elizabeth Ballinger report no conflicts of interest. Dr. David Hessl and Dr. Randi Hagerman report consultation with Novartis, Roche, and Seaside Therapeutics regarding fragile X treatment studies, as well as funding received from Seaside Therapeutics, Roche, and Neuropharm for clinical trials. Dr. Hagerman also reports funding from Johnson and Johnson and Forest pharmaceuticals for clinical trials.
About this article
Cite this article
Cordeiro, L., Ballinger, E., Hagerman, R. et al. Clinical assessment of DSM-IV anxiety disorders in fragile X syndrome: prevalence and characterization. J Neurodevelop Disord 3, 57–67 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11689-010-9067-y
- Fragile X syndrome
- Social phobia
- Specific phobia
- Intellectual disability | <urn:uuid:d972e0d9-924d-442d-964a-1659f1b36f19> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jneurodevdisorders.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/s11689-010-9067-y | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.911246 | 11,563 | 2.359375 | 2 |
What is a semi-solid dosage form?
The semi-solid dosage form is in the form of dermatological products of semisolid consistency which are applied on the skin for therapeutic or protective action. Semisolid dosage forms are intended for topical application in the form of ointments, creams, paste, and gels, etc.
These are applied on the skin and may be placed on the surface of the eye, or further used nasally, vaginally, or rectally. Mostly these preparations are used for the effects of the therapeutic agents which they contain. The non-medicated forms are used for their physical effects as protectants or lubricants.
Semi-solid dosage forms are those which are applied to the skin or accessible mucous membranes which tend to treat a pathological condition or provides protection against the harmful environment.
These are having properties to which cling to the skin or mucous membrane for a protracted duration of time to exert their therapeutic effect through protection.
|Semi-solid dosage forms||Ointments|
This is because of their plastic rheological behavior which allows semisolids to retain their shape and cling as a film until that acted upon by an outside force.
These are usually intended for localized drug delivery. These constitute a significant proportion of pharmaceutical dosage forms. These may be applied topically on the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and external ear lining in different forms.
Ideal properties of semi-solid dosage form-
The ideal properties are which shows their physical, physiological, and application of the semisolid dosage forms are-
-These are having a smooth texture.
-These are elegant in appearance.
-These are non-dehydrating.
-These are non-gritty.
-These are non-greasy and also non- staining.
-These are non-hygroscopic.
-These do not alter the function of the mucous membranes or skin.
-These are miscible with skin secretion.
-These have a low sensitization index.
-These are non- irritating.
-These do not alter membrane or skin functioning with their effect.
-These are compoundable with skin secretion.
-These are easily applicable to efficient drug release.
-These are having a high aqueous washability.
You may read- Drug dosage form.
Classification of semi-solid dosage forms-
Semi solids dosage forms are including ointments, creams, pastes, gel, plasters and etc.
Ointments are soft hydrocarbon-based semisolid preparation which composed of fluid hydrocarbon. It meshed in a matrix of higher melting solid hydrocarbon petrolatum which exists in a tasteless, odorless, unctuous material with a melting range.
The main ingredients that forming the system are hydrocarbon and silicone oil which are generally poor solvents for most of the drugs, and likely setting a low limit on the drug delivery capabilities of the system.
These are the semi-solids greasy preparation that is used for application on the skin or mucosa. The base is usually anhydrous and containing medicaments in solution or suspension.
These are generally used for their properties are-
-Protection effect of lesions.
-Topical application of medications.
Types of ointments-
Unmedicated ointments- These are the ointments that do not contain any drug ingredients. These are used as emollients and protectants. For example- Petroleum jelly.
Medicated ointments- These are the ointments which are show local and systemic effects with active ingredients. Sub-types of medicated ointments–
Creams are the viscous semi-solid emulsion that is used for external use. These are usually containing a water-soluble base due to softer consistency and have lightweight in comparison to true ointments when applied to the skin, creams leave no visible evidence of their presence on the skin.
These are the semisolid emulsion with opaque appearance as contrasted with translucent ointments. These are consistency and rheological character depend on whether the cream is water in oil (w/o) or oil in water (o/w).
Types of Creams-
The creams are of two types-
–Aqueous creams– In aqueous creams, the emulsions are in oil in a water type (o/w). These are relatively non-greasy and further divided into three types depending on the type of emulsifying agent used for preparing them.
Anionic emulsifying wax creams are prepared by the fusion method. The wax and oily ingredients are melted together and cooled to about 600C. The water or aqueous solution is warmed to the same temperature and mixed with the oily mixture with constant stirring which is continued until cold.
Cationic emulsifying wax creams are made in the same way as anionic emulsifying wax creams. Cetostearyl alcohol and cetrimide are used to prepare creams.
Non-ionic emulsifying wax creams are prepared in the same way as anionic and cationic creams. These creams are prepared by using self-emulsifying monostearin, sorbitan ester, macrogol ester nonionic emulsifying wax, polysorbates, polyvinyl alcohols, and higher fatty alcohols.
–Oily creams– In oily creams, the emulsions are water in oil type (w/o). These creams are greasy. The oily creams are further divided into two types depending on the type of emulsifying agent used for preparing w/o emulsion.
Sterol creams are water in oil (w/o) type emulsions in which wool fat or wool alcohol is used as an emulsifying agent.
Soap creams are water in oil (w/o) emulsions in which the emulsifying agents used are triethanolamine soap, calcium soap or borax soap. Emulsions containing soaps of liquid fatty acids are made without heat.
Pastes that are semi-solid dosage form preparation intended for external application to the skin. These are generally very thick and stiff. These do not melt at ordinary temperature and thus forms a protective coating over the site of application. These are mainly used as antiseptic protectives or soothing dressings which are often spread on lint before being applied.
These are combines into three agents- oil, water, and powder. These are the ointments in which a powder is suspended. For powder base, they may be for anhydrous (liquid or soft paraffin) and for water-soluble (glycerol and mucilage) are used.
Poultices are soft, viscous met masses of solid substances that are applied to the skin for their fermentation action in order to provide relief from pain or reduce inflammation, or to act as a counter-irritant. These are also called cataplasms. These are used to prepare in ancient times to drain infectious material from the diseased tissues. Now today, these are considered to be outdated preparation and hardly prescribed by the physician or prepared by a pharmacist.
Heavy kaolin is commonly included in the formula for preparing poultice because these act as a carrier of heat. These are applied to the affected part after heating it in a dish with occasional stirring until the heat is tolerated on the back of the hand. The melted poultice is spread as a thick film on a dressing material and applied as hot as the patient can bear it to the affected area.
Jellies which are transparent or translucent non-greasy, a semisolid dosage form used for external application to the skin or mucous membrane. These are maybe prepared from natural gums, such as tragacanth, pectin, sodium alginates, or synthetic derivatives of natural substances, such as methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. These are similar to mucilages in having jelly-like consistency.
Types of jellies-
There are three types of jellies are-
Medicated jellies– Medicated jellies are chiefly used on mucous membranes and skin for their spermicidal, local anesthetics, and antiseptics properties. It contains sufficient water. After evaporation of water, jellies provide local cooling effects and the residual film gives protection. For example- ephedrine sulfate jelly is used as a vasoconstrictor to arrest the bleeding of the nose. This containing phenylmercuric nitrate is used as a spermicidal contraceptive.
Lubricating jellies– Lubricating jellies are used for the lubrication of diagnostic equipment such as surgical gloves, cystoscopes, finger stalls, catheters, rectal thermometers, etc. These should be thin, transparent, and water-soluble. These should be sterile because they are used as lubricants for articles to be inserted into sterile regions of the body such as urinary bleeder, etc.
Miscellaneous jellies– Miscellaneous jellies are meant for-
–Patch testing– These are used as a vehicle for allergens that are applied to the skin to check sensitivity. When drying, the residual film is formed which helps to keep separate the patches and avoid confusing results.
Electro–cardiography– These are applied to the electrode to reduce the electrical resistance between the patient’s skin and the electrode. These contain sodium chloride, pumice powder, and glycerin. Sodium chloride is a good conductor of electricity where glycerin acts as a humectant.
Gels are the semi-solid dosage forms of at least two constituents, consisting of a condensed mass enclosing and interpenetrated by a liquid. These are transparent to opaque semisolids containing a high ratio of solvent to gelling agent merge or entangle to form a three-dimensional colloidal structure.
These are produced jelly-like consistency by the addition of a gelling agent. These are prepared for administration by various routes for eyes, nose, vaginal and rectum, etc. In the formulation of gels tragacanth, pectin, agar natural gums are used.
These are used to achieve optimal cutaneous and percutaneous drug delivery. These are having the property to avoid enzymatic activity and drug interaction with food and drinks. These are applied over the skin for slow and prolonged absorption.
Types of gels-
–Hydrogels are the network of polymers chain that are hydrophilic, sometimes found as a colloidal gel in which water is the dispersion medium. These are highly absorbent which contain over 90% water, natural or synthetic polymeric networks.
These are also possessing a degree of flexibility that very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content. These are common including ingredients polyvinyl alcohol, sodium polyacrylate, acrylate polymers, and copolymers with an abundance of hydrophilic groups.
–Xerogels are an open network formed by the removal of all swelling agents from a gel. These are usually retained high porosity and enormous surface area, along with a very small pore size of 1-10nm.
–Organogels are the non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible, or thermoplastic solid material composed of a liquid organic phase entrapped in a three-dimensionally cross-linked network.
The liquid for organogels is an organic solvent, mineral oil, or vegetable oils, etc.
Plasters are semisolid dosage forms in adhesive masses spread on a backing of paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic for administration at the site. The adhesive materials are in rubber base or in synthetic resin. These are consisting of the protective liner, drug-containing layer, and backing layer.
These are applied to the skin to provide prolonged contact at the site. These are used to afford protection and mechanical support at the site. These help to bring the medication into close contact with the surface of the skin.
Types of plasters-
Adhesive plasters are also called sticking plaster. These are used for small injuries dressing not serious enough to require a full-size bandage. These are used to protect the cuts from friction, bacteria, damage, and dirt.
Sometimes these are having antiseptic properties. The additional function of adhesive is to hold the two cut ends of the skin together to make the healing process faster.
Medicated plasters are provided effect at the site of application. These can be cut in size to conform to the surface of the site that to be covered. Among the few plasters in use, today is salicylic acid plaster used on the toes for the removal of corns.
The horny or keratoid layers of skin are removed by the keratolytic action by salicylic acid. The concentration of salicylic acid in commercial corn plasters in the range of 10% to 40% is used.
Ingredients used for the preparation of semi-solid dosage form-
|Active pharmaceutical ingredients|
Bases – Bases are the most important ingredient which is used in the formulation of semisolid dosage forms. Ointments base do not merely act as the carriers of the medicaments, but these also control the extent of absorption of medicament incorporated in them.
Bases are inert, non-irritating and non-sensitizing, and compatible with skin pH and the drug. These are pharmaceutically elegant and possess good stability.
Types of bases-
Preservatives– Some bases, although, resist the microbial attack but because of their high water content, these are requiring an anti-microbial preservative. These are commonly used preservative which includes-
-Phenyl mercuric nitrate
Antioxidant– Oxygen is a highly reactive atom that is capable of becoming a part of potentially damaging molecules that commonly called free radicals. These free radicals are capable of attacking the healthy cells of the body, that are causing them to lose their structure and function. To prevent, an antioxidant is added are–
Gelling agents– These form a gel that dissolves in a liquid phase as a colloid mixture that forms a weakly cohesive internal structure. These are the organic hydrocolloids or hydrophilic inorganic substances that are- tragacanth, sodium alginate, pectin, gelatin, cellulose derivatives.
Permeation enhancers– In permeation enhancers the skin can act as a barrier. These actions with the introduction of various penetration enhancers, and penetration of the drug through the skin can be improved. For example- Oleic Acid.
Emulsifier– An emulsifier or emulgent is a substance that stabilizes an emulsion by increasing its kinetic stability. It must reduce surface tension for proper emulsification. These are preventing coalescence and have the ability to increase the viscosity at low concentrations.
Humectants– Humectant is hygroscopic substances which are used to increase the solubility of the active ingredient to elevate its skin penetration. These are often a molecule with several hydrophilic groups, where most often hydroxyl groups. These are also used to elevate the hydration of the skin. The examples are–
-Poly Ethylene glycol
Buffers– Buffers are added for various purposes such as compatibility with skin, drug solubility, and drug stability also. Buffers are influenced by the ionization of drugs. The example of buffers is-
Advantages of semi-solid dosage form-
-These are used externally
-These are the probability that can reduce the side effects.
-These are avoided by the first-pass gut and hepatic metabolism.
-These are having local action and Site-specific action of the drug on the affected area.
-These are convenient for unconscious patients or patients having difficulty with oral administration.
-These are suitable dosage forms for bitter drugs.
-These are more stable than liquid dosage forms.
Disadvantages of semi-solid dosage form-
-These do not have dosage accuracy.
-The base of the semi-solid dosage form can be easily oxidized.
– These may cause staining.
-These are bulky to handle.
-The application with a finger may cause contamination.
-These are physio-chemically less stable than solid dosage forms.
-These may cause irritation or allergy to some patients | <urn:uuid:16fe26c6-1007-4184-b38c-f1b0f8590238> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://csmedicaledu.xyz/semi-solid-dosage-form-classifaction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.921511 | 3,823 | 2.203125 | 2 |
~ 1880 – unknown ~
Richard Hegemann was born in 1880 in Erfurt. He studied in Berlin and Paris and worked in Berlin. He would use pseudonyms such as A. Hegener and P. Rollmann, or sign with just the initials R.H.) and did many spanking art and fetish drawings in the 1920s, a number of which were published later as illustrations in reputable German publications of Sexual Research Institutes in the early 1930s. Such as Ernst Schertel’s “Der Flagellantismus als literarisches Motiv” (1929-1932)
Richard Hegemann was probably a female artist from Berlin who created these drawings for her own pleasure and as gifts or commissions for like-minded friends. In addition to (mostly pencil) drawings, she also did some colored works in watercolor. Richard Hegemann’s art shows scenes of dominant women (mainly F/F, F/m and F/M). Boys in Hegemann’s art typically wear a sailor suit. In Germany of the 1920s, spanking fetishism was considered a serious sexuality disorder that needed therapy, so the artist ended up in psychotherapy in the late 1920s.
The psychologist he/she was seeing talked him into entrusting him with any drawings she still had. She also persuaded some of her spanking art friends to do the same, so the therapist soon had an impressive collection of original spanking art. (A very similar story happened to Helga Bode.)
Besides spanking art, Richard Hegemann would also draw enema art and what appears to be male cross-dressing.
To see more art from this artist visit Vintage Fetish Art. | <urn:uuid:b229a639-ee5b-4c86-bb7e-00bc0c0ec393> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spankingartworks.wordpress.com/2021/02/24/richard-hegemann/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.974552 | 358 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Objective: Learn the human-computer interaction aspects of the VR application design process including hardware and software considerations, and research future uses of VR technology.
Problem: Research has shown that relaxation and mental health improves when exposed to elements of nature (Shanahan et al, 2016). However there are many reasons why people do not have the opportunity to visit nature on a regular basis and reap the benefits.
Cloud Draw is a VR interactive experience featuring computer generated nature scenes, nature sounds, and an ability to trace clouds within the nature scene. The drawings that occur are temporary but serve as a connection between you as the creator of the drawing, and to the natural landscape.
Date: 2018 • Iowa State University
Tools: Unity 3D, xCode 10, Google Cardboard (v. 2 with button), iPhone X, Google VR, Google Drive | <urn:uuid:fa9767ce-782e-4e36-993a-1f1ccc52275d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shannonbadiee.com/cloud-draw | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.913098 | 172 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Our View: Divestment is just a gesture
The City Council's vote last week to urge state investment boards to divest from fossil-fuel companies was a well-meaning gesture in favor of addressing climate change, but little more than that.
The resolution changes nothing. It has no effect on Ashland's investments, and isn't likely to sway the Oregon Investment Board or the Public Employee Retirement System, which are bound to make the best return they can on the money they invest.
What's more, state investment officials point out that investing in companies that deal in coal, oil and natural gas gives the state a voice in how those companies are managed and the decisions they make regarding sustainable energy development. Divestment would remove that opportunity for influence.
That's not to say there's no value in sending a message that this nation's dependence on fossil fuels is affecting our planet's livability. Big changes start with small steps.
But there are more concrete actions that can reduce fossil-fuel consumption right away. One is to vote for the Rogue Valley Transportation District's levy request on the Nov. 4 ballot. Increasing bus service is one way to reduce the number of people driving cars.
Advocates for action on climate change are fond of calling on the powers that be to take steps to reduce the use of fossil fuels. We hope that those who attended the council meeting and those who voted for the resolution arrived and departed using transportation that did not involve the need to burn fossil fuels. | <urn:uuid:b1fa6408-e60a-412f-951e-b55e8cda040e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mailtribune.com/top-stories/2014/10/31/our-view-divestment-is-just-a-gesture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958818 | 302 | 2.3125 | 2 |
This holiday season, London Rag offers you a gift guide that not only will guarantee a smile on gal pals’ faces but also a full and giving heart. It is important to note that the thought matters more than the gift. If you don’t think so, let this gift guide “guide” you to think otherwise.
- Something Practical
- Something Personalized
- Let Your Presence Be The Present
During the holidays, we tend to overlook gift-giving in a practical sense. Let say the person your gifting is environmentally friendly – a suggestion would be to gift them items from your local zero waste store. Not only are you gifting them something that reminders them to be eco-conscious but to also encourage zero waste living in general. There must be a brick-and-mortar zero waste establishment locally, if not, there are always online options.
Thinking about gift-giving in this aspect requires you to recall what the person’s favorite day-to-day activities. Say for example they like listening to music, in an almost excessive manner, you can gift them a year-long subscription a music streaming service. Another example would be to gift them a coffee table book of a topic they are passionate about.
This year came along with a handful of unprecedented events that makes the moments we have together with our loved ones the more special. If this hadn’t come to mind yet, you can be the gift to your family and friends! In the best, non-narcissistic way, give your family or friend a call and spend time with them this holiday season. Distance shouldn’t be a hindrance for you to bond.
Yes, our online store has the deals that fit your gift shopping needs yet we also have these 3 “P” pointers for you to alleviate the gift-giving and -buying stress in this holiday season. Hopefully this prompts you to really consolidate how much your gift could matter and even reconnect you with the person you’re gifting. | <urn:uuid:c8b6d05f-5118-4031-8faa-8a412ab90f26> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://londonrag.com/blogs/fashion/a-last-minute-gift-guide-2020-london-rag-style | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.936382 | 418 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Famous entrepreneur, Jim Rohn once said, “Success is something you attract by the person you become.” That statement , which is typically heard in the business world, has never been more true than in the realm of martial arts. When it comes to training, significant focus is devoted to the development of technique, skill, speed, but the development of who the person is cannot be overlooked. Going from the Wing Chun white sash to black sash (the equivalent of a black belt in other forms) takes time, commitment, and a lot of self-control.
THE Wing Chun White Sash to Black Sash Journey
The journey from the Wing Chun white sash to black sash is typically a long one. At Sifu Och Wing Chun, a practitioner training diligently every week may take anywhere from 8-10 years to finish the system in its entirety. But for those who do finish the system, the transformation from the beginner to master is beautiful. The title of “Sifu” (literally “teacher”), when attained, carries with it the essence of not only instructor, but of mentor, discipler, and leader. The evolution into a Sifu comes only through perseverance in the face of opposition, frustration, and pain.
Where, however, does the struggle originate? Is there opposition within a school? There can be. Is there frustration with an instructor’s method? Potentially. Is there pain at the end of a sparring partner’s strike? Without a doubt. The inward struggle, however, is much more vital to the success of a martial artist. To reach the next level in Wing Chun classes, one must face his or her own flaws and take them head-on. You face opposition with your own work ethic—to train or not to train. Someone dealing with self-doubt will struggle to have the confidence that new abilities can be learned resulting in frustration. And pain, pain from failure, can lead to great personal disappointment. All of these adversities are examples of things which direct each person to one of two ends: failure or success.
From White to Black
To succeed in moving from the Wing Chun white sash to black sash, one must actively work on him or herself. And that, is the exact moment where the title of “Sifu” comes full circle. The Master has overcome those very same struggles in his or her walk. He can now guide and teach the student in the journey before them. And that is the key to Sifu Och’s success, reaching into each individual’s lives and pulling out the very best in his students. That is how success is attained. That is how the Black sash is earned. This is the journey from the Wing Chun white sash to slack sash. | <urn:uuid:db9ed9a9-9998-4ea0-80d0-ccd58ec86d31> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sifuochwingchun.com/wing-chun-white-sash-black-sash/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.959748 | 587 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Sometimes the impact of a school chaplain’s unconditional love and support reaches far beyond the playground.
With less than 1000 people calling the Central Queensland town of Biggenden home, and less than 150 school students, there wasn’t a lot for young people to do when the school bell rang.
Biggenden chaplain, Moira Thompson, knew she could help.
“Ten years ago, Biggenden’s young people had little to do after school and very few were volunteers in the community,” Chappy Moira says.
“In 2009 I introduced a bushwalking program into the school. These remote hikes involved cliff climbing, scaling fallen trees, rock hopping creeks, scrub bashing, camping in rain, on starry summits or in caves, and swimming in crystal clear rock pools hours away from civilisation.”
Chappy Moira’s program was so successful, she needed something more to help feed into her students’ new-found passion for adventure.
“In 2012, with the support of our local council and emergency services we set up an Emergency Services Cadet unit for young people aged 12 and up. We’ve had 20 young people in the unit since then, which equates to nearly half our high school,” Chappy Moira says.
Three cadets have won Australia Day awards for volunteering and ‘Chappy’, their Cadet Coordinator, is very proud of them.
But this admiration and respect is more than mutual, and shines a light on the impact a school chaplain has on the young people they work with.
Emergency Services Cadet Lucas McAskill, who finished school recently, said his future was bright because of chappy Moira’s influence through the program.
“Chappy has been a massive part in my life and has taught me about life. She has encouraged my quest for knowledge and most importantly has been a friend, a mentor and someone I will never forget,” Lucas says.
“Anything I succeed in, whilst pursuing my future, will be because of Chappy’s influence, encouragement and overwhelming support.”
For Moira, the work of chaplaincy doesn’t end at the school gate.
It’s about supporting young people to thrive in their school life and beyond.
“There is a ripple effect to what you do that can be seen in the mentoring given to cadets, providing them with opportunities to work with adults, and helping to reveal their generosity of heart,” she says.
“It can be seen in the development of trust and understanding, through engagement with the local community. And it can be seen in the opportunity to foster wonder and awe at creation, through the huge unexplored mountain range in Biggenden.
“Being Cadet Coordinator continues the work of chaplaincy, bringing hope to a young generation,” says Moira.
Your support for school chaplaincy continues to bless so many young lives throughout Queensland.
To keep this support going, visit suqld.org.au/donate. | <urn:uuid:ab01e4e3-7393-4a94-a918-2b67a4c06d61> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.suqld.org.au/chappys-cadets-bless-biggenden/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961384 | 657 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Tx-150PCM & Tx-25PCM TransmittersFollow
The Tx-150PCM and the Tx-25PCM are constant current transmitters which transmit a 4Hz mapping frequency suitable for pipeline surveys.
The Tx-150PCM (150W) allows for long range signal detection of up to 30km (20 miles). Significantly fewer pipeline connection points are needed thereby reducing the time required to evaluate a section of pipeline.
The Tx-25PCM (25W) has internal Li-ion batteries that allow it to operate in the field independently of external power sources.
|1. On/Off switch.|
|2. LCD display: Indicates current output, (4Hz or 8kHz) in Amps.|
|3. LED indicators. Provide critical feedback on the transmitter’s operation.|
|4. AC Input socket.|
|5. DC Input socket (Tx-150PCM only).|
|6. Output lead socket.|
|7. Output Level Selector: Select the output level in Amps.|
|8. Frequency Selector: Selects the frequency.|
|9. Communication Port: For service personnel only.|
|10. Heat sink: Vents heat from the transmitter during operation.|
The rotary switch selects the applied frequencies as follows:
|ELF Transmission lines|
|ELF||Maximum range. 35% 4Hz and 65% ELF (128Hz or 98Hz).|
|ELCD||Use for ACVG and current direction. 35% 4Hz, 30% 8Hz and 35% ELF.|
|LFCD||Use as ELCD, alternative locate frequency for congested areas. 35% 4Hz, 30% 8Hz and 35% LF (640Hz or 512Hz).|
|8kHz||Locate only signal, no 4Hz frequency for pipeline mapping.|
Output Current Selector
This rotary switch allows users to select different current settings. The options are;
|Tx-150PCM||100mA, 300mA, 600mA, 1A, 2A, 3A|
|Tx-25PCM||30mA, 60mA, 100mA, 300mA, 600mA, 1A|
When the transmitter is operating, the selected current will remain at a constant level, unless the input power supply limit is reached.
Indication and warning lights
LCD Display: Displays the 4Hz or 8kHz signal current that is being delivered onto the pipe. On startup it confirms the AC frequency setting and associated location frequencies. The Tx-25PCM also displays the battery level on startup.
Output Voltage Level: Indicates the output voltage levels. If no LED is lit the output voltage is below 20V. Do not use excessive voltage or current, as this may result in high current density through small holidays and coating defects. The may cause minor corrosion if the transmitter is left on for very long periods.
Voltage Limit: LED on. Transmitter has reached its 100V output voltage limit – resistance of the pipe or ground connection is too high. Check all connections to correct this problem.
NOTE: If the pipeline being surveyed has coating that is known to be in good condition, it is probable that the voltage warning LED’s will illuminate as the current is increased.
Undesirable voltage on output: LED flashes. This indicates a high voltage, such as mains, has been detected on the output. The unit will not operate until the cause of the high voltage has been removed and the transmitter has been reset by switching it off, and on again.
Power Limit: System cannot supply power required to support transmission at the selected current. Switch to a lower current setting until the OK LED illuminates GREEN. Allow a few seconds to settle between selections.
Tx Over Temperature: Lights if temperature exceeds recommended limits. The transmitter will automatically shut down. Wait until the transmitter has cooled down before recommencing operation.
Lights GREEN to indicate unit is working correctly.
Power: Indicates power supply connected.
Battery Charging: Indicates when battery is charging. Lights ORANGE when battery level is low. Lights Green when battery is almost charged. When fully charged the LED will turn off.
Battery Charge Temperature: Indicates when battery is out of temperature range for charging.
Tx-1, Tx-5 and Tx-10 Transmitters
The PCMx can also be used with a Radiodetection locating transmitter. These transmitters do not produce a 4Hz mapping signal but can be used to either:
• Boost the locate part of the signal when the PCMx is being used for pipeline surveys.
• Provide a wider range of locate signals when the PCMx is being used in RD8100 mode, as a precision cable and pipe locator. | <urn:uuid:0e097de7-d3aa-471b-9387-729c8520e791> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://support.radiodetection.com/hc/en-gb/articles/360001230126-Tx-150PCM-Tx-25PCM-Transmitters | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.859021 | 1,037 | 1.96875 | 2 |
A grace period can help if you are little early getting a vaccine on the standard immunization schedule.
That way you don’t have to repeat a vaccine just because you got it a a few days early.
Is There a Grace Period for Getting Vaccines?
That’s right, in most cases, getting a vaccine just a little early isn’t going to mean that the vaccine dose has to be repeated.
“Doses administered too close together or at too young an age can lead to a suboptimal immune response. However, administering a dose a few days earlier than the minimum interval or age is unlikely to have a substantially negative effect on the immune response to that dose. Known as the “grace period”, vaccine doses administered ≤4 days before the minimum interval or age are considered valid; however, local or state mandates might supersede this 4-day guideline.”General Best Practice Guidelines for Immunization: Best Practices Guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
Aren’t there strict rules, minimum ages and intervals for getting vaccines?
There are, but the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) allows a 4-day grace period for most vaccines. So if your child got their vaccines 3 or 4 days before their 1st birthday, instead of on or after turning 12 months old, they would still count!
It is important to keep in mind that:
- day one is the day before the day that marks the minimum age or minimum interval for a vaccine.
- the grace period doesn’t apply to the rabies vaccine
- if a vaccine is given five or more days too early, beyond the grace period, then the interval to the next dose starts from the day that invalid dose was given. For example, if the second dose of Hib is given two weeks after the first dose (instead of the minimum four weeks), then you don’t repeat this invalid dose in two weeks (four weeks from the first dose), but instead wait an additional four weeks from the invalid second dose
- you can’t usually add the grace period to an accelerated schedule
- live vaccines must be given at least 28 days apart if they are not given at the same time and the grace period can not be used to shorten this interval
Most importantly, in place since 2002, the grace period protects kids from having to repeat vaccines because of minor vaccine scheduling errors.
Is There a Grace Period for Getting COVID Vaccines?
And yes, the grace period also applies to getting the COVID vaccines!
At least for the second dose.
“…second doses administered within a grace period of 4 days earlier than the recommended date for the second dose are still considered valid.”Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines Currently Authorized in the United States
Technically, while there isn’t a grace period for getting the first COVID vaccine dose early, but that dose might still count.
“If age 12 to 17 years and a vaccine other than Pfizer-BioNTech was inadvertently administered; If Moderna vaccine administered as the first dose, may administer Moderna vaccine as the second dose (as off-label use, because Moderna vaccine is not authorized in this age group).”Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines Currently Authorized in the United States
What about if the first dose was given early?
The CDC hasn’t officially commented on this yet, but you would figure this dose would count.
“No, the grace period cannot be used to schedule second doses. Administer doses as close to the 28-day interval as possible, but not earlier than recommended. The grace period should be used only for retrospectively reviewing records. If it is discovered a dose has been inadvertently administered within a grace period of ≤4 days from the recommended date for the second dose (i.e., 24–27 days after dose 1), the dose is considered valid.”Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Questions
Remember though that the grace period is to help with vaccine administration errors. You are not supposed to use the grace period to accommodate a person’s schedule.
More on the Vaccine Grace Periods
- Vaccine Schedules from the 1940s to 2019
- Why Are Vaccine Schedules Different in Each Country?
- What Is the Evidence for Alternative Vaccine Schedules?
- How is the Immunization Schedule Developed?
- Catch-Up Immunization Schedules
- General Best Practice Guidelines for Immunization: Best Practices Guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
- CDC – Your Child’s Vaccine Visit
- CDC – The Vaccination Records: Finding, Interpreting, and Recording
- CDC – Recommended and Minimum Ages and Intervals Between Doses of Routinely Recommended Vaccines
- IAC – Ask the Experts about Scheduling Vaccines
- CDC – General Principles for Vaccine Scheduling
- CDC – Catch-Up Immunization Schedule for Persons Aged 4 Months Through 18 Years Who Start Late or Who Are More Than 1 Month Behind
- CDC – Interim Clinical Considerations for Use of COVID-19 Vaccines Currently Authorized in the United States
- CDC – Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine Questions
- IAC – Ask the Experts about COVID Vaccines
- Minimum Ages and Minimum Intervals Between Doses of Vaccines in a Series – Why Does It Matter?
- WHO – Table 3: Recommendations* for Interrupted or Delayed Routine Immunization – Summary of WHO Position Papers
- Study – Impact of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ 4-day grace period in a low-income community. | <urn:uuid:0af57911-5468-4fb9-975a-f51dda8fe0b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vaxopedia.org/2018/09/06/is-there-a-grace-period-for-getting-vaccines/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.881526 | 1,207 | 3.15625 | 3 |
A Guide on APA Referencing Style
10 Aug 2022
Academic writing is all about providing insightful information. Whatever the subject maybe, if it's a long piece of work such as a thesis, an essay, or any other assignment, you need to do a lot of research on other people's ideas, and if by any chance, you like them, you can use them in your writing. However, it will be then mandatory to give proper credit to the author.
For this purpose, there are a lot of referencing or citation styles that can be used to give credit to authors. Today on this blog, we will learn everything about a particular style known as the APA Referencing Style. So let’s begin with this new style.
The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is a common author-date style. There are two components to APA style referencing:
Apart from specifics like author and date, other information like publication, title, chapter, etc. can be included in APA depending upon the source you are citing.
As discussed earlier, there are two parts to the APA referencing style: in-text citations and referencing list. Now we will analyze both of them thoroughly with APA referencing style examples.
APA referencing style mainly revolves around author and date, so the reference in the text mentions the author’s surname and the year of publication given in whole brackets or in half-round brackets.
Referencing an idea
Anxiety and depression have been identified more commonly in children and adolescents with long-term physical conditions (Dantzer, 2003; Pinquart & Shen, 2011).
Dantzer (2003), Pinquart, and Shen (2011) all state that anxiety and depression have been identified as more commonly in children and adolescents with long-term physical conditions.
Referencing a quotation
Indeed, one researcher commented that “technological innovations have saved or extended the lives of many patients” (Lumby, 2001, p. 44).
Citing a source within a source
Where you source quotes, for example, Unsworth refer to previous work by Halliday on linguistics, the citation might read thus:
(Halliday, as cited in Unsworth, 2004, p. 15)
There are some rules involved in creating a reference list. It should be ordered alphabetically by the author's name and then by the chronological year of publication. Additionally, a formatting guideline is also to be followed to create a perfect APA-style referencing list. It involves:
These are some examples of how to cite sources on the reference list by using the APA style.
De Vaus, D. A. (2014).Surveys in social research.Sydney, Australia: Allen &Unwin.
McKenzie, H., Boughton, M., Hayes, L., & Forsyth, S. (2008). Explaining the complexities and value of nursing practice and knowledge. In I. Morley & M. Crouch (Eds.), Knowledge as value: Illumination through critical prisms(pp. 209-224). Amsterdam, Netherlands:Rodopi.
Cheung, J. M. Y., Bartlett, D. J., Armour, C. L., Laba, T. L., & Saini, B. (2018). To drug or not to drug: A qualitative study of patients’ decision-making processes for managing insomnia.Behavioral Sleep Medicine,16(1), 1-26. doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1163702
Webpage with an author
HealthTimes. (2015).The future of aged care nursing in Australia. Retrieved from https://healthtimes.com.au/hub/aged-care/2/news/nc1/the-future-of-aged-care-nursing-in-australia/495/
Webpage with no author
$250m funding boost for a malaria vaccine. (2003). Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-09-22/250m-funding-boost-for-malaria-vaccine/1482220
Fellner, C. (2019, April 7). Time bomb: Two new cases as NSW faces worst measles outbreak in years.The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au
Company and Industry Reports
Vuong, B. (2018, November).IBISWorld industry report OD5381. Coffee shops in Australia. Retrieved from IBISWorld database.
Reference list vs. Bibliography
A reference list only cites the sources that you have used in your writing. The main purpose of it is to give credit to authors whose ideas or writing you have cited in the writing.
A bibliography is a bit different from a reference list as it includes all the sources that you used during the research and background reading, not just the ones you have used in the writing.
Referencing styles add color to your writing, but they do involve some hard understanding as they have rigid rules attached to them, as you have seen in the case of APA style referencing. Some students may get confused with them, particularly UK students, as professors demand proper citations in essays and assignments.
For this purpose, students can refer to Instant Assignment Help, as they have the best-referencing tool that includes APA referencing. Additionally, they also have essay typer in UK, that provides best in class content to students.
Moreover, their excellent assignment help in UK is widely famous among students as they are the leading brand and have 4000 plus experts on various subjects.
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We don't support landscape mode yet. Please go back to portrait mode for the best experience | <urn:uuid:9d43f919-3a86-4639-bb7d-a7fa31ea53bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.instantassignmenthelp.com/blog/a-guide-on-apa-referencing-style | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.88977 | 1,352 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Clickbait titles and eye-catching headlines are often used by modern journalists for the purpose of drawing immediate attention to their work. The strategy results in a large number of views, but what we're failing to realize is that imprecise headlines misinform our often non-reading audience.
On Oct. 11, an article titled “Obituary: Great Barrier Reef (25 Million BC-2016)” was posted by Outside and spread rapidly through social media. The post has been shared over 1.42 million times. Most people didn’t bother to read past the title and assumed the Australian reef was ruined.
The Great Barrier reef has officially died https://t.co/Ikn5DBmpGn— The Independent (@Independent) October 15, 2016
The "news" caused immediate outrage among readers. The idea that something so beautiful, a worldwonder even, had died was both astonishing and disappointing.
However, if people had taken a moment to research the situation at all, they'd know the Great Barrier Reef isn’t dead. In fact, the author, Rowan Jacobsen, is not a scientist, either, he's an environmental writer.
93 percent of the reef is affected by bleaching, which is a process through which symbiotic algae causes the reef to turn white due to stressors. This does mean that the reef is in danger of extinction, but it's definitely not gone yet. Unfortunately, the author of the article may have unknowingly deterred people from taking action to save it because they thought it was destroyed.
We can still save the Great Barrier Reef. Please share this ♻️ pic.twitter.com/txv5fywFmH— Gabrielle Webb (@gabswebb) October 15, 2016
Chief of the Coral Reef Ecosystem Program at NOAA’s Pacific Island Fisheries Science Center Russell Brainard said he believes the article was highlighting the urgency of the situation, but that those who don’t have any context “are going to take it at face value that the Great Barrier Reef is dead,” according to the Huffington Post.
This type of journalism has bred an audience that's unable to distinguish satire or clickbait from actual news. Every week I see people on Facebook sharing articles from The Onion and expressing actual anger or disagreement, not realizing the source is a satirical publication.
Social media has played a huge role in the circulation and popularity of clickbait. Publications base their worth on how many shares they get, and not necessarily the quality of their content. When a writer's purpose is to go "viral," they lose the journalistic value of their work.
Milton Coleman, Edith Kinney Gaylord visiting professor in journalism ethics, said the purpose of a headline is to be an accurate summary of a story. He believes that if a journalist can’t attract an audience with the facts, they shouldn’t write the story at all.
“It’s (headline) the effective title of the story, and you want the title to be accurate," Coleman said. "Some words are “sexier” than others, they draw more readers in. But I try to tell my students that what we are doing is not providing content, we’re doing journalism.”
Coleman said you lose credibility as a journalist by misleading an audience and stretching basic ethical principles is bad journalism.
“What kind of journalist are you? How far will you stretch the basic principles?" Coleman said. "The basic principle is the headline should be an accurate reflection of the story.”
We as journalists have to realize that more often than not, a reader gets through the first few paragraphs before they move on to the next story. If you don’t establish early on that your headline is true or false, you risk someone sharing the article or spreading word by mouth in a way that falsely depicts what you're writing about.
Many sectors of journalism are failing at this — on YouTube, creators use jaw-dropping titles to make people click. On E! News, anchors hint at scandals only to reveal later in the show that it was a false rumor they’re dispelling. On Outsideonline.com, they insinuate one of the world's largest and most diverse aquatic reefs has died out to do human error, creating panic and alarm.
However, this isn't just happening in the headlines. Many writers choose cover photos for their articles that are violent or sexual in order to attract more readers. It's sensationalism at its core.
This unethical form of reporting has to end. Modern journalists are too focused on entertaining an audience, and not focused enough on informing them. We'd rather raise our readers' hopes only to let them down, than to not attract them at all. Our job is to spread truth, and this toes the line. We're pushing the public farther and farther away, and wondering why they don't trust us.
Spreading news isn't about flashiness or catching the eye. In this case, the ends do not justify the means. Those extra view counts will never be worth the lessening of your publication's credibility or reputation.
Reach the columnist at firstname.lastname@example.org or follow @_SavannahHaas on Twitter.
Editor’s note: The opinions presented in this column are the author’s and do not imply any endorsement from The State Press or its editors.
Want to join the conversation? Send an email to email@example.com. Keep letters under 300 words and be sure to include your university affiliation. Anonymity will not be granted. | <urn:uuid:8e731f64-893a-4790-b01b-2800fbc2649b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.statepress.com/article/2016/10/spopinion-critique-of-modern-media | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958625 | 1,173 | 2.546875 | 3 |
BY SHER JAN SHOHAZ
Pakistan has a history of out of school children scoring more than 25 million. What upsets is that Balochistan is home to highest number of out of school children followed by tribal areas, the prime reason being the provincial government’s long term negligence. In the province, the luckiest are the ones who are nearing to scholastic sphere.
It is a sure fact that shaping one’s social and academic image, education is always seemed sufficient tool torpedoing the unpleasant replica of empty-headedness, philistinism, bewilderment and stumbling blocks of social awareness and aliveness.
History always makes us believe that the changes of moral and structural maturity in the world among nations could never occur they concentrated on building skyscrapers and modern architectures but happened when education was made an emergency of living and devolving.
Hiding the actual image of education sector in the province keeps resulting it running risk of high growing illiteracy which so far has been the attempt of many writers to get it reduced highlighting it in public.
According to a report published in Dawn in 16 February 2019, the province is observed to have 9,247 government-run schools which are extremely poor in first necessities of drinking water while 9,838 schools have no toilet facilities. The report further frustrates that the province has over 13,000 primary, middle and high schools with an enrollment of 899,383 male and female students. However, in Balochistan over 7,900 schools do not have boundary walls, whereas there are 5,296 ‘one room, one teacher’ schools.
The province witnesses the allocation of billions of amount taken to improve the tumble-down image of education sector yet the cries of the province demanding a helping hand to enroll it’s over 1 million children in school make a show of the concern of the government is elsewhere.
Additionally, article 25-A of the constitution in Pakistan excites one to feel comfortable to possess an equal education. The article states “The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children from five to 16 years of age in such a manner as may be determined by law.” This article was incorporated into the Constitution through its 18th amendment. What is unfortunate is that the state is up to now running opposite of implementation of the article. Free and compulsory education is yet to be given in Balochistan.
It hits where one lives to see the children of the same province: contributing the largest share of resources to Pakistan, working in garages, fields, shops, and included many other doings as the source of income rather being enrolled in schools and dreaming big to persuade as the children of other provinces enjoy their rights of dreaming.
On October 23 of 2019, a campaign entitled Balochistan Education System (BEC) in the district Awaran was arranged to weaken the woes of illiteracy in the province.
It efforts to point out the closed schools of the district and collect data.
According to Shabir Rakshani; a district resident and a leading member of BES, they have made out a report claiming 192 closed schools in the district out of 380 sanctioned schools. “Our generation could not get proper education in Awaran because of closed schools and we do not want the next generation to suffer the same way.” Speaks Mr. Rakhshani in an interview. He further said that as a result of closed schools in the district, more than 12,000 children of school-going age have been deprived of their birthright: education.
Excluding salary budget, Awaran’s all-out budget for previous and following year is Rs 30.96 million from which Rs5.8 million of this amount has announced to be released for 63 schools, which are closed but are shown functional in government records and Rs2.09 million were allocated for uniforms which the students have not been provided so far. Moreover, Rs1.46 million for sports ground and Rs1.08 million for science are allocated but the district witness a famine of following provisions which are yet to be experienced.
Awaran is proven to be marked the most backward district in Pakistan with the population of around 121,680 people, according to the census held in 2017. The Human Development Index in the district is estimated the lowest which has the the score of 0.173 in the Pakistan National Human Development Report, 2017.
Balochistan is a moneyed and resource-rich province which is yet to reap benefits of its natural landscape. Unfortunately, for more than 70 years the woes of people are constantly continued to aggravate. Situation in other parts of country is also identical but the largest province has been marred by corrupt and slack governments.
The province, indeed, has never demanded more than its constitutional freedom to equivalently step in progress as other provinces. Unless sincere steps by provincial and federal governments are taken, the percentage of not-going children and youngsters will grow old illiterate and without life skills required to survive in this cut-throat world. | <urn:uuid:2cee62df-5ee8-4217-b58e-05fb9fdc8965> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.worldwidenews.ca/reforming-education-sector-in-balochistan-pakistan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969799 | 1,038 | 2.296875 | 2 |
“Indeed, as Asian digital communities – from Chennai to Chengdu to Cairns – increasingly spend time consuming information and dynamic content from online sources, we are witnessing a shift in magnitude in how companies need to plan and manage communications for the future. The possibilities are exciting”. – Bob Pickard, Asia-Pacific president and CEO, Burson-Marsteller (BM).
The rise of social media
Data shows that the spread of the Internet and the growing use of social media in Asia Pacific are amazing.
Already 58 percent of Asia Pacific’s population of 3.9 billion is online – with Australia and South Korea leading at 80-percent penetration rate; and Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong rounding up the Region’s top five.
ASEAN member-states have also been experiencing spectacular Internet growth rates and reasonable Internet penetration rates. But the real story is the rise of mobile phones in the ASEAN region. Many analysts are predicting that with the increasing widespread use of smart phones, most of ASEAN’s citizens would eventually use mobile devices as the primary tool to access the Internet.
Please visit http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=722781 to read more comprehensive figures from the Philippine Star’s Robert Romulo cites B-M Asia-Pacific’s Social Media Infographics in this week’s column on the ‘realities and imperatives’ of the digital age. | <urn:uuid:3daa54d5-1962-4772-be2c-399b3caf8d07> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.prccac.com/realities-and-imperatives-of-the-digital-age-filipino-world-view-by-roberto-r-romulo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.890163 | 305 | 1.8125 | 2 |
COVID-19 cases confirmed at four TVDSB schools
Cases of COVID-19 have been identified at four public schools in London and the surrounding area.
On Thursday, the Thames Valley District School Board (TVDSB) reported single cases of the virus at A.B. Lucas Secondary School, Wilton Grove Public School, and Saunders Secondary School in London.
The school board also reported another case at Roch Carrier French Immersion Public School in Woodstock.
The schools remain open and buses will operate as usual.
Parents, guardians, and staff at all of the schools have been notified and Southwestern Public Health and the Middlesex-London Health Unit are working to identify close contacts of the infected individuals.
“If you are not contacted by the health unit, your child is not considered to be at risk. The health unit will only contact those staff and students who have been identified as a close contact and will advise them to stay home from school and quarantine for a period of 14 days,” the school board said in a statement.
More information regarding COVID-19 cases in school communities within the TVDSB can be found here. | <urn:uuid:8f42df5d-33e1-48bb-9ab7-276a42b93c81> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blackburnnews.com/london/london-news/2020/12/17/covid-19-cases-confirmed-four-tvdsb-schools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964317 | 240 | 1.914063 | 2 |
The AVOID research brief covers the fundamental research that covers the importance of community-based prevention efforts and an overview of AVOID - our anti-vaping prevention program for middle and high school students.
With funding from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), KDH Research and Communication developed and evaluated the AVOID (Anti-Vaping Online Information Dissemination) program, a video- and discussion-based vaping prevention toolkit that is implemented by youth-serving, community-based organizations and schools. AVOID is targeted to middle and high schools students and anchored by five brief educational videos that cover critical vaping topics, beginning with an overview of AVOID, reviewing the documented health risks of vaping, and concluding that the known risks of vaping, particularly for youth, are real, substantial, and ever growing as more research emerges.
To reduce youth vaping, AVOID aims, as a first step, to change youth knowledge and understanding of vapes. With increased knowledge, we hypothesize that youth will exhibit more protective attitudes against vapes and greater self-efficacy and intentions to resist vaping. In this research brief, we report the results of a two-group, pretest/posttest feasibility study that assesses a prototype of AVOID to increase youth’s knowledge, heighten perceived risk, promote protective attitudes, increase self-efficacy to refuse vapes, and decrease intentions to use vapes. Without comprehensive prevention efforts like education, policy and environmental efforts can fall flat. All three are needed to make the most impact. AVOID can provide educational support for youth in your community. | <urn:uuid:dfdce2f0-0a1a-4456-b020-41ace41de305> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://avoidvapes.com/avoid-research-brief-vaping-facts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.92803 | 333 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Elijah the prophet had many adventures and there are brilliant stories about him in the book of Kings in the Bible. You may remember that Elisha had been Elijah’s apprentice prophet and learnt how to be a prophet from him. When it was time for Elijah to go to be with God, the two prophets were walking along and talking. Suddenly a chariot and horses of fire came between them and Elijah went up in a whirlwind to heaven! Wow! That’s quite a story isn’t it? So he didn’t die!?
Then Elisha picks up where Elijah left off and we then read of his adventures.
One of the stories about Elisha involves a commander of the army of Syria, called Naaman. He was a brave soldier and his master, the king of Syria thought very highly of him. But, he had leprosy.
It was a horrible skin condition where you were covered in sores.
Naaman’s wife had a servant girl captured from Israel who knew all about the prophet Elisha and she told her mistress about him, ‘If Naaman would go to see him back in my land, he would cure him of his leprosy.”
So Naaman, the Commander of the army that had fought against God’s people went to see God’s prophet Elisha. He went with his chariots, horses, servants and and lots of gifts to reward Elisha.
When Naaman arrived at where he lived, Elisha sent a messenger out to him who said, “Go! Wash yourself in the Jordan River seven times and your skin will be better.”
But Naaman was angry! He had arrived in great style and the prophet hadn’t even been out to greet him and then gave this ridiculous instruction!
One of his servants spoke to him and said, “If the prophet had asked you to do some great thing, wouldn’t you have done it? But this is a simple thing to wash in the Jordan River and you will be clean. It may even work.”
So Naaman went and washed in the river seven times and the Bible tells us the leprosy was gone and he was clean.
Full of joy he went back to Elisha’s house. This time he saw Elisha. “ Now I know there is no God in all the world except the God of Israel.Please accept these gifts.
Elisha replied, “ I serve the Lord God. I will not accept anything.” And despite Naaman’s pleading Elisha refused any of the treasure.
It’s a great story but I guess when I read the Bible today I want to know what I can learn from it. Naaman seems like a good man but he expected people to treat him according to his position in life. In the army he was high up and important. Interestingly, his wife listened to a servant girl from another country and culture and told her husband about it. He agreed to do what the servant girl suggested.
But then having travelled with chariots, horses, servants and many gifts he was angry because the prophet didn’t come out to meet him. His pride took a bashing. And as for washing in the River Jordan. It was filthy! He would more happily have washed in cleaner rivers in his own country. But actually it wasn’t that difficult a task was it? To cure him from a disease that would kill him horribly? Then, again ,he listened to his servant and did it. And was cured. And worshipped God. He is a bit of a puzzle…but then maybe we all are.
In God’s eyes we are all equally important, loved and held dear. You can’t win a place in God’s heart by status or wealth because you are already there! But obeying what God says really pleases him and honours God for who he is. | <urn:uuid:bfe2f882-6540-4db0-b12a-d04e8bcaeda5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stmarkschurch.me.uk/what-we-do/church-at-home/activities-for-children/messy-church-stories/story-26--naaman.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.991081 | 837 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The long ascendancy of Robert Walpole, 1st earl of Orford
The supremacy in the Commons was maintained by Walpole until 1742. In 1727, at the accession of George II, he suffered a minor crisis when for a few days it seemed that he might be dismissed, but Queen Caroline prevailed on her husband to keep Walpole in office. In 1730 he quarreled with Townshend over the conduct of foreign affairs and forced Townshend’s resignation, but his retirement had no effect on Walpole’s position. These were the years of Walpole’s greatness. His power was based on the loyal support given to him by George I and George II. This enabled him to use all royal patronage for political ends, and Walpole’s appointments to offices in the royal household, the church, the navy, the army, and the civil service were, whenever possible, made with an eye to his voting strength in the House of Commons. By these means he built up the court and treasury party that was to be the core of Whig strength for many generations. These methods, however, never gave him control of the House of Commons. His majorities at Westminster came about because his policy of peace abroad and low taxation at home appealed strongly to the independent country gentlemen who sat in Parliament. Also, Walpole possessed remarkable powers in debate: his knowledge of the detail of government, particularly of finance, was unmatched, and his expression was clear, forceful, and always cogent. He never underestimated the powers of the Commons, and no minister, before or since, has shown such skill in its management.
Walpole needed all his art, for his rule was never free from crisis. Foreign affairs gave him constant trouble. Although Townshend had secured the prospect of a settlement by the Treaty of Hanover in 1725, which helped to strengthen the alliance between England and France, the difficulties that had arisen with Spain over Gibraltar and British trading rights in the West Indies proved intractable, and England hovered on the brink of war until Walpole intervened. By showing willingness to negotiate he secured the Treaty of Seville (Sevilla) in 1729. This was followed by a general settlement in 1731 at the Treaty of Vienna. When war broke out on the Continent in 1733 over the question of the succession to the Polish throne, Walpole had to use all his influence with the king in order to maintain England’s neutrality.
Many politicians, particularly those whom Walpole had driven into opposition, regarded his foreign policy as a betrayal of England’s interests. They thought that he had become the dupe of France to the neglect of England’s former allies (the Austrians and the Dutch), and that his desire to maintain friendship with France led to weakness toward Spain. They also disapproved of his use of patronage, which they stigmatized as corruption. They condemned his financial schemes as a sham, particularly the sinking fund to abolish the national debt. The prime movers in this opposition were William Pulteney, an able Whig whom Walpole had rejected in 1724 in favour of the duke of Newcastle as secretary of state, and Bolingbroke. They drew together a miscellaneous collection of members in opposition: Jacobites, Hanoverian Tories, dissident Whigs, and urban radicals. They attempted to give coherence to the party so formed, but with little success. The liveliest part of their campaign was the violent press agitation against Walpole. For this purpose they founded The Craftsman, which denigrated Walpole’s ministry week after week. Walpole was lampooned in pamphlets, ballads, and plays, as well as in the newspapers; and this constant stream of abuse, which was not without a certain element of truth, did much to bring both Parliament and politics into contempt.
The great opportunity for the opposition came in 1733 when Walpole decided to check smuggling and customs frauds by imposing an excise tax on wine and tobacco. This was extremely unpopular, particularly with the London merchants, and the opposition did all in its power to influence opinion. Walpole saved himself from defeat by withdrawing this measure, but those politicians who had been indiscreet enough to show opposition to Walpole’s bill lost their offices. These dismissals, however, weakened Walpole’s position; he lost considerable debating skill as well as votes in the House of Lords, which at that time still played an important part in government. After 1733 the list of able but dismissed Whig politicians grew large enough to supply an alternative Whig ministry to Walpole’s own, and, after the excise crisis, the opposition Whigs had far less need to rely on Tory and Jacobite elements in their battle against Walpole. Bolingbroke himself realized this; he withdrew from politics and retired to France in 1735, admitting defeat in his lifelong struggle with Walpole. | <urn:uuid:96892ef9-8c22-4c94-b6e4-e36c220acdc0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Walpole-1st-Earl-of-Orford/The-long-ascendancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.985427 | 1,016 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Vienna native Breanna Fulton, an Arizona State University (ASU) sophomore majoring in sustainability and urban planning, recently helped promote the university in an hour-long episode of a new show that now is streaming on Amazon Prime Video and Roku.
Fulton’s video was one of 18 produced at ASU for “The College Tour,” which is hosted by Alex Boylan, the 2002 co-winner of “The Amazing Race.”
Fulton narrated a 3-minute-long video titled “How is ASU leading the world into a sustainable future?”
A 2019 George C. Marshall High School graduate, Fulton said she decided to attend ASU after her mother told her she needed to tour its campus while visiting the Phoenix area.
“The campus was gorgeous,” she said. “Everyone seemed so nice.”
ASU was the first school that popped up on a Web search she did for her future major, and it has the best sustainability program in the nation, Fulton believes.
“We were actually the first school of sustainability in the country and we have so many opportunities here,” she said.
Students in that program have access to an adviser who matches them with many internship opportunities. ASU’s School of Sustainability also is embedded with a Tier 1 research institution in one of the country’s largest metropolitan areas, Fulton said.
ASU already is carbon-neutral and aims to be “climate-positive” – i.e., save more greenhouse-gas emissions than it emits – by 2035, she said.
“Sustainability is super-important and exciting to me because it’s a growing field and it’s literally our future,” Fulton said. “I’m excited to be part of that change.”
To view Fulton’s video, find it near the bottom of the page at https://yourfuture.asu.edu/college-tour. | <urn:uuid:0fd2ad22-09ec-4513-a4bb-90c68b3d2001> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sungazette.news/local-grad-doing-her-part-to-promote-sustainability-university/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969895 | 421 | 1.53125 | 2 |
On June 1, 2021 the European Commission announced the launch of the European Tax Observatory. The European Tax Observatory a new ‘research laboratory’ to assist in the EU's fight against tax abuse. The Observatory was created under the initiative of the European Parliament.
Funded by the European Union, the purpose of the Tax Observatory is to support EU policy-making through cutting-edge research, analysis and data-sharing. The Observatory will be fully independent in conducting its research, objectively informing policymakers and suggesting initiatives that could help to better tackle tax evasion, tax avoidance and aggressive tax planning.
Headed by Professor Gabriel Zucman, and based at the Paris School of Economics, the Tax Observatory will be a source of new ideas for combating tax avoidance and an international reference for the study of taxation in a globalised world.
To conduct and disseminate cutting-edge innovative research on taxation, with a focus on tax evasion and fraud, and potential solutions to these problems.
To promote a democratic, inclusive, and pluralistic debate on the future of taxation by fostering dialogue between the scientific community, civil society, and policymakers in the European Union and worldwide.
To provide access to knowledge on taxation by making available to the general public a repository of data and analysis on its study topics, as well as interactive tools that allow them to easily understand and exploit them.
The European Tax Observatory is a consortium of academics awarded an EU grant budget of EUR 1.2 million for 2020-21 to deepen the research on tax avoidance, tax evasion, aggressive tax planning and advise EU policy-makers accordingly.
Gabriel Zucman is a French economist renowned for his research on tax havens and corporate tax havens. His research focuses on the accumulation, distribution, and taxation of global wealth. In 2018 Zucman received the Prize for the Best Young Economist in France, in recognition of his research on tax evasion and avoidance and their economic consequences. He is currently an Associate Professor of Economics at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the recipient of the 2021 Andrew Carnegie Fellowship Award. He is the Director of the EU Tax Observatory, which is established at the Paris School of Economics.
The website of the European Tax Observatory can be found here.
Copyright – internationaltaxplaza.info | <urn:uuid:207e7f1c-346c-4b2b-89d8-af78b571c917> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://internationaltaxplaza.info/homepage/news-archive/news-archive-2021/news-archive-june-2021/5748-the-european-commission-announces-the-launch-of-an-european-tax-observatory.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95136 | 474 | 2.21875 | 2 |
ORIGINAL POSTER FOR BANQUE INDUSTRIELLE DE CHINE 1920
Original poster for Banque Industrielle de Chine (based in Shanghai and Paris from 1913 to 1922. The stunning graphic depicts showing an Asian harbour scene at sunset. In the foreground two men in a small boat row are about to dock. Behind them a bay with sun dappled waters on which rests four Chinese junks and a large steamship. Behind them hints of asian pagodas and a mountain landscape give way to a dramatic cloud filled sky. Printed across the sky in black letters “Emprunt de la Paix”. “Souscrivez à la Banque Industrielle de Chine” is written in stylised red block letters in the lower right corner. Original large lithograph poster on paper. Printed in Paris circa 1920. Good condition, two minor creases repaired and backed on linen. Framed under plexiglass. | <urn:uuid:04fcc04d-b613-4be3-9cb2-cc9149db04c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kalarara.com/product/set-di-tre-dipinti-su-vetro/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.835648 | 220 | 2.015625 | 2 |
The European Central Bank (ECB) announced a raft of policy measures on Thursday, March 10, intended to give a further boost to euro area economic performance. Most of these measures were unconventional and yet still precedented. The ECB lowered its main policy rates, accelerated the pace of its asset purchases, and widened the pool of assets eligible to be included in its purchasing program. It also renewed its program for targeted loans to banks that extend credit to the non-financial sector. The only new element was the rate of interest that the banks would pay to access credit that they could lend for investment. The question is whether that new wrinkle will make much of a difference. As is often the case, the answer depends less on the mechanics of monetary policy than on the magic of market ‘confidence’.
Initially, the ECB announced that the new lending ‘can be as low as the interest rate on the deposit facility.’ Later, it clarified that that the interest rate charged will be equal to the rate on the main refinancing facility (meaning zero) but that it would decline linearly for any bank that exceeded its new lending target for the period ending in 2018. If a bank managed to go beyond target by 2.5 percent, then it would be charged the prevailing the deposit rate, which is a negative 0.40 percent on the money it borrowed. In other words, the ECB will be paying those banks that expand their lending.
This new wrinkle in the ECB’s policy toolkit speaks volumes about the impact that unconventional policy measure has been having on the profitability of European banking. Two factors are worth mentioning. One is the negative deposit rate; the other is the flattening of the yield curve.
The negative deposit rate has drawn more attention than the flattening of the yield curve. When the ECB first reduced its deposit rate below the ‘zero lower bound’, the expectation was that this would trigger a flight to foreign currency or cash holdings – anything to escape the charge imposed on ‘risk-free’ overnight deposits. As it turned out, the flight to foreign currency was significant. Soon after the ECB announced its negative deposit rates, the euro began to fall against the dollar. It was $1.30 when the policy started and $1.10 when the ECB made its next big policy move to start large-scale asset purchases almost eight months later.
The threat to profitability from exchange rates is not immediate. On the contrary, banks that accept currency exposure stand to gain while the euro depreciates against the assets that they purchased. The challenge comes when they all try to unwind that exposure and the euro moves in the opposite direction. Meanwhile, the flight to cash holdings did not materialize. There was some talk about an expanding market for cash-equivalents but the overall effect of the policy was not enough to overcome the cost of storage and insurance.
Of the two concerns about the negative deposit rate, the flattening of the yield curve is more important. When the negative deposit rate was introduced in June 2014 the short end of the yield curve was just above zero and the long end (with a 30 years maturity) was about 3.5 percent. By the time the ECB started its large scale asset purchases in March 2015, the short end of the curve was still close to zero but the long end of the curve was down to about 1.6 percent. This flattening had a significant impact on bank profitability because banks make their money through the intermediation of short-term deposits into long-term lending.
The introduction of large-scale asset purchases widened the spread between short and long rates by pushing the short rates below zero by one quarter of one percent (or roughly 25 basis points) and nudging the long rates higher through the promise of faster growth. But the banks could only benefit from the rise at the long end because they could not fund their lending with rates below zero. Hence the net effects of the policy for bank profitability were more limited.
The new policy addresses this asymmetry by allowing the banks to fund their lending at negative rates on the short end of the yield curve. In theory, this will give the banks a wider spread to play with. In practice, though, the new policy reveals additional underlying problems.
The spread between short and long interest rates is important for bank profitability but it is less of a constraint than volume, capital requirements, cross-border balance sheet restrictions, and the hierarchy among creditors. This is point at which we have to shift the focus from the mechanics of monetary policymaking to the magic of market confidence. The ECB’s first round of targeted long-term refinancing operations disappointed not because the interest rate paid by the banks was too high but because there were too few actors in the non-financial sector who were willing to borrow. New loans picked up on the periphery of Europe and credit conditions loosened in Italy in particular but the aggregate impact on new lending across the euro area as a whole was not evident. The new policy of paying banks to lend money may stimulate new borrowing, but only by compressing yields at the long end of the maturity spectrum. In that case, the net effect of lower funding costs will be mitigated.
This is where the capital requirements and cross-border balance sheet restrictions become important. Although credit conditions have eased for firms in the new, more liquid, environment, banks are still likely to be concerned about the capital costs associated with taking on new risks. They will also have to be conscious of the requirement to match assets and liabilities within national regulatory jurisdictions, even if only after the four-year ‘long-term’ refinancing operations are ended. By implication, the policy can loosen credit conditions on the periphery of the euro area but only insofar as new activity is likely to prove self-funding over the medium term.
In the meantime, the hierarchy among creditors is a concern. Money borrowed from the ECB is inexpensive and yet such borrowing is well-collateralized and the ECB is senior to other creditors. That means any losses on lending financed under the new policy will have to be borne by others on the credit ladder, starting with equity holders but moving up through senior bank debt. This is unlikely to constrain the banks from expanding business with existing clients but it will make them more reluctant to use the funds to price in new business with clients with whom they are less familiar.
The bottom line is that the new wrinkle in the ECB’s policy toolkit is likely to prove less impressive than the notion of paying banks to lend might suggest. The ECB can influence intermediation margins but only within limits. The reduction in funding costs addresses only one of many constraints. It can offset some of the impact of unconventional monetary policy on bank profitability but only at the margins. The open question is whether that will be enough to strengthen business confidence so that the ‘animal spirits’ of market participants will take up the slack.Follow @Erik_Jones_SAIS | <urn:uuid:fd60a700-8ec0-4837-a24b-0adc678fc640> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://erikjones.net/2016/03/15/the-ecbs-new-tactic-pay-to-lend/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.968599 | 1,421 | 1.710938 | 2 |
“The invisible is far more powerful than the visible.” -Grand Master Nan Lu
Nature knows of the power of the invisible. Do you?
Unless we dig down deep, we can only see what is on the surface; yet so much more happens underneath. A tree is firmly rooted into the earth by its roots, which also absorb nutrients and water and disperse them where needed. Although tree roots are mainly below the ground and therefore “invisible”, they are vital to a tree’s survival. These deeply reaching roots help a tree to stand tall with widely outstretched branches. They support leaves, fruit and wildlife. Although the visible tree is solid and sturdy, the invisible carries so much more power! Just think for a moment: What would happen to a tree if its root system were removed?
Before it hatches, a baby chick absorbs all of the yolk and blood vessels from the inside of the shell into its body. During this process, the chick uses its beak to pip, or peck a hole in its shell. It will continue to pip the shell until it is ready to be born, a process that may take up to two weeks. Sometimes, the chick may rest for a whole day without any movement. After all, being born is hard work! To the unassuming eye, it may seem as if the chick needs help emerging from its shell. But Nature knows: building and growing a healthy body starts from the inside. It is invisible! As the chick is resting, absorbing yolk and blood vessels and pipping out of its shell, it is preparing for a healthy life. If its egg is broken too early, the chick will likely not have the nutrients it needs to survive. As we watch in awe as the sweet baby chick emerges from its egg, we are often unaware of the hard work that happened under the surface—the hard work that could have only come from the inside. The invisible is powerful!
As humans, we are capable of thinking, feeling, moving, being and experiencing many facets of life. However, we often take these abilities for granted. Just because we are able to do doesn’t mean we must! Our visible bodies are entirely capable. So, what does that say about our invisible powers? To build a strong body, build your Qi—your invisible energy—by resting, practicing Qigong and eating to promote healing. All healing comes from within. These practices help feed the invisible.
Want to learn more? Join a Dragon’s Way Qigong® class today! | <urn:uuid:d6c2d0fe-455b-4fe4-a295-e68ef5cc2f94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tcmworld.org/nature-knows-invisible-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.96705 | 535 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Minecraft house Even while it may be a lot less complicated than real estate in our society. It doesn’t automatically make you an experienced craftsperson.
While you won’t need to buy timber or deal with zoning regulations or construction rules. Your Minecraft home still needs to keep you safe from the legions of zombies, skeletons, creepers, and other horrors that emerge as the sun sets. Showing off your individual style makes up the remaining portion of the equation; nevertheless, effective protection only makes up one element of it. However, putting your creativity on show may be challenging, and using the colours of Minecraft to express yourself is no exception. Whether it’s with new houses or Minecraft skins.
Finding fresh ideas for your upcoming Minecraft creation is the only appropriate oil to get the wheels of innovation turning once again. Some individuals find inspiration in nature. Via experimenting, or in real-world architecture and art, but if you’re anything like me, you occasionally need the additional helping hand of other Minecraft artists to get you going.
Minecraft House: How to Get Started and Build Ideas
The secret to surviving and being able to live comfortably in Minecraft is knowing. Mysterious Cave Code in Fallout 76 How to build a house or lodge. Building a nice house gives you a secure haven. Where you may hide from Creepers and other nocturnal creatures while also having a place to keep your priceless tools and crafting supplies. In Minecraft, you may customise your home to your liking and turn it into a real statement piece. For example, do you want to build a massive house that is impossible to miss.
Nothing compares to that sensation you get when you glance out the window from the confines of your cosy cabin or marvel at the views from your hilltop retreat. Even though building your ideal house in Minecraft takes a lot of work. By saving you the time and effort of creating a design from scratch. These fantastic houses for Minecraft will allow you to spend more time enjoying your new home and less time getting things done.
We’ve included a variety of Minecraft houses that you may build, including timber cabins, beach cottages, suburban dwellings, and even homes from the mediaeval era, so that you can create them whether you’re an expert builder or taking on this intimidating task for the first time.
What do you need in a starter house Minecraft?
A crafting table and other tools the player may feel are essential at the time should be the first items built. Players should build a house that is both compact enough to preserve resources. And spacious enough to accommodate chests, stoves, and other important equipment.
You may build a home of your own distinctive design just about anyplace. Depending on the game mode you’re playing in. Except for the game’s actual coded mechanics, there are essentially no requirements, established limitations, or restrictions. You are free to erect your home right on a mountain if you so want.
What should I put in my Minecraft base?
A crafting table, numerous furnaces, a blast furnace, a smoker, and an anvil should be within. Other blocks that may be useful include a stone cutter, a grindstone, a smithing table, a loom, and others. | <urn:uuid:a49ad787-a4cc-4f35-8839-e587134ca31e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gamersmenu.com/minecraft-house-how-to-get-started-and-build-ideas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.926541 | 668 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Riding up hills and being tall and heavy do not usually go well together BUT how many good rides have any of you ever been on where there were “No Hills”?? Anyone who is really interested in riding a bike competitively in races, centuries, grand-fondos… must be willing to ride up hills. And since riding in a group saves some much energy in any endurance event, being able to stay with your group of choice on a hill is a MUST!
Therefore, ever since I began riding more competitively, I began to look for ways/tricks which would help me ride uphills faster.
I quickly realized that there were no “quick fixes” and that I would have to rely on good leg strength, proper spinning technique, good body position and some mental toughness to get me up these inclines at a decent speed.
2 weekends ago, I participated in a local hill climb of Cypress Mountain. I was very happy to realize that my efforts paid off and even though, there were faster climbers than me, (most of them 30lbs and more lighter than me) I was able to ride uphill at speeds which I was satisfied with.
My climbing ability comes from a few different factors, but the ones which I believe most of you heavier riders could quickly see positive results from are:
- Leg power: I always had big legs but I have also always worked at keeping them strong. I regularly do leg presses, squats, lunges… all those great exercises which allow me to keep my leg muscles activated and strong. Power is what I am after and therefore, I focus on weight loads I can handle for 12 to 15 repetitions.
- Applying pressure on the pedal for the whole 360 degrees of the pedal stroke: I am often reminding the clients I coach cycling that effective control of the pedal throughout the whole spin cycle will give every pedal stroke the most power they can produce. It is well worth the efforts. No more “mashing” or pushing down on the front end of the pedal stroke. They key to a strong pedal stroke is complete control of the pedals.
- Sitting forward on the seat of the bike: By sitting forward on the seat, your hips will move closer to the bottom bracket of your bike which will put your body in a much better angle to activate your glutes and hamstring muscles to apply pressure on the pedals during the climb.
- Mental preparation to suffer a little… Yes, climbing hills is tough. It may be a little tougher on a 200lbs rider than on someone who weighs 130lbs… But you can still get mentally prepared ready for this. Mental preparation to suffer includes having done a pre-ride, knowing what the tougher sections are and reminding yourself that “it will soon be over!” Over the years, I have read and listened to many different ideas/thoughts on the best way to get mentally prepared to suffer and the one technique I choose is to practice hill climbing as often as I can. I must say, I often find hill climbing enjoyable now!!
In conclusion, climbing hills is part of riding a bike. Better get prepared for it and find ways to enjoy it!
Train Smarter – Not Harder! | <urn:uuid:556048a6-ea99-4d25-9d88-174304f9a4cc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bodyagefitness.ca/2014/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.973785 | 664 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Japanese popular belief states that oarfish bring bad omens. The animal species, which lives in waters over 1,000 meters deep, is associated with the appearance of possible cataclysms such as earthquakes, tidal waves and hurricanes.
Since the previous week, three sightings of these fish have been reported in Ecuador on the coasts of Santa Elena, Manabí and Esmeraldas.
The captures of this animal are scarce because its fishing does not represent any commercial value and its habitat is deep in the oceans.
Popular belief establishes that these animals come out of the seabed towards the shores when a natural phenomenon is about to occur.
The first sighting in Ecuador was reported on July 26 in Anconcito , one day after a 5.2 magnitude earthquake occurred in Carchi, which left eight people injured. A second oarfish was found dead on rocks off the Esmeraldas coast on Saturday, July 30. That same day, a fisherman showed a video of an oarfish swimming near the port of Manta.
The appearance of the three fish provoked a reaction from the Geophysical Institute, which assured that the sightings of the so-called “king of herrings” have no scientific basis to be associated with possible cataclysms. To do this, he cited an academic publication made in Japan in 2019, in which it is stated that “the appearance of this type of fish does not seem to be a reliable value of the occurrence of an earthquake.”
In the rest of America, various speculations have also arisen with the oarfish, after sightings were reported in Chile, Argentina and Mexico in July 2022. | <urn:uuid:bb94043c-7176-4301-b693-3a94d62467b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ecuadortimes.net/three-oarfish-appeared-in-ecuador-during-the-last-week/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.972069 | 344 | 2.828125 | 3 |
LAKELAND (CBSMiami/AP) — More than four decades after 19-year-old Mark Duane Woodard disappeared, Florida authorities have finally identified his remains.
Diann Wells tells the Ledger that Polk County Sheriff's deputies told her last week that remains found in the north Florida woods in 1977 were recently matched to her brother.
Woodard went missing on April 14, 1975. His body was spotted by two people in a heavily wooded area about 70 miles north of Lakeland in March 1977.
Thirty-two years later, the medical examiner's office sent a bone to the University of North Texas to have DNA samples extracted.
Polk County Sheriff's deputies came across Woodard's name while reviewing missing persons cases in 2015. They sent DNA that had been provided by his parents and the match was made June 23.
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for more features. | <urn:uuid:ed1c166a-519a-4df6-a0af-16f04f850cf6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbsnews.com/miami/news/remains-of-missing-lakeland-man-identified-41-years-later/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.972028 | 238 | 1.523438 | 2 |
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Part12: Methodological issues in [TS:250-255]: Tigay vs Lambert/Millard on the evidential value of "differences" (gilgy10.html)
In an article entitled “On Evaluating Claims of Literary Borrowing” (in [TS]), Jeffrey Tigay takes issue with Lambert/Millard, on the relevance of ‘differences” between texts and their would-be sources.
His argument runs something like this:
Many scholars dispute claims of biblical borrowing from Mesopotamian sources on the basis of differences between the two relevant texts. These scholars admit similarities, and even parallels, but make some kind of 'ratio' assessment of the quality/quantity of the differences between the two texts in question, and decide that the differences are too significant to warrant the claim of literary borrowing.
Since we actually have some known cases of literary borrowing—in which the same document is explicitly ‘borrowed’—these should be able to display how wide/strong differences can be without these differences “de-warranting” the obvious claim to borrowing implied in either cross-culture translations or abridgments.
Since the Gilgamesh Epic (GE) existed in several incidences outside of Mesopotamia, these can be assessed relative to ‘differences’.
This assessment leads to the conclusion that differences –large and small—can still be present in ‘indisputably’ borrowed/derivative works.
And this fact leads to the conclusion that arguments against biblical borrowing on the basis of differences—large and small—are methodologically flawed and unwarranted by the ‘control data’ of the ‘indisputable’ cases.
He singles out Lambert/Millard as being representatives of this methodological flaw.
A close examination of Tigay’s argument, assumptions, and data, to see to what extent the data fits the case he is trying to address (that of biblical borrowing from Mesopotamian literature, especially in the flood story and other cosmogonic texts) leads to the conclusion that his argument 'needs a little work' (or at least more relevant ‘control data’) for it to sustain the semi-sweeping conclusion he reaches in that article:
“This brief survey shows that the peripheral versions of Mesopotamian literary texts may not only differ from the Mesopotamian versions in detail, but that they may abbreviate them or even modify them in accordance with their own ideology and local interests, precisely as the Bible appears to have done… it means that an alleged relationship between a Biblical text or motif and some ancient Near Eastern counterpart cannot be refuted simply by pointing to differences between the two, even if they are numerous.” [p.254, 255]
Tigay is not unaware of the dangers in this, of course, and tries to set some guidelines to ‘restrain’ this approach. The most obvious one has to do with the relative amount of similarities and differences. For example, if I ‘alleged’ borrowing between the Genesis Flood story and some Sumerian love-spell, the differences would be 100%, and the similarities zero. In this case, the differences were decisive—so there is some obvious boundary (albeit fuzzy or porous) beyond which difference CAN ‘simply’ defeat a (unsupported or weakly supported list of similarities).
Tigay himself, of course, frequently uses differences (in the context of lack of similarities--a key point) in Evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic to determine the likelihood of literary borrowing. For examples:
“Just how the Akkadian Gilgamesh narratives are related to the Sumerian tales is a matter of conjecture. Verbal similarities between the Sumerian and Akkadian versions are so few that one could assume that whoever wrote the Akkadian texts never saw the Sumerian ones, but had only heard of their themes or rough outlines.6 Conceivably the Akkadian narratives were not based on written Sumerian narratives at all, but were derived independently...” [HI:EGE:41; Note: one might compare his 'verbal similarities...so few' argument to the data we surveyed on the Flood traditions earlier, in gilgy9.html (smile)]
“From two or three other Sumerian compositions, the Old Babylonian author drew only themes, not their plots. Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld supplied the theme of Enkidu's death and Gilgamesh's grief. However, in the Old Babylonian version the circumstances of Enkidu's death are changed completely and with Enkidu now changed from servant to bosom friend, Gilgamesh's grief is magnified to the point of distraction.” [HI:EGE:53. Note: Thematic borrowing might not actually BE 'literary' borrowing, withing topoi or genre...We will see later that such changes are part of a 'school competition' mindset, as opposed to a 'high literary convention'.]
“Differences between these fragments suggest that they do not represent a single Middle Babylonian version, but rather two or three intermediate stages between the Old Babylonian version known to us and the late version.” [HI:EGE:120]
So, we must infer that when Tigay says “an alleged relationship” he MUST be meaning “an alleged relationship supported by strong verbal similarities”. Differences. without accompanying 'strong verbal parallels' (or perhaps other VERY strong textual data--e.g. Identical thematic sequence when not dictated by genre or topoi), will ALWAYS be decisive. In the case of Tigay's article, he HAD 'strong basis for identification'--the very title, plot, main character's name, and the supporting cast! So, the differences he was discussing DID occur in such an unusually 'convenient' (although possibly 'artifical') context. In this case, the differences are dwarfed by the similarities/parallels (including generous helpings of verbal identity)--a situation grossly inverse from the biblical case, and from much of the intra-Meso-x cases. [One wonders at the outset how representative this could possibly be for ANY literature in the ANE, much less for the Semitic biblical texts.]
With this obvious (but critical) qualification in mind, let’s look at Tigay’s analysis.
Technically speaking, our approach should be to ask three questions:
Did the cross-language translators of GE make as-radical-as-alleged-for-Genesis changes in the story (as per Tigay)?
Does this fact reveal literary conventions?
What (if any) relevance could/would the answer to these two questions have to the question of “did the biblical authors borrow material from Meso-x sources”?
The way these questions are answered in his article can be syllogized-out as an argument from analogy:
There were literary conventions which would allow a cross-language translator/re-teller of a literary text to make changes to that text and still identify it as being the same 'text', and there were authorial motives which prompted cross-language translators of GE to exploit such conventions by making significant/relevant changes within their textual production.
[The composing of Genesis from putative Meso-X sources is analogous to cross-language translating of GE, and therefore the same conventions were available to the composer of Genesis.]
Therefore, the presence of differences between Genesis and its putative sources may reflect either an exploitation of these conventions or a non-use of those sources.
Furthermore, differences between Genesis and its putative sources cannot in themselves specify the use of sources or not.
And the premise of this argument (#1) resulted from the following argument:
There is a massive amount of identical material between the 'source GE' and the 'translated GE': exact verbal parallels, identical character names and epithets, identical plot and geographical sequences, parallel scene descriptions, and identical in-text explanatory material.
Therefore, the 'source GE' was indisputably the source of the 'translated GE'.
There is a minor amount (but still significant and explainable by authorial intent) of differences between the source and the translation.
[The introduction of such differences in such an act of 'translation' was 'acceptable': it was not an ethical or literary 'no-no' to do such.]
[The introduction of such differences in such an act of 'translation' was 'customary': it was done frequently, and was not a unique act by this one translator (i.e., we could expect others to do it).]
There are two major problems that come immediately to my mind: (1) the issue of genre and (2) the issue of closeness of analogy..
One. The Issue of Genre.
This, IMO, mutes the force of his argument. Significant-change-within-identity is NOT acceptable/customary in all genres, by any means, and thus any valid patterns demonstrated by Tigay would not automatically apply anyway. One would need another step to show 'genre-match' (the problem of analogy, below).
When 'making derivative works' from some original, the genre of that work radically conditions and/or constrains how much 'difference' is allowed. So, at one extreme pole of genre--legal contracts, economic receipts, group charter documents (e.g., law codes, treaties, constitutions, membership lists), land-entitlement genealogies, history, and religious creeds/pledge recitals--there is essentially NO 'content' variation (and very little formal variation, if any) allowed in copies, translations, etc. These genres have an explicit social function which is very 'this worldly'. (Even religious creeds function in this way, when the insiders and outsiders are differentiated on the basis of adherence to a specific creed, with even the precise meanings of the words being specified as well. Any Nicea-like subtleties are simply not allowed!).
“Regarding the Assyrian annals, a mural painting in the palace at Til Barsip represents two "military" scribes watching a battle and taking note of the events; one of them is writing on a tablet in cuneiform, with a stylus, while the other is writing with a pen on a scroll, probably in Aramaic alphabetic script. It is probable that scribes noted from day to day the episodes of campaigns at which they were present and that these "notes" were subsequently consulted at the time of the composition of annals. Mesopotamian historians nevertheless privileged the written account. In Mesopotamian law, this substituted quite naturally for oral testimony, and judges accorded to the "speech" of the tablet the same value as the declaration of an eyewitness. Moreover, was not the written memory, which was not set down until what it recorded was read and scrupulously verified, an integral part of the system of apprenticeship? ... Thus historians copied official texts, royal correspondence, or oracular utterances of a historical nature. They drew up chronological or genealogical lists, dynastic lists, or lists of year names. All these works could be, if not sketches for chronicles or the starting point for history, at least the beginnings of archives. And they also composed archives. it has been shown, for example, that from the correspondence of the empire of Ur, only the letters dealing with the Amorite question were selected for study and copying, the task of copying them entering the curriculum of the apprentice scribes in their schools in the Old Babylonian period. ... Since history was supposed to preserve a sure memory of the past, its norms of credibility had to be established. The first task of the historian consisted, therefore, in the faithful citation of the material being copied and the correct identification of sources. To be more precise, when it was a matter of the reproduction of a document or the compilation of sources, the copyist or compiler had to guard against any personal contribution or addition, however minimal.” [OT:MC:14]
“Isolated inscriptions were written on small tablets, and collections of inscriptions were arranged in uncertain chronological order on large tablets. This genre, particularly esteemed in the Old Babylonian schools of Nippur and Ur, was practiced over two whole millennia: the earliest examples known date from the end of the third millennium. In every period the inscriptions of the kings of Akkade and Ur were the most prized... Comparison of the original and the copy, when possible, demonstrates the remarkable fidelity of the latter, which reproduces with great attention to detail the original document, maintaining the original grammar and layout of lines.” [OT:MC:15f; Note: he notes that the exceptions have to do with intrusion of memory aids and shorthand.]
“The historian also transferred a piece of information from one branch of knowledge to another, from archives to a narrative.” [OT:MC:15; Note: this principle would allow a Genesis author to move from genealogical-based (toledoth) records to narratives, still under the rubric of 'history'.]
We might also point out that law collections typically vary only in the prologues (other than minor variants) for obvious reasons.
On the other extreme end might be jokes (“That's a funny joke, but in the version I heard the frog dancing the cha-cha was Michael Moore, instead of Howard Stern.”), generic plot fiction (e.g., detective stories, rags-to-riches stories), parables, non-historical and moralistic fiction, and fill-in-the-blank 'form' genres (e.g., marketing letters, G-R praise encomium , inauguration oaths).
One doesn't complain if you change the 'joke target' from Stern to Moore, but if you try to change the price in a contract, the penalty in a law, or some proposition in a religious creed, you might be assaulted and/or arrested! Some genres are more forgiving of deliberate modifications (indeed, some, like spoof, encourage 'mimicry'/mimesis---although it must be obvious to the reader what the 'background referent' is).
Unfortunately for Tigay's argument, an epic tale of a legendary (by that point) culture hero like Gilgamesh falls closer to the 'non-historical and moralistic fiction' category, and as such, differences are 'no big deal' anyway. No one even expects a bard to recite the tale 'word for word'--it is not something to 'fight over' (like a creed, treaty, contract, national history, or receipt). Scribal students might be beaten in school for missing a word in making a copy, but this was only because it was during 'orthography practice'! They could later change it anyway they wanted, but when the school exercise said wedge-for-wedge and logogram-for-logogram, then every slip was a liability to punishment or censure. Without copyright laws (generally speaking), for a professional copyist to make minor wording changes to a work of epic fiction would be no big deal--but a change to a royal inscription, deed, or enthronement ceremony ritual would be felonious, if not fatal.
And GE is clearly in the 'entertainment' category, as an 'epic' about a specific individual.
“The work is classed as an epic because it features the heroic exploits of a dimly historical figure with, on the sidelines, gods and goddesses who sometimes take a part in the action, and occasionally direct mortal affairs; nevertheless, we gain an overall impression of the free will of man which can fashion its own destiny and occasionally thwart the wishes of heaven. There is no suggestion anywhere that the epic was performed or recited as part of a ceremony or ritual. The specific purpose for which it was composed is a difficult question, but the general purpose for which the epic and its constituent stories existed in oral form is very probably entertainment, whether in royal courts, in private houses, around the camp-fires of desert caravans, or on the long sea voyages between the Indus and the head of the Arabian Gulf... So extensive in duration and distance were those journeys in both ancient and medieval times, that a long story in which old folk-tales were given a new and compelling setting, skilfully recombined to create a coherent whole, was wonderful entertainment.” [OT:MM:39-40]
“The fashioning around the character of Gilgames of a majestic epic poem, with its great, uniting themes of power and kingship, wilderness and civilization, friendship and love, victory and arrogance, death and life, man and god--this was a Babylonian achievement... This is not to say that I reject any notion that the Epic of Gilgames had for some a symbolic or mystical significance; it may well have done. But if it did so, it was a secondary development. Whatever it may have become, the poem itself has its origins in oral entertainment, not in any theological or intellectual pursuit.” [OT:BGE:20,51-52]
This can even be seen in the fact that it was not used for content in higher education, especially not when the student's worldview was being constructed. It--like most of the cosmogonic texts we have studied--were not really 'taken seriously' as religious or foundational documents. When secondary students got past the 'fun literature' stage, they abandoned the GE (and most of the cosmogonic mythic texts) for content purposes [as time progressed, however, it began to be copied because of its antiquarian 'academic difficulty' value.] Consider this description by AR George of GE's fare in Mesopotamian education:
“... [I]t was little known in antiquity. Other works of Babylonian literature-the Creation Epic, for example are known from many more manuscripts and thus seem to have been demonstrably more popular in antiquity. Another factor that informs the claim that the poem did not enjoy great popular acclaim is a perception that the epic was poorly represented in first-millennium schools, where the text was neither much used to practise writing nor often quoted by Babylonian scholars in oral teaching. Only a single passage from Standard Babylonian Gilgames appears on the extant Late Babylonian school exercise tablets, and lines from the text are, so far, cited only twice in the commentaries that derive from the oral instruction of scholar-teachers." [OT:BGE:34]
“A new study of the first-millennium. school tablets that derive from Babylon, Sippar, Kis, Ur and Uruk shows that then the elementary training of learner scribes fell into two phases. Two distinct repertoires of texts were written on two different types of tablet. On this evidence the less advanced of these phases was mostly given over to mastering the basic syllabary and lexicon but included the essential pantheon, the study of proverbs and an acquaintance with a very limited group of literary texts. These literary texts constituted a minor element in the first phase of instruction, for they are present on only a tiny number of the extant tablets. They include Gilgames, the birth-legend of Sargon, the Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin, the literary letter once known as the Weidner Chronicle, a literary letter of Samsuiluna, and the Poor Man of Nippur. Oral versions of the legends of Gilgames, Sargon and Nardin-Sin were probably well known to Babylonian children, and their early exposure to written texts about these fabled heroes of remotest antiquity in the first level of schooling sought to take advantage of this familarity. The humorous Poor Man of Nippur, widely circulated in antiquity, would also have been a familiar and entertaining tale. One may safely observe that young children will always show interest in a good story... The second phase of elementary instruction exposed the student to much more literature, for the tablets typical of this phase often include several passages from different literary texts. When considered against the traditional body of literature passed down through the generations, however, the corpus of texts studied at this point was restricted. Apart from vocabularies and other advanced lexical texts it comprised principally compositions that extol Marduk and Babylon (notably Enuma elis, Ludlul bel nemeqi, the Marduk prayers and Tintir = Babylon) and texts related to exorcism. Its purpose, then, was to fill the student's mind with the theological and political ideology current in the capital and to prepare him for an apprenticeship as a junior asipu a position that we know from colophons was held by many novice scribes. As far as exposure to literature goes, the storytelling that characterized the first phase has given way to more serious matters, the inculcation of a world-view and the acquisition of practical expertise... What emerges from study of Late Babylonian school tablets is that the Epic of Gilgames was not alone in being poorly represented as a copybook during the second phase of instruction. It seems that many traditional texts, including all the old mythological narratives such as Etana, Adapa, Anzu, Nergal and Erekigal and Atra-hasis, were completely ignored in elementary education. I believe that this was not because they were unpopular but because they did not suit the pedagogical needs of primary training in the first millennium BC.” [OT:BGE:35-36; Note--when it came time to learn something 'real', GE and many of its fellow-entertainment texts were 'ignored'. They were fun literature, but not something 'sacred' or 'serious'
Most of these literary works are just for the scribal class/intellectual elite, and are 'art for arts sake'--nothing to be 'zealous' about:
“For whom did these scribes compose their texts? Certainly not for ordinary citizens, who could neither read nor write. For the government? Not likely, because priests, kings, judges, and governors were illiterate. In the entire history of Mesopotamia only three kings claimed to be literate-Ashurbanipal, Lipit Ishtar, and Shulgi-and the evidence does not support the boast. Court scribes for Ashurbanipal had to explain simple Sumerian logograms for him, and Shulgi's claim appears in a context of other things equally unlikely, like running from Nippur to Ur. Did scribes write for themselves? It seems probable that the vast majority of scribal texts were art for art's sake, hence read only as writing exercises. Exceptions did occur, such as hymns and laments for use in the temples. An exclusivism among the scribes prompted them to guard writing zealously and even make it more complicated. For example, the person who inscribed the statue of Idrimi showed off his knowledge by seldom writing the same sign twice in the identical form. Nevertheless, popular proverbs were collected by the scribes, thus infusing the elite culture with elements from the masses.” [OT:EIAI:20f]
“Scribes thus accumulated and codified knowledge for their masters and perpetuated their own craft through education; but they also wrote on their own account, creating the kinds of texts that would typically comprise the contents of a library. It is hardly surprising that an urban elite should develop its own culture, distinct from the rural culture of the peasants and, importantly, distinct from the ruling class that it served. Its stories, its values, and its skills will have differed from those of village, but also in some respects from temple and court as well, because its economic interests and its intellectual horizons were different. For example, religion for the scribe will have been, professionally, an instrument of political ideology and of intellectual reflection, but not the wellspring of political or social behavior, in which the scribe was guided increasingly by rational and empirical considerations. This culture will have been expressed no doubt partly orally, but also in literary form, in writings created, copied, and cataloged. For this reason it is their culture to which we have a better access than any other.” [OT:HI:SSCHS:18]
But this was true of much of Sumerian literature as well. Vanstiphout, in discussing the The Matter of Aratta can say this:
“The conundrum at the end of the previous section can best be approached in relation to broader questions. Who composed these narratives? Why did they do this, and for whom? There is little or no doubt that the poems are the product of the scribal education in the schools, as is the bulk of standard Sumerian literature. This is not to say that they, and other compositions, were necessarily composed by scribes. But their acceptance, public reception, and tradition seem to have been mainly a matter of the schools--whatever the reasons for their initial conception. What is more, they belong to the core of the Nippur literary curriculum. This is abundantly clear from the material itself, in the material sense. We know the poems from an ordered variety of tablets. These come overwhelmingly from the Nippur eduba and in smaller numbers from Ur. Their distribution is that of the core material: in nearly all cases we have a few complete editions on large multicolumn (five to six columns per side) single tablets; a few more complete editions composed of multicolumn (three to four columns per side) editions of half or one third of the text; many single column extract tablets (imgida). The writing is almost always small, regular, and careful. There are few mistakes. There are but few alternative spellings and readings. Obvious exercise tablets belonging to the earlier phases of education are conspicuously absent. Furthermore, all four poems are represented in the curricular catalogs, mostly as a group. It follows that the pieces were meant for the scholars themselves and represented the final and highest step in their scribal education. It also follows that these poems, as is also the case with the other members of the core curriculum, were not studied for life, but for schooling...” [OT:ESK:13]
This scribal class was known for trying to 'impress itself' (perhaps out of boredom from the administrative tasks). They are constantly involved in puns and subtle word-play [HI:PAP], creating scribal-only humor (cf. The Praise of the Pickaxe), going for the 'witty' effect (“Such [cosmogomic] disputations were learned and witty and were intended, most probably, for the entertainment of the king and his court; in the case of Tree and Reed, the king was Shulgi (2046-1998 B.C.)” [OT:CAANEB,25] ), and engaging in humor, ridicule, and satire (even of priests and kings!):
“Humor opens infinite ranges to an original and satirical thinker. The spoof incantation against a bleating goat (11-32) develops well-established magical themes and language in a ridiculous way, and was surely the product of some earthy mind wearied of magical lore. At the Cleaners (11-7) and the Gilgamesh Letter (IV.20; “a parody on the Assyrian royal style”) are likewise humorous texts. When humor shades off into satire, an elusive genre, a text such as the Dialogue of Pessimism (IV. 18) results.” [BTM:23].
“Jokes about professions or social ineptitude in the ancient Near East were usually told from the point of view of scribes or literate folk who felt that their training made them superior to those whose work did not require writing.” [OT:CANE:2461, “Humor and Wit in the Ancient Near East”, Foster]
“A Babylonian buffoon, parodying an exorcist, brags that he can rid any house of a ghost: the procedure consists of burning the house down! ... Kings and their grandiose claims could be satirized; for example, the same Babylonian buffoon claims a heroic journey to distant lands in the style of kings of old. A Babylonian pseudonymous letter in the name of Gilgamesh, the legendary Sumerian king, makes gargantuan demands upon the recipient: 'Send me 70,000 black horses with white stripes, 100,000 mares whose hides have markings like wild tree roots, 40,000 continually gambolling miniature calves, 50,000 teams of dappled mules, 50,000 fine calves with well-turned hooves and horns intact. . . .' ... Priests could also bear the brunt of humor. A singer of Sumerian cultic laments is pilloried for his absurd piety: if his boat sinks, he wishes the river-god enjoyment of his cargo; if he slips and falls, he is doubtful of the propriety of rising, since his mishap was a visitation from heaven.” [OT:CANE:2462-3, “Humor and Wit in the Ancient Near East”, Foster]
In fact, there is no real reason to believe that the scribes actually were 'recording' these stories from oral tradition--they 'look like' they were 'written/scribal' from the start:
“There is no concrete indication in Akkadian literary or other texts that an independent oral literature existed, though some scholars believe that oral tradition was important in the formation of Akkadian literature.' No "teller of tales" is mentioned in written Akkadian tradition; in fact, little in Akkadian literature compels reconstructing an oral phase or tradition behind it. There were surely popular traditions that were written down less frequently than more formal literature, if at all. Faced with a dearth of evidence, one can say little about the influence of oral tradition on Akkadian literature.” [BTM:47]
Let me give a quick summary of the educational/scribal dynamic in this period, and then show the data behind that summary:
The way the educational process looked back then divides into two periods: the Old Babylonian and the First-Millennium. These two periods are radically different in character, output, and social dynamic. The OB period had a central academy for scribes, and was characterized by literary creativity. In addition to their administrative 'day jobs', the teachers and students wrote for themselves. There was competition (“top THAT version of Gilgamesh, dude!”) and most of the literature produced during this period was for private-consumption. Students were competitive, always trying to out-do one another before the teacher and their peers--and the academy provided a social setting which encouraged this. From name-calling in debates, to letters home to MOM about how a fellow student had better clothes(!), this setting would have generated 'pressure' to out-do one another in literary accomplishment and/or subtlety. It is during this period that the massive (and non-uniform) creative 'changes' from Gilgy precursors to the Gilgy of the OB are generated--students trying to create the 'best version possible'--King of the Hill. Much of the literature of this period is almost belles lettres--'fun literature', written for enjoyment and appreciation of peers, teachers, and occasionally, rulers [But don't show them the parody on the king!]
In the first millennium, all this changes. The 'fun literature' is now the 'classics' and one cannot change them much. They are to be 'preserved', commented upon, and studied for their archaic forms(!). The Academy no longer exists--it has been replaced by private lessons in the homes of individual teachers. There is no more competition, no more 'top that version', no more incentive for literary creativity. [There is plenty of incentive, however, for reusing archaic texts to portray the ruler as being in the line of venerated and legendary figures, of course! And textual variants of some of the literature in this period are exactly propaganda of this sort.] Copies of ancient texts are no longer copied for their value, but rather as either (a) proof that the scribe can do the work--a la a final exam; or (b) copies for another library as part of a government action. Gone are the days of the joy of introducing sneaky subplots into Gilgamesh or into Nergal, and having your teacher admire the work. Instead, we have the days of over-archaizing a text, making it look 'older' by usage of antiquated forms.
In the OB period, then, there were no 'constraints' on the authors for much of their non-administrative literature. They were free to do whatever they wanted to with their sources--nobody but them saw the versions (unless they were used as entertainment at court somewhere). Indeed, they were almost 'provoked' to do so by the social dynamics of the academy setting.
Let's stop now and look at the data behind this summary--and THEN we will move to the literature which WAS 'under constraint'.
* Competition, Fun-literature, and Top-That-Version:
“The arts of verbal offense and defense often use humor to parody or ridicule another. In Sumerian school debates, for example, the interlocutors plied each other with elaborately artificed insults about each other's genealogy, appearance, and level of education, presumably with an eye to raising a laugh in the gallery. An example begins, "He is spawn of a dog, seed of a wolf, stench of a mongoose, a helpless hyena's whelp, a carapaced fox, an addlepated mountain monkey whose reasoning is nonsensical." [OT:CANE:2464, “Humor and Wit in the Ancient Near East”, Foster]
“The Babylonian mythic story of Nergal and Ereshkigal provides an instance of a narrative being reworked with the addition of a subplot that is not without elements of humor. In an earlier version of this story, the god Nergal takes over the netherworld by a heroic feat: he stations various demons at the gates of the netherworld, then rushes in, seizes Ereshkigal, queen of the netherworld, but refrains from killing her in return for marriage. In a later version, he comes as a guest to the netherworld, becomes aroused at Ereshkigal's stripping to take a bath, and has intercourse with her for seven days and nights. Then he slips away and leaves her at dawn. When she arises in a leisurely fashion and calls for the rooms to be freshened and breakfast to be served, she learns that her lover has absconded. In a bitter lament, with tears dripping off the end of her nose, she sets forth her isolation and sexual frustration as queen of the dead and demands her lover back at any price. This part of the story is told with both humor and pathos, and adds considerable emotional interest to an otherwise simle tale.” [OT:CANE:2468, “Humor and Wit in the Ancient Near East”, Foster]
“A more complex case is provided by a subplot in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which might be subtitled "What Every Woman Knows." Here each turn in Gilgamesh's progress is made possible by the intervention of a woman, not by the hero's valor or intelligence. A harlot brings him his friend, his mother ensures by prayer the outcome of his vainglorious expedition, the wife of a guardian monster lets him through an impasse, a female tavern keeper tells him how to cross the river of death, the wife of the flood hero arranges for him to take home a reward for his expedition to the frontiers of existence. A parody of male vainglorious heroism? A celebration of the importance of female roles in success? No matter how read, it is a treatment of remarkable subtlety, like the best of humor.” [OT:CANE:2468, “Humor and Wit in the Ancient Near East”, Foster. Note: some off these subplot elements were introduced in the SB period--'topping the UR/OB period precursors'. I can imagine a male student having fun with adding the seduction of Enkidu by the prostitute Shamhat--as the means to his education...or with adding the attempted seduction of by Ishtar!]
“A small amount of a late version from Uruk, possibly as late as the Seleucid period, mainly covers an episode which is not yet extant in the standard version, so it is uncertain to what extent the Akkadian epic remained unchanged in its written form after the fall of,Nineveh in 612 BC. [OT:MM, 46, 47]
* Change from OB 'Fun' to 1st-Millenium rigid “Classics”:
“After the Old Babylonian period, the academy as an institution died out. The heretofore uniform school curriculum became less clearly defined and less widespread in its application. Although texts describing the educational process ceased to be produced, students continued to receive formal education from masters of the scribal arts. Scholars instructed pupils in their homes or in smaller schools. Some of these were located in proximity to the place in which scribes fulfilled their professional duties, for example, the private study of a master scribe associated with the temple complex at Hellenistic Uruk.” [OT:CANE:2272, “The Scribes and Scholars of Ancient Mesopotamia”, Pearce]
“The ancient texts are marked by a temporal distance. They were not adapted to the needs or the taste of the present. As such this corpus represents an awareness of history. This is the literature of an irrevocable past. The Ur III literature that was used, expanded, and adapted in the Old Babylonian period is a literature that is preserved and read and used, serving to indicate how literature proper is to be written. The two corpora thus display very different relations to the past. Both may be called 'canonical', though in very different senses of the word. The ancient corpus answers our expectation of a text that is faithfully transmitted over many centuries. Two of these compositions--The Instructions of Surrupak and The Kes Temple Hymn--entered the regular Old Babylonian school curriculum and are, therefore, known in numerous copies. There is no indication that their contents were more authoritative--in a moral or religious sense--than other compositions read in school. The corpus that was transmitted from the Ur III period is not 'canonical' in the sense of a closed canon that invites interpretation. It is rather a literary canon, defining what literature is and how new literature is to be produced. As an educational canon it serves to define a class of people. Scribes were identified by their knowledge of Sumerian. As an Old Babylonian proverb says: a scribe who does not know Sumerian, what kind of a scribe is that? The cultural competence expected from a scribe included knowledge of this corpus of literary texts.” [HI:HBB, 17f; Note: the literature was used to show how to create, and not what was 'believed/sacred'. The literature was MEANT to emulated/modified/built-upon.]
“First millennium canonical texts do not derive their canonicity from divine sanction or divine inspiration. The few hints at divine inspiration I have mentioned may not be compared to the Biblical model. They are also very different from the canonical body of literary texts the Old Babylonian period. The Old Babylonian Sumerian corpus is a living, changing corpus. The first millennium corpus is more or less closed and textually fixed. There is little new invention, and little adaptation of the received text. The texts are old and authoritative, as is sometimes indicated by the attribution of divine authors or authors from a time past. Their canonicity, their intention and ability to prescribe a direction is not in defining what newly created literature should be like. It is rather in the never-ending project of hermeneutics. ... The comparison between Old Babylonian and first millennium corpora of texts reveals that the notion of text itself developed and changed dramatically. Old Babylonian schools used the heritage from the past freely. They transmitted, re-created, and used the old tradition as inspiration for new compositions. The texts were written, first of all, for educational purposes. The concept of a library does not seem to exist. Knowledge was located in the heads of school masters, not in collections of tablets. First millennium libraries contain repositories of reliable knowledge, knowledge about writing, knowledge about divination. ” [HI:HBB:27f. Note: Oddly enough--for those who believe that Genesis was written in Exilic or Post-exilic periods--this factor would argue that, IF the Hebrew scribes were emulating First-Millennium praxis, THEN they would NOT be 'freely modifying' the past, but rather 'little adapting'! Not only would this argue against Tigay's thesis, but it would all but eliminate all arguments for 'borrowing'--since the putative antecedent Meso-x texts would have had to have been VERY 'identical' to the Genesis narratives. And, of course, we have no such ANE documents even close to the Genesis texts which could have served in this borrowing-direction.]
“Moving from court to classroom, we have already seen that in the Old Babylonian period, when scribal training was conducted in Sumerian and used Sumerian set texts, nevertheless some learner scribes were demonstrating very capably that they could set down on clay episodes from Babylonian narrative poetry, whether by extemporizing, by composing from memory or by copying from a master tablet. The text most often selected for this exercise was Gilgames.” [OT:BGE:35; They practiced modifying and expanding GE!]
“What is important here is that grammatical and form-critical observations as well as comparison with parallel versions allow one to make careful literary-critical judgments. Throughout the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian periods [first-mil periods] the scribes who composed and edited "historical" texts were strongly inclined to use previous versions of texts whenever they dealt with the same subject, to change or edit them to suit their own needs or the particular audience for which they were intended, to conflate various kinds of source material or parallel versions with varying degrees of literary skill, and always to be rather rigidly bound by conventions of style, genre, and formulaic expression.” [OT:ISH:64]
“The original compositions of the Cassite period [first-mil] are quite different in spirit from the Old Babylonian works, in that the writers were conscious of the fine tradition to which they were heirs. They tended to live in the past, and lacked the inspiration of the earlier works. Even in language this is apparent. Middle Babylonian, the contemporary vernacular, is a development on Old Babylonian, but it was not generally used for literature. A special literary dialect, Standard Babylonian, was created during the Cassite period, which, so far as our knowledge goes, was never a spoken dialect. It appears to be the result of taking Middle Babylonian as a basis and attempting to restore certain Old Babylonian forms. It is a curiosity that some phonetic features are morphologically older than Old Babylonian! There is no possible confusion between Standard and Old Babylonian. As in language, so in style. Self-consciousness results in a striving for stylistic effect, and some Cassite-period compositions are overloaded with rare words. The authors betray their very academic background and training.” [OT:BWL:14]
“The language of the poem [Ludlul bel nemeqi , Poem of the Righteous Sufferer] is rich in rare words. The author was steeped in the scholarly lore of his age, including medical texts; some of the pathological terms used are otherwise attested only in diagnostic treatises. The author makes use of every poetic device in the Akkadian repertory. He is fond of wordplays, alliteration, rhyme, intricate parallelism, inclusion by opposites. He develops various elaborate over-arching symbolic frames of reference in his text, among them darkness and light, day and night. He displays his humility throughout his text by various ingenious devices. An ancient commentary and numerous manuscripts from different localities attest to the esteem this composition enjoyed among the educated. ... The product is one of the finest literary monuments of Mesopotamian antiquity.”[BTM:307,8]
* Purpose of Copies was for Exams and Libraries, not out of 'reverence' per se (SB period):
“The norm for what we call a library, both in Babylonia and in Assyria [in first-millenium BC], is a collection of tablets stemming from a domestic dwelling, typically tablets accumulated over several generations of a single family in which the men were employed in one or other of the intellectual professions--diviners, exorcists, cult singers-for which literacy had become necessary. The origin of many tablets, their time and place of composition, can often be determined from the colophons typically appended to the main text. And in Late Babylonian colophons of library tablets from Uruk and Babylon we read, time and again, that a given tablet belongs to So-and-so, a professional man, but was actually written out by Such-and-such, his son, nephew or other young relative. Writers of such tablets often explicitly identify themselves in colophons as apprentices or junior professionals. A study of the careers of members of the scholarly families of Uruk in the Persian and Seleucid periods shows that writing scholarly tablets was generally a task for young men; the same tablets' owners, by contrast, were more senior, usually by a whole generation. Another revealing case is the two Middle Assyrian copies of a bilingual hymn to Ninisinna written on the same day by sons of the same father (Junior scribes'); each brother checked the work of the other. It is more plausible to explain this event not as evidence that, for some reason, the father needed two copies of this text, but as witness to a test of the proficiency of scribal apprentices. ... We know that the scribal art in Mesopotamia was, like many a traditional craft, passed down through the generations from father to son. It seems to me very likely that most tablets written by youngsters for their seniors are the final products of a boy's education. They were the proof that he had mastered the art of writing and the immense body of learning that went with it. In this view very many manuscripts of literary texts from the first-millennium sites-- Babylon, Borsippa, Sippar, Uruk, Assur, Sultantepe, Nimrud-whether found in domestic contexts, at the father's place of work or deposited in a temple as a votive gift, are effectively the counterparts of the Sumerian literary tablets from the little houses on Tablet Hill at Nippur. They are the products of scribes of junior rank who had progressed beyond the first two stages of the syllabus and were engaged in advanced study. The Kuyunjik tablets are exceptions. ... Another argument can be marshalled here. It is an accepted fact, though not yet a properly documented one, that the process of scribal education in ancient Mesopotamia was such that it yielded more instances of excerpts and larger sections taken from the beginning of any given text or series of tablets than from the end. Would-be scribes tended to tackle new compositions by starting at the beginning; accordingly, our knowledge of many texts of the scribal tradition is unbalanced. This was so in the second millennium as well as the first, and helps incidentally to explain why comparatively few of the Old and Middle Babylonian tablets of Gilgames are sources for episodes from the second half of the epic. An examination of the first-millennium tablets in this regard is instructive. Seventy-two of the seventy-three manuscripts of the Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgames can be allocated to one or other tablet of the series. Those that come from elsewhere than Nineveh display an interesting distribution. Of the thirty-eight manuscripts in question no fewer than twenty-three are sources for the first third of the series, Tablets I-IV. Only fifteen are sources for Tablets V-XII. Leaving aside the manuscripts from Assyria (Assur, Nimrud and Sultantepe), the distribution of the Late Babylonian sources is even more lopsided: twenty-two for Tablets I-IV and just eight for the remaining eight tablets. Among the tablets from Nineveh a very different picture is seen: the thirty-four manuscripts are distributed exactly in proportion, eleven for Tablets I-IV and twenty-three for the remainder. This analysis supports the idea that the Late Babylonian sources stem from an educational environment. We know that the tablets of Ashurbanipal did not, and it is clear from these figures that at Nineveh there was interest in the series as a whole. ... Against this background the impression that the Babylonian Epic of Gilgames was not used in pedagogy is seen to be false. Looking beyond the Kuyunjik collection, many of the total of nearly forty manuscripts may be the work of young scribes sitting their final examinations, as it were.” [OT:BGE:37f]
And even when it appears in non-Meso-X contexts, it looks like it was ONLY for scribal training--pure writing/language pedagogy or copy-practice (not out of 'reverence for the content'!):
“A better view of scribal education at about this time can be had from western centres in Syria and Anatolia. At Emar, Ugarit and Hattusa there is ample evidence for the Akkadian Gilgames. At Emar it occurs as one of a small number of Sumerian and Babylonian literary texts of which copies were kept in the scriptorium excavated in the 1970s. The surviving colophons report that these tablets were the work of advanced scribes, but at least one of the compositions survives in more than one copy. This fact suggests that the function of these texts in the scriptorium was pedagogic, a view that is reinforced by the selection of genres represented, which are typical of scribal training. Copied alongside Gilgames were folk-tale (Enlil and Namzitarra, the Fowler and the Sun God), fable (Tamarisk and Date Palm), other wisdom literature (the Poem of Early Rulers) and traditional sayings (sime milkam), a small corpus of texts that constituted a smattering of literature alongside a great quantity of lexical lists." [OT:BGE:35]
“Cuneiform tablets found at Ugarit and at Hattusas show that the training of scribes in cities outside the control of Babylon or of Assyria was by no means a standard one. Each court may have used local, existing written or oral material for its own purposes, adapting it to its needs. This is quite distinct from principles of scholarly scribal tradition within one particular kingdom or empire, which demanded that temple tablets be copied with scrupulous accuracy for a new library, as one of the prerogatives of conquest. [OT:MM, 46, 47. Note how different these two sets of 'conventions' are--one for training exercises, and one for 'public usage']
“The surest sign of the epic's popularity as a copy-book lies in the well-observed fact of its appearance in Syria, Palestine and Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age. Only a limited selection of Babylonian literature was studied by boys learning to write cuneiform in the West, though libraries could hold representative selections of a wide spectrum of texts from the scribal tradition. No such text achieved the ubiquity of Gilgames and few others so struck the local people that they produced local versions in Hittite and Hurrian as well as Akkadian.” [OT:BGE:39; Note--the local versions in Hittite and Hurrian can just as easily be explained as school exercises in translation and/or modification--there is no reason to assume it is done out of 'being struck' by the document. It could have been selected because of its length, its non-political message, its range of linguistic forms, even its 'spicy-ness'! (I have German texts in my library which I had to use for translation practice--if someone dug my library up and found them, would they believe I was 'struck by' these works?!) These were texts to learn to read, copy, translate (i.e., they were 'copy-books')--some 'censorship' might have occurred in the process as well.]
So, when Tigay gives his conclusion--that the earlier editors 'felt free' to modify-at-will, but that later editors 'took less liberty'--this could just as easily support an entirely different conclusion: earlier editors were under social 'pressure' to modify-at-will, but later editors wouldn't try to top that last, “really good version” of the SB variety. This model would predict development of a piece (freely) under OB/MB periods, and less 'embellishment/improvement' after (1) the piece had gotten 'too good' to improve on; or (2) the piece had become 'archaic' and therefore 'classical' and COULDNT be modified. [This model would only apply, however, to 'purely' literary pieces; any piece 'anchored down' by legal, political, or ritual use might not enjoy this freedom--as we will discuss below.]
GE is a school creation, a work of entertainment, and almost a 'test of skill' for OB/MB and the early SB scribal-students (and maybe teachers?). There were no constraints to 'feel free' to violate in making such mods. Genesis (and several other ANE works we will look at next) are decidedly not 'for entertainment purposes', and the freedom manifested in GE will not be seen (nor apply) to these more-anchored texts. Accordingly, I don't see how GE can be used as a 'control' for determining the evidential impact of differences. It's just comparing apples to oranges.
But how about less-literary-only texts? George had indicated that GE wasn't used for ritual/cultic purposes, and the variability with which it was 'transformed' by scribes was explained above as due to its 'entertainment-only' nature. Would more-ritual-oriented or more-politically-oriented texts exhibit the same variability? Let's check a couple listed in George's curriculum list [e.g., The Epic of Creation (Enuma Elis) and the Myth of Erra (Erra and Ishum)].
First, let's check one of the ones mentioned by George as being in the 'advanced phase' of scribal education: the Epic of Creation (Enuma Elish, EE).
What indications do we have that it was more-than-just-literary?
Well, we have already noted that AR George pointed out that it was used in 'worldview' and advanced-phase scribal training. And, he explains the greater incidence of EE manuscripts this way too:
“To sum up, I would maintain that in the late second and the first millennium the Babylonian Epic of Gilgames had two functions in training scribes. It was a good story and thus useful, in small quantities, for absolute beginners. And as a difficult classic of traditional literature it was studied at greater length by senior pupils nearing the end of their training. If its use in the formal curriculum of scribal education was limited in this way, this does not necessarily mean that the poem was unpopular in wider circles. Indeed, the evidence assembled in this discussion of Gilgames in education also speaks for a considerable popularity among literate people. The number of manuscripts from centres excluding Nineveh far exceeds those of Anzu, Etana, Adapa, Nergal and Ereskigal, Atra-hasis and Istar's Descent put together. Of the great narrative poems only Enuma elis exceeds Gilgames in the number of its sources, and for the same reason that passages of it appear so often as excerpts on second-stage school exercise tablets. As a vehicle for inculcating ideology Enuma elis the holy writ of the cult of Marduk, held a unique place in the first-millennium tradition. On the number of extant manuscripts the Erra epic approaches Gilgames in popularity, but it too has a special advantage, for the apotropaic function its poet claims for it was widely believed to be effective and some copies of the poem were produced as charms.[OT:BGE:39; Note: 'apotropaic' = 'warding off evil spirts, bad luck, etc, via magical practice'. This is a form of ritual use, and George here suggests that the less-known Erra Myth's popularity is due to this ritual use.]
In fact, EE looks more like an 'official' (or propagandistic) document, as well--something 'foundational' for the city/nation:
“The Epic of Creation celebrates the exaltation of the Babylonian god Marduk to supreme deity of the Mesopotamian pantheon after he had saved the gods from attack by Tiamat, the ocean. The poem ascribes to Marduk reorganization of the universe, with Babylon at the center of it, and inspiration for the creation of mankind in order to sustain the gods. It offers an explanation of various names it assigns to Marduk. This poem should not be considered "the" Mesopotamian creation story; rather, it is the individual work of a poet who viewed Babylon as the center of the universe, and Marduk, god of Babylon, as head of the pantheon. This message was not lost on contemporary readers, for, in some Assyrian versions of the poem, Assur was substituted for Marduk. Therefore this poem can be read as a document of Babylonian nationalism. It may be a product of Babylonian nationalistic revival at the time of Nebuchadnezzar I, though there is no firm evidence for its date of composition. To judge from its language and content, the poem dates to the latter part of the second millennium B.C.” [BTM:350]
It may not have been written for ritual/cultic use, but it certainly was used in this way--being recited monthly in public ceremony (i.e., another 'foundational'/ pledge-like use):
“It is known that under the Late Babylonian empire this text was recited to Marduk’s statue on the fourth day of Nisan in the course of the New Year festival (ANET, 332). During the same festival, about a week later, Marduk ceremonially defeated Tiamat and was proclaimed king by the other gods, who had assembled in Babylon for this purpose. It has been argued that Enuma Elish was the “scripture” for this annual reenactment, an example of the interplay of myth and ritual. But the recitation did not take place in connection with the Akitu rites in the course of which Tiamat was defeated. Furthermore it is known that Enuma Elish was also recited to Marduk on the fourth day of Kislimu, when no Akitu house battle took place, and information about the fourth day of the other ten months is lacking. Thus it is possible that Enuma Elish was recited to Marduk on the fourth day of every month, so the occurrence in Nisan is not especially significant. In any case there is no evidence that Enuma Elish was composed with cultic recitation in view. The epilogue states clearly that it was intended to serve in spreading knowledge of the greatness of Marduk throughout the population, by oral recitation. Thus the context of Enuma Elish is the rise of Marduk in history, in the reign of Nebuchadnezzar I, not the cult of Babylon, in which its use was presumably secondary.” [ABD, s.v. “Enuma Elish” (Lambert)]
OK. So, what were the downstream implications of this 'foundational/public usage', relative to textual fixity? Was is radically modified downstream, like the pre-OB GE narratives were by the OB GE, and like the OB GE narratives were done (less so) by the SB GE?
It looks like it was accorded some 'social protection'--like it was considered too 'sacred' or 'heritage' to modify (like perhaps the US Declaration of Independence is to US citizens?). Literary citations/allusions to it are very close, and variances in apotropaic uses are to be expected [see below].
“Though naturally there are variants in the manuscript tradition, there is no reason to suppose that the fundamental content of the work has been altered by successive generations, as has sometimes been suggested, just as there is no reason to elevate this composition to a greater authority than it deserves. It was esteemed highly in the first half of the first millennium B.C., as witnessed by the numerous copies that have turned up in both Assyria and Babylonia, by the preparation of an ancient commentary to the names of Marduk (Tablet VII), and by the ritual use of the composition in the Babylonian new year's festival as stated in late sources. It was quoted or referred to in other texts about Marduk.” [BTM:351]
“A surprising lack of textual variation is to be found in the tablets [Enuma elis], which came from a variety of sites and periods. This may be explained either as indicating that composition is relatively late, and that there is no oral background; or as showing that a text became 'canonized' if it was used for a particular ritual, as this epic was. When Sennacherib described scenes from the epic with which he decorated the doors of the Temple of the New Year Festival, he included details which are not found in the extant version, such as that the god Amurru was Assur's charioteer, and so we may deduce that there were indeed different versions in circulation. [OT:MM, 229]
[Note: Dalley's argument from-variant-to-version here oversteps the meager data. The passage he refers to clearly has Assur taking Marduk's place (i.e., “Sennacherib, king of Assyria, maker of the images of Assur and the great gods: the Temple of the New Year's Feast of the Plain, whose cult has been forgotten since days of old, which(?) I restored at the command of the oracle (lit., oracle and command) of Shamash and Adad,--its outer temple, Bit-ugga, was destroyed by fire. The name of its sanctuary, E-balagga, [I changed] and ... I called its name. A gate of burnished copper, with all kinds of [re-liefs] in the workmanship of the smith-god, by my own artistic ability, I made, and the image of [Assur, who] is advancing to battle [into the midst of Tiamat], as he raises his bow, riding in a chariot, [bringing on, the storm] (and the image of) Amurru, who rides with him as charioteer (holder of the reins),-(these) I engraved upon that gate at the command of Shamash and Adad, as they gave it through the oracle. ... 445. The gods who go before him and after him, those who ride on chariots, and those who go on foot, [and] their [helpers] as they are drawn up in line before Assur, and as they are drawn up in line behind Assur; (the image of) Tiamat, (and) the creatures inside her, into whose midst Assur, king of gods, is advancing to battle,-I engraved upon that gate in obedience to the command of Shamash and Adad. ... 446. The rest of the gods, who are advancing on foot, at the command of Shamash and Adad [I engraved these] When Assur was not yet overpowering Tiamat, but facing the beasts whom Tiamat was bringing on, how these were advancing on foot ...(etc)” [HI:ARAB:2:186f]) , but there is more reason to believe it was a deliberate innovation on his part, instead of another circulating version (i.e., “After his sack of Babylon in 689 BCE, Sennacherib attempted to institute a number of religious reforms. These included an endeavour to replace the cult of Marduk in Babylon by an analogous cult in Assyria with Assur playing the part of Marduk.” [DDD:202, s.v. “Assur”] ). There is no other evidence for the existence of another 'version' of EE.]
“In its turn, the Creation Epic exercised considerable influence on later Akkadian literature. Late devotional compositions allude to or quote the epic (III-44b, 44e, 44f, 46a; IV.4d). One cannot demonstrate that in every case the epic was the source and the other text the borrowing, but there are usually circumstantial reasons for taking this to be the case. For example, Against Illness (III-44b) alludes to the epic half a dozen times in the space of ten lines. The allusions are highlighted by being concentrated in a single passage, with no further allusions to be found in the text thereafter. They refer to Marduk's power as slayer of Tiamat and his role as a vegetation and fertility deity. Prince of the Gods (III 44f) contains numerous allusions, direct and indirect, to the epic, and indeed, so far as preserved, reads like a meditation on the larger text. ... Nergal the Warrior (III.46a) is a less clear case. Line 4, for example, alludes to the Six Hundred, who are said to be organized by Marduk in the epic (Tablet VI line 44); the "pitiless deluge-weapon" also recalls the epic (Tablet IV line 49); and the gods take to "secret places," as do the defeated gods in the epic. Since these are stock expressions, one could argue that they show common use of well-known material rather than borrowing. However, Sublime Nergal (III. 46c) quotes the epic (Tablet I line 94) in a context making so little sense that one may conclude that this was lifted as a memorable line from the epic and misapplied in the Nergal hymn. ... A lengthy hymn to Marduk offered in the name of Assurbanipal is filled with allusions to the epic.” [BTM:26f]
On of the marks of 'canonicity' and the fixity of a text is the arising of secondary literature referring to the text: commentaries, meditations, and allusions. In the case of EE, we can see from the above that all of these marks were present. It was a document shared and 'depended on' for public function (e.g., 'a document of Babylonian nationalism'); social and authority structures would operate to keep it 'stable'.
We might make the point here that this is in contrast to GE. GE (or any prior versions of GE, importantly) is not a 'national' anything, and would not have the same preservation-forces operating on behalf of it (during its creation):
“When the full majesty of the Epic of Gilgames became apparent in the early twentieth century it became the fashion to view it as the national epic of the Babylonians. The expression 'national epic' implies for me a long narrative composition that, to a greater or lesser degree, relates to the origin or identity of a people [tn: think “Genesis” or “Exodus”...(smile)]. Such poems necessarily describe the struggles for independence or wars against foreign oppressors from which a nation emerges new or reborn. They are often composed deliberately with the aim of forging a national identity, like the Aeneid. There is nothing of war in the Epic of Gilgames only heroic combat between individuals and between men and monsters, and the grim struggle with death. No great crisis in the life of Babylonia takes centre stage, only great crises in the life of a man. The poem's interest is not in what it means to be a Babylonian as opposed to, say, an Assyrian or an Elamite, but what it means to be a mortal human as oppposed [sic] to an immortal god. On these counts the poem of Gilgames is no national epic. ... Some would reject the notion of the poem of Gilgames as a 'national epic' on other grounds: that it was little known in antiquity. Other works of Babylonian literature--the Creation Epic, for example--are known from many more manuscripts and thus seem to have been demonstrably more popular in antiquity. Another factor that informs the claim that the poem did not enjoy great popular acclaim is a perception that the epic was poorly represented in first-millennium schools, where the text was neither much used to practise writing nor often quoted by Babylonian scholars in oral teaching. Only a single passage from Standard Babylonian Gilgames appears on the extant Late Babylonian school exercise tablets, and lines from the text are, so far, cited only twice in the commentaries that derive from the oral instruction of scholar-teachers." [OT:BGE:33f; In other words, no secondary literature. GE is not like EE or Genesis, in this respect of being a 'foundational' , 'national' document.]
Now, before we switch to another document, let's check out one more thing here: the use of sources WITHIN Enuma elish. In other words, if we believe that EE was consciously created as a 'foundational document' (e.g., relative to Marduk's supremacy, with the king the obvious beneficiary), did EE use its sources in a 'free' manner? And if it did, were those sources 'public' or 'private' sources, in the sense I am using here?
Foster identifies several precursors for us to consider:
“The Creation Epic (111-17), which probably dates to the Mature period, is a particularly apt subject for intertextual study, for it draws on a variety of Akkadian and Sumerian traditions. These include narrative poems about the god Ninurta, whose deeds are assigned to Marduk in the Creation Epic. The episode of the creation of mankind is drawn from Atrahasis or a similar text; lists of divine names form a basis for the episode of the fifty names of Marduk.3... [BTM:26f]
We have already seen (in our earlier piece on EE) that the sources used by EE are 'perverted' (to use Lambert's phrase!):
“The first major conclusion is the that Epic of Creation is not a norm of Babylonian or Sumerian cosmology. It is a sectarian and aberrant combination of mythological threads woven into an unparalleled compositum. ... The various traditions it draws upon are often perverted to such an extent that conclusion based on this text alone are suspect.” [ISI:100,101]
Anyone familiar with the mythic precursors can see that the EE-author has smuggled Marduk into EVERY 'prime position' in every mythic theme! All the material is fairly accurate, except for the massive intrusions of Marduk! Given this, EE's use of sources could arguably be called 'polemical inversions' (or perhaps 'polemical colonialism'!). It is difficult to ascertain how 'public' those mythic sources were, but such use of these themes would at least require them to be 'well-respected' or 'well-accepted'. [That is, it does no good for Marduk to assume all of Ninurta's achievements if nobody 'valued' those achievements.]
So, this case is also UNLIKE the GE case, but in a different way than we have seen so far. GE will 'pervert' (transform) a pre-existing myth, because no one really cares about its 'protection'. It is a literary play only. EE will pervert it FOR polemical/propaganda reasons, BECAUSE people care about it, and BECAUSE people will notice that Mighty Marduk (founder of The Mighty Mar-duks--sorry--OB scribal ethics creeping in here...smile) has 'taken over'. But when something is seen as 'cared about' by the public/political/cultural function, this is NOT perverted/changed (normally)--in the absence of 'inversion' requirements.
Okay, let's check out The Myth of Erra (Erra and Ishum).
This is a later document, but one that also had a ritual usage.
“One must mention as well the brilliance of an individual who produces a text that is at once recognized as a masterpiece and becomes a classic. Such a person was Kabti-ilani-Marduk, author of Erra and Ishum, one of the most original and experimental Akkadian narrative texts (IV. 16). This poet produced a narrative piece that, apart from its theological and spiritual profundity, can be read as a textbook of the possibilities available in Akkadian poetic tradition.” [BTM:23]
“Frequent recitation of the song, or its presence in a house in the form of a copy or even an extract, were pledges of divine protection and preservation. The god was indeed widely known, to judge from the number of manuscripts and, above all, among them the existence of simple extracts copied on tablets whose arrangement implies that they were to be hung up in houses as apotropaic amulets. On occasion kings were not averse to citing passages from the composition in their own inscriptions. The historical narrative conceived in the form of a myth had been transformed into a protective talisman!” [OT:MC:27; Remember, 'official citing' is a sign of fixity/protection.]
Although this piece was probably NOT written as a 'public document', it nonetheless was treated so--with the result that it wasn't 'tampered with' in citations:
“A few quotations have been found in the inscriptions of Sargon II and his contemporary in Babylon, the notorious Merodach-Baladan 11, of the late eighth century, but those kings may have been quoting from the work because it was popular then, and not necessarily because it was composed at that time. Although the various tablets show very little textual variation, much more variation is exhibited in extracts, which were written commonly on amulets, and they show that different versions did indeed exist, perhaps due to oral tradition. Certain evidence of older associations has been noted, particularly with reference to the Suteans, traditionally nomadic enemies who damaged Babylonian cities in the eleventh century BC, but they may have been incorporated deliberately to lend an air of antiquity and thus authority to the poem.” [OT:MM:283]
[Note: Again, Dalley argues from-variants-to-versions, even though the manuscript tradition shows 'very little textual variation'. The citations of Merodach/Sargon are just that--citations--with the only variances coming in amulets. But this really is not a strong link to 'versions', because it is known that when curses/spells used episodes from 'canonical' literature, they applied the themes and not the individual words (there are exceptions, of course, but they are mainly from later periods). These are known as 'historiola'-- spells 'in which short mythological stories provide a paradigm for a desired magical action'. [HI:HCW:432]. So, for example, in applying the Sumerian Cow of Sin mythic episode to incantations for difficult childbirth, we see this type of variation:
“Now, we know at least seven instances of the Cow of Sin motif; all occur in ritual texts that explicitly address themselves to the problem of a woman having trouble in childbirth. Yet only in the first-millennium scribal centers do we find duplicates. Even the non-duplicate texts with the greatest verbal similarity still show significant variation: formulae are, reversed, epithets are substituted, characters appear and disappear. There are also diachronic differences: the OB text shares lines with the OA text that they do not share with any later material. The OB text is also the only one that does not name the cow. Indeed, while the OB text has recognizably the same theme and explicitly the same purpose as the later texts, there is little verbal overlap; among published texts its closest affinities are with the NA text (KAR 196 III 36-45). In fact, the manuscripts that emerge, as most textually correct and free from loss according to classic text-critical principles are actually the latest ones... This forces us to an interesting conclusion: there appears to be no stream of verbatim textual transmission apparent before the Neo-Assyrian period. Each individual recorded instance before this period was the product of a different configuration of the components and formulae try. constitute the Cow of Sin theme. The picture we now have is one where, until the first millennium, the identity of the Cow of Sin theme did not exist at the verbal level but at the level of a theme applied to a situation.” [HI:HCW:433f, emphasis his]
In other words, in the scribal center the material was copied as 'duplicates', but in ritual/incantation use, it was applied thematically. Variants in incantation uses, therefore, do NOT imply the existence of versions in the scribal centers.]
But what of this document's use of sources itself? Sure, it was preserved 'tight'--due to its 'public usage'--but what of its own 'self-view' and what of its use of sources? Did it modify them at the level of GE? Did it seem to consider itself 'semi-sacred, normative' literature?
On the latter count, it might have actually been a semi-polemical / apologetic work, and therefore a 'court' production. Its pseudo-prophecy about a 'man from Akkad' is often thought to refer to Nabonassar or Merodach-Baladan II, and its main thrust about violence (it is largely a series of pontifications between the main characters about this theme) supports a possible propaganda origin. But interestingly, this scribe probably still had some 'perverse fun' while doing this: “An element of ridicule and satire spices the characterization of both Erra and Marduk” [OT:MM:283]. This is a sure sign that HE didn't take it too seriously. There is no evidence it was intended or, or used in, cult use. It's external uses seems to be in amulet/magical praxis.
So, perhaps this isn't a good case of 'high intent' composition either. But let's at least consider its use of sources, for if it used 'sacro-sanct' sources and modified them radically (as GE did), then we may have something to think about.
If we look through the footnotes in Dalley and Foster, we find next to nothing in the way of clear source-usage. Foster actually mentions none, and Dalley mentions these:
The opening lines are modeled after Anzu [This is essentially a genre thing, though: “introductory lines belong to a genre...similar introductions are found in Anzu and Gilgamesh”]
There is an 'echo' to the problem of human noise in Atrahasis (one half line) and the use of 'black-headed people' (as in Epic of Creation).
There is a second reference to human noise bothering the gods.
[Dalley understands “Deluge” to refer to the AE flood; Foster sees it as just 'disaster' (the phenomena actually looks like a drought).]
There is a pun that also occurs in the poem Shulgi King of Abundance.
“The idea that a god is made powerless when divested of his rays or mantle of radiance is also found in the episode of Humbaba in Gilgamesh.”
A couple of times gods seems to be substituted for (or assimilated to) other gods (Anu for Enlil, Marduk for Ellil, Nergal with Ninurta)
There is a reference to the killing/snaring of Anzu (from the Myth of Anzu)--with the 'net' idea perhaps being present and NEW.
There seems to be some vague allusions/references, but very minor--and nothing to indicate any borrowing of a 'source', so there's no real data here.
Okay--let's switch gears now and check another extreme case of 'public stuff'--law codes.
A prime baseline of public-so-dont-rewrite-it material would be law codes. Law codes are known to have been borrowed from one jurisdiction to another, but within a jurisdiction--except in the case of statute change, of course--the textual citations are not 'free':
“In clear contrast to the two parallels just discussed is the impressive example noted by Borger in which a treaty between Marduk-zakir-sumi I of Babylon and samsi-Adad V of Assyria concludes with a series of curses which is drawn almost totally from The Code of Hammurabi, composed an entire millennium earlier. Even though curse formulae tend to be stereotypical, the degree of correspondence here is convincing. If Borger's reconstruction of the text is correct, out of 14 consecutive lines of the treaty, less than half a dozen words are not found in Hammurabi and nearly 100 are shared. Even more remarkable is the fact that their sequence within the code is left entirely undisturbed. No clear editing principle emerges, other than the expected elimination of first person comments of Hammurabi, and the possible climactic patterning of the curses so that the first curses are to afflict just the monarch while the final curses call for the destruction of his entire land as well.” [OT:SQVP:134f]
Okay--where does this land us?
We have seen that the 'freedom to change' precursor texts is not uniform. Texts that have some kind of public/foundational function are held as 'authoritative tradition' (more or less), and are preserved in the scribal continuity process except in cases of obvious and deliberate 'polemical inversion'. Texts that are, by contrast, 'merely literary' are fair game for transformation, spoofing, 'spicing up', etc.
Which leads us to our second issue...
Two. The issue of Closeness of Analogy.
If our analysis above is correct, then our conclusion is obvious: the evolution of the Gilgamesh Epic is not even a 'control' or exemplar for ANE literature.
GE's 'freedom' to use the sources as it willed was a function of (a) the “non-canonical” status of those sources; and (b) the literary-only environment of the creative process. And the 'non-canonical' status of GE itself explains how it was transmitted/modified in non-Meso-X.
In contrast, ANE texts with 'public' , 'foundational', or 'ritual' importance were NOT subject to such modification, except in the obvious (and exception-proves-the-point) case of polemical inversion.
And, indeed, even within the 'artful modification' process, 'fidelity to the sources' was STILL the dominant motif--in matters of tradition:
“Assyrian scribes, when producing annals, adapt sources to their immediate ends. Where the shape of a prism demands, they abridge or even telescope. They vary the phraseology, for aesthetic or semantic reasons. Yet they do not seem to veil the meaning of the sources, or the facts about the events they are relating. Artful representation plays its part in this tradition too. It is more obvious at the level of composition than at that of redaction; overall, loyalty to the sources remains the rule.” [TFH:200]
So, given that GE is not even an exemplar or 'control' for its OWN historical culture groups, I cannot see why we should grant that it should/could be assumed to be an exemplar or 'control' for how non-Meso-X compositional processes worked. There would need to be some 'evidence' given (and successfully defended) before one could assume that any 'differences are not decisive' principle could be extrapolated from it to the biblical texts (since we have already seen that said principle could NOT be extrapolated to even its 'culture-kindred' literatures).
What Tigay would have to show is the the Genesis (or broader biblical, for that matter) narrative is closer in 'genre' to the literary-only GE than to 'foundational', 'national epic', and 'products of nationalism' such as EE, Erra, etc.
And this, I submit, would be very difficult to do. He might could fare better with Job or Ecclesiastes, but to demonstrate that Genesis was based on 'interesting, but who cares?' sources AND that it was not written as a foundational document for Israel (at some time or another--any time would do, actually) would require new data to emerge....(smile).
We just have too much data to indicate the contrary. Without trying to defend this here, or even to do more than just scratch the surface, let me point out:
Early Genesis is referred to in Exodus, Deut, and Joshua. All of these are foundational and/or nationalistic documents. Even the Sabbath is based on Genesis 1!
Early Genesis is referred to in cultic passages (Psalms).
Early Genesis is referred to in prophetic passages (across all time frames; Is, Jer, Ezek)
Early Genesis contributes 'normative' images for OT Israel: Eden, Sodom, Land Grant, Noah, Twelve Tribes.
The Genesis material is organized around genealogical 'units' (toledoth), and genealogies were the carriers of history and foundational information. [Even when myth-like events are attached to genealogical records, btw, the events 'behind' the myths can be very accurate--e.g., Hawaiian myths of lava flows attached to royal genealogical records matched the geological data exceptionally well--in a purely oral culture [WR:WTSEFS:9]]
Genealogical records--as 'carriers' of foundational data--were unique to Israel:
“While ancient scribes made official genealogical tables, and individuals preserved their own family pedigrees (at least in part) down to Roman times, nothing quite like the biblical genealogies of Genesis and 1 Ch. 1–9 has been found elsewhere in antiquity. While it was by no means impossible for detailed records to have been kept by other nations, none is extant. ... Records of descent were an extremely important part of Hebrew tradition from the very beginning, and no fewer than three of the earliest were concerned with the posterity of Adam (Gen. 4:1f, 17–22, 25f; 5:1–32). If the Genesis sources were originally in tablet form as suggested above, these genealogies are among the most primitive of their kind. For the Hebrews, such catalogs of descent served various purposes, the first of which (Gen. 4:1f, 17–22) indicated that considerations of biological succession by generations was but one function of such records. Although the line of Cain was traced for seven generations, an equally important emphasis in this chapter was placed upon recording new cultural or technological events. Thus, the occupations of Cain (agriculturalist and city builder), Abel (shepherd), and Jabal (cattleman) represented the agrarian aspect of early Mesopotamian life, which was enriched almost contemporaneously by such developments as music (Jubal) and metallurgy (Tubal-cain). ... The second genealogy (Gen. 4:25f), dealing with the offspring of Seth, has more in common with a pedigree, but also serves the purpose of contrasting the fidelity to God of Seth’s offspring with the behavior of Cain’s apostate descendants. The third of these early sources (Gen. 5:10–32; cf. 1 Ch. 1:1–4) traced the posterity of Adam through Seth down to Noah and his sons and stopped at a point just before the Flood. The background of this material is obviously Mesopotamian in character, and if the sources were transmitted originally on tablets the lists would have been inscribed most probably in an ancient form of Mesopotamian script on the reverse side of one or more of the tablets.” [ISBE, s.v. “geneaology”]
Even the Source-critical theorists of the Hebrew Bible said the 'editors' just “glopped together” the various traditions (JEDP thingies), instead of 'perverting' them. Some say the fact that the passages seem to have 'two strands' in every narrative proves that the editor INCLUDED BOTH sources, since they were both 'sacro-sanct'. [There are other explanations for this duality, of course, but this practice would be in DIRECT OPPOSTION to how GE used HIS sources! No same-passage contradictions are allowed to stand in SB--but liberal OT scholars see the agglutination of multiple sources as causing many 'same-passages contradictions' in their minds.]
Genesis is NOT (mostly) written in verse--which was the vehicle for Meso-X epic, myth, and even historical writing.
Genesis is NOT about an 'epic hero' at all, and its literary brilliance has nothing to do with standard ANE history/epic attributes (“...a pronounced taste for narrative situation, debates between protagonists, divine assemblies, divine assistance to heroes, the leadership qualities of the victors, and the villainy of the vanquished” [OT:MC:19]). Genesis includes some of each of these (perhaps), but there are so minimal as to be difficult to even notice--and certainly not at a 'pronounced taste' level!
It has all the earmarks of a 'national document'--with the Land Grant, the Exodus, and the National Charter all in one document...
That should be representative enough for the point here--
What this nets out to is this: the textual characteristics of the Genesis/Pentateuchal literature places it much closer to the 'fixed and preserved' documentary traditions of the ANE, than to the 'creative, ever-changing, fluid' literary traditions of the ANE (such as GE). Accordingly, I cannot see any warrant for applying any conclusions drawn from GE's literary history to the biblical materials.
The analogy just doesn't exist.
I have always found Tigay's emphasis on 'control data'--as an attempt to inject more rigor into some of the fairly speculative tendencies of biblical/ANE scholarship--to be refreshing/commendable, and have found his argumentation to laudably pay careful attention to detail, but I just wish that he had been able to focus that acumen on something "closer" to the biblical materials in question.
[I might also quibble with a few of the assumptions he makes in his argumentation in that brief article.
(1) I am not convinced that the movement from a full-work to an abridgment is the appropriate exemplar. Logically, I would
think moving cross-border from a full-work to another full-work would be more appropriate [or preferably, from a full-work
to an 'insert' into a full work, as is alleged of Genesis]. For example, the case of
Adapa and the South Wind is preserved in both abridged and full-versions in the Amarna Scholarly tablets, but a
quick line-by-line examination of the comparable full versions shows very little variation of the kind that shows up in the
abridged version. This would mean that Tigay's example might be a case of 'expected' variation-for-abridgments, and
unrepresentative of full-to-full cases. (2) More bothersome to me, though, is the selectivity of the 'scope' of his
hairy-man example. A comparison of his quoted passage with the Hittite text shows that the lines (omitted) preceding and following
the excerpt mentions Enkidu by name! This information would certainly 'warn' the interpreter than a possible
borrowing might be indicated. For me, this raises the issue of how granular can you get without being misleading.
For example, if he had only picked out single words, of course we could be mislead. Single phrases, and single sentences--same there.
But at some point you run across something that 'tips the hand', and the interpreter has a clue. So, I am not sure the
selection of such a truncated text is a fair sample from which to 'shame the conservative interpreter' (smile).
(3) I might also question how
'ideological' the substitution of a god's name or a mountain locale is--compared to the sweeping differences between biblical
theology and the rest of the ANE. Not sure that's a meaningful comparison either. So, I do have methodological issues
with the article, but given its brevity, there's no real reason to press those here. The non-analogy argument above is
adequate to my case here, I believe.]
So, it looks like the data argues against Tigay's position of “differences have no evidential decisiveness” and in favor of Lambert/Millard's “differences can have evidential decisiveness” relative to borrowing claims.
This implies--for our series--that the mass of differences we noted between all the non-biblical cosmogonic material and the biblical cosmogonic material IS ALLOWED to lead to the conclusion of “no borrowing here, folks--move along now”...
Glenn Miller, Nov/2005... on to the next (gilgy11.html)
The Christian ThinkTank...[http://www.Christianthinktank.com] (Reference Abbreviations) | <urn:uuid:06932a21-9bbc-4c44-be13-b87de6a8ed0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.christian-thinktank.com/gilgy10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961306 | 20,170 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Technology requirements for chip-on-chip packaging solutions
The trend towards smaller, lighter and thinner products requires a steady miniaturization which has brought-up the concept of Chip Scale Packaging (CSP). The next step to reduce packaging cost was the chip packaging directly on the wafer. Wafer Level Packaging (WLP) enables the FC assembly on PWB without interposers. New and improved microelectronic systems require significant more complex devices which could limit the performance due to the wiring of the subsystems on the board. 3-D packaging using the existing WLP infrastructure is one of the most promising approaches. Stacking of chips for chip-on-chip packages can be done by wafer-to-wafer stacking or by chip-to-wafer stacking which is preferable for yield and die size considerations. This chip-on-chip packaging requires a base die with redistribution traces to match the I/O layout of both dice. This allows the combination of the performance advantage of flip chip with the options of WLP. To avoid the flip chip bonding process the thin chip integration (TCI) concept can be used. Key elements of this approach are extremely thin ICs (down to 20 mu m thickness) which are incorporated into the redistribution. This technology offers excellent electrical properties of the whole microelectronic system. The focus of this paper will be the technology requirements for the realization of different kinds of chip-on-chip packages. | <urn:uuid:dab3ef79-64e3-408c-b839-85c7aaf1a1f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/350690 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.873596 | 309 | 2.515625 | 3 |
How to use
Create a new Walkway instance with a supplied options object. When you want to start animating call .draw on the returned instance providing an optional callback that will be called when drawing is complete.
selector (mandatory) – The selector of the parent element (usually will be a specific svg element)
duration – Time the animation should run for, in ms. Default is 400.
easing – Name of the easing function used for drawing. Default is ‘easeInOutCubic’. You can also supply your own function that will be passed the progress and should return a value in the range of [0, 1]; | <urn:uuid:d22cab68-ec88-4ab6-b310-2f606b371493> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://designbeep.com/2014/11/02/walkway-js-an-easy-way-to-animate-simple-svg-elements/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.84874 | 163 | 1.6875 | 2 |
I am the Lord, who brought you up out of Egypt to be your God; therefore be holy, because I am holy.Leviticus 11:45
In this section we face the need for a standard, a measuring stick by which we can distinguish between good and evil. That is not easy to do. Modern philosophies tell us that there is really nothing harmful, that it is only our perverted thinking which makes things wrong, and that if we would but change our thinking then anything and everything is right. But you don't find anything like that in Scripture. The Bible tells us that we are living in a world where truth and error are inextricably mixed and that you cannot easily tell one from the other. How do you tell the difference before it is too late, before you have to learn through sorrows and sadness?
With these Israelites, his concern was expressed on the physical level — he actually regulated their diet. In this chapter, you have dietary laws distinguishing clean animals from unclean, and various sanitary practices are included as well. Many of these practices have a commonsense basis in staying healthy. God kept his people physically whole through many of these regulations.
There was nothing wrong with many of the animals which were prohibited to the Israelites as food. Their prohibition was simply to teach a symbolic lesson, even though they may have been perfectly healthy as food. In this case it is the symbolism that we must take into account.
We have seen in this book that this word holy essentially means
whole. To be holy is to be a complete person, to fulfill your humanity. A whole person is one who performs the function for which he was originally designed. In the case of man, that is for us to belong to God, to be his image. It is to be the vehicle for the expression of his life. This is what he wants for us. He wants us to be whole and to fulfill our humanity.
That is what God is after. It is not the religious activities you go through, nor how much time you spend in Bible study that God is really interested in. He is after the expression of his character in the midst of where you work, and in your home, and among your family and your neighbors and your friends. He desires that the character which comes through to others from you is that of love and joy and peace, and of tenderheartedness and willingness to forgive and forbearance and understanding, and of the absence of grudge-holding and bitterness and hatred and enmity. That is the character of a whole person. So God says to us,
therefore be holy... and avoid these things that I have warned you against, for they will but defile you.
Lord, help me to take these guidelines seriously. Help me to be obedient to you and to offer my body as living sacrifices. I long to be a whole person though I live in the midst of a broken world.
Secular thinking is largely adrift in the turbulent waters of relativity, in stark contrast to the teaching of the Bible, which aims at our wholeness. Are we being nurtured in body, soul and spirit by feeding on God's Word? | <urn:uuid:0373ea1c-0549-489d-9f6e-eaab5a909eca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.raystedman.org/daily-devotions/leviticus/the-need-for-a-standard | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.983281 | 656 | 2.34375 | 2 |
The Canadian Government is accepting incomplete student permit applications from International Students. Study permit applications will not be refused because of missing documents due to COVID-19 pandemic and closures.
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many visa application centres to close temporarily or limit their operations. As a result, applicants are unable to complete the essential components of their application: biometrics, medical examination, and submitting original travel documents.
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IRCC has temporarily removed the condition that allows international students to work a maximum of 20 hours per week during regular academic sessions, provided they are working in an essential service or function, such as health care, critical infrastructure, or the supply of food or other critical goods. This temporary change is in place until August 31, 2020. Services and functions that may be considered essential are included in the government’s Guidance on Essential Services and Functions in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Officers can refer to the list for information purpose only.
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- Until further notice, applicants will not be refused for non-compliance.
Need help staying in Canada!
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to challenging times in Canada and around the world. Many people are under distress and anxiety. We understand! Can-X is here to help you figure it out, so you can have peace of mind. You could be an international student, worker, or visitor looking to extend your stay in Canada. You may be seeking a pathway to permanent immigration. Or you may be looking to reunite with a loved one. Whatever the reason, contact us to discuss your immigration needs, and we’ll provide our insights and help as much as we can during these difficult times. | <urn:uuid:63031c4b-08d4-490b-abf8-a93b399275d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://canximmigration.com/news/covid-19-incomplete-study-permit-applications-are-accepted-by-the-canadian-government/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955445 | 1,240 | 1.570313 | 2 |
That’s what reader Ed Hanson surmises:
Why are long term interest rate coming down. There is one obvious answer. The world sees the US as the safest and best place to invest with their bond holdings because of rigorous US economy brought on by the Trump administration with its tax and reduced regulation policy. Perhaps it is this circumstance of inversion that means it is not indicating recession, at least for the US.
Just glance at today’s Economist for an alternative interpretation:
Pakistan, Argentina and Peru have year-on-year increases in the ten year rate (no change for Egypt and Saudi Arabia). Every other country experiences a decline.
So, as long term US Treasury rates continue to collapse, think “slowdown” rather than Trumpian triumphalism.
Figure 1: 10 year-3 month Treasury spread, % (blue, left scale), and VIX (red, right scale), and economic policy uncertainty index divided by 10 (teal, right scale). Source: Federal Reserve via FRED, FRED, and policyuncertainty.com, accessed 8/15/2019. | <urn:uuid:f9962970-d12b-4047-ab11-6d4f561cb40f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://econbrowser.com/archives/2019/08/does-the-safe-haven-aspect-of-the-us-explain-declining-treasury-rates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.922575 | 231 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Many people think that if you're Hispanic, you must speak Spanish.
Technically this is true, but not in the way we think it is.
During my time in Arizona, I have met people who identify as Hispanic, but can't engage in a conversation in Spanish — and I understand. Many of my Hispanic friends were born and raised as bicultural and bilingual. Unfortunately, trying to balance their lives among both cultures sometimes results in Spanish-language inefficiency.
In my case, it's not a big issue, because I can adapt to either language easily. The problem comes when you look at these situations in a bigger context. I think there has to be a more definitive guideline for identifying as "Hispanic" or "Spanish-Speaker" in the U.S.
It's really concerning to see that with time, less young people speak Spanish. It's sad that they fail to see the advantage that being bilingual can provide. It's really ironic how many of them have been identifying as Hispanic their entire life, when the definition of Hispanic actually revolves entirely around language.
It scares me to see Spanish fade away with time.
I'm Hispanic, but I was born and raised in a homogenous community where we only spoke Spanish. In Arizona I struggle to determine whether I should speak Spanish with a coworker, classmate or anybody who identifies as Latino or Hispanic.
For me, these conversations usually go in two different directions. If they do speak Spanish, I'm confused whether I should continue the conversation in Spanish (or Spanglish in some cases). In other occasions, I decide to continue the conversation mostly in English because the person is clearly not comfortable speaking the language, which is okay, too.
I don't want to underestimate anybody or offend them with my decision. Sometimes they are embarrassed to speak Spanish because they don't practice it often, and they know I do. In other cases they just prefer to speak English, and can occasionally be ridiculed for that decision. Some Hispanics tell non-Spanish-speaking latinos that they're "not Latino enough."
As immigrant families keep growing in the U.S., I think families should continue to practice Spanish in the household. It's also crucial to include Spanish-language education where the Latino and Hispanic community is a big part of the student population.
In California, Proposition 58 was passed last Tuesday which repeals English-only education for students learning English as a second language. By integrating Spanish as part of their learning process, they also have the ability to explore and expand their Spanish skills.
Spanish education in the U.S. also needs to grow more, specially postsecondary education. I think there should be more emphasis on learning proper Spanish. That is: how to write it correctly and how to speak it formally. This will benefit the person not only socially but also in their profession. In the U.S., it might be acceptable to know only elementary Spanish, but this can limit your possibilities when networking abroad.
ASU offers a Spanish-Heritage Program to connect Hispanics and Latinos to their heritage through language. A former professor of this program, Roberto Ortiz Manzanilla, said it's important for these students to explore Language because, "if a person dose not develop a dialogue between his/her culture this sometimes preserves stereotypes," he said. Manzanilla feels that Latinos in the U.S. must develop more awareness in order to appreciate their culture.
As the Hispanic community continues I think we owe it to our ancestors and our identity as Hispanics in the U.S. to grow I think they should grow as educated and literate within the element that identifies us — language.
As said before, I think heritage isn't limited to language but we can decide how we want to shape our identity. We must decide whether we are going to allow our circumstances to define us, or if we will shape our identity through our decisions.
Whether you identify as Hispanic or Latino, and whether you feel comfortable speaking Spanish or not, I think there should be a generous interest in the language that allowed our culture to develop.
Reach the columnist at firstname.lastname@example.org or follow @santiagoc_17 on Twitter.
Editor’s note: The opinions presented in this column are the author’s and do not imply any endorsement from The State Press or its editors.
Want to join the conversation? Send an email to email@example.com. Keep letters under 300 words and be sure to include your university affiliation. Anonymity will not be granted. | <urn:uuid:bb1317c6-90fa-4abe-b959-3eccf72aaef1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.statepress.com/article/2016/11/spopinion-if-you-are-hispanic-latino-you-know-spanish-right | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970393 | 935 | 2.625 | 3 |
Chromosomal microarray (CMA) is increasingly utilized for genetic testing of individuals with unexplained developmental delay/intellectual disability (DD/ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), or multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). Performing CMA and G-banded karyotyping on every patient substantially increases the total cost of genetic testing. The International Standard Cytogenomic Array (ISCA) Consortium held two international workshops and conducted a literature review of 33 studies, including 21,698 patients tested by CMA. We provide an evidence-based summary of clinical cytogenetic testing comparing CMA to G-banded karyotyping with respect to technical advantages and limitations, diagnostic yield for various types of chromosomal aberrations, and issues that affect test interpretation. CMA offers a much higher diagnostic yield (15%-20%) for genetic testing of individuals with unexplained DD/ID, ASD, or MCA than a G-banded karyotype ( approximately 3%, excluding Down syndrome and other recognizable chromosomal syndromes), primarily because of its higher sensitivity for submicroscopic deletions and duplications. Truly balanced rearrangements and low-level mosaicism are generally not detectable by arrays, but these are relatively infrequent causes of abnormal phenotypes in this population (<1%). Available evidence strongly supports the use of CMA in place of G-banded karyotyping as the first-tier cytogenetic diagnostic test for patients with DD/ID, ASD, or MCA. G-banded karyotype analysis should be reserved for patients with obvious chromosomal syndromes (e.g., Down syndrome), a family history of chromosomal rearrangement, or a history of multiple miscarriages.
Copyright (c) 2010 The American Society of Human Genetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:f9aa9500-23f1-4187-a367-9b3bbfa8996e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20466091/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.871734 | 378 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Piecing together the mysteries of Ruby-throated Hummingbird migration
Decoding Northern Saw-whet Owl migration
“Every bird has been a revelation.”
A bird a day keeps the doctor away.
In late October 2016, I was honored to join high school students from Barack Obama Green Charter High School in Plainfield at Duke Farms.
I was honored to observe state biologists band bald eaglet “E13” from a nest along Mantua Creek in Gloucester County, New Jersey.
As a bird nerd, I’d often look on enviously at photos of biologists posted online holding shorebirds in their “bander’s grip” – the bird’s head in between their index and middle finger, using their thumb and pinky to steady the bird, while allowing its feet to dangle freely. I always wondered: I wish I could […] | <urn:uuid:358bb661-f639-4473-ad66-807c4dc84b66> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lindsaymcnamara.com/tag/bird-banding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958899 | 188 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Alberta's minimum wage increases to $10.20 on Monday
Province is raising the general minimum wage from $9.95 an hour
On Monday, 26,000 people earning minimum wage in Alberta will start seeing a slight boost in their paycheques.
The province is raising the general minimum wage on Sept. 1 from $9.95 to $10.20 an hour, while the liquor server wage will increase from $9.05 to $9.20 an hour.
- Minimum-wage increase scorned by Alberta poverty fighters
- Alberta to raise minimum wage to $10.20 in September
- Minimum wage jobs pay roughly the same as they did in 1975
Alberta is the last province to hit the $10 general minimum wage barrier.
Jay Fisher, with the province's Ministry of Jobs, Skills, Training and Labour, said an increase in the average weekly earnings and the consumer price index this year led to the minimum wage jump.
"It's not a huge increase," Fisher said. "We think it's fair for all parties. There are, of course, people who'd like there to be no minimum wage and let the market bear, but that's not Alberta's policy."
Vanessa Vattheuer, who has been working in the service industry for the past five years, says the increase is a good sign.
"It's good they're recognizing that serving is a real job and the cost of living is going up across the board," Vattheuer said.
However, some say minimum wage still has a long way to go. Even with the increase, Alberta workers make less minimum wage than six of Canada's provinces and territories.
"That's all a great idea, but when you're starting with a base wage that's sub-poverty line, it's not good enough," said Siobhan Vipond, secretary treasurer of the Alberta Federation of Labour.
"The minimum wage, which affects more women — young women who are working full-time, permanent jobs — cannot support themselves or their family the way they should in a province with the abundance that we have here." | <urn:uuid:363a208c-981c-4130-a5e8-8aa599e50a0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/alberta-s-minimum-wage-increases-to-10-20-on-monday-1.2752101 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964227 | 439 | 1.859375 | 2 |
LittleBird are proud to be official partners and friends of Scouts, the UK’s largest co-education movement helping young people gain skills for life. And so when they told us about their fab new initiative, #TheGreatIndoors, supporting families at home, we thought we’d better share it with you! Packed with over 150 fun and inspiring ideas and activities you can explore, discover and create – all in your own home
They’ve made it super easy to search by length of activity, number of people and age so that you can find the best activities to suit your family. Here’s a quick guide on scout sections and age ranges;
Beavers: 6 – 8 years old
Cubs: 8 – 10 ½ years old
Scouts: 10 ½ – 14 years old
Explorers: 14 – 18 years old
Explore the Great Indoors and find your favourites. Here are some of ours.
Can you follow your partner’s instructions to recreate their work of art without peeking?
Understand energy by creating your own tornado.
Shop a story by selecting items that best represent it and gathering them together in a homemade book bag.
Look at leaves in a different way and use them to make an animal collage.
Using simple materials, construct a telescope and use it to look into the sky and discover the stars.
Explore the science behind slime by cooking up a batch of your own.
Make diaries to record little victories, to work out what wins do for our wellbeing.
We hope this helps to keep to keep the kids busy while we are all indoors. How are you keeping your kids busy indoors? If you have any ideas then we’d love to hear them. Tag us on Facebook @littlebirddeals and Instagram @littlebirddeals for a chance to be featured on our socials! | <urn:uuid:7e63bf82-cc87-4535-96da-74df85bff53a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.littlebird.co.uk/blog/2020/04/mini-adventures-for-the-great-indoors/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.92338 | 385 | 2.1875 | 2 |
- Compact UV Clarifier for clearing pond water
- Wall mountable with a stepped hose and safety features
- A variety of models to suit most ponds
If you are using a good filter, but are still suffering from green water, then the Swell UV Clarifier Deluxe could be ideal for keeping the water in your pond clear and clean of algae - the main cause of "green water".
Green water is caused by free floating algae particles in your pond that are too small to be picked up by your filter media. The UV Clarifier Deluxe uses intense UV light to cause these algae particles to clump together as it passes through the unit on the way to the filter, meaning that the algae is destroyed and picked up by your filter and broken down into harmless waste.
Highly efficient, energy-saving and reliable, the Swell UV Clarifier Deluxe can solve one of the biggest problems that pond keepers will encounter.
- Made from high quality, durable, easy-clean plastic.
- Wall mountable.
- Stepped hose connectors, suitable for different hose sizes (20-40mm).
- Produces strong ultraviolet rays, which can effectively kill algae in water.
- Features a safe transparent hole, through which you can view the working condition of the light tube.
- Comes complete with relevant high quality UV bulb.
|Product||Wattage||Voltage||Dimensions||Guarantee||Max pond size|
|UV Clarifier Deluxe 24w||24W||240V||420 x 159 x 164mm||2 year||12000l|
|UV Clarifier Deluxe 36w||36W||240V||515 x 159 x 164mm||2 year||17000l|
|UV Clarifier Deluxe 55w||55W||240V||640 x 159 x 164mm||2 year||25000l| | <urn:uuid:34295020-c126-4f2a-aa81-f08332bf21f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.swelluk.com/swell-uv-clarifier-deluxe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.879317 | 425 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Recently we introduced The Money Management Tool to help clients better organize their financial lives. The tool has lots of features and we will occasional explain how some of the features are being used by our clients (or should be used) to help them reach their financial goals.
This post will deal with prospective client who needed some help staying on budget.
Situation: A young couple with two children asked us for guidance on getting a handle on their debts. They had multiple credit card balances with obscene interest rates, a result of unexpected bills. They were spending more and more of their income to make debt payments instead of saving for retirement. They were slowly realizing that they would not be digging themselves out of debt anytime soon and needed a plan to get back on track to save for retirement.
Problem: During the initial meeting, we discovered a significant amount of their take-home pay was going toward non-essential expenses, such as the most premium cable package available and eating out for lunch every single day.
Solution: Directing savings originally intended for retirement to pay down credit card debt is an acceptable strategy in some cases. But when there is a lot of non-essential spending occurring, a tightening of the belt should be the first strategy. In this case, the client could connect their credit card account to The Money Management Tool and analyze their spending habits to see just how much is spent on restaurants and entertainment. They could then develop a budget to help them stay on track.
If you or someone you know needs help getting their financial house in order, this tool can help. | <urn:uuid:21f56392-087a-4e20-842a-d99fafe4db20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://blog.ol-advisors.com/category/personal-development/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.97915 | 316 | 1.929688 | 2 |
BADA was bequeathed a unique and substantial collection of art and important biographical documents that make up the ‘oeuvre’ and social narrative of the life of the 20th Century female artist and philosopher, Fanchon Fröhlich, who lived and worked in Liverpool from 1949 until her death in 2016.
Fanchon Fröhlich, born Audrey Fanchon Aungst, in Iowa USA in 1927, lived in England from 1949 until her death in 2016. She graduated in The Philosophy of Science from the University of Chicago and, following post-graduate courses in Linguistics Philosophy at Oxford University and in Fine Art at the Liverpool College of Art, she worked with eminent post-war British abstract expressionist artists and printmakers, such as Peter Lanyon in St Ives in the 1950s and William Hayter at Atelier 17 in Paris in the 1960s. Lanyon and Hayter were perhaps the two greatest influences on the expansive, gestural, sweeping qualities in her work, which can be found in collections at The Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool and The Bowes Museum in Northumberland.
Fanchon’s husband was Herbert Fröhlich FRS, the internationally renowned Theoretical Physicist. Throughout the 1950s, 60s, and 70s, Fanchon and Herbert were at the heart of Liverpool’s own ‘Bloomsbury Group’ playing host to a long list of distinguished scientists, artists, writers, composers, and assorted polymaths at their rambling home. | <urn:uuid:0043f9fa-6d5e-4c11-85c5-e2c69afb0200> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.badaart.org/fanchon-frohlich/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965713 | 322 | 2.125 | 2 |
Freedom on the Net 2014 is a comprehensive study of internet freedom around the globe. Internet freedom is in decline around the world and Lebanon is no exception. We moved from a 45/100 score in 2013 to 47/100 in 2014 which is not a good sign. The three emerging threats according to Freedom House are:
– Data localization requirements—by which private companies are required to maintain data storage centers within a given country—are multiplying, driven in part by NSA revelations, which spurred more governments to bring international web companies under domestic jurisdiction. These costly measures could expose user data to local law enforcement.
– Women and LGBTI rights are undermined by digital threats and harassment, resulting in self-censorship that inhibits their participation in online culture.
– Cybersecurity is eroding as government critics and human rights organizations are subject to increasingly sophisticated and personalized malware attacks, documented in 32 of the 65 countries examined.
Check out the full report [Here]. | <urn:uuid:d6063e38-2bba-45bc-b5b2-152ca0a26770> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogbaladi.com/lebanon-is-getting-worse-in-terms-of-internet-freedom/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.937278 | 191 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Since the agreement is “rooted on the plank of ‘sustainability’” and not trade, India has told the World Trade Organization (WTO) that the quality of the text should not be compromised, and there should be no haste in concluding the negotiations by December, as proposed by some developed countries.
“Several important issues have not entered a serious text-based negotiations, particularly for a new agreement rooted on the plank of ‘sustainability’. One such crucial element is the dispute settlement mechanism for this agreement,” said India’s ambassador to WTO Brajendra Navnit.
The European Union has insisted that the December deadline for the agreement is a firm one, in line with the target set by UN Sustainable Development Goals and that members have time to achieve an outcome in 2020 if they intensify negotiations starting September.
WTO members are negotiating to finalise disciplines to eliminate subsidies for illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing, and to prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies that contribute to overcapacity and overfishing.
However, India has opposed any “undue haste” and said that the process has to be fair and transparent emphasising that members must be open to conclude the negotiations by the next ministerial conference in June 2021.
“Since this agreement is rooted though sustainability and environment is affected, the architecture of the agreement can’t have any retaliation clause in case of dispute. If a member is found giving prohibited subsidy, then that member would have to withdraw it and not retaliate like in case of trade agreements,” said an official.
Retaliation clauses are provided in the WTO’s subsidy agreement.
“Many countries are showing haste to conclude it but we want a text in this area as well especially because texts are being discussed for other issues too. We are not derailing the process,” the official added.
As per a Geneva-based official, the US has said it is ready to conclude negotiations in December if others are willing while the UK, Brazil, South Korea, Mexico and the Pacific Group among others have said they were prepared to work towards a 2020 deadline.
Besides divergent positions of the members, an increasing number of Covid-19 cases too have thrown up challenges, New Delhi said.
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The Indian benchmark bond is the highest-yielding sovereign security in the Asia-Pacific region, barring that of Pakistan, enticing investors to invest in local debt paper.Local Banks not Keen on Plan to Align Payment Messaging System with Russia
Russian financial institutions want to align their country’s payment messaging system with the Indian messaging platform, but the Indian bankers and authorities are reluctant to pursue the idea.Tata Trusts Taking Legal Opinion on Trust Deed Changes
The Tata Trusts are consulting legal experts to examine the possibility of including a clause in the trust deeds to the effect that the same person cannot head them as well as holding company Tata Sons, while honouring the wills of the founders, top executives close to the development told ET.
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8 mins read | <urn:uuid:02e483b7-4993-406b-b913-894129e413dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-seeks-mechanism-for-dispute-resolution-to-end-harmful-fisheries-subsidies/articleshow/77135245.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.953545 | 697 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Modern pest control sprays can be safe for use on both indoors as well as outside, which suggests there’s no factor to place your residence at risk. But the sprays do need you to stay on the premises for a few hours to permit the spray to effectively dry. Likewise, it does dry quickly as well as doesn’t leave a stain or cause any other severe problems. Here’s what to seek in your bug control spray.
In the past, insect control companies made use of chemicals which contained dangerous active ingredients that could create serious problems. They also sprayed the wrong chemicals on the wrong pests, which can make them more likely to return. Now that modern-day parasite control therapy has ended up being more innovative, these dangers are nearly missing. These newer items work by utilizing particularly developed chemicals that target only those parasites that are understood to return. следваща връзка
The exterminators you call to give your house a bug control treatment will meticulously check out the instructions prior to using the service. They won’t put on just any old chemical to every noticeable part of the house. They have a suggestion of which bugs might be staying in your house, where they might be concealing, and also how much dampness, warmth, as well as food supply they have. They’ll likewise take into consideration just how hard it would certainly be for you, the home owner, to get rid of those pests and also rodents.
If you wish to stay clear of also having to call a pest control expert, take into consideration first that pests you ought to be targeting. Specialist exterminators currently routinely use strategies that target certain parasites, including: termites, ants, cockroaches, fleas, and also even crawlers. You shouldn’t have to call them greater than when if you want the treatment to function. If you need to see a pest control operator, you can constantly call the exact same pest control man back for a follow-up see.
Certainly, you can likewise do your very own pest control. This is actually much easier than it sounds, especially if you recognize what kind of parasites you are taking care of as well as where to locate them. As an example, if you have a trouble with cockroaches, you can go-of-the-tack and buy a Roach vacuum, or go-of-the-streets bug spray. Remember to adhere to the instructions meticulously so you don’t harm on your own or the environment. Actually, going the eco-friendly course can save you cash on bug control services and also make your life a little simpler, especially if you want to stay clear of calling a professional pest control operator.
Using integrated parasite monitoring strategies is likewise extra cost-efficient than chemical pesticides. It’s easier, also. It’s more likely that you’ll be able to address your parasite issue without calling an expert exterminator in the future, which indicates even more time to invest with your family members as opposed to fretting about insect control. Go on, do your study, and provide incorporated pest management a try – maybe simply the service you need to do away with those aggravating insect troubles in your house as well as garden. Кликнете върху този сайт
If you intend to discover a specialist parasite control solution, you ought to recognize that a lot of them are thought about to be professionals by the industry. This is since they specialize on removing insect from homes and also workplaces. Nonetheless, not all pest control business can offer the best solutions. There are specific standards that each of the business have to satisfy before they might provide the most effective solution to their clients. Read on to understand what these standards are so you can also find the most effective pest control firm.
One of one of the most essential criteria that any kind of business need to have is that it should be certified. Licensed companies are probably to supply effective pest control services. The license guarantees that the firm is adhering to all the essential policies and regulation to get rid of insects from residences and also workplaces. Therefore, if you want to remove roaches, for instance, you ought to not employ a fly swatter company that doesn’t have a permit due to the fact that your residential or commercial property could be ruined due to utilizing an unsafe machine.
Another crucial standard that you need to try to find when working with a parasite control company is whether it utilizes just natural and natural pesticides. If the company uses chemicals which contain much less harmful chemicals, there are much less opportunities of experiencing unfavorable wellness impacts on the people remaining in your home or office. Utilizing pesticides with a reduced degree of hazardous chemicals is constantly much better than utilizing harmful chemicals that can result in significant health and wellness conditions on humans.
You ought to also guarantee that bug control companies have Cockroach catches. Cockroaches can multiply really quick and also infest a property promptly. Because of this, it is a good idea to have a bug control company remove roaches at your residential or commercial property because they can potentially damage your residential or commercial property. Roaches are extremely conscious warmth and also audio. If the structure is exposed while the insects are inside, it could result in severe illness and various other complications. Thus, a trap can assist identify the location of where the cockroaches are as well as eventually annihilate them.
Prior to hiring a bug control company to look after your residence, it is essential for you to recognize the sorts of bugs that infest your location. If you locate that making use of chemicals alone to get rid of pests won’t work, it may be necessary for you to employ specialist bug control firms that concentrate on removing ants, crawlers, and also insects. These pests can create a good deal of damages to your possessions as well as wellness. In order to remove these undesirable bugs, it is necessary that you first deal with the source of their presence. Ants, spiders, as well as vermins can breed in any place that has enough wetness. If you are having a difficult time eliminating these pesky insects, it may be necessary for you to take care of the wetness problem in the location. Кликнете върху този уебсайт
If you find that making use of Do It Yourself techniques isn’t working well enough, it may be required for you to work with the services of a pest control expert. An exterminator has the best expertise and skills when it pertains to handling unwanted guests. Do It Yourself techniques entail making use of chemicals which may confirm dangerous to you as well as the environment. As opposed to going down this road, it might be best for you to speak to an exterminator to aid you in removing all the undesirable bugs. The exterminators will additionally recognize exactly how to stop future invasions by doing preventative upkeep on your home. | <urn:uuid:2ef98775-ff7d-4090-a83f-7a417dd749a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.mamsuper.com/2021/09/26/whats-so-trendy-regarding-bug-control-that-everybody-went-nuts-over-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964278 | 1,459 | 1.632813 | 2 |
The last thing any parent wants is for their children to worry about them—and that concern only grows as they age.
It can be difficult, though, dealing with aging parents as they grow older and face more struggles, even if they’re in excellent health.
Luckily, there are plenty of ways to keep your elderly parents safe and happy! But what’s the secret formula for comfort and good health?
We’re here to help you out. Check out our guide below to learn various steps to help your aging parents!
Dealing with Aging Parents Sensitively
It can be difficult to help aging parents, as they’re often concerned about losing their independence. There is less they can do on their own, but they staunchly refuse help from others.
It’s important for children to approach their aging parents with sensitivity if they’re proposing something that could limit their freedom, such as an assisted living home or a caretaker.
It’s critical to start a meaningful dialog when dealing with elderly parents. Consider their priorities and wants and build a care plan around them.
Familiarize Yourself with Their Health Status
There are times when a health emergency strikes a family out of the blue. It’s important to stay up to date on your parents’ health conditions, so you aren’t caught off guard by a trip to the ER.
In the event of an emergency, it’s good to have a plan laid out, so you aren’t panicking. Depending on your location and situation, you can call a traditional ambulance or an Air Ambulance in order to fast-track the care your parent receives.
To avoid any surprise hospital visits, it’s wise to keep a calendar of doctor visits your parents attend. If you have a flexible schedule and live in the same vicinity, you could even attend visits with your parent to ensure you’re familiar with their health status.
Engage Them Socially
A study run by the University of California, San Francisco found that 43% of older adults reported feeling lonely. Loneliness can lead to mental health issues, which can, in turn, lead to physical illness as well.
It’s important that your aging parents maintain healthy social lives. You can assist them in this by visiting as regularly as possible.
It’s important to note that a “check-up” is not the same as a proper visit. Be purposeful with your visit—take the time to engage with your parents and greet them as you would with friends around your own age.
Along with spending time of your own with your parents, assist them in finding external communities to get involved with. There are plenty of clubs and social groups that exist for elderly folks who don’t have a workplace or school to make friends through!
One Step at a Time
Dealing with aging parents can be challenging, but it’s rewarding to see your parents thriving and enjoying their lives with your assistance. The steps above will help you get started as you care for your elderly parents!
For more lifestyle and health-related articles, check out the rest of our website! | <urn:uuid:4399abe6-3e59-461e-b973-d0082c85463c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newlifestyles.com/blog/dealing-with-aging-parents-how-to-keep-them-happy-and-healthy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.960953 | 660 | 1.617188 | 2 |
(as reposted by Red Lebrun and others who came along this like my friend Venice and shared it by posting it on her facebook wall)
Written by Adrian Tan, author of The Teenage Textbook (1988), was the guest-of-honour at a recent NTU convocation ceremony. This was his speech to the graduating class of 2008.
I must say thank you to the faculty and staff of the Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information for inviting me to give your convocation address. It’s a wonderful honour and a privilege for me to speak here for ten minutes without fear of contradiction, defamation or retaliation. I say this as a Singaporean and more so as a husband.
My wife is a wonderful person and perfect in every way except one. She is the editor of a magazine. She corrects people for a living. She has honed her expert skills over a quarter of a century, mostly by practising at home during conversations between her and me.
On the other hand, I am a litigator. Essentially, I spend my day telling people how wrong they are. I make my living being disagreeable.
Nevertheless, there is perfect harmony in our matrimonial home. That is because when an editor and a litigator have an argument, the one who triumphs is always the wife.
And so I want to start by giving one piece of advice to the men: when you’ve already won her heart, you don’t need to win every argument.
Marriage is considered one milestone of life. Some of you may already be married. Some of you may never be married. Some of you will be married. Some of you will enjoy the experience so much, you will be married many, many times. Good for you.
The next big milestone in your life is today: your graduation. The end of education. You’re done learning.
You’ve probably been told the big lie that “Learning is a lifelong process” and that therefore you will continue studying and taking masters’ degrees and doctorates and professorships and so on. You know the sort of people who tell you that? Teachers. Don’t you think there is some measure of conflict of interest? They are in the business of learning, after all. Where would they be without you? They need you to be repeat customers.
The good news is that they’re wrong.
The bad news is that you don’t need further education because your entire life is over. It is gone. That may come as a shock to some of you. You’re in your teens or early twenties. People may tell you that you will live to be 70, 80, 90 years old. That is your life expectancy.
I love that term: life expectancy. We all understand the term to mean the average life span of a group of people. But I’m here to talk about a bigger idea, which is what you expect from your life.
You may be very happy to know that Singapore is currently ranked as the country with the third highest life expectancy. We are behind Andorra and Japan, and tied with San Marino. It seems quite clear why people in those countries, and ours, live so long. We share one thing in common: our football teams are all hopeless. There’s very little danger of any of our citizens having their pulses raised by watching us play in the World Cup. Spectators are more likely to be lulled into a gentle and restful nap.
Singaporeans have a life expectancy of 81.8 years. Singapore men live to an average of 79.21 years, while Singapore women live more than five years longer, probably to take into account the additional time they need to spend in the bathroom.
So here you are, in your twenties, thinking that you’ll have another 40 years to go. Four decades in which to live long and prosper.
Bad news. Read the papers. There are people dropping dead when they’re 50, 40, 30 years old. Or quite possibly just after finishing their convocation. They would be very disappointed that they didn’t meet their life expectancy.
I’m here to tell you this. Forget about your life expectancy.
After all, it’s calculated based on an average. And you never, ever want to expect being average.
Revisit those expectations. You might be looking forward to working, falling in love, marrying, raising a family. You are told that, as graduates, you should expect to find a job paying so much, where your hours are so much, where your responsibilities are so much.
That is what is expected of you. And if you live up to it, it will be an awful waste.
If you expect that, you will be limiting yourself. You will be living your life according to boundaries set by average people. I have nothing against average people. But no one should aspire to be them. And you don’t need years of education by the best minds in Singapore to prepare you to be average.
LIFE'S A MESS.
What you should prepare for is mess. Life’s a mess. You are not entitled to expect anything from it. Life is not fair. Everything does not balance out in the end. Life happens, and you have no control over it. Good and bad things happen to you day by day, hour by hour, moment by moment. Your degree is a poor armour against fate.
Don’t expect anything. Erase all life expectancies. Just live. Your life is over as of today. At this point in time, you have grown as tall as you will ever be, you are physically the fittest you will ever be in your entire life and you are probably looking the best that you will ever look. This is as good as it gets. It is all downhill from here. Or up. No one knows.
What does this mean for you? It is good that your life is over.
Since your life is over, you are free. Let me tell you the many wonderful things that you can do when you are free.
RESIST THE TEMPTATION TO GET A JOB. INSTEAD, PLAY.
The most important is this: do not work.
Work is anything that you are compelled to do. By its very nature, it is undesirable.
Work kills. The Japanese have a term “Karoshi”, which means death from overwork. That’s the most dramatic form of how work can kill. But it can also kill you in more subtle ways. If you work, then day by day, bit by bit, your soul is chipped away, disintegrating until there’s nothing left. A rock has been ground into sand and dust.
There’s a common misconception that work is necessary. You will meet people working at miserable jobs. They tell you they are “making a living”. No, they’re not. They’re dying, frittering away their fast-extinguishing lives doing things which are, at best, meaningless and, at worst, harmful.
People will tell you that work ennobles you, that work lends you a certain dignity. Work makes you free. The slogan “Arbeit macht frei” was placed at the entrances to a number of Nazi concentration camps. Utter nonsense.
Do not waste the vast majority of your life doing something you hate so that you can spend the small remainder sliver of your life in modest comfort. You may never reach that end anyway.
Resist the temptation to get a job. Instead, play. Find something you enjoy doing. Do it. Over and over again. You will become good at it for two reasons: you like it, and you do it often. Soon, that will have value in itself.
I like arguing, and I love language. So, I became a litigator. I enjoy it and I would do it for free. If I didn’t do that, I would’ve been in some other type of work that still involved writing fiction – probably a sports journalist.
So what should you do? You will find your own niche. I don’t imagine you will need to look very hard. By this time in your life, you will have a very good idea of what you will want to do. In fact, I’ll go further and say the ideal situation would be that you will not be able to stop yourself pursuing your passions. By this time you should know what your obsessions are. If you enjoy showing off your knowledge and feeling superior, you might become a teacher.
Find that pursuit that will energise you, consume you, become an obsession. Each day, you must rise with a restless enthusiasm. If you don’t, you are working.
Most of you will end up in activities which involve communication. To those of you I have a second message: be wary of the truth. I’m not asking you to speak it, or write it, for there are times when it is dangerous or impossible to do those things. The truth has a great capacity to offend and injure, and you will find that the closer you are to someone, the more care you must take to disguise or even conceal the truth. Often, there is great virtue in being evasive, or equivocating. There is also great skill. Any child can blurt out the truth, without thought to the consequences. It takes great maturity to appreciate the value of silence.
In order to be wary of the truth, you must first know it. That requires great frankness to yourself. Never fool the person in the mirror.
I have told you that your life is over, that you should not work, and that you should avoid telling the truth. I now say this to you: be hated.
It’s not as easy as it sounds. Do you know anyone who hates you? Yet every great figure who has contributed to the human race has been hated, not just by one person, but often by a great many. That hatred is so strong it has caused those great figures to be shunned, abused, murdered and in one famous instance, nailed to a cross.
One does not have to be evil to be hated. In fact, it’s often the case that one is hated precisely because one is trying to do right by one’s own convictions. It is far too easy to be liked, one merely has to be accommodating and hold no strong convictions. Then one will gravitate towards the centre and settle into the average. That cannot be your role. There are a great many bad people in the world, and if you are not offending them, you must be bad yourself. Popularity is a sure sign that you are doing something wrong.
LOVE ANOTHER HUMAN BEING.
The other side of the coin is this: fall in love.
I didn’t say “be loved”. That requires too much compromise. If one changes one’s looks, personality and values, one can be loved by anyone.
Rather, I exhort you to love another human being. It may seem odd for me to tell you this. You may expect it to happen naturally, without deliberation. That is false. Modern society is anti-love. We’ve taken a microscope to everyone to bring out their flaws and shortcomings. It far easier to find a reason not to love someone, than otherwise. Rejection requires only one reason. Love requires complete acceptance. It is hard work – the only kind of work that I find palatable.
Loving someone has great benefits. There is admiration, learning, attraction and something which, for the want of a better word, we call happiness. In loving someone, we become inspired to better ourselves in every way. We learn the truth worthlessness of material things. We celebrate being human. Loving is good for the soul.
Loving someone is therefore very important, and it is also important to choose the right person. Despite popular culture, love doesn’t happen by chance, at first sight, across a crowded dance floor. It grows slowly, sinking roots first before branching and blossoming. It is not a silly weed, but a mighty tree that weathers every storm.
You will find, that when you have someone to love, that the face is less important than the brain, and the body is less important than the heart.
You will also find that it is no great tragedy if your love is not reciprocated. You are not doing it to be loved back. Its value is to inspire you.
Finally, you will find that there is no half-measure when it comes to loving someone. You either don’t, or you do with every cell in your body, completely and utterly, without reservation or apology. It consumes you, and you are reborn, all the better for it.
Don’t work. Avoid telling the truth. Be hated. Love someone. | <urn:uuid:4e934917-7c1e-4de8-8bd6-94ef8d9ec9ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://qoamemories.blogspot.com/2010/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.970056 | 2,740 | 1.695313 | 2 |
BabelEdit is a powerful file editor and translation tool from various languages and frameworks such as JSON, YAML, PHP, arb, vue, Angular, React, Amber, Flutter, Laravel, and more. .. supports. In the world of programming where you use one language, everything is easy and fast, but as soon as you use two or more languages, challenges and problems begin. It is very difficult to build multilingual and internationalization programs, and translating all the errors and messages into the required languages can confuse you. Translating all messages to the destination, usability of all messages, specifying the status of translation such as final or draft translation, receiving output files of required languages in different formats, etc. are among the most important challenges. . Who faced them.
If the sync option is enabled, the software can be created in the original language and immediately identify the source and apply it to other existing language files. Operations such as add, rename, delete, etc. are supported by this feature.
- No need for any format conversion, import and export
- Full support for json (Angular, React, Laravel, Vue and more), yaml (Ember), php (Laravel translation data), vue (Vue.js single file components) and …
- Automatic detection of the framework used in the project
- Automatically detect the structure of translated files without the need for introduction
- Find useless and useless translations
- Identify untranslated translations in source code
- Automatic and fast translation by connecting to Google Translate, Microsoft Translator and DeepL services
- Provide various suggestions for choosing the best possible translation
- Check spelling mistakes and correct various mistakes
- Supports 42 live languages of the world
- Receive output from all translations and original files to share with other team members
- Supports .xlsx, .csv and Google Spreadsheets formats for data transfer and output
Windows 8.1 / 10
File password (s): www.downloadly.ir | <urn:uuid:c19bd81e-e49d-4601-9c09-9ca03e6eaf2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://downloadly.net/2022/26/78330/04/babeledit/16/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.857931 | 438 | 1.585938 | 2 |
[Treasures, East Haddam, Connecticut, 2015]
The morning after the horrible news from Paris, I was having tea with a neighbor, a woman I greatly admire and respect—but who, like so many of us, is very, very busy. So although we only live a few doors away from each other, we rarely spend time together.
She was bringing me up to date about many things—like her son. Who’s a teenager, now. A young man growing up in so many fine ways, she told me—although she finds his video games appalling. (“Mom!” he assures her. “I know right from wrong. And I understand the difference between fantasy and reality!”)
“Still,” she mused, sipping her tea. “I wonder, sometimes. ‘What are you praising?’ I ask him. I—”
“Whoa! Back up,” I interrupted. “Did you just ask say that you’d asked your son to think about what he’s praising when he plays a violent video game?”
“That’s profound! That’s—that’s—Would it be all right if I write about this on my website? Because that just seems to be the most clarifying question anyone could ask. Should ask themselves. Not just teenagers. Anyone. We all should be asking, ‘What am I praising?’ as we go about our day-to-day lives. That just seems brilliant!”
We got quiet for a moment. Were we both thinking about those young men only a few years older than her son who, hours earlier in Paris, had murdered scores of people? What did their act praise? Because in their minds, I believe, what they did, the havoc and terror they inflicted, praised something incredibly powerful for them. [This link and imbedded, long-but-worth-it video by anthropologist Scott Atran sheds some light on this.]
“Have at it!” She smiled.
So I have. Praise be! | <urn:uuid:454d0a45-6450-4297-87a9-0c9dec5384c1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://patriciawild.net/what-are-your-praising/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.972617 | 458 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Yesh Din, Israeli rights group, said that over 90 per cent of investigations between 2005 and 2019 looking into ideologically motivated crimes against Palestinians in the West Bank by Israeli forces and settlers were eventually dropped without indictments.
Defense for Children International – Palestine
Palestinian school children in occupied Palestinian territories report nightmarish experiences during their way to school due to repeated Israeli soldiers and settlers aggression.
“I was scared at school,” 15-year-old Amir H told Defense for Children International – Palestine. “Whenever I saw soldiers, while on the way to school, I would be scared and try to get away from them as much as possible because I had been stopped before, more than once.”
A return to school in September meant that for Palestinian students living near illegal Israeli settlements, journeys to school and schooldays would once again be marred by violence at the hands of Israeli soldiers and settlers.
Amir, currently a ninth-grader at Tuqu Secondary School for Boys, located east of the southern occupied West Bank city of Bethlehem, has been subjected to numerous attempted arrests on his way to and from school by the Israeli military.
“I was extremely terrified and started screaming and felt the Israeli soldiers wanted to take me and hit me,” reflected Amir on a prior incident. “They scared me a lot.” His teachers, the school principal, and others intervened to protect him.
Amir’s story is not unique. Stationed throughout the occupied West Bank, Israeli soldiers, police, and private security staff protect settler populations. Unlike other Israeli civilians, many Israeli settlers are armed. This creates a hyper-militarized environment that results in the infliction of disproportionate physical and psychological violence against Palestinian children.
Students living under Israeli military occupation in the occupied West Bank commonly face arrest, detention, violence, and harassment at the hands of Israeli soldiers and settlers.
Additional barriers such as checkpoints, roads used by Israeli forces and settlers, and other military infrastructure in or near Palestinian communities present additional barriers to the enjoyment of their right to a safe learning environment in accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which was ratified by Israel in 1991.
During the 2019–2020 school year, which was cut short due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, DCIP documented 134 violent incidents by Israeli forces between August 20, 2019, and March 6, 2020, impacting at least 9,042 students and teachers.
Targeting school children
Amir’s school is in close proximity to the nearby illegal Jewish-only settlements of Teqoa, Noqedim, and Ma’ale Amos, which surround Tuqu to the north, south, and east in the southern occupied West Bank. A main regional road used by Israeli forces and settlers cuts through Tuqu and nearby Khirbet Ad-Deir.
At the Tuqu Secondary School for Boys, DCIP documented 15 incidents involving Israeli forces, including five incidents between February 4 and March 4, 2020.
In those incidents, Israeli soldiers fired multiple tear gas canisters at students outside the school in the morning. Many children reported breathing difficulties as a result of the tear gas and, on one occasion, at least three students lost consciousness, according to documentation collected by DCIP.
Previously, on January 31, 2019, three Israeli soldiers in a military vehicle near the bypass road fired stun grenades and tear gas canisters at Tuqu students leaving their classes and chased them, according to documentation collected by DCIP. One Israeli soldier fired four live bullets, shooting two children. Mohammad A., 17, sustained a gunshot wound to the abdomen, and 16-year-old Mazen S, sustained a gunshot wound to the thigh. Their classmates were left in a state of panic and fear.
Despite the perilous journey to school, Amir told DCIP he feels safe once he’s inside. “I am excited, and I am challenging myself for the new school year,” said Amir.
Another student, 16-year-old Baha A., an 11th grader at Tuqu Secondary School for Boys, expressed similar feelings of safety once he reached school, though his commute frequently includes confrontations with soldiers.
“Whenever I see Israeli soldiers, the first thing that occurs to me is that something bad is about to happen. They either search or arrest us,” Baha told DCIP. “I do not feel safe on my way to school. But, I feel safe when I reach school. I feel safe inside the classroom because I am surrounded by many students and teachers.”
Zain, 12, a seventh-grade student at the Hebron Basic School for Boys, which is located in the Israeli-controlled H2 section of the occupied West Bank city of Hebron, feels the continuous presence of Israeli soldiers on his route to and from school has impacted his ability to concentrate in class.
“I think of how to run away, and I feel scared of being shot with a rubber bullet from the back,” Zain told DCIP. “I think that I am about to lose my life. I feel off and sleepy and unable to focus on the teacher and lesson.”
Asked how he feels after he encounters soldiers, Zain said, “I feel as if I was choking, and my heart starts beating faster. I feel dizzy and cannot move when I see soldiers near me.”
Abdullah R, 9, from the Ziad Jaber School in the southern occupied West Bank city of Hebron, said, “I love school, and I am happy that we have returned.” But he, too, noted he is not able to focus after incidents of violence.
On his way to school in November 2019, Israeli forces used two military dogs to chase and intimidate Abdullah, according to documentation collected by DCIP. The Israeli soldiers searched his schoolbag and held Abdullah for about an hour. Abdullah lives in close proximity to the Jewish-only settlement of Kiryat Arba so Israeli soldiers are regularly present and deployed nearby his home.
“I no longer take the road where I was assaulted by the Israeli army,” said Abdullah. “Whenever I find myself there, I remember what happened to me.”
Between 1967–2017, more than 200 illegal Israeli settlements were built in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, according to B’Tselem. These settlements are illegal under international law and are protected by Israeli soldiers, police, and private security, exposing Palestinian children to frequent violence.
In such a hyper-militarized environment, frequent and disproportionate physical and psychological violence is inflicted on Palestinian children who report, among other abuses, regular harassment by Israeli soldiers and settlers on their way to school and attacks against schools.
The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA) recorded 547 incidents of attacks and trespass by Israeli settlers against Palestinians between January 1 and October 13, 2020. During this period, Israeli settlers injured 100 Palestinians and vandalized 5,650 olive trees and 166 Palestinian vehicles.
The Al-Khansa Elementary Mixed School and Al-Jarmaq Elementary School for Girls in Tuqu were attacked in March 2019 by a group of 25 armed Israeli settlers. School administration and staff told DCIP that the Israeli settlers attempted to sneak into the schools but were stopped by teachers and parents, who rushed to the school to help stop the attack.
Israeli forces arrived to support and protect the Israeli settlers, firing stun grenades, which scared the children. A full day of instruction was lost for a total of 569 students and teachers.
“The first time the settlers attacked us, I was very distracted the following day and could not focus inside the classroom,” Baha told DCIP. “All I could think of was which way to go home.”
Attacked by dogs
According to Baha, he and his classmates were harassed after school every Wednesday in September 2019 by an Israeli settler in a white vehicle with three dogs along Khirbet Ad-Deir Street in Tuqu.
“We expected that this settler would shoot us because he showed us his handgun,” explained Baha. “Even though we changed our route to school every Wednesday, we still encountered the settler no matter where we went. He was there all the time, and we felt terrified.”
Following incidents of settler violence, DCIP has found that lack of justice and impunity is the norm and not the exception. At the center of the issue is the disparate treatment by the Israeli government of Palestinians and Israelis living in the occupied West Bank.
Though they live in the same territory, all Palestinians are subject to military law, while Israeli settlers fall under the Israeli civilian and criminal legal system.
Israeli settlers, including children, often attack Palestinians with stones and other objects, but they are rarely held accountable as the Israeli army lacks the authority to arrest Israeli settlers in the West Bank.
Despite persistent settler violence against Palestinians in the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, Israeli authorities have consistently failed to adequately investigate complaints filed against settlers.
Yesh Din, an Israeli human rights group, published a data-sheet in January 2020 showing that over 90 per cent of investigations between 2005 and 2019 looking into ideologically motivated crimes against Palestinians in the West Bank by Israeli forces and settlers were eventually dropped without indictments.
Source: Palestine Post 24 | <urn:uuid:2a4b91fa-f12b-4d3f-b7e0-046c9eebc034> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inpalestine.site/archives/9372 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976461 | 1,960 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Job Description and Jobs
- 1) Supervises and coordinates activities of workers engaged in operation of equipment to process, store, and mix acids for use in making explosives, such as nitroglycerin, TNT, and dynamite: Trains workers in operation of equipment.
- 2) Inspects equipment and observes workers to ensure safe work practices.
- 3) May supervise production of ammonium nitrate crystals and drying of dynamite-filler ingredients.
- 4) Performs other duties as described under SUPERVISOR Master Title.
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Job Number: 40 | <urn:uuid:ee53a739-3f8f-49e5-9af8-56646923771d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dot-job-descriptions.careerplanner.com/ACID-SUPERVISOR.cfm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.815276 | 235 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Over the holidays I had a chance to update crowdsourced-transport.com with new information. Here are the highlights:
Crowdsourced Public Transport page – added:
- WikiRoutes – site where users can add information about public transport routes and suggest improvements (PT Mapping).
- Digital Matatus – an application for using smartphones to map public transport routes (PT Mapping).
- WhereIsMyTransport – application for accessible data in Africa and Middle East (PT Mapping).
- CoAXs – an application for analysing user developed ideas for public transport routes (PT Collaboration).
- Denver – Build your own transit system application.
Transport Games page – added:
- Mobility is a Serious game to Scenario and Role Play category.
- Reference to using role play for civic engagement to Scenario and Role Play category.
- Added Go Jaunty and info on Pokemon Go to the Active – Get Moving category.
- Added a reference to Play the City an organisation working on applying games in city planning.
Act! page – added:
- New category: Get Moving – with reference to Active – Get Moving category of games and Go Jaunty smartphone application.
Tracking Applications page – added:
- New category: Open Source Vehicle Tracking with information on Open Traffic platform sponsored by the World Bank.
Crowdsourced Bicycling page – separated:
- Map-based Reporting (based on GPS tracking) from
- Pinging Bicycle Data (GPS tracking, plus ability to “ping” en-route to indicate a problem location).
- DYI Bike Safety – reference to article on making guerrilla bike lanes permanent.
- Added reference to The hidden bias of big data by Joe Cortright of City Observatory (May 2017) on the need for more cycling data. | <urn:uuid:eaebe326-2af0-4058-8d00-2e68cd91f3aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://crowdsourced-transport.com/2018-updates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.8165 | 381 | 1.664063 | 2 |
I made two chicken pot pies last night, and the crust turned out like a giant cracker. Not soft and flaky at all like the store bought ones.
I think I have identified two probable reasons:
1) I skipped the egg was at the end. So the top layer was just really dry.
2) I probably overworked the dough. I used the pizza dough setting on my breadmaker which takes 90 minutes.
I used butter that was almost frozen. And I chilled my water in the freezer for 10 minutes before mixing. I think I did those parts right.
Next time I will try just working the dough by hand and handling it as little as possible. And I definitely won't skip the egg wash.
My question is: Next time I do this, how can I know if I've done it right without just simply cooking the pie directly. This was a TONNE of work. It would be nice if I could focus on mastering the crust before I make another pie. Can you just cook a crust by itself in the oven to see what happens?
Edit: After reading some related topics, there seems to be a technique called "blind baking" which may be what I'm looking for.
Should I just omit the filling and keep baking crusts until they start turning out the way i want? | <urn:uuid:3c7053f4-985c-43e0-9707-162737fbffc8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/78979/having-problem-with-chicken-pot-pie-crust | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.974694 | 273 | 1.648438 | 2 |
I found him to be very engaging and extremely thoughtful with his answers. Thanks, Lee, for spending a few moments to play 5 questions with me.
- Tell us the difference between writing for a TV show and writing a novel.
They are entirely different experiences. Television is very much a group effort and what you are writing is a blueprint that lots of other people are going to use as the basis for their creative work, whether it’s the actor, the director, the production designer. And when you write a script it’s not locked in stone. It’s going to change. It’s going to change because everybody has notes. It’s going to change because production concerns force rewrites. It’s going to change because of actors and directors. It’s in fluid motion all the time.
A book is entirely my own and unaffected by production concerns or actors. I’m the actors, the director, the production designer… it’s entirely mine. It’s not a blueprint. It is the finished product and it won’t change much once I am done with it. It’s not a group effort -- I plot it myself and I write it by myself. It’s entirely in my head and I live it for months.
Creatively speaking, there’s a big difference between writing prose and writing a script. In a book, you are seducing the reader. You are bringing them into your imagination and holding them there for as long as they’re reading the book. You construct everything. You construct the sets, the wardrobe, the world. You’re God. You can even read a character’s thoughts. In a script, everything that happens and everything the characters do has to be revealed through action and dialogue.
In a script, you could introduce a scene like this:
INT– RESTAURANT– DAY
It’s a cheap Chinese restaurant with very few customers. There’s an aquarium with live lobsters, fish, etc. in the window. Monk is disgusted by what he sees...
But in a book, you have to describe the restaurant in detail. You have to tell us everything that’s going on. You have to set the scene for the reader. It’s an entirely different skill. That’s why some novelists are terrible screen writers and why some screen writers can’t write a book. They can’t jump back and forth.
The only thing that TV and books have in common is that both are mediums for sharing stories...in books, you tell stories, in TV you show them. That simple distinction is a difficult one for many writers to overcome when moving into one field from the other.
2- You've written such a variety of genres, do some of your readers get frustrated when they follow your work and read outside their realm of familiarity?
Not that I am aware of.
3- Update your publishing status right now. Do you have traditional publishing deals and publish as an Indie as well? And do you approach the act of writing differently depending on the route you take?
No, I take exactly the same approach regardless of who is publishing my books. I simply write the best book that I can. I don’t worry about who is going to publish it – whether it will by me, one of Amazon’s imprints, or one of the Big Six. I’ve had great success self-publishing my out-of-print backlist, selling over 100,000 copies in the last two years, and just released a new novella, “Fast Track.” My crime novel “King City,” the first in a new series, was published last May by Amazon’s Thomas & Mercer imprint, and my on-going, bi-monthly “Dead Man” series is published by Amazon’s 47North imprint (in fact, my novel “The Dead Man #1: Face of Evil” was 47North’s very first title!). William Rabkin and I co-created the “Dead Man” series and recruit novelists we know, or love to read, to write the books. Our authors include Christa Faust, Joel Goldman, “Star Trek” writer/producer Lisa Klink, Bill Crider, Aric Davis, Mel Odom, Anthony Neil Smith, and Emmy-award winning writer-producer Phoef Sutton (“Cheers,” “Boston Legal,” etc.) We’re up to 18 “Dead Man” books so far with more coming. I’m also very much in bed with so-called traditional publishing. “Fox and O’Hare,” the new series I am co-writing with Janet Evanovich, premieres June 18th with the publication of “The Heist” from Random House. And, of course, my 15 “Monk” novels remain in print with Penguin/Putnam. I think it’s a big mistake for writers to limit themselves by being strictly “indie” or “big six.” I’m a writer first-and-foremost. I have written for big publishers and little publishers, movie studios and small production companies, major television networks and cable channels. Ultimately, for me it just comes down to telling great stories, regardless of the medium or the distribution channel.
4-One of your latest projects is a short film titled, "Bumsicle," which has been invited to quite a few film festivals and has actually been nominated for awards. It's extremely difficult to get into some of these prominent festivals. Tell us about the film and your involvement?
“Bumsicle” is based on a short-story of mine that was published some years back Michael Bracken’s anthology “Fedora III.” It’s about a small-town detective investigating the death of a homeless woman who froze in a park. It’s a sequel of sorts to “Remaindered,” a short film I wrote & directed for Riverpark Center in Owensboro, Kentucky as part of their International Mystery Writers Festival. They approached me about making a short film as a teaching exercise for film students in several of their local colleges and universities. Riverpark and the schools would pay for everything, the only catch was that I had to use all local talent in front of, and behind, the camera and treat the set as a classroom. I jumped at the opportunity. Shooting “Remaindered” was a fantastic experience and the short film ended up screening in festivals all across the country. We had so much success with “Remaindered” that Riverpark asked me to do it again, which is how “Bumsicle” came about. What’s great is that the city and people of Owensboro really get behind the films, donating their time, energy and resources. Making the movies was great fun. The fact that we are getting some acclaim and attention for them is an added delight. I hope we’ll do another one before the year is over.
5- You're scheduled to write a series of books with Janet Evanovich. How did that come about, and how will you two work together? One chapter per person, or will it be more integrated?
Janet and I have been good friends for many years. In fact, we’re both surprised that it didn’t occur to us long ago to write a book together! We have a very similar sense of humor. Once we came up with an idea for the book, things moved very fast. Random House snapped it up and we wrote the “The Heist,” in less than six months (it helps when there are two of you at the keyboard!). We are now deep into writing book #2. We plot together, trade drafts back and forth as we’re writing, and talk frequently throughout the process. We also get together at her place in Florida. | <urn:uuid:9d9565a6-0313-42b6-8b8b-d4a84e377a77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://garyponzo.blogspot.com/2013/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.971541 | 1,704 | 1.625 | 2 |
Title: The Master Key System by Charles F. Haanel Format: PDF Number of Pages:171Dimensions: 8.5"/11" Current Offer: Buy any volume of Think Success and Download the Masterkey System For FREE! Charles F. Haanel was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on May 22, 1866 to Hugo and Emeline (Fox) Haanel." He was the fourth of six children. The family moved to St. Louis, Missouri when Charles was a child. He joined the National Enameling & Stamping Company in St. Louis as an office boy and worked for this firm in varying capacities for fifteen years before venturing out on his own as a writer and businessman. In 1885 he married Esther M. Smith. They had one son and two daughters. In 1891 his wife died. In 1908 he married for the second time, to Margaret Nicholson of St. Louis, whose father was W. A. Nicholson. He was a member of the Republican Party, a Freemason, a member of Pi Gamma Mu Fraternity, a Fellow of the London College of Psychotherapy, a member of the Authors League of America; a member of the American Society of Psychical Research; a member of the Society of Rosicrucians, a member of the American Suggestive Therapeutical Association; and a member of the Science League of America. During his life, he earned and received several honorary academic degrees, including hon. Ph.D., College National Electronic Institute; Metaphysics, Psy. D., College of Divine Metaphysics; and M.D., Universal College of Dupleix, India. When Haanel died on November 27, 1949; he was 83 years old. His ashes were buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis, Missouri USA. Hannel's book The Master Key System, was published in 1912, when he was 46 years old. It is written in the form of a course in New Thought, mental development, financial success, and personal health. The book was heavily promoted in the pages of Elizabeth Towne's New Thought magazine The Nautilus. By 1933 it had sold over 200,000 copies worldwide. Haanel practiced the financial principles he preached and was a self made success who owned several major companies. According to Stevens, writing in 1909, "He was president of the Continental Commercial Company, president of the Sacramento Valley Improvement Company, and president of the Mexico Gold & Silver Mining Company." The original Master Key System contained 24 parts or modules of study. The allegedly "lost" chapters of the Master Key System, chapters 25-28, which are found in some editions, are not original, but have been copied from the chapters 11-14 of A book about You. Among the key points of Haanel's system are what he refers to as the laws of concentration, attraction, and harmonious thinking and action. Unique to the Master Key System is a set of exercises that accompany each chapter, and which are systematically building upon each other - they are what makes the Master Key System a system. In addition to the Master Key System, Haanel wrote several other books including Mental Chemistry published in 1922, The New Psychology published in 1924, A Book about You published in 1927, and The Amazing Secrets of the Yogi published in 1937 (which was co-authored with Victor Simon Perera). The Master Key System discusses the creative power of thought, the deep connection between the world within or the mind and the Universal Mind. By understanding how it works, we can effectively reach our goals, become prosperous and remain in control of our lives. The master key is our own mind power, both the conscious and the subconscious minds and their connection with the Universal Mind which is described generally as God or the power of God. What we desire, think and feel within ourselves is reflected in the world without. When we realize this great secret, this immense power which we all possess, this master key, we become masters of our own lives and unlock the immense powers and potentials residing in our minds and bodies. In the process we also learn to act responsibly, with awareness and right attitude. (Source: Wikipedia). | <urn:uuid:136509c1-92d8-47a9-a556-f0915f075592> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.purelifevision.com/products/the-master-key-system-by-charles-f-haanel.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.971812 | 855 | 1.601563 | 2 |
In this project, I reworked the images/drawings of twelve lost places in Tehran. I can never visit these buildings again where I lived in once (as my homes) because they all were demolished and replaced with new buildings. In each drawing, I made an effort to remember the place from memory and to map the architectural plane relying on imaginations. However, as soon as one tries to recall a place, the memories begin to build some fictional/imaginary geographies that fail to resemble the actual place.
“My body remember who am I and where I am located in the world. Architecture articulates the experiences of being-in-the world and strengthens our sense of reality and self; it does not make us inhabit worlds of mere fabrication and fantasy. In memorable experiences of architecture, space, matter and time fuse into one singular dimension, into the basic substance of being, that penetrates our consciousness. We identify ourselves with this space, this place, this moment, and these dimensions become ingredients of our very existence. Architecture is the art of reconciliation between ourselves and the world.” (Juhani Pallasmaa)
This piece was exhibited in Arrival-Departure, through 2 June – 6 June 2014 in Aula Gallery, University of Arts, Poznan, Poland.
2019 © Maryam Muliaee | <urn:uuid:2d09a758-61f0-4b1f-90e5-a4cef951a0d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://maryammuliaee.com/mapping-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.960121 | 275 | 1.5625 | 2 |
At noon on Saturday, August 16, 1913, a train pulled into the station in Ottoman-controlled Jerusalem. Two passengers from Jaffa got off: Moshe Dov Berger, a construction worker, and his son, Shmuel, 16. Their destination was Shaare Zedek Hospital.
Shmuel needed emergency treatment for a throat ailment. Moshe had a letter of referral from the distinguished physician Dr. Haim Hissin. From the train station the two walked to Jaffa Gate and then took a horse-and-carriage to the hospital, located on Jaffa Road, not far from today’s Central Bus Station.
What transpired at the hospital’s entrance that day would quickly assume the dimensions of a major scandal, causing, perhaps, the first major rift between secular and Haredi, residents, and between the New Yishuv and the Old Yishuv – referring to the Zionist and the pre-Zionist Jewish communities, respectively, in pre-1948 Palestine.
The facts are not in dispute: Dr. Moshe Wallach, the hospital’s ultra-Orthodox founding director, refused to allow Berger and his son to enter the hospital, saying they would have to wait until after Shabbat ended that evening. The situation was not urgent, he said.
Shmuel Berger was indeed hospitalized that evening, but he died the next morning from his illness. His death stirred a furor, and some accused Wallach of sacrificing the boy on the altar of his own piety.
The tempest was heightened because the protagonists of the affair epitomized the two worlds in collision. Berger was a halutz, a Zionist pioneer, probably from the Second Aliyah (the 1904-14 wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine), and a member of the Craftsmen’s Association and of the Maccabi Society in Jaffa. Those two organizations, supported by the Zionist press, spearheaded the protest.
Wallach, for his part, was a God-fearing physician from Germany who had been sent by his religious community to establish a hospital for Jerusalem’s Jews. Indeed, he was a leading and highly respected Haredi figure in the city throughout the first half of the last century, one of the founders of the non-Zionist Agudat Yisrael movement in the country.
Wallach remained in his post in the aftermath of the fierce public storm and the investigations of two commissions of inquiry. However, the controversy over his identity as a physician on the one hand and a pious Haredi on the other went on for decades. The Berger-Wallach episode itself faded from memory over the years, notably as new confrontations erupted between the two sections of the Yishuv after World War II.
Next week will see the official publication of the Hebrew-English catalog of the exhibition “Jerusalem: A Medical Diagnosis,” currently on at the city’s Tower of David Museum in the Old City. The exhibition is an attempt to decipher the complexity of life in Jerusalem – since the times of King David – by portraying dilemmas involving medicine and faith.
Among the documents that appear in the catalog are Shmuel Berger’s medical file, the conclusions of the subsequent medical commission of inquiry and contemporaneous press reports. Researchers consider the case a sort of Rosetta Stone for coming to grips with the clash between secular and Haredi in our time.
1. What happened on the sidewalk?
The newspaper Hapoel Hatza’ir (Young Worker) carried the following report about the event at the hospital: “Young Berger, who was suffering from a throat ailment, was brought to Jerusalem on Saturday at the doctors’ instructions. When the father and his son – whose illness was critical – arrived at Shaare Zedek Hospital, Dr. Wallach assailed them, in abusive and insulting language, as ‘criminals of Israel who desecrate the Sabbath.’ He struck the father and threw the son out of the gates of the hospital. The patient languished in the street for two-three hours and was not admitted until the day’s darkness descended on him. Young Berger died the next day without the doctor having extended him help.”
A different version was offered by the Haredi newspaper Hamodia. Historian of Zionism Dr. Mordechai Naor notes that Hamodia was published abroad at the time, and thus there was no locally distributed paper that defended Wallach. After noting Wallach’s religious devotion, Hamodia pointed out that, nevertheless, he often violated Shabbat in life-and-death cases – as is in fact required by Jewish religious law – and even did so on the very Sabbath on which he allegedly brought about Berger’s death.
In Hamodia’s account, Dr. Wallach went out to Moshe Berger and his son and asked, “‘What is the matter?’ They told him they had come from Jaffa and that [Berger’s] son had a dangerous throat ailment. The doctor immediately conducted a preliminary examination, saw at once that there was no throat disease and said there was no reason to desecrate the Sabbath for this. As the matter was not so urgent, the two could go now, and he would come immediately after Ma’ariv [evening prayers] and admit them. And so it was. Directly after the service, the patient was already in the hospital.”
Verena Wulf, who is working on a doctoral thesis at Dusseldorf University on Moshe Wallach, found the testimony he gave to the commissions of inquiry. According to Wallach, Berger and his son were outside the hospital for “20 to 25 minutes,” until the end of Shabbat. The chronology of events, however, contradicts this. Given that the train arrived at noon, even if the Bergers walked to Jaffa Gate slowly, as the youngster felt ill – it’s about a 20-minute walk today – it would not have taken so many hours to reach the hospital from there by carriage. And this was August, when the days are long and Shabbat ends late.
2. Could Shmuel have been saved?
Local secular newspapers insisted that the hours the boy spent outside on the street before being admitted to the hospital aggravated his illness and brought about his death. But according to the Haredi paper Hamodia, he died suddenly on Sunday, in a way unrelated to the previous day’s events. Shmuel’s condition actually improved after he was hospitalized, the paper reported: “Dr. Wallach visited him in the middle of the night and found him sleeping peacefully. The fever abated in the morning and he felt refreshed and sat up in bed
“At mealtime he ate with all the other patients, and after he finished eating, he suddenly collapsed and died. His death did not take even a minute, and he was dead before any of the patients could call out. Anyone who is in possession of even a little knowledge of medicine knows that this kind of instant death is not caused by any disease or by [an infection in] the throat, but by the heart’s stoppage for some reason that might or might not be known.” The paper also ruled out the possibility that he choked to death.
In the judgment of Wulf, a pharmacist by training, who spoke by phone from Germany, Shmuel Berger died of a severe bacterial inflammation, which caused phlegmon – the spread of pus into subcutaneous tissue. The inflammation spread from the chest to the throat and may have finally induced a short, fatal heart attack. Nowadays, antibiotics would be administered, but before the advent of penicillin, phlegmon was a life-threatening conidition. situation.
Dr. Eran Dolev, a former chief medical officer of the Israel Defense Forces, and today a student of the history of medicine, suggests cautiously, based on the descriptions in the press at the time and on his medical file, that Shmuel Berger suffered from diphtheria, an upper respiratory tract condition that can affect the heart muscles and cause death. “If that was the diagnosis,” he says, “then Wallach’s behavior is perplexing, because it would have been a life-and-death case that overrides Shabbat, or at least suspicion thereof.”
Shmuel Berger’s medical file was found in the Shaare Zedek archive by Dr. Nirit Shalev-Khalifa, curator of the “Jerusalem: A Medical Diagnosis” exhibition and editor of the catalog. The file contains only one document, on which two diagnoses appear in handwritten German: phlegmon and cardiac arrest. Also recorded are the medicines administered to Berger and the time of his death: 8:30 A.M.
Two investigative commissions exonerated Wallach. The Hebrew Medicinal Society for Jaffa and the Jaffa District found that “the patient was in critical condition, with no hope of cure, and the unfortunate result was not dependent on Dr. Wallach’s approach one way or the other.”
The body appointed by the Jerusalem-based Hebrew-Speaking Physicians’ Society concluded: “We find that the treatment accorded to the patient Berger was correct and appropriate in every respect with the scientific laws of medicine Even though Dr. Wallach can be faulted for wrongly mixing in religious questions, which are unrelated to medical matters, we find, nevertheless, that this could not have affected the results of the illness.”
The newspaper of the radical socialist Zionists, Ha’ahdut, bitterly assailed the conclusions “How is it possible to rely solely on the declarations of Dr. Wallach, who is the accused?” the paper asked.
3. Did Wallach’s piety trump his medicine?
Wolff, the Ph.D. student, is certain that Wallach was first and foremost a modern physician who was out to save lives, and only afterward a pious Jew. “He tried to uphold both realms,” she says, “but his patients’ lives came first.”
Still, managing a modern hospital under the guidelines of halakha – Jewish religious law – was no simple matter. Wolff quotes the memoirs of a physician of the time to the effect that on one occasion at the hospital, it was necessary to perform urgent surgery on Shabbat.
“Wallach agreed to the operation, but insisted that the threads of the stitches not be cut until Sunday, as this was not a life-saving act,” Wolff says, adding, “In another case when a patient died on the Sabbath, the hospital waited until it ended to remove the needles from his body.”
In 1948, a generation after the Berger affair, wounded soldiers who were brought to Shaare Zedek for treatment during Passover complained that Wallach – who was the hospital’s director from its opening in 1902 until 1947, but continued working until his death, in 1957, at age 80 – poked through their effects in search of any leavened food they might have brought in with them.
The secular press exploited the Berger affair to launch a focused attack on Wallach. One newspaper called him a “crazy and wild physician,” who “has accustomed Jerusalemites to his splendid virtues: reviling and hitting the patients, forcing seriously ill patients to sit up in order to pray. So extreme is his madness that he does not perform surgery on the Sabbath, irrespective of the patient’s condition, and does not use medicines for fear they contain non-kosher ingredients ”
Despite such allegations, the records of Shaare Zedek, together with Wulf’s research, indicate that there were apparently few Sabbaths that Wallach did not desecrate for his patients’ benefit. Presumably, then, if he’d thought that Berger’s condition was serious, he would have admitted him immediately.
4. Did the Berger case affect Haredi-secular relations?
According to curator Shalev-Khalifa, the Berger case is an excellent example of the workings of the world of medicine a century ago, in particular in a place like Jerusalem, where even life-and-death decisions were never made on a purely scientific basis. “Other forces were at work in Jerusalem,” Shalev-Khalifa explains, and the granting of medical treatment was often perceived as “a reward for following the straight and narrow path.”
“The city’s hospitals were always arenas for struggles, mainly between religions – for example, over objections to hospitals run by [Christian] missionary groups,” she continues. “The clinics became the city’s litmus test. In this affair, members of the Second Aliyah, the spearhead of socialist Zionism, attacked Wallach, a highly respected figure in the Old Yishuv, among whom he was perceived as a saint. Their allegations, relating to medical ethics, were grounded in the modern world. The underlying theme was that the old world lived by twisted values.”
According to historian Naor, “Many people found Wallach’s treatment of the boy intolerable, even though it was proved that he could not have been saved. This story generated a break in the superstructure between Haredim and seculars, and between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv.”
Eleven years after the episode at the entrance to Shaare Zedek Hospital, on the very same patch of sidewalk, another tragedy occurred that was related to those different worlds.
On the morning of June 30, 1924, Israel Jacob de Haan, a gifted legal scholar, poet and journalist who became Haredi and militantly anti-Zionist after immigrating to Jerusalem from Holland in 1919, and who was a close friend of Wallach’s, came out of the synagogue situated in the hospital’s courtyard. On the sidewalk a young man approached him and asked him for the time. As he was about to reply, the man took out a handgun and shot de Haan, killing him. His murder is considered the first political assassination in the history of the Zionist movement, and for many Haredim his death came to symbolize the cruelty of Zionist activists vis-a-vis their opponents.
Shalev-Khalifa draws a line connecting the two events at Shaare Zedek. Two newspapers that assailed Wallach had ties to a group that was created in Jerusalem in the early part of the 20th century around Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, who would later become Israel’s second president, and his future wife Rachel Yanait. Their aim, unlike their comrades in the nascent kibbutzim, was to bring the tidings of socialism to the Old Yishuv.
“They were out to foment a change in the Haredi society,” Shalev-Khalifa says. “For them, the kollels [yeshivas for married men] were the proletariat from which the revolution would spring, giving birth to the new Jerusalem, which would be productive and creative.” The Haredi public was furious at the Ben-Zvi group, in particular at Rachel Yanait, who at the time had a higher rank in the Haganah than did her husband. To this day, Haredi circles say she bears direct responsibility for the murder of de Haan.
The fault line between the two camps can be seen in the pashkevils – broadsides – that are posted in Haredi neighborhoods each year on the anniversary of de Haan’s death. One such pashkevil, marking the 75th anniversary of the assassination, can be found among the National Library’s collection of Haredi posters, and reads: “The Zionist heretics understood well the heart of the Jew into whom they thrust their cruel arrows, knowing that they were thus closing off Judaism’s successful path of wresting the Jewish people from their hands What do such beasts of prey want with the Jewish people?”
“The Berger-Wallach episode signals the shift in the direction of the religious struggles in the Yishuv in the spirit of the modern era,” Shalev-Khalifa sums up. “In contrast to the ‘balance’ existing in olden times – plagues imposed as punishment and miracles that brought healing – in the modern era, the confrontation is between ideological factions, and the hospitals are the battlefields.
“Ordinarily,” she adds, “they embody conditions of cooperation and efforts to bridge gaps, but every exceptional case immediately finds its way out, into the Jerusalem reality of merciless religious and political struggles.” | <urn:uuid:934d0039-4dec-4557-b889-1d3a250ef3c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.haaretz.com/2015-01-03/ty-article/.premium/two-worlds-in-collision/0000017f-e533-d568-ad7f-f77bb6110000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976738 | 3,553 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Powerhouse celebrated for energy efficiency
Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers honored Beloit College’s Powerhouse with the Focus on Energy 2021 Energy Efficiency Excellence Award on Wednesday, September 8. Governor Evers commended the new student hub for its innovative approach to conserving energy and reducing the Beloit community’s carbon footprint.
“I’m always impressed with how important the college is to the city of Beloit and how important the city of Beloit is to the college,” says Governor Evers. “This facility serves as a great example of what can be accomplished when people come together and create something that is both sustainable and special.”
On Wednesday, September 8, Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers presentedBeloit College with a Focus on Energy® 2021 Energy Efficiency Excellence Award. The College is one of 12 recipients to receive the award, earning recognition for its commitment to energy efficiency for the Powerhouse.
“We’re extremely honored to be recognized by Governor Evers for our commitment to protect the environment for today and future generations,” said Beloit College President Scott Bierman, who accepted the award during the on-campus ceremony.
More than a decade ago, Bierman had the idea to transform the decommissioned Blackhawk Generating Station into an integrated student center connecting the College with the broader Beloit community. The result was the Powerhouse, a 120,000 square-foot student union, recreation center, and athletic facility.
The facility, designed by world-renowned architects Studio Gang, Chicago, has been recognized internationally for its innovative interior architecture.
The Powerhouse facility uses the Rock River as its energy source. In a process unique to North America, it mixes river thermal with radiant cooling and heating to reduce carbon emissions.
The College began working on the collaborative $38 million project in 2011 with significant state, federal, and community support and private fundraising, allowing the Powerhouse to open debt-free.
“The Powerhouse would not be possible without the numerous government and community agencies who helped us convert, reuse, and sustain the old power plant while saving and sustaining our electrical needs,” continued Bierman.
During the event, Governor Evers praised the Powerhouse’s sustainability efforts, saying, “This facility serves as a great example of what can be accomplished when people come together and create something that is both sustainable and special. It took an old coal power plant — used for years to produce energy — and turned it into a space where students can now burn off energy on their own. What a great tradeoff.”
The College has been devoted to reducing energy waste by upgrading energy efficiency in numerous facilities across campus. Annually, the College saves 959,000 kWh of electricity and 39,000 therms of natural gas through the Powerhouse alone.
“The Beloit Powerhouse is the perfect example of bringing together public and private resources to create an energy efficient and sustainable facility,” said Public Service Commission of Wisconsin Chairperson Rebecca Cameron Valcq. | <urn:uuid:2a64d4de-90fd-4ee5-bd76-16303cbc8e5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.beloit.edu/live/news/3146-powerhouse-honored-for-energy-efficiency | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.939523 | 629 | 1.765625 | 2 |
The focus on mental health has been growing as more research on psychedelic substances and their potential benefits as alternative treatments of various mental health conditions is conducted. Thus far, research has found that psychedelics such as mescaline, LSD and psilocybin mushrooms can help treat mental conditions, including depression, anxiety, addiction and post-traumatic stress disorder.
Attention on this space has also been emphasized by the numerous literary works on the substances that are being published. A new documentary film on psychedelics, titled “Breaking Through,” which was directed and produced by Dan Laughton, a filmmaker based in London, is one of these works. Laughton is a graduate of Ravensbourne University. He’s been building his career by working with various major brands, which include LADbible, the British Army and Reebok.
Laughton’s objective in the creation of documentaries is to produce raw stories that have a cinematic touch and people can resonate with. In an interview with Creative Boom, the director notes that while his work varies from commercial work to documentaries, he follows his passion of exploring different individuals, as well as their stories and what makes them tick. He asserted that his goal was to progress into longer documentaries, revealing that he had many projects and pitches at different stages of development.
The short documentary questions if policymakers were wrong to begin a war on psychedelics as well as investigating the role that psychedelic substances can play with regard to helping those suffering with post-traumatic stress disorder. Post-traumatic stress disorder is a mental health condition characterized by a failure to recover after witnessing or experiencing a terrifying event. The documentary centers on the story Guy Murray, an army veteran who served in the Afghanistan war.
It examines how sessions of psychedelic-assisted therapy assisted him in working through his trauma as well as his feelings of depression that he had sustained during his time in the war. It also looks into how we as a society treat mental health, noting that while the conversation on mental health has gained ground in the recent years, society still has a long way to go.
Currently, one in five individuals in the United Kingdom suffer from trauma, depression and anxiety. The UK is at the foreground of psychedelic-assisted therapy,as advocates and physicians continue to push for more treatments that can be incorporated into psychotherapy.
This film also shows how those who suffer from trauma are stuck in the middle of the decades-long drug war, which has left many experts wondering whether we would have more understanding of psychedelic substances and their use in therapy if the substances were better understood. The full documentary, which is 20 minutes long, can be viewed on Vimeo.
In case you are tempted to think that the contents of this documentary are heavily embellished in true Hollywood style, consider the fact that companies such as Mydecine Innovations Group Inc. (NEO: MYCO) (OTC: MYCOF) are heavily invested in leveraging psychedelics in order to come up with superior medicines for mental health conditions.
NOTE TO INVESTORS: The latest news and updates relating to Mydecine Innovations Group Inc. (NEO: MYCO) (OTC: MYCOF) are available in the company’s newsroom at https://ibn.fm/MYCOF
PsychedelicNewsWire (PNW) is a specialized content distribution company that (1) aggregates and distributes news and information on the latest developments in all aspects and advances of psychedelics and their use, (2) creates PsychedelicNewsBreaks designed to quickly update investors on important industry news, (3) leverages a team of expert editors to enhance press releases for maximum impact, (4) assists companies with the management and optimization of social media across a range of platforms, and (5) delivers unparalleled corporate communication solutions. PNW stays abreast of the latest information and has established a reputation as the go to source for coverage of psychedelics, therapeutics and emerging market opportunities. Our team of seasoned journalists has a proven track record of helping both public and private companies gain traction with a wide audience of investors, consumers, media outlets and the general public by leveraging our expansive dissemination network of more than 5,000 key syndication outlets. PNW is committed to delivering improved visibility and brand recognition to companies operating in the emerging markets of psychedelics.
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PsychedelicNewsWire is part of the InvestorBrandNetwork. | <urn:uuid:de4dc7a1-c2e0-4cb8-b88e-1c48562337a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.psychedelicnewswire.com/captivating-documentary-explores-psychedelics-role-in-ptsd-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965265 | 1,018 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As a result of poverty – not a shortage of food – too many people don’t have enough food in Scotland. People in communities across the country have responded incredibly to the growing need, whether by volunteering at a food bank or donating cash and food. Yet there is widespread agreement that food banks should not need to exist – everyone should have enough money to buy food and other essentials.
Menu for Change is a partnership project run by Oxfam, Poverty Alliance, Child Poverty Action Group in Scotland and Nourish Scotland. A Menu for Change is leading and supporting an evolution in the way Scotland responds to food insecurity. The Project is encouraging a shift away from emergency food aid as the solution and towards preventative and rights-based measures which increase the incomes of people facing crises and support them to feel able to access food in a dignified way. It is also working to address the underlying causes of the income crises which fuel food insecurity.
Visit the Menu for Change website for more. | <urn:uuid:2510c56f-1e11-49da-8a2c-45a65bb793bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.povertyalliance.org/campaigns/menu-for-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964912 | 199 | 2.296875 | 2 |
CAUTION : SWLA Beaches Under Health Advisory For High Bacteria Levels
I know it's super hot, and everybody's headed to the nearest water hole to cool down. For the next fews days, make sure you do all your water activities in a swimming pool. KPLC-TV reports there is a HEALTH ADVISORY at just about all the beaches and local waterways in SWLA, do to HIGH LEVELS OF BACTERIA in the water. Make no mistake, this is a matter that everyone should take seriously. Dr. B.J. Foch, with the Region V Office of Public Health explains the health threat below:
Dr Foch explained, Louisiana Beach Monitoring Program routinely takes water samples at 24 beaches, every week from April to October. He said they are testing specifically for enterococci bacteria, which can pose a serious health risk. According to Dr. Foch, enterococcus, is usually found in sewage pollution and could cause disease, infections and rashes.
KPLC-TV reported last night, 11 of the 14 beaches in SWLA have "posted" swim advisories. The high levels were found in the following areas: Constance Beach, Gulf Breeze, several Holly Beach sites, Lake Charles North, Lake Charles South, Little Florida, Martin, and Rutherford Beaches. Please respect these warnings. On that same note, the beaches are not closed. The signs simply mean swimming is not advised, because the water is not safe. The bacteria levels are especially dangerous to small kids, elderly, those with a weak immune system, and chronically ill.
To avoid getting water borne illnesses, Dr. Foch advised people take the following precautionary measures: Avoid getting water into your mouth, keep your head above the water to prevent water from getting in the nose and eyes, and finally never get into water with an open cut or wound.
See a doctor if you have any of the following symptoms after swimming at a beach - nausea, diarrhea, are vomiting, feeling feverish or have body aches.
Get weekly test results from the Louisiana Beach Monitoring Program. | <urn:uuid:3b0efe9a-c52d-400e-8878-2177e8f909d8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gator995.com/caution-swla-under-health-advisory-for-high-bacteria-levels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.952163 | 431 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Greetings friends! We have finally come to the point in the Postgres for Data Science series where we are not doing data preparation. Today we are going to do modeling and prediction of fire occurrence given weather parameters… IN OUR DATABASE!
There are a lot of ways to load data into a PostgreSQL/PostGIS database and it's no different with spatial data. If you're new to PostGIS, you've come to the right place. In this blog post, I'll outline a few free, open source tools you can use for your spatial data import needs.
Today I'm changing the memory speed on my main test system, going from 2133MHz to 3200MHz, and measuring how that impacts PostgreSQL SELECT results. I'm seeing a 3% gain on this server, but as always with databases that's only on a narrow set of in-memory use cases.
In this series so far we've talked about how to get our Django application to save uploaded images as bytea in Postgres. We've also walked through an example of a PL/Python function that processes the binary data to apply a blur filter to the uploaded image. Now, we'll show how to retrieve the blurred image from Django.
I recently wrote about building a Django app that stores uploaded image files in bytea format in PostgreSQL. For the second post in this series, we're now going to take a look at applying a blur filter to the uploaded image using PL/Python.
The PostGIS raster has a steep learning curve, but it opens up some unique possibilities for data analysis and accessing non-standard data from within PostgreSQL. Here's an example that shows how to access raster data from PostGIS running on Crunchy Bridge.
In our last blog post on using Postgres for statistics, I covered some of the decisions on how to handle calculated columns in PostgreSQL. I chose to go with adding extra columns to the same table and inserting the calculated values into these new columns. Today’s post is going to cover how to implement this solution using Pl/pgSQL.
For those of you who have a bad taste in your mouth from earlier run-ins with regexs, this will be more use case focused and I will do my best to explain the search patterns I used.
Crunchy Data's second annual PostGIS Day took place a couple weeks ago on November 19th, and as a first-time attendee I was blown away by the knowledge-sharing and sense of community that I saw, even as I was tuning in remotely from my computer at home.
Today we are going to examine methods for calculating z-scores for our data in the database. We want to do this transformation because, when we carry out logistic regression we want to be able to compare the effects of the different factors on fire probability.
Today you don’t need a reason for choosing Postgres, if you do all your answers are above. Today the question has really shifted to what are you not using Postgres for, and how can the community better support that happening natively in Postgres in the future.
This week Apple started delivering Macs using their own Apple Silicon chips, starting with a Mac SOC named the M1. M1 uses the ARM instruction set and claims some amazing acceleration for media workloads. I wanted to know how it would do running PostgreSQL, an app that's been running on various ARM systems for years. The results are great!
Open source developers sometimes have a hard time figuring out what feature to focus on to generate the greatest value for end users. As a result, they will often default to performance. Performance is the one feature that every user approves of. The software will keep on doing all the same cool stuff, only faster.
In this blog post, we'll discuss how to set up streaming replication in Windows. Credit goes to my colleague Douglas Hunley whose blog post on setting up streaming replication on Linux served as inspiration.
We're putting together an awesome PostGIS Day virtual conference on Thursday, Nov 19th. Last year we hosted our first PostGIS Day in-person in St. Louis and although we can't gather in the same way this year, going virtual allows us to give even more talks!
Apple's Intel-based laptops are very popular among developers, and that's as true of people who work on PostgreSQL as other groups. Tomorrow, the first shipping Apple laptops running on ARM CPUs instead of Intel are expected. | <urn:uuid:d393cc91-e9eb-4a4d-a445-a0a3511eab6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.crunchydata.com/blog?page=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.945087 | 926 | 2.03125 | 2 |
LIFT07: Literacy, Communication and Design, Jan Chipchase
Works for Nokia Design in Tokyo. The task: "design a phone for illiterate people".
Shows up the UN definition of literacy. The core function of a phone is to transcend space and time: crossing great distances and enabling asynchronous communication, in a personal and convenient manner.
It's better to solve the root causes of a problem than design around it.
Is there a point in our evolution where textual literacy becomes redundant?
Phones designed in Helsinki increasingly get used in markets where there's much less structured (in-school) learning, like Brazil, India, etc. But there's also unstructured learning: visual observation, aural, tactile stuff. When most people talk about literacy they mean textual literacy. There also proximate literacy - using the literacy of those around you.
Most people propose an iconic interface to solve the problem. But icons are just another language. Icons need to be learned, are difficult to learn without support from text prompts, and need to vary across markets. They can be part of the solution, but don't solve the problem.
To what extent is textual literacy a barrier?
Nokia did 3-4 years of research in India, China, Nepal, etc.: home visits, interviews, shadowing, observation. Looking at where text prompts were barriers. How do illiterate people use TV? How do they tell the time? Use mechanical objects? Illiterate people have textual objects in the home, like calendars: how do they work with them?
Tasks involving time and contact management: how do you manage your contacts if illiterate? Know you're being paid enough? Millions of people do this daily.
What did we learn?
Illiterate people work long hours. 5-9, 7 days a week. These guys need to transcend time and space more than the rest of us. Literate tasks require assistance and more time. It involves giving up a lot of privacy. It's all possible, just not practical.
They can operate handsets, make local calls, answer calls. Barriers are national calls, editing, management. They tend to carry physical contact books.
Risks and consequences: how much trial and error can illiterate users do? There is a cost to expecting users to explore (poor mental models, risk of changing settings and altering phone).
Context helps us make decisions. How much contextual info can be provided on a phone interface?
What tasks can we delegate to others, to technology. The illiterate are like the very rich in that they have support for communication tasks: from a task-process design POV it's very similar.
Illiterate users are like us, only more so.
Q: What did it look like (the resulting phone)?
A: The interface looks like the current handset experience, but with lots of small incremental experience. Can't show you the product.
Q: What's your take on the Motophone? Is this the easy path?
A: It's a simplified device. I can't judge it. First product actively marketed as being appealing to illiterate people.... there's a social stigma here, will they go for it?
I must download this presentation and make everyone@FP read it. | <urn:uuid:2b0052ac-e525-45fe-9d3f-98c7dd56c0d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.tomhume.org/lift07_literacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.945302 | 677 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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