text stringlengths 160 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 2 values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1 value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 48 145k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guadalupe is a small city located in Santa Barbara County, California. Take a look below for 15 fun and awesome facts about Guadalupe, California, United States.
1. According to the U.S. Census of 2010, the city has a population of 7,080.
2. Guadalupe is economically and socially tied to the city of Santa Maria, which is about 10 miles (16 km) to the east.
3. It is located at the intersection of Highway 1 and Highway 166, immediately south of the Santa Maria River, and 5 miles (8 km) east of the Pacific Ocean.
4. The first European land exploration of Alta California, the Spanish Portolà expedition, camped near today’s Guadalupe on September 1, 1769.
5. Franciscan missionary and expedition member Juan Crespi noted in his diary that they found “a very large lake”.
6. The lake has since mostly filled in, leaving a low-lying plain traversed by the Santa Maria River and several tributaries.
7. When Mission La Purisima was established in 1787, the area became part of the mission’s pasture land.
8. In 1840, following secularization of the mission, the area became part of the Rancho Guadalupe land grant.
9. Rancho Guadalupe was settled by pioneers of many unique backgrounds, such as European, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and Mexican.
10. The small town was incorporated as the city of Guadalupe on May 19, 1946.
11. The city name honors Our Lady of Guadalupe, which is the Catholic title given to the Virgin Mary.
12. There is a beach near Guadalupe at the end of Main Street that is part of the Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes. Oso Flaco Lake in Nipomo is also a part of this dunes complex and is a few miles north of Guadalupe; it features a boardwalk that goes over the lake and leads to the Guadalupe beach.
13. South of Guadalupe on Highway 1 and right on Brown Road is Point Sal Road, which was closed down due to heavy storms in the past years, but it has now become a scenic hiking trail through the coastal mountains. At the end of the 5 mile trail, which passes through Vandenberg Space Force Base, is the isolated Point Sal State Beach. Between Guadalupe Beach and Point Sal Beach is the even more isolated Paradise Beach, near Mussel Rock.
14. Parks in the area include Jack O’Connell Park, where the Bulldogs youth football team practices. LeRoy Park, the community center for the city and the home of the local Boys & Girls Club, sits near the town’s northern city limit, and is the oldest community park in Santa Barbara County; the land was donated in 1871 by the LeRoy family, and the park is currently undergoing a major revitalization project.
15. The Guadalupe Wrestling Club was established in 1979 for the youth and has produced numerous state champions over the years. The Guadalupe Police Department runs the Gladiator’s club, which provides peer-to-peer mentoring for fifth and sixth grade youth. The Boys & Girls Club and the Riverview apartment tutoring program provide places for children to go after school. | <urn:uuid:272f4781-393d-4a31-a765-683194033abf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://tonsoffacts.com/15-fun-and-awesome-facts-about-guadalupe-california-united-states/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.966002 | 700 | 2.734375 | 3 |
When you create a Calendar event, you have the option to have your Mac notify you of that event before it happens. In the case of an all-day event, however, you don’t have an easy option to change the time of day you’ll get the notification.
It can be done, however, with a little digging into the filesystem and a configuration file, letting you change the time of day you’re notified by default for all-day events.
First up, head to the Finder and hit the Command-Shift-G keys on your keyboard. Type or paste the following path into the resulting dialog box: ~/Library/Calendars/. In my own Calendars folder, there were a bunch of other folders, all named with odd combinations of numbers and letters. What we’re looking for is a file called EventAllDayAlarms.icsalarm. I found it in the folder that was last modified today, but you may not be able to search for this file in your Finder search bar.
Open the folder that ends with .caldav to start. If the file isn’t in there, then open the other ones until you find it. Open it in TextEdit or a similar text editing program, like TextWrangler.
Once you’ve gotten EventAllDayAlarms.icsalarm open, you’ll see a line that says something like:
This tells your Mac to Notify you 15 hours before the date of the all-day event, which is measured starting at midnight of the calendar day. You can set this to be an actual time of day, or set it to a negative value to have Calendar remind you of your event a certain number of hours before the day, as well. For example,
Will notify you at 7AM of the day in question.
Will notify you 4 hours before your event’s date, so basically at 8 pm the evening before.
Now you can choose when that notification comes in for your all-day events, instead of just living with whatever OS X chooses for you.
Source: Macworld Hints | <urn:uuid:cbda4270-54ae-4e45-8180-84edf9a7707b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cultofmac.com/222792/mastering-os-x-calendar-change-the-time-you-get-notified-of-all-day-events-os-x-tips/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.924782 | 465 | 1.820313 | 2 |
I can hardly remember a morning growing up where I did not witness something. Every morning without fail, I saw my mom reading her Bible and drinking some coffee. Every morning. But, not only was she drinking her coffee, she was writing in a spiral-bound notebook. I only once looked in one of these notebooks. They contained innermost thoughts, expressions to the Lord about what was on her heart, something that was clearly meant for her and God. My curiosity ceased, I didn’t need to know everything that was written, but I knew the heart behind it. Journaling is an ongoing discipline in my mother’s life, and it left a powerful impact even as a child.
What Is Journaling?
Journaling is recording your thoughts on paper or electronically. When I talk about it as a discipline, I mean writing about the work and wonder of God. I mean reflecting on daily events, relationships, things we are learning from the Bible, prayer requests, all to grow in holiness. It doesn’t need to be perfectly edited or accurate on every little point of theology; at times, it can look more like word vomit on a page.
Help for Reflecting
Journaling forces us to slow down. This is especially true when we write with a pen or pencil. We have to be intentional in forming each letter. It is a practice that can be helpful, especially for those who are worn out. If you are feeling frantic, anxious, and tense, journaling can be a great discipline to slow down. It also aids in other practices. As we write about Scripture, we help our Bible memory. Journaling can also be helpful for us to slow down, think, and meditate on the truths of Scripture. Joe Thorn in his book, Note to Self, writes reflecting on Psalm 100
Why the call for joy? Why can all of creation sing and serve its Creator with gladness? Because he really is God. “Know that the Lord, he is God!” At times you have found yourself wondering, “Is this real? God, the Bible, Jesus, Satan, sin, and salvation—is it all real?” You don’t admit that to those around you, but there are times when you question it all. And in his grace God confirms by his Word and Spirit that it is true. He is God! And the reality of your theology gives you joy.
What you believe is not a religious game, or a manmade crutch upon which you lean for a little assistance. Rather it is the divinely revealed truth that makes you who you are and gives you cause to rejoice. You can rejoice not only because he is God, but because we are his people, and as such he protects us and provides for us in all ways necessary for us to know him more fully, enjoy him more deeply, and make him known more widely.
And you can rejoice because his love remains over you now and always. It never dries up, runs low, or fades out. His love endures forever. Because of all this, and so much more, you can know the joy the psalmists describe in their songs. You just need to return to these truths. You need reminding.
On God’s Work
Journaling is also helpful for us to reflect on God’s work both in our lives and in this world. It helps us to remember His faithfulness with personal examples. These examples can be both good things that have happened and how difficult situations have been used by God to shape us. In 2 Corinthians 11:22-33, Paul lists the many difficulties that he has experienced in his life and uses that to rejoice in his weakness and God’s strength.
Help for Understanding
John Calvin begins his colossal work, The Institutes on the Christian Religion, by quoting Augustine “learning I write and writing I learn.” There is something about writing that causes us to slow down. It also causes us to think about our thoughts. Our thoughts might seem to make sense in our heads, but once we get them down on paper, we are forced to have them make sense. It is during this working out process that we can learn as well. You know this to be true if you ever have taught someone before. It is not enough to know it yourself, you need to be able to communicate it to others. We don’t always have an opportunity to teach others, and some things are so intensely personal that it is just hard. When we journal, we create opportunities to make our thoughts clear.
Help for Prayer
Journaling is a way for us to bring our prayers from our heads to our pen. We think about what we are writing, what we believe about God, and what we are wrestling through in a given moment. It allows us to spill out our hearts before the Lord. For some of you, writing your prayers will be much easier than silent prayer. Sometimes you can get more distracted in your thoughts than if you write them down. It will also help to be able to look at what you have prayed for and how God has answered prayers. The book of Psalms is a prayer book to the Lord. As Psalm 62:8 says, “Trust in him at all times, O people; pour out your heart before him; God is a refuge for us.”
Help for Creating A Heritage
If you are a parent, there may be things that you have gone through, and you are quick to watch out for your kids so that they don’t make the same mistakes. Sometimes, though, we can forget what it was like to go through what they are going through.
If we are regularly journaling our thoughts and reflections, it will help us to come alongside others. If you are a student, you can write things now to remember when you have kids your age. If you are an adult, you can write things now to relate better to others in the future. You can better enter into the struggles and pain of others. In this way you are modeling after the Psalmist who says “Let this be recorded for a generation to come, so that a people yet to be created may praise the LORD”
Help for Monitoring Goals and Commitments
Journaling can also help you as you apply some of the Disciplines we are talking about to your life. You can write down commitments or make a schedule of what disciplines you are doing or want to incorporate. It can also be an indicator of what God is doing through other disciplines.
What About You?
This is a terrific time to start journaling. Write down what God is teaching you. What are the struggles in your life? God may use it to reorient your heart and to come alongside others lovingly.
For this post, I was influenced by David Mathis’ book Habits of Grace. I highly recommend it.
The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (Wheaton, IL: Crossway Bibles, 2016), Ps 102:18. | <urn:uuid:f5785841-294a-46e3-bd89-f9c4b98b7183> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nickboonstra.com/2020/04/20/journaling-as-spiritual-discipline/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.973573 | 1,462 | 1.703125 | 2 |
Following the success of the David Jones in-store denim photo booth campaign, a new version was built to be used at the opening night of the “175 years of David Jones” exhibition in the heart of the Sydney’s CBD.
The new build required new designs and, due to an updated specification changes made to the functionality. Many improvements were made to the code for better user flow and responsiveness. Learnings from the previous project pointed to issues with user feedback during heavy back-end server activity, as the 4G mobile network from which the application connected to the internet could sometimes be unreliable due to the building’s location in Sydney’s CBD.
The communication and technology that was used in the photo booth share process is listed below:
- User selects from options on iPad, communication to Flash via Node.js and Websockets.
- User is happy with selection and takes a photo. Flash application takes a photo, confirmation relaid back to the iPad.
- Flash application uploads photo to the Back-End server (.NET Sitecore), a unique URL is generated that is relaid back to the iPad via the Flash application.
- Unique URL is then used for sharing on the three social channels.
- iPad control (Master) and Flash application (slave) reset after 15 seconds ready for the next user.
Opening night was a huge success with lots of guests interacting with the photo booth. This success continued once the exhibition was open to the general public for a month after opening night.
- Client: David Jones
- Media: Prototype, Website
- Technology: Flash, iPad, node.js, WebSockets
- Sector: Retail | <urn:uuid:661622e5-ed5d-4d63-afe2-8704100005c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nooshu.com/portfolio/david-jones-175-years-photo-booth/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.933838 | 344 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Who Was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
This biography of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria includes a number of Franz Ferdinand facts from his early life, considers his relationship with his uncle, Emperor Franz Joseph, and his marriage to Sophie, the Duchess of Hohenberg, and looks at all the pertinent details leading up to his death.
Who Was Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
Franz Ferdinand was born in Graz, Austria, on the 18th December 1863. He was the eldest son of Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria, who was Emperor Franz Joseph’s younger brother.
At the tender age of eleven, Franz Ferdinand became one of the wealthiest people in Austria, when he was left most of the huge estate of his first cousin twice removed, Francis V, Duke of Modena, on the proviso that he subsequently used the title Archduke of Austria-Este.
Educated by private tutors throughout his youth, Franz Ferdinand began his military career at the age of 12, and was promoted rapidly through the ranks, becoming a major general in the Austrian army, in 1894, aged only 31.
Meanwhile, in his private life, Franz Ferdinand had two obsessions—hunting and antiques; and many of his hunting trophies and antiques can still be seen today, at Konopiště Chateau, in the Czech Republic.
Heir To The Throne
In 1889, Franz Ferdinand’s cousin, the Crown Prince Rudolf, committed suicide at his hunting lodge, in Mayerling, which meant that Franz Ferdinand’s father had become first in line to the throne. Then, when his father also died, in 1896, of typhoid fever, Franz Ferdinand effectively became heir-presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
The Emperor Franz Joseph had always considered his nephew to be somewhat of an embarrassment, thanks in part to his playboy lifestyle, and so he was not particularly pleased with the fact that Franz Ferdinand had now become his heir.
The two did not see eye to eye on politics either, and were frequently arguing over how they saw the future direction of the empire. However, it was Franz Ferdinand’s marriage to Sophie Chotek, which particularly infuriated his uncle.
Franz Ferdinand’s Morganatic Marriage
The Emperor had made it quite clear that his nephew was not to marry Sophie, a mere countess, as it was contrary to the rules of the Habsburg family, who were only permitted to marry a member of one of the European royal dynasties. Franz Ferdinand, who was totally besotted with Sophie, ignored his uncle’s wishes and was intent on pursuing the marriage.
In 1901, Franz Joseph did finally allow the marriage to go ahead, thanks in part to a request from Kaiser Wilhelm, who was a close friend of Franz Ferdinand, but only if the archduke accepted that the marriage would be morganatic, which meant that his descendants would not have any succession rights to the throne.
All in all, Sophie would actually have a good influence over Franz Ferdinand’s life and over time even the rift with his uncle had healed enough that he began to take an active role in the government and carry out official engagements. It was on one such engagement, in the summer of 1914, that he found himself in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Moreover, the trip was a rare opportunity for Sophie to accompany her husband on state business.
Trip To Sarajevo
The archduke must have been aware of how dangerous such a trip was. His uncle had been the subject of a failed assassination attempt by the Serbian secret military society, Unification or Death, also known as the ‘Black Hand’, a few years earlier, in 1911. However, despite the known risks, Franz Ferdinand and his wife drove through the streets of Sarajevo on the 28th June 1914, in an open sports motorcar with its top folded down.
The security provided for Franz Ferdinand while he was in Sarajevo was altogether quite lax. A proposal that troops line the route was dismissed out of hand, as it was believed that this would offend the loyal citizens of Bosnia. With hindsight, this lack of security was extremely foolhardy, as the assassination of the archduke had actually been in the planning since March of that year.
A team of six assassins had been assembled in Sarajevo on the day of the archduke’s visit, by Danilo Ilić, a Bosnian Serb, who was a member of the Black Hand secret society. The assassins, some of whom had been trained in Serbia, were armed with bombs and pistols, and were lying in wait to murder the heir to the Austrian throne.
Why Was Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated?
The question why was Franz Ferdinand killed by the Black Hand is a pertinent one; after all, he seemed to be far more sympathetic towards the Slavs in the empire than his uncle ever was. Perhaps it was because the archduke was seen to be trying to pacify the Serbs that led Apis, a prominent member of the Black Hand, to turn his attention away from killing Emperor Franz Joseph, having failed in a plot two years earlier, and instead target the archduke, for the simple reason Apis sought a Serbian revolution. Or perhaps Franz Ferdinand’s state visit to the Bosnian capital on the 28th June, was simply considered to be too good an opportunity to pass by.
Whatever the reason for the change of target, Apis had now given the order from Belgrade to kill the archduke, and the six members of the pro-Serb revolutionary movement, Young Bosnia, were waiting patiently in Sarajevo for the perfect moment to carry out that order.
Who Killed Franz Ferdinand?
So who was it that actually assassinated the archduke? The Black Hand? Young Bosnia? Well, yes, both of those organisations were to blame for the murder, but ultimately Gavrilo Princip killed Franz Ferdinand. It was he who pulled the trigger and changed the course of the twentieth century, even though to begin with, it looked certain that the dastardly plot was all set to fail.
The series of events leading up to the assassination really were quite remarkable and began when one of the would-be assassins, a Bosnian Serb called Nedeljko Čabrinović, threw a bomb at the archduke’s motorcar from among the cheering crowds. Fortunately, the bomb bounced off the folded back cover of the open-top limousine and exploded under the motorcar which was following behind.
Having survived the failed assassination attempt, Franz Ferdinand and Sophie were driven quickly along the Appel Quay to the Town Hall, where the archduke was scheduled to give a speech. The other assassins, including Gavrilo Princip did not get a chance to carry out a second attack, as they watched while the archduke’s car sped by.
Following the reception, Franz Ferdinand decided that he and Sophie would visit the victims injured by the bomb and so insisted on being driven to the hospital where they were being treated. In order to avoid the crowded city centre, a change to the original return route was decided upon, whereby the motorcade would drive back down the Appel Quay at speed, thus minimising the chance of a second attack.
Unfortunately, no-one told the Czech chauffeurs in the motorcade of the changed itinerary and as a result the archduke’s car made a wrong turn into Franz Joseph Strasse, the street where Princip just happened to be standing, awaiting the archduke’s return from the town hall.
As the chauffeur of the archduke’s car fumbled with the gears, while attempting to reverse the motorcar back on to the correct road, Gavrilo Princip was able to walk up to the stationary car and shoot the occupants from close range. Franz Ferdinand was shot in the neck and Sophie in the abdomen—both died before receiving any medical assistance.
Click here for a more in-depth look at the Assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Franz Ferdinand Death and Funeral
The Archduke Franz Ferdinand was only 50 years old when he died. His funeral took place on the morning of 6th July 1914, in Vienna. The ceremony began at 10.45am and while it was attended by the extended royal family and other dignitaries, there were some notable absentees.
The most notable absence was that of the Emperor Franz Joseph, which was supposedly to spare the 83-year old Emperor during such a trying time, but which was more likely one final snub by Franz Joseph towards his nephew.
Another absentee was Kaiser Wilhelm II, who had genuinely wanted to attend his friend’s funeral, only to be warned off at the last minute by his government, over fears concerning his security. It was felt that the successful assassination attempt might encourage other revolutionaries to try their luck and there were question marks by the German ministers over the level of security in Austria.
Franz Ferdinand was not buried in the Imperial Crypt, in Vienna, because he knew he would not be able to be laid to rest with his beloved wife there. Instead, he and Sophie were buried together in a family crypt within Artstetten Castle, in Lower Austria.
Why not check out Franz Ferdinand Biography – PowerPoint Lesson with Speaker Notes
Test Your Knowledge with our FREE WebQuest
Now it’s time to test your knowledge of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand WebQuest Student Version is a 5-page teaching resource consisting of a webquest which covers the main immediate cause of World War One, namely the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
The webquest comprises of 5 worksheets, which contain 24 questions, as well as 4 jigsaw puzzles (with secret watermarks) and an online quiz (requiring a pass of 70% to reveal a secret phrase). | <urn:uuid:ed5b4b04-aad9-488a-9c6c-18c3414d375f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://historyjustgotinteresting.com/assassination/franz-ferdinand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.984642 | 2,108 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The vaunted civil nuclear deal with the United States came into effect in 2008, with the U.S. Congress attaching a string of conditions to the ratification legislation, the Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Non-Proliferation Enhancement Act (NCANEA). The Indian Parliament was allowed no role to play, not even to examine the deal’s provisions. But having sidelined Parliament on the main deal, the government now wants it to pass a special law to provide foreign companies with liability protection in case of nuclear accidents. Such a law has been demanded by U.S. firms, which, unlike their state-owned French and Russian competitors, are in the private sector.
It is important to remember that the promises on which the deal was sold to the country have been belied, one by one. For example, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had exulted in 2008 that the deal “marks the end … of the technology-denial regime against India.” Yet, just last month, his Defence Minister conveyed to U.S. Defence Secretary Robert Gates India’s “concerns regarding denial of export licences for various defence-related requirements of the armed forces” and other “anomalous” technology restrictions.
After the 123 Agreement was clinched, Dr. Singh told Parliament in 2007 that an “important yardstick has been met by the permanent consent for India to reprocess.” But in 2010, India is still negotiating with the U.S. to secure a right to reprocess spent fuel. The U.S., in any event, has no intention of granting India “permanent consent,” with the State Department having notified Congress that the proposed arrangements with India “will provide for withdrawal of reprocessing consent.”
The biggest fiction, of course, was to present the deal as the answer to the country’s burgeoning energy needs. Nuclear energy cannot be a reasonable solution for any country because plants take too long to build and cost far too much. The first plant to be set up under the deal is likely to generate electricity, in the rosiest scenario, not before 2016.
In a more-plausible scenario, the timeline may stretch up to 2020, given the three reactor-exporting countries’ record. While the U.S. has built no plant in many years, Russia is still struggling to complete its much-delayed twin reactors in Kudankulam, India. As for France, its two new plants under construction, one in Finland and the other at home, are billions of dollars over budget and years behind schedule.
The bigger question, which New Delhi consistently has shied away from discussing, is about the cost of electricity from foreign-built reactors. India’s heavily-subsidised indigenous nuclear power industry is supplying electricity at between 270 and 290 paise per kilowatt hour from the reactors built since the 1990s. That price is far higher than the cost of electricity from coal-fired plants. But electricity from foreign-built nuclear reactors will be even dearer. That, in effect, will increase the burden of subsidies on the Indian taxpayers, even as the reactor imports lock India into an external-fuel dependency.
To compound matters, the government’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damages Bill, proposed to be introduced in the upcoming Parliament session, amounts to yet another tier of state subsidy, even if a hidden one. The bill is designed to shield foreign-reactor builders from the weight of the financial consequences of severe accidents. It shifts the primary burden for accident liability from the foreign builders to the Indian state. Although its text has not yet been made public, the bill is said to cap total compensation payable in the event of a severe radioactive release at Rs. 2,250 crore ($483 million), with the liability of the foreign supplier restricted to a trifling Rs. 300 crore ($64.6 million).
That represents an Indian taxpayer subsidy to foreign firms to help slash their cost of doing business in India. Each foreign reactor will carry a price tag of several billion dollars. Given that India has agreed to award contracts specifically to U.S., French and Russian firms, each such foreign supplier is expected to build more than one twin-reactor plant. India indeed has agreed in writing to import at least 10,000 megawatts of nuclear power-generating capacity from the U.S. alone. While each such firm stands to rake in billions of dollars in profit from the Indian market, its accident liability is being capped virtually at a pittance.
The partial core meltdown almost 31 years ago at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania didn’t kill anyone, but it led to 14 years of clean-up costing $1 billion. Despite India’s own bitter experience over the Union Carbide gas catastrophe at Bhopal, the government wants the Indian taxpayers to carry the can for foreign reactor builders. Why cap liability on terms financially prejudicial to Indian interests?
Worse still, India — instead of facilitating open market competition — is seeking to protect foreign firms from the market. From procuring land for them for reactor construction to freeing them from the task of producing electricity at marketable rates, India is doing everything to rig the terms of doing business in their favour. By designating nuclear parks for foreign-built reactors, the government has reserved reactor sites exclusively but separately for the U.S., France and Russia. In the same way it has signed billions of dollars worth of arms contracts in recent years with the U.S. without any competitive bidding and transparency, New Delhi is set to award nuclear contracts on a government-to-government basis.
India’s nuclear-accident liability bill aims to help replicate what U.S. nuclear firms presently enjoy in their domestic market, where the Price-Anderson Act caps the industry’s liability for a severe radioactive release. But for each accident, the Price-Anderson liability system provides more than $10.5 billion in total potential compensation through a complex formula that includes insurance coverage carried by the reactor that suffered the accident, “retrospective premiums” from each of the covered reactors in operation in the U.S., and a 5 per cent surcharge. Washington assumes liability for any catastrophic damages from an accident only above the $10.5 billion figure (which is inflation-adjusted every five years and thus variable).
Why should a poor country like India assume liability from a ridiculously low threshold? In fact, to cover claims of personal injury and property damage in the event of a catastrophic nuclear accident, India — given the density of its population and the consequent higher risks — must also maintain a large standby compensation pool, but without the state being burdened.
Another troubling aspect of the proposed Indian legislation is that while the Price-Anderson Act permits economic (but not legal) channelling of liability, thereby allowing lawsuits against any party, New Delhi is granting foreign suppliers immunity from legal actions — however culpable they may be for an accident — by introducing legal channelling of all liability to the Indian state (which will run the foreign-built plants through its Nuclear Power Corporation of India Limited). What will it do to nuclear safety to free foreign suppliers upfront from “the precautionary principle” and “the polluter pays principle” and turn their legal liability for an accident into mere compensation, that too at an inconsequential level?
To be sure, without a cap on liability damages in India, U.S. firms would be exposed to unlimited liability. But in its effort to help create a congenial environment for them to do business in India, should the state gratuitously assume the principal financial burden in the event of an accident? The proposed Indian cap is well below international levels. Japan, for example, has boosted its plant operator liability to120 billion yen ($1.33 billion). Under the OECD’s 2004-amended Paris Convention, total liability was set at €1.5 billion ($2.04 billion), with the operator’s share being nearly half. Germany, for its part, has unlimited operator liability and demands € 2.5 billion ($3.4 billion) security from each plant’s operator.
After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, with its transboundary consequences, international efforts were initiated to harmonise rules on liability and compensation. But those efforts have been stymied by the failure to bring all relevant international instruments into force. States with a majority of the world’s present 436 nuclear power reactors are not yet party to any international liability convention. Many countries still maintain a “wait and see” approach. For example, China, Japan and the U.S. are not party to any international liability convention, while Russia — a party to the Vienna Convention since 2005 — has refused to pass legislation to waive or cap accident liability for its foreign suppliers. China has yet to erect a formal domestic liability regime, although its State Council in 1986 issued an administrative legal document as an “interim” liability measure.
When a number of nuclear-generating countries are yet to adopt domestic legislation in this field, let alone ratify international conventions, why is New Delhi in a rush to pass a bill that caps liability on terms weighted in favour of foreign suppliers? Parliament indeed should seize the opportunity offered by the liability bill to scrutinise the nuclear deal in its entirety.
(c) The Hindu, 2010. | <urn:uuid:2edb173d-cc95-47b7-b006-5a7799fba91d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chellaney.net/2010/02/16/nuclear-accident-liability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.944884 | 1,938 | 2.25 | 2 |
This document contains the final decisions and reply of the Ɂehdzo Got’ı̨nę Gots’ę́ Nákedı (Sahtú Renewable Resources Board – SRRB) to a September 26, 2016 letter from the Minister of Environment and Natural Resources (ENR). In the September 26 letter, the Minister responded to the Ɂekwę́ hé Dene Ts’ı̨lı̨ - Sustaining Relationships: Final Report on the Sahtú Bluenose East Ɂekwę́ Hearing 2016 (the “BNE Report”) released by the SRRB on July 28, 2016.
In these SRRB final decisions and recommendations which reply to the Minister’s response, the SRRB groups its comments by themes. These themes capture the key areas where the Minister has suggested that the SRRB’s decisions and recommendations be varied:In these SRRB final decisions and recommendations which reply to the Minister’s response, the SRRB groups its comments by themes. These themes capture the key areas where the Minister has suggested that the SRRB’s decisions and recommendations be varied:
- Conservation Approach (including harvest rates and male/female ratio for harvesting) – related to SRRB Decisions 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34, 37, 39
- Cross-Regional Coordination – related to SRRB decisions 22, 26, 36 primarily; also related to SRRB Decisions 15, 25, 30 and 33
- Herd Status – related to SRRB decisions 2, 4, 5
- Research Needs – related to SRRB decisions 1, 3, 6, 16, 20, 35
- Policy Reform – related to SRRB decisions 17, 19, 21, 22, 29, 31, 36, 38
- Funding – related to SRRB decision 12 as well as research and policy decisions
- Youth and Education – related to SRRB decisions 8, 9 13
Included with this document are a summary of actions (Appendix A) and a proposed workplan with timelines (Appendix B). The overall objective of the SRRB is to support the potential success of the Délı̨nę plan as a model for community conservation planning. The SRRB also, in these final decisions and recommendations, prioritizes the need for the inter-regional user dialogue needed in order to protect the institutional space for the Délı̨nę plan to be piloted.
A complete archive from the 2016 Public Hearing can be found here. | <urn:uuid:f6c8dd96-3d3c-44fa-8942-e90b0190c30a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://srrb.nt.ca/document-repository/public/public-hearings-registry/2020/3-1-relevant-documents-barren-ground-caribou/1775-16-10-26-srrb-final-decisions-bne-hearing-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.917433 | 563 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Though we’ve been primarily reporting from Copenhagen this week, believe it or not, there were some other interesting ocean-related happenings. Check ’em out:
This week in ocean news,
…Fishery managers in Washington State predicted that 2010 will be a big comeback year for chinook salmon, with nearly half a million salmon (only 80,000 of which are wild fish) estimated to swim up the Columbia River next spring. It would be the largest run in the river since 1938.
…Using an underwater robot near Samoa, scientists have recorded the deepest underwater erupting volcano ever seen, at 4,000 feet deep. 80 percent of the earth’s volcanic activity occurs in the sea (!) but this is the closest scientists have ever gotten to an eruption. Researchers will use the recording to study how deep-sea life is able to survive in such a harsh environment.
…In yet more evidence that cephalopods may be the coolest creatures in the sea, scientists have observed octopuses carrying coconut shells as temporary protective shelter, which is the first recorded example of tool use in invertebrates. The video at above link is very cool. Peek-a-boo!
…A 22-year-old Ohioan named Katie Spotz became the latest crazy person brave adventurer to attempt a solo row across the ocean. She will row 30 miles a day from Senegal to French Guiana, and could become the 110th rowboat to cross one of the oceans in the last nine years. Let’s hope she packed plenty of snacks. | <urn:uuid:6f29a3c2-d607-4be1-99b1-f47e0bc75f1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://usa.oceana.org/blog/scanner-not-about-copenhagen-edition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955428 | 324 | 2.25 | 2 |
Muscat: More than 300,000 birds of about 80 species migrated to the wetlands on the coast of Oman, a new survey has revealed.
The study was the first full spring migration count of the wetlands in Al Wusta governorate of which Bar Al Hikman peninsula is a part.
The survey was conducted by Wetlands International, a global not-for-profit organisation dedicated to the conservation and restoration of wetlands.
It was done in partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs and Shell Development Oman.
The wetlands reserve in Al Wusta was declared as a nature reserve by a royal decree. It was also recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by Birdlife International.
Ward Hagemeijer, programme head of business and ecosystems at Wetlands International said that he birds visited Oman for the same reason people found the Sultanate to be an attractive location.
“It is safety. These are open flats. The birds can spot predators from far away. Rarely, they face a threat from foxes. But the predators are easily seen. All other such wetlands in the region have been developed, so the number of birds coming here is understandable,” he said.
Some of the species that visited the wetlands are Curlew Sandpipers whose numbers have increased by four times in the area in March as compared to January, Crab Plovers whose numbers have decreased by 90 per cent, the Lesser Sand Plover which saw it’s numbers drop by 80 per cent and Dunlin which is 50 per cent less in number now. Large gulls and Cormorant were also far less numerous than in January.
The numbers are explained by winter drawing to a close and birds leaving while others that wintered farther south stopping over at the wetlands. A comprehensive report on this survey will be filed later this year.
“This survey has produced critical information for successful management of Wetlands Reserve in Al Wusta Governorate and has brought the effective conservation of the treasures this area holds a step closer.
“An effective conservation management of the wetlands is a puzzle with many pieces. A few are already known and this March 2018 survey has added a new one. Several more pieces are still waiting to be looked into,” Hagemeijer said.
‘First of its kind study’
Further, Hagemeijer explained that while earlier work of Wetlands International confirmed the international importance of the Wetlands Reserve in Winter while 2018 was the first year that such complete survey was undertaken during the Spring Migration.
Muna Al Shukaili, general manager, external relation and Social Investment Lead at Shell Development Oman said that her company was glad to be part of the intiative.
“Barr Al Hikman is truly a pristine jewel and with biodiversity under threat around the world. We are proud to be working in partnership with the Ministry, Wetlands International and a host of experts to achieve shared goals of protecting, conserving and managing natural habitats and critical ecosystems in Oman,” she said. | <urn:uuid:b3b60d3e-a1ac-4efd-b323-7f911049bcf0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://timesofoman.com/article/56828-over-300000-migratory-birds-visited-oman-wetlands | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96697 | 628 | 2.609375 | 3 |
You must comply with this standard if you are a retailer that provides shopping bags to customers.
This standard specifies requirements and procedures to determine the compostability, or anaerobic biodegradation, of plastics by addressing biodegradability, disintegration during biological treatment, effect on the biological treatment process and effect on the quality of the resulting compost
You must not provide customers with a plastic shopping bag unless it is made of a biodegradable plastic. A plastic shopping bag is a bag that is made, in whole or in part, of polyethylene with a thickness of less than 35 microns. A plastic shopping bag does not include a bag that is an integral part of the packaging in which goods are sealed prior to sale or a bag used to protect its contents from degrading factors such as moisture or air.
Please consult the Contact Officer for more information and to ascertain the level of compliance that may be required. | <urn:uuid:c330bb69-7861-4e59-ae87-76a43602b3eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ablis.business.gov.au/service/act/australian-standard-as-4736-2006-biodegradable-plastic-biodegradable-plastics-suitable-for-composting-and-other-microbial-treatment/36797 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946804 | 186 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Clark Memorial is the only full-service hospital in southern Indiana that features a comprehensive behavioral health program. Our team includes a psychiatrist, neurologist, psychiatric nurses, physicians, licensed social workers and respiratory, speech and physical therapists who are specialty trained in the care and comfort of patients with behavioral conditions such as:
Clark Memorial's program is built on a network of support, which is crucial to successful management and recovery of behavioral health conditions. That’s why we include family and caregivers in every therapy we offer. We know it’s only in a safe and comforting environment that patients with behavioral conditions can receive the care they need from specialists who understand.
Our entire behavioral health team works together to treat your condition and help you and your caregivers learn how to manage life long-term. Every treatment plan is individualized to your needs, and may include services such as individual and group therapy, pet therapy, medication management, medical detox, aftercare planning, relaxation training, stress management and spiritual support.
Our behavioral health program is comprehensive, offering services and treatment plans for people of all ages with a wide range of behavioral and mental conditions. These include:
Our emergency room provides immediate assistance for mental health and chemical dependency issues. We are open and available 24-hours a day.
We are available for crisis assessments by phone 24-hours a day, 7 days a week.
Our 24-bed unit offers a refuge for adult patients with chemical dependency. Our medical detox program is designed to help you achieve stabilization so you can avoid hospitalization, when possible.
Our 15-bed unit is dedicated to seniors aged 65 and older. Features a non-pharmaceutical approach to stabilization.
The only hospital-based inpatient behavioral health unit in southern Indiana provides a range of lab tests and procedures to help identify the cause of your behavioral or functional change.
This is an intensive in-hospital support program for people struggling with addiction.
We offer a number of therapies that help patients reduce the need for pharmaceutical support. These include exercise classes, a sensory room, pet therapy, art therapy, music therapy, meditation and spiritual support.
Mental health and chemical dependency treatment and support in 3-hour sessions, up to 3 days per week.
Includes support groups, family therapy, wellness and recovery for adults, seniors, and their families. | <urn:uuid:55f67802-1686-4b55-892b-8631097aeeea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.clarkmemorial.org/behavioral-health | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.935816 | 475 | 1.515625 | 2 |
What do chin pimples mean?
Chin and jawline acne is often caused by fluctuations in hormones , which means a disruption with your endocrine system. It’s typically a result of excess androgens, which overstimulate the oil glands and clog pores.
Is it normal to have bumps on your chin?
Bumps on chin can be a harmless type of acne (as long as you don’t try to squeeze them), but these particular tiny flesh-colored bumps are very annoying as they give the skin an unwanted bumpy look as well as feel. Clogged pores happen anywhere on the face, but are very usual at the forehead and chin area.
Why do I have pimples on my chin?
Bumps on your chin is a skin condition differentiated by the appearance of the red pimples on the surface of the skin, particularly on the face. It happens when the bacteria such as Propionibacterium acnes infect the sebaceous glands (which are the microscopic openings on the skin’s surface that secretes sebum,…
What can I use to get bumps off my chin?
Cinnamon contains antimicrobial qualities, so it can assist to stop the bacteria from getting in any way out of hand. If it ever happens, the honey is a very natural anti-biotic, ready to wipe the little bumps on chin out. Rinse the face using pure water and pat it dry.
Why do you put egg whites on your chin?
Egg whites are the easy and even affordable way to help in reduction of bumps on chin and fade the scars left by unfortunate acne. The reason why people have found the egg whites to be much helpful for their skin is due to the fact that they’re chock full of proteins and vitamins that both combat bumps on chin, and help to rebuild the skin cells.
Is it normal to have a lump under the chin?
Overview. A lump under the chin is a bump, mass, or swollen area that appears under the chin, along the jawline, or on the front part of the neck. In some cases, more than one lump may develop. Lumps under the chin are usually harmless.
What are those bumps on my child’s skin?
What you may see: Tiny bumps on the skin can appear when your child’s skin becomes irritated or infected. If the bumps fill with pus, they can look white. These bumps tend to form on skin covered by clothing, such as the buttocks or thighs. Is it contagious? No. Is treatment needed?
Can a benign tumor cause a cyst under the chin?
Many cysts and benign tumors don’t have related symptoms. However, if the cyst or benign tumor is close to the surface of the skin, it can become irritated, inflamed, or infected. A number of other health conditions can lead to the formation of a lump under the chin. These include:
What kind of cancer can be found under the chin?
nonmelanoma skin cancer appears under the chin; sarcoma appears under the chin; Certain cancers can also cause the lymph nodes to swell. These include leukemia, Hodgkin’s disease, and others. | <urn:uuid:6b3f49f7-2541-470e-a600-a8000c1ad8bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.xshotpix.com/what-do-chin-pimples-mean/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946688 | 665 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Some great shots of the 1970 Stratos Zero introduction.... with models too. Glamour, and lots of it.
Reading technical drawings is not everyone's interest. Our appreciation for the cars is more often in driving them or working on them. But the Lancia drawings give one an insights into the thinking behind them - what was on their mind, what did they study, how did they resolve things. Its not for everyone, but it can give understanding to why things are so well worked out in their cars- things just don't seem to happen by accident. They are well resolved. And that happened at many stages along the design and construction of the cars; the drawings are one part of a larger chain of operations.
Make no mistake - Lancia - both in their engineering, construction and also their design, used what one might call "big firm" standards (like Fiat, or other major manufacturers) for their products even if made in small numbers. For example, there is a very detailed engine bay and chassis drawing for the Aurelia B50, an incredible drawing about 6' long, that must have taken weeks to resolve - all for a production run of some 800 chassis. They never cut a corner in their products - and their drawings are all carefully and meticulously done.
This became first evident in the Aurelia parts books, where exploded isometrics (orthogonal projects, which remain dimensionally true) revealed the overall assembly. It became clear that the Aurelia parts books were more interesting than the later ones, as the drawings were more artful - illustrated originally with pen and ink. Rationality came to the later models, with Fulvia and Flavia parts books as mere technical documents.
The best piece technical documentation (including its drawings) was the workshop manual for the 3Ro truck, put out 1939-1940. Likely commissioned by Italian military, the book is about 400 pages, with lots of illustrations (including 6 pages on how to set up your diesel injection test bench, and about 20+ pages of special tools); the highlight are some 12 color technical drawings (many are foldouts) that are just superb. I was turned on to this book by an Italian ex-Fiat executive who sold me a number of Lancia truck parts books (used for research!) and he told me "you simply have to have this", bent my arm, and sold it to me. Couldn't be better.
Lastly, there are the factory drawings in the archives in Torino. These are the most esoteric, and for those not trained in reading these kinds of drawings, the hardest to appreciate - but they are (to these eyes) often the most interesting. It is possible to trace (sometimes) to see what was tried and abandoned, and even how things evolved over time. While for some these can be the driest of all, in other light they provide insights into the design room where our dear cars were dreamed up and very carefully executed.
One thing to note about Lancia drawings is that technical excellence was reflected not only in the level of definition (perhaps common to other manufacturers of scale), but that things were worked out in detail on the drawings - there was no "lets figure it in the shop". Things were studied, and resolved - likely changed with input from the shop floor, but the drawings "held the course".
Two other interesting things about them - first, the revisions and notes give indications as to what they were thinking and what changed. A most interesting example was the adoption of De Virgilio's revisions to crankshaft balancing for the Aprilia and Ardea - his studies were completed in December of 1947, and the changes to the drawings were February of 1948. You can almost feel the revision happening.
In addition, Lancia cared about their drawings, and hired highly skilled draftsmen. This can be seen in the delicacy of the linework, and the little details which would not be part of a production house (say Fiat), but were part of the designer's code of the time. Thoughtful design engineers put their ideas down onto paper - and traces of that can be seen.
Lastly, some of the drawings (especially the studies) are lovely to look at. They are compositionally well constructed, and clear. All in all, if one has the patience, Lancia drawings are yet another way to understand the cars and why they are so interesting.
Flavia 2000 joined the roost, for cruising around the midwest, take on trips. A bit of the Gentleman's Express. Wife says its cute and the most reasonable one brought home. Not all bad...
A friend sent me this link: 160 pages of Lancias in the movies. What is nice about this is that it can be sorted by model, and you can look for 1950s films quickly. For finding movies of your favorite 3Ro.... Try looking at in list form, more easily viewed (and only 24p then). Also, the first couple of older cars may be a bit off, but still fun to see them all.
Lancia buffs have long agonized over the evolution of the marque. Some would identify the 1950s as its heyday in the 1950s, and the 1960s as a period of evolution to a more contemporary or modern lineup, with the Fulvia successful but also the less-so Flavia. The products through the 1970s and 1980s can be considered as a complex response to difficult marketplace, but also to incorporation of new engineering and managment approaches from Fiat.
It can be useful to see these difficulties in other companies as well - for comparison and to expand our understanding of what happened. Recommended is a three part series on the evolution of Jaguar, on the site Driven To Write. Insightful and cogent, analysis focuses on Jaguar evolution from about 1980 through 2010, a more recent time than Lancia's, but equally difficult. It was a struggle with contemporary styling and product alignment while trying to work out how to update their own traditions, issues quite similar to Lancia's. See the last part of the three part series (most recent), but the others are on their site:
Recently there was a Flaminia Berlina up for sale, and a number of friends were discussing how lovely it was, and how interested all of us were in it. That, plus some interest in the Flavia 2000 coupe, has heightened attention to the issue of conservative design, and build quality.
Recently came across a related couple of interesting articles about Mercedes 2 seaters, with in-depth study of the design for the 230/250/280SL of the 1960s and the 350SL, of the 1970-80s. The writing is very good and can inform the thoughtful Lancista. Well worth reading and sharing:
In 2019, I was asked to come to Castlemaine and give a talk for the 100 year anniversary of the Lancia Kappa. Not knowing so much about the Kappa, the occasion was an opportunity to dig into the history of the early Lancias, the pre-Lambda cars, and see what was to be learned from them.
The position that emerged was somewhat different than that previously understood: the typical understanding was that the early cars were well made, even interesting in their own right, but not of the experimental or radical nature of the later Lancias, from the Lambda one.
The approach taken was different, in that the whole of the Lancia undertaking, from 1907 to 1922 was seen as a single period of exploration and invention, of ideas tried and some abandoned; but that once seen all together, the work of that time set up and gave rise to the inventions and innovations of the Lambda. Seen another way, the breakthroughs of the Lambda, and its sister, the Trikappa, did not come from nowhere - and that to understand them, one had to assess the origins of such independent and different thinking. And that those origins were in the early years of the company, if one were to look closely for them.
A written version of the talk can be found as Emerging Traditions, here: Articles
Just discovered this... hard not to be fascinated. 1955 and everyone was there... Fangio, Stirling Moss, Taruffi, Hawthorne, Ascari, etc...
Been a long period of silence. Part of that is winter, much of it is Covid, and busy with other things. Regarding Lancia activities - a few things to report:
- the book, Lancia and De Virgilio, At the Center, is in the process of being reprinted. It is very close to shipping, with copies to be made available either from Gilena, a bookstore in Brescia (for the European markets) or from myself here in the US. Just to be clear, this is simply a reprinting, with only a few minor errors corrected; it is not a 2nd edition. It is being done as the book was sold out, and there have been repeated requests for copies.
- I have also been working on a study of Lancia's V4s, their balancing and their crankshaft designs. Many people have helped over the years, and apologies for the very slow pace of this effort. It is quite detailed but a booklet has now been completed and being put into printing. More on that soon.
Took the B20 out for a spin yesterday, the car was quite happy to be out of the garage. Its been joined by a Moto Guzzi V7 motorcycle (the newer type), which tries not to gloat too much about the benefits of fuel injection and modern electrics. The Alfa which was here for a while has gone to a new home in California. Too many little things kept needing attention.
Hoping everyone is well in these difficult times. May things improve.
This past weekend, local mechanic Giovanni lent me an Alfa GTV, a 1974 2-liter, for a few days while he's doing replacing some bushings on the Aurelia. I was admiring the GTV's lovely lines and its compact package, a nicely proportioned 1960s design on the old 105 chassis. Its a lot of fun for the young-at-heart, with a great engine and trans. Given nice roads, nice car - and even with a few rattles and wind noise. Not a Lancia, but worth appreciating.
A comparison of dimensions tells an interesting story. Assuming they are correct (assembled casually from web data), the following can be gleaned:
These GTVs are quite popular in the States, similar to the Porsche 356 or other cars of that period. Its easy to live with, and fun to drive, although missing some Lancia refinements! | <urn:uuid:57b57e7e-3e7a-4bdf-9901-7ab7e7ebdc55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.lanciaaurelia.info/wwwlanciaaureliainfo/category/other-lancia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976593 | 2,376 | 1.632813 | 2 |
The login program has been replaced. It requests a one time password, instead of the reusable password, and then acts the same as the old login. (Well, it does more logging.) One time passwords (OTPs) are generated based on a random secret key, or a key screened by Adam. The list of OTPs is then distributed by email, protected and authenticated with PGP.
Back to Table of Contents
Many people, when considering security software, seem to have an urge to run to a vendor, who will send in a bunch of smart sounding guys with short hair and suits, who will swear on their mother's grave that their product is 110% secure. And then they will give you a manual and some disks (in exchange for lots of money), and you trust these guys, and the people in their back room, to have written that software 100% correctly.
When you ask about the algorithms used, you discover that they are secret. Otherwise, how could the product be really secure?
Well, fact is, secrecy about the algorithm does not buy security. A really bright attacker can find out about it. You could find out about it, with enough work. A much, much better road to take is to publish the source code. Allow anyone and everyone to read it. Design it so that even when your enemy knows exactly what you did, it will not be possible to use that knowledge in an attack. That is what the products here S/Key and PGP, do. I've read the source to all of S/Key--Its short. I'm confident that if the mathematics work as advertised, the system is secure. I could never say that about vendor supplied software.
Back to Table of Contents
"The S/KEY one-time password system provides authentication over networks that are subject to eavesdropping/reply attacks. This system has several advantages compared with other one-time or multi-use authentication systems. The user's secret password never crosses the network during login, or when executing other commands requiring authentication such as the UNIX passwd or su commands. No secret information is stored anywhere, including the host being protected, and the underlying algorithm may be (and it fact, is) public knowledge. The remote end of this system can run on any locally available computer. The host end could be integrated into any application requiring authentication."
"PGP, short for Pretty Good Privacy, is a public key encryption package; with it, you can secure messages you transmit against unauthorized reading and digitally sign them so that people receiving them can be sure they come from you." (Adam adds-- PGP runs on Macs, PC's, Amigas, many flavors of Unix, VMS, and possibly more.)
(The following is excerpted wholesale from the PGP users guide, volume 1, by Philip Zimmermann)
How it Works
It would help if you were already familiar with the concept of cryptography in general and public key cryptography in particular. Nonetheless, here are a few introductory remarks about public key cryptography.Back to Table of Contents
First, some elementary terminology. Suppose I want to send you a message, but I don't want anyone but you to be able to read it. I can "encrypt", or "encipher" the message, which means I scramble it up in a hopelessly complicated way, rendering it unreadable to anyone except you, the intended recipient of the message. I supply a cryptographic "key" to encrypt the message, and you have to use the same key to decipher or "decrypt" it. At least that's how it works in conventional "single-key" cryptosystems.
In conventional cryptosystems, such as the US Federal Data Encryption Standard (DES), a single key is used for both encryption and decryption. This means that a key must be initially transmitted via secure channels so that both parties can know it before encrypted messages can be sent over insecure channels. This may be inconvenient. If you have a secure channel for exchanging keys, then why do you need cryptography in the first place?
In public key cryptosystems, everyone has two related complementary keys, a publicly revealed key and a secret key. Each key unlocks the code that the other key makes. Knowing the public key does not help you deduce the corresponding secret key. The public key can be published and widely disseminated across a communications network. This protocol provides privacy without the need for the same kind of secure channels that a conventional cryptosystem requires.
Anyone can use a recipient's public key to encrypt a message to that person, and that recipient uses her own corresponding secret key to decrypt that message. No one but the recipient can decrypt it, because no one else has access to that secret key. Not even the person who encrypted the message can decrypt it.
Message authentication is also provided. The sender's own secret key can be used to encrypt a message, thereby "signing" it. This creates a digital signature of a message, which the recipient (or anyone else) can check by using the sender's public key to decrypt it. This proves that the sender was the true originator of the message, and that the message has not been subsequently altered by anyone else, because the sender alone possesses the secret key that made that signature. Forgery of a signed message is infeasible, and the sender cannot later disavow his signature.
These two processes can be combined to provide both privacy and authentication by first signing a message with your own secret key, then encrypting the signed message with the recipient's public key. The recipient reverses these steps by first decrypting the message with her own secret key, then checking the enclosed signature with your public key. These steps are done automatically by the recipient's software.
Because the public key encryption algorithm is much slower than conventional single-key encryption, encryption is better accomplished by using a high-quality fast conventional single-key encryption algorithm to encipher the message. This original unenciphered message is called "plaintext". In a process invisible to the user, a temporary random key, created just for this one "session", is used to conventionally encipher the plaintext file. Then the recipient's public key is used to encipher this temporary random conventional key. This public-key-enciphered conventional "session" key is sent along with the enciphered text (called "ciphertext") to the recipient. The recipient uses her own secret key to recover this temporary session key, and then uses that key to run the fast conventional single-key algorithm to decipher the large ciphertext message.
Public keys are kept in individual "key certificates" that include the key owner's user ID (which is that person's name), a timestamp of when the key pair was generated, and the actual key material. Public key certificates contain the public key material, while secret key certificates contain the secret key material. Each secret key is also encrypted with its own password, in case it gets stolen. A key file, or "key ring" contains one or more of these key certificates. Public key rings contain public key certificates, and secret key rings contain secret key certificates.
The keys are also internally referenced by a "key ID", which is an "abbreviation" of the public key (the least significant 64 bits of the large public key). When this key ID is displayed, only the lower 24 bits are shown for further brevity. While many keys may share the same user ID, for all practical purposes no two keys share the same key ID.
PGP uses "message digests" to form signatures. A message digest is a 128-bit cryptographically strong one-way hash function of the message. It is somewhat analogous to a "checksum" or CRC error checking code, in that it compactly "represents" the message and is used to detect changes in the message. Unlike a CRC, however, it is computationally infeasible for an attacker to devise a substitute message that would produce an identical message digest. The message digest gets encrypted by the secret key to form a signature.
Documents are signed by prefixing them with signature certificates, which contain the key ID of the key that was used to sign it, a secret-key-signed message digest of the document, and a timestamp of when the signature was made. The key ID is used by the receiver to look up the sender's public key to check the signature. The receiver's software automatically looks up the sender's public key and user ID in the receiver's public key ring.
Encrypted files are prefixed by the key ID of the public key used to encrypt them. The receiver uses this key ID message prefix to look up the secret key needed to decrypt the message. The receiver's software automatically looks up the necessary secret decryption key in the receiver's secret key ring.
These two types of key rings are the principal method of storing and managing public and secret keys. Rather than keep individual keys in separate key files, they are collected in key rings to facilitate the automatic lookup of keys either by key ID or by user ID. Each user keeps his own pair of key rings. An individual public key is temporarily kept in a separate file long enough to send to your friend who will then add it to her key ring.
A one way hash function is a mathematical function whose input can not easily be guessed from its output. X squared is not one way, its pretty simple to take a square root. 'Cryptographically strong' one way functions are generated by people who spend lots of time studying this stuff, examples are DES, md4, or md5. The unix crypt(3) system call uses DES to encrypt your password locally. (Note that the crypt program does not use the crypt system call, but instead implements a variation on the German Enigma machine, which can be broken in about 3 minutes on a modern workstation.) (DES is also getting close to worthless as an encryption system. Both brute force attacks and some analytic ones are getting easier. There are also persistent rumors that the NSA (American National Security Agency) crippled it by shortening the key.)
Well, the legality of using PGP used to be questionable. The RSA public key algorithm used in PGP was patented in the USA. (It was not patented outside of the USA) PGP versions before 2.4 did not include licenses for the RSA patent. There are now versions of PGP that are fully and unquestionably US legal, and they interoperate with versions outside of the USA.
The MIT, International, and Viacrypt versions of PGP are all nearly identical, and interoperate completely. The international versions, (2.3, 2.6ui) were released to the world by a group of programmers outside the US who wanted strong cryptography to be available to everyone. A company called ViaCrypt has a commercial use license for RSA, and sells an unencumbered license as part of 2.7. The MIT version (2.6.2 is current) is licensed to use the RSA algorithm, but only for 'non-commercial purposes. The large number of versions in use is a little confusing and annoying.
Back to Table of Contents
There are quite a few RFC's which describe telnet, and I doubt you want that much detail. Essentially what happens is a connection is opened while you see the "Trying 184.108.40.206..." message, and once that is opened, all the data, such as the password prompt, etc, is transmitted as data, without any encryption or protection. This was recently exploited by an attack on the Panix public access internet service in New York City.
Yes it does. The Kerberos system (from MIT) does address this, and any other security problems, and I don't think it would be overkill to be using it.
Unfortunately, Kerberos requires a source license, and oodles of time to install, unless the vendor ships it. (In which case, I'd run but not trust it.) Since no vendor ships it, and I don't (as you may have noticed) have oodles of time on my hands, we aren't using it. Also, Kerberos requires secret keys to be chosen for each remote site, which is a lot of work.
Back to Table of Contents
You have a list of one time passwords. (OTP) (Either on paper, or created by a program. The OTP is the Nth hash of some secret. I'm going to use 10 as the value of N from here on, because it makes the text easier to read. When you login, the server has stored the 11th hash of the secret. You provide it with the 10th hash. (A hash is some one way function that is easy to compute, but difficult or impossible to get the data from the hash.) The server hashes the 10th hash one more time, giving it the 11th hash. It compares this to the 11th hash of your secret that it has stored, and if they match, is assured that you know the secret, and are really you. It then stores the 10th hash in the table it keeps, and next time around, you will need to provide the 9th hash. Then it runs all the normal stuff login runs, and logs you in.
Good question. While md4 is secure against trying to logically figure out what input produced a given output, you can always use brute force, and try all possible values for x where md4(x)=your last used password. Trying 2^32 possible values would take a lot of work, but it can be done. Trying 2^64 would be practically impossible. To be a bit more precise, my Mac LC3 can do about 10 000 md4 hashes per second. Exhaustively searching through 32 bit numbers would take about 5 days, with solutions found, on average, every 2 1/2 days. Searching a number 32 bits longer will take 4 billion times as long.
Two reasons. Cost, and they're supplied by a vendor. The cards cost roughly $50 per card, and that can add up pretty quick, and you can see my commentary on vendors above. The other reason is that using paper lists allows us to randomly generate seeds, giving us extra protection from a dictionary attack. (A dictionary attack is based on the fact that most people use words that are a small subset of the possible combinations of eight letters. If everyone used passwords like z^rBz$34, dictionary attacks would be useless, but the fact is most people use things like sex and cash as their passwords. The Morris worm had a list of about 200 which it used, quite successfully. Since I don't expect you folks to type z^rBz$34 into your credit cards each time you login, we get nearly the same security by using a paper list generated from random seeds.)
Sure. I'm open to suggestions. Please take a minute to look at ~adam/security/advisories/ciac-e-12:sniffing, and CA-94:01 to get some more background on the problem before making suggestions.
Because if we don't, there is an easy attack on S/Key, and that is the passwords you choose. A badly chosen password can cut the effective entropy of that 64 bit number to 5-10 bits. You can supply a password to me (encrypted) via email. I'll decide to accept or not accept it based on my assessment of its guessability. I'll rule out single words, words with simple substitutions of zero for the letter o, the number one for the letter l, etc. I will accept phrases, two or more words strung together with something else, say dog!boat, or things, such as long German words, that look like random strings of letters. :)
This does not mean that a line noise-like password will allow you to avoid using S/key; merely that you need a dictionary attack resistant password to use a software client.
Well, yeah. It is. Id be much happier if the list were never stolen. However, I figure the odds of the Ubercracker picking your pocket and knowing what machine you are trying to log into is pretty slim. Also, most pickpockets are much more likely to do nasty things with your credit cards than with your password list. You will tell me at once if the list goes missing, right?
There is a Mac program and a DOS TSR that will run on your home machines as follows: You come find me and say, I'd like to run the program to avoid typing things when I'm at home. You choose a seed password. You remember this information, and type it in at home, and the magic six words will appear on your screen, ready to be cut & pasted into the login prompt. You can also do this via email, so long as the message is sent encrypted. Unencrypted or unsigned messages will not be accepted.
Back to Table of Contents
F.1. You skipped right here, eh? Everyone does. It makes a certain amount of sense. Never believe claims that any system is 100% secure. Go back and read the rest of this document; this will all make more sense if you read through the rest of this document first.
The system is compromised if someone has root access to SPL machines, and knows what they are doing. However, even Kerberos wouldn't prevent that.
Remote users could choose to leave the decrypted file of OTPs on disk, or photocopy it and leave it on the copier, or do all sorts of things with it. We try to prevent this via education. However, even if someone does get ahold of the list, and cracks a secret password, it 'only' buys them 80-100 logins. This is not quite so bad as it seems, as we do have other security measures in place, but its time enough to get root access, and be a major pain in the butt.
There are a number of theoretical weaknesses in PGP on multi-user machines, most of which are very difficult to actually exploit in practice. See volume 2 of the PGP users guide for more on these.
The system does not prevent eavesdropping on your sessions, it just prevents people from logging in without proper authorization.
There is a potential for the 'gee-whiz' aspects of the system to prevent or delay intelligent thought about potential vulnerabilities of the system.
© Copyright 1994 Adam Shostack. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:de7e4774-34de-4e7b-84a3-5b9689e1c559> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shostack.org/files/essays/skey-tech-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946654 | 3,821 | 2.71875 | 3 |
The European Union General Data Protection Regulation: What It Is And What It Means
35 Pages Posted: 16 Oct 2018 Last revised: 15 Feb 2019
Date Written: September 24, 2018
This paper introduces the strategic approach to regulating personal data and the normative foundations of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). The article is written for lawyers and academics from in- and outside the EU, whether privacy specialists or not. We explain the genesis of the GDPR, which is best understood as an extension and refinement of existing requirements imposed by the 1995 Data Protection Directive; describe the GDPR’s approach and provisions; and make predictions about the GDPR’s short and medium-term implications. We also highlight where the GDPR takes a different approach than U.S. privacy law. The GDPR is the most consequential regulatory development in information policy in a generation. The GDPR brings personal data into a detailed regulatory regime, not unlike an intellectual property regime, that will influence personal data usage worldwide. Understood properly, the GDPR encourages firms to develop information governance frameworks, to in-house data use, and to keep humans in the loop in decision making. Companies with direct relationships with consumers have strategic advantages under the GDPR, compared to third party advertising firms on the internet. To reach these objectives, the GDPR uses big sticks, structural elements that make proving violations easier, but only a few carrots. The GDPR will complicate and restrain some information-intensive business models. But the GDPR will also enable approaches previously impossible under less-protective approaches.
Keywords: Privacy, Data Protection, EU, European Union, General Data Protection Regulation, GDPR, Information Privacy, Consumer Privacy
JEL Classification: K12, K00, D10, D11, D20, D30, D40, D60, D70, L00, L11, L20, L51
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation | <urn:uuid:0a13c622-4cf5-4cc6-abf5-13deac9155ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3254511 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.863375 | 406 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Key components of effective peer support groups
Children’s Advocacy Center (CAC) leaders and supervisors perform a variety of functions. They are core to the development and implementation of peer support forums and ensuring the understanding of their value to the professional development of staff and effective agency, multidisciplinary team (MDT) practice, and client outcomes. Leaders and supervisors have responsibility for administrative management, education, and support of all staff and team members and, as such, are critical to promoting and sustaining peer support.
As outlined in the Supervisor Manual for the Field Guide to Family Advocacy, the educational role of leaders and supervisors involves identifying what victim advocates need to know and ensuring they are provided opportunities for learning and growth. The support component of leaders and supervisors role focuses on enabling victim advocates to provide effective services to their clients and ensuring they can also effectively cope with job-related stress and exposure to trauma.
Development of criteria for an effective facilitator is important to the overall process. Victim advocates, by the nature of their work, regularly demonstrate facilitation skills in their efforts to empower clients, communicate with and/or on their behalf with the MDT and others, and serve as ongoing liaisons to the various agencies and systems with which families have found themselves involved. Victim advocates can translate such skills to a peer support forum, though the different context can also present challenges. Guidelines and tips for serving in a peer facilitator role will can be quite useful. Part of the process may include a regular facilitator(s) or the group sharing this role.
In designing a Victim Advocacy Peer Support Framework, consider the following components:
- Participants Invited
- Type of Model
- Protocols, Agreements, Ground Rules
- In-Person and/or Virtual | <urn:uuid:b6709eff-1402-43e5-8d9d-4aa3147ea9b9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://vatoolkit.nationalcac.org/key-components/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947349 | 382 | 2.25 | 2 |
« ПредишнаНапред »
Every bill, which shall have passed both Houses of the General Court, shall before it become a law, be presented to the Governor; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall return it with his objections to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with such objections to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the Journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within five days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Legislature by their adjournment prevent its return; - in which case it shall not be a law.
XXXV. Every resolve shall be presented to the Governor & before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him shall be repassed by the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules & limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.
Rejected. XXXVI. All Judicial officers, the Attorney General, Solicitors, all Sheriffs, Coroners, Registers of Probate, & and all officers of the Navy, & General & field officers of the Militia shall be nominated & appointed by the Governor and Council; & every such nomination shall be made at least three days prior to such appointment; & and no appointment shall take place, unless a majority of the Council agree thereto. The Governor & Council shall have a negative on each other both in the nominations & appointments. Every nomination & appointment shall be signed by the Governor or Council; & every negative shall be also signed by the Governor or Council who made the same.
The Captains & Subalterns in the respective regiments shall be nominated by the field officers, & if approved by the Governor shall be appointed by him.
Whenever the Chair of the Governor shall become vacant by reason of his death, absence from the State or otherwise, the President of the Senate, shall, during such vacancy, have and exercise all the powers and authorities which by this Constitution the Governor is vested with when personally present: But when the President of the Senate shall exercise the office of Governor, he shall not hold his office in the Senate.
The several paragraphs under the head - President,” in the Constitution, shall be altered by expunging the word “ President," and inserting the word GOVERNOR in lieu thereof.
And the second, third, fourth, sixth, ninth, sixteenth, and last paragraph, under the head, President" in the Constitution, shall be expunged, and be considered as no longer in force. Rejected.
The several paragraphs under the head Council in the Constitution shall be expunged, and the following substituted in lieu thereof:
There shall be annually elected by ballot five Councillors for advising the Governor in the Executive part of Government: The freeholders and other inhabitants in each county qualified to vote for Senators, shall some time in the month of March give in their votes for one Councillor ;- which votes shall be received, sorted, counted, certified and returned to the Secretary's office, in the same manner as the votes for Senators, to be by the Secretary laid before the Senate and house of Representatives on the last Wednesday of October.
And the person having a majority of votes in any County shall be considered as duly elected a Councillor : But if no person shall have a majority of votes in any County the Senate and House of Representatives shall take the names of the two persons who have the highest number of votes in each County and not elected, and out of those two shall elect by joint ballot, the Councillor wanted for such County.
Provided nevertheless, That no person shall be capable of being elected a Councillor, who has not an estate of the value of five hundred pounds, within this State, three hundred pounds of which or more shall be a freehold in his own right; and who is not thirty years of
age, and who shall not have been an inhabitant of this State for seven years immediately preceeding his election, and at the time of his election an inhabitant of the County in which he is elected. Rejected.
XLIV. The Secretary shall annually, seventeen days before the last Wednesday of October, give notice of the choice of the persons elected.
XLV. If any person shall be elected Governor or member of either branch of the Legislature, and shall accept the trust, or if any person elected as Councillor shall refuse to accept the office, or in case of the death, resignation, or removal of any Councillor out of the State, the Governor may issue a precept for the election of a new Councillor in that County where such vacancy shall happen, and the choice shall be in the same manner as before directed. The Governor shall have power and authority to convene the Council from time to time at his discretion, and with them or the majority of them, may and shall from time to time hold a Council for ordering and directing the affairs of the State according to the law of the land.
The members of the Council may be impeached by the House and tried by the Senate for bribery, corruption, mal-practice or mal-administration. The resolutions and advice of the Council shall be recorded by the Secretary in a register, and signed by all the members present agreeing thereto; and this record may be called for at any time by either House of the Legislature; and any member of the Council may enter his opinion contrary to the resolutions of the majority, with the reasons for such opinion.
The Legislature may, if the public good shall hereafter require it, divide the State into five districts as nearly equal as may be, governing themselves by the number of rateable polls and proportion of public taxes, each District to select a Councillor; and in case of such division, the manner of the choice shall be conformable to the present mode of election in Counties.
And whereas the elections appointed to be made by this Constitution on the last Wednesday of October annually by the two Houses of the Legislature may not be completed on that day, the said elections may be adjourned from day to day until the same shall be completed. And the order of the elections shall be as follows: The vacancies in the Senate, if any, shall be first filled up; the Governor shall then be elected, provided there shall be no choice of him by the people, and afterwards the two houses shall proceed to fill up the vacancy, if any, in the Council.
Under the head SECRETARY, &c.
The Secretary of the State shall at all times have a deputy to be by him appointed, for whose conduct in office he shall be responsible, and in case of the death, removal or inability of the Secretary, his deputy shall exercise all the duties of the office of Secretary of this State until another shall be appointed.
L. The Secretary before he enters upon the business of his office, shall give bond with sufficient sureties in a reasonable sum for the use of the State, for the punctual performance of his trust.
COUNTY TREASURER, &C.
That the paragraph under this head in the Constitution be expunged, and the following substituted in the lieu thereof:
The County Treasurer and Register of Deeds, shall be elected by the inhabitants of the several Towns in the several Counties in the State, according to the method now practiced and the laws of the State; Provided nevertheless, the Legislature (shall have authority) to alter the manner of certifying the votes and the mode of electing those officers, but not so as to deprive the people of the right they now have of electing them.
LII. And the Legislature on the application of the major part of the inhabitants of any County shall have authority to divide the same into two districts, for registering deeds, if to them it shall appear necessary — each district to elect a Register of deeds.
The County Treasurer and Register of deeds before they enter upon the business of their offices, shall be respectively sworn faithfully to discharge the duties thereof, and shall severally give bond with sufficient sureties in a reasonable sum for the use of the County or District, for the punctual performance of their respective trusts.
It shall be the duty of the General Court to make a reform in the Judiciary system, that justice may be administered in a more cheap and expeditious manner than is now practiced; and that no party shall have a review after the cause has been determined against him twice by Jury. | <urn:uuid:39c5a528-d3bb-4c10-b5d3-f707beb5204d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.bg/books?id=cWhDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA160&vq=%22thereof,+according+to+such+acts+as+are+or+shall+be+in+force+within+the+same.%22&dq=editions:UOMDLPaan1771_0001_001&lr=&hl=bg&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964677 | 1,977 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Your Journalism profile is a great method to reveal your work and make on your own stick out from the competition. It can be made use of to land a work, so see to it you update it typically. Listed here are some tips to get your Journalism portfolio observed by companies. Here are some great examples of Journalism profiles. The samples must be as varied as feasible. A journalist ought to select pieces that highlight their array. Bianca, for example, has actually selected pieces that flaunt her individual development as a freelance reporter.
When preparing your profile, remember that it requires to be easy to browse. Consider how you want your job showed, and also stay with it. You don’t need to make different pages for every sort of job. It is easier for customers to scroll with one long web page instead of clicking via several tabs. It is additionally an excellent concept to include links to relevant social networks accounts. However bear in mind to connect to accounts that you desire the visitors to check out.
In the very first area of his portfolio, Hugues introduces himself in a conversational tone. Then he structures the profile in a similar means to an online magazine. Each of his clips has strong pictures to draw the customer in. Hugues’ portfolio reveals precisely what kind of stories he excels in covering. The second section details his contact details. It also includes web links to his social media sites accounts. In recap, Hugues’s Journalism portfolio is both fascinating and informative.
The website of freelance reporter Josephine Moulds is one more excellent instance of a Journalism profile. Moulds has actually arranged her posts right into 5 classifications, and the home page showcases several of her work. Her Biography section reveals her affiliation with different papers as well as news sites. A picture and also links to her Journalisted profile as well as CV are also consisted of. Offering details regarding on your own and your work is vital for drawing in employers. So, make your portfolio as attractive as feasible!
There are numerous WordPress motifs you can use to produce a Profile. Journo Profile, for example, is complimentary and also has an outstanding theme. It has a magazine-style style that highlights material and also uses imagery in messages. It has effective plugins, a multi-language interface, and an eye-catching navigating bar. The downside is that it has far a lot of attributes and also plugins. There are better choices out there. Just beware concerning what you pick!
A Journalism profile is also an outstanding means to flaunt your flexibility as a writer. Whether you’re blogging about crime, human interest, or a deep profile of a well-known celeb, you’ll show your versatility with a Journalism profile. A portfolio makes it simple for viewers to find your ideal work. Besides, lots of people Google a reporter, but without a profile, they’ll just see random pieces of work.
To help you build your Profile, begin by putting together samples of your best items. These posts and also case studies showcase your soft skills, as well as your journalistic skills. You can compose them on your own or utilize copyfolio to aid. Both of these devices are cost-free to download and install. Make sure you contend the very least three examples prior to you start your return to. Ideally, your future employer will certainly see them in your portfolio as well as wish to employ you! You’ll be surprised at just how very easy it is to make a Journalist Profile.
An additional excellent resource for building a Reporter Portfolio is Contently. This site makes it simple to produce as well as modify your Portfolio, with the included advantage of backing up every one of your write-ups. You can additionally connect to your Contently account. This way, individuals can quickly discover your work as well as follow your progression. Overall, Contently is an outstanding tool to develop your Profile. It’s worth considering if you’re an on-line reporter who wants to develop an effective Profile.
A systems analyst has a present for discovering the origin of occasions. A systems expert’s understanding of a subject prolongs well beyond news cycles. They are the ultimate expert in a subject and can captivate a dedicated target market by discussing systemic patterns in an obtainable way. Additionally, systems analysts can produce interesting and also provocative articles that can influence visitors to transform the globe. If your portfolio has plenty of these sorts of tales, you can be certain that your Occupation will thrive.
This motif is a wonderful option if you are searching for a straightforward style with a remarkable writer picture. The Residence 4 motif is very easy to browse, with a tidy, efficient homepage layout. It features paid costs WordPress plugins for reporters, as well as is likewise multilingual. You can’t go wrong with the House 4 style, however, as it has an attractive author picture. Nonetheless, it isn’t as functional as some other motifs.
A great WordPress style for a journalism portfolio is Akea, not to be puzzled with Ikea. Akea is a minimalist theme, with specific article web pages and also an above-the-fold section. It additionally includes a featured article and a brief summary of who you are. While this theme is easy to use, it lacks the wow factor that will certainly make a viewer click and read more. An example is Gary Phillips’ writing profile, which makes use of the Journo Portfolio style.
For the most part, Pressfolio is complimentary. There are additionally cost-free as well as paid strategies, and you can pick between a cost-free and also a premium account. Both have their benefits and also negative aspects. The complimentary strategy limits you to 10 short articles, while the professional plan permits you to have endless pages and clips. You can customize your portfolio with as lots of or as couple of attributes as you desire. The cost-free version offers a tidy and also organized user interface, while the professional plan provides more attributes and performance. Additional hints
The first thing to seek in a Journalismist portfolio is their subject. As an example, Alastair’s journalism portfolio is extremely similar to his Twitter bio: it’s straightforward, organized by information event. This signifies topic expertise and also it connects to his social media sites accounts. Having a strong online visibility is an absolute need to for journalists, and one that can be grown over an extended period of time. | <urn:uuid:024f7ee2-8384-4ce4-8946-a6e44d782f2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://elia-ag.com/2022/04/07/helpful-tips-from-specialists-in-journalist-portfolio/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.96003 | 1,334 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Literacy Coach Cover Letter Example
Here is the Literacy Coach Cover Letter example:
Dear Ms. Tindal,
I am writing this letter to apply for the literacy coach position being offered by Avon Senior High School. My qualifications and past work experience should speak for themselves and show that I have the qualifications needed to fill this position and be an asset to your school.
To summarize the value I can bring to your organization I have compiled a list of the highlights of my career that pertain to this particular job, I have/am:
•Fully certified as a teacher with 3 years of experience working as a literacy coach.
•Up-to-date with current curriculum required by state.•The ability to research information when needed and excellent management skills.•Flexible schedule that can accommodate meetings and training sessions.
On top of the skills listed above I also have the experience of working with other teachers and have learned the value of listening carefully, keeping an open line of communication, establishing priorities, keeping documents and maintaining confidentiality at all times.
An interview will reveal many of the contributions I can make to Avon Senior High School and it would give me a chance to explain why I’m suited for this position. Please contact me at (555)-555-5555, or email me at [email] | <urn:uuid:f4582af9-58be-4c68-8396-21dee8ec11fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.greatsampleresume.com/cover-letter/examples/education/literacy-coach | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.938586 | 288 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Skip to content
When you are in a bad mood, everyone likes to eat something sweet. It can be seen that sweetness is indispensable in pleasing yourself. But the harm of excessive intake of sugar to human body is also obvious. How to reduce sugar intake while enjoying sweetness is a long-term research proposition in the food and beverage ingredient industry.
Dairy products and drinks are the first category to bear the brunt of the trend of sugar reduction. What is the demand of consumers for sugar reduction of these two products? Do you know the sweet pattern of sucrose? After reducing sugar, how to sweeten healthily?
From 14:00 to 15:00 on November 12, Zhang Yun, sensory and Consumer Insight Manager of dezhixin China, and Wang Min, a flavorer, will bring you new ways to reduce sugar and help you innovate sugar reducing products that have both health and delicious. Remember to come on time~
Scan the code into the group and listen to the live broadcast
Opening time: 14:00-15:00, November 12 (Friday)
China sensory and Consumer Insight Manager
Doctor of food science, once engaged in R & D, sensory science, consumer research and analysis laboratory management in the world’s leading food companies. He has rich experience in the field of sensory and consumer research and analysis.
De Zhixin Chinese sweet flavorer
Graduated from the University of Nottingham with a master’s degree in food. It has more than ten years of experience in sweet flavoring, specializing in dairy products and sweet taste balanced flavoring. He has rich experience and knowledge on the modification of sweeteners and the flavor balance of food system after hypoglycemic.
Germany is one of the four largest fragrance companies in the world. Its headquarters is in Germany, and has more than 100 branches in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, Asia, the United States and Latin America. Dezhixin has many patents in taste balance technology and is good at balancing sweetness– This includes optimizing sweet characteristics and masking or reducing the effects of bad odors and flavors.
Reprint authorization and media business cooperation: Amy (wechat: 13701559246);
Join the community: Cherry (micro signal: 15240428449).
Fbic222 global food and beverage Innovation Conference & the first Food Expo “new food era – brand ecology” will be held in Shanghai from May 31 to June 2, 2022. We invite you to witness it together. (click the picture to view the detailed introduction).
Food people are “watching”
- The broken road of ham sausage, reincarnation | <urn:uuid:4373f633-cbfa-4590-90c8-0576e8669f6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chinafoodpress.com/2021/11/05/a-new-way-to-reduce-sugar-how-to-have-both-health-and-delicacy-with-sugar-reducing-products-fbic-go-innovation-live-broadcast-preview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.930539 | 610 | 1.796875 | 2 |
The animal fur trade played a key role in the development and ultimate ownership of lands and resources on the West Coast of North America. Yet it is often neglected in histories and understanding of the west. In California classrooms it is skipped almost entirely.The players in this complex conflict included Russia, Great Britain, America, France, Spain, Mexico, Hawaii, and the many First Nations whose lands it had been. At times the fur trade was incredibly profitable and helped make some men and women very rich. The economic returns and taxes also helped support governments.More often, the fur trade led to suffering, abuse, death, and despair for the sailors, trappers, and fur traders involved. The most profitable period was very short; but the lasting impacts have been severe for the First Nations whose lands were invaded and for the ecosystems that were stripped of sea otter beaver.Abuse and conflicts led to resistance and warfare that in some cases decimated local communities. Massacres took place, but more often it was not deliberate.
The natives were needed to collect furs, but they had little or no resistance to introduced diseases. Beginning at first contact with explorers, a series of epidemics of smallpox, malaria, influenza, syphilis and other diseases swept through the region. A times these killed 50-90% of the people in tribal groups and visitors found only skulls and bones. The intermittent fever of the 1830s was accidently spread by the Hudson’s Bay Company trappers. It was particularly destructive in Oregon and California. The death of so many native people led to social disruption in even the strongest tribal groups. Many tribes and tribelets were gone before they were noted in a journal or placed on a map. But some survived and they have recovered in population and spirit. Efforts are being made to save, recover, and use native languages.The impacts from the fur trade are still seen today along the coast and rivers of Alaska, Canada and the American west. Many groups and institutions are working to restore these ecosystems, and everyone can play a part.
- Publisher : Rio Redondo Press (August 31, 2020)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 202 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1735149225
- ISBN-13 : 978-1735149226
- Item Weight : 9.9 ounces
- Dimensions : 6 x 0.46 x 9 inches | <urn:uuid:17136244-6201-4a09-95f6-f2b6cb8c4802> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://environmentaljusticetv.wordpress.com/2021/03/20/fur-war-the-political-economic-cultural-and-ecological-impacts-of-the-w-estern-fur-trade-1765-1840-david-a-bainbridge-david-a-9781735149226-am-azon-com-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.972095 | 491 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Note: The Apple Device Enrollment Program is now commonly referred to as “Apple Automated Enrollment Program (ADE)” and exists as part of Apple Business Manager. While some of this information in this article is still relevant, we suggest that you read the aforementioned linked articles above to learn more.
Apple developed the Device Enrollment Program to help businesses and educational institutions easily deploy iOS and macOS devices. Even when utilizing Apple device management, the workflow to configure newly purchased iOS and macOS devices was complicated. DEP reduces the number of required steps for a newly purchased device to be ready for use.
Having even one of these requirements makes DEP worth utilizing:
IT benefits greatly from the number of reduced ‘touches’ that need to be performed on each device.
DEP is a great option for non-technical employees, as well. As soon as they unbox their device and turn it on, it’s ready to go after a few screens. There’s no waiting for IT to configure the device, and there’s less confusion during the setup process. An employee is able to use their device immediately.
A DEP account must be created with Apple. This account is generally created during the hardware purchase process but can be created separately as well. Once the account is created, devices are associated with the account by serial number.
When you pair SimpleMDM with a DEP account, SimpleMDM allows you to specify how your devices will be configured. These configurations, when saved, will be pushed to your DEP account on Apple servers.
Then, when a registered DEP device is turned on for the first time, it contacts the Apple DEP servers and checks for a configuration. It sees the SimpleMDM configuration that you created and applies it to the device.
If devices are purchased through a designated business channel, such as the Apple Business Team or third party business resellers (like CDW or Verizon), the devices can be added to your DEP account at the time of purchase by your account manager.
Starting with iOS 11, previously purchased iOS devices (macOS are not eligible currently) can also be added to DEP using Apple Configurator 2.5 software. Devices will enter a 30-day trial period where the device is part of the DEP account, but can be removed at any time. Once the 30 days has expired, the device will permanently belong to the DEP account.
If you have existing devices running an earlier version of iOS, Apple may be able to add them to your DEP account after the time of purchase. To prove ownership, the devices need to have been purchased through a business channel.
Configuring DEP within SimpleMDM allows for a number of options, such as:
Force the device to enroll with SimpleMDM
Select which SimpleMDM group devices should initially join
Disable user’s ability to un-enroll from SimpleMDM manually
Place device in supervised mode
Restrict device from pairing with macOS computers
Disable sending diagnostics information to Apple
Display personalized contact information for support
Automatically create an administrator account (macOS only)
Additionally, there are a number of setup steps that can be disabled or modified.
Specifically, you can opt to skip screens such as:
Restoring from backup
Signing in to Apple ID and iCloud
Terms and Conditions
Touch ID setup
Apple Pay setup
Registration screen (macOS only)
Or you can modify screens in order to:
Remove “Move from Android” from restore options
Disable FileVault setup assistant (macOS only)
Purchase Apple iOS and macOS devices. Enroll with Apple DEP.
Upload DEP account token to SimpleMDM.
Select configuration options within SimpleMDM
That’s it. Your devices will receive their configuration as soon as you power them up for the first time.
We hope that this guide has been helpful.
SimpleMDM is a mobile device management solution that helps IT teams securely update, monitor, and license Apple devices in a matter of minutes — all while staying on top of Apple updates automatically. | <urn:uuid:2bbea309-0c91-4efa-99ad-78b2b66c9204> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://simplemdm.com/blog/definitive-guide-to-the-apple-device-enrollment-program-apple-dep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.933874 | 869 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Electrical and electronic equipment has become an integral part of modern society. With the current technological advances the life span of this equipment has been shrinking leading to waste generation and issues related to end of life waste disposal. The circular economy model has been proposed to address the growing volume of e waste. The model encourages
Copper Lead Nickel Zinc Small Live Charts To publish the small version of the live charts on your website click here. Charts Data ¬
East China Many types Copper Cathode Production Line Double Shaft Copper Recycling Machine producer US / Set Henan China EAST China HD CP500.Source from Henan Province Gongyi City East China Metallurgical Coal
Production ProcessRuby Copper. Continuous melting and casting is carried out in a single furnace the material used is copper cathode Cu min content 99.95 and waste materials recovered from this line Casting process using Copper Phosphate alloy Cu P alloy phosphorus content 13 15 Cu P alloy amount 1.8kg1.9kg Cu P / ton Cu Cu P alloys
Dec 09 2020 From 2020 to 2050 in the more conservative STEP scenario Li demand would rise by a factor of 17–21 from 0.036 Mt to 0.62–0.77 Mt Co by a
Zauba is a platform that helps businesses reduce risks involved in import and export trade
CME Group is focused on delivering new ways to manage risk and improve performance. Whether it s a new futures contract for the evolving cryptocurrency market tracking emerging benchmarks like CME SOFR Term Reference Rate or backtesting alternative data sets new opportunities are always waiting our market participants.
Bronze or Copper Plates or sheets strapped in bundles. 30740.2 60 Wire or copper clad steel. 30920.1 60 Steel Product NMFC # Class Cables of Iron or steel 39510 70 Cast Pipe Iron or Steel. 51200 50 Steel Tanks. 181420.1 250 back to class finder Our Site is SSL Secure
We Buy Urgent Buy Copper Cathodes Ex Bonded Ware House. 8 Oct 2020. We need a offer of 12x10000MT or more/one year contract with r e for copper cathodes Electrolytic Copper Grade A Standard Non LME Grade A Standard Cu Cathodes 1 Cu purity 99.99 to min. 99.97 /origin Africa with a trial order before of min. 500MT 1000MT or more .
For the operation in the presence of bare Fe Cr alloy without any protective layer R E is as low as 0.07 Ω cm 2 after the polarization at 200 mA cm 2 and 800 o C for 40 h much smaller than 0.74 Ω cm 2 of pristine LSCF cathode after the test under identical conditions.
copper plastic they are all good conductors. copper. Glass is an example of a n insulator The line compensator is typically wired to the timer circuit The filament is a straight piece of wire in the cathode. T/F. False. To produce x rays a cloud of electrons are necessary and the cathode must have a strong positive charge.
Jun 06 2019 for COM 2019 Copper 2019 August 18 21 2019 Vancouver BC Canada
Mueller Industries Inc. is an industrial manufacturer that specializes in copper and copper alloy manufacturing while also producing goods made from aluminum steel and plastics. It is headquartered in Collierville Tennessee and comprises a network of operations in North America Europe Asia and the Middle East.
Nov 25 2020 Abstract. Meat cultivation via cellular agriculture holds great promise as a method for future food production. In theory it is an ideal way of meat production humane to the animals and sustainable for the environment while keeping the same taste and nutritional values as traditional meat and having additional benefits such as controlled fat content and absence
Customer work site of copper electrolysis project Figure 1 shows the cathode plate and figure 2 shows the cathode copper after electrolysis. Electrolysis Machine For Copper Recovery System is extracted from copper mine in smelting furnace contains 98.5 copper. It is the raw material of electrolytic copper production.
Aug 24 2021 Here the copper ions gain electrons and become solid copper. the oxidation reaction at the anode causes electrons to flow through the
How long would it take to deposit 0.635 g of copper at the cathode during the electrolysis of copper II sulphate solution if you use a current of 0.200 amp. F = 9.65 x 10 4 C mol 1 or 96500 C mol 1 . A r of Cu = 63.5. This time you can t start by working out the number of coulombs because you don t know the time.
copper deposits at cathode. When Eext = 1.1 V i No flow of electrons or current. ii No chemical reaction. When Eext > 1.1 V i Electrons flow from Cu to Zn and current flows from Zn to Cu. ii Zinc is deposited at the zinc electrode and copper dissolves at copper electrode. a b c
250mcm 750mcm wire has 90 copper recovery so let’s use same 100 lbs. if you were to sell it the way it is in today’s market you would get average 1.50 per pound so it would get you 150.00 without doing a thing to it just bring it to a recycling yard and sell it. If you chose to strip it you will end up with 90 pounds of copper don’t
Copper Cathode Production Line Frp Electrolytic Cells From. Copper Cathodes High Grade 99.99 Product name FRP electrolytic cells Application refining of cooper zinc lead nickle gold Name noferrous metal refining cells material vinyl ester resin Purity 93 3 Capacity 3 100000ty Type Skid Mounted structure inner liner polymer concrete and outer protection layer
Oct 26 2021 In the last decade research on metal halide perovskites has made tremendous progress. The certified efficiency of perovskite solar cells PSCs has increased drastically to over 25 see Fig. 1 and can now compete in this respect with Si technology.The simple fabrication including even processing from solution opens the possibility to integrate perovskite
Mar 27 2022 EIS Wire and Cable Hadley MA 1910 10 24.9 Daburn Electronics Cable and Polytron Devices Alpha Wire Co. provides custom and standard cable and copper wire including eco friendly cable and wire hook up wire and industrial cable and wire. It also offers inspection and testing services. wire and cable. Types include low medium
We purchase all types of scrap metal for recycling including all ferrous and non ferrous metals and materials. Scrap #2 copper pipe is burnt copper wire and copper with light tin coating or solder. #1 Wire 75 . 2.80/lb. Non Ferrous. Scrap cast auto rotors and drums from cars and trucks. Units must be free of any hubs or other materials.
CLICK HERE. TO JOIN FORUM. If you are active in the Copper Scrap Industry add your name to the E mail group to receive current news views etc.. you must have a valid email address to participate in the email forum Copper Scrap Industry. B.C. Ltd. 129 Recycling. 1st
The Scrap Copper Melt Value Calculator shown below can figure the total copper value of scrap copper items measured by the weight unit of your choice. The copper value is figured based on the total amount of actual copper content not including any other metals used if it is an alloy. The scrap copper calculator will only show what the
Metals. In today’s global interconnected markets where uncertainty and opacity can challenge the supply chains of even the most sophisticated firms it’s crucial your business has access to the best in class price assessments and market information for all metals that you buy or sell and this information fully reflect the current state of trading dynamics in regions where you operate.
Feb 09 2021 Bioelectricity production and degradation of paper recycling wastewater. The experiments were conducted with paper recycling wastewater as a substrate and 100 mM phosphate buffer as the cathode electrolyte. Graphite felt 3 cm 3 cm was used as both anode and cathode electrodes. The electrodes were separated at 4 cm distance.
If you were accessing myaccountpyright click on home to return to the login page for that site. If you used a bookmark simply click on the back button and use the navigation elements on that page. If you were requesting copyright permission and your session has expired you will need to close this window and start over. BACK.
Aug 15 2017 Recycling centers do recycle metal but not in the quantity of a scrap metal facility. As a matter of fact many recycling centers ship their scrap metal to a specialized metal yard for recycling. Scrap Metal Yard Near Me Conclusion. So that is the basics of how the scrap metal yard near me works and most faculties.
Mar 02 2022 KME with its production plants in Germany France Italy Spain China and the USA is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of copper and copper alloy products. KME offers innovative product solutions tailored to the respective individual requirements of our customers from the most various industrial sectors and has a worldwide sales network.
Whether you re a homeowner business or industrial facility in the Chicagoland area S S Metal Recyclers II can pay you for your recyclable material. We are glad to handle brass aluminum copper and many other types of metal for your convenience. Contact us today at 630 844 3344 or come by our location to learn more about our recycling
TECHNICAL SUPPORT DOCUMENT POTENTIAL RECYCLING OF SCRAP METAL FROM NUCLEAR FACILITIES PART I RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS Volume 1 Prepared by R. Anigstein W. C. Thurber J. J. Mauro S. F. Marschke and U. H. Behling S. Cohen Associates 6858 Old Dominion Drive McLean ia 22101 Under
Feb 25 2016 A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and converts it to electrical energy. The chemical reactions in a battery involve the flow of electrons from one material electrode to another through an external circuit. The flow of electrons provides an electric current that can be used to do work. To balance the flow of electrons charged
Copper RecoveryINDUSTRIAL SCRAP RECYCLING . Robust design for scrap yard or production scrap. WE ARE YOUR ADVANTAGE . Providing legendary service for over 18 years Copper Recovery is not only the premier manufacturer of wire chopping lines but also agents for the finest European recycling Cathode Copper Production Line Copper Electrolysis Plant
Peer. REVISIONS . Date Description Prep ar e d C he c ke Te c hn ica l App ro va l Rev iew . BUREAU OF RECLAMATION Technical Service Center Denver Colorado Materials Engineering and Research Lab Group 86 68180 | <urn:uuid:36b090bf-8998-4e9f-a965-0be61894ba81> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tasarte.nl/2021/Nov/05_16964.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.887358 | 2,230 | 1.570313 | 2 |
This page is just a list of some examples where common sense was ignored in several of the various cases looked at on this website.
1) Hser Ner Moo
There are two main possible scenarios in this death.
- An older person got angry at Hser Ner Moo and injured then killed her. Then that person staged a sex crime. / This website's theory.
- A person raped and murdered her because they were attracted to her sexually. / The mainstream theory.
Common sense aspect / There are 100 cases per year of a stranger murdering a child for sex, and almost all of them involve older victims. That motive in the murder of a 7 year old is very rare.
Injuring or killing a child because an adult loses their temper is very common though.
A person could guess very roughly that for every person 7 years old or under who is raped and murdered there are maybe a thousand who are killed by somebody who lost their temper.
"In 2019, state agencies identified an estimated 1,840 children who died as a result of abuse and neglect — an average of five children a day. However, studies also indicate significant undercounting of child maltreatment fatalities by some state agencies by 50% or more."
In other words, in general terms before looking at specifics, it is maybe a thousand times more likely, a very rough guess, that the death was the result of an adult losing their temper or otherwise venting anger at a child due to the child's vulnerability.
The curve ball was how the body was positioned i.e., to suggest a sexual motive, but that motive was easily discredited by investigators who then had to focus on their real problem i.e., a heavily reported confession from somebody who was not involved.
2) Uta von Schwedler
Again two main possible death scenarios.
- She accidentally took too many chemicals and died.
- Her husband staged an elaborate false accident / suicide.
Common sense aspect / An accidental death after playing with chemicals is many thousands of times more common than a staged accident / suicide. So there has to be some credible evidence that negates that statistical fact. In other words almost any death can be imagined to be a murder, but when a specific type of death is much more common than an associated type of murder then there has to be evidence which is beyond circumstantial, or at least there has to be very strong circumstantial evidence. The evidence is discussed on another page, and it can be politely summarized by calling it non existent.
Here is an interesting reader comment, from an article on that case, that gives more information.
He is responding to the comment
"From what I have read it did place some doubt in my mind for sure if he did it."
And the reader's reply is
"Then again, Use your brain, you've gotten your information from a news story which is at best, a brief encapsulation of very general (and often inaccurate) details. I'd certainly hope you don't have enough information to convict; however, your comment suggests that the jurors also did not have sufficient information to justify a conviction, which is a rather arrogant presumption to make considering you are not privy to all the information the jury was, even if you attended every day of the trial. Have you not ever seen someone 'swear on their mother's grave' that they were innocent of something, but you could tell they were lying a mile away? Granted, maybe you weren't on a jury at the time, but did it make your observations any less real? No, certainly not. You knew with absolute certainty that the person was lying, period, and no one would have been able to convince you otherwise. That happens in court, too. Criminals aren't usually real bright, but some are. Rarely, though, is a criminal brighter than 12 of his peers who are trying to find the truth. Unless he's innocent, it's unlikely his mistakes will escape scrutiny..."
"Use your brain, you've gotten your information from a news story which is at best, a brief encapsulation of very general (and often inaccurate) details"
which is not true.
Then he says the previous commenter was making "a rather arrogant presumption" in supposing the convicted person might not be guilty.
Then he says
"Have you not ever seen someone 'swear on their mother's grave' that they were innocent of something, but you could tell they were lying a mile away? Granted, maybe you weren't on a jury at the time, but did it make your observations any less real? No, certainly not. You knew with absolute certainty that the person was lying, period, and no one would have been able to convince you otherwise. That happens in court, too."
which suggests the convicted person was obviously lying, and the conviction proves that, which is circular nonsense.
Then he says the 12 jurors, or "peers who are trying to find the truth", are brighter than "a criminal", which is also a circular way of thinking. All they have to do is convict somebody who is smarter than they are, and suddenly they are smarter because of their number, their group.
He ends with a common church double entendre "Unless he's innocent, it's unlikely his mistakes will escape scrutiny" meaning he believes they have the right to convict a person, of anything, as long as they feel the accused is more guilty than they are, of something.
An interesting side note about that commenter. He appears to be LDS, and accustomed to using his group to arbitrarily overpower others. He uses language that tries to go over the heads of 'outsiders' so that other people will know 'he is one of us and we have to cover him'. The owner of the website 'Websleuths' is also from that area but is not LDS as far as I know. She though knows and uses the same sort of group references, and it's likely that her success in that geographic area boils down to her understanding of how to signal others in that group that she is 'one of us' even if she may be from another group. It's entirely the same as any gangster process anywhere, and has absolutely nothing to do with justice, anymore than John Gotti giving gifts to the public had to do with charity.
3) Joseph Paul Franklin
The FBI obviously fabricated a lot of things in order to use Franklin as the solution to all of its unsolved racial hate crimes of an era. There are no shortage of examples of a lack of common sense in the fantasies concocted by the FBI, but one stands out.
Franklin sold blood or blood products, like a lot of homeless or less well off people do in places where that is an option. But part of the FBI fiction was that he was also constantly robbing banks.
Those two occupations are a bit hard to reconcile, but the FBI employees who made up the bank robberies were so confident in their ability to counteract common sense, i.e., to force nonsense on the public, that 'common sense' was not even a factor.
4) Patricia Rorrer, et al
This is a different kind of common sense issue.
There is quite a bit of doubt about her guilt, but the common sense issue involves imprisoning somebody for 'life plus' for a crime that is not likely to repeat. Even if a person believes she is guilty, it would mean she was jealous of the wife of somebody she had spent 5 years with, and there are not a lot of future potential victims most likely. A person who commits a random murder and who likely might tend to continue that would usually get a much lighter sentence than she got.
Prison is something from hundreds of years ago but common sense would be that a system, i.e., the people running a system, would have some tendency to update. | <urn:uuid:7c28ce03-e212-4e64-a0da-0e89d0e05f74> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tribalcash.org/common-sense.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.984891 | 1,629 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Tennessee Titans star player Jake Locker will be down for a while due to foot surgery he needs, but he won’t be missing out on the things he already had planned. Next Monday Locker plans to hold the Titans and T-Bone fundraiser, an event he is hosting for the first time for his new charity the Pass it On foundation.
Even though he will be sidelined for the rest of the football season because of the Lisfranc injury in his foot, he refuses to lose his hopeful attitude. “I’m looking forward to getting it fixed and starting the healing process,” Locker said. “I feel confident I’ll come back stronger than I was and I’ll have no side effects from this injury.”
Foot surgery is a serious proposition that should only be done after a full medical consultation. If you are thinking about surgery to fix your foot injury, visit a podiatrist like Dr. Bryant Tarr of Sudbury and Westford Podiatry. Dr. Tarr can assess your condition and walk you through all the corrective options available to you.
When Is Surgery Necessary?
Foot and ankle surgery is generally reserved for cases in which less invasive, conservative procedures have failed to help with the problem. Some of the cases in which surgery may be necessary are:
- Removing foot deformities like bone spurs and bunions
- Severe arthritis that has caused bone issues
- Reconstruction to attend injuries caused by accidents or malformations
What Types of Surgery Are There?
The type of surgery you receive will be dependent on the nature of the problem you have. Some of the possible surgeries include:
- Bunionectomy for painful bunions
- Surgical fusion for realignment of bones
- Nerve removal for painful nerve endings
Benefits of Surgery
Although surgery is usually a last resort, when it is undertaken, if can provide more complete pain relief than before, and may allow you to finally resume full activity.
Surgical techniques have also become increasingly sophisticated. Such techniques like endoscopic surgery allow for smaller incisions and faster recovery times.
Read more about Foot Surgery. | <urn:uuid:ef16b81d-f6a4-4858-b5b2-9e3b37ec3c63> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sudburypodiatry.com/blog/post/tennessee-titan-jake-locker-hopeful-about-foot-surgery.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.946558 | 447 | 1.710938 | 2 |
You might consider it mere word play, or perhaps semantics, but consider the distinction between describing what we ask the patient to do in order to master what they learn in vision therapy by engaging in “out of office therapy” vs. “home therapy”.
The traditional notion of prescribing “home therapy” for the patient smacks of a teacher assigning homework, and no matter how purposeful we tried to make it, there was always resistance. One of our newer colleagues on a vision therapy listserve inquired the other day about the advisability of requiring a patient to do more in-office therapy as to minimize what we ask to be done during home therapy. Her query was prompted by an article she cited about the importance of home therapy activities. You can read that article here.
It’s a timely discussion, because I had just raised the issue about “home therapy” with my staff last week, and floated it by colleagues who comprise our visionhelp group. Twenty years ago, OEP assembled a series of papers I coordinated into a monograph about the use of Computers and Vision Therapy Programs.
The monograph is still available through OEPF, and many of the advantages of computerized procedures still hold. They include the interactive nature of the therapy, the feedback provided, and the ability to document the patient’s performance and progress. The challenge of course is the evolution of the iPad, and the fact that many kids these days are jaded by the graphics and intellectual stimulation of the burgeoning apps. To put it mildly, they find the activities we prescribe for out-of-office use bawwww-ring. Granted, some are more engaging than others, but they still pale in comparison to iPad apps.
As an example, here’s an app marketed in the iTunes store called “Presents”, described as similar to light board exercises, where the child touches randomly lit up points on a board. It is described as a type of vision therapy that helps kids develop skills needed for reading. Bunny Foo Foo swipes for presents, and the tracking speed can be set as slow, normal, fast, or very fast.
Here’s one we blogged about previously, marketed for amblyopia therapy, called Captain Lazy Eye:
There was an app specifically marketed for vision therapy in the iTunes store that included random dot stereograms, but this seems to have been removed from the marketplace. The ubiquity of iPads (and now iPad Mini) used by even young toddlers (blogged about that here) led our visionhelp colleague, Dr. Carole Hong to develop along with her staff a nice list of apps suited for various visual skill development. | <urn:uuid:bcd0ca45-11cc-48de-ac6f-cbda069241ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://visionhelp.wordpress.com/2012/11/24/ipad-apps-for-vision-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.958376 | 555 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Each new astronomical discovery points out just how mysterious our universe truly is. While conclusive proof of the existence of dark matter has yet to be found, several new astronomical developments this year continue to hint at the presence of so-called “dark” matter and the mysterious role it plays in the universe.
To add to this mystery, an international team of astronomers led by researchers at Tohoku University in Japan have recently detected the presence of a mysterious dwarf galaxy orbiting our own Milky Way. If confirmed, this discovery could help shed light on the “missing satellite problem,” which argues that the universe should contain many more galaxies than are currently observable and suggests the widespread presence of dark matter throughout the cosmos.
This new dwarf galaxy has been named Virgo I, and measures roughly 248 light-years across, as opposed to the Milky Way which is estimated to be between 100,000 and 180,000 light-years in diameter. Virgo I lies around 280,000 light-years from our Sun in the direction of the Virgo constellation.
The discovery was made using the massive Subaru Telescope in Hawai'i. Lead researcher Masashi Chiba believes this discovery could shed light on some of the more enduring mysteries surrounding our galactic home and its creation:
This discovery implies hundreds of faint dwarf satellites waiting to be discovered in the halo of the Milky Way. How many satellites are indeed there and what properties they have, will give us an important clue of understanding how the Milky Way formed and how dark matter contributed to it.
If the researchers’ published data is confirmed, this new galaxy will be recorded as the faintest known galaxy in the observable universe, meaning this find could potentially confirm some long-held theories about the presence of dark matter or other so-called “dark” galaxies throughout the cosmos. The announcement of this new galaxy comes on the heels of the discovery of two other dark galaxies earlier this year, made possible by improvements in telescopic imaging technology. | <urn:uuid:edadf9c9-60d7-4635-b8e0-7339d0aec649> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2016/11/hidden-dark-galaxy-found-orbiting-milky-way/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929814 | 420 | 3.859375 | 4 |
New indoor plant trend aeriums popular, fun
We have officially completed the second gift-giving season at our nursery. The gifts store was buzzing with excitement for Christmas, trying to find that perfect, unique present for family and friends. I find this time of year interesting to see what has become the attractive hot new items to our customers.
This has been the year of the aeriums. Aeriums is a relatively new term coined by a San Francisco based nursery. It is derived from the word terrarium, which is a glass enclosed environment for living plants.
Aeriums are the adaptions of this concept for air plants which do not require soil to grow. They simply removed "terra" (Latin for earth) from the name since they do not contain soil. Air plants have made a big comeback in recent years.
We started carrying them when we opened in Fall 2013 and they have been in high demand ever since. People love the look and texture of these delightfully unique plants. They first look at them with excitement and interest, then ask, what do you do with them? Using various glass containers your can create a unique aerium.
There is not a particular vessel you have to use for the aerium. Most are made entirely out of glass so you can see the unique structure of the air plants and the contents of the vessel. You can incorporate various colors of moss, twigs, stone and sand for visual effect.
To make an aerium. You would first pick out your container. A glass vase, hanging orb, or apothecary jar with air flow are the most commonly used. If you are choosing to incorporate a base material you will first layer the bottom with sand and/or moss.
You can add a lot of character to these by including colorful moss. Do not add too much base material to the container which could overwhelm the appearance. Since these items are included for purely aesthetic purposes to add contrast do what looks best. Next include some twigs if you would like a vertical element in your aerium.
Finding ones covered with lichen add an extra bit of interest. At this point you can incorporate some small stones or other elements of your choosing. Lastly, place your air plant(s) in the vessel. Having a few odd instruments around makes the assembly process a easier.
Tweezers are great when placing moss, stones and your air plants. Long narrow objects, such a popsicle sticks, help when evening out the material in the base of the container. If adding sand to your vessel make a small funnel out of paper to direct the sand. This eliminates the mess and keeps the walls from getting dusty.
There are two ways you can care for your air plants once they are in the aerium. If you want to water the plants on a more infrequent basis you can remove the air plants from the container about two times a week and submerge them in water.
Let the plants completely dry before adding them back to the aerium. The other option is to lightly spray them a few times a week. Insert the nozzle into the aerium and spray the plant itself one time. Air plants do not like sitting in water. Place your new aerium in bright, indirect light and enjoy!
Try this easy indoor plant décor at home, or come into our store. We have a complete aerium DIY bar with all the supplies ready for your use.
Devon designs for The Gardens at Cal Turf and can be reached at email@example.com
Upcoming Events at The Gardens
8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Saturday: Year-end clearance sale
3 p.m. Tuesday: Kids Art with Andrea Kamper. Create a wooden snowman family while sipping hot chocolate in The Gardens.First child $25, 2nd $15, additional children $10. RSVP
10 a.m. Jan. 17: Holistic Health Care in Your Gardens with Gisele Schoniger. At the core of great gardens is how we care for our soil; what we feed our gardens and how we can maximize our efforts in the garden by using organic practices. Free lecture. First 30 people to arrive receive a giveaway!
10 a.m. Jan. 24: Rose Pruning Demonstration. Bring your glove and your favorite pruners to get a hands on demonstration on how to properly care for your roses. Free demonstration. First 12 people to arrive receive a giveaway!
10 a.m. Jan. 31: Tree Pruning Demonstration. Come ready to learn how to properly prune and maintain your fruit trees. Bring some gloves and a pair of pruning shears if you would like to get a hands-on demonstration. First 12 people to arrive receive a giveaway!
The Gardens is located at 950 N. J St., Tulare, CA 93274. Information: 688-2084 or www.thegardensatcalturf.com | <urn:uuid:aa760573-898c-475b-ad53-2ecf10abf915> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.visaliatimesdelta.com/story/life/home-garden/2014/12/24/new-indoor-plant-trend-aeriums-popular-fun/20887423/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.93578 | 1,028 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Net positive suction head required (NPSHr) is one of the most important measurements for a pumping system. It allows you to set key performance standards and indicators for optimal operating efficiency. Of course, most pumps are horizontally oriented, and the method for determining NPSHr is standard. What about vertical pumps, though?
How Do You Determine NPSHr for a Vertical Pump?
The method is essentially the same as if you were dealing with horizontal pumps. The only significant difference is that the test setup in the testing facility will need to accommodate the vertical pump design. Manufacturers of vertical pumps will have this capability and will let you know the NPSHr as a standard measure of operation.
The most common method for determining NPSHr is to run the pump at a constant flow rate and speed. While it’s running, you can vary the suction head. As the NPSHa (net positive suction head allowed) reduces, you plot the corresponding suction head. Ultimately, a point is reached where the head curve turns away from the straight-line trend. It is at this point where the pump performance begins deteriorating. It is standard practice to measure to the point of NPSH3, representing a critical 3% reduction in head. If you have a multi-stage pump, the 3% only applies to the first stage head.
Why NPSH is Important
The purpose of determining NPSH is to identify and avoid vaporization. If there is more than a 3% reduction, the pump system will not operate efficiently and will lead to excess fluid vaporization as it enters the pump. This condition is also known as “flashing.”
Determining the NPSH curve will show you these critical points in operation. NPSHr is the required head for optimal pump performance. NPSH is the available head when the pump is operating at full speed. Ideally, the pump should maintain consistent performance at variable suction heads—at least up until a point. When you reach that critical loss of 3% head or more (NPSH3), your pump won’t run as efficiently. You lose performance and can end up damaging the equipment over time.
It is essential to understand your application, the pressures, suction heads, and required flow rates production for ideal pump system performance. This will help you select the ideal pump. Manufacturers should provide all the necessary NPSH ratings to help you narrow down your decisions.
Horizontal vs. Vertical Pumps
Whether you use a standard horizontal pump or a vertical configuration depends largely on your operating space. Vertical pumps can be effective when a minimal horizontal area doesn’t allow for a large pump footprint. Vertical pumps will require more vertical space. Understand that vertical pump manufacturers will provide the NPSH ratings is key, and you must factor in this measurement when choosing the best pump for your particular pumping application. Don’t simply assume all vertical pumps are the same because there may be fewer options from which to choose!
FlowServe Vertical Turbine Pumps
FlowServe is one of the world’s leading manufacturers of specialized vertical pumps. Their lineup includes wet-pit, submersible, double-case, slurry and solid handling, sump, and concrete volute vertical pumps. They are available in a variety of sizes and configurations, designed to handle some of the most challenging vertical pumping applications in many different industries:
• Deep Well Submersible Vertical Pumps & Motors
• Double-Case Vertical Pumps
• Slurry Vertical Pumps
• Solids Handling Vertical Pumps
• Sump Vertical Pumps
• Wet-Pit Vertical Pumps
We encourage you to browse through FlowServe’s online catalog. They provide information and performance ratings for every single pump, including NPSHr and NPSHa.
For help with all your pump selection and configuration needs, DXP Cortech is here to lend a helping hand. As an exclusive distributor of FlowServe pumps and accessories, among other leading vertical pump manufacturers, we are equipped you guide you to the best pump for your application. Contact us today to learn more. | <urn:uuid:15b06c4f-5245-4f09-bf54-9ec7cb9cfbef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cortecheng.com/npshr-and-vertical-pumps-what-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.918374 | 865 | 2.859375 | 3 |
In what is arguably the largest independent art exhibition of 2020 in Greece, street artists @Monos.cwtos and @silver.forms are organising an open day at their 17,000-square-meter studio in the town of Pyrgos. The two artists have repurposed an abandoned industrial space as their studio, where they have been working for the past two years creating murals on its walls and under its collapsed roof.
The exhibition “2001” is organised by Outer Space Kids, an informal group of ten artists who are working together to realise the project, and includes over 150 murals. Most of the works were created by @Monos.cwtos and @silver.forms, while others were created by guest artists during small residencies in the space. By staging such a laborious exhibition inside such a massive space that is also their studio, the artists are asking the question: “What is an art studio, what is an art gallery and what a museum?”
The exhibition “2001” is opening on Saturday 01 August 2020 at 19:00 with a one-day programme of installations, screenings, sound installations and fanzines. If you were looking for a reason to catch a bus and escape the city this weekend, this should do.
Watch the trailer here. | <urn:uuid:b1c810aa-5896-43b8-bb3e-caa295b27b4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://und-athens.com/calendar/osk-studio | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.980242 | 270 | 1.585938 | 2 |
Dog walking is the perfect way to give your dog a potty break and supply them with a guided outlet for their energy. It is my feeling that every dog, whether short, tall, young or old can benefit from a proper leash walk. Your dogs energy level will determine the proper amount of time that should be spent doing this activity.
Some shy dogs benefit from a group walk, where they can gain self confidence and be the proud little pup they aspire to be. Other dogs require a more one on one approach. Maybe your pup hasn't mastered the skills of walking properly with you, or maybe he or she tends to be walking you. A controlled and balanced indivdual walk could do wonders for this type of dog. Schedule a free consult and I can help you determine what type of walk would be best for your companion. Dog walks are always at least 30 minutes and can be up to one hour in length. Prices range from $25-$40. Multiple dog households receive a discounted rate if their dogs can be walked together. Prices also vary for time of day. Prime rate hours are 11am-3pm. GPS dog walking update available upon request. Call ,text or email for a more accurate quote. This is our most popular service.
Dogwalking- (Group or individual) $25-$40
30 minutes - 1 hour
Mid Day Break $15
This service is to give your dog or puppy a mid day potty break. This service is a great choice whether you have a new puppy or a beloved senior citizen pet. It will include a quick play session, administer medications if needed, and a chance for your puppy or dog to relieve them self outside. This service is 15 minutes long and can greatly improve on those accidents you may come home to after work. It allows your pet the chance to show you that your hard work on housebreaking has paid off. I recommend this service for the family that has the time and energy to play and walk their dog before or after work or school, but would like to give their friend a mid day break. This service is $15 for one dog and $2 extra for each additional dog.
Cat , small animal, or bird visits $25
This service is offered for the owner who is away on vacation or working long hours. I will provide your cat or small animal with fresh water, fresh food, clean bedding or litterbox, and provide some one on one time with your pet. Some cats and birds may require an additional visit, this additional visit could be added early in the morning or late at night for an additional $20.The first visit will be a 30 minute visit for $25, with an additional $5 fee for every 10 minutes added.Some home care is also provided with this service.( turning off and on lights, closing blinds, getting mail, toy pickup, ect.)
in Home dog boarding is like having all of the packages above bundled into one, then top it off with a puppy sleepover in my home. Your beloved friend gets treated like one of my own. I keep your pet in my home where you can feel assured that your pet is getting the care it deserves. I can only allow dogs that are dog and cat friendly. Due to the personalized care your dog will receive, there will be limited availability. Please check with your lollipup petcare provider for dates and sleepover options. | <urn:uuid:2f636a21-4cd4-42cc-a8c6-05fa1908bff0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lollipuppetcare.com/boardingdaycare | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.951291 | 694 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Trauma incites a cellular and molecular cascade, which, proceeding unchecked, will lead to permanent injury to the axons that form the network infrastructure of the brain.
implicates factors such as genes and biological sex in the divergence of outcomes among individuals who experience similar head injuries. A decade ago, at a medical conference, a Veteran’s Affairs physician stood up after I had presented research findings on the detection of brain injury and, with passion, recounted the desperate “need to know” of countless combat veterans who repeatedly heard that their brain appeared normal on MRI scans. Yet, they and their families knew they had been changed by their injury. My laboratory has focused for nearly two decades on the disconnect between symptomatic brain dysfunction and the failure of diagnostic testing to detect the underlying brain injury. Our work has advanced MRI methods that detect microscopic injury in the living human brain and provide insight into mechanisms of persistent brain dysfunction. We are hopeful these insights will seed novel approaches
resolved completely and in short order. We now understand that concussion symptoms do arise from a physical injury, though it occurs at the level of brain cells to which tests such as CT and MRI are essentially blind due to their limited resolution. We now understand to brain injury as a process, not an event—like a fracture, which occurs at an instant—in time. Trauma incites a cellular and molecular cascade, which, proceeding unchecked, will lead to permanent injury to the axons that form the network infrastructure of the brain. On the other hand, injury might be minimized, and function thereby normalized, with early termination of the injury cascade. The difference between two individuals who experience a similar head injury but sustain divergent outcomes—transient concussion in one and enduring, life-altering brain injury in the other—seems to lie in the persistence of the injury cascade. Emerging evidence
to directly treat the evolving injury cascade and improve outcomes for patients like Charles. l MICHAEL L. LIPTON, M.D., Ph.D. , is a neuroradiologist and neuroscientist at Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center in New York. His research program focuses on detecting and characterizing the effects of mild brain injury and the cumulative effects of repetitive subconcussive head injury in sports.
Made with FlippingBook - Online Brochure Maker | <urn:uuid:dda7c74e-63cd-455f-8e77-283b2364b463> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://online.flippingbook.com/view/40003043/11/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.950221 | 485 | 2.5 | 2 |
Badges are regarded as extremely important tokens for people who want their participation in groups, organizations, or events to be known to all. These are often in the size of small trinkets and are presented to indicate what you have accomplished, what oath you have taken, or what status of employment you’re currently in.
Download the Free Badge Article in PDFDownload
Table of Content
- Badge Definition and Meaning
- 10 Types of Badge
- What’s In A
- How To Design A
- Badge vs Shield
- What’s the Difference Between a Badge, Logo, and ID Card?
- Badge Sizes
Badge Definition and Meaning
A badge is made out of metal or plastic with a text, logo, or image on the front. This also has a safety pin attached to the back for you to fasten it on your clothing or something else.
According to a report coming from The Mozilla Foundation, “[badges] are successfully used as rewards for people to get motivated, to set goals, show achievements and present success in many various aspects.” This goes on to show that these rewards are used in order to show a significant impact on people who have their minds set on something very important.
10 Types of Badge
There are a lot of types of badges that are regularly used by people. Moreover, these 10 types are the most common in the public until today:
A Work Badge is a very important feature when it comes to becoming a part of a company or an organization. Aside from having an identification card, having a badge can give guarantee that an individual is certainly part of a group. Moreover, having this should be paired with a formal, business-like appearance.
Winner Badges are regarded as tiny rewards for something an individual has achieved. These badges also serve as a characteristic mark for the public to know the individual’s capabilities and characteristics.
Wedding Badges serve as “wedding souvenirs” not only for the newly wedded couple but also for the witnesses of such important ceremonies. These are usually having more text in the front instead of images, which are common in other kinds of badges.
A Volunteer Badge signals which organization or volunteer group an individual belongs to. This type of badge typically shows the organization’s logo instead of a mere image or text written in front of the badge.
A Visitor Badge presents as an identification badge for the public to know that an individual is a guest and not a regular staff member. This type of badge can also take the form of a common rectangular-shaped identification card instead of a circular one.
Vet Badges are used by medical professionals who specialize in taking care of pets as well as wildlife creatures. These badges are quite unique since the professional’s name is indicated upfront, which makes it easier for patients to know the individual.
Training Completion Badge
Training Completion Badges are very similar to winner badges. However, these badges do not signify wins, rather it signifies the individual successfully completing the training duration without any troubles.
A University Badge typically has the university logo applied in front which then reflects the values, principles, and philosophy of the institution. Wearing a university badge can make people instantly recognize which university a student belongs to.
The Smiley Badge is a badge casually worn by individuals, especially employees of certain establishments, in order to communicate their appreciation as well as approachability. The “smile” makes an individual more pleasant to come in contact with.
The Shield Badge is usually worn by government officials and military-based individuals to signify protection, longevity, and confidence. Since the olden times, the shield design serves as an emblem of strength in order to ward off bad elements.
Badges Uses, Purpose, Importance
As tiny as they can get, badges are very essential to our everyday lives although people might tend to think of their purposes. However, badges remain very important for people to use either in casual or formal settings. Think about receiving an award for something that you have yearned or worked hard for–receiving a badge makes you think that you are genuinely approved and gratified. Moreover, the following are the other main purposes on why badges are still very much important:
Communicate a certain message
A simple logo and a short text placed on a badge make it easier for people to know what you are trying to project as an individual. Whether you are talking about an organization you’re a part of or a mood you want to convey, badges are always used to communicate a certain message that doesn’t necessarily need to be bold unlike what you see on posters, billboards, and text or images printed on shirts.
Acknowledge triumph for increased credibility
Receiving a badge makes an individual feel that he or she is truly valued. A badge can show approval for an individual who did a great job at something. Moreover, seeing a person having a badge will make them even more credible and respected for the work they do and they have done. To be rewarded for doing great things is an incentive not anyone can receive.
Makes you motivated
Being recognized makes you motivated. You eventually want to work harder in order to get better results. Also, receiving recognition is worthy of a celebration. It’s one of the rare times wherein you get to connect with other people through the achievement you just made and sharing insights of what you have learned throughout your journey.
What’s In A Badge? Parts?
The shell serves as a cover as well as the decorated front of a badge. Here you can put the protective layer, that can either be plastic or glass) and place the design afterward.
The front of a badge is where the design is usually placed. The designs could be printed, hand painted, or machine embossed.
The mylar is a polyester film made out of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which is used to make the badge more durable and resistant to any types of chemicals. This film is usually gray in color and at times used to cover the entire badge as a type of seal.
The back part of a badge is where the design ends. The metal pin is also placed in this section.
The metal pin is placed at the back of a badge for an individual to fasten. This is made out of metal with a sharp point on one side and a round head on the other side.
How To Design A Badge?
1. Pick a Badge Size
2. Choose your design.
3. Select the Badge Template.
4. Replace the front design with the design you want to have.
5. Add some finishing touches.
Badge vs Shield
Badges are used for both formal and informal settings. Moreover, casually-worn badges typically have images as designs while formal badges have more text and less images as designs. These types are also made out of simple materials such as lightweight vinyl or metal, plastic, fabric or even cardboard papers.
Shield badges are only used for formal events and settings. These usually include logos paired with tiny texts in their front designs. However, unlike the regular badges, these are made out of a more durable material that can withstand any temperature or daily inconveniences. Shield badges are typically made out of zinc alloy, glass, or a heavier type of metal.
What’s the Difference Between a Badge, Logo, and ID Card?
A badge is an emblem worn by individuals for them to show their membership or participation in an institution, organization or event. Badges are usually circle in shape having a logo or image in its front and a pin to fasten it with a fabric on its back.
A logo is a design accompanied with a symbol of a specific group, organization or establishment in order for the public to identify. A logo is only a design, which means it can come in different themes, shapes, forms, and sizes.
An ID Card, short for identification card, is a card, with a size similar to a credit card, is an official document issued by the government or a specific organization to place in and prove an individual’s identity.
Badge Ideas & Examples
If you’re looking for more concepts and ideas for your next badge, you can try choosing or getting inspiration out of our Badge Ideas collection. There are tons of designs that follow specific themes, colors, and even shapes that you might want to apply on your very own badge. With this, you can instantaneously edit and print them for your finished product.
What Is the Function of a Badge?
A badge is used in many different occasions–both casual and formal. However, its main function is to let people know what organization or institution an individual belongs in and what achievement an individual has attained through a course of time.
How Do I Create a Badge in Adobe Illustrator?
When it comes to creating badges in Adobe Illustrator, you need to take in mind that you might need to make a detailed vector emblem badge as a design for the front section of your badge. All you have to do is create a New Document, take the Star Tool and drag your desired shape into your artboard. From this, you can incorporate any other designs or shapes that you want to put inside your “circle”. However, always remember that your document should always be at least 2560 x 1400 in dimensions.
How To Make a Badge for Kids
Kids absolutely love badges. With this, you can either make printed or handmade ones on your own. If you want printed badges, you can use either Adobe Illustrator or Photoshop to edit your very own design and add some more text. However, if you want to make it even more unique by adding some artistic flair onto your badge, try using recycled cardboard, colored papers, ribbons, and markers to decorate your very own badge.
What is a Blue Badge and Is It For Disabled People?
A Blue Badge is a government-issued badge that is dedicated to people who have health conditions that affect their mobility. Having this badge can make an individual qualified for certain benefits such as being excluded from taxes and receiving monthly support and allowance from a specific institution.
What Makes a Good Badge Holder?
A good badge holder should be an individual who has his or her own principles up in his or her sleeve. Which means, the individual should be responsible enough and worthy to enough to be able to receive such a badge and much more benefits upon having it.
What Does a Gold Badge Mean?
A Gold Badge is given to an individual who has attained the first prize in a certain competition. This badge is usually heavily decorated in gold and ribbons in order for the public to commemorate the winner’s success.
What Is a Political Badge Used For?
A Political Badge is used by politicians during the campaign period for them to present to public their name, achievements, and which party they officially belong to.
How To Use a Digital Badge?
Digital Badges are basically like your regular badges given for awardees in specific institutes or schools. However, considering that most students are enrolled online given the recent pandemic, digital badges were created in order for you to award excellent students.
How Can Badging be Used in a Workplace?
Badging can be used in a workplace through having a monthly general assembly that can celebrate not only the best individuals of the month but also each and every employee who has been working very hard to attain the company’s quota or goal. Giving badges to the employees of the month can make them feel more gratified and motivated to continue striving for the best.
Why Do We Use Conference Badges?
We use Conference Badges in order to know an individual’s line of work as well as which company or institution he or she belongs in. These badges are basically like your regular ID Cards. However, badges are much more clearer and could make identification much more easier considering that the logos are imprinted on the front part which could definitely by eye-catching enough for everyone. | <urn:uuid:2bd19afc-bb78-4b4c-8db3-34c89bb0bd50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.template.net/graphic-design/badge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963076 | 2,546 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Purchase this article with an account.
James Ferwerda, Brendan Rehon; MagnoFly: game-based screening for dyslexia. Journal of Vision 2007;7(9):520. doi: https://doi.org/10.1167/7.9.520.
Download citation file:
© ARVO (1962-2015); The Authors (2016-present)
Dyslexia is a complex reading disorder that affects approximately five percent of the population. Recent research suggests that deficits in the motion sensitive magnocellular pathways of the visual system may play an important role in some forms of the problem [Stein & Walsh '97, Pammer & Wheatly '01, Talcott et al. '02]. Evaluating magnocellular motion sensitivity in young children could help identify those at risk for developing dyslexia, however existing psychophysical tests of motion perception are time consuming, boring, and difficult to administer, especially to children. To address this issue we have developed a computer game called MagnoFly that measures a player's magnocellular function using motion coherence patterns. In the game, the player's task is to protect babies from swarms of flies with bug spray. Initially the swarms move randomly, but over time one swarm begins to move coherently toward a baby. The player gains points by spraying the aggressive swarm, but loses points by spraying indiscriminately. Over the course of the game a background process varies the coherence of swarm motion, and thereby measures the player's magnocellular motion threshold. At the end of the game, a report is generated to allow specialists to review individual results and determine if further evaluation for dyslexia is indicated. This work demonstrates the potential for using computer games as an enjoyable and effective platform for vision testing.
This PDF is available to Subscribers Only | <urn:uuid:a63fbec8-b1b5-49e8-848f-b529363681d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2134520&resultClick=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.908058 | 381 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In Indianapolis, Super Bowl Leftovers Are All Gone (To The Hungry)
The Super Bowl party is over, and that means refrigerators around the country today are jammed with uneaten Frito pies, fried chicken, and seven-layer dips – remnants of one of the most gluttonous days of the year.
Raccoons and Dumpster divers can find glistening troves of leftover food if they know where to look. But in downtown Indianapolis, they'll be mostly out of luck. That's because most of the 30,000 pounds of leftovers generated from the multitude of Super Bowl events has already been served to the hungry by a group called .
Increasingly, food rescue groups in urban areas are capturing the food that never hits the table from large venues, retail outlets and wholesalers. It's one of the ways communities are turning perishable food that would otherwise end up in a landfill into a resource for people in need. According to Second Helpings, 11 percent of households in Indiana are hungry or at risk of being hungry.
It helps that the NFL has made reducing food waste one of its environmental priorities for the Super Bowl. In recent years, it has set up its own food recovery operation to redistribute food to the needy in each Super Bowl city. In Indianapolis, it turned to Second Helpings, which already uses leftovers from the stadiums, convention centers and other venues in town in some of the 3,000 meals it serves every day.
Second Helpings executive director Jennifer Vigran says the NFL first told her to expect up to 90,000 pounds of leftover food in early February. "But the weather was so wonderful and the attendance was so high, I think we didn't have as much food go to waste," says Vigran.
Still, her group has already received 20,000 pounds, and expects at least another 10,000 pounds today. "We are getting some items we don't normally get," Vigran tells The Salt. "Somewhere in there we have some caviar, and prosciutto. So we have to figure out what to do with it."
The prosciutto is headed into a pasta dish with artichokes. And the caviar? Vigran says she's not sure yet, but rest assured, it will be eaten.
The Super Bowl leftovers started rolling into her office last week, as the parties started ramping up. The food is transported in refrigerated vans to keep it safe.
After pick up, the food usually heads to the Second Helpings kitchen, where it gets reassembled into hot or cold meals. From there, it goes out to one of 60 partner agencies in the area – from senior centers to homeless shelters to day care centers.
As with all prepared food, time and temperature are of the essence. "Our biggest challenge is turning the food over quickly enough so it's either frozen or stored safely, and then dispatching it to the community," she says.
Copyright 2020 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:a18d267b-15c1-486a-8a0f-e525d5e077fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.wfsu.org/2012-02-06/in-indianapolis-super-bowl-leftovers-are-all-gone-to-the-hungry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.972568 | 635 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Calculating The mortgage interest tax Deduction – Yahoo – The mortgage interest tax deduction is one of the most cherished American tax breaks. Realtors, homeowners, would-be homeowners and even tax accountants tout its value. In truth, the myth is often.
Tax Breaks for Second-Home Owners – Investopedia – In addition, the interest on home equity loans can now be deducted only if the money was used for renovations to the property on which the loan was taken.
Mortgage Calculator – Monthly Payment Calculator | loanDepot – Rate Assumptions – Rates displayed are subject to change and assumes that you are buying or refinancing an owner-occupied single family home, debt-to-income ratios of 35% or lower, asset and reserve requirements are met, and your property has a loan-to-value of 80% or less.
Savings Account Interest Calculator with Dynamic Growth Chart – Savings Account Interest Calculator. This calculator will calculate the compound interest earnings on saving accounts given the rate, length of time, initial deposit, periodic deposits, and compounding frequency (including daily compounding).
Tax Break On New Home Purchase 2010 Tax Credit for New Home | First-Time Buyer | California. – The taxpayer qualifies as a dependent of any other taxpayer for the tax year of the purchase. New Home Credit: A qualified principal residence, for purposes of the New Home Credit, must: Be a single family residence, either detached or attached.
Mortgage Tax-Savings Calculator – Multiply your annual mortgage interest expenditure by your marginal tax rate. For example, assume you pay $10,000 per year in mortgage interest and your marginal tax rate is 25 percent. multiplying $10,000 by 0.25, you will receive tax savings of $2,500. This will give you a quick estimate of what you stand to save on your tax bill.
Calculate your savings – Manulife Bank – By combining your mortgage, savings and income into a Manulife One account, you could simplify your banking, save thousands in interest and be debt-free years sooner.
Mortgage Tax Savings Calculator – cchwebsites.com – Mortgage Tax Savings Calculator Use the mortgage tax savings calculator to determine how much your mortgage payments could reduce your income taxes. The interest paid on a mortgage, along with any points paid at closing, are tax deductible if you itemize on your tax return.
Here are some key tax code changes that will affect your return this year – "No tax preparation fees," said Williams. "No safe deposit box." We can still deduct charitable contributions, and in most cases, all of our mortgage interest. like forced savings when you.
Home Ownership Tax Benefits: Mortgage Interest. – Mortgage Tax Benefits Calculator. One of the advantages of real estate investment is that some homeowners may qualify to deduct mortgage interest payments from their.
Tax deductions that disappeared in 2018 – As a trade off for a simpler process, savings, and other benefits. Prior to the new tax law, home owners could deduct the interest paid on a mortgage of up to $1 million. Tax payers preparing to. | <urn:uuid:c5a4a4f0-8b51-4ef3-aa23-691e5cc00e77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbagtown.com/calculating-tax-savings-from-mortgage-interest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.941457 | 644 | 1.570313 | 2 |
it’s great to be here, with all you German learners. Great crowd. Great crowd. And huuuge. Such a huge crowd. Billions and billions of learners.
Look, we have a problem. A really big problem.
Many people say … friends of mine, smart people, the best people… they come to me and say German is difficult. They say it’s too difficult and they can’t learn it. I’ll tell you something, German is not difficult. It’s not difficult, believe me.
It’s just…Emanuel, he is a total weak woke liberal choke artist. And your textbooks, they’re all text, no action, they totally don’t know what they’re doing. They don’t know what they’re doing.
Look, I know a lot about German. I get along great with grammar; I know words, I have the best words.
And I’m gonna share them with you. Today, we’ll look at the meaning of one of those prefix verbs. Believe, we’ll clear up the meaning of | <urn:uuid:b3c166bd-8baf-48e4-b3fc-b36459e20277> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://yourdailygerman.com/tag/untergang-meaning/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.916091 | 254 | 2.0625 | 2 |
From the Ground Up
From the Ground Up: Langston Hughes in Lawrence, Kansas
Langston Hughes and James W. Reed
731 New York St., Lawrence, Kansas
38° 58' 12.6"
-95° 13' 52.8"
Left: 731 New York St.(?) Langston Hughes and James W. Reed (?) This photograph of Langston Hughes may have been taken at 731 New York St., home of Mary and James W. Reed. Hughes lived with the Reeds during the late fall of 1915, as he completed seventh grade at Central School. In this photograph, he does appear to be around age 13, consistent with other details. Hughes and the older man are dressed formally, for church, school, or some other daytime occasion. This could be James W. Reed, though he did not attend church, but rather washed his overalls every Sunday morning (a grievous sin) in a big iron pot in the back yard, and then just sat and smoked his pipe under the grape arbor (Big Sea 18). | <urn:uuid:0c1ada29-b9b8-444f-a42c-07e192ca13dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://luna.ku.edu/luna/servlet/detail/kuluna01kui~10~10~1595940~203004:Langston-Hughes-and-James-W--Reed?sort=creator_name%2Ctitle%2Cdisplay_date | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.87773 | 362 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Definition: A retailer is a company that buys products from a manufacturer or wholesaler and sells them to end customers or clients. It was widely utilized by producers to promote items and providers prior to the advent of commercial revolution and is the one of many oldest methodology. One of many biggest trends over the previous twenty years in meals retailing has been the event of superstores. In this, the title and risk transfers from manufacturers to retailers who in flip sell items to prospects.
Ii. Mounted-Shop Giant Retailers. First, the corporate wanted to be a retailer, defined as both a goods-for-client resale operation or a restaurant business open to the general public. The 2021 ranking guarantees much more changes as retailers adjust to consumers rising from lockdowns and into new financial circumstances. For example, most appliance retailers additionally offer insurance on their products within the type of prolonged warranties, and some additionally provide delivery, set-up or repair services.
Offering Information to the purchasers concerning the products on sale additionally falls under the purview of retailers. As a consequence of their measurement, chains have the advantage of using information know-how extra efficiently than smaller retailers. Off-worth shops are shops which sell items which have a minor defect during the time of manufacturing or which have a small defect due to dealing with.
Producers appoint agents in major areas who in flip connect them to wholesalers and retailers. The retail format (often known as the retail system) influences the buyer’s retailer selection and addresses the consumer’s expectations. An instance of a retail-sponsored cooperative is Carpet One, a national cooperative of unbiased ground retailers. Instance of Shops – Typical example of such shops consists of Macy’s, Buyers Stop, Pantaloons , Kohl’s and so forth.
The very best examples of Excessive discount stores are Aldi and Lidl that are one of the prime retail shops in the UK and are also one of many competitors of Tesco These stores have many wares which are very low cost in value and are bought at dust low-cost charge. These retailers are completely different from the shops providing occasional reductions and schemes for a restricted interval.
Every wholesaler distributes the product amongst a variety of retailers who lastly promote it to the last word consumers. Service Retailing focuses on offering services relatively than tangible items. It’s a most adopted distribution channel for consumer merchandise. Retailer can promote a single line of products or he offers with restricted traces or multiple product lines.
Sure methods of non-store retailing are extensively accepted by the customers resulting from their comfort. 1. To promote in small portions on to customers. Manufacturer employed salesmen for a door-to-door advertising. There’s one middleman like a Sole Selling Agent who distributes the products by means of plenty of middlemen subsequently or, there may be quite a lot of middlemen when the producer distributes the merchandise by various brokers or wholesalers and even retailers. | <urn:uuid:348d1a6a-7b14-420c-8a98-cf9ce074e318> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://senjaterakhir.com/2021-top-50-global-retailers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.954915 | 617 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Whenever you decide you want to create a change in your life there will be challenges, because you’re stepping out of your comfort zone. Let me give you an idea of what I mean:
In life you develop patterns of how you live, and these patterns are habits. Think of these habits as your “Box of Life”. Life in the box is very comfortable. When you create a change in your life you are stepping out side this box, and this will leave you with an uncomfortable feeling. This feeling is letting you know that something is changing in your life, therefore gives you the choice to choose to make a new box of life or live in your old box. There’s always a choice… this is what I’m hoping to make you aware of!
Human nature is to always take the path of least resistance. We learn to live our lives to feel comfortable in the environment we live. To create change, you have to get out of this comfort zone, and let me tell you “it’s NOT easy”. If you want to create changes in your life it’s going to require dedication, persistence, consistency, hard work, and patience. The challenge is staying out of our comfort zone! This is how we grow and learn as human beings.
I suggestion you stay out of your comfort zone and learn to love the uncomfortable feeling that comes with change. It’s just letting you know that growth is coming and in my opinion this is one of the things that life’s about!
Till Next time… STAY OUT OF YOUR COMFORT ZONE! | <urn:uuid:61aec686-e166-43bd-a52e-133953edfc74> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://custombodybootcamp.com/do-you-have-the-courage-to-step-outside-your-box/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.92984 | 339 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Take a moment to get out of the granular details and. See the full picture of this search engine’s most prolific core updates. Let’s decode what he was actually telling us:
2011: google told us to prioritize rich and valuable content with the launch of panda.
2012: google told us to stop using keyword stuffing and artificial backlink strategies with the launch of penguin.
2013: google told us to consider user search intent with the launch of hummingbird.
2014: google told us to think about people locally with the launch of pigeon.
2015: google told us to go where users are and make sites mobile friendly with the launch of mobile.
2015: google told us to understand our users better and make content relevant with the launch of rankbrain.
2017: google told us to stop cloaking customer-centric content with intrusive interstitial ads.
2018: google told us to consider real user needs and questions with the launch of bert.
For over a decade, we’ve been concentrating on the details to fool the algorithm, but over time, we should have learned the modern way of being a good seo:
Ignore google. Satisfy users.
Looking back, it’s no secret or surprise that google. Has been planning this all along.
The search engine has been perfecting its interpretation of human consciousness Croatia WhatsApp Number List and transforming itself to focus on the user and the human being. He too must adapt to survive, otherwise the quest results will no longer be valuable .
Google is forcing all of us to move away from the technical. Details of algorithm updates and focus on the detailed needs of real people.
Ignore google. Satisfies users.
Cooking time is related to the time needed to complete the preparation of an ingredient or food.
On the other hand, preparation time means how many minutes or hours it will take a person to combine all the ingredients before cooking.
But, this period of time can vary from one person to another, right? Some people with more experience can prepare the food very quickly, while a novice can take longer.
Google noticed this and made changes about it.
Read on and find out which ones! | <urn:uuid:5e3829c6-f240-4889-b12a-c6da26458b1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.blbdirectory.com/take-a-moment-to/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.910644 | 457 | 1.539063 | 2 |
The highs and lows of ICT entrepreneurship
By Gregory Gondwe, Blantyre, Malawi
A year ago, two graduates from Malawi’s Mzuzu University, Kondwani Chimatiro and Daniel Chiwinga, left their university armed with Bachelor of Science (ICT) degrees. Instead of taking the road which most graduates in Malawi take – which is to seek employment – they ventured into ICT entrepreneurship as a self-employment initiative.
While most of the students they graduated together with are still on the streets looking for jobs, they have turned out to be employers who have even taken on board some of their peers to work for their firm.
The two started their business with the launch of a search engine which they christened C-finder, which they claim has given them a mesmeric experience in more than 12 months since they started it.
“A year after C-finder we have made several milestone achievements in terms of technology and entrepreneurship,” says Chimatiro. “We have managed to build a company that provides different ICT services and we are currently employing eleven people working on different innovative products.”
Not an Easy Road
Chimatiro says it has not been easy road so far.
“But we have managed to breakthrough in terms of entrepreneurship and technology in the way that we have worked so far with several companies locally and abroad,” he says with relief.
Just one year after leaving university and launching C-finder search, he says they have worked on major technologies even though the main challenge was that large organisations and companies at first doubted them because it is hard to trust freshly graduating students from University.
He says when they were tried with tasks like building data centres and web applications for organisations in Malawi, who they also assisted with digital marketing consultancy services, the success they achieved encouraged companies to trust them with more projects.
“It has not been an easy road being an entrepreneur starting from zero to where we are,” says Chimatiro “but it has been fun doing what you really like and what you wished to do.”
He says that at least as of now they can revisit some ideas which they shelved due to lack of funds, and start implementing them.
The company has now different departments, including an accounts section headed by a well qualified accountant. It also has a software department, sales and marketing, hardware and support department.
“We started building Ctech Systems first to raise money to finance C-finder and other ideas that we had on board, not knowing that Ctech Systems will be big business too,” disclosed Chimatiro.
He said all their efforts to get any loan were thwarted as the financial institutions they approached demanded surety.
“We raised money through savings that we made when we were still in school,” he said.
He said the other way they got funds was through an arrangement they made with a company that wanted their services in exchange for free office space.
“We stayed there for three months that made us to raise money to start the company in full operations until leading to getting many clients,” he said.
The University has also been over the moon with how the duo has performed having left its corridors.
Deputy Vice-Chancellor Professor Orton Msiska said they are very proud that two young men took courage to venture into ICT entrepreneurship.
“The boys have demonstrated that the university has always been right with its demand driven course; course that answer to society need,” said Msiska in an interview with Biztechafrica.
He said development is part of the university’s curriculum.
He says what the boys have done is what the institutions aspires to achieve, as what it wants is to produce graduates who are not job seekers.
“This is why we have been compelled to undertake a major curriculum review to ensure that we have a lot of such graduates,” said the deputy vice chancellor.
To show how proud the institution is with the boys, it invited them to take part in exhibition of some technologies during the commemoration of the World Intellectual Property Day that was held at the Mzuzu University campus on April 26, 2013.
“In the way we showcased our products and services we first open markets for ourselves as well as opening eyes to many people who now believe that technology can solve some of the problems that we have in Malawi,” said Chimatiro.
He also said since they were part of Mzuzu University students team last year when they had inverted the search engine C-finder, it gave them an authority to share entrepreneurial experience with the students.
“We also showcased two main technologies. Of course one of them was C-finder, due to public demand as people wanted to see how the technology works and how different is it from other search engines,” he said.
He said they also benefitted a lot as people made suggestions as they were anxious to see that the search engine has achieved a future that will benefit the country as a whole.
Unveiling SMS search
At the exhibition, Chimatiro also said they showcased their new innovation called ‘SMS search’ which “might not be new but it might be new as well because of the innovative part of it."
“It is a simple and affordable tool which has been made to ensure that those people in rural areas can also use that platform to find out different things in different fields in Malawi,” he said.
He said while sometimes it is hard to afford smart phones in villages that can enable people use search engines, everyone has at least a basic phone which has an SMS platform and the search facility will really prove to be a hit.
“With it people will be able to search about tourism, entertainment, business and many others using a keyword from the same database on their basic mobile phone,” Chimatiro said.
People can search about tourism in Malawi’s lakeshore border district of Karonga for example by merely typing “Karonga-hotels” and instantly their phone will give them a response by listing down all the hotels in Karonga and where they are found making it easy for tourists to find out more on tourism without being worried of internet connectivity.
“It is just a mobile search that is different from those that are around as this particular one is of high innovative and unique command,” says Chimatiro.
At the exhibition, a demo saw over 300 people testing it that day. The team got huge feedback.
“Since that day, there has been demand from other companies that we have to develop some mobile platforms which we are working on,” he said. He adds: “We underestimated the SMS search platform, but when we setup a demo that day, it was huge. Currently we are working on building powerful servers, power backup to make sure that once we roll it out we should not have problems or any other issues,” he said.
He said the SMS search project will be launched at the end of June. “The release will be the first phase of the project and we will keep upgrading it,” he said.
He said they have also unveiled software they are calling mycverifier for verifying fake or counterfeit products by using an SMS or mobile application including mobile web and desktop web based.
“The software is ready for usage and we are trying to work with some companies and we are getting positive feedback,” he said.
Chimatiro says their aim is to provide different solutions to the problems that people in Malawi are facing in order to bridge the gaps that exist in telecommunication innovations.
“You might have heard about hotspot internet services that we are providing which are cheaper and covers wider radius of about 10 Kilometres,” he says.
He said currently they are using the WIFI hotspot Internet in Mchinji District at a place called Gilime, which 100 kilometres away from Capital City Lilongwe.
“This is the place that we are testing its capabilities and see how best we can improve the technology. We are still working on making it better so that it can be reliable than ever,” he says.
“Our idea,” says Chimatiro “is to take internet services to rural areas.”
Most companies he says just care about providing internet services but they do not look at how best those services can be provided and this is where they want to explore and invest in.
“Currently we have clients who are in rural areas but enjoying internet services courtesy of Ctech Systems,” says Chimatiro.
A retired civil servant who has since benefited from Ctech services simply showed his appreciation in few words: “Their internet services are reliable, fast, affordable and innovative,” said Pilken Bandazi, who used to work as an internal auditor.
With such appreciation from all directions, Chimatiro says they will keep on re-inventing, innovating as well as looking for better solutions in technology so that they revolutionise technology in Malawi and Africa.
“Our goal is to provide cheap, innovative and affordable ICT services in Malawi that can change the way we do things and technologies that we cannot do without,” challenged Chimatiro.
Indeed, looking at what they have achieved within a year as naive ICT entrepreneurs, nothing should as of yet be taken away from their dreams. | <urn:uuid:9b918225-8539-48d5-8eb9-db8d9a41f0a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.biztechafrica.com/article/high-and-lows-ict-entrepreneurship/6281/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.981017 | 1,987 | 1.5625 | 2 |
DatingEventually, most parents from an adolescent is suffering serious relationship
Deficiencies in friendsIf she or he does not appear to have nearest and dearest, following that’s problems. As the everyone will need to have household members, it creates she or he insecure. Should your incorrect person comes up to, just who can be looking to make use of teen in the place of very feel household members, she or he will never see it upcoming since she’s going to end up being so grateful to possess a friend. And that means you want to get with the bottom of why an effective kid’s public every day life is way less than level. If you can’t pick it up your self, up coming send your youngster getting counseling.
Unlike risk labels she or he, new attraction is the fact “she’s going to grow out of it
Just like the a people, we look down on individuals with a “mental disease,” that may become depression, for-instance. ” However, mental affairs are like bodily of them because the afterwards your deal with her or him, the new bad it rating as well as the more complicated he or she is to resolve. Therefore inspite of the attraction to vow your issue is only a demise stage, I strongly recommend you do it and possess professional help if you see anything unusual on your own teen’s conclusion. If you’re not sure, then take your teen observe the ones you love doctor. And when your child brushes off of the disease and you may lets you know in your thoughts your own business, never tune in. If you see signs of troubles, perform anything to make the journey to the main cause and contract in it.
Great things about counselingI appreciate this individuals hesitate to post children to possess guidance
There are even things you can do yourself. Try to see if you can learn to make your teen more desirable. Maybe if your cellar got those types of large-monitor Tvs, which could try to be a lure. Or if perhaps your child encountered the most recent video games installed to help you it. If for example the adolescent was over weight and you think that is a component of one’s state, generate a good concerted work to greatly help reduce some of those lbs by perhaps not to get processed foods, signing this lady upwards to own an exercise group, getting your a bicycle, otherwise anything else was of use.
While most youngsters make friends either in school or perhaps in brand new society, that isn’t always the right approach for most of the teenager. If the a teenager keeps a specific focus that’s not mutual by the anyone else, the guy wouldn’t easily fit into and now have would not bother in order to take action. However, such as for instance a teen nonetheless requires companionship. During the instances by doing this, try to assist your child find individuals that for example the same thing. Such, if your da pub or the school has no one, see if and there is a drama group in the city, and help the woman register. Whether your man loves to create however, his schoolmates think this is just too unusual, try to place your with a world internship from the a neighbor hood cafe. Even if the anyone around commonly his age, they share a comparable notice; and if he could be significant, it could be a first step toward a career since an effective cook. Don’t assume all boy matches the overall mildew, so when your son or daughter’s parent, it is for you to decide to see where when you look at the society your child you’ll match top then promote them a boost to track down here. Certain teens are resourceful, and others commonly, nevertheless when you have made him or her went in the correct guidance, they are going to rise.
Which is browsing wanted another “talk” because the regardless of how thorough you were a few moments, at this juncture you must make certain that you mark all your i’s and cross the t’s. | <urn:uuid:cb45dad0-3869-410a-a38d-8ff278b02ef0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.greenkeep.co.uk/datingeventually-most-parents-from-an-adolescent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.966716 | 842 | 1.703125 | 2 |
A cautionary tale about the consequences of environmental pollution…
They are part of our daily lives. We watch them from our kitchen windows and backyard decks as they scurry over the branches of our tall oak trees. We laugh at their antics as they furiously bury and unbury their precious acorns. Yes, they are part of our lives and, though, sometimes a nuisance, we generally enjoy and tolerate them.
But what happens when something goes wrong?
What happens if some outside force causes their DNA to explode, creating a whole new species? What happens when that species begins to distrust and fear humans?
Brooke Davis, her daughter, Tessa, and their intrepid dog, Petey, are about to find out.
The Night of the Sciurus, A Western Michigan Tale of Terror is a story of environmental horror by multi-award-winning and USA Today bestselling author, Linda Watkins.
God, this was an awful book. Written from the POV of a cute and cuddly squirrel to tell you all about pollution and the dangers it carries to wildlife.
However, fate was not kind to this little squirrel. Out of all of the puddles that littered the property, he chose the wrong one. The one he drank from was not left by the rain. No, this one was always there, water generated from an underground spring. Water that had once been clean and clear. But now, as it bubbled to the surface, it mixed with multiple pollutants and chemicals left behind when the old mill was shut down. As a result, by the time the water reached the surface, it was toxic.
This squirrel then has a gene defect which he passes on to his litter causing an environmental collapse.
This squirrel or one of his mates then bites a little girl who has to be rushed to the ER. The mother then continues her research to see what on Earth would have made the squirrel bite her daughter:
effects of pollution on wild animals. I learned that chemicals called “endocrine disruptors,” heavy metals such as lead and PCBs, and additives like bisphenol A can alter the behavior of animals in the wild.
Gazing out at the natural beauty of my backyard, the whole idea of mutant squirrels seemed ludicrous. However, the memory of the look on my daughter’s face after the squirrel attacked her and the pitiful form of my dog huddled in the closet were more than enough to convince me I had to pursue
Super mom on the research path! The squirrels become more aggressive, bite her and her dog and she develops PTSD. Loads of articles pop up about nasty squirrels. She stops her investigation eventually and decides to focus on domestic bliss, but it still plagued by Facebook-Mom thoughts:
But what would happen if somehow dogs became affected by pollution in a manner similar to what happened to the squirrels? Would the next generation of kids be denied ever knowing the rare beauty of unconditional love?
God, I couldn’t wait to put this book down. What a pile of poop. | <urn:uuid:344c8f47-a99a-4093-9360-d803e5d77ffc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://carra-lucia-books.co.uk/2021/09/09/the-night-of-the-sciurus-linda-watkins/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.977445 | 633 | 2 | 2 |
"CPAP device" is a general term often used to describe various devices that treat sleep apnea. These devices deliver air through tubing and into a mask to keep your airway open while you sleep. This process is known as sleep therapy and is designed to help you get a restful night's sleep.
A CPAP is a fixed-pressure device, which means it delivers one consistent airflow pressure that is set by your doctor.AirSense 10 series
An APAP is an auto-adjusting device that changes your airflow pressure level throughout the night based on your sleep position and what stage of sleep you're in.AirSense 10 series
A bilevel is ideal for people who have trouble adjusting to airflow pressure. It includes two pressure level settings: a higher pressure when you inhale, and a lower pressure when you exhale to improve breathing comfort.AirCurve 10 Bilevel
Travel CPAPs, like ResMed AirMini, offer many of the same benefits as a traditional device with the convenience of being much smaller. AirMini is the world's smallest CPAP, weighing less than a pound and fitting in the palm of your hand.AirMini travel CPAP
A bilevel device may help you breathe easier and enjoy a more restful therapy experience. If you're struggling with your current device, ask your equipment provider if a bilevel is a good option for you. If so, your physician will need to update your prescription.Learn more
If you're diagnosed with sleep apnea, your sleep doctor will prescribe a type of device based on your personal therapy needs and determine your airflow pressure level.
During your appointment with your sleep doctor, ask questions! Discuss the different devices and the various airflow and pressure settings so you both decide what's going to be most comfortable for you. You're also able to request a ResMed-specific device.
Your CPAP equipment store will set up your device with your doctor's prescribed settings and help you feel comfortable with your therapy equipment. If you go with an APAP device like an AirSense 10 AutoSet, have them verify it's on the AutoSet therapy mode instead of CPAP (it includes both options).
We encourage you to ask questions at your CPAP equipment store. They're the ones who will monitor your nightly therapy and help troubleshoot any issues you may experience with your CPAP therapy, device or mask.
Wake up to results. Your myAir score puts your progress at your fingertips.
Get more details. The app tracks four key therapy metrics so you stay informed.
You'll receive customized coaching tips, milestone celebrations and encouraging messages.
Find a home medical supply store or CPAP retailer near you. You can also view a list of online retailers and shop from home.
By registering, you'll receive smart therapy tips for getting started, product updates, reminders to replace parts, cleaning/maintenance tips, and more. | <urn:uuid:e083b93a-1341-4c1e-83b3-a125e76c1d58> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.resmed.asia/en-kh/sleep/treatment-options/understanding-cpap-devices?hsLang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942552 | 598 | 1.609375 | 2 |
The Iranian-American moviemaker Cyrus Nowrasteh has brought his experience of TV documentaries to bear on the true story of an Iranian woman, Soraya M, framed as an adulterer by her husband in the early years of Ayatollah Khomeini's Iran and stoned to death by her fellow villagers. Her elderly father is compelled by the town's mayor and a corrupt mullah to cast the first stone.
James Caviezel (chosen, no doubt, because he had the title role in Mel Gibson's The Passion of the Christ) plays the Franco-Iranian journalist Freidoune Sahebjam, on whose book the film is based, but the chief role is taken by the magnificent Shohreh Aghdashloo as the conscience of the village. This widow puts her life on the line to tell him about the legal murder of her niece under sharia in the hope he will bring the news to the world.
The craven community is persuasively created, the stages through which the atrocity escalates are convincingly handled and the climactic killing is almost unwatchable in its intensity. The director compares his film with The Ox-Bow Incident, the distinguished 1943 western based on Walter Van Tilburg Clark's novel about lynch law. I was reminded of the lines Milton gives to the Messenger in Samson Agonistes: "I sorrow'd at his captive state, but minded/ Not to be absent at that spectacle." | <urn:uuid:c13545ac-05cc-4ea5-952e-78ce220acb4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/17/stoning-of-soraya-m-review | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.971043 | 301 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Just Making a Good Show: A Birthday Tribute to Bruce Timm
Ask a generation of cartoon watchers what their prototypical Batman or Superman would look like, and there's a pretty good chance the image that will pop into the heads of many will look a whole lot like a Bruce Timm drawing. Same goes for Wonder Woman, Hawkgirl, Harley Quinn, The Flash, Martian Manhunter, Robin, Batgirl, Lois Lane and dozens of other DC characters.
Timm, born on this day in 1961, has made his career in animation, co-creating Batman: The Animated Series, Batman Beyond, Superman: The Animated Series and Justice League, among other shows, but he has arguably had as much of an impact on superheroes as any living comic artist.
Early on in his career, when he was doing layouts and backgrounds for shows including He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, She-Ra, Flash Gordon and G.I. Joe, Timm attempted to find work as an artist at both DC Comics and Marvel, but had little luck. Timm had no formal schooling for art; instead, he simply had a love of artists such as Jack Kirby, Wally Wood, and Alex Toth. He also loved the Max Fleischer Superman cartoons of the 1940s, the art-deco look of which would deeply influence the Batman and Superman cartoons he would co-create.
In an interview with Comic Book Artist magazine, Timm said he was initially a fan of artists with a more realistic style, such as Gene Colan and Neal Adams, but he eventually came around to styles more akin to the one for which he's known.
I wasn't crazy about Kirby, I wasn't really crazy about Alex Toth. I'd look at Toth and think, "My god, this stuff is like kiddie drawings! It's like coloring book drawings, they're so simple," but I'd keep going back, looking at them, saying, "If I don't like this, why do I keep looking at them?"
In 1989, Timm took a job at Warner Bros., where he did storyboards and designed characters for Tiny Toon Adventures. He also picked up a few writing credits. Two years later, he and Eric Radomski, another Tiny Toons staffer, co-created Batman: The Animated Series.
Timm would continue to work on other Warner Bros. shows, doing design for Animaniacs and Freakazoid, for example, but Batman cemented his role as the guiding force behind would would become known as the DC Animated Universe, which he would oversee for more than two decades thereafter.
His indelible stamp is on virtually every animated project involving DC characters created between 1992 and 2013, and he's even appeared in some of them. He showed up as a Christmas caroler in The New Batman Adventures, was a prisoner at Arkham Asylum on The Batman, and wore Joker cosplay on Batman: The Brave and the Bold. He also voiced some characters: the leader of the Jokerz gang on Batman Beyond, and a toy shop owner on Batman: The Animated Series.
Timm parlayed his animation success into doing the job he tried to do years earlier: Drawing comics. He and writer Paul Dini won an Eisner for the 1994 Batman Adventures issue "Mad Love." Timm drew the 1999 Avengers #1.5 special issue for Marvel, working with writer Roger Stern. He told Comic Book Artist that he tried to draw in Kirby's style for the issue. He's drawn a few other short stories for Conan, Birds of Prey, and the horror title Flinch. He also co-created Conan O'Brien's superhero character, "The Flaming C."
In 2013, Timm announced he was stepping down as supervising producer of DC's animation projects to work on projects of his own. In 2014, he directed the animated Batman short "Strange Days" to coincide with the character's 75th anniversary.
Though his comic career has been limited --- but again, not because of a lack of desire --- Bruce Timm's influence on the world of superhero comics is apparent in every homage to the various animated series that shaped many young viewers' opinions and ideas about those heroes. Timm famously fought network censors to make shows that would have a real impact on viewers, telling them, "Look, we're not trying to destroy the boys of America, we just want to make a good show."
Happy birthday, Bruce. | <urn:uuid:02ff005e-47aa-41bc-b5a1-a0940ec69341> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://comicsalliance.com/tribute-bruce-timm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.981241 | 920 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Freeze drying, also known as lyophilisation or cryodesiccation, is a low temperature dehydration process which involves freezing the product, lowering pressure, then removing the ice by sublimation. This is in contrast to dehydration by most conventional methods that evaporate water using heat.
Freeze drying results in a high quality product because of the low temperature used in processing. The original shape of the product is maintained and quality of the rehydrated product is excellent. Primary applications of freeze drying include biological (e.g. bacteria and yeasts), biomedical (e.g. surgical transplants), and food processing (e.g. coffee)
A wide selection of accessories is offered to complete your freeze dry system. Stoppering Tray Dryers, Bulk Tray Dryers, Drying Chambers, Manifolds and miscellaneous other small items are available.
- Chemistry Products
- Life Science Products
- Physics Products
- Vacuum Products | <urn:uuid:645dfe27-efdc-40ac-82fa-e5ac929ae7c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://vacutec.co.za/products/freeze-dryers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.914963 | 212 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Review Article | Open Access
Pollyana Ribeiro Castro, Alan Sales Barbosa, Jousie Michel Pereira, Hedden Ranfley, Mariane Felipetto, Carlos Alberto Xavier Gonçalves, Isabela Ribeiro Paiva, Bárbara Betônico Berg, Luciola Silva Barcelos, "Cellular and Molecular Heterogeneity Associated with Vessel Formation Processes", BioMed Research International, vol. 2018, Article ID 6740408, 32 pages, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6740408
Cellular and Molecular Heterogeneity Associated with Vessel Formation Processes
The microvasculature heterogeneity is a complex subject in vascular biology. The difficulty of building a dynamic and interactive view among the microenvironments, the cellular and molecular heterogeneities, and the basic aspects of the vessel formation processes make the available knowledge largely fragmented. The neovascularisation processes, termed vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis, are important to the formation and proper functioning of organs and tissues both in the embryo and the postnatal period. These processes are intrinsically related to microvascular cells, such as endothelial and mural cells. These cells are able to adjust their activities in response to the metabolic and physiological requirements of the tissues, by displaying a broad plasticity that results in a significant cellular and molecular heterogeneity. In this review, we intend to approach the microvasculature heterogeneity in an integrated view considering the diversity of neovascularisation processes and the cellular and molecular heterogeneity that contribute to microcirculatory homeostasis. For that, we will cover their interactions in the different blood-organ barriers and discuss how they cooperate in an integrated regulatory network that is controlled by specific molecular signatures.
In the past few decades, much has been added to our knowledge about the diversity of structures and functions of the vascular system, especially at the microcirculation level. Undoubtedly, although a lot remains to be learned, we must be aware of the great complexity and plasticity of the microvasculature during homeostasis and scenarios of disturbance. However, the available knowledge is still largely fragmented and makes it difficult to build a dynamic view linking the microenvironments, as well as the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of blood vessels, to the basic aspects of the vessel formation processes. This review intends, therefore, to approach the aspects of microcirculation heterogeneity in an integrated way, thus allowing a broader view of how the homeostasis of the microcirculatory system is maintained (Figure 1).
A set of processes of blood and lymphatic vessel formation, here collectively assigned as neovascularisation processes, occur throughout life in both health and disease according to the functional demands of tissues. Indeed, neovascularisation is instrumental in both the formation and proper functioning of organs and systems [1, 2]. Although it is usual to study the vascular biology in a fragmented, anatomical, and/or organotypic point-of-view, the vascular network is a responsive crossing point that virtually connects all other systems and organs in the body and acts as a key player in both homeostatic and disease-progression events. Not by chance, the cardiovascular system is the first physiological system to develop in the embryo, being crucial for oxygen and nutrient delivery, as well as for waste removal and regulation of interstitial homeostasis .
The vascular system is known to be anatomically heterogeneous and it is essentially composed by the macrovasculature, which includes large vessels such as arteries, veins, and lymphatic vessels, that in turn branch into arterioles, venules, and capillaries, the so-called microcirculation, on which this review will be centred. Both blood and lymphatic vessels are lined by endothelial cells (EC), which are the common key cells in the main neovascularisation processes that will be addressed in this review, namely, vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis . Of note, despite sharing a mesodermal origin and some common functions, EC are not all alike . Likewise, mural cells, especially pericytes and smooth muscle cells, which will be also addressed in this review, play an important role, albeit to varying degrees, in the formation of new vessels [6, 7].
The basis of cellular heterogeneity is linked to vascular development, from embryogenesis to the formation of the mature vasculature. Mesodermal precursors, secreted by notochord during the embryonic phase in response to stimuli and factors, differentiate and originate blood islands that laterally form the primary plexus, the aorta, and the cardinal veins [8, 9]. After the maturation of vascular networks comprising arteries and veins, lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) give rise to lymphatic vessels. Thus, the whole vascular network is developed by distinct but joint processes of neovascularisation, which are the backbone of this review [8, 10]. It is important to draw attention to the fact that vascular network formation not only precedes that of other systems and organs in the embryo but also occurs in a specialised way to meet specific demands in physiological and pathological situations throughout the (adult) life. In other words, each organ will harbour a specific vasculature depending on the stimuli to which it was submitted, leading to a tissue-specific vascular heterogeneity. Following that, in the mature vasculature, alterations on metabolic needs, interstitial fluid pressure, nutrients and oxygen availability, and shear stress are the main stimuli to generate specialised blood vessels and determine the arterial and venous fate [11–14].
In this context, we pointed out the variety of neovascularisation processes and the diversity of vascular beds, which mirrors the cellular heterogeneity of vessel walls that, in turn, echoes the molecular heterogeneity that integrates the structural and functional properties of endothelial and mural cells, associated with their homeostatic function. In this review, we intend to approach, therefore, the microvasculature heterogeneity in an integrated view considering the diversity of neovascularisation processes and the cellular and molecular heterogeneity that contribute to microcirculatory homeostasis. For that, we will cover their interactions in the different blood-organ barriers and discuss how they cooperate in an integrated regulatory network that is controlled by specific molecular signatures.
2. Embryo versus Postnatal Vessel Formation
Some aspects of the neovascularisation processes differ between the embryo and the postnatal period. These differences will be briefly discussed in this section before we detail each process. In the embryo, blood vessels initially form either by (1) vasculogenesis, a process by which endothelial cell precursors of mesodermal origin clump together in the so-called “blood islands” to form luminal tubes which, by invasion of tissues, extension, and interconnections, form the primordial vascular network, or by (2) angiogenesis, a process by which new blood vessels are formed from preexisting ones, promoting greater expansion and, during the phenomenon of microvascular angioadaptation, also remodelling the vascular network that matures and becomes functional [15, 16]. During the process of embryonic angiogenesis, the differentiation and specification of endothelial cells start, giving rise to the arterial and venous systems . Therefore, the process of defining the cellular identities linked to the different vascular beds begins, leading to the establishment of the primary phenotypic heterogeneity of the cells composing vessel walls. Importantly, later in embryogenesis, after the onset of heart beats and blood flow, (3) arteriogenesis takes place as a process by which arterial branches are formed through remodelling of preexisting arterioles, primarily driven by hemodynamic forces [18–20]. Finally, following venous morphogenesis, lymphatic vasculature begins to emerge from precursors derived from the cardinal vein or the yolk sac , then initiating the process of (4) lymphangiogenesis .
Postnatal neovascularisation, although much more related to the microvasculature, is represented by a greater variety of events of blood vessel formation when compared to the embryo, especially if we consider that, in addition to the physiological situations, the organisms are also exposed to a range of disruptive situations such as inflammatory events, ischaemic and/or tumoural disorders, which go far beyond simple genetic programming. Regarding the neovascularisation processes, we may highlight that (a) postnatal vasculogenesis, unlike its embryonic counterpart, mostly supports (b) the angiogenic process (which is, in fact, the predominant neovascularisation process in adults), as well as small endothelial repairs [24, 25]; (c) arteriogenesis, being responsible for either de novo growth or remodelling of preexisting collateral arterial branches, guides the redistribution of the blood flow from blocked arteries to ischaemic areas ; (d) lymphangiogenesis plays an important role during inflammatory responses and the elaboration of specific immune responses, no longer reducing lymphatic capillaries to a merely accessory maintenance pathway of interstitial fluid homeostasis [27, 28]; and (e) vascular mimicry occurs through differentiation of tumour stem cells and/or dedifferentiation of mature tumour cells into cells that line up in tubular structures to increase blood supply during the development of highly invasive cancers [29, 30].
3. Diversity of Neovascularisation Processes
According to the previous topic, different neovascularisation processes may predominantly occur at different stages of development. Thus, during embryogenesis, vascular network formation occurs initially by the process of vasculogenesis followed by expansion by angiogenesis in blood vessels and lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic vessels. In the postembryonic period, the predominance of processes such as angiogenesis and arteriogenesis is observed, although the occurrence of vasculogenesis and lymphangiogenesis has been discussed more recently. Moreover, the heterogeneity of processes is not limited to the interprocess level, but is also seen within the same neovascularisation process. This section will discuss the different processes of neovascularisation, as well as the existing diversity among them and within the same type of vascular formation, here named intraprocess heterogeneity, regarding how they occur, the cellular and molecular factors involved, and their characteristics in physiological and pathological conditions (Figure 2).
Vasculogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from endothelial precursors, occurs in embryo and conceivably in adults. Embryonic vasculogenesis initiates in the early stages of development from mesodermal cells and is known to be positively regulated by mesoderm-derived factors and negatively regulated by ectodermal factors [31, 32]. Postnatal vasculogenesis, in turn, is supposed to occur during endothelial cell differentiation from putative endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) that may be derived from the bone marrow, vascular endothelium, or other mature tissues [33–36].
In the embryo, vasculogenesis results from the differentiation, expansion, and coalescence of mesoderm-derived CD34+ haemangioblasts. These cells are first established in the extraembryonic yolk-sac mesoderm followed by the emergence in the intraembryonic mesoderm and, then, converge in an initial vascular network, named primary vascular plexus, which originates from the artery-venous system [37–41]. Driven by Ets-related protein 71 (ER71), GATA binding protein 2 (GATA-2), and stem cell leukaemia (SCL), haemangioblasts are able to differentiate into angioblasts and haematopoietic precursors . Angioblasts continue to differentiate into endothelial cells especially in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor and angiopoietin/Tie-2 pathways [43–46]. The newly formed blood vessels, besides supplying nutrients and oxygen to the growing tissues, are also a source of factors and trophic signals that guide organogenesis .
On the contrary to the common sense recognised since the beginning of the 20th century, Asahara and colleagues suggested the existence of circulating angioblasts not only in embryos, but also in adults, and then postulated the existence of postnatal vasculogenesis. In fact, the so-called circulating EPC were shown to migrate into ischaemic and wound healing sites where new blood vessels are needed to support tissue survival and/or (re)establishment [49, 50]. In fact, putative EPC are known to play an important role in neovascularisation, tissue regeneration, and organogenesis .
In vitro assays initially qualified circulating putative EPC into two distinct populations: (a) early outgrowth cells, which raise from haematopoietic-derived small colonies of cells with no/low proliferative activity, and (b) late outgrowth cells, also known as endothelial cell forming colony (ECFC), that have a high proliferative capacity. Currently, however, the early “EPC” are more appropriately referred to as circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) and have been shown to be a monocyte/macrophage lineage derivative [52–55]. Likewise, markers for human putative EPC, such as CD34, fetal liver kinase 1 (FLK-1)/VEGFR2, and Tie-2, that have been regularly referred to in the literature may also indicate cells of haematopoietic lineage because these molecules are commonly shared among them.
Although it was believed that the bone marrow was the main source of putative EPC in the adult, evidence suggests the presence of a hierarchy of vascular progenitor cells in the endothelium that can participate in the neovascularisation processes . Recently, Fang and colleagues elegantly demonstrated that the endothelium may represent an important and neglected source of EPC. In their study, the so-called vascular endothelium-resident stem cells (VESC) are shown to display high clonogenic capacity and are positive for CD117/c-Kit. Moreover, these authors showed that the absence of CD117 impairs the endothelial maturation of VESC. In fact, these data, along with those of other subsequent studies on VESC , have made it possible to construct a new paradigm which postulates that EPC derived from the endothelium have a greater proliferative capacity and are able to integrate new growing vessels, whereas bone marrow-derived “EPC” act in a paracrine manner and are actually haematopoietic cells supporting angiogenesis.
In addition, a side population of vascular progenitors can be isolated from the tunica media of the aorta. When cultured in the presence of VEGF or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGF-B), they originate cells with endothelial (positive for CD31, VE-cadherin, and von Willebrand factor) or smooth muscle phenotypes (positive for α-smooth muscle actin, calponin, and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain) . These progenitor cells have a Sca-1+c- profile and do not form myeloid or lymphoid colonies. Zengin and colleagues suggested coining the structure located between the smooth muscle and the adventitious layer of large and medium vessels as “vasculogenic zone”. This region would be characterized by cells expressing VEGFR-2 and Tie-2, but negative for CD31, CD45, and CD146. The clonogenic and proangiogenic capacity of these adventitious progenitor cells (APC) was demonstrated, as well as their ability to express both pericyte (neuron-glia antigen 2—NG2—and PDGF receptor β) and mesenchymal cells markers (CD44, CD90, CD73, and CD29) [60–62].
Currently, there is a general understanding that cells from myeloid (and lymphoid) lineage, which are derived from bone marrow, and circulating truly EC precursors, which may be derived from the blood vasculature, are, respectively, able to offer angiogenic support or differentiate into EC, giving rise to new blood vessels in adults [35, 53, 63–67]. In fact, adult putative EPC may be responsible for the neo-endothelialisation and postnatal vascularisation, not exclusively by vasculogenesis, but mainly by assisting angiogenesis . In addition, EC precursors seem to be present in other tissues and may display different phenotypes depending on the organ of origin [36, 69]. Lastly, similarly to haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), putative EPC may home and populate the spleen in response to chemical stimuli, inflammation, and neoplasia, for example [70–72].
Overall, EPC are assumed to be mobilised and migrate to where new blood vessels are needed and they may either differentiate into EC and be incorporated into the growing vessel or exert paracrine functions, therefore, combining proper vasculogenic and supportive angiogenic roles, respectively [68, 73]. EPC mobilising signals may vary from hypoxia, growth factors, to chemoattractant signals . In fact, growth factors such as VEGF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are shown to promote both mobilisation and differentiation of CD34+/VEGFR-2+ cells [74, 75].
In physiological conditions, circulating EPC are present in a very reduced number in the peripheral blood. Nevertheless, in situations of tissue hypoxia, for example, there is an increase in the production of EPC mobilising factors. These factors may activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), increasing the production of nitric oxide (NO), which regulates the enzymatic activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Particularly, MMP-9 leads to the release of soluble kit ligand (sKitL) from EPC surface, resulting in the mobilisation of these cells from bone marrow niches to the peripheral circulation [76, 77].
The capacity of EPC to generate new blood vessels is associated with their heterogeneity and phenotype. Also, the genetic background may account for that, once the basal circulating number of EPC may vary in different mouse strains and it is associated with the ability of these cells to respond to angiogenic stimuli, such as FGF or VEGF, in different vascular beds [79, 80]. Thus, heterogeneity could extend within the organ itself and its vascular segment due to differences in the physical and chemical environment. In this sense, some organs present their primary vascularisation focused exclusively on vasculogenesis such as the lung, while other organs such as the kidneys are vascularised by both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Indeed, it is proposed that embryonic leaflets are associated with distinct neovascularisation processes, where organs from endodermal origin are vascularised by vasculogenesis and ectodermal organs by angiogenesis .
In a pathological context, vasculogenesis is important during tumoural development, especially when angiogenesis is inhibited by antitumoural therapies. An increase in circulating EPC populations has been shown in patients with cancer, suggesting a possible role of vasculogenesis during tumoural neovascularisation . Furthermore, several studies have been showing a correlation between the reduction of EPC and worsening of reendothelialisation in injured vessels, metabolic diseases, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction .
Angiogenesis, differently from vasculogenesis, is the process by which new blood vessels are formed from preexisting vessels. It is relevant in both physiological and pathological conditions, occurring by two different mechanisms: sprouting and intussusception.
Sprouting angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels in response to proangiogenic factors and involves retraction of pericytes, migration, and proliferation of EC that give origin to branches with a lumen, which are stabilised by pericyte recruitment and deposition of a new basement membrane . This process is initiated by tissue hypoxia and it is seen occurring in physiological processes such as embryonic development, particularly important for the vascular network expansion initially formed by the vasculogenesis, in the wound healing process, during ischaemic tissue vascularisation, and in pathological conditions, such as solid tumours formation, eye diseases, and inflammatory disorders as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis [85–88].
In turn, intussusception angiogenesis consists in the repeated insertion of new, slender, transcapillary tissue pillars, which increase in size and allow capillary network growth . This angiogenesis type is more efficient compared to sprouting since it only requires a reorganisation of EC without initial cell migration and proliferation, being, therefore, an economic process of neovascularisation regarding metabolic and energetic demands. Intussusception occurs throughout life but is more significant during vascular development in embryos; however it also may occur from preexistent capillaries and the current methods for their evaluation remain failed and expensive, which limits the advances and knowledge about this type of angiogenesis [90, 91]. The existence of these two types of angiogenesis suggests a form of heterogeneity regarding the cells, factors, and stimulus among them. In addition, the preference for one or another process indicates the importance of each type of angiogenesis in a particular condition or stage of embryonic development. Despite this hypothesis, more studies are necessary to address the factors and conditions determining the heterogeneity during sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis in different blood-organ barriers and tissues.
Angiogenesis process is controlled by a range of angiogenic stimulators and inhibitors, on a way that the balance of these factors maintains the turnover of endothelial cells. However, under conditions such as reduced pO2, low pH, hypoglycaemia, mechanic stress, inflammatory stimuli, and tumoural development, there is an increase of proangiogenic factors, inducing endothelial proliferation, and migration, triggering a so-called angiogenic switch [74, 92]. In general, the factors involved in the angiogenic process are VEGF and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), the main agents that orchestrate vascular homeostasis and promote an increment on vascular permeability, migration, and proliferation of EC [88, 93]; angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin- 2 (Ang-1 and Ang-2), which exert antagonistic functions during vessel development, since Ang-1 inhibits vascular permeability, whereas Ang-2 is involved in vessel destabilisation by detachment of microvascular mural cells (MMC) [74, 94]; matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), which enhance angiogenesis through the degradation of matrix components ; integrins αβ, which help EC migrate by promoting EC adhesion to vessels [96, 97]; and PDGF-BB and PDGFR, which participate in blood vessel maturation [98, 99].
Pathological conditions induce the activation of different molecular pathways during angiogenesis when compared to physiological states. Mutations in oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes, and growth factor misbalanced activities are crucial to trigger pathological angiogenesis. Physiological angiogenesis is dependent on VEGF and HIF-1 family, whereas, in tumoural angiogenesis, there is a recruitment of myeloid cells and an upregulation of alternative vascular growth factors such as PIGF and FGF, besides VEGF releasing .
In sprouting angiogenesis, EC present three distinct phenotypes which play different roles in the sprouting vessel, named angiogenic tip, stalk, and phalanx cells. Specialised tip cells are found driving sprouting vessels and present an important and characteristic delta-like 4 (DLL-4)/NOTCH-1 signalling, which suppress tip cell fate in the neighbouring EC. In addition, they express C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), netrin receptor UNC5B, NRP1, and secrete ligands that act on stalk cells adjacent such as Ang-2 [100, 101]. In relation to their morphology, tip cells show organised stress fibres with numerous probing filopodia that permit migrating toward angiogenic factors, but they do not form lumen and are minimally proliferative [102, 103]. Stalk cells are seen behind tip cells and are highly proliferative, form lumens, and lay down extracellular matrix, but do not extend filopodia. In addition, stalk cells show attenuated DLL-4 expression due to an inhibition promoted by NOTCH signalling from adjacent tip cells, while they present Ang-2 receptor and Tie-2, two components not present in tip cells [100, 104, 105]. Phalanx cells are morphologically cobblestone-shaped and have lower migratory and proliferative capacities, but present high expression of VEGFR-1, which is responsible for interposing the proangiogenic effects of VEGF and keeping phalanx cells in a quiescent state, together with a high expression of VE-cadherin. Thus, phalanx cells seem to respond to VEGF in a different way than tip cells [103, 106].
Under physiological conditions, EC in the blood form a monolayer of phalanx cells interconnected by junctional molecules ensheathed by pericytes, which suppress EC proliferation. In sprouting angiogenesis, when proangiogenic signals such as VEGF, FGF, or chemokines are released by any of the aforementioned stimuli, pericytes detach and liberate themselves from the basement membrane by proteolytic degradation, mainly by MMP . At the same time, VEGF increases the permeability of the vessel and plasma proteins extravasate, forming a provisional extracellular matrix (ECM) on which EC migrate and initiate branch formation. Some EC are more responsive to VEGF and present a migratory behaviour due to a particular and specific gene expression profile that includes VEGFR-2 high expression, acquiring a tip cell phenotype. They are able to integrate attractive and repulsive directional cues presented by the microenvironment and define the route in which the new sprouts grow [104, 108]. In addition, tip cells activate NOTCH signalling in adjacent EC, initiating lateral inhibition and inducing a “stalk cell” profile in these adjacent cells, indicating the importance of cellular heterogeneity in the sprouting angiogenesis process [109, 110]. The proliferation of stalk cells is responsible by branch elongation, while tip cells direct the growth of the branch vessel by filopodia and lamellipodia [111, 112]. Guidance receptors are expressed by tip cells, such as ROBO4, UNC5b, PLEXIN-D1, NRPS, and Eph family members which are able to probe the microenvironment and play action that culminates in maintenance of vessel integrity and directed migration by filopodia and lamellipodia promotion [113, 114]. Tip cell fusion and branch anastomosis are facilitated by macrophages that express angiopoietin receptor TIE-2, NRP1 receptor (a specific receptor for semaphorins), and VEGF, acting to modulate intercellular adhesion . In addition, to support this idea, Fantin and colleagues demonstrated that macrophages expressing TIE-2 and NRP1 comprised the major population of tissue macrophages acting on brain vascularisation and they were able to interact with tip cells, promoting vascular anastomosis and indicating a new target to antiangiogenic therapies.
Finally, a lumen is formed by one of three processes: intracellular vacuole coalescence, intercellular vacuole exocytosis, or luminal repulsion, leading to subsequent relocalisation of junctional proteins to the lateral membranes and giving rise to a new blood vessel . Mural cells such as pericytes and smooth muscle cells are recruited and promote stabilisation of the new vessel while parallel matrix deposition and specific vascular bed adaptations occur [104, 118, 119]. Vessel perfusion is initiated in response to prolyl hydroxylase domain protein 2 (PHD2) inactivation by hypoxia, which leads to increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), triggering VEGFR-1 and VE-cadherin expression, essential to normalisation of EC function and vessel perfusion .
In an intussusceptive angiogenesis process, the new blood vessel is formed from a preexisting vessel following an intraluminal pillar formation and interendothelial reorganisation. Then, a central perforation is formed and pericytes and myofibroblasts stabilise the new vessel, a step followed by the joining and fusion with adjacent pillars and final division, giving rise to two vessels [120, 121]. This process shows three main patterns of vascularisation: (1) intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG), which occurs by a fast expansion of the vascular network and is directed by blood flow requirement, forming the organ-specific architecture; (2) intussusceptive arborisation that is implied in a serried pillar remodelling in a disorganised vascular network like a typical tree-like arrangement and is not seen in a hierarchical pattern; and (3) intussusceptive branching remodelling, which seems to occur close to vascular bifurcations and is important to promote an optimisation of blood vessel number [120–122].
The intussusceptive angiogenesis mechanism is important to growth and vascular remodelling, besides being present in pathological contexts such as tumour development. The regulators in this process are hemodynamic forces, blood flow, and soluble factors, among which are VEGF, FGF, PDGF, angiopoietins, and HIF . Few experimental models are available to study mechanisms, factors, and in which conditions intussusceptive angiogenesis occurs, since it is occurring in an intravascular compartment. Therefore, the discovery of new experimental approaches is required to elucidate this neovascularisation process.
In a recent research, however, Hlushchuk and colleagues demonstrated that a downregulation of endoglin (ENG/CD105) with an upregulation of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) was implicated in intussusceptive microvascular growth, correlated with pillar formation increment in models of intussusceptive angiogenesis in chicken embryos and acute glomerulonephritis in rats . De Paepe and colleagues described an aberrant nonsprouting angiogenesis in human fetal lung xenografts that was associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia of preterm newborn (BPD)-associated dysangiogenesis. In this situation, lungs are able to change vascular pattern formation from a sprouting phenotype to an intussusceptive phenotype, showing a linear and nonsprouting vasculature probably due a mechanism that includes IGF signalling dysregulation and hypoxia, not yet clarified. In addition, a proper formation of the pulmonary microvasculature seems to be necessary to the normal alveolar and lung development [124–126].
In addition to the heterogeneity of EC and angiogenic processes, in many conditions such as tumourigenesis, the formed vascular bed varies considerably depending on the type and site of the tumour. This heterogeneity could explain, at least in part, the resistance of some tumour types to antiangiogenic therapies . In general, the tumour vasculature is characterized by exacerbated angiogenesis and abnormal tortuous blood vessels, discontinuous EC, and scarce pericyte coverage, which favour the extravasation of tumour cells [73, 128]. EC from tumours differ from healthy EC for a range of reasons, but mainly due to their expression of a subset of genes that could vary depending on tumour type, exhibition of a proangiogenic and stem-like phenotype, and chromosomal abnormalities [129, 130]. All these peculiarities contribute to the transformation of tumour angiogenesis in a complex process and, consequently, foment discussions about angiogenic modulation in relation to tissue heterogeneity, especially with respect to therapies and the advent of new imaging tools for diagnostic purposes. It has already been observed that the density of the initial microvasculature in the primary tumour site is determinant to tumoural progression and further neovascularisation.
In conclusion, angiogenesis is characterized by a heterogeneous and complex process which includes a range of factors worthy of being subject of studies for future applications. Furthermore, these complexities, especially regarding cellular and functional heterogeneity, allow greater understanding and provide subsidies for appropriate experimental design choices to test scientific hypotheses.
Arteriogenesis refers to the formation of collateral arterioles, allowing increased blood flow to tissues and being a crucial compensation mechanism to restore tissue perfusion where the main vascular pathway has been obstructed . In adults, arteriogenesis can occur in response to various stimuli, including changes in haemodynamic forces, such as shear stress, and in the metabolic demands of tissues, as in hypoxic conditions . For this reason, postnatal arteriogenesis plays an essential role in restoring blood supply in several pathological situations, in which the metabolic demand is greater than the amount of blood perfusing the tissue [132, 133].
The arteriogenic process may occur by two distinct mechanisms, de novo formation, or remodelling of preexisting collateral arterioles. The first one involves the formation and expansion of new vessels from a preexisting arteriolar network, localised near to an occluded artery, reconnecting the distal arterial segment . The second one involves the remodelling of preexisting vessels, promoting gradual enlargement of arterioles until they are able to increase blood flow and restore local perfusion .
During embryonic development, de novo arteriogenesis consists in the differentiation and maturation of the primary vascular plexus, induced by the increase in blood pressure. The consequent increase in shear stress in the new capillary network stimulates local recruitment of smooth muscle cells and proliferation of endothelial cells, leading to the formation of mature arteries [135–137]. There is evidence that arteriogenesis by de novo formation can also happen in the adult; however, this issue remains controversial. Some authors believe that the newly detected collaterals could be native collaterals not detected before remodelling or even preexistent capillaries that undergo arterialisation [138–140]. Nevertheless, the presence of new collateral arterioles was detected after acute arterial occlusion in murine brain and heart , as well as after apical resection in neonatal murine heart . Of note, these new collateral formations occurred in areas with apparent absence of preexisting connections. In addition, one cannot rule out the possibility of remodelling occurrence not only in preexisting collaterals, but also in the presumed de novo formed arteriole to increase their calibre, making this discussion even more complex and difficult to address in vivo.
Considering the difficulty to distinguish new arteriole formation from remodelling of preexistent ones, the mechanisms involved in de novo arteriogenesis remain poorly understood. The augment of shear stress in the arterial tree along with tissue hypoxia generated by a major artery occlusion is believed to be the main trigger for the beginning of the de novo process [26, 141]. Moreover, it was recently demonstrated that neo-collateral formation is dependent on local CCL-2/MCP-1 release and the recruitment of circulating CCR2+ cells to the ischaemic area in the murine heart. The recruitment of CX3CR1+ M2-like macrophages to the border zone of newly formed collaterals also appears to be associated with the growth of new arterioles .
While evidence about de novo arteriogenesis in adults is scarce, the dominant form of postnatal arteriogenesis appears to be largely dependent on the remodelling of preexistent collateral vessels . The postnatal collateral remodelling may be divided into three phases: initiation, growth, and vessel maturation. When a major vessel occlusion promotes the drop-in of perfusion pressure at a distal point, this reduction leads to an increased flow through preexisting collateral arteries. The resultant increased wall shear stress is the main trigger for the initiation phase of arteriogenesis .
Shear stress activates the endothelium of collateral vessels. Activated endothelial cells, by their turn, stimulate the recruitment of local and bone marrow inflammatory cells, through the expression of chemokines as tumour necrosis factor (TNF), VEGF, and CCL-2 and adhesion molecules such as selectins, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (iCAM1), and vascular adhesion molecule 1 (vCAM1) [133, 145]. The early recruited inflammatory cells are neutrophils, which help to degrade extracellular matrix, enabling vessels to expand . The released CCL-2 chemokine, in turn, promotes the recruitment of circulating monocytes expressing the receptor CCR2 to the affected region [147, 148].
During the growth phase, the macrophages play an essential paracrine role, recruiting other bone marrow cells as well as modulating smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation. Macrophages orchestrate these actions by secretion of chemokines and growth factor as stromal derived factor 1 (SDF-1), PDGF-B, TNF, VEGF, and FGF . In addition, macrophages modulate matrix remodelling by aiding on basement membrane degradation, through MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion [150, 151].
The inflammatory signalling cascades induce the differentiation of smooth muscle cells from a contractile phenotype to a synthetic phenotype. This differentiation is characterized by the downregulation of actin, myosin, desmin and calponin expression, and upregulation of fibronectin . The replacement of contractile material for endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes is also observed in smooth muscle cells [133, 153]. SMC with this phenotype are directed to migration, proliferation, and production of a fibronectin-based transitional matrix , essential for the remodelling process. The proliferation of smooth muscle and endothelial cells leads to collateral vessel luminal expansion and tortuous elongation. As luminal diameter increases, distal perfusion is restored and blood flow resistance decreases, as well as shear stress.
Finally, the collateral vessel passes through the maturation phase. With the decline on shear stress, the endothelium function of collateral vessel normalises and the inflammatory response decreases, initiating inflammation resolution and reduction of cell proliferation, as well as the return of SMC to a contractile phenotype . At this point, the arterioles with lower resistance provide most of the blood flow and continue to remodel outward, stabilising and maturing into dominant collateral. At the same time, small collateral vessels that may not maintain sufficient hemodynamic stimulation undergo neointimal hyperplasia and eventual regression [154, 155].
Important signalling pathways associated with neovascularisation processes will be better discussed later in this manuscript. However, it is interesting to point out how some of these pathways can mediate distinct actions during arteriogenesis in different organs and tissues. The activation of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway on EC, for example, plays an important role for adaptative collateral vessel remodelling in the ischaemic heart and hindlimb skeletal muscle. The resultant NO production and release by EC exert an important vasodilatation effect, increasing the flow through collateral vessels and, thereby, possibly augmenting flow-induced remodelling . In addition, this axis activation is essential for sustained interactions of the endothelium with pericytes and vascular SMC, as well as maintenance of vascular stability [156, 157]. In the heart and retina, in turn, endothelial AKT signalling activation is essential to jagged/NOTCH signalling activation, which is shown to be crucial for vascular SMC survival . Jagged/NOTCH signalling activation also plays an essential role in skeletal muscle-induced arteriogenesis in ischaemic hindlimbs. The pathway activation after ligation to delta-like ligand (Dll) from arterioles EC leads to perivascular macrophage maturation and antiinflammatory polarisation, improving collateral remodelling .
On arterial occlusive diseases, such as peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction, and ischaemic stroke, the restoration of blood flow to the affected tissue must be quick so its viability and function can be preserved. Collateral vessels can effectively bypass arterial obstructions and are more likely to induce effective reperfusion of tissues than proliferation of capillary network . However, the number of arteriolar collaterals was shown to vary widely among organs as heart, brain, and lower extremities, and even among individuals. In fact, clinical outcome in patients with arterial occlusive diseases appears to be directly correlated to the number of preexistent collaterals in the affected area and their capacity of remodelling [159, 160]. It was shown that the arteriole network remodelling process also can negatively affect tissues extensively damaged by hypoxia. In ischaemic hindlimbs, the formation of new arterioles with an aberrantly smooth muscle cells cover was observed, presenting increased interprocess spacing and haphazard actin microfilament bundles , which affected the restoration of blood perfusion effectiveness.
Interestingly, animal model studies have shown that even the speed of the arteriogenesis process may vary among different organs and tissues. For example, it was observed that the maximum remodelling of collaterals in murine ischaemic brain occurs up to 3 days after arterial occlusion , significantly faster than in the ischaemic heart (3 to 7 days) and skeletal muscle (3 to 4 weeks) [162, 163]. The reason for this difference still needs to be elucidated, but one hypothesis suggested is that specific tissue characteristics in the location adjacent to the collateral vessels can affect the time required for reorganisation of the surrounding matrix and cells before outward remodelling can proceed .
In conclusion, arteriogenesis is a complex multifactorial process, stimulated by changes in the haemodynamic forces and in the metabolic demands, and is essential to restore the adequate blood supply to organs and tissues after acute or chronic major artery occlusion. Understanding and clarifying the heterogeneity of mechanisms involved in this neovascularisation process are crucial to develop effective clinical approaches for many arterial obstructive diseases.
The lymphatic system is known for its primary function of draining fluids in the interstitial space, redirecting them to blood vessels. It is a drainage system, from and to which immune cells responsible for the defence of the organism may emerge and go . In addition to this function, it is active in other contexts, namely, in the regulation of blood pressure, in the differentiation and modulation of immune and inflammatory cells, in lipid metabolism, and in atherosclerosis and metastasis. In turn, the physiological role of lymphatic vasculature is conditioned by other pathological events, such as obesity, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune diseases .
Lymphatic vessels present a morphological heterogeneity, being, therefore, subdivided into capillaries and collectors. The capillaries are responsible for the absorption of the extravasated fluid, whereas the collectors are transporters. With regard to the cellular morphology, capillaries are formed by button-type joints and collectors are made of the zipper types. In addition, lymphatic endothelial cells from capillaries are surrounded by dendritic cells, recruited by chemokines such as CCL-21, and expressing high levels of the lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor 1 (LYVE-1), in opposition to lymphatic EC from collectors .
Lymphatic capillaries are formed after the establishment of blood vasculature in a process in which venous endothelial cells undergo lymphatic speciation by presenting markers of the lymphatic vasculature such as LYVE-1, prospero homeobox protein 1 (PROX-1), and VEGFR-3 . The mechanism by which new lymphatic vessels are formed is called lymphangiogenesis and, in the embryonic period, some veins present a lymphatic capacity when they present endothelial cells that express PROX-1, SOX-18, and LYVE-3. At a later stage, they begin to express VEGFR-3 and, following a gradient concentration of VEGF-C, they migrate, proliferate, and form a primitive lymphatic sac, expressing new lymph markers and originating a lymphatic plexus where maturation and remodelling occur. Smooth muscle cells are recruited and form leaflets that allow the lymphatic vessel to become functional. In addition, novel lymphatic markers are then expressed such as podoplanin, ephrin B2 (EFNB2), forkhead box protein C2 (FOXC2), angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2), integrins, neuropilin 2 (NRP2), and emilin .
The expansion of this vascular network occurs mainly by lymphangiogenesis, although in recent years the process of lymphovasculogenesis has been referred to as a possible process that occurs after the embryonic phase. During lymphangiogenesis, LEC from preexisting vessels proliferate and migrate, process which involves VEGF-C, collagen and calcium binding EGF domains 1 (CCBE1), and disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif 3 (ADAMTS-3) that stimulate VEGFR-3 and NRP2 receptors in the lymphatic endothelial cell. In lymphovasculogenesis, the haemogenic endothelium produces haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that will serve the new lymphatic vascular formation, similar to what occurs in the process of vasculogenesis .
The main difference between lymphovasculogenesis and lymphangiogenesis is the origin of the cells that give rise to the vasculature. In the first context, the cells come from preexisting vessels, and in the second they are derived from the haemogenic endothelium or, as more recently discussed, from circulating progenitor cells that were transdifferentiated into lymphangioblasts, revealing heterogeneity in the cells that originated from lymphatic vessels [164, 169]. Although studies from 2010 already addressed the existence of circulating lymphatic progenitor cells, only more recently these reports become more usual. Lee and colleagues have demonstrated that bone marrow-derived cells expressing the protein podoplanin, characteristic of lymphatic vasculature, contributed to postnatal neovascularisation, indicating which progenitor cells could participate in lymphatic neoformation. These authors characterized these cells immunophenotypically and demonstrated that they express lymphatic cell markers such as LYVE-1 and VEGFR-3, besides podoplanin when cultured in vitro. Likewise, when these cells were tested in vivo in cell therapy models, they incorporated the neoformed lymphatic vasculature in corneal, ear, skin, and tumour models, and continued to express the markers of lymphatic cells. These findings open a promising field of study and provide new perspectives to the treatment of diseases that affect the lymphatic system. New approaches have been focused on determining markers, the origin, and niches for isolation of lymphatic precursor cells [21, 169], on generating pure lymphatic endothelial cells from pluripotent stem cells and studying their effects on wound repair , and on clarifying the mechanisms by which lymphatic endothelial precursor cells are mobilised in pathological and physiological contexts .
Lymphangiogenesis occurs physiologically in restricted situations, such as during the embryonic period for expansion of the lymphatic network of the embryo, during female reproductive cycle, and in mammary gland genesis . In fact, lymphangiogenesis is more seen occurring in pathological conditions. Lymphatic vascular dysfunction can cause oedema formation, due to failed draining of the interstitial contents, or may contribute to the formation of new lymphatics that are associated with metastatic dissemination to distant lymph nodes and organs, and rejection of grafts. Lymphangiogenesis is also seen during obesity, since excess lymph in the interstitium leads to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and hypertrophy of adipocytes. Lymphoedema is classically observed in the infectious disease filariasis, but also in some cardiovascular and genetic conditions .
Similar to angiogenesis, this process involves three general steps, among which are the activation and migration of lymphatic endothelial cells, their proliferation, and lumen formation. Lymphangiogenic factors such as PDGF, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF), VEGF, and MMP bind receptors on the surface of lymphatic endothelial cells that become activated and stimulate the sprouting process. In this case, the profile selection into either tip or stalk cells also occurs, although the factors and pathways coordinating it are not well defined as for angiogenesis. Tip cells begin to migrate and emit filopodia, while stalk cells continue proliferating and allowing vessel elongation. Lumen formation occurs by intracellular vacuolisation and, finally, there is remodelling and maturation of the vessel [175, 176]. VEGF is also the main factor to stimulate lymphatic sprouting. Lymphatic EC migrate toward VEGF gradient, mainly in a VEGFR-3-dependent manner, and EFNB2 promotes lymphatic EC migration by regulating cell internalisation of VEGFR-3. Differently from sprouting angiogenesis, the NOTCH pathway is not active in lymphangiogenesis .
Lymphangiogenesis during inflammatory conditions is also mediated by VEGF. Inflammatory macrophages secrete large amounts of VEGF and stimulate local lymphatic sprouting, which aids in the supply of inflammatory cells and drainage of exudate. In this process, VEGF-C/VEGFR-3 and VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signalling pathways are known to have a significant role, although other pathways are involved. It has also been argued that inflammatory macrophages could become incorporated into lymphatic vessels and transdifferentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells, but this hypothesis is not fully accepted by the scientific community . Some studies, however, have demonstrated the important role of macrophages in the formation of lymphatic vessels. They are named lymphangiogenic macrophages and, during inflammatory processes, they show direct and indirect effects on lymphangiogenesis. Direct effects were related to the production of prolymphangiogenic factors, and the indirect ones were attributed to their contribution to the mobilising of more macrophages from bone marrow and the amplifying of the immune response, further stimulating lymphangiogenesis. In addition, the activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR) during inflammatory contexts leads to increased production of VEGF-C and -D by macrophages, inducing the proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells [179, 180].
In a tumoural context, lymphangiogenesis is associated with tumour malignancy. Tumour lymphatic vessels as well as blood vessels are compromised. Tumour cells and tumour stroma release lymphangiogenic factors that increase the sprouting of lymphatic vessels, which are also essential for tumour progression. In addition, tumour cells release VEGF-C and express both VEGFR-3 and CCBE-1, stimulating lymphangiogenesis. Tumour-associated macrophages can secrete lymphangiogenic factors as well as incorporation into the new lymphatic vasculature, contributing to lymphangiogenesis and dissemination of micrometastases and metastases to distant lymph nodes and organs [181, 182].
The interaction of tumour cells with lymphatic cells can be promoted by interstitial fluid (resulting from lymphatic drainage) via autologous chemotaxis involving the chemokine CCL-21 and its receptor, CCR-7, expressed by tumour cells. Therefore, the expression of CCL-21 in lymphatic EC can promote the entry of tumourigenic cells into lymphatic vessels via CCR-7. The production of lymphangiogenic factors such as VEGF-C and -D stimulates the formation and enlargement of lymphatics in the vicinity of the tumour, increasing the surface area for interaction between the cells. VEGF-C also promotes the invasiveness of tumour cells in an autocrine manner and upregulates the production of CCL-21 by lymphatic vessels . In view of this knowledge, as well as in angiogenesis, some therapeutic strategies involving the use of antilymphangiogenic agents and blocking of VEGF signalling have been proposed and studied to successfully inhibit tumour growth. Anti-VEGF and anti-VEGF-C monoclonal antibodies, as well as antibodies against specific parts of the VEGFR-2 receptor, were produced, yet there are no approved drugs able to only block lymphangiogenesis, which could benefit some pathologies that do not necessarily require the blocking of angiogenic processes [183, 184].
4. Cellular Heterogeneity and Blood-Organ Barriers
Different processes of neovascularisation occur in response to a range of stimuli, factors, and mediators. Furthermore, different organs and tissues exhibit distinct biological roles, and their metabolic demands and physiological processes can be maintained by modulating cellular and molecular factors associated with the neovascularisation processes above-mentioned. Additionally, the phenotype of the cells that constitute the blood-organ barriers, especially endothelial and mural cells, seems to be important during the establishment of new vessels and is also related to the heterogeneity associated with the microvascular system. In this section, we will address the heterogeneity of factors related to endothelial and mural cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells) in the functional and neovascularisation contexts related to specific blood-organ barriers.
4.1. Endothelial Cells
EC are found in every vascular bed, including lymphatics, and their cellular and functional heterogeneity is recognised for decades. They produce autocrine and paracrine molecules, regulating cell adhesion, proliferation, vessel permeability, and the migration of blood cells throughout the endothelium. They also share some common features such as their morphology—small cells that possess few mitochondria and both granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum, whose diameter across their thin cytoplasmic section is no longer than 0.2 μm and which are 5-10 μm wide .
The phenotypic differences can be observed in different vascular beds and in different segments of the same vessel. EC from arterial and venous portions, for example, express unique molecular signatures. On the one hand, EphrinB2 (EphB2), delta-like 4 (DLL-4), activin-receptor-like kinase 1 (ALK1), endothelial PAS domain protein 1 (EPAS1), Hey 1 and Hey 2, neuropilin (NRP1), and decidual protein induced by progesterone (Depp) are preferentially expressed in arterial EC [185–189]. On the other hand, venous EC specific markers include EphB4, NRP2, and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor 2 (COUP-TFII) [190–192] (Figure 3).
Phenotypic differences are also observed in the microvascular context, reflecting a range of compartments in the same organ or tissue, as it will be highlighted throughout this section. In addition, it is worth noting that these differences may be crucial in determining the type of neovascularisation in a particular vascular bed or tissue under physiological and/or pathological conditions. The heterogeneity existing in different blood-organ barriers will also be addressed regarding EC differences and how it is related to the establishment of an organ-specific function (Figure 4).
4.1.1. Blood-Heart Barrier (BHB)
Organs like the heart, for example, present several endothelial compartments and their EC present differences related to their developmental origin, structure, and functions. The EC-rich cardiac compartments include the endocardial endothelium (EE) and the vascular endothelium of myocardial capillaries (VEMC). The EE features, such as larger size, presence of microvilli, and abundant gap junctions, are consistent with its function in controlling myocardial extracellular ionic composition and as a sensor of blood flow, while myocardial EC functions are more related to autocrine or paracrine mediator release, rhythmicity, and cardiac development and growth, for example, during hypertrophy .
The normal development, formation, and maturation of heart are dependent on the transformation of the ventricular wall from a trabecular network into a dense myocardium during gestation. In this sense, endocardium plays an important role in the transition, given its coronary progenitor tissue capacity. Failure in this process could trigger defective coronary vascularisation and consequently congenital cardiac diseases . Recently, Rhee and colleagues have shown that a normal cardiac development is dependent not only on the neovascularisation capacity, but also on the paracrine muscle growth support given by active EC. They observed that the deletion of the Ino80 complex, a conserved multisubunit chromatin remodeller, causes intermediate phenotypes in EC from EE and is associated with impaired coronary angiogenesis and heart wall compaction in mice. These data corroborate previous observations that the different EC from the heart endothelium compartments may secrete different angiocrine factors that modulate processes associated with the homeostasis in the heart [196, 197].
4.1.2. Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)
Intraorgan EC heterogeneity also contributes to regional specific functions in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Most regions of the CNS have continuous nonfenestrated capillaries with BBB properties, i.e., which tightly regulate the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS, as part of the neurovascular unit. In contrast, specific regions such as nuclei adjacent to the third and fourth ventricles, pineal gland, and median eminence show highly permeable continuous fenestrated vessels .
Microvascular EC from CNS are thin cells, roughly 39% less thick than skeletal muscle EC, that coordinate junctional, transport, and metabolic aspects of the BBB by means of close interaction with mural, immune, glial, and neural cells for maintaining the brain functions [199, 200]. The vascular system in the CNS originates by angiogenesis from the perineural vascular plexus sprouting into the embryonic neuroectoderm. While the general angiogenic pathways, such as VEGF/VEGFR, Delta/NOTCH, angiopoietin/Tie, and ephrin/Eph, are required for vascular development in the CNS, the EC expression of the G-protein-coupled receptor 124 (GPR124), which is a coactivator of the Wnt signalling, plays a central role in that process, thus representing an important contributor to the BBB establishment [201–203]. In addition, GPR124 is also related to the BBB integrity during pathological conditions, such as ischaemic stroke and glioblastoma, in adult mice .
Of note, although there is a close correlation between the expression pattern of VEGF and brain angiogenesis during development, VEGF levels decrease during the late embryonic development when capillaries become impermeable to form the BBB in rodents, reaching very low levels in the adult brain, consistent with a undesirable permeability effect of VEGF. In contrast, fenestrated capillaries show a high constitutive expression of VEGF .
Brain vasculature dysfunctions have been documented in vascular malformations, Alzheimer, stroke, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injuries . Neuroinflammation is usually associated with these neurological diseases by promoting increased permeability of the BBB. During neuroinflammation, EC from BBB, for example, release extracellular vesicle (EV) subsets, such as microvesicles (MV) and exosomes (EXO), which are able to induce phenotypic changes and impacting physiology of adjacent cells, such as astrocytes, pericytes, and microglia [207, 208], suggesting an important role of EC for brain, beyond their barrier function, in the homeostasis and pathological conditions in CNS.
4.1.3. Gut-Blood Barrier (GBB)
The gut-blood barrier controls the biological compounds which enter in the systemic circulation, so the integrity and permeability of their capillaries should be strictly controlled avoiding the wide pass of gut-derived molecules, but allowing entry of nutrients across GBB [209, 210]. Epithelial and gut EC make coordinating responses which avoid activation of local immune responses and microbial dissemination, participating on gut tissue homeostasis . As to the characteristics of the GBB, Spadoni and colleagues found similarities regarding the expression of junctional complexes formed by tight and adherent junctions in EC from brain and intestine, a predictable finding since both systems behave as selective barriers.
A diversity of factors is involved in gastrointestinal tract vascularisation. An important pathway is the CXCL-12/CXCR-4 axis. EC from mice lacking CXCR-4 or CXCL-12/SDF-1α are not able to form large vessels and show impaired microvasculature in the gastrointestinal tract . Controversial findings related to influence of gut EC in the enteric nervous system (ENS) development are found. Fu and colleagues hypothesized that gut EC play a critical role in promoting and directing the development of the ENS. In contrast, Delalande and colleagues showed that blood vessels are not required to ENS development in mice. However, as the ENS is compromised during impaired neovascularisation, it is possible to credit the importance of enteric nervous cells (ENC) and EC interactions prior to the establishment of the neurovascular units seen in the gut later in development.
The proper functioning of the GBB may be altered in several diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and is somehow correlated with pathological neovascularisation. During the progress of IBD, angiogenesis occurs in response to inflammatory growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines released by inflammatory cells in the gastrointestinal system. The EC are responsible for coordinating vascular supply and immune cell emigration, for example. Of note, the newly formed endothelium is distinct to the normal vessel and their EC express higher levels of adhesion molecules and release proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF and IL-1β, contributing to IBD progression and severity . In addition, abnormalities in the GBB caused by infectious agents as Salmonella sp. result in endothelial gene expression profile alteration and EC-to-mesenchymal transition .
Although the hepatic endothelium is quite close and associated with the GBB, a morphological and functional heterogeneity is also seen in that organ as a result of a range of EC phenotypes. EC from portal venules are spindle-shaped and nonfenestrated and possess short microvilli. In contrast, EC from terminal portal venule and hepatic sinusoid capillaries are smooth and large and contain many actin fibres [216, 217].These differences correlate to the specific biological functions of those hepatic segments. Another important characteristic of the hepatic sinusoidal vasculature refers to the EC capacity in mediating organogenesis and liver regeneration by stimulating the production of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) together with the release of angiocrine factors to promote hepatocyte proliferation [219, 220].
4.1.4. Alveolar-Blood Barrier (ABB)
The alveolar-blood barrier is composed of a thin layer of EC in juxtaposition to the surface of alveolar epithelial cells. The development and vascular speciation of the lungs occurs in response to angiocrine factors secreted by primitive capillaries. Postnatally, a high vascular refinement, remodelling and maturation occurs [221–223]. Alterations in these processes may lead to the development of abnormalities such as alveolar capillary dysplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Pulmonary capillary EC are identified by their expression of PECAM-1/CD31, CD34, FGF receptor 1 (FGFR-1), VEGFR-1, and VEGFR-2 . Moreover, they express the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE I), compared with about 10% of systemic capillary EC, which, in turn, express PECAM-1/CD31 and CD34, but not vWF, similar to endocardial EC. An intrinsic heterogeneity of EC is also observed in pulmonary vasculature, since activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM/CD166) and the factor VIII are expressed in rat lung capillary endothelium, but not in larger pulmonary vessels [80, 225, 226].
Lung EC not only act as a selective and protective barrier, but also release angiocrine signals which may act in the pulmonary tissue homeostasis and during pathological conditions, by inducing a neo-alveologenesis in damaged lungs. Pulmonary capillary EC, for example, produce MMP-14 in response to a lung injury which in turn activates the EGF receptor (EGFR) that promotes proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells [227–229].
4.1.5. Bone Marrow-Blood Barrier (BMBB)
The bone marrow-blood barrier main functions are related to the cell traffic control between the extravascular and intravascular marrow compartments [230, 231]. Structurally, the bone microvasculature is basically formed by fenestrated or sinusoidal capillaries whose EC express the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3), while bone arterial endothelium does not . The vascularisation process in bone formation occurs by angiogenesis from the embryonic endochondral region, and signals from plate chondrocytes at the ends of the developing long bone are responsible for the formation of the metaphyseal and diaphyseal capillary networks [233, 234]. Classically, the vascular network in bone is identified by a low laminin and/or no Sca-1 (Ly-6 A/E) expression in sinusoids, in contrast to the high expression of those markers in endosteal vessels . Microvessel subtypes, called type H capillaries, that receive the bone arteriolar blood flow are found in growing regions of bone and express higher levels of Endomucin (EMCN) and PECAM-1/CD31 compared to the type L sinusoidal localised in the diaphysis that receives the type H blood flow. Of note, type H capillaries also express ephrin B2 (EphB2) and are believed to generate arteriolar blood vessels. From type L capillaries, blood is, then, drained to the central vein [236, 237].
In the light of the present discussion, the cell traffic is particularly important as cell source during vasculogenesis, the angioblast/endothelial progenitor cell-driven neovascularisation process that occurs mainly during the embryonic development, but is also assumed to contribute to new blood vessel formation from circulating stem/progenitor cells in the postnatal period. In addition, the traffic of haematopoietic lineages, decidedly important for blood cell reposition and during immune responses and immunosurveillance, is also relevant to neovascularisation processes .
Given the diversity of cell sources and functions, different metabolic environments are therefore expected to be found in the bone marrow. This richness of environments is supported by a heterogeneous, unique bone vasculature with specialised functions. Indeed, multiple vascular niches in BM have been discovered unveiling its complex cell heterogeneity, which reflects the intricacy of interactions and coordinated functions of the BM .
Interactions between BMB EC and haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), for example, are important to haematopoiesis, stem cell mobilisation, and homing [239–241]. In fact, molecular signals in BMB EC, such as IL-6, CXCL-12, VEGFR-2 signalling, E-selectin expression, and stem cell factor (SCF), are known to modulate HSC homeostasis [242–245]. The knowledge about the expression of molecules and angiocrine factors in different niches of BM is important to understand the fine-tuning on cell production and traffic regulation in a range of physiological and pathological processes; however, this is still a subject that needs more refinement.
4.1.6. Skin-Blood Barrier (SBB)
In the skin, dermis and hypodermis are richly supplied by blood and lymphatic vessels, mainly involved in thermoregulation, wound healing, and immune reactions. They can be subdivided into nutritional and thermoregulatory vessels, with the nutritional capillaries carrying less than 15% of the total of cutaneous blood flow. Particularly, the skin microvascular network is composed by capillaries, venules, arterioles, and some specialised arteriovenous shunts which act as sphincters, allowing the capillary circulation to be short-circuited when they are open. Skin capillaries are fenestrated, discontinuous, and surrounded by a simple basement membrane, whereas postcapillary venules have a multilayered basement membrane surrounded by pericytes, a type of mural cell . These features allow the capillaries skin EC to form an interface between intravascular and extravascular compartment by exhibiting a selective barrier for diffusion of macromolecules and cells across the, so-called, skin-blood barrier (SBB) .
In health conditions, microvascular SBB EC express factor VIII, endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). In addition, SBB act as a secondary barrier against pathological agents and play part of the innate immune response during skin injury by expressing a range of receptors of the Toll-like family, such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9, which are involved in pathogen recognition .
Another particular function associated with EC heterogeneity in skin is related to the skin hyperpigmentation. A possible crosstalk between microvascular EC and epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the cutaneous compartment has been suggested. In physiological conditions, Endothelin-1 promotes skin pigmentation while transforming growth factor (TGF-β) and Clusterin inhibit the pigmentation. All these factors are produced by dermal EC, indicating a role of them in modulating pigmentation process [249, 250]. In accordance, interactions between dermal EC and melanocytes have also been observed. Kim and colleagues showed that UV-increased melanocyte pigmentation of ex vivo human skin is dependent on SCF/c-Kit signalling, suggesting that melanogenic factors are released by EC during chronic sun exposure. In summary, SBB EC present unique characteristics that permit them to act as modulators of melanocyte and epithelial cell homeostasis and may play an important role in skin protection.
4.1.7. Lymphatic Endothelial Cells (LEC)
Lymphatic endothelial cells also exhibit heterogeneity and cellular plasticity . Few studies, however, have explored the tissue-specific heterogeneity in LEC. They demonstrate a significant difference in gene expression from initial/capillary (micro) to collecting (macro) lymphatic vessels. Capillary LEC, for example, express LYVE-1 and podoplanin, whereas collecting lymphatic vessel EC express podoplanin and EphB2 [253, 254].
The biological responses of LEC reflect this heterogeneity and are known to be condition-dependent. For example, capillary LEC are more proliferative and less oxygen-sensitive compared to LEC from collecting lymphatics. In addition, organ-specific heterogeneity of LEC is observed in isolated cells from lymph node, spleen, thymus, palatine tonsil, and iliac lymphatic vessel in relation to patterns of vascular markers expression [255, 256].
4.1.8. Pathological Conditions-Related EC Heterogeneity
The pathological context can also drive EC heterogeneity. EC from tumour present different endothelial markers compared to EC in normal tissues and react differently to antibodies. In this sense, prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), for example, was shown to be expressed in tumour endothelium, but not in normal vascular endothelium. Other markers increasing in tumoural EC include α5β3 and α5β1 integrins, endothelial-specific molecule 1 (ESM-1), and endoglin . EC heterogeneity also influences the progression of inflammatory processes, revealing distinct patterns of inflammation-induced changes in protein expression and leukocyte recruitment .
Overall, the current knowledge discloses a high plasticity in EC phenotype and functions that represent opportunities for targeting molecules and markers of health and disease. More studies emphasizing these differences are important to elucidate the origin, heterogeneity mechanisms, and paracrine factors release by them in different vascular beds and health conditions.
4.2. Mural Cells
Microvascular mural cells (MMC) comprise pericytes and microvascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and present high plasticity and organotypic functional roles in microvascular homeostasis and diseases. MMC are associated with neovascularisation and play important roles in vascular remodelling and vessel stabilisation. More recently, MMC have been considered to represent a perivascular stem cell niche, thereby providing a source for mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) [259, 260] (Figure 5).
Although MMC are a rising field of study, their phenotypic and organotypic heterogeneity, as well as their origin and specific markers, are still unclear . Several sources have been identified, in vivo, such as MSC surrounding new blood vessels, neural crest cells, or cells in the secondary heart field which give rise to SMC in the aorta and pulmonary artery . Although evidence indicates a common origin to MMC and MSC, they present different signalling pathways reflecting a range of different functions depending of tissue/organ of which they are part.
The existence of different embryogenic sources for distinct mural cell populations and vascular beds has been implicated in the genesis of diseases, especially in the cardiovascular system. A possible reason for this is based on the hypothesis that the distinct embryonic origin of MMC leads to differences in how the cells respond to disease mediators in different vascular regions. In thoracic aortic aneurysms, different SMC lineages were associated with the major risk for the disease, and aortic arch SMC derived from neural crest were shown to have a greater propensity to calcify compared to mesoderm-derived descending aorta SMC in a mouse model [261, 262]. In relation to the abundance MMC in the tissues, nervous system contains the greatest amount of MMC, whereas in skeletal muscle only one in 100 EC is covered by these cells, suggesting that the degree of MMC coverage is related to biological features of each tissue, such as proliferation rate and microvascular permeability and stability [259, 263].
Differences between MMC also are seen on vessel diameter and in subpopulations within the same vessel, besides morphological variances among these cells. SMC are found in medium, large blood vessels, and arterioles have contractility functions, regulating vascular resistance in the circulatory system, and present elongated, spindle-shaped cells with high concentration of contractile filaments. Besides, they have the ability to modulate their phenotype depending on microenvironment clues, assuming either a differentiated contractile or a synthetic proliferative phenotype . Surface markers are specific for different SMC; alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), for example, is early expressed, while SM22 is higher expressed in differentiated SMC. Smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (smMHC) is found in mature contractile SMC, with calponin (a member of calmodulin family) being a later marker [265, 266].
Pericytes, in turn, are found in microvessels such as terminal arterioles and capillaries, with high densities in the brain, eyes, and kidneys . They are stellate-shaped and are positioned adjacent to the endothelium and within the basement membrane . The surface markers expression depends on tissue and developmental or angiogenic state of the vasculature. Among them, we may highlight desmin and α-SMA, regulator of G-protein signalling 5 (RGS-5), neuron-glial 2 (NG2), and PDGF receptor β (PDGFR-β) that are used to identify pericytes in tissues . Two different subsets of pericytes, the so-called type-1 and type-2 pericytes, were identified by Birbrair and colleagues using a double transgenic Nestin-GFP/NG2-DsRed mouse. In addition to their phenotypic differences, they also display distinct plasticity capacities, with type-1 being able to differentiate into adipocytes and fibroblasts and type-2 into neural and muscle cells. Nevertheless, despite their phenotypic heterogeneity, MMC may share some markers, such as RGS5, CD146, NG2, PDGFR-β, and desmin [270, 271].
In the heart, MMC have been found in the functional units of the myocardium and in the tunica intima of coronary vessels, and pericytes constitute the second most abundant cells in the cardiac tissue . Of note, recent findings support the idea that coronary SMC derive from pericytes in the adult heart . Their central position (between endothelium and cardiomyocytes) makes the cardiac pericyte (CP) an important mediator in integrative functions. In fact, CP contribute to myocardial barrier function, electrical signal transmission, and haemostasis (by means of tissue factor and prothrombinase expression) as well as to cardiomyogenesis and remodelling [273–278]. During ischaemia, pericytes contraction contributes to no-reflow, causing constriction of capillaries, despite reopening of the affected artery . In addition, they are also able to reduce inflammatory infiltration and myocardial fibrosis in infarct areas, by expressing immunoregulatory molecules, including IL-6, LIF, COX-2, and HMOX-1, and promoting angiogenesis on the heart tissue. In addition, hypoxia induces the expression of VEGF-A, PDGF-B, TGF-β1, and their receptors, while bFGF, HGF, EGF, and Ang-1 decreased the expression .
The MMC in the brain are localised between the endothelium, neurons, and astrocytes and play roles such as regulation of BBB permeability, angiogenesis, phagocytosis, mediation of inflammatory responses, and modulation of stem cell activity. A morphological and molecular heterogeneity is observed in brain pericytes (BP) and a new marker has been described recently by Mazaré and colleagues . Some brain regions show a subset of BP expressing connexin 30 (CX30), a gap junction protein, which was thought to be exclusively in brains astrocytes, but their function on the pericyte physiology remains unknown.
BP degeneration promotes the BBB breakdown leading to neurotoxic molecules accumulation resulting in neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis, cerebrovascular dysfunction, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In addition, similar to ischaemic injuries on heart, BP can lead to a contractile rigor and obstruction of capillaries in brain [282–284]. Diverse signalling pathways are involved in the functions played by BP, and dysfunctions on these signalling also lead to pathologies development. The PDGF-B/ PDGFR-β signalling is important to brain microvasculature establishment, and dysfunctions on this pathway are associated with micro brain haemorrhages and Alzheimer’s and Fahr’s diseases, by either a reduction of PDGF production by EC or less expression of PDGF receptors by BP [283–285]. A recent study shows that mice, which carry seven-point mutations which disrupt PDGFR-β signalling, have a loss of pericytes and SMC during brain development, but only a progressive region-dependent loss of BP on cortex, hippocampus, and striatum after birth; SMC populations were not affected at the time when pericyte loss was established . These data suggest that PDGFR-β signalling is important to define the vascular phenotype, when BP are important components and SMC involvement is not strictly necessary.
In the liver, MMC are also found in different compartments, namely, surrounding the central and portal veins and hepatic artery branches, and in a specialised form known as hepatic stellate cells (HStC), which are located in the perisinusoidal space, between fenestrated liver endothelium and epithelial hepatocytes. HStC are involved in biological roles such as blood flow regulation, by modulating cellular contraction, and immunoregulatory properties, by enhancing differentiation and accumulation of regulatory T cells [287, 288]. HStC are identified by their expression of desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) when they are in a quiescent state; however in activated state they change their phenotype and express α-SMA [289–291].
In pathological contexts, such as liver injured, viral infections, or hepatic toxins, HStC receive signals from hepatocytes and immune cells, and they transdifferentiate in myofibroblasts. Then they secrete cytokines and growth factors responsible for promoting liver regeneration either directly by the enhancement of liver progenitor cells and hepatocytes proliferation or indirectly by endothelial cells and immune cells . Activated HStC proliferate and produce extracellular matrix, inducing fibrosis in response to the liver damage, and PDGF is the most important growth factor involved in their proliferation in vitro. In addition, VEGF is released by HStC during liver injury and corroborates neovascularisation and organ repair .
In lung vascular beds, pericytes are located on the abluminal side of pulmonary microvessels and in part of the ABB and are distinguished from other lung mesenchymal cells by their PDGFR-β and NG2 expression. Lung pericytes (LP) are involved in the vascular permeability regulation and remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM); besides, they play important roles during the lung development, homeostasis, and response to injury and pathogens from ABB, as well as recovery from damage . As well as in the liver, LP adopt a myofibroblasts phenotype in a fibrogenic microenvironment . In accordance with this background information, Sava and colleagues demonstrate that LP show a phenotypic transition in response to direct contact with ECM in the fibrotic human lung. Since isolated PC cultured on decellularized matrices from fibrotic lungs adopt expression of α-SMA and the administration of an inhibitor of lung fibrosis restores the elastic component of these fibrotic matrices by reverting the α-SMA LP phenotype, this opens a new field of study and reveals targets for pulmonary fibrosis treatment.
4.2.5. Bone Marrow
Vascular niche related to BMBB is characterized by different perivascular populations and bone marrow pericytes (BMP) can be find in different compartments expressing a sort of markers . Different BMP present distinct immunophenotypic profile, as follows: perisinusoidal pericytes were characterized by the expression of CD45+/CD146+ , ///CD146+ and CD146+/LepR+///CXCL-12+ ; periarteriolar pericytes were characterized by /Nestin+ and /Nestin+/NG2+ ; and pericytes associated with the intima layer are Nestin+/CD31+/CD105+/// . It is important to emphasize that the cells characterized as pericytes in these studies presented a mesenchymal activity and more studies are necessary to confirm if they are indeed pericytes derived from MSC in BM niches. However, some authors have emphasized that the expression of pericyte-related markers and cell position are sufficient to characterize and define a pericyte population and that the similarities to MSC led to the hypothesis that some subsets of MSC could act as pericytes [304–306].
BMP are linked to a multipotent lineage commitment, showing the ability to differentiate in cells of bone, adipocyte, fibroblast, and blood capillary cells in an immunodeficient mice model , to promote chondrogenic regeneration, and to improve angiogenesis . They have an additional regenerative propriety attributed to their capacity of favouring the reconstitution of the vascular niche, by a mechanism that includes increased levels of CXCL-12 . Furthermore, these findings support the idea of using BMP in procedures of regenerative medicine and practical applications on this clinical field.
In SBB, skin pericytes (SP) are located adjacent to the proliferative basal layer of the capillary network skin epidermis. In this vascular bed, they present a fusiform cell body and lateral projections with an undulated appearance and they are paralleled to the capillary course and aligned with the micro blood vessels, besides exhibiting fenestrations, essential to their role in the SBB and cell contraction . SP call attention by their capacity to promote epithelial proliferation and differentiation, ECM microenvironment modification, and tissue regeneration in the absence of angiogenesis as described by Paquet-Fifield and colleagues. Moreover, myeloid progenitors seem to contribute to pericyte development in embryonic skin vasculature in a mechanism TGF-β signalling-dependent .
Skin wound healing occurs with pericyte participation and they play a range of roles in this process such as angiogenic modulation, paracrine effects, and stem cell contribution to tissue . During skin injury, the coagulation cascade is activated and platelets release PDGF and TGF-β, activating SP detached from blood vessels and initiating a physiological process of wound healing. Therefore, pericytes act as a modulator of inflammatory cells, inducing the expression of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1), chemokines (CXCL-1, CXCL-8), and proinflammatory molecules (TNFR-1, TNFR-2, IL-1R, TLRs, Nod-like receptors) promoting the trafficking of inflammatory cells into the site of injury [313–315]. Inflammatory cells promote the clearance of the damaged tissue and increase of growth factors levels that stimulate neovascularisation by overexpression of Ang-1 and angiogenesis. The new blood vessels formed are important to nourish the inflamed site and this vascular stabilisation is also a SP role by cell-cell interactions and paracrine signals, besides increased TGF-β levels that stimulate collagen-I deposition and scar formation . Furthermore, SP secrete paracrine effectors controlling the functions of parenchyma cells, contributing to the full healing of the damaged skin. SP dysfunctions, on the other hand, are related to excessive fibrosis, resulting in hypertrophic scars and keloids; the associated microvessels are occluded by an excess of pericytes and endothelial cells surrounding them, having the former cells a myofibroblast phenotype. Conversely, SP also regulate the anoikis of endothelial cells that are not necessary by CXCR-3 activation [317, 318].
Regarding the tumoural microenvironment, a disorganised vasculature is observed with abundant or insufficient coverage of mural cells, depending on the site and type of tumour. Tumour pericytes (TP) are poorly attached to the vascular endothelium and present cytoplasmic projections invading the tumour parenchyma [319, 320]. Mural cells also compose a heterogeneous population on tumoural sites which present decreased EC attachment, leading to an unstable and proliferative phenotype, as well as a concomitant loss of gap junctions and cell-cell communication . In concordance with this, Ribeiro and colleagues had demonstrated that TP express a distinct immunophenotypic profile compared to pericytes from normal tissues and also in different tumoural microenvironments. TP isolated from childhood ependymoma and neuroblastoma specimens displayed angiogenic characteristics and expressed typical markers, such as CD146, NG2, CD90, and PDGFR-β. The major difference was observed in the percentage of expression by different tumour cells, differences which, in turn, could be in the tumour behaviour and its tendency to metastasise.
Several agents are related to the capacity of MMC to induce tumour progression. In this sense, VEGF shows an important contribution to induce tumoural progression, since this growth factor seems to destabilize vascular integrity by interrupting VE-cadherin function in EC and their ablation leads to an increasing of mural cells coverage and tumourigenesis acceleration [322, 323]. Recent findings reveal that lysyl oxidases (LOX) and their ligands LOX-like 1-4 (LOXL-l-4) have been implicated in vascular remodelling during tumoural angiogenesis, and LOX family constituents were detected in TP [324, 325]. LOX enzymes presented modulatory effects on activated pericytes, implicated in tumour progression evidenced by an increased migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis in ependymoma and neuroblastoma. In addition, LOX/LOX-l inhibitors could be an important target to control these types of tumour. Pericytes are also involved in dysfunctional vessel formation in gliomas. TP from rat RG2 gliomas are morphologically abnormal and desmin-positive and express heat-shock protein 47, an important modulator in the basement membrane formation, which suggests that RG2 pericytes promote angiogenesis by enhanced basement membrane production, preventing functional abnormalities in the BBB .
It is known that some tumours are resistant to vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) during antitumourigenic therapies, and pericytes are involved in this resistance due to the high coverage around tumoural blood vessels. Agents able to disrupt tumour peripheral vessels and become the rim penetrable are promising to avoid VDA resistance. Chen and colleagues developed a prodrug, namely, Z-GP-DAVLBH, which can be selectively activated by fibroblast activation protein α (FAPα) in TP, destroying the cytoskeleton of FAPα-expressing TP, promoting blood vessels disruption, and turning the tumour more responsive to VDA treatments. MMC lose the expression of traditional SMC/pericyte markers in response to tumour secreted factors, increasing cell proliferation and migration, and ECM deposition. Besides, MMC in a tumour microenvironment become less undifferentiated, which causes a higher predisposition to metastasis by enhancement of ECM production, which promotes a fibronectin enrichment and creates a prometastatic niche [328, 329]. Still on promising antitumoural strategies based on MMC involvement, Murgai and colleagues studied the role of pluripotency gene KLF-4 in inducing an undifferentiated phenotype in MMC. By genetic inactivation of KLF-4 in MMC, they were able to decrease prometastatic niche formation and metastasis in orthotopic metastatic B16-F10 melanoma and metastatic M3-9M rhabdomyosarcoma in mice. These data suggest a potent new approach for limiting metastasis by a strategy involving MMC modulation.
To summarize, MMC constitute a very plastic population of cells and they are able to modify their phenotype and physiological activities in accord with the tissue microenvironment. Pericytes and SMC are involved also in the pathogenesis of diseases in the majority of the organs, either by their dysfunction or by excessive activation of these cells. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which MMC help developing pathologies becomes a crucial step in order to propose strategies and treatments with regard to microvascular diseases in different organs and tissues.
5. Molecular Heterogeneity
In addition to the heterogeneity in the neovascularisation processes and cellular level, differences regarding the molecular control are also observed. In this topic, the heterogeneity in the context of the molecular control of the microvasculature will be addressed considering the main signalling pathways that modulate the different processes of vessel formation. The heterogeneity of cells, mediators, and signalling pathways reflect the complexity in controlling the endothelium integrity and its ability to properly respond to physiological and pathological stimuli (Figure 6).
In this context, the neovascularisation processes are initiated through release of growth factors in response to either tissue hypoxia, alterations on metabolic demand or shear stress, injury, or pathological processes. For that, endothelial, mural, and inflammatory cells act together for the maintenance of the perfusion and physiological microvascular functions. Each of these cell types is intrinsically associated with the different vessel formation processes, through activation of different signalling pathways depending on the physiopathological context, i.e., the microenvironment where they are included. Although there are several molecular pathways involved, we will highlight the three major signalling pathways that regulate the neovascularisation processes, namely, the NOTCH, VEGF, and TGF-β pathways.
5.1. NOTCH Signalling Pathway
In the vascular system, NOTCH signalling is important both in determining the fate of cells and for the maintenance of vascular cells. Progenitor endothelial cells, in which NOTCH signalling is present, exhibit arterial speciation detrimental to the vascular phenotype; thus, this signalling pathway is responsible for generating a phenotypic heterogeneity in EC. On cell maintenance, EC receptors interact with smooth muscle cell ligands trough NOTCH signalling. Conversely, without NOTCH signalling, separation of EC and smooth muscle cells occurs . In addition, NOTCH signalling mediates vessel maturation and stabilisation, by promoting endothelial, smooth muscle, and mural cells recruitment and proliferation, with this signalling becoming essential to neovascularisation processes. All these functions follow delta-like ligand (Dll) and jagged (Jag) signalling, which bind to NOTCH1/4 receptors. During sprouting angiogenesis, NOTCH signalling is responsible for promoting tip or stalk cell speciation. DLL-4 positive tip cells extend numerous filopodia while Jag1 positive stalk cells proliferate to form the capillary. However, at the same time when VEGF upregulates DLL-4 in tip cells, it activates NOTCH in stalk cells. Activation of NOTCH in the downstream of stalk cells regulates VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression, suppressing the tip cell phenotype in stalk cells. Pericytes and smooth muscle cells expressing NOTCH-3 are recruited to stabilise vessels in a Jag1 dependent process .
NOTCH is also important during the arteriogenesis process, promoting arteriolar speciation. In this case, expression of angiogenic factors such as VEGF and FGF enhances the expression of Dll2 in EC, inducing the expression of EPHB-2 by NOTCH activation. Additionally, the activation of EPHB-4 in arterial EC leads to vascular morphogenesis, contributing to remodelling arteriogenesis. Consonantly, interactions between Jag1 ligands and NOTCH-1/4 receptors lead to the transcription of genes also promoting remodelling and arterial fate speciation in neoformed arterioles. Finally, NOTCH was shown to positively modulate the expression of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4), the receptor for CXCL-12/SDF-1, which has significant importance in vasculogenesis. Since CXCR-4/CXCL-12 signalling leads to increased mobilisation, recruitment, and roaming of putative endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), pericytes, and muscle progenitor cells, NOTCH indirectly regulates vasculogenesis. In fact, EPC stimulated by NOTCH ligands and transplanted to mice submitted to hindlimb ischaemia presented recovery of blood flow .
In short, NOTCH signalling pathway influences the neovascularisation processes, such as sprouting angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and vasculogenesis, in a different way. In angiogenesis, NOTCH is important to initiation of the sprouting and vessel stabilisation, whereas in arteriogenesis it is responsible for inducing arteriolar speciation and, in vasculogenesis, NOTCH participates in the modulation of CXCR-4/CXCL-12 recruitment signalling. Thus, the NOTCH signalling exhibits a heterogeneous biological role in different neovascularisation forms.
5.2. VEGF Signalling Pathway
VEGF signalling is another important pathway to the microvascular and neovascularisation control, participating in vascular homeostasis and protection. It is known that VEGF promotes EC survival, since increased VEGF levels inhibit cell apoptosis by phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) and antiapoptotic kinase (AKT) activation. In addition, VEGF induces EC migration, stimulating angiogenesis by focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activation and promoting integrin interactions .
In fact, VEGF appears to exert specifics and significative effects in each different process of neovascularisation. In general, the activation of VEGFR-2 leads to increased sprouting angiogenesis. In this case, VEGF-A-mediated signalling leads to signal amplification, with increased expression of ERK1/2, PI3K, JNK1/2, and FAK. The MAPKs pathway induces tube formation while AKT leads to NO production and cell proliferation. At the same time, JNK1/2 activation leads to increased cell migration. Together, all these effects induce increasement of angiogenesis. Besides that, VEGF also collaborates with sprouting angiogenesis by initiating tip and stalk cell phenotypes along with NOTCH signalling, as mentioned before. It was demonstrated that tip cells express more VEGFR-2 and are therefore more responsive to VEGF ligands, while stalk cells express less VEGFR-2 but still proliferate more. These characteristics allow sprouting process to occur toward the VEGF gradient followed by tip cells. Vessel stabilisation also occurs through participation of VEGF, which initiates vascular maturation by stimulating PDGF-B and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) expression, growth factors responsible for the recruitment of mural cells, such as pericytes and smooth muscle cells [334, 335].
The effects of VEGF signalling on arteriogenesis have been also investigated. It is known that the heterodimerisation of VEGFR-2 and NRP-1 induces ERK expression and, consequently, stimulates de novo arteriogenesis. Additionally, shear stress in arteries and arterioles leads to the activation of proinflammatory pathways, such as of NF-κB, which culminates with HIF-1α production and higher expression of cell adhesion molecules and VEGF receptors, essential for remodelling arteriogenesis. Moreover, VEGFR-2/NRP-1 signalling leads to capillary arterialisation, lumen expansion, and vascular remodelling which, concomitantly to PDGF-B activation, leads to maturation and stabilisation of vessels due to the recruitment of mural cells, completing the arteriogenesis process .
In vasculogenesis, especially after ischaemic events, VEGF and CXCL-12 are released in response to HIF-1α higher expression, stimulating NO release by EC. NO in turn stimulates MMP9 activity, which leads to cleavage of membrane-bound stem cell factor (mKitL) and release of the soluble factor (sKitL). The interactions between sKitL and the haematopoietic stem cell surface receptor (c-Kit) lead to mobilisation of angiogenic stem cells from the vascular niche on bone marrow to bloodstream. In this way, the release of putative EPC from bone marrow to the bloodstream and their recruitment to peripheral ischaemic tissues occur in response to chemoattractant gradients, including VEGF and CXCL-12. In addition, these soluble factors initiate the committing of these stem cells with the endothelial lineage, ultimately inducing its differentiation into mature EC and promoting the revascularisation of the ischaemic area . Therefore, VEGF signalling seems to be important in different ways by inducing the expression of distinct molecules in the cells associated with the microvasculature.
5.3. TGF-β Signalling Pathway
Another signalling pathway closely involved in neovascularisation processes is from that of tumour growth factor β (TGF-β). In the vascular system, TGF-β mediates several biological functions related to vascular remodelling, such as matrix and collagen deposition, EC chemotaxis, and either inhibition or stimulation proliferation of EC, as well as regulation of vasoactive peptides and growth factor release . In hypoxic conditions, the bioactivation of TGF-β2 and its coreceptors from the Smad family are stimulated by HIF-1α, which stimulates an increasing in TGF-β2 transcription. Additionally, hypoxia generates oxidative stress that triggers profibrogenic pathways, among which is TGF-β signalling, thus generating collagen deposition and vascular remodelling .
In general, TGF-β pathway has a stimulatory effect on the angiogenesis process. In a quiescent state of EC, TGF-β/TGF-β receptor signalling is inhibited and cell proliferation does not occur. However, a proangiogenic stimulus is able to activate this pathway and induce the proliferation and migration of EC. Interestingly, TGF-β signalling also can mediate antiangiogenic responses, depending on which coreceptors are activated. The activation of Smad 1, 5, and 8 induces increased proliferation, migration, and matrix degradation, while activation of Smad 2 and 3 culminates in reduced angiogenesis. Besides, TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 are known for exerting a stimulatory effect on angiogenesis and TGF-β3 an inhibitory one, despite the fact that TGF-β3 can also stimulate specific actions such as reepithelialisation [339, 340]. Vessel maturation and stabilisation are also TGF-β signalling-dependent, once it promotes differentiation of pericytes. This effect is due to the balance between the signalling exerted by TβR/ALK-1 and that by TβR/ALK-5, which play, respectively, a positive and a negative modulation on TGF-β synthesis in EC.
TGF-β also is involved in arteriogenesis and vasculogenesis processes. Pathological shear stress triggers endothelium activation and apoptosis of EC, stimulating the migration of macrophages into the interstitial space. Increased TGF-β production by macrophages induces vascular remodelling and differentiation of myofibroblasts into smooth muscle cells, a crucial step to the stabilisation of new arterioles. In the vasculogenesis context, the role of TGF-β relates to the fact that TGF-β signalling pathway acts on both haemangioblasts and mesenchymal stem cells inducing their differentiation. Interestingly, it was demonstrated that TGF-β promotes haematopoietic stem cells differentiation in mice, contributing to the formation of new vessels by haematopoietic precursors in a cutaneous wound healing model. In addition, TGF-β upregulates CXCR-4 expression by a Smad 2/3-dependent mechanism, also favouring the recruitment of bone marrow cells [341, 342]. Thus, a range of distinct biological effects, modulating and influencing directly the processes of neovascularisation, is observed.
Overall, in spite of the existence of heterogeneity related to the molecular control of the neovascularisation processes, this heterogeneity occurs in a more restricted way when compared to the inter and intracellular heterogeneities related to the different neovascularisation processes. Interestingly, this restricted heterogeneity allows the general control of the biological processes of the microvasculature to be exerted in a punctual form by reduced signalling pathways that converge, although they receive inputs of components and processes that exhibit great heterogeneity.
6. Final Considerations
The neovascularisation processes—vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis—are controlled by specific factors released by several cell types, including endothelial, mural, and inflammatory cells, and they are essential for organ and tissue development and homeostasis throughout life. The range of factors and cell types involved in these processes reflects the different metabolic needs and organotypic functions in different vascular beds. In this sense, the different blood-organ barriers are important components in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, since they are responsible for the exchange and direct communication between different tissue compartments, acting in the control of the flow and influx of molecules, biological factors, and cell trafficking. These barriers are part of the tissue microvasculature, and endothelial and murals cells are essential for coordinating their functions. In fact, any alteration in the cellular constituents can lead to microvascular changes, altering patterns of molecule expression, which may implicate alterations in the physiology of the different types of neovascularisation. The better understanding of the heterogeneity related to the mechanisms, cell types, and molecular factors involved in the different neovascularisation processes provides new perspectives for the delineation of therapeutic and pharmacological strategies that may limit or control changes associated with the microvasculature. In addition, understanding the cell and molecular heterogeneity through which different neovascularisation processes occur would allow the identification of potential specific therapeutic targets and biomarkers that can act in the context of the diversity of microvascular beds and related diseases.
Finally, we believe that the understanding of the heterogeneity involved with the microcirculation is fundamental for the solid and integrated construction of knowledge about the biology of the vascular system. Studying the aspects of heterogeneity in isolation can generate a simplistic viewpoint of the physiological and pathological processes that occur in a microvascular context. Therefore, the cellular heterogeneity and the heterogeneity associated with the molecular control and with the different forms of neovascularisation complement each other in order to promote a functional microenvironment which responds in a complex way to alterations that could disturb its homeostasis.
Luciola Silva Barcelos holds a CNPq Research Fellowship.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors state no conflicts of interest. No benefit of any kind will be received either directly or indirectly by the authors.
The present work was financially supported by Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq/Brazil), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/Brazil), and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG/Brazil).
- R. Monahan-Earley, A. M. Dvorak, and W. C. Aird, “Evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium,” Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 46–66, 2013.
- G. Hen, J. Nicenboim, O. Mayseless et al., “Venous-derived angioblasts generate organ-specific vessels during zebrafish embryonic development,” Development, vol. 142, no. 24, pp. 4266–4278, 2015.
- N. Takada, M. Omae, F. Sagawa et al., “Re-evaluating the functional landscape of the cardiovascular system during development,” Biology Open, vol. 6, no. 11, pp. 1756–1770, 2017.
- H. G. Augustin and G. Y. Koh, “Organotypic vasculature: From descriptive heterogeneity to functional pathophysiology,” Science, vol. 357, no. 6353, p. eaal2379, 2017.
- M. Potente and T. Mäkinen, “Vascular heterogeneity and specialization in development and disease,” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 477–494, 2017.
- S. Kashiwagi, Y. Izumi, T. Gohongi et al., “NO mediates mural cell recruitment and vessel morphogenesis in murine melanomas and tissue-engineered blood vessels,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 115, no. 7, pp. 1816–1827, 2005.
- C. G. M. van Dijk, F. E. Nieuweboer, J. Y. Pei et al., “The complex mural cell: pericyte function in health and disease,” International Journal of Cardiology, vol. 190, pp. 75–89, 2015.
- K. Proulx, A. Lu, and S. Sumanas, “Cranial vasculature in zebrafish forms by angioblast cluster-derived angiogenesis,” Developmental Biology, vol. 348, no. 1, pp. 34–46, 2010.
- H. Lindskog, Y. H. Kim, E. B. Jelin et al., “Molecular identification of venous progenitors in the dorsal aorta reveals an aortic origin for the cardinal vein in mammals,” Development, vol. 141, no. 5, pp. 1120–1128, 2014.
- S. P. Herbert, J. Huisken, T. N. Kim et al., “Arterial-venous segregation by selective cell sprouting: an alternative mode of blood vessel formation,” Science, vol. 326, no. 5950, pp. 294–298, 2009.
- W. C. Aird, “Endothelial cell heterogeneity,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 2, no. 1, 2012.
- L. Planas-Paz, B. Strilić, A. Goedecke, G. Breier, R. Fässler, and E. Lammert, “Mechanoinduction of lymph vessel expansion,” EMBO Journal, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 788–804, 2012.
- G. Coppiello, M. Collantes, M. S. Sirerol-Piquer et al., “Meox2/Tcf15 heterodimers program the heart capillary endothelium for cardiac fatty acid uptake,” Circulation, vol. 131, no. 9, pp. 815–826, 2015.
- I. Buschmann, A. Pries, B. Styp-Rekowska et al., “Pulsatile shear and Gja5 modulate arterial identity and remodeling events during flow-driven arteriogenesis,” Development, vol. 137, no. 13, pp. 2187–2196, 2010.
- A. Lenard, S. Daetwyler, C. Betz et al., “Endothelial Cell Self-fusion during Vascular Pruning,” PLoS Biology, vol. 13, no. 4, 2015.
- A. R. Pries and T. W. Secomb, “Making microvascular networks work: Angiogenesis, Remodeling, And pruning,” Physiology Journal, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 446–455, 2014.
- J. M. DeSesso, “Vascular ontogeny within selected thoracoabdominal organs and the limbs,” Reproductive Toxicology, vol. 70, pp. 3–20, 2017.
- Y. Deng, B. Larrivée, Z. W. Zhuang et al., “Endothelial RAF1/ERK activation regulates arterial morphogenesis,” Blood, vol. 121, no. 19, pp. 3988–3996, 2013.
- L. Chang, M. Noseda, M. Higginson et al., “Differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells from local precursors during embryonic and adult arteriogenesis requires Notch signaling,” Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 109, no. 18, pp. 6993–6998, 2012.
- F. Le Noble, V. Fleury, A. Pries, P. Corvol, A. Eichmann, and R. S. Reneman, “Control of arterial branching morphogenesis in embryogenesis: Go with the flow,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 619–628, 2005.
- J. Nicenboim, G. Malkinson, T. Lupo et al., “Lymphatic vessels arise from specialized angioblasts within a venous niche,” Nature, vol. 522, no. 7554, pp. 56–61, 2015.
- L. Klotz, S. Norman, J. M. Vieira et al., “Cardiac lymphatics are heterogeneous in origin and respond to injury,” Nature, vol. 522, no. 7554, pp. 62–67, 2015.
- N. Escobedo and G. Oliver, “Lymphangiogenesis: Origin, Specification, and Cell Fate Determination,” Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol. 32, pp. 677–691, 2016.
- O. C. Velazquez, “Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis: Inducing the growth of new blood vessels and wound healing by stimulation of bone marrow–derived progenitor cell mobilization and homing,” Journal of Vascular Surgery, vol. 45, no. 6, pp. A39–A47, 2007.
- S. Balaji, A. King, T. M. Crombleholme, and S. G. Keswani, “The role of endothelial progenitor cells in postnatal vasculogenesis: implications for therapeutic neovascularization and wound healing,” Advances in Wound Care, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 283–295, 2013.
- H. Zhang and J. E. Faber, “De-novo collateral formation following acute myocardial infarction: Dependence on CCR2+ bone marrow cells,” Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 87, pp. 4–16, 2015.
- K. Shin and S. Lee, “Interplay between Inflammatory Responses and Lymphatic Vessels,” Immune Network, vol. 14, no. 4, p. 182, 2014.
- G. J. Randolph, S. Ivanov, B. H. Zinselmeyer, and J. P. Scallan, “The lymphatic system: Integral roles in immunity,” Annual Review of Immunology, vol. 35, pp. 31–52, 2017.
- F. Hillen and A. W. Griffioen, “Tumour vascularization: Sprouting angiogenesis and beyond,” Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, vol. 26, no. 3-4, pp. 489–502, 2007.
- R. E. B. Seftor, A. R. Hess, E. A. Seftor et al., “Tumor cell vasculogenic mimicry: From controversy to therapeutic promise,” The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 181, no. 4, pp. 1115–1125, 2012.
- J. M. Augustine, “Influence of the entoderm on mesodermal expansion in the area vasculosa of the chick,” Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology (JEEM), vol. 65, pp. 89–103, 1981.
- J. Kessel and B. C. Fabian, “The pluripotency of the extraembryonic mesodermal cells of the early chick blastoderm: Effects of the AP and AOV environments,” Developmental Biology, vol. 116, no. 2, pp. 319–327, 1986.
- J. E. Ferguson III, R. W. Kelley, and C. Patterson, “Mechanisms of endothelial differentiation in embryonic vasculogenesis,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 2246–2254, 2005.
- R. P. Brandes and M. Ushio-Fukai, “Endothelial progenitor cells=EPC=elemental pernicious complexity,” Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 911–914, 2011.
- S. Fang, J. Wei, N. Pentinmikko, H. Leinonen, and P. Salven, “Generation of Functional Blood Vessels from a Single c-kit+ Adult Vascular Endothelial Stem Cell,” PLoS Biology, vol. 10, no. 10, 2012.
- T. Wakabayashi, H. Naito, J.-I. Suehiro et al., “CD157 Marks Tissue-Resident Endothelial Stem Cells with Homeostatic and Regenerative Properties,” Cell Stem Cell, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 384–397.e6, 2018.
- T. J. Poole and J. D. Coffin, “Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis: Two distinct morphogenetic mechanisms establish embryonic vascular pattern,” Journal of Experimental Zoology, vol. 251, no. 2, pp. 224–231, 1989.
- W. Risau, “Differentiation of endothelium,” The FASEB Journal, vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 926–933, 1995.
- T. Asahara, H. Masuda, T. Takahashi et al., “Bone marrow origin of endothelial progenitor cells responsible for postnatal vasculogenesis in physiological and pathological neovascularization,” Circulation Research, vol. 85, no. 3, pp. 221–228, 1999.
- M. Zygmunt, F. Herr, K. Munstedt, U. Lang, and O. D. Liang, “Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis in pregnancy,” European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. 110, supplement 1, pp. S10–S18, 2003.
- B. M. Carlson, Human Embryology and Developmental Biology, Elsevier, 2013.
- F. Liu, S. H. Bhang, E. Arentson et al., “Enhanced hemangioblast generation and improved vascular repair and regeneration from embryonic stem cells by defined transcription factors,” Stem Cell Reports, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 166–182, 2013.
- M. Shibuya, S. Yamaguchi, A. Yamane et al., “Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase gene (flt) closely relatd to the fms family,” Oncogene, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 519–524, 1990.
- A. Eichmann, C. Marcelle, C. Bréant, and N. M. Le Douarin, “Two molecules related to the VEGF receptor are expressed in early endothelial cells during avian embryonic development,” Mechanisms of Development, vol. 42, no. 1-2, pp. 33–48, 1993.
- D. J. Dumont, T. P. Yamaguchi, R. A. Conlon, J. Rossant, and M. L. Breitman, “Tek, a novel tyrosine kinase gene located on mouse chromosome 4, is expressed in endothelial cells and their presumptive precursors,” Oncogene, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 1471–1480, 1992.
- H. Schnürch and W. Risau, “Expression of tie-2, a member of a novel family of receptor tyrosine kinases, in the endothelial cell lineage,” Development, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 957–968, 1993.
- P. Carmeliet, “Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine,” Nature, vol. 438, no. 7070, pp. 932–936, 2005.
- T. Asahara, T. Murohara, A. Sullivan et al., “Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis,” Science, vol. 275, no. 5302, pp. 964–967, 1997.
- M. Massa, V. Rosti, M. Ferrario et al., “Increased circulating hematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction,” Blood, vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 199–206, 2005.
- S. Katagiri, K. Park, Y. Maeda et al., “Overexpressing IRS1 in endothelial cells enhances angioblast differentiation and wound healing in diabetes and insulin resistance,” Diabetes, vol. 65, no. 9, pp. 2760–2771, 2016.
- J.-S. Silvestre, D. M. Smadja, and B. I. Lévy, “Postischemic revascularization: from cellular and molecular mechanisms to clinical applications,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 93, no. 4, pp. 1743–1802, 2013.
- M. C. Yoder, L. E. Mead, D. Prater et al., “Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals,” Blood, vol. 109, no. 5, pp. 1801–1809, 2007.
- K. K. Hirschi, D. A. Ingram, and M. C. Yoder, “Assessing identity, phenotype, and fate of endothelial progenitor cells,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 1584–1595, 2008.
- H. Masuda and T. Asahara, “Clonogenic assay of endothelial progenitor cells,” Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 99–103, 2013.
- S. Takizawa, E. Nagata, T. Nakayama, H. Masuda, and T. Asahara, “Recent Progress in Endothelial Progenitor Cell Culture Systems: Potential for Stroke Therapy,” Neurologia medico-chirurgica, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 302–309, 2016.
- D. A. Ingram, L. E. Mead, D. B. Moore, W. Woodard, A. Fenoglio, and M. C. Yoder, “Vessel wall-derived endothelial cells rapidly proliferate because they contain a complete hierarchy of endothelial progenitor cells,” Blood, vol. 105, no. 7, pp. 2783–2786, 2005.
- Q. C. Yu, W. Song, D. Wang, and Y. A. Zeng, “Identification of blood vascular endothelial stem cells by the expression of protein C receptor,” Cell Research, vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 1079–1098, 2016.
- J. Sainz, A. A. H. Zen, G. Caligiuri et al., “Isolation of ‘side population’ progenitor cells from healthy arteries of adult mice,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 281–286, 2006.
- E. Zengin, F. Chalajour, U. M. Gehling et al., “Vascular wall resident progenitor cells: a source for postnatal vasculogenesis,” Development, vol. 133, no. 8, pp. 1543–1551, 2006.
- P. Campagnolo, D. Cesselli, A. Al Haj Zen et al., “Human adult vena saphena contains perivascular progenitor cells endowed with clonogenic and proangiogenic potential,” Circulation, vol. 121, no. 15, pp. 1735–1745, 2010.
- L. S. Barcelos, C. Duplaa, N. Kränkel et al., “Human CD133+ progenitor cells promote the healing of diabetic ischemic ulcers by paracrine stimulation of angiogenesis and activation of Wnt signaling,” Circulation Research, vol. 104, no. 9, pp. 1095–1102, 2009.
- G. Invernici, C. Emanueli, P. Madeddu et al., “Human fetal aorta contains vascular progenitor cells capable of inducing vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and myogenesis in vitro and in a murine model of peripheral ischemia,” The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 170, no. 6, pp. 1879–1892, 2007.
- R. Marfella, C. Luongo, A. Coppola et al., “Use of a non-specific immunomodulation therapy as a therapeutic vasculogenesis strategy in no-option critical limb ischemia patients,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 208, no. 2, pp. 473–479, 2010.
- N. Kränkel, K. Kuschnerus, M. Müller et al., “Novel insights into the critical role of bradykinin and the kinin B2 receptor for vascular recruitment of circulating endothelial repair-promoting mononuclear cell subsets: Alterations in patients with coronary disease,” Circulation, vol. 127, no. 5, pp. 594–603, 2013.
- U. Silván, A. Díez-Torre, Z. Bonilla, P. Moreno, M. Díaz-Núñez, and J. Aréchaga, “Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors,” Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 268–268.e28, 2015.
- D. P. Basile and M. C. Yoder, “Circulating and tissue resident endothelial progenitor cells,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 229, no. 1, pp. 10–16, 2014.
- M. W. Majesky, X. R. Dong, V. Hoglund, G. Daum, and W. M. Mahoney Jr., “The adventitia: a progenitor cell niche for the vessel wall,” Cells Tissues Organs, vol. 195, no. 1-2, pp. 73–81, 2011.
- T. Asahara and A. Kawamoto, “Endothelial progenitor cells for postnatal vasculogenesis,” American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, vol. 287, no. 3, pp. C572–C579, 2004.
- J. Fu and D. Wang, “In Situ Organ-Specific Vascularization in Tissue Engineering,” Trends in Biotechnology, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 834–849, 2018.
- R. P. Spencer and H. A. Pearson, “The spleen as a hematological organ,” Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 95–102, 1975.
- D. Patschan, K. Krupincza, S. Patschan, Z. Zhang, C. Hamby, and M. S. Goligorsky, “Dynamics of mobilization and homing of endothelial progenitor cells after acute renal ischemia: modulation by ischemic preconditioning,” American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology, vol. 291, no. 1, pp. F176–F185, 2006.
- X. Zhao, D. Qian, N. Wu et al., “The spleen recruits endothelial progenitor cell via SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in mice,” Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 246–254, 2010.
- P. Carmeliet and R. K. Jain, “Molecular mechanisms and clinical applications of angiogenesis,” Nature, vol. 473, no. 7347, pp. 298–307, 2011.
- P. Carmeliet and R. K. Jain, “Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases,” Nature, vol. 407, no. 6801, pp. 249–257, 2000.
- E. B. Friedrich, K. Walenta, J. Scharlau, G. Nickenig, and N. Werner, “CD34-/CD133+/VEGFR-2+ Endothelial Progenitor Cell Subpopulation With Potent Vasoregenerative Capacities,” Circulation Research, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. e20–e25, 2006.
- F. Caiado and S. Dias, “Endothelial progenitor cells and integrins: adhesive needs,” Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair, vol. 5 article 4, 2012.
- G. He, H. Zhang, X. Zhang, D. Li, and Y. Zeng, “The comparison of EPC count and function in the situation of vascular repair at early and late stage,” Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 271–276, 2013.
- Y. Shaked, F. Bertolini, S. Man et al., “Genetic heterogeneity of the vasculogenic phenotype parallels angiogenesis; implications for cellular surrogate marker analysis of antiangiogenesis,” Cancer Cell, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 101–111, 2005.
- A. Moldobaeva and E. M. Wagner, “Heterogeneity of bronchial endothelial cell permeability,” American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 283, no. 3, pp. L520–L527, 2002.
- S. Gebb and T. Stevens, “On lung endothelial cell heterogeneity,” Microvascular Research, vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2004.
- R. S. Udan, J. C. Culver, and M. E. Dickinson, “Understanding vascular development,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Developmental Biology, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 327–346, 2013.
- C. Benazzi, A. Al-Dissi, C. H. Chau et al., “Angiogenesis in spontaneous tumors and implications for comparative tumor biology,” The Scientific World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014.
- C. Urbich and S. Dimmeler, “Endothelial progenitor cells: characterization and role in vascular biology,” Circulation Research, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 343–353, 2004.
- D. Ribatti and V. Djonov, “Intussusceptive microvascular growth in tumors,” Cancer Letters, vol. 316, no. 2, pp. 126–131, 2012.
- J. Folkman, “Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications.,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 285, no. 21, pp. 1182–1186, 1971.
- R. S. Kerbel, “Tumor angiogenesis,” The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 358, no. 19, pp. 2039–2049, 2008.
- A. S. Chung, J. Lee, and N. Ferrara, “Targeting the tumour vasculature: insights from physiological angiogenesis,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 505–514, 2010.
- A. Zimna and M. Kurpisz, “Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 in physiological and pathophysiological angiogenesis: applications and therapies,” BioMed Research International, vol. 2015, Article ID 549412, 13 pages, 2015.
- P. H. Burri and V. Djonov, “Intussusceptive angiogenesis - The alternative to capillary sprouting,” Molecular Aspects of Medicine, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. S1–S27, 2002.
- H. Kurz, P. H. Burri, and V. G. Djonov, “Angiogenesis and vascular remodeling by intussusception: From form to function,” News in Physiological Sciences, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 65–70, 2003.
- V. G. Djonov, H. Kurz, and P. H. Burri, “Optimality in the developing vascular system: Branching remodeling by means of intussusception as an efficient adaptation mechanism,” Developmental Dynamics, vol. 224, no. 4, pp. 391–402, 2002.
- R. F. Tuma, W. N. Durán, and K. Ley, Microcirculation, R. F. Tuma, W. N. Durán, and K. Ley, Eds., Handbook of Physiology, Elsevier Science, Cambridge, 2008.
- B. P. Eliceiri and D. A. Cheresh, “The role of αv integrins during angiogenesis: insights into potential mechanisms of action and clinical development,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 103, no. 9, pp. 1227–1230, 1999.
- P. C. Maisonpierre, C. Suri, P. F. Jones et al., “Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis,” Science, vol. 277, no. 5322, pp. 55–60, 1997.
- A. R. Nelson, B. Fingleton, M. L. Rothenberg, and L. M. Matrisian, “Matrix metalloproteinases: biologic activity and clinical implications,” Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1135–1149, 2000.
- K. A. Knudsen, C. Frankowski, K. R. Johnson, and M. J. Wheelock, “A role for cadherins in cellular signaling and differentiation,” Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 30-31, pp. 168–176, 1998.
- B. P. Eliceiri, R. Paul, P. L. Schwartzberg, J. D. Hood, J. Leng, and D. A. Cheresh, “Selective requirement for Src kinases during VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability,” Molecular Cell, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 915–924, 1999.
- P. Lindahl, M. Hellström, M. Kalén, and C. Betsholtz, “Endothelial-perivascular cell signaling in vascular development: lessons from knockout mice,” Current Opinion in Lipidology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 407–411, 1998.
- G. Thurston, J. S. Rudge, E. Ioffe et al., “Angiopoietin-1 protects the adult vasculature against plasma leakage,” Nature Medicine, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 460–463, 2000.
- R. Del Toro, C. Prahst, T. Mathivet et al., “Identification and functional analysis of endothelial tip cell–enriched genes,” Blood, vol. 116, no. 19, pp. 4025–4033, 2010.
- G. A. Strasser, J. S. Kaminker, and M. Tessier-Lavigne, “Microarray analysis of retinal endothelial tip cells identifies CXCR4 as a mediator of tip cell morphology and branching,” Blood, vol. 115, no. 24, pp. 5102–5110, 2010.
- A. B. Huber, A. L. Kolodkin, D. D. Ginty, and J.-F. Cloutier, “Signaling at the growth cone: ligand-receptor complexes and the control of axon growth and guidance,” Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 509–563, 2003.
- A. A. Blancas, L. E. Wong, D. E. Glaser, and K. E. McCloskey, “Specialized tip/stalk-like and phalanx-like endothelial cells from embryonic stem cells,” Stem Cells and Development, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1398–1407, 2013.
- H. Gerhardt, M. Golding, M. Fruttiger et al., “VEGF guides angiogenic sprouting utilizing endothelial tip cell filopodia,” The Journal of Cell Biology, vol. 161, no. 6, pp. 1163–1177, 2003.
- M. Hellström, L.-K. Phng, J. J. Hofmann et al., “Dll4 signalling through Notch1 regulates formation of tip cells during angiogenesis,” Nature, vol. 445, no. 7129, pp. 776–780, 2007.
- M. Mazzone, D. Dettori, R. Leite de Oliveira et al., “Heterozygous deficiency of PHD2 restores tumor oxygenation and inhibits metastasis via endothelial normalization,” Cell, vol. 136, no. 5, pp. 839–851, 2009.
- A. Keller, A. Westenberger, M. J. Sobrido et al., “Mutations in the gene encoding PDGF-B cause brain calcifications in humans and mice,” Nature Genetics, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 1077–1082, 2013.
- R. Blanco and H. Gerhardt, “VEGF and Notch in tip and stalk cell selection,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, vol. 3, no. 1, Article ID a006569, 2013.
- C. Fischer, B. Jonckx, M. Mazzone et al., “Anti-PlGF inhibits growth of VEGF(R)-inhibitor-resistant tumors without affecting healthy vessels,” Cell, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 463–475, 2007.
- L.-K. Phng and H. Gerhardt, “Angiogenesis: A Team Effort Coordinated by Notch,” Developmental Cell, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 196–208, 2009.
- C. Y. Lee and V. L. Bautch, “Ups and downs of guided vessel sprouting: The role of polarity,” Physiology Journal, vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 326–333, 2011.
- D.-H. T. Nguyen, S. C. Stapleton, M. T. Yang et al., “Biomimetic model to reconstitute angiogenic sprouting morphogenesis in vitro,” Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 110, no. 17, pp. 6712–6717, 2013.
- Y. Wang, M. Nakayama, M. E. Pitulescu et al., “Ephrin-B2 controls VEGF-induced angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis,” Nature, vol. 465, no. 7297, pp. 483–486, 2010.
- A. W. Koch, T. Mathivet, B. Larrivée et al., “Robo4 Maintains Vessel Integrity and Inhibits Angiogenesis by Interacting with UNC5B,” Developmental Cell, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 33–46, 2011.
- A. Fantin, C. H. Maden, and C. Ruhrberg, “Neuropilin ligands in vascular and neuronal patterning,” Biochemical Society Transactions, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1228–1232, 2009.
- A. Fantin, J. M. Vieira, G. Gestri et al., “Tissue macrophages act as cellular chaperones for vascular anastomosis downstream of VEGF-mediated endothelial tip cell induction,” Blood, vol. 116, no. 5, pp. 829–840, 2010.
- I. Geudens and O. Gerhardt, “Coordinating cell behaviour during blood vessel formation,” Development, vol. 138, no. 21, pp. 4569–4583, 2011.
- M. Potente, H. Gerhardt, and P. Carmeliet, “Basic and therapeutic aspects of angiogenesis,” Cell, vol. 146, no. 6, pp. 873–887, 2011.
- D.-B. Chen and J. Zheng, “Regulation of Placental Angiogenesis,” Microcirculation, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 15–25, 2014.
- W. De Spiegelaere, C. Casteleyn, W. Van Den Broeck et al., “Intussusceptive angiogenesis: A biologically relevant form of angiogenesis,” Journal of Vascular Research, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 390–404, 2012.
- S. J. Mentzer and M. A. Konerding, “Intussusceptive angiogenesis: Expansion and remodeling of microvascular networks,” Angiogenesis, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 499–509, 2014.
- A. N. Makanya, R. Hlushchuk, and V. G. Djonov, “Intussusceptive angiogenesis and its role in vascular morphogenesis, patterning, and remodeling,” Angiogenesis, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 113–123, 2009.
- R. Hlushchuk, B. Styp-Rekowska, J. Dzambazi et al., “Endoglin inhibition leads to intussusceptive angiogenesis via activation of factors related to COUP-TFII signaling pathway,” PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 8, 2017.
- M. E. De Paepe, S. Chu, S. J. Hall et al., “Intussusceptive-like angiogenesis in human fetal lung xenografts: Link with bronchopulmonary dysplasia-Associated microvascular dysangiogenesis?” Experimental Lung Research, vol. 41, no. 9, pp. 477–488, 2015.
- S. H. Abman, “Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, vol. 164, no. 10, pp. 1755-1756, 2001.
- T. D. Le Cras, N. E. Markham, R. M. Tuder, N. F. Voelkel, and S. H. Abman, “Treatment of newborn rats with a VEGF receptor inhibitor causes pulmonary hypertension and abnormal lung structure,” American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 283, no. 3, pp. L555–L562, 2002.
- G. Bergers and D. Hanahan, “Modes of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 592–603, 2008.
- P. Khosravi Shahi, A. Soria Lovelle, and G. Pérez Manga, “Tumoral angiogenesis and breast cancer,” Clinical and Translational Oncology, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 138–142, 2009.
- B. St. Croix, C. Rago, V. Velculescu et al., “Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium,” Science, vol. 289, no. 5482, pp. 1197–1202, 2000.
- K. Hida, N. Maishi, C. Torii, and Y. Hida, “Tumor angiogenesis—characteristics of tumor endothelial cells,” International Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 206–212, 2016.
- S. A. Seaman, Y. Cao, C. A. Campbell, and S. M. Peirce, “Arteriogenesis in murine adipose tissue is contingent on CD68+/CD206+ macrophages,” Microcirculation, vol. 24, no. 4, 2017.
- P. G. Lloyd, H. T. Yang, and R. L. Terjung, “Arteriogenesis and angiogenesis in rat ischemic hindlimb: role of nitric oxide,” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 281, no. 6, pp. H2528–H2538, 2001.
- D. Scholz, W. Ito, I. Fleming et al., “Ultrastructure and molecular histology of rabbit hind-limb collateral artery growth (arteriogenesis),” Virchows Archiv, vol. 436, no. 3, pp. 257–270, 2000.
- N. Hakimzadeh, H. J. Verberne, M. Siebes, and J. J. Piek, “The future of collateral artery research,” Current Cardiology Reviews, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 73–86, 2014.
- P. D. Murray, “The Development in vitro of the Blood of the Early Chick Embryo,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Science, vol. 111, no. 773, pp. 497–521, 1932.
- W. Risau, “Mechanisms of angiogenesis,” Nature, vol. 386, no. 6626, pp. 671–674, 1997.
- A. Rizzi, V. Benagiano, and D. Ribatti, “Angiogenesis versus arteriogenesis,” Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology, vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 15–19, 2017.
- F. M. Gabhann and S. M. Peirce, “Collateral capillary arterialization following arteriolar ligation in murine skeletal muscle,” Microcirculation, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 333–347, 2010.
- A. Helisch and W. Schaper, “Arteriogenesis: the development and growth of collateral arteries,” Microcirculation, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 83–97, 2003.
- J. E. Faber, W. M. Chilian, E. Deindl, N. Van Royen, and M. Simons, “A brief etymology of the collateral circulation,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1854–1859, 2014.
- H. Zhang, P. Prabhakar, R. Sealock, and J. E. Faber, “Wide genetic variation in the native pial collateral circulation is a major determinant of variation in severity of stroke,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 923–934, 2010.
- A. B. Ingason, A. B. Goldstone, M. J. Paulsen et al., “Angiogenesis precedes cardiomyocyte migration in regenerating mammalian hearts,” The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, vol. 155, no. 3, pp. 1118–1127.e1, 2018.
- W. Schaper and D. Scholz, “Factors regulating arteriogenesis,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 1143–1151, 2003.
- J. K. Meisner and R. J. Price, “Spatial and Temporal Coordination of Bone Marrow-Derived Cell Activity during Arteriogenesis: Regulation of the Endogenous Response and Therapeutic Implications,” Microcirculation, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 583–599, 2010.
- C. W. Lee, E. Stabile, T. Kinnaird et al., “Temporal patterns of gene expression after acute hindlimb ischemia in mice,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 474–482, 2004.
- C. Z. Behm, B. A. Kaufmann, C. Carr et al., “Molecular imaging of endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression and inflammatory cell recruitment during vasculogenesis and ischemia-mediated arteriogenesis,” Circulation, vol. 117, no. 22, pp. 2902–2911, 2008.
- W. Schaper, W. Flameng, B. Winkler et al., “Quantification of collateral resistance in acute and chronic experimental coronary occlusion in the dog,” Circulation Research, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 371–377, 1976.
- I. E. Hoefer, N. Van Royen, J. E. Rectenwald et al., “Arteriogenesis proceeds via ICAM-1/Mac-1-mediated mechanisms,” Circulation Research, vol. 94, no. 9, pp. 1179–1185, 2004.
- M. Arras, W. D. Ito, D. Scholz, B. Winkler, J. Schaper, and W. Schaper, “Monocyte activation in angiogenesis and collateral growth in the rabbit hindlimb,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 40–50, 1998.
- W.-J. Cai, E. Kocsis, X. Wu et al., “Remodeling of the vascular tunica media is essential for development of collateral vessels in the canine heart,” Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 264, no. 1-2, pp. 201–210, 2004.
- T. Dodd, R. Jadhav, L. Wiggins et al., “MMPs2 and 9 are essential for coronary collateral growth and are prominently regulated by p38 MAPK,” Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1015–1025, 2011.
- W.-J. Cai, S. Koltai, E. Kocsis et al., “Remodeling of the adventitia during coronary arteriogenesis,” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 284, no. 1, pp. H31–H40, 2003.
- D. Scholz, T. Ziegelhoeffer, A. Helisch et al., “Contribution of arteriogenesis and angiogenesis to postocclusive hindlimb perfusion in mice,” Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 775–787, 2002.
- C. Wolf, W.-J. Cai, R. Vosschulte et al., “Vascular remodeling and altered protein expression during growth of coronary collateral arteries,” Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, vol. 30, no. 11, pp. 2291–2305, 1998.
- I. E. Hoefer, N. Van Royen, I. R. Buschmann, J. J. Piek, and W. Schaper, “Time course of arteriogenesis following femoral artery occlusion in the rabbit,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 609–617, 2001.
- K. Krishnasamy, A. Limbourg, T. Kapanadze et al., “Blood vessel control of macrophage maturation promotes arteriogenesis in ischemia,” Nature Communications, vol. 8, no. 1, 2017.
- B. A. Kerr, X. Z. West, Y.-W. Kim et al., “Stability and function of adult vasculature is sustained by Akt/Jagged1 signalling axis in endothelium,” Nature Communications, vol. 7, 2016.
- J. R. Whiteford, G. De Rossi, and A. Woodfin, “Mutually Supportive Mechanisms of Inflammation and Vascular Remodeling,” International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology, vol. 326, pp. 201–278, 2016.
- C. Seiler, M. Stoller, B. Pitt, and P. Meier, “The human coronary collateral circulation: Development and clinical importance,” European Heart Journal, vol. 34, no. 34, pp. 2674–2682, 2013.
- E. Deindl and W. Schaper, “The Art of Arteriogenesis,” Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 001–016, 2005.
- J.-M. Arpino, Z. Nong, F. Li et al., “Four-Dimensional Microvascular Analysis Reveals That Regenerative Angiogenesis in Ischemic Muscle Produces a Flawed Microcirculation,” Circulation Research, vol. 120, no. 9, pp. 1453–1465, 2017.
- M. Heil, I. Eitenmüller, T. Schmitz-Rixen, and W. Schaper, “Arteriogenesis versus angiogenesis: similarities and differences,” Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 45–55, 2006.
- D. Chalothorn, J. A. Clayton, H. Zhang, D. Pomp, and J. E. Faber, “Collateral density, remodeling, and VEGF-A expression differ widely between mouse strains,” Physiological Genomics, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 179–191, 2007.
- M. H. Ulvmar and T. Mäkinen, “Heterogeneity in the lymphatic vascular system and its origin,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 111, no. 4, pp. 310–321, 2016.
- I. Martinez-Corral, M. H. Ulvmar, L. Stanczuk et al., “Nonvenous origin of dermal lymphatic vasculature,” Circulation Research, vol. 116, no. 10, pp. 1649–1654, 2015.
- G. Oliver and M. Detmar, “The rediscovery of the lymphatic system: old and new insights into the development and biological function of the lymphatic vasculature,” Genes & Development, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 773–783, 2002.
- W. P. Dunworth and K. M. Caron, “G protein-coupled receptors as potential drug targets for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vascular diseases,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 650–656, 2009.
- T. Tammela and K. Alitalo, “Lymphangiogenesis: molecular mechanisms and future promise,” Cell, vol. 140, no. 4, pp. 460–476, 2010.
- L. Stanczuk, I. Martinez-Corral, M. H. Ulvmar et al., “CKit lineage hemogenic endothelium-derived cells contribute to mesenteric lymphatic vessels,” Cell Reports, vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 1708–1721, 2015.
- J. Y. Lee, C. Park, Y. Pil Cho et al., “Podoplanin-expressing cells derived from bone marrow play a crucial role in postnatal lymphatic neovascularization,” Circulation, vol. 122, no. 14, pp. 1413–1425, 2010.
- S. Lee, C. Park, J. Y. Lee et al., “Generation of pure lymphatic endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells and their therapeutic effects on wound repair,” Scientific Reports, vol. 5, no. 1, 2015.
- A. Alunno, L. Ibba-Manneschi, O. Bistoni et al., “Mobilization of lymphatic endothelial precursor cells and lymphatic neovascularization in primary Sjögren's syndrome,” Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 613–622, 2016.
- S. Coso, E. Bovay, and T. V. Petrova, “Pressing the right buttons: Signaling in lymphangiogenesis,” Blood, vol. 123, no. 17, pp. 2614–2624, 2014.
- D. Jones and W. Min, “An overview of lymphatic vessels and their emerging role in cardiovascular disease,” Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 141–152, 2011.
- B. Detry, F. Bruyère, C. Erpicum et al., “Digging deeper into lymphatic vessel formation in vitro and in vivo,” BMC Cell Biology, vol. 12, article no. 29, 2011.
- C. Williams, S.-H. Kim, T. T. Ni et al., “Hedgehog signaling induces arterial endothelial cell formation by repressing venous cell fate,” Developmental Biology, vol. 341, no. 1, pp. 196–204, 2010.
- J. Semo, J. Nicenboim, and K. Yaniv, “Development of the lymphatic system: New questions and paradigms,” Development, vol. 143, no. 6, pp. 924–935, 2016.
- H. Kim, R. P. Kataru, and G. Y. Koh, “Inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis: a double-edged sword?” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 124, no. 3, pp. 936–942, 2014.
- S. Kang, S.-P. Lee, K. E. Kim, H.-Z. Kim, S. Mémet, and G. Y. Koh, “Toll-like receptor 4 in lymphatic endothelial cells contributes to LPS-induced lymphangiogenesis by chemotactic recruitment of macrophages,” Blood, vol. 113, no. 11, pp. 2605–2613, 2009.
- C. Cursiefen, L. Chen, L. P. Borges et al., “VEGF-A stimulates lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis in inflammatory neovascularization via macrophage recruitment,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 1040–1050, 2004.
- M. François, K. Short, G. A. Secker et al., “Segmental territories along the cardinal veins generate lymph sacs via a ballooning mechanism during embryonic lymphangiogenesis in mice,” Developmental Biology, vol. 364, no. 2, pp. 89–98, 2012.
- M. C. Langheinrich, V. Schellerer, A. Perrakis et al., “Molecular mechanisms of lymphatic metastasis in solid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract,” International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 614–623, 2012.
- S. A. Stacker, S. P. Williams, T. Karnezis, R. Shayan, S. B. Fox, and M. G. Achen, “Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodelling in cancer,” Nature Reviews Cancer, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 159–172, 2014.
- M. Raica, A.-A. Jitariu, and A. M. Cimpean, “Lymphangiogenesis and anti-lymphangiogenesis in cutaneous melanoma,” Anticancer Research, vol. 36, no. 9, pp. 4427–4435, 2016.
- B. Bastide, L. Neyses, D. Ganten, M. Paul, K. Willecke, and O. Traub, “Gap junction protein connexin40 is preferentially expressed in vascular endothelium and conductive bundles of rat myocardium and is increased under hypertensive conditions,” Circulation Research, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 1138–1149, 1993.
- R. Bruzzone, J.-A. Haefliger, R. L. Gimlich, and D. L. Paul, “Connexin40, a component of gap junctions in vascular endothelium, is restricted in its ability to interact with other connexins,” Molecular Biology of the Cell (MBoC), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 7–20, 1993.
- J. R. Shutter, S. Scully, W. Fan et al., “D114, a novel Notch ligand expressed in arterial endothelium,” Genes & Development, vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1313–1318, 2000.
- S. Claxton and M. Fruttiger, “Periodic Delta-like 4 expression in developing retinal arteries,” Gene Expression Patterns, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 123–127, 2004.
- Y. Herzog, C. Kalcheim, N. Kahane, R. Reshef, and G. Neufeld, “Differential expression of neuropilin-1 and neuropilin-2 in arteries and veins,” Mechanisms of Development, vol. 109, no. 1, pp. 115–119, 2001.
- N. D. Lawson, N. Scheer, V. N. Pham et al., “Notch signaling is required for arterial-venous differentiation during embryonic vascular development,” Development, vol. 128, no. 19, pp. 3675–3683, 2001.
- L. Yuan, D. Moyon, L. Pardanaud et al., “Abnormal lymphatic vessel development in neuropilin 2 mutant mice,” Development, vol. 129, no. 20, pp. 4797–4806, 2002.
- L.-R. You, F.-J. Lin, C. T. Lee, F. J. DeMayo, M.-J. Tsai, and S. Y. Tsai, “Suppression of Notch signalling by the COUP-TFII transcription factor regulates vein identity,” Nature, vol. 435, no. 7038, pp. 98–104, 2005.
- P. C. H. Hsieh, M. E. Davis, L. K. Lisowski, and R. T. Lee, “Endothelial-cardiomyocyte interactions in cardiac development and repair,” Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 68, pp. 51–66, 2006.
- X. Tian, T. Hu, H. Zhang et al., “De novo formation of a distinct coronary vascular population in neonatal heart,” Science, vol. 345, no. 6192, pp. 90–94, 2014.
- S. Rhee, J. I. Chung, D. A. King et al., “Endothelial deletion of Ino80 disrupts coronary angiogenesis and causes congenital heart disease,” Nature Communications, vol. 9, no. 1, 2018.
- S. K. Ramasamy, A. P. Kusumbe, and R. H. Adams, “Regulation of tissue morphogenesis by endothelial cell-derived signals,” Trends in Cell Biology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 148–157, 2015.
- S. Rafii, J. M. Butler, and B.-S. Ding, “Angiocrine functions of organ-specific endothelial cells,” Nature, vol. 529, no. 7586, pp. 316–325, 2016.
- M. Ufnal and J. Skrzypecki, “Blood borne hormones in a cross-talk between peripheral and brain mechanisms regulating blood pressure, the role of circumventricular organs,” Neuropeptides, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 65–73, 2014.
- B. L. Coomber and P. A. Stewart, “Morphometric analysis of CNS microvascular endothelium,” Microvascular Research, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 99–115, 1985.
- R. Daneman and A. Prat, “The Blood–Brain Barrier,” Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, vol. 7, no. 1, p. a020412, 2015.
- Y. Zhou, Y. Wang, M. Tischfield et al., “Canonical WNT signaling components in vascular development and barrier formation,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 124, no. 9, pp. 3825–3846, 2014.
- K. D. Anderson, L. Pan, X.-M. Yang et al., “Angiogenic sprouting into neural tissue requires Gpr124, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor,” Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 7, pp. 2807–2812, 2011.
- M. Cullen, M. K. Elzarrad, S. Seaman et al., “GPR124, an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, is required for CNS-specific vascularization and establishment of the blood-brain barrier,” Proceedings of the National Acadamy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 108, no. 14, pp. 5759–5764, 2011.
- C.-H. Chang, W.-T. Liu, H.-C. Hung et al., “Synergistic inhibition of tumor growth by combination treatment with drugs against different subpopulations of glioblastoma cells,” BMC Cancer, vol. 17, no. 1, 2017.
- W. Risau, “Development and differentiation of endothelium,” Kidney International, vol. 54, pp. S3–S6, 1998.
- S. J. Lee, S. Kwon, J. R. Gatti et al., “Large-scale identification of human cerebrovascular proteins: Inter-tissue and intracerebral vascular protein diversity,” PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 11, 2017.
- B. Cannella and C. S. Raine, “The adhesion molecule and cytokine profile of multiple sclerosis lesions,” Annals of Neurology, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 424–435, 1995.
- V. Dozio and J. Sanchez, “Characterisation of extracellular vesicle-subsets derived from brain endothelial cells and analysis of their protein cargo modulation after TNF exposure,” Journal of Extracellular Vesicles (JEV), vol. 6, no. 1, p. 1302705, 2017.
- M. U. Tomasz Huc, K. Pham, and J. Skrzypecki, “Significance of gut-blood barrier in health and disease,” European Journal of Biological Research, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 193–200, 2016.
- I. Spadoni, A. Pietrelli, G. Pesole, and M. Rescigno, “Gene expression profile of endothelial cells during perturbation of the gut vascular barrier,” Gut Microbes, vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 540–548, 2016.
- R. López-Posadas, M. Stürzl, I. Atreya, M. F. Neurath, and N. Britzen-Laurent, “Interplay of GTPases and cytoskeleton in cellular barrier defects during gut inflammation,” Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 8, p. 1240, 2017.
- K. Tachibana, S. Hirota, H. Iizasa et al., “The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract,” Nature, vol. 393, no. 6685, pp. 591–594, 1998.
- Y. Fu, S. Peng, H. Lin, P. J. Pasricha, and S. Tang, “3-D imaging and illustration of mouse intestinal neurovascular complex,” American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, vol. 304, no. 1, pp. G1–G11, 2013.
- J.-M. Delalande, D. Natarajan, B. Vernay et al., “Vascularisation is not necessary for gut colonisation by enteric neural crest cells,” Developmental Biology, vol. 385, no. 2, pp. 220–229, 2014.
- W. E. Cromer, J. M. Mathis, D. N. Granger, G. V. Chaitanya, and J. S. Alexander, “Role of endothelium in inflammatory bowel diseases,” World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 578–593, 2011.
- F. Braet and E. Wisse, “Structural and functional aspects of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell fenestrae: a review,” Comparative Hepatology, vol. 1, no. 1, 2002.
- M. Oda, H. Yokomori, and J.-Y. Han, “Regulatory mechanisms of hepatic microcirculation,” Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, vol. 29, pp. 167–182, 2003.
- V. Racanelli and B. Rehermann, “The liver as an immunological organ,” Hepatology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. S54–S62, 2006.
- J. LeCouter, D. R. Moritz, B. Li et al., “Angiogenesis-independent endothelial protection of liver: role of VEGFR-1,” Science, vol. 299, no. 5608, pp. 890–893, 2003.
- B.-S. Ding, D. J. Nolan, J. M. Butler et al., “Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration,” Nature, vol. 468, no. 7321, pp. 310–315, 2010.
- A. Lazarus, P. M. Del-Moral, O. Ilovich, E. Mishani, D. Warburton, and E. Keshet, “A perfusion-independent role of blood vessels in determining branching stereotypy of lung airways,” Development, vol. 138, no. 11, pp. 2359–2368, 2011.
- M. Herriges and E. E. Morrisey, “Lung development: orchestrating the generation and regeneration of a complex organ,” Development, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 502–513, 2014.
- N. Woik and J. Kroll, “Regulation of lung development and regeneration by the vascular system,” Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol. 72, no. 14, pp. 2709–2718, 2015.
- B. Ding, D. J. Nolan, P. Guo et al., “Endothelial-derived angiocrine signals induce and sustain regenerative lung alveolarization,” Cell, vol. 147, no. 3, pp. 539–553, 2011.
- I. V. Balyasnikova, R. Metzger, D. J. Visintine et al., “Selective rat lung endothelial targeting with a new set of monoclonal antibodies to angiotensin I-converting enzyme,” Pulmonary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 251–267, 2005.
- M. P. Pusztaszeri, W. Seelentag, and F. T. Bosman, “Immunohistochemical expression of endothelial markers CD31, CD34, von Willebrand factor, and Fli-1 in normal human tissues,” Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 385–395, 2006.
- J.-H. Lee, D. H. Bhang, A. Beede et al., “Lung stem cell differentiation in mice directed by endothelial cells via a BMP4-NFATc1-thrombospondin-1 axis,” Cell, vol. 156, no. 3, pp. 440–455, 2014.
- S. Rafii, Z. Cao, R. Lis et al., “Platelet-derived SDF-1 primes the pulmonary capillary vascular niche to drive lung alveolar regeneration,” Nature Cell Biology, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 123–136, 2015.
- T. Bärnthaler, J. Maric, W. Platzer et al., “The Role of PGE2 in Alveolar Epithelial and Lung Microvascular Endothelial Crosstalk,” Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, 2017.
- H. E. Daldrup-Link, T. M. Link, E. J. Rummeny et al., “Assessing permeability alterations of the blood-bone marrow barrier due to total body irradiation: In vivo quantification with contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging,” Bone Marrow Transplantation, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 71–78, 2000.
- M. Tavassoli, “The Marrow-Blood Barrier,” British Journal of Haematology, vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 297–302, 1979.
- H.-G. Kopp, A. T. Hooper, S. T. Avecilla, and S. Rafii, “Functional heterogeneity of the bone marrow vascular niche,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1176, pp. 47–54, 2009.
- A. P. Kusumbe, S. K. Ramasamy, and R. H. Adams, “Coupling of angiogenesis and osteogenesis by a specific vessel subtype in bone,” Nature, vol. 507, no. 7492, pp. 323–328, 2014.
- C. Maes, T. Kobayashi, M. K. Selig et al., “Osteoblast precursors, but not mature osteoblasts, move into developing and fractured bones along with invading blood vessels,” Developmental Cell, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 329–344, 2010.
- C. Nombela-Arrieta, G. Pivarnik, B. Winkel et al., “Quantitative imaging of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell localization and hypoxic status in the bone marrow microenvironment,” Nature Cell Biology, vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 533–543, 2013.
- A. P. Kusumbe, S. K. Ramasamy, T. Itkin et al., “Age-dependent modulation of vascular niches for haematopoietic stem cells,” Nature, vol. 532, no. 7599, pp. 380–384, 2016.
- S. K. Ramasamy, A. P. Kusumbe, L. Wang, and R. H. Adams, “Endothelial Notch activity promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone,” Nature, vol. 507, no. 7492, pp. 376–380, 2014.
- N. L. Harvey and E. J. Gordon, “Deciphering the roles of macrophages in developmental and inflammation stimulated lymphangiogenesis,” Vascular Cell, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 15, 2012.
- S. K. Ramasamy, “Structure and Functions of Blood Vessels and Vascular Niches in Bone,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2017, Article ID 5046953, 10 pages, 2017.
- W. Li, S. A. Johnson, W. C. Shelley, and M. C. Yoder, “Hematopoietic stem cell repopulating ability can be maintained in vitro by some primary endothelial cells,” Experimental Hematology, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 1226–1237, 2004.
- M. J. Kiel, Ö. H. Yilmaz, T. Iwashita, O. H. Yilmaz, C. Terhorst, and S. J. Morrison, “SLAM family receptors distinguish hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and reveal endothelial niches for stem cells,” Cell, vol. 121, no. 7, pp. 1109–1121, 2005.
- L. Yao, T. Yokota, L. Xia, P. W. Kincade, and R. P. McEver, “Bone marrow dysfunction in mice lacking the cytokine receptor gp130 in endothelial cells,” Blood, vol. 106, no. 13, pp. 4093–4101, 2005.
- A. T. Hooper, J. M. Butler, D. J. Nolan et al., “Engraftment and Reconstitution of Hematopoiesis Is Dependent on VEGFR2-Mediated Regeneration of Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells,” Cell Stem Cell, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 263–274, 2009.
- L. Ding, T. L. Saunders, G. Enikolopov, and S. J. Morrison, “Endothelial and perivascular cells maintain haematopoietic stem cells,” Nature, vol. 481, no. 7382, pp. 457–462, 2012.
- L. Ding and S. J. Morrison, “Haematopoietic stem cells and early lymphoid progenitors occupy distinct bone marrow niches,” Nature, vol. 495, no. 7440, pp. 231–235, 2013.
- I. M. Braverman, “The cutaneous microcirculation,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 3–9, 2000.
- R. A. Swerlick, “The structure and function of the cutaneous vasculature,” The Journal of Dermatology, vol. 24, no. 11, pp. 734–738, 1997.
- N. Fitzner, S. Clauberg, F. Essmann, J. Liebmann, and V. Kolb-Bachofen, “Human skin endothelial cells can express all 10 TLR genes and respond to respective ligands,” Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 138–146, 2008.
- C. Regazzetti, G. M. De Donatis, H. H. Ghorbel et al., “Endothelial cells promote pigmentation through endothelin Receptor B activation,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 135, no. 12, pp. 3096–3104, 2015.
- J.-Y. Park, M. Kim, T. J. Park, and H. Y. Kang, “TGFβ1 derived from endothelial cells inhibits melanogenesis,” Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 477–480, 2016.
- M. Kim, T. Shibata, S. Kwon, T. J. Park, and H. Y. Kang, “Ultraviolet-irradiated endothelial cells secrete stem cell factor and induce epidermal pigmentation,” Scientific Reports, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018.
- S. Lee, I. Choi, and Y.-K. Hong, “Heterogeneity and plasticity of lymphatic endothelial cells,” Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 352–361, 2010.
- T. Mäkinen, R. H. Adams, J. Bailey et al., “PDZ interaction site in ephrinB2 is required for the remodeling of lymphatic vasculature,” Genes & Development, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 397–410, 2005.
- Y. Kawai, K. Hosaka, M. Kaidoh, T. Minami, T. Kodama, and T. Ohhashi, “Heterogeneity in immunohistochemical, genomic, and biological properties of human lymphatic endothelial cells between initial and collecting lymph vessels,” Lymphatic Research and Biology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 15–27, 2008.
- E. Garrafa, L. Trainini, A. Benetti et al., “Isolation, purification, and heterogeneity of human lymphatic endothelial cells from different tissues,” Lymphology, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 159–166, 2005.
- E. Garrafa, G. Alessandri, A. Benetti et al., “Isolation and characterization of lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells from human tonsils,” Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol. 207, no. 1, pp. 107–113, 2006.
- H. Tian, K. Mythreye, C. Golzio, N. Katsanis, and G. C. Blobe, “Endoglin mediates fibronectin/α5β1 integrin and TGF-β pathway crosstalk in endothelial cells,” EMBO Journal, vol. 31, no. 19, pp. 3885–3900, 2012.
- D. W. Scott and R. P. Patel, “Endothelial heterogeneity and adhesion molecules N-glycosylation: implications in leukocyte trafficking in inflammation,” Glycobiology, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 622–633, 2013.
- A. Holm, T. Heumann, and H. G. Augustin, “Microvascular Mural Cell Organotypic Heterogeneity and Functional Plasticity,” Trends in Cell Biology, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 302–316, 2018.
- P. Campagnolo, R. Katare, and P. Madeddu, “Realities and misconceptions on the pericytes role in tissue repair,” Journal of Regenerative Medicine, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 119–122, 2018.
- F. H. Sims, “Discontinuites in the internal elastic lamina: A comparison of coronary and internal mammary arteries,” Artery Research, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 127–143, 1985.
- M. Leroux-Berger, I. Queguiner, T. T. Maciel, A. Ho, F. Relaix, and H. Kempf, “Pathologic calcification of adult vascular smooth muscle cells differs on their crest or mesodermal embryonic origin,” Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1543–1553, 2011.
- A. Armulik, G. Genové, and C. Betsholtz, “Pericytes: developmental, physiological, and pathological perspectives, problems, and promises,” Developmental Cell, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 193–215, 2011.
- E. R. Pfaltzgraff and D. M. Bader, “Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease,” Developmental Dynamics, vol. 244, no. 3, pp. 410–416, 2015.
- L. Li, J. M. Miano, P. Cserjesi, and E. N. Olson, “SM22α, a marker of adult smooth muscle, is expressed in multiple myogenic lineages during embryogenesis,” Circulation Research, vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 188–195, 1996.
- I. Manabe and G. K. Owens, “The Smooth Muscle Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Exhibits Smooth Muscle Subtype-selective Modular Regulation In Vivo,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 42, pp. 39076–39087, 2001.
- S. Sinha and M. M. Santoro, “New models to study vascular mural cell embryonic origin: Implications in vascular diseases,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 114, no. 4, pp. 481–491, 2018.
- G. Bergers and S. Song, “The role of pericytes in blood-vessel formation and maintenance,” Neuro-Oncology, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 452–464, 2005.
- A. Birbrair, T. Zhang, Z.-M. Wang et al., “Skeletal muscle pericyte subtypes differ in their differentiation potential,” Stem Cell Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 67–84, 2013.
- W. L. Murfee, T. C. Skalak, and S. M. Peirce, “Differential arterial/venous expression of NG2 proteoglycan in perivascular cells along microvessels: Identifying a venule-specific phenotype,” Microcirculation, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 151–160, 2005.
- E. M. Shen and K. E. McCloskey, “Development of Mural Cells: From in Vivo Understanding to in Vitro Recapitulation,” Stem Cells and Development, vol. 26, no. 14, pp. 1020–1041, 2017.
- S. Nees, D. R. Weiss, A. Senfti et al., “Isolation, bulk cultivation, and characterization of coronary microvascular pericytes: The second most frequent myocardial cell type in vitro,” American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol. 302, no. 1, pp. H69–H84, 2012.
- K. S. Volz, A. H. Jacobs, H. I. Chen et al., “Pericytes are progenitors for coronary artery smooth muscle,” eLife, vol. 4, 2015.
- B. Østerud and E. Bjørklid, “Sources of Tissue Factor,” Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis, vol. 32, no. 01, pp. 011–023, 2006.
- P. Bagher and S. S. Segal, “Regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation: role of conducted vasodilation.,” Acta physiologica (Oxford, England), vol. 202, no. 3, pp. 271–284, 2011.
- E. Avolio, I. Rodriguez-Arabaolaza, H. L. Spencer et al., “Expansion and characterization of neonatal cardiac pericytes provides a novel cellular option for tissue engineering in congenital heart disease,” Journal of the American Heart Association, vol. 4, no. 6, p. e002043, 2015.
- I. R. Murray, J. E. Baily, W. C. W. Chen et al., “Skeletal and cardiac muscle pericytes: Functions and therapeutic potential,” Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol. 171, pp. 65–74, 2017.
- A. P. Beltrami and P. Madeddu, “Pericytes and cardiac stem cells: Common features and peculiarities,” Pharmacological Research, vol. 127, pp. 101–109, 2018.
- F. M. O’Farrel, S. Mastitskaya, M. Hammond-Haley, F. Freitas, W. R. Wah, and D. Attwell, “Capillary pericytes mediate coronary no-reflow after myocardial ischaemia,” eLife, vol. 6, 2017.
- C.-W. Chen, M. Okada, J. D. Proto et al., “Human pericytes for ischemic heart repair,” Stem Cells, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 305–316, 2013.
- N. Mazaré, A. Gilbert, A.-C. Boulay, N. Rouach, and M. Cohen-Salmon, “Connexin 30 is expressed in a subtype of mouse brain pericytes,” Brain Structure & Function, vol. 223, no. 2, pp. 1017–1024, 2018.
- A. P. Sagare, R. D. Bell, Z. Zhao et al., “Pericyte loss influences Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration in mice,” Nature Communications, vol. 4, article 2932, 2013.
- E. A. Winkler, J. D. Sengillo, J. S. Sullivan, J. S. Henkel, S. H. Appel, and B. V. Zlokovic, “Blood-spinal cord barrier breakdown and pericyte reductions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,” Acta Neuropathologica, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 111–120, 2013.
- M. D. Sweeney, S. Ayyadurai, and B. V. Zlokovic, “Pericytes of the neurovascular unit: key functions and signaling pathways,” Nature Neuroscience, vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 771–783, 2016.
- S. J. Baloyannis and I. S. Baloyannis, “The vascular factor in Alzheimer's disease: A study in Golgi technique and electron microscopy,” Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol. 322, no. 1-2, pp. 117–121, 2012.
- A. M. Nikolakopoulou, Z. Zhao, A. Montagne, and B. V. Zlokovic, “Regional early and progressive loss of brain pericytes but not vascular smooth muscle cells in adult mice with disrupted platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β signaling,” PLoS ONE, vol. 12, no. 4, 2017.
- H. Reynaert, D. Urbain, and A. Geerts, “Regulation of sinusoidal perfusion in portal hypertension,” Anatomical Record, vol. 291, no. 6, pp. 693–698, 2008.
- S. Ichikawa, D. Mucida, A. J. Tyznik, M. Kronenberg, and H. Cheroutre, “Hepatic stellate cells function as regulatory bystanders,” The Journal of Immunology, vol. 186, no. 10, pp. 5549–5555, 2011.
- A. L. Gard, F. P. White, and G. R. Dutton, “Extra-neural glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoreactivity in perisinusoidal stellate cells of rat liver,” Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol. 8, no. C, pp. 359–375, 1985.
- F. Tacke and R. Weiskirchen, “Update on hepatic stellate cells: pathogenic role in liver fibrosis and novel isolation techniques,” Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 67–80, 2012.
- C. Mogler, M. Wieland, C. König et al., “Hepatic stellate cell-expressed endosialin balances fibrogenesis and hepatocyte proliferation during liver damage,” EMBO Molecular Medicine, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 332–338, 2015.
- L. Chen, W. Zhang, Q.-D. Zhou et al., “HSCs play a distinct role in different phases of oval cell-mediated liver regeneration,” Cell Biochemistry & Function, vol. 30, no. 7, pp. 588–596, 2012.
- Y. Zhao, Y. Wang, Q. Wang, Z. Liu, Q. Liu, and X. Deng, “Hepatic stellate cells produce vascular endothelial growth factor via phospho-p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase/cyclooxygenase-2 pathway,” Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, vol. 359, no. 1-2, pp. 217–223, 2012.
- L. Barron, S. A. Gharib, and J. S. Duffield, “Lung Pericytes and Resident Fibroblasts: Busy Multitaskers,” The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 186, no. 10, pp. 2519–2531, 2016.
- J. R. Johnson, E. Folestad, J. E. Rowley et al., “Pericytes contribute to airway remodeling in a mouse model of chronic allergic asthma,” American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 308, no. 7, pp. L658–L671, 2015.
- P. Sava, A. Ramanathan, A. Dobronyi et al., “Human pericytes adopt myofibroblast properties in the microenvironment of the IPF lung,” JCI Insight, vol. 2, no. 24, 2017.
- L. Díaz-Flores, R. Gutiérrez, J. F. Madrid et al., “Pericytes. Morphofunction, interactions and pathology in a quiescent and activated mesenchymal cell niche,” Histology and Histopathology, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 909–969, 2009.
- B. Sacchetti, A. Funari, S. Michienzi et al., “Self-renewing osteoprogenitors in bone marrow sinusoids can organize a hematopoietic microenvironment,” Cell, vol. 131, no. 2, pp. 324–336, 2007.
- A. Tormin, O. Li, J. C. Brune et al., “CD146 expression on primary nonhematopoietic bone marrow stem cells is correlated with in situ localization,” Blood, vol. 117, no. 19, pp. 5067–5077, 2011.
- M. Corselli, C. J. Chin, C. Parekh et al., “Perivascular support of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells,” Blood, vol. 121, no. 15, pp. 2891–2901, 2013.
- S. Méndez-Ferrer, D. Lucas, M. Battista, and P. S. Frenette, “Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations,” Nature, vol. 452, no. 7186, pp. 442–447, 2008.
- Y. Kunisaki, I. Bruns, C. Scheiermann et al., “Arteriolar niches maintain haematopoietic stem cell quiescence,” Nature, vol. 502, no. 7473, pp. 637–643, 2013.
- M. Petrini, S. Pacini, L. Trombi et al., “Identification and purification of mesodermal progenitor cells from human adult bone marrow,” Stem Cells and Development, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 857–866, 2009.
- A. I. Caplan, “All MSCs are pericytes?” Cell Stem Cell, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 229-230, 2008.
- A. Dar, H. Domev, O. Ben-Yosef et al., “Multipotent vasculogenic pericytes from human pluripotent stem cells promote recovery of murine ischemic limb,” Circulation, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 87–99, 2012.
- A. Blocki, Y. Wang, M. Koch et al., “Not all MSCs can act as pericytes: functional in vitro assays to distinguish pericytes from other mesenchymal stem cells in angiogenesis,” Stem Cells and Development, vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 2347–2355, 2013.
- M. Herrmann, J. J. Bara, C. M. Sprecher et al., “Pericyte plasticity – Comparative investigation of the angiogenic and multilineage potential of pericytes from different human tissues,” European Cells and Materials, vol. 31, pp. 236–249, 2016.
- S. Mokhtari, E. J. Colletti, A. Atala, E. D. Zanjani, C. D. Porada, and G. Almeida-Porada, “Boosting hematopoietic engraftment after in utero transplantation through vascular niche manipulation,” Stem Cell Reports, vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 957–969, 2016.
- S. Imayama and H. Urabe, “Pericytes on the dermal microvasculature of the rat skin,” Anatomy and Embryology, vol. 169, no. 3, pp. 271–274, 1984.
- S. Paquet-Fifield, H. Schlüter, A. Li et al., “A role for pericytes as microenvironmental regulators of human skin tissue regeneration,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 119, no. 9, pp. 2795–2806, 2009.
- T. Yamazaki, A. Nalbandian, Y. Uchida et al., “Tissue Myeloid Progenitors Differentiate into Pericytes through TGF-β Signaling in Developing Skin Vasculature,” Cell Reports, vol. 18, no. 12, pp. 2991–3004, 2017.
- R. J. Bodnar, L. Satish, C. C. Yates, and A. Wells, “Pericytes: A newly recognized player in wound healing,” Wound Repair and Regeneration, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 204–214, 2016.
- S. Nourshargh, P. L. Hordijk, and M. Sixt, “Breaching multiple barriers: leukocyte motility through venular walls and the interstitium,” Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 366–378, 2010.
- J. S. Pober and G. Tellides, “Participation of blood vessel cells in human adaptive immune responses,” Trends in Immunology, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 49–57, 2012.
- M.-B. Voisin and S. Nourshargh, “Neutrophil transmigration: emergence of an adhesive cascade within venular walls,” Journal of Innate Immunity, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 336–347, 2013.
- C. Betsholtz, P. Lindblom, and H. Gerhardt, “Role of pericytes in vascular morphogenesis,” EXS, no. 94, pp. 115–125, 2005.
- C. W. Kischer, A. C. Thies, and M. Chvapil, “Perivascular myofibroblasts and microvascular occlusion in hypertrophic scars and keloids,” Human Pathology, vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 819–824, 1982.
- R. J. Bodnar, M. E. Rodgers, W. C. W. Chen, and A. Wells, “Pericyte regulation of vascular remodeling through the CXC receptor 3,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 2818–2829, 2013.
- P. Carmeliet and R. K. Jain, “Principles and mechanisms of vessel normalization for cancer and other angiogenic diseases,” Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 417–427, 2011.
- A. L. Ribeiro, C. Kaid, P. B. G. Silva, B. A. Cortez, and O. K. Okamoto, “Inhibition of Lysyl Oxidases Impairs Migration and Angiogenic Properties of Tumor-Associated Pericytes,” Stem Cells International, vol. 2017, 2017.
- M. Choudhary, C. Naczki, W. Chen, K. D. Barlow, L. Douglas Case, and L. J. Metheny-Barlow, “Tumor-induced loss of mural Connexin 43 gap junction activity promotes endothelial proliferation,” BMC Cancer, vol. 15, no. 1, 2015.
- J. I. Greenberg, D. J. Shields, S. G. Barillas et al., “A role for VEGF as a negative regulator of pericyte function and vessel maturation,” Nature, vol. 456, no. 7223, pp. 809–814, 2008.
- C. Stockmann, A. Doedens, A. Weidemann et al., “Deletion of vascular endothelial growth factor in myeloid cells accelerates tumorigenesis,” Nature, vol. 456, no. 7223, pp. 814–819, 2008.
- M. Orriols, A. Guadall, M. Galán et al., “Lysyl oxidase (LOX) in vascular remodelling,” Thrombosis and Haemostasis, vol. 112, no. 4, pp. 812–824, 2014.
- P. Trackman, D. Saxena, and M. Bais, “Two Functions of Lysyl Oxidases: Extracellular Matrix Maturation and Cell Proliferation,” FASEB Journal, vol. 29, no. 1, 2015.
- J. Hosono, S. Morikawa, T. Ezaki, T. Kawamata, and Y. Okada, “Pericytes promote abnormal tumor angiogenesis in a rat RG2 glioma model,” Brain Tumor Pathology, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 120–129, 2017.
- M. Chen, X. Lei, C. Shi et al., “Pericyte-targeting prodrug overcomes tumor resistance to vascular disrupting agents,” The Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 127, no. 10, pp. 3689–3701, 2017.
- S. S. McAllister and R. A. Weinberg, “The tumour-induced systemic environment as a critical regulator of cancer progression and metastasis,” Nature Cell Biology, vol. 16, no. 8, pp. 717–727, 2014.
- M. Murgai, W. Ju, M. Eason et al., “KLF4-dependent perivascular cell plasticity mediates pre-metastatic niche formation and metastasis,” Nature Medicine, vol. 23, no. 10, pp. 1176–1190, 2017.
- D. Morrow, J. P. Cullen, W. Liu et al., “Sonic hedgehog induces notch target gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells via VEGF-A,” Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 29, no. 7, pp. 1112–1118, 2009.
- J. Mašek and E. R. Andersson, “The developmental biology of genetic notch disorders,” Development, vol. 144, no. 10, pp. 1743–1763, 2017.
- M. Ishige-Wada, S.-M. Kwon, M. Eguchi et al., “Jagged-1 signaling in the bone marrow microenvironment promotes endothelial progenitor cell expansion and commitment of CD133+ human cord blood cells for postnatal vasculogenesis,” PLoS ONE, vol. 11, no. 11, 2016.
- I. Zachary and G. Gliki, “Signaling transduction mechanisms mediating biological actions of the vascular endothelial growth factor family,” Cardiovascular Research, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 568–581, 2001.
- M. R. Chinoy, M. M. Graybill, S. A. Miller, C. M. Lang, and G. L. Kauffman, “Angiopoietin-1 and VEGF in vascular development and angiogenesis in hypoplastic lungs,” American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol. 283, no. 1, pp. L60–L66, 2002.
- A. V. Benest, A. H. Salmon, W. Wang et al., “VEGF and angiopoietin-1 stimulate different angiogenic phenotypes that combine to enhance functional neovascularization in adult tissue,” Microcirculation, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 423–437, 2006.
- J.-L. Balligand, O. Feron, and C. Dessy, “eNOS activation by physical forces: from short-term regulation of contraction to chronic remodeling of cardiovascular tissues,” Physiological Reviews, vol. 89, no. 2, pp. 481–534, 2009.
- D. Horbelt, A. Denkis, and P. Knaus, “A portrait of Transforming Growth Factor β superfamily signalling: background matters,” The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 469–474, 2012.
- R. A. Evans, Y. C. Tian, R. Steadman, and A. O. Phillips, “TGF-β1-mediated fibroblast–myofibroblast terminal differentiation—the role of smad proteins,” Experimental Cell Research, vol. 282, no. 2, pp. 90–100, 2003.
- F. Lebrin, M.-J. Goumans, L. Jonker et al., “Endoglin promotes endothelial cell proliferation and TGF-β/ALK1 signal transduction,” EMBO Journal, vol. 23, no. 20, pp. 4018–4028, 2004.
- C. Munjal, A. M. Opoka, H. Osinska, J. F. James, G. M. Bressan, and R. B. Hinton, “TGF-β mediates early angiogenesis and latent fibrosis in an Emilin1-deficient mouse model of aortic valve disease,” Disease Models & Mechanisms, vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 987–996, 2014.
- M. Valluru, C. A. Staton, M. W. R. Reed, and N. J. Brown, “Transforming growth factor-β and endoglin signaling orchestrate wound healing,” Frontiers in Physiology, vol. 2, article 89, 2011.
- X. Shi, L.-W. Guo, S. Seedial et al., “Local CXCR4 Upregulation in the Injured Arterial Wall Contributes to Intimal Hyperplasia,” Stem Cells, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 2744–2757, 2016.
Copyright © 2018 Pollyana Ribeiro Castro et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | <urn:uuid:7869c0d5-777d-42c1-a8f6-7aa49ed290d6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2018/6740408/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.872161 | 46,177 | 1.75 | 2 |
Coordinated by Shodor
Blue Waters Interns 2018-2019
Nineteen (19) undergraduate students from across the country have been selected to receive support for the Blue Waters Student Internship Program for the academic year 2018-2019. The program provides each student a stipend totaling $5,000, a two-week intensive high-performance computing workshop, and an education allocation on the Blue Waters system. Select students will present posters at the Blue Waters Symposium 2019.
Faisal A. Aldukhi, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, will be studying the binding process of brassinolide, a plant hormone responsible for growth and elongation, to its receptor, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), located outside of the cell. Although there have been extensive studies on the steps of this binding, some fundamental questions remained not fully answered about the role of certain amino acids as well as the pathway the hormone takes to bind to the receptor at an atomistic resolution. Faisal wants to provide insights into why BRI1 have a stronger affinity to brassinolide, while molecules, such as castasterone, which is a precursor to brassinolide, have a nearly similar chemical structure to it, and present at higher concentrations, do not bind as well. To answer these questions, Faisal will be using molecular dynamics as well as Alchemical Free-Energy Perturbation methods to simulate the systems.
Bryton Anderson, Boise State University, will be studying why transition metal oxides that make great catalysts transform into ineffective structures at the high temperatures where we wish to use them. This project focuses on understanding what chemicals can help prevent the catalysts from transforming without harming the catalyst's ability to perform the desired reactions. Molecular dynamics simulations of small organic molecules on oxide surfaces and within oxide pores will be used to discover the properties of such helpful chemicals.
Carlos Barragan, California State University, Fullerton, will search for chemically relevant structures in unexplored regions of the potential energy aspect. A genetic algorithm will work by running trials to create starting molecule populations that are chemically favorable. Starting populations that are better will replace previous populations thereby strengthening the aim that future runs can be improved by learning from previous runs. Learning from previous runs is essential as it will eliminate candidate structure duplication. Most notably, examining what has already been searched will lead us to solemnly focus on unexplored areas. The genetic algorithm will be altered to train an initial population generator. A stoichiometry with a known global minimum will be utilized as a means of comparison. What Carlos hopes to gain from the project is to broaden the search for the global minimum structure of a molecule.
Jan Chen, California State University, Fullerton, will work on an evolutionary algorithm of quantum chemical systems. Jan will use machine learning to group together intelligently created candidate structures into chemically reasonable groups. Jan will then apply an evolutionary algorithm to each of these groups where the result from each search will be used to determine the most favorable structure. It is expected that the partitioning of the search space around chemically relevant initial populations should lead to an increase in the rate at which the evolutionary algorithm locates the most favorable structure.
Alaina Edwards, University of Arkansas, is currently pursuing a B.S. in both Mathematics and Physics and a minor in Computer Science. She is currently a member of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics at her college. The project she will be taking on involves the efficient use of High-Performance Computing (HPC) resources for Optimized Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). During the project, Alaina will learn how to use the Blue Waters supercomputer to optimize the CFD code for the numerical simulations of compressible fluid flow problems as well as using performance analysis tools to identify performance obstructions and assist in the development of parallelization strategies in the HPC. She will gain a better understanding of the physics behind classical fluid instability and the numerical algorithms used for mixing simulations.
Carley Garlasco, Kean University, will be working on the Parallel Stability Analysis of Exoplanetary Systems detected via Radial Velocity. Carley's project focuses on modifying the current codebase that consists of an N-Body integration of planets around a star to determine if the planetary orbits are stable. One of Carley's tasks will be creating a series of N-Body simulations probing the possible candidate planetary system parameters to describe the radial velocity data. In an existing N-Body solver, Carley will be generating input and output routines and converting them from Asteroidal to Cartesian coordinates. On Blue Waters hardware and CUDA hardware, Carley will be modifying the solver to run multiple simultaneous N-Body runs in parallel. In addition, Carley will be using "Mercury" code on Kean's local cluster to run models and compare.
Lakshay Gautam, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, will be working on developing parallel numerical codes for the simulation of energy transport and conversion in nanostructured semiconductor materials and devices. He will proceed to study nanostructured thermoelectric devices for energy conversion with the goal of improving energy conversion efficiency and energy performance in nanoelectronics.
Christopher Harnish, Bluffton University, will study molecular dynamics simulations that track thermally-induced vacancy transitions in hexagonal and face-centered cubic solids. These simulations will also test long time-scale patterns of vacancy locations within solids with induced acoustic standing waves. This will test previous dynamic Monte Carlo simulations which showed higher probabilities of finding defects near anti-nodes of the acoustic wave and offered classical analogs of Born's Law of quantum mechanics. Besides these issues of mathematical physics, Christopher's molecular dynamics simulations for solid state physics will also give him a foundation for later research in materials science and engineering.
He He, Indiana University, is currently attending an Accelerated Program in Computer Science with a specialization in Artificial Intelligence. She researches Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) robotics; this emerging technology will predict the shortest path to deliver drugs or cells with a high speed and accuracy. At first, a Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA) image is preprocessed to generate blood vessels. Then, using a neural network and given two points on blood vessels, the developed A* algorithm can identify the shortest path between two points or if there is a connection between two points. After the process, the network is able to identify short path planning and a fast steering algorithm in real-time of an MR scan.
John McGarigal, University of Arkansas, will be working side by side with his professor, Dr. Tulin Kaman, on a project focused on the Richtmyer Meshkov Instability. John will be combing through the code in C++ and C, running tests through the supercomputing system at the University of Arkansas, and working to make the code more efficient. Additionally, the visualization of this instability is key to better understanding it, so John will be taking the output files and using VisIt to make a three-dimensional model of the instability.
Thomas Mulkey, Georgia Southern University, will develop a general theory of electromagnetic waves in quartic metamaterials so that starting from an arbitrary set of electromagnetic fields, the effective medium parameters for the quartic metamaterial that supports said fields can be determined. Quartic metamaterials are the most general class of metamaterials, and possess quartic k-surfaces, described by 4th order polynomials in k-vector components. Non-reciprocal optical media, complex bi-anisotropic media, and chiral media are examples of quartic metamaterials. The project will include extensive numerical studies of possible quartic metamaterials. Being able to determine the medium parameters starting from a desired set of electromagnetic fields will significantly improve the efficiency of metamaterial engineering.
Preet Patel, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, is investigating galactic formation through the use of hydrodynamic simulations. He will analyze detailed snapshots of simulated Milky Way-like galaxies using a synergy of spatial, chemical, and dynamical data. The implications of what is found in these simulations will be compared to corresponding observational data with the overarching aim of gaining insight into the formation of various regions of the Milky Way, alongside its genesis as a whole. This project also aims to explore how future astronomical surveys could yield deep insight in the origin of the Milky Way's disk system.
Lauren Pounds, Mississippi State University, will be completing a project analyzing the importance of model physics in simulating environments associated with tornadogenesis within tropical cyclones. Numerous tornado-producing tropical cyclones will be simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with varied model physics to assess the sensitivity of those simulations on the selection of boundary layer physics and cumulus physics.
Greg Stroot, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, will be utilizing aeroacoustic analogies, flow-structure interaction solvers, and evolutionary optimization techniques to investigate the properties that affect the silent flight of the owl. It is currently believed that the silent flight is due to the poroelastic properties of the owl's wings, but the physics is poorly quantified. In this study, the goal is to quantitatively characterize the poroelastic flow-acoustic mechanisms underlying silent locomotion through fluids. These insights will enable design for sound by leveraging morphology, elasticity, and porosity. This effort cuts across many areas of high current importance: aviation, drones, acoustic flyer detection, and quality of life in a quiet environment.
Migle Surblyte, New Jersey Institute of Technology, is developing code to investigate novel mechanisms of blood clot formation using Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy and Lattice Boltzmann Method computational fluid dynamics. Under the guidance of Dr. Roman Voronov, this research seeks to aid the development of anti-thrombotic drugs by furthering the understanding of how blood clots form and what factors lead to their break up. Two leading causes of death in the United States are brain strokes and heart attacks, both of which are caused by bursting blood clots. This research could lead to improved outcomes for the 750,000 Americans affected by these two conditions each year.
Asma Lama Tamang, Oklahoma State University, will construct a novel, three-dimensional water quality model for Sooner Lake Reservoir, OK, which acts as a cooling pond for a power plant. The buoyancy effects of thermal loadings from a power plant will be simulated using a coupled system consisting of the incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations and the heat equation. The governing equations will be solved using the finite element method with the open-source SU2 code, which consists of a suite of modules written in C++ with extensions to the Python Programming Language. The work will also use parallel computing for simulation of reservoir dynamics and Python to integrate the hydrographic and climate forcing data and post process simulation results.
Elliott Vanderford, University of Oklahoma, will utilize molecular dynamics simulations to study Amyloid-β formation in the presence of certain lipid molecules under the guidance of Dr. Ulrich Hansmann. Amyloid-β oligomerization and aggregation is implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. An example of such oligomers is Large Fatty Acid-derived Aβ Oligomers (LFAOs) studied in a collaborator's lab (Dr. Rangachari at the University of Southern Mississippi). This project focuses on better understanding the structure and propagation of LFAOs through molecular modeling and HPC simulation.
Xiange Wang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is pursuing a B.S. in Computer Science and Mathematics. She will be using the Blue Waters supercomputer to discover the deep learning enabled structural knowledge under the mentorship of Xinlian Liu. The main task is to create and train deep learning models which predict structural accuracy using protein structural data in an effort to improve the current state of scoring functions. Xiange will explore the performance of 2D and 1D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained on data encoded with the method of applying CNNs to classify decoy structures into GDT-TS score groups. Using the method of encoding 3D data into lower-dimensional representations, Xiange will demonstrate that the method allows for decreased CNN training time cost, increased Original 3D model rendering resolutions, and inclusive number of data channels when compared to purely volumetric approaches.
Hanjue Zhu, University of Chicago, will study cosmic reionization. Because of limited observational data, theoretical modeling and numerical simulations play a large part in reionization studies. Computational performance at petascale matches well the need for a realistic reionization simulation. With the help of supercomputers, substantial progress can be expected in the next couple of years. Hanjue will be analyzing the simulation results from the "Cosmic Reionization on Computers" project. The specific work includes accessing simulation snapshots, identifying all resolved dark matter halos, extracting their properties from the simulations, building up histories of individual halos by locating them at different simulation snapshots, and measuring the distributions of ionized and neutral gas in halos of various masses at different simulation epochs. | <urn:uuid:f0acee66-bf8c-455b-81d7-375b9505c8a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bluewaters.ncsa.illinois.edu/internships/interns/2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.902858 | 2,739 | 1.53125 | 2 |
While the name itself says cake, there's lingering debate about whether or not a cheesecake is indeed a cake.
Some people argue the dessert's crust clearly distinguishes it from a cake, making it a pie.
The argument continues with the 'cheese' in cheesecake. There's no flour or icing, just a custard filling that makes it no different from a Boston Creme Pie.
However, the case is still strong on the cake side with a definition from Dictionay.com that calls the dessert a cake.
The truth is, just like the hot dog as sandwich debate, the world may never know the answer to this question. | <urn:uuid:ea962356-12e5-4c4c-93ba-e07abcf8d6dc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tmj4.com/news/local-news/cheesecake-debate-is-it-pie-or-cake- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929952 | 134 | 2.0625 | 2 |
The Burlington International Airport offered to buy homes in close proximity of the airport due to the noise from jets. However, some homeowners fear that they might not be able to sell their homes due to South Burlington’s fight against buyouts in order to maintain affordable housing.
The airport voluntarily plans to buy 39 more homes as part of its buyout plan. However, there is currently tension between the airport, South Burlington and the Federal Aviation Association.
Since the late 1990s, Burlington International Airport has bought more than 150 homes, demolishing 100 of them. At this time, the airport also created a map indicating more neighborhoods that would be affected by the noise.
The city of South Burlington is fighting back as the airport is asking them to readjust their zoning regulations to require people who are building homes to upgrade their noise resistance in their homes.
Additionally, residents of South Burlington fear their community with be disrupted with the continued buyout.
Read more here. | <urn:uuid:fc70493c-2139-46bb-9c61-2a73638b2149> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vtaffordablehousing.org/post/home-buyout-by-airport-as-jet-noise-pollutes-neighborhoods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.984546 | 195 | 1.726563 | 2 |
By means of Ellie Quinlan Houghtaling HealthDay Reporter
FRIDAY, July 22, 2022 (HealthDay Information)
You need to communicate to children about circle of relatives well being dangers, however the affect of sharing this sort of knowledge has been unclear.
It is most probably protected, in keeping with a brand new find out about, however how are you intended to do it — and when?
Researchers discovered that youngsters most often don’t have any drawback coping when most cancers chance knowledge is shared with them. However it isn’t unusual for fogeys to combat with speaking the scoop.
“We incessantly inform folks every so often conversations occur whilst you least be expecting them, like in a automotive trip to a carrying match or a circle of relatives accumulating,” stated find out about co-author Beth Peshkin, director of genetic counseling at Georgetown College’s Lombardi Complete Most cancers Middle in Washington, D.C.
There also are herbal alternatives to discuss those critical problems — as an example, across the time of Mother’s annual mammogram. Because of this, you must ask your self the large questions forward of time.
“When do you notice your self sharing this information? How would you are feeling in case your child requested or came upon about it round you?” Peshkin stated, including that you must believe a kid’s psychological construction and to make a decision whether or not and what to percentage on a case-by-case foundation.
“Specifically with more youthful children, give them a bit of bit and spot if they would like extra,” she stated.
This find out about incorporated 272 teenagers and younger adults — 76.1% had a mom who had survived breast or ovarian most cancers, and 17.3% had moms who examined certain for the BRCA gene, striking them in peril for the ones two cancers.
After studying about their moms’ BRCA standing, younger other people reported fairly low ranges of mental pressure.
“To me the most important takeaway is that wisdom and knowledge is energy,” stated Kelsey Largen, a medical pediatric psychologist whose paintings specializes in most cancers and blood issues at Hassenfeld Youngsters’s Health facility at NYU Langone in New York Town.
“By means of studying this data about their folks, those kids then have the ability to make adjustments to their way of life of get ready for a problem forward. I believe that is all the time really useful,” stated Largen, who wasn’t concerned with the analysis.
However the find out about, printed July 21 in Pediatrics, additionally discovered that even if children have been offered with this data, it wasn’t prone to alternate their habits. Wisdom in regards to the most cancers chance did not prevent them from smoking and did not suggested them to drink much less or workout extra.
“The takeaway for us was once that even supposing we did not see total adjustments in what children have been doing when it got here to smoking, alcohol use or workout, that there was once consciousness,” Peshkin stated. “I believe that is key to capitalizing in this. Possibly they were not given any equipment or any formal option to discover the way to get to the bottom of this.”
Whilst extra analysis is wanted, transparent pathways to do so after the scoop is published is usually a option to alternate long term habits.
“If I have been chatting with a tender grownup whose mother or father discovered they have got this mutation, I’d have a look at it when it comes to coping. To mention, ‘You would not have this [illness] at the moment, however for those who have been to stand this, there are assets to be had to you if this must occur someday. We will be able to discuss how you’ll be able to use those coping abilities to care for demanding situations as they get up,'” Largen stated.
“As a psychologist that is what I’d consider,” she stated. “How are they dealing with the scoop? How are we able to lend a hand them get ready emotionally?”
However in the long run, it is a excellent signal that youngsters are resilient and in a position to deal with necessary knowledge. Oldsters should not keep away from it or alternatives to speak — children will likely be OK.
“We are incessantly seeking to persuade folks to percentage knowledge with their kid on the subject of most cancers, as a result of we all know the additional info [the kids] have the simpler they cope,” Largen stated.
The American Most cancers Society has extra about most cancers dangers.
SOURCES: Beth Peshkin, MS, CGC, director, most cancers genetic counseling, Georgetown College, Lombardi Complete Most cancers Middle, Washington, D.C.; Kelsey | <urn:uuid:376fa615-2e5e-4c57-91ef-063b661f9324> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dead-samurai.com/tag/when-genes-raise-a-moms-risk-for-cancer-is-it-ok-to-tell-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969163 | 1,040 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Knight Foundry was established in 1873 to supply heavy equipment and repair facilities to the gold mines and timber industry of the Mother Lode. Samuel N. Knight developed a high speed, cast iron water wheel which was a forerunner of the Pelton Wheel design. Knight Wheels were used in some of the first hydroelectric plants in California, Utah, and Oregon. This site is the last water powered foundry and machine shop in California. A 42-inch Knight Wheel drives the main line shaft, with smaller water motors powering other machines.
Registration Date: 8/21/1992
City: Sutter Creek
81 Eureka St, Sutter Creek
Back Return to Listed Resources Listing | <urn:uuid:b0147415-eccb-411c-98bd-cc20a68d774a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/1007 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.922971 | 169 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Why Nitpicking is so Important
Let’s get into details by focusing on the lockout tagout labels you’ll be placing on the different types of isolating devices (and machinery if this is not already done). I’ll explain why it’s important to properly choose your tag material.
What are your lockout tagout tags made of?
What’s the best material to use in the particular environment you’re in? If you’re in a fairly neutral, mild-temperature environment, you have the most options to choose from. But if you’re in a very hot, cold, damp, or corrosive environment, you must be very careful of your choices of tag and fastener materials.
Plastic tags are cheap and easy to manufacture. They are fairly durable but may not be able to withstand extreme temperatures. In that case you could go to heavy duty labels such as stainless steel or aluminum tag.
But what if there’s something acidic in the air? That could chew through the metal. We’ve seen that happen where the company spent thousands of dollars on metal tags and hundreds of man-hours to place the tags on all of their devices, only to have to replace them within a couple of years. The tags were fully rusted and illegible.
On the other end of the spectrum, mining operations in Northern Canada regularly see temperatures in the -40°C range. Plastic tags become brittle at those temperatures and easily break apart.
Lockout tagout tags need something to attach them to your equipment
You also need to be conscious of the fasteners. If you use plastic zip ties to hold tags to steam tubing for example, the heat from the steam will melt the plastic and the tags would fall off. That might not be a big deal normally, but in some places that can be dangerous.
A good example is a company that processes dairy products. If a fastener broke and a tag were to fall into the product, it would be a real problem, especially if those tags house germs. So, you would need tags and fasteners that don’t hold germs and are detectable. In this case, it’s a no brainer. Stainless steel. If a piece were to fall anywhere in the process, a metal detector at the end of the line could see and reject the unwanted metal parts.
A secondary problem with a fallen tag is that it’s going to take longer to find and confirm the right valve, disconnect, or piece of equipment. It’s not a huge problem, just a time waster.
Some facilities need more than one type oflockout tagout tag
Normally when you plan out a facility, you’re able to use the same type of tags throughout. But it is possible to have multiple environments within the same company, such as an ore processing facility.
One building could be extremely hot, while the next could have an extremely acidic environment. They even have areas that have a fine, black dust in the air, like flour. In that last area, the dust would cover the tags, making them illegible. One such company decided to use metal tags that had the letters and numbers bored right through. This way a worker could tap the lockout tagout tag against a wall to kick out the powder and be able to properly read it.
Size does matter
Will all of the tags be the same size for everything, or will they be a different size for each type of equipment? You might want to use a 10” x 10” tag because the numbers are so long. However, if the valve is half that size, it won’t make sense. if you have a machine that is 3 stories high, you might want a larger tag so it can be found easily.
The labor cost of putting tags on
Many companies don’t see the importance of choosing the most suitable tag material for their business. Let’s look at the costs of attaching lockout tagout tags. As a rule of thumb, you can place roughly 10 tags per hour (about 6 minutes each). If you have 1,000 valves and 500 pieces of equipment, you’re looking at 1,500 tags. Divide that by six, and you can expect to take about 250 hours to install all of those tags. And let’s say your employees are costing you $50 an hour. That’s $12,500 (and fulltime month) of manpower just to put the tags on.
Even though putting tags on equipment isn’t a huge cost, it is taking up your workers’ time. Time they could be making the company money. Planning the best lockout tagout tags and fasteners to put on your parts is worth the effort. Having to replace your tags every couple of years is a costly and disruptive process that can be easily averted by using the right ones the first time through.
Isn’t this Nitpicking?
Yes, I know. It does sound like we’re getting into extreme details. But some good planning from folks that have experience can save you a lot of headaches, wasted time, and added costs.
Your tag manufacturer/supplier is a great resource that would be happy to help you choose the best material for your application. If you would like a spreadsheet of tag material versus their applications, give CONFORMiT a call. | <urn:uuid:223066b7-587e-4e5c-ad66-24ec1ddeccc0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.conformit.com/lockout-tagout-tags/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.933421 | 1,122 | 2.125 | 2 |
A large part of West Virginia’s heritage is its coal mining history. Coal has contributed significantly to the state’s economic, political, and social history since it was first discovered in Boone County in 1742. These energy-rich bituminous coal deposits occur in all but two of West Virginia’s 55 counties. The industry has also been a center of controversy and criticism, giving rise to battles over labor, environment, and safety.
Coal was known to exist in Western Virginia from colonial times and was officially reported when John Peter Salley took an exploratory trip across the Allegheny Mountains in 1742. He reported finding a large outcropping of coal along a tributary of the Kanawha River in Boone County, which he and his companions named the Coal River. This report was made more than a century before West Virginia became a state.
However, coal would not be exploited for years as there was a great abundance of wood and few manufacturing industries. Small amounts of coal were used by settlers who were close to an outcrop, blacksmiths, and iron forges.
The erection of salt furnaces in Kanawha County beginning in 1797 provided the initial stimulus to coal mining. In 1810, the first commercial coal mine opened near Wheeling by Conrad Cotts for blacksmithing and domestic use. In 1811, the first steamboat on the Ohio River burned coal.
By 1817, coal began to replace charcoal as a fuel for several Kanawha River salt furnaces. Coal was used to heat the brine pumped from salt beds underneath the river. In the 1820s and 1830s, the growth of the salt industry led to the opening of a number of mines to supply furnace fuel.
In 1840, total coal production for the State was about 300,000 tons, of which 200,000 tons were used in 90 Kanawha salt furnaces. Steamboats also consumed great quantities of coal and the rest was used by factories and homes in Wheeling.
More coal fields began to develop in the following two decades as demand increased to power factories, and fuel was needed for locomotives and steamships.
The work was hard with miners using picks and shovels. The coal was then dug out, shoveled into baskets and sacks, and carried away. Later, sleds, wheelbarrows, and carts came into use in deep mining, hauled by oxen, mules, goats, dogs, and sometimes men.
Between 1840 and 1860 many coal companies were organized, and corporations were created to encourage financial investments. As early as the 1850s, immigrants from Wales, England, and Scotland were brought over to work in the coal mines.
Afterward, the salt industry began to decline but the demand for coal continued due to the use of coal oil for lighting. In northern West Virginia, James Otis Watson, sometimes regarded as the father of the West Virginia coal industry, learned all he could about coal mining and in 1852 organized the Montana Mining Company. He was the first operator in West Virginia to ship coal by rail. Utilizing the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, this marked a boom in the northern West Virginia coalfields.
By 1860, 25 independent coal companies had been organized which employed more than 1,000 workers.
When the Civil War began, the industry’s growth was slowed. The Kanawha Valley mines were closed. Confederate troops set up camps in the valley, and many of the locks and dams along the river were destroyed, preventing shipping. Farther north, the Elkins and Fairmont fields remained active, providing coal for the Union via the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. The coal was used for railroad engines and for heating in the east.
Following the Civil War, an awakening of interest in the State’s mineral resources brought a new era of development and growth to the coal industry. In 1867, 490,000 tons of coal were produced in West Virginia.
The commercial coal industry began to grow with the arrival of the railroads in the coalfields in southern West Virginia. In 1873, the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad wound its way through the New River and Kanawha coalfields that connected Richmond, Virginia, and Huntington, West Virginia. Many of these coalfields owed their success to the railroad.
The Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad did not attempt to control the land along its tracks, so the mineral lands in the New and Kanawha Valleys were taken up by independent speculators and mining companies.
In January 1880, the Hawks Nest Coal Company Strike occurred. It would be the first of many coal mining strikes in West Virginia. It was the first time the West Virginia militia was used to stop a coal mine strike and set a president for the handling of future mine strikes.
In the 1880s, because most of the mines were located too far from established towns, many mining operators built company towns. The places consisted of inexpensive homes, a company store, a church, a post office, and often recreation facilities for the miners and their families. These unincorporated towns had no government institution but were entirely run by the coal company.
In these towns, the miners could get advanced credit on their earned wages in scrip to pay for daily necessities at the company store. This simplified bookkeeping and eliminated the need for the coal company to keep large amounts of currency on hand. The earliest coal scrip dates back to about 1883. Each mine had its own scrip symbols on the tokens, which could only be used at the local company store.
Homes were distributed to miners in an economic and social hierarchy, with managers living in better houses. The mine superintendent usually lived in a mansion having from 10 to 20 rooms and located on a large lot with trees and well-kept grounds. Lower-quality housing, often situated on the edge of the community, was occupied by white miners. Blacks and immigrants were separated in less desirable areas near the mine entrances or along hillsides.
Company towns varied from place to place with some better than comparable independent communities, while others were filthy and decrepit. Some were harshly repressive, and others largely free. The life span of the company town usually was 50 to 75 years, or as long as the coal seams were productive.
In 1883 the major rail lines were completed and production totaled nearly three million tons. One of the major southern coalfields was the Flat Top-Pocahontas Field, located primarily in Mercer and McDowell Counties. This region first shipped coal in 1883 and grew quickly.
These coalfields were linked to the national markets by the Norfolk & Western Railroad. Unlike the C&O Railroad, the N&W Railroad and its land company purchased hundreds of thousands of acres of coalfields, which it leased to operators. These pioneer operators generally had relatively little capital but had a willingness to do the difficult physical labor and high levels of risk. Coal operators John Freeman and Jenkin Jones, who later became quite wealthy, reportedly arrived in Mercer County with little more than a pick and a shovel.
In February 1883 due to the poor conditions in the mines the West Virginia Legislature passed the first laws regarding coal mining in the state. The law provided for a qualified mine inspector and the governor appointed Oscar A. Veazey. His job required him to inspect all mines for adequate safety conditions and prepare an annual report on conditions and activities. It also required the reporting of all mine fatalities and the names of the victims. In 1894, Veazey proposed the first comprehensive mine safety laws. However, the Legislature would not pass the first laws until 1887.
As the coal industry grew, most of the mining was supported by out-of-state capital and was run by out-of-state superintendents. These men brought in cheap foreign labor, especially from southern Europe, and often abused them with long working hours, poor medical care, and generally inferior living conditions.
The first recorded mine disaster in West Virginia occurred on January 21, 1886, at the Mountain Brook Mine in Newburg claiming 29 victims. The gas and dust explosion was ignited by an open light.
By 1887 coal production had grown to 4.9 million tons. In 1890, the state union of United Mine Workers of America was organized in Wheeling to push for better conditions.
Massive capital investments poured into the West Virginia coal industry, producing a social and economic transformation of the region. Many people were needed in the mountains to successfully operate the mines and in many places, the population was too small to satisfy the demand for labor. This resulted in companies recruiting workers from outside the region and building company towns near the railroads.
With many miners recruited from outside the state, the ethnic and racial mixture changed. In some southern counties, the foreign-born and African-American populations combined to outnumber native-born whites. These areas were often improved with the social services that previously had been either unavailable or scarce, such as electric power, public schools, and public libraries. With this growth, retail establishments and the number of professionals like doctors and dentists also increased.
As the coal industry grew, mining methods and laws changed rapidly. Progress in mechanization was slow, as operators did not want to pay for expensive new equipment, and miners feared being replaced by it. However, by 1890, electric coal cutting, loading, and hauling machines came into use, and mules were used less frequently. In the early 1900s, underground coal was moved by electric locomotives, replacing the mules altogether.
The legislature passed in 1897 an act expanding the number of inspection districts to four and created the position of Chief Mine Inspector. Also, that year the mining laws were printed in book form for the first time. Between the years 1897 and 1904 coal production increased by nearly 125% and the need for a Department of Mines was warranted. In July of 1905, the West Virginia Department of Mines was created and increased the number of inspectors to seven.
As the C&O railway continued to expand its lines in southern West Virginia, coal became more available for marketing and the coalfields prospered. The Logan Field, lying in Logan and Wyoming Counties, was developed in 1904 when the railway finally reached the fields. Soon Logan became the largest coal-producing county in the state, dominated by the Island Creek Coal Company.
In 1905, the West Virginia Department of Mines was established to enforce inspections laws. That year, six coal mining disasters occurred, the greatest number in any one year.
On December 6, 1907, the Fairmont Coal Company’s interconnected Number 6 and 8 mines at Monongah exploded, killing at least 361 miners, the worst coal mining disaster in U.S. history. People could feel the impacts from the explosions as far as eight miles away. Some people and animals were violently thrown by the force of the event, and many buildings were destroyed. To this day, officials aren’t sure of the cause. Many believe an equipment spark may have ignited dust or gasses in the air. Of those killed, only 74 were classified as ‘‘Americans.’’
The resulting public outcry brought Congressional action, culminating in the creation of the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1910. That year the first mine foreman certification examinations were required.
In 1913, when Union miners struck in Paint Creek, the governor proclaimed Martial Law when miners and mine guards clashed.
Large-scale surface mining began in 1914, with the development of huge shovels and draglines, allowing easier removal of rock and soil.
By 1917 the amount of coal produced had increased to 89.4 million tons. The number of mine employees kept pace with production, growing from 3,701 in 1880 to nearly 90,000 in 1917.
By the 1920s underground work was revolutionized by the mobile loading machine, which organized formerly independent miners into supervised crews.
Prior to the Great Depression of the 1930s, more than 90% of the miners in southern West Virginia lived in company-owned towns that did not have civic institutions. Combined with numerous work-related grievances among miners, labor-capital relations in the coalfields were frequently strained. Generally, the pivotal issue was recognition of the United Mine Workers of America as the bargaining agent for the miners. In addition to being opposed to unions, coal operators attempted to control labor costs within a constantly changing market.
Company towns were especially plentiful in southern West Virginia. In 1930, there were an estimated 465 coal company towns in West Virginia, with the majority in the southern counties of Raleigh, Fayette, McDowell, Logan, and Mingo.
Some of the most famous strike episodes in the history of the American coal industry occurred in West Virginia between 1910 and 1933, including the Paint Creek-Cabin Creek strike of 1912-13; the Mine War of 1920-21, which included the March on Logan, the Battle of Blair Mountain, and the Matewan Massacre; and the Monongalia-Fairmont coalfield wars, which occurred between 1927 and 1931.
In these disputes, the coal companies resorted to every means at their disposal, legal and otherwise, to break the strikes and prevent unionization. Generally, the government sided with the companies. This period came to an end with the Great Depression, as the coal industry buckled in the general collapse of the American economy.
It was not until the Franklin Roosevelt era that the federal government stepped in to help the miners. The National Industrial Recovery Act passed in 1933 to help industry and labor during the Depression, established an eight-hour day and minimum wage provision, granted workers the right to organize unions, and provided incentives for companies to abandon costly and unpopular paternalistic policies. Afterward, coal companies sold off the miners’ houses and ceased to provide community services, such as education, police, and fire protection, and abandoned many of the mining towns altogether.
Since the 1930s, the union has been a powerful force in procuring welfare, retirement, and many other benefits for the miners.
After 1936, mechanization went forward very rapidly, with shuttle cars, long trains, conveyor belts, and all kinds of large mining machinery coming into common use.
During the Depression and World War II, the coal industry introduced more labor-saving machinery. Miners resisted mechanization, but this was overcome when the union negotiated an agreement with the operators accepting a reduction in the number of workers but ensuring that the increased productivity would result in higher pay and shorter working hours for the miners who remained.
Over the next half-century, tonnage and employment increased dramatically. By 1950, some 125,000 West Virginia coal miners lived and worked in more than 500 company towns built to house them and their families. There are no company-owned towns today, although remnants of many survive as privately owned communities.
By the early 1950s, a machine known as the continuous miner consolidated all of the basic steps in the mining process into one machine operation. The decline in the number of workers required by the increasingly automated coal industry directly affected thousands of West Virginia families.
By the 1970s, mining was revolutionized again by the introduction of computerized longwall mining which sheared coal off sections hundreds of feet long onto conveyor belts.
In 1950, there were 127,000 coal miners, but by the end of the 20th century, that number had plummeted to under 18,000 even though coal production reached record highs. Correspondingly, the high unemployment forced many miners to leave the state to search for employment elsewhere.
By the end of the 20th century, ever-larger earth-moving machines decapitated entire mountains in the controversial practice known as mountaintop removal.
As the capital requirements increased, hundreds of coal companies either dissolved or were consolidated into much larger corporations. By the end of the 20th century, a handful of major multinational corporations dominated the industry. Production grew under these conditions. In 1997, West Virginia reached a peak coal production of more than 180 million tons.
Over the years, West Virginia has furnished our nation and the world with the finest bituminous coal found anywhere.
At the same time, the West Virginia coal industry exhibits a sense of responsibility – social, health, safety, and environmental – that is unmatched anywhere in the world. There are more people killed in farming accidents in the U.S. today than in coal mining accidents.
Today, 25% of coal mined is shipped to foreign markets where it is primarily used in steel manufacturing. Another 15% is used by the domestic steel industry. The rest of the coal mined in West Virginia is used to generate electric power. | <urn:uuid:f310f19b-5301-4b0c-9490-64e3705eba7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.legendsofamerica.com/west-virginia-coal-mining/?utm_source=getresponse&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=LOA-NEWS&utm_content=Legends%20of%20America%20Newsletter%20-%20December%202021 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.979784 | 3,425 | 3.640625 | 4 |
BAR HARBOR — Scientists at the MDI Biological Laboratory and Novo Biosciences have identified a drug candidate to restore heart muscle function following a heart attack.
Their research on the role of MSI-1436 in regenerating heart muscle tissue in zebrafish and mice was described in a paper in the peer-reviewed journal “npj Regenerative Medicine.”
Cardiovascular disease is the world’s leading killer, taking the lives of 17.5 million people annually, according to the World Health Organization, and disabling millions more. Currently, no drug exists to restore heart muscle function after a heart attack.
“The potential impact of MSI-1436 is enormous,” said Viravuth P. Yin of the lab, one of the paper’s authors, said. “If it shows similar results in humans, it will be a game-changer for patients who suffer a heart attack and/or are living with heart disease.”
The institution seeks to move the drug into human clinical trials through its spinoff company Novo Biosciences. The next step is to test the drug in pigs, the animal whose heart most closely resembles that of humans.
The drug has two advantages that are expected to smooth the path to the clinic. First, MSI-1436 stimulates tissue regeneration in zebrafish and mice, which are separated by approximately 450 million years of evolution. This increases the likelihood it will work in humans too. Second, it already has been shown to be well tolerated by patients in Phase 1 and 1b clinical trials for an unrelated indication. The maximum well-tolerated human dose is five to 50 times higher than the dose shown to be effective in stimulating heart repair in zebrafish and mice.
“The previous clinical trials of MSI-1436 make a big difference in bringing this drug to market,” said Kevin Strange, president of the MDI Biological Laboratory and one of the paper’s authors.
“The path from laboratory bench to patient bedside can be long and difficult. But the fact that MSI-1436 has been shown to be safe for use in humans shaves years off the drug development process.”
Strange also is the CEO and cofounder of Novo Biosciences and the co-inventor of MSI-1436, along with Yin and collaborator Michael A. Zasloff. Yin is the cofounder and chief scientific officer of Novo Biosciences. The scientists have been issued a patent on the use the drug for the treatment of heart disease.
The original research on MSI-1436 was conducted by Yin in zebrafish, an organism that can regenerate the form and function of almost any body part. He found that the administration of the drug increased appendage regeneration by 200 to 300 percent. Follow-up research showed that it also stimulated zebrafish heart regeneration to the same degree.
“That was definitely a ‘Eureka!’ moment,” Yin said of the day in the laboratory when the appendage study was conducted. He was so astonished by the results that he repeated the study several times and under different conditions.
Yin followed the studies in zebrafish with studies in adult mice, which, like humans, have a limited capacity for regeneration. The goal was to see if MSI-1436 could stimulate regeneration in higher organisms. Though mammals such as mice and humans share the genetic pathways for regeneration with zebrafish, they have been largely deactivated for reasons that are still unclear.
The results in mice, which are detailed in the paper, show that the administration of MSI-1436 24 hours after an artificially induced heart attack increased survival, improved heart function two- to three-fold, reduced the size of the infarct or scar tissue by 53 percent; reduced ventricular wall thinning and stimulated heart muscle cell proliferation in the infarct border zone by six-fold.
When a patient suffers a heart attack, part of the heart muscle dies, and the associated scarring interferes with the heart’s ability to effectively pump blood. The authors believe MSI-1436 to be the first drug candidate that has been shown to reduce scarring and induce heart regeneration in an adult mammal.
Strange and Yin view their MSI-1436 results as a validation of the MDI Biological Laboratory’s and Novo Biosciences’ unique approach to regenerative medicine. Regenerative medicine has focused on complex stem cell, gene and tissue-engineering approaches for the last 15 years or more, but thus far, these approaches have failed to deliver on their promise, despite the investment of hundreds of millions of dollars.
By contrast, MDI Biological Laboratory and Novo Biosciences scientists are focused on decoding the instruction manual for repair and regeneration that has been conserved by evolution in human DNA for hundreds of millions of years. This approach has been very effective: in only a few years and at modest cost, they have identified three potential regenerative medicine drugs.
“If we can decode the instruction manual for regeneration in highly regenerative species,” Yin said, “we can use drug therapies to reignite our own dormant regenerative capacity. Our research in these highly regenerative species is showing that regenerating damaged or lost tissues and organs could be as simple as taking a drug.”
MSI-1436 also has potential applications for the regeneration of skeletal muscle tissue in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and untimely death due to heart and/or respiratory failure. Other potential applications include stimulation of wound healing and regeneration of multiple other tissues, including nervous tissue.
The research was supported by Center for Biomedical Research Excellence (COBRE) and Institutional Development Award (IDeA) grants from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, part of the National Institutes of Health. Additional support was provided by a grant from the Maine Technology Institute, by an American Heart Association Scientist Development Grant and by private philanthropy. | <urn:uuid:a7aaff9f-507c-4eca-9e6f-17433a1e6030> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mdislander.com/maine-news/heart-drug-discovery-holds-hope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.941223 | 1,249 | 2.296875 | 2 |
As there is no end to the COVID-19 pandemic in the near future, careers in healthcare are expected to remain in high demand through 2022. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment in healthcare occupations is projected to grow 16 percent from 2020 to 2030, a rate much faster than the average…
What are you
most interested in?
What do you want to become?
How to Become an Epidemiologist
Alternate Career Titles:
Public Health Scientist
Epidemiologist Job Description: Epidemiologists investigate the patterns and causes of disease and injury in patients.
Epidemiologist Salary (Annual): $70,990
Epidemiologist Salary Range: $44,000 to $119,290
How Long To Become a Epidemiologist: 6 years
Epidemiologist Requirements: Master’s Degree in Epidemiology
Become an Epidemiologist
An Epidemiologist is a healthcare professional who is responsible for planning and directing various studies and collecting and analyzing data to determine the underlying causes and patterns of diseases and injury in patients. Ultimately, the goal of these studies are to find new ways to prevent and treat injury or illness, so these professional with careers in public health can be thought of essentially as “healthcare detectives.” Other careers in public health include that of an Occupational Health and Safety Specialist and an Occupational Health and Safety Technician.
Additionally, these Public Health Scientists will communicate their findings to other staff members, health practitioners, policymakers or the general public. Other responsibilities of these professionals can include managing for planning public health programs, conducting interviews or surveys and keeping records.
“The formal definition of an Epidemiologist is a professional who investigates and studies the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions among populations,” Leah Burn, MPH, an Epidemiologist practicing in New Jersey, explained. “The career is rewarding because you get to make an impact and improve health on a broad, global scale.”
She explained that as an Epidemiologist, she deals with messy data and unwieldy analyses, while connecting and collaborating with people all over the world. Burn added that this career involves a lot of hard work, but that employment as an Epidemiologist is also fun.
“I would recommend the field to anyone who enjoys the sciences and is seeking to make a meaningful contribution to society,” Burn said.”
Daily Healthcare Career Info! Follow Us.
Stay connected to the latest Healthcare Career Advice easily through Facebook.
Education & Training
To become an Epidemiologist, learners must obtain a Master’s Degree from an accredited college or university. Most choose to pursue this degree in public health with an emphasis in epidemiology, however there are other related degree program options. During these programs, learners will receive instruction on biological and physical sciences, statistics, public health and mathematics. An internship or practicum, usually lasting one semester in length, may also be required to graduate.
“I completed a Bachelor’s Degree in biology with minors in Arabic and public health at the University of Rochester. I then went on to complete a Master’s Degree program in global epidemiology at the Emory University Rollins School of Public Health,” Burn explained. “I’ve also obtained graduate certificates in infectious disease epidemiology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.”
Burn noted that, since she’s always enjoyed science, she didn’t find the training to be particularly difficult and she plans to go on and complete her Doctoral Degree Epidemiology.
“I suppose the main challenge in epidemiology is identifying and securing funding for training and practice,” Burn said. “The Bachelor’s Degree took four years and the Master’s Degree took two years. The Doctoral Degree typically takes an additional three to five years.”
One way to advance as an Epidemiologist is to specialize in a particular area of public health, such as mental health, environmental health, injury, substance abuse, infectious diseases, maternal and child health, chronic diseases, oral health, public health preparedness, occupational health for emergency response. Medical Scientists can also be promoted to managerial or supervisory roles within their respective workplaces, or choose to pursue their Ph.D. to advance as well.
“I think a Master’s Degree is essential and additional training opportunities should be encouraged,” Burn advised. “I learned advanced infectious disease modeling and advanced bio-statistics during my time at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Yet, I think you advance the most in epidemiology by actually practicing it in the field.”
Burn added that she believes she learned the most about this career in healthcare when she was based overseas and had the opportunity to design and implement her own research and projects, as well as to train and advise others on their projects. She also believes that attending conferences and presenting work in international settings is important to share scientific findings and network and build connections globally.
Experience & Skills
“You have to be determined, persistent, adaptable and resilient in this career,” Burn stressed. “Often times, particularly in the field, the data will be messy and even data extraction can pose a problem. Diplomacy is also very important, especially when working in the international setting.”
Burn continued that the ability to assemble an effective and dynamic team often leads to being a successful Epidemiologist globally, and that the most effective leaders do not work alone.
Epidemiologists should possess strong math and statistical skills, enabling them to design, conduct and assess both studies and surveys. These skills will also help Epidemiologists to record the resulting information within large databases and statistical computer software.
Additionally, these professionals must have critical thinking skills, which help them to most efficiently and accurately analyze study results, as well as how to respond to a potential public health-related emergency. In these instances and others, Epidemiologists should further possess effective communication skills. This is because they must be able to communicate health problems and risks with others, discuss plan or treatment options with other healthcare professionals, such as Family Physicians, Registered Nurses and Surgeons, and potentially provide instruction.
Epidemiologists should be extremely detail-oriented professionals, because they must be able to accurately record all study and survey results without error. They should also be observant and able to work independently and draw intelligent conclusions. Furthermore, they should possess a desire to genuinely help improve health incomes of both individuals and the general public.
In doing so, they should be open to engaging in outreach opportunities and educating others about healthcare best practices and risks. They should possess a curiosity about healthcare and constantly seek to learn more about the field to improve their ability to make informed decisions.
“In this career, loving math and science is important since you’ll be dealing with both on a regular basis, but you should also be able to engage with people and communicate complex epidemiological issues to both the scientific community and the general public,” Burn said. “I think being outgoing and adventurous is also important because you aren’t always behind your computer analyzing data, you need to interact with people regularly and infectious disease outbreaks can take you to some far off places.”
Burn explained that the lifestyle of an Epidemiologist varies tremendously. In this role, a professional’s day could start by them reading ProMed to see what the latest infectious disease outbreaks are, then reading and responding to emails from colleagues all over the world.
“You could then continue to finish up a grant or research proposal that’s due soon and later do some data analysis for an abstract you plan to submit to an upcoming international conference,” Burn said. “Your day could end with some meetings with your team or supervisor to check in, report progress and outline next steps.”
However, the vast majority of Medical Scientists are employed full-time and work “standard,” 9 am to 5 pm, hours. Typically, only when fieldwork must be completed in a timely manner, or if a public health emergency arises, would a professional in this career be required to work long or irregular hours.
When entering this career, professionals should expect to spend a great amount of time in an office setting studying data and reports. Also, because modern day science is constantly advancing, Epidemiologist must constantly be learning and staying up-to-date on information and trends.
When employed by a private industry, the majority of Public Health Scientists will be responsible for conducting research for health insurance or pharmaceutical companies. Employment through non-profit companies alternatively results in more public health advocacy work, but there is no advocacy involved in research as scientific research should be kept unbiased.
The field of epidemiology is on the rise! Over the next decade, employment of Epidemiologists is projected to grow 5 percent. This growth can largely be attributed to an increased ability for state and local agencies to provide public health and emergency services, as well as to an increased emphasis on the importance of infection control programs within hospitals.
Most Epidemiologists are employed in either the applied public health or research sectors. Typically, when working in applied public health scenarios, these professionals will be employed by the government and will be tasked with addressing health issues, problems or concerns directly. Alternatively, Public Health Scientists in research settings most often are employed by educational facilities or federal agencies, such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Other employers of Epidemiologists are state, local and private hospitals, laboratories or scientific development services. States with the highest level of employment of Epidemiologists are California, Texas, Georgia, Maryland and Washington.
“Most epidemiology positions are available with government academia and the private sector, primarily pharmaceutical companies,” Burn said. “Check career boards and government websites for opportunities.”
Burn also noted that, to apply for positions within the private sector, professionals should go to the individual company websites to search for openings. She said submitting a resume to recruiters is another method of finding employment within this field.
The median annual wage of Epidemiologists is $70,990, and while the lowest 10 percent are recorded to make less than $44,000 annually, the highest 10 percent earn over $119,290. Additionally, the highest paying employers of these professionals are scientific research and development services, hospitals, educational facilities, the state government and the local government. The top paying state for Medical Scientists is the District of Columbia, followed by New Jersey, Massachusetts, California and Washington.
“You can make a decent living as an Epidemiologist but being aware that funding streams are not always consistent and you may be faced with gaps in contracts or employment, or have to write for grant proposals that include your salary, is important,” Burn warned. “Unless you are a government employee, I think it’s wise to build a second career that you can fall back on in case there are funding cuts or gaps in contracts.”
Unions, Groups, Social Media, and Associations
The American Epidemiological Society (AES) is an organization designed to provide scientific forum for senior Epidemiologists, and to hone professional expertise through lively interchange of ideas between peers.
The International Epidemiological Association (IEA) is an organization dedicated to facilitating communication amongst those engaged in research and teaching of epidemiology throughout the world, and to encourage its use in all fields of health including social, community and preventive medicine.
The Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) is an organization dedicated to advancing public health policies and epidemiologic capacities through providing information, education and developmental support. The CSTE also works to establish more effective relationships among state and other health agencies.
The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology in America (SHEA) is an organization which emphasises safe healthcare for all. In achieving this, the organization promotes the prevention of healthcare-associated infections and antibiotic resistance. The SHEA also seeks to advance the fields of healthcare epidemiology and antibiotic stewardship.
- Pursue and complete a Bachelor’s Degree program
- Apply to graduate school and complete a Master’s in Epidemiology degree
- Network with industry professionals
- Search for opportunities
All statistics are provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Meet the professional:
Leah Burn, MPH
Practice: Health, Wellness and Fitness
Location: Princeton, NJ
What is the single biggest suggestion you would give to someone wanting to get into this career?
“Try to get some practical experience during college or afterwards to make sure this is what you want to do.”
What’s the number one mistake people make when trying to get into this career?
“People often think that they will always be employed within epidemiology but the opportunities are limited. You have to be flexible and versatile so that you’re able to work in government, academia and the private sector, as well as a possible second career in case there are funding cuts.”
What is the question people should ask about this career but rarely do?
“What areas in epidemiology interest me and what are the career prospects?”
Why did you choose to become an Epidemiologist?
“I love science and a volunteer trip to Africa sparked my desire to go into public health and epidemiology. We were volunteering in the health clinics and I saw people suffering from infectious diseases that were preventable and treatable. I had been on the pre-med track at the time and planned on going to medical school, but I realized during my experiences overseas that I could impact more people on a broader scale through public health and epidemiology.”
If you could describe in one word what makes you successful, what would it be?
Credentialing organization: The Council on Education for Public Health | <urn:uuid:ee87a06d-4d63-43f7-a513-9da2ff6c685a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.careersinhealthcare.com/epidemiologist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955163 | 2,898 | 2.671875 | 3 |
« SebelumnyaLanjutkan »
FEBRUARY 24, 1900.-Referred to the Committee on the Census
and ordered to be printed.
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
Resolved, That the Commissioner of Labor be, and he is hereby, directed to forward to the Senate, for its use, the manuscript prepared by him on “The History and Growth of the United States Census."
SEP 20 1901
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,
Washington, D. C., February 24, 1900. SIR: In accordance with a resolution adopted by the Senate yesterday, I have the honor to forward herewith the manuscript prepared by me on The History and Growth of the United States Census. I am, respectfully,
CARROLL D. WRIGHT,
Commissioner. Hon. WILLIAM P. FRYE,
President pro tempore United States Senate. | <urn:uuid:5c7b33a7-7a56-4706-b789-8765e3e1d636> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.co.id/books?id=4olZAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1&focus=viewport&vq=%22as+to+the+propriety+of+including+or+not+including+doubtful+cases+in+his+enumeration+of+any+given+family.%22&dq=editions:LCCN2002485403&hl=id&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.895748 | 203 | 1.960938 | 2 |
The Level I Electrical Thermography certification training course is designed for new infrared camera owners and practicing thermographers seeking specialized training on electrical thermographic inspections. The course will provide fundamental training on camera operation, heat transfer, and thermal science, along with applications discussions. A thermographic camera (also called an infrared camera or thermal imaging camera, thermal camera or thermal imager) is a device that creates an image using infrared (IR) radiation, similar to a normal camera that forms an image using visible www.dttf.rud of the – nanometre (nm) range of the visible light camera, infrared cameras are sensitive to wavelengths from . Non-Destructive Testing. Morgan Ward NDT is one of the world’s leading providers of non-destructive testing, inspection and advisory services to the aerospace, petrochemical, defense and general engineering industries.. Our highly skilled team of specialist technicians are based at various locations across the UK but offers on-site inspection throughout the UK and the rest of .
IRNDT Solution For Non-Destructive Testing With Transient Thermography
Introduction Of NDT Technology. Infrared Thermography. What is it? Infrared thermography is a science of using infrared technology to detect radiation. 1Xxxxxx Titre xxxx © NDT expert© NDT expert - The ultimate control INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY ON AIRCRAFT. Infrared Thermography Testing (IRT) Infrared Thermography is the science of acquisition and analysis of information from non-contact thermal imaging devices.]
Non-destructive testing (NDT) is widely used for quality control in the fabrication of process plant and equipment. It is a set of techniques used to evaluate the structural integrity of materials and detect any flaws that can compromise their safety or functionality. Here are five of the most common NDT methods in use today. FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING. As the leading certification and membership body for NDT in Australia, the Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing (AINDT) are here to provide information and assistance to anyone who works or is involved with the NDT industry. Thermography in Action: Utilising an integrated Digital Management System. NDT Handbook: Volume 10, NDT Overview (3rd Edition) ASM Handbook Vol. 17, NDE and QC The AINDT Basic Exam Refresher course was developed with these references in mind, however, based on the limited information incorporated within these references AINDT has developed this course to further expound on the topics covered utilizing the expertise of.
Copyright A TO Z NDT SOLUTIONS www.dttf.ru All Rights Reserved. Product Categories. Hyperspectral Imaging (6); Multispectral Imaging (3); Thermal Infrared Cameras (8); Active Thermography, IR-NDT (1). All CFPs for "infrared testing thermography thermal ndt". Click on the CFP acronym to open this CFP. To add a CFP to your watchlist, click. This non-destructive test method can detect longitudinal, transverse, and point defects. Ultrasound testing is a non-destructive test method that can be used. Thermographic inspection refers to the nondestructive testing (NDT) of parts, materials or systems through the imaging of the temperature fields, gradients and/or patterns ("thermograms") at the object's surface. It is distinguished from medical thermography by the subjects being examined: thermographic inspection generally examines inanimate objects, while medical . Oct 07, · Pulse thermography is a non-contact test method that is ideal for the characterization of thin fil ms and coatings or the detection of defects. With a remarquable short test time and a high detection sensitivity, the Telops TESTD-PT is the perfect tool for non- destructive testing. Non Destructive Testing Society of Singapore-NOVO DR. No previous thermography experience or IR camera is required. Students who complete all training course requirements receive a Level I Infrared Thermography Certification. ITC Infrared Certification Courses are developed in accordance with CP and SNT-TC-1A guidelines published by ASNT (American Society of Nondestructive Testing). How is infrared thermography used? Often used for the analysis of rotating equipment and electrical systems, excessive heat can be an indicator of a damaged or. Active thermography is a technique in which defects are detected by actively applying a thermal load to the measurement object. This makes defects in the component visible. Thermography is a non-contact, imaging and therefore very fast NDT method with which even complex geometries can be. Infrared thermography is a non-destructive test method used to gauge the health of parts made of composite materials, both glass fibre – polyester resin.
Passive – Thermographic camera looks at the heat source ie hot electrical connection, Testing (NDT) and Aviation Composite Technologies (ACT) to. The temperature differences can be detected and evaluated by means of the thermographic camera. What are the methods of heat flow thermography? Data Processing. 3. Transient Thermography NDT Techniques a. Thermal Modelling Parameters b. Defect Assessment of Composites c. Thermography vs NIR Imaging.
The Workswell ThermoInspector parameterized NDT inspection system for Active infra-red thermography is a technology for non-destructive testing. Infrared Thermography is the science of measuring and mapping surface temperatures. “Infrared thermography, a nondestructive, remote sensing technique. Our services are delivered by the high-calibre thermal imaging Testing (NDT) with a wealth of experience in providing our Thermography services across.
Thermography ndt - FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING. As the leading certification and membership body for NDT in Australia, the Australian Institute for Non-Destructive Testing (AINDT) are here to provide information and assistance to anyone who works or is involved with the NDT industry. Thermography in Action: Utilising an integrated Digital Management System.
VIDEOThermography Testing - Non Destructive Evaluation - Purushotam Academy
The Level I Electrical Thermography certification training course is designed for new infrared camera owners and practicing thermographers seeking specialized training on electrical thermographic inspections. The course will provide fundamental training on camera operation, heat transfer, and thermal science, along with applications discussions.: Thermography ndt
|4 star hotels in istanbul city centre|
|Thermography ndt||Hotels in fort frances|
|Money lenders online|
|GOURMET DINNER DELIVERY||Lacoste jumper black|
|HOTELS IN FORT FRANCES| | <urn:uuid:37fb2e0c-f1bd-4c63-a6ae-ea1251b425fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.dttf.ru/sporting-goods/thermography-ndt.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.880839 | 1,419 | 2.625 | 3 |
Russian language is more lost during the last 20 years since the former Soviet republics began to try to win their linguistic independence. This writes the newspaper the Financial Times, reports ZN.ua.
The publication notes that the reduction of the influence of language indicates the loss of Moscow’s influence, despite the efforts of Russian President Vladimir Putin to restore the former Soviet importance of Russia on the world stage with the help of military intervention in Ukraine and Syria.
Faster than anywhere else, the use of the Russian language has decreased in Kazakhstan, where in 2016, only 0.7% of people admitted that they use it at home, while in 1994, there were 33.7 per cent. This is confirmed by calculations of the research group Euromonitor International, based on national data from different countries, and UN data.
The newspaper reminds about the intention of the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev to return the country to the use of the Latin alphabet. The Kazakh leader noted that the transition to Cyrillic in 1940-ies of the last century was due to “political reasons”.
In Estonia and Latvia the number of people who called Russian their native language, since 1994, has decreased by about 10%. In particular, in Latvia, in 24 years the number of Russian-speaking people decreased from 40.5% to 29.8% of the total population. In Estonia in 1994, such residents were 33,3%, and now it is 23.4%.
The publication writes that Ukraine also scored a similar reduction in Russian. In 1994 such people here was 33.9%. As of last year was 24.4 percent.
Also the Russian-speaking minority has declined in Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. In Georgia, which survived the war with Russia in 2008, those who speak Russian, over the past two decades decreased from 6.4% to 1.1%.
The General partner of the Moscow consulting firm Macro-Advisory Chris Weafer said that the decline of the Russian language and the rise of national languages such as Kazakh, Latvian, and Ukrainian, were caused by political forces that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. “The country were imprisoned under Soviet control. And when they are freed, I wanted to break all signs of this opinion, including the language,” – said the expert. “Partly this is in order to distance themselves from Russian influence: cultural and especially political, for fear that the preservation of the Russian language will make it easier for a task to influence their policies through the Russian propaganda”, – he added
It was recently reported that almost 70% of Ukrainians consider their native language Ukrainian. | <urn:uuid:4b435af9-1280-465e-a7a1-35c02d9cd4e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://intmassmedia.com/2017/04/19/russian-language-loses-its-influence-in-the-former-soviet-union-by-financial-times/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.974186 | 551 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Open as PDF
Page 20 April 28, 2003 4:46 pm
Load a cassette.
Make sure the window side is up, the rear label side is
facing you and the arrow on the front of the cassette is
pointed toward the recorder.
● Do not apply too much pressure when inserting.
● If the record safety tab has been removed, playback begins
● If the record safety tab is intact, the recorder checks the tape
information for Programme Navigation. For details, refer to
੬ pg. 36).
Find the programme start point.
If the tape is advanced past the start point, press 3 or
turn the JOG dial* to the left. To go forward, press 5 or
turn the JOG dial* to the right.
* functions only if FDP shows counter reading.
Press 4. “bESt” appears blinking in the recorder’s front
display panel during automatic tracking. (
੬ pg. 27)
Press 8 on the remote control or 0 on the recorder’s
front panel. Then press
0 to remove the cassette.
Turn on the TV and select the video channel (or
Clean the video heads using a dry cleaning
cassette — TCL-2 — when:
● Rough, poor picture appears while a tape is played back.
● The picture is unclear or no picture appears.
● “USE CLEANING CASSETTE” appears on the screen (only
with “O.S.D.” set to “ON” (
੬ pg. 49)).
The heads get dirty in the following cases:
● in an environment prone to extreme temperature or
● in a dusty environment
● flaw, dirt or mold on video tapes
● continuous usage for a long time
● Compact VHS camcorder recordings can be played on this
video recorder. Simply place the recorded cassette into a
VHS Cassette Adapter and it can be used just like any
full-sized VHS cassette.
● This video recorder can record on regular VHS and Super
VHS cassettes. While only VHS signals can be recorded on
regular VHS cassettes*, both VHS and Super VHS signals
can be recorded and played back using Super VHS
* By using the S-VHS ET function, it is possible to record and
play back with S-VHS picture quality on VHS cassettes
with this recorder.
HRS7960E2-EN.fm Page 20 Monday, April 28, 2003 4:46 PM | <urn:uuid:21135121-6bd4-4d31-a363-f5d1da470e94> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://homeappliance.manualsonline.com/manuals/mfg/jvc/hrs7960e.html?p=20 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.844047 | 626 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Whether you are a well-seasoned nurse looking for a change of pace or a novice nurse making long-term career aspirations, nursing has plenty to offer you. Over the years the field of nursing has grown considerably. It is now much broader with many different types of specialties and patient care units. These patient care units can range from general medical-surgical units, to intermediate medical care units, and all the way to specialized critical care and intensive care units. Understanding all of these areas of nursing, departments, and units can be overwhelming, especially if you’re newer to the field. Here we’ll focus on the various types of critical care nursing available and understanding the differences between each.
Critical Care Nursing
We’ll first begin by understanding what critical care nursing is. This is a specialized area of nursing care in which the nurse provides care to severely injured or severely ill patients. This type of care can occur in various settings. For example, when a patient presents to the emergency department via the ambulance and is diagnosed with a STEMI, this patient is receiving critical care nursing. Likewise, a patient who is already admitted to an inpatient unit but is severely ill and perhaps located in the intensive care unit would also be considered to be receiving critical care nursing. You can therefore see the difference between critical care and intensive care nursing, with the former being more about the type of nursing care and skills needed and the latter being more about the physical location or unit name the patient is admitted to.
What is the meaning of ICU?
Alright, so what is the ICU? ICU stands for intensive care unit. The ICU is defined as an organized system that cares for the critically ill patients. Within the ICU specialized medical and nursing care is provided to patients, there is enhanced monitoring, and several methods are utilized to provide the body’s organs with full support to sustain life. It is important to note that these areas of medicine can become very specialized resulting in several different subsets of units. It is easiest to understand them all if you think of ICU as a big umbrella term with multiple, more specific, types underneath it such as CICU, MICU, PICU, NICU, and SICU. Let’s look at these in more detail.
The CICU medical abbreviation stands for cardiac intensive care unit. CICU means that critically ill adult patients who have serious cardiac health conditions are cared for on this type of unit. Patients on this type of unit may have diagnoses ranging from heart attack, heart failure, cardiac electrical rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, to cardiogenic shock. (This is only a brief list of patient types. In actuality, there are several more types of diagnoses that could be found on this type of unit).
The MICU medical abbreviation stands for medical intensive care unit. MICU patients are adult medical patients who are critically ill. This means these individuals do not have any surgical conditions or needs. Some examples of MICU patients include patients severely ill due to blood infections, gastrointestinal issues, or kidney, liver, or lung problems. Essentially, as long as the individual is critically ill and does not have a surgical need, but does have a need for a higher level of care than a general medical unit or intermediate care unit than the MICU may be the best place for the individual.
The SICU medical abbreviation stands for surgical intensive care unit. The patients cared for on this unit are also critically ill adults however, these individuals have a surgical component and need to their care.
PICU and NICU
Up until now all the units we’ve discussed focused around adults and their healthcare needs, but unfortunately, sometimes children and infants are critically ill too. Where do these patients go? Children and infants have their types of intensive care units separate from those of adults and include PICU and NICU. PICU defined is the pediatric intensive care unit. This unit cares for critically ill pediatric patients. The NICU is the neonatal intensive care unit. This unit is specifically designed for critically ill or premature newborns. The difference between NICU and PICU is that the NICU is even more specialized, serving a more specific population than the PICU.
Okay, now that we have a better idea about the different types of ICUs available for patients let’s take a closer look at who works in an ICU. When working with patients who are severely ill it truly does take a whole team approach to care for these individuals and get each person back to their full state of health. The team within the ICU is therefore made up of several individuals. Typically, the ICU team consists of an intensivist physician, clinical pharmacist, dietician, multiple respiratory therapists, and multiple besides staff nurses. Depending on each patient’s particular situation and needs other specialized disciplines may also be involved such as psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, and physical therapists. ICUs need nurses with impeccable nursing skills. These individuals often have extensive training when first assigned to a unit. These nurses often also complete additional learning and certifications as critical care nurses which helps show their additional knowledge base and competence level for how to safely care for patients with very high medical needs.
Nurse: Patient Ratio
A very popular question regarding ICUs is how many patients does an ICU nurse have at one time? This can vary a bit depending on where the nurse is practicing. For example, in the United States, there are federally proposed nurse-to-patient ratios however, each individual state is able to set their own guidelines for these ratios. Currently the federally proposed guidelines recommend that the nurse-to-patient ratio should be 1:2 for ICUs.
So, let’s bring all of this information together now. You can see there are a multitude of nursing units available to work on in today’s nursing world. As a nurse, it is important to have a base understanding of each and what type of patients typically are seen on those units so you can best determine what the ideal unit is for yourself. Know that critical care nursing is about the type of care you are providing whereas ICU refers to specific locations and units in which patients are cared for. If you’re looking at working in the ICU there are tons of options available. As long as you take the time to familiarize yourself with the ICU medical terminology, you’ll be able to find the right location for yourself, and with some hard work and dedication you will be able to excel in this specialized area of nursing. | <urn:uuid:f00602ae-78bc-4db3-bfe1-3b26c9e8c5e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nightingaleknows.com/micu-vs-icu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.961334 | 1,371 | 3.25 | 3 |
My Motorcycle Will not Begin! What Now?
April 5, 2019
If we glance life a hundred years ago, and evaluate that with the today’s life, we’ll notice that Science has dramatically modified human life. Internet brings profit to individuals’s life but they do have disadvantages as properly. The premise of the movie is that new technology permits humans to inhabit and management an alien physique, enabling first contact, interaction between species and better communication. Browse Evine’s Electronics Department today and find new methods to innovate your life by taking advantage of the very best offers on dwelling electronics online.
This new digital invention connects to a digital digicam using a USB cable, or to a cell phone by wi-fi Bluetooth. Electronics technology in cameras has increased dramatically. 2: Science has changed the folks and their residing, life style, food habits, sleeping arrangements, earning methods, the best way of communication between individuals and leisure activities.
It’s from these four aspects that we are able to see the evolving and evolution of media in its multi shaped and multifold manifestations we are actually dealing with in this Technological society. Hypnotizing The Lots Through Electronic Thoughts Management is actually making a hive consciousness and if left unchecked I worry humanity will not even assume for themselves in the very near future.
We wholeheartedly sit up for welcoming you to our journal, as an avid reader, a proud author, a supportive referee and in time, we trust, a dedicated follower of npj Flexible Electronics. The mass media of digital expertise, TELEVISION, Sensible Phones, the web (social media), radio, movies and movies are the most typical tools used by The Cabal to govern public opinion.
After testing greater than 40 USB automotive chargers for phones and other devices, we suggest the RAVPower RP-VC006 thanks to quick charging and a great price. Furthermore, an increasing number of people get used to the brand new media like Web, laptop and mobile phone with out depart the outdated media like television, radio and newspaper. | <urn:uuid:e90f6573-98b2-4162-973f-699ed8fbcd7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jdecareers.com/my-motorcycle-will-not-begin-what-now.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.914758 | 424 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Goma is used in a wide variety of foods, not only in Japan, but also in Chinese and Western cuisine. This includes cookies and other confectionery sweets, to more savory foods such as hamburgers and pastas. However, this universal player “Goma” actually originates from the tropical African Savanna Zones. Sesame, which in its scientific name is referred to as Sesamum indicum L., was cultivated in India since ancient times and in the past was considered to be its origin. Presently however, the African Savanna Zones, which contain many wild sesame species, is said to be the true place of origin. Researching the history of sesame cultivation, records show it was cultivated in the Nile River basin more than 3,000 years ago, and was used in Egypt as cooking oil, kerosene, and as a super food that boosted vigor and vitality. Before long, it is believed that sesame eventually was transferred from ancient Egypt to Europe and Asia. | <urn:uuid:ea4ba6c9-686b-488f-bddc-ed934f28e29d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://meelz.me/store/pantry-products/asian-pantry/roasted-white-sesame-seeds-1kg/?sl=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976361 | 228 | 2.8125 | 3 |
MTA Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop) Training + Exam
MTA Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop) Training
Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop) covers learning design algorithm, software development process, and code programs in block-based programming.
Benefits of MTA Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop) Training.
- Training: get practical technical skills
- Receive a certificate of course attendance
- Small class size: increased instructor interaction
- Expert trainers: imparting real-world experience
- Authorised test centre: exam taken at our premises
- Basic knowledge of programming
Candidates can achieve this certification by passing the following exam(s).
- 98-380 – Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop)
The certification exam can be registered and attempted within 3 months of course/module completion at Logitrain training centre on weekdays during normal business hours (excludes public holidays)
MTA Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop) (98-380) course material
Skills gained during the MTA Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop) Training.
- Apply Strategies to solve computational problems
- Design Algorithm
- Work with data representation in Block-Based Programming Language
- Solve Computational Problems by using modelling and simulation
- Code Programs in Block-Based Programming
- Assess Personal Security in Internet Communication
- Examine the software development process
This course is likely to add to the employment related skills of the participants. The skills developed are likely to be used in the course of being an employee or working in a business.
Following people can attend MTA Introduction to Programming Using Block-Based Languages (Touch Develop) Training.
- University students
- Web Developers
- Software Engineers
- Systems Engineers
- Application Developers
- Identify basic algorithmic steps to solve simple problems
- Decompose a computational problem into sub-problems
- Create Algorithms
- Create and analyse algorithms used to implement animation and movement in code
- Explain sequence, selection, and iteration
- Represent data in text, sounds, pictures, and numbers
- Employ simple data structures to solve computational problems
- Describe how data is accessed in apps and games
- Solve computational problems by using computer and non-computer methods
- Represent events observed in the physical world by coding simulation and modeling programs
- Implement solutions using code
- Use libraries and built-in functions to facilitate programming solutions
- Make connections between elements of mathematics and computer science
- Explain the basic components of Internet communication
- Explain the principles of security
- Implement encryption and authentication strategies
- Plan and create programs
- Describe software development processes used to solve problems
- Analyse and evaluate completed programs
Includes Official Exam Fee
Take the certification exam within 3 months of course / module completion
100% Money Back Guarantee
Training fee is fully refundable if you are not satisfied with the training
Includes Course Material
Course material in hardcopy is included for you to keep for reference and support
Includes Practise Questions
Practise questions are included to assist you in preparing for the official exam
Highly Skilled Trainers
Our trainers are highly skilled with expertise and extensive hands-on experience
Our Price Beat Guarantee
Relax, we will beat competitor’s advertised price. Our course has no extra costs
OUR SATISFIED CUSTOMERS
|Approachable and knowledgeable; comfortable surroundings. Logitrain does make IT training easier|
I recently followed the ITIL Foundation course at Logitrain. The training, materials and facilities were excellent and I would not hesitate to train with Logitrain again.
Thanks for a great week! Really enjoyed and feel I picked up a lot. Great Trainer! Will definitely look at further studies here.
Well-presented and able to convey immense knowledge to class. All queries were responded to promptly.
Excellent teaching method, easy to understand.
Logitrain provided a valuable insight into ITIL and enabled me to excel and advance my knowledge through a simple and well organised series of sessions.
Great place to study for certification, knowledgeable persons, excellent customer service. Ready to answer queries on the spot, very helpful.
The trainer was very patient and gave everybody the opportunity to participate.
The trainer explained everything very well. Logitrain was very helpful for me in getting a better overall understanding of CCNA. I previously had studied it 2 years earlier but required revision | <urn:uuid:3c6f3280-3192-4d19-aaef-ae2205917c06> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://logitrain.co.nz/courses/microsoft/mta-certifications/introduction-programming-using-block-based-languages.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.882901 | 973 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Pakistan is an active member of the Group of 77 & China, a grouping of 134 developing countries that has chapters in Geneva, New York, Vienna and elsewhere.
The G-77 coordinates policy positions of its member states on global issues such as the state of international economic system, role of and priorities for international trade, investment, sustainable development, climate change, among others.
The Group coordinates its policy and negotiating positions on a fair and equitable international economic order, facilitation of international trade, reduction in and eventual elimination of trade gap between the developed and developing countries, and accelerating the rate of economic growth of the developing world.
Pakistan has chaired the Geneva Chapter of Group of 77 and China several times, most recently in 2018.
Within the G-77, Pakistan has worked as Coordinator of the Asia-Pacific Group in 2018 and 2020.
For more information on Pakistan’s engagement with G-77, please click here | <urn:uuid:024be694-ea2b-4d88-8ad0-8e2a0c29581c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pakungeneva.pk/ContentPage.aspx?ID=15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.943051 | 188 | 1.703125 | 2 |
In this course, you will learn:
- The random sample concept, sources of bias in samples, and strategies for ensuring randomness.
- The sample proportion as a random variable idea.
- For large samples, the approximate normality of the distribution of the proportion.
- An interval estimate for a parameter associated with a random variable is a notion.
- How to calculate a proportion's approximate margin of error. | <urn:uuid:84fd47d2-89f0-4ee1-a2c3-81b53c8e6347> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coursesity.com/course-detail/mathtrackx-statistics | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.784819 | 88 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The increase of power need raises the awareness of producing energy more efficiently. Gas turbine has been one of the important workhorses for power generation. The effects of parameters in design and operation on the power output and efficiency have been extensively studied. It is well-known that the gas turbine inlet temperature (TIT) needs to be high for high efficiency as well as power production. However, there are some material restrictions with high-temperature gas especially for the first row of blades. As a result blade cooling is needed to help balance between the high TIT and the material limitations. The increase of TIT is also limited by restriction of emissions. While the blade cooling can allow a higher TIT and better turbine performance, there is also a penalty since the compressed air used for cooling is removed from the combustion process. Therefore, an optimal cooling flow may exist for the overall efficiency and net power output. In this paper the relationship between the TIT and amount of cooling air is studied. The TIT increase due to blade cooling is considered as a function of cooling air flow as well as cooling effectiveness. In another word, the increase of the TIT is limited while the cooling air can be increased continuously. Based on the relationship proposed the impact of blade cooling on the gas turbine performance is investigated. Compared to the simple cycle case without cooling, the blade cooling can increase the efficiency from 28.8 to 34.0% and the net power from 105 to 208 MW. Cases with different operation conditions such as pressure ratios as well as design aspects with regeneration are considered. Aspen plus software is used to simulate the cycles.
- Power Division
Impact of Blade Cooling on Gas Turbine Performance Under Different Operation Conditions and Design Aspects
- Views Icon Views
- Share Icon Share
- Search Site
Besharati-Givi, M, & Li, X. "Impact of Blade Cooling on Gas Turbine Performance Under Different Operation Conditions and Design Aspects." Proceedings of the ASME 2015 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. ASME 2015 Power Conference. San Diego, California, USA. June 28–July 2, 2015. V001T09A009. ASME. https://doi.org/10.1115/POWER2015-49723
Download citation file: | <urn:uuid:6905a781-3293-4394-bade-61bc5a8ff45b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/POWER/proceedings-abstract/POWER2015/56604/V001T09A009/282769 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931361 | 504 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Ever since Google became the dominant leader in the search sector, there have been rumblings about alleged connections with the U.S. government and the whole “Big Brother” thing. While a lot of it is just speculation, Google does in fact have some dealings with some federal agencies, including the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), amongst others.
Google provides the search features for the CIA’s Wikipedia-style site, known as Intellipedia, where agents can post information about targets that can be accessed and appended by colleagues. The site has varying levels of access, including top secret, secret and sensitive, and sensitive but unclassified. To date, there are 35,000 articles, and approx. 37,000 registered users. It is accessible only by members of the CIA, FBI, NSA, and other intelligence agencies.
The NSA has also enlisted the help of Google in buying servers on which Google search technology is used to process information gathered by spies around the world.
These are just a few of the contracts that Google has entered into with US intelligence agencies, and Google’s “federal government sales team” hopes to expand their reach even further. Google also works with other non-intelligence government agencies, including the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Coast Guard.
Most of the time, with these governmental contracts, Google simply supplies their search technology for the agency to use with their own database. The US Coast Guard, however, has signed on for additional services, including a more advanced version of Google Earth that ships can use to navigate more safely.
Globally, Google does not yet have special sales teams set up to pitch products to foreign governments. However, they have targeted some public sector organizations abroad.
With a dedicated team pushing for sales to the US Government, we can expect that Google’s relationship with the government will continue to grow. Whether that relationship remains strictly to sell their products, or steps beyond that into the conspiracy theory zone is not for me to speculate on. | <urn:uuid:efaff01f-c352-4a6c-aebc-c84f991535bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-the-government-how-close-are-they/6640/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963259 | 429 | 2.265625 | 2 |
In the final paragraph I have highlighted the symptoms of my new client...age 29...
Extract...."Although undoubtedly well intentioned, any attempt to replace sugared beverages with aspartame containing diet products will, in my opinion, have a devastating impact on the health of our children and adolescents. The alarming increase in obesity, type II diabetes, and a wide variety of behavioural difficulties in our children is obviously attributable to multiple factors, but I am convinced that one powerful force in accentuating these problems is the ever increasing use of aspartame.
Aspartame is a multipotential toxin and carcinogen. The dipeptide component of the molecule can alter brain chemistry, significantly changing the ratio of catecholamines to indolamines, with resultant lowering of seizure threshold, production of carbohydrate craving and in vulnerable individuals leading to panic, depressive and cognitive symptoms.
Little wonder then, that ill health and classrooms full of medicated children are part of normal, daily life and lunatic murders, road-rage, air-rage, depression and a steady media reportage of odd and irrational behaviour in people of all ages is just put down to modern living.
Unknown to most of us, and apparently ignored by the authorities we trust, aspartame use has been associated in the scientific literature with a huge list of medical and psychological disorders including irrational rage, headaches, numbness, fatigue, blurred vision and blindness, heart palpitations, brain lesions and tumours, memory loss, dizziness, muscle spasms, choking spasms, miscarriages, sexual dysfunction, irritability, anxiety attacks, vertigo, epileptic seizures, rashes, tachycardia, tinnitus, joint pain, nausea, mood alterations and depression, hearing loss, slurred speech, loss of taste, and insomnia, as well as eroding intelligence and short-term memory. It also helps trigger multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, chronic fatigue syndrome, Epstein Barr, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, diabetes, mental retardation, lymphoma, and birth defects. " | <urn:uuid:792152c9-483c-4ed1-8dfc-3d81f5d4e707> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.youhelpingyou.com/Aspartame_2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.899311 | 442 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Scattered throughout picturesque towns and cities in the rolling hills of the Kentucky Bluegrass Region, distilleries have produced America’s native spirit, bourbon whiskey, for hundreds of years. Over 6,000 miles away, producers in Japan have produced their own take on whisky since 1924. Whether it’s American bourbon or Japanese whisky, both regions have emerged as some of the most famous distillers in the world. This shared heritage producing distilled spirits has allowed them to engage more deeply with one another, making bourbon a key fixture of trade and cultural exchange between Kentucky and Japan.
Kentucky bourbon and Japanese whisky are distinguishable in many ways, but one of the most notable is what they are made of. Bourbon is produced from at least 51% corn, while Japanese whisky is generally made of malted barley like Scotch whisky. While bourbon takes a minimum of two years to mature compared to Japanese whisky’s three years, both beverages tend to be aged much longer (six-to-ten years and five-to-twelve years, respectively). Despite these differences, distillers in both markets have often learned from and collaborated with one another.
The history of Kentucky bourbon in Japan dates back to the 1970s, as bourbon sales in the United States declined. During this time, American liquor companies, Schenley Industries and Brown-Forman, negotiated distribution partnerships with Suntory Holdings, Japan’s largest producer of distilled beverages. In doing so, they worked together to set up bourbon bars across the country, seeking to make customers out of Japan’s youth. Other whiskey brands followed suit and began to distribute in Japan, and soon the industry thrived once again. American whiskey exports to Japan (of which bourbon is a significant component) were valued at over $89 million in 2021, highlighting just how large the market has grown.
Japanese and American distilleries have a history of collaboration with one another. In 2002, the Tokyo-based Kirin Brewing Company, Ltd. purchased Four Roses Bourbon. More recently Suntory Holdings acquired Beam, Inc., creating Beam Suntory in 2014. The latter, American-founded but a subsidiary of a Japanese multinational, now employs 4,800 employees around the world and produces six kinds of bourbon and six kinds of Japanese whisky for American and Japanese markets alike. Though differing work cultures initially caused strains between Suntory and Beam, the acquisition has strongly benefited both producers. Sales of Jim Beam bourbon increased by nearly 1400% in Japan between 2012 and 2015, and Beam Suntory controlled 19% of the American whisky market by 2016.
Beam Suntory has also produced some of the most innovative whiskies in recent years. For example, in 2019 Beam Suntory released Legent Bourbon, a bourbon produced using Jim Beam’s standard mash bill (the mix of grains used to produce bourbon) while using different cask finishes to create a blended beverage. Traditionally, bourbon is not blended in the United States, while Japanese whisky lacks a mash bill. As such, both the Japanese and American sides of the company learned from one another and created a new beverage that pushes of the boundaries of both regions’ production traditions.
Though they are separated by great distance, American and Japanese distilleries have learned much from each other's whisky production processes. Strong American bourbon sales in Japan and a growing interest in Japanese whisky in the United States are testaments to the strength of this relationship. Only time will tell how this relationship develops in the future, but one thing is certain: a passion for fine distilled spirits has become a cornerstone of Kentucky-Japan relations.
Note: the spelling of ‘whisky’ is quite fluid. Generally, it is spelled ‘whiskey’ when referring to American spirits and ‘whisky’ when referring to Japanese spirits.
Michael Di Girolamo is a participant in the Young Professionals Program at the East-West Center in Washington. He is currently a first-year graduate student at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. | <urn:uuid:e794784e-5e9c-449d-8623-28cbdb8f7cda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://asiamattersforamerica.org/articles/bourbons-role-in-japan-kentucky-relations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949936 | 829 | 2.5625 | 3 |
An instant classic, Pony is the poignant tale of a young boy on a journey to find his beloved father on the 19th-century American frontier. Accompanied by a mysterious pony and a ghost only he can see, Silas faces his fears to embark on an epic quest fueled by the indomitable power of love. This richly imagined adventure story is undoubtedly worthy of a spot on every young reader's bookshelf.
“Perfection.” –The Wall Street Journal
The bestselling author of Wonder returns with an enthralling adventure about a boy on a quest to rescue his father, with only a ghost as his companion and a mysterious pony as his guide.
Twelve-year-old Silas is awoken in the dead of night by three menacing horsemen who take his father away. Silas is left shaken, scared, and alone, except for the presence of his companion, Mittenwool . . . who happens to be a ghost. When a pony shows up at his door, Silas makes the courageous decision to leave his home and embark on a perilous journey to find his father. Along the way, he will face his fears to unlock the secrets of his past and explore the unfathomable mysteries of the world around him.
R. J. Palacio spins a harrowing yet distinctly beautiful coming-of-age story about the power of love and the ties that bind us across distance and time. With the poignant depth of War Horse and the singular voice of True Grit, this is one of those rare books poised to become an instant classic for readers of all ages.
“A wonderful story of courage. ... It's got the feeling of a modern classic.” —as recommended on NPR by Jorge Lacera
Related collections and offers
About the Author
Read an Excerpt
It was my bout with lightning that inspired Pa to become immersed in the photographic sciences, which is how this all began.
Pa had always had a natural curiosity about photography, having come from Scotland, where such arts flourish. He dabbled in daguerreotypes for a short while after settling in Ohio, a region naturally full of salt springs (from which comes the agent bromine, an essential component of the developing process). But daguerreotypes were an expensive enterprise that turned very little profit, and Pa did not have the means to pursue it. People haven’t the money for delicate souvenirs, he reasoned. Which is why he became a boot-maker. People always have a need for boots, he said. Pa’s specialty was the calf-high Wellington in grain leather, to which he added a secret compartment in the heel for the storing of tobacco or a pocketknife. This convenience was greatly desired by customers, so we got by pretty well on those boot orders. Pa worked in the shed next to the barn, and once a month traveled to Boneville with a cartful of boots pulled by Mule, our mule.
But after lightning imprinted my back with the image of the oak tree, Pa once again turned his attention to the science of photography. It was his belief that the image on my skin had come there as a consequence of the same chemical reactions at play in photography. The human body, he told me as I watched him mixing chemicals that smelled of rotten eggs and cider vinegar, is a vessel full of the same mysterious substances, subject to the same physical laws, as everything else in the universe. If an image can be preserved by the action of light upon your body, it can be preserved by the same action upon paper. That is why it was not daguerreotypes that drew his interest anymore, but a new form of photography involving paper soaked in a solution of iron and salt, to which is transferred, by means of sunlight, a positive image from a glass negative.
Pa quickly mastered the new science, and became a highly regarded practitioner of the collodion process, as it was called, an art form hardly seen in these parts. It was a bold field, requiring great experimentation, and resulting in pictures most astounding in their beauty. Pa’s irontypes, as he called them, had none of the exactitude of daguerreotypes, but were imbued with subtle shadings that made them look like charcoal art. He used his own proprietary formula for the sensitizer, which is where the bromine came in, and applied for a patent before opening a studio in Boneville, down the road from the courthouse. In no time at all, his iron-dusted paper portraits became quite the rage around here, for not only were they infinitely cheaper than daguerreotypes, but they could be reproduced over and over again from a single negative. Adding even more to their allure, and for an extra charge, Pa would tint them with a mix of egg wash and colored pigment, which gave them a lifelike semblance most extraordinary to behold. People traveled from all over to have their portraits taken. One fancy lady came all the way from Akron for a sitting. I assisted in Pa’s studio, adjusting the skylight and cleaning the focusing plates. A few times Pa even let me polish the new brass portrait lens, which had been a major investment in the business and required delicacy in its handling. Such had our circumstances turned, Pa’s and mine, that he was contemplating selling his boot-making enterprise altogether, for he said he much preferred the smell of mixing potions to the stink of people’s feet.
It was at this time that our lives were forever changed by the predawn visitation of three riders and a bald-faced pony.
Mittenwool was the one who roused me from my deep slumber that night.
“Silas, awake now. There are riders coming this way,” he said.
I would be lying if I said I was jolted up right away, to my feet, by the urgency of his call. But I did no such thing. I simply mumbled something and turned in my bed. He nudged me hard then, which is not a simple feat for him. Ghosts do not easily maneuver in the material world.
“Let me sleep,” I answered grumpily.
It was then that I heard Argos howling like a banshee downstairs, and Pa cock his rifle. I looked out the tiny window next to my bed, but it was a black-as-ink night and I could see nothing.
“There are three of them,” said Mittenwool, squinting over my shoulder through the same window.
“Pa?” I called out, jumping down from the loft. He was ready, boots on, peering through the front window.
“Stay down, Silas,” he cautioned.
“Should I light the lamp?”
“No. Did you see them from your window? How many are there?” he asked.
“I didn’t see them myself, but Mittenwool says there are three of them.”
“Guns drawn,” Mittenwool added.
“They have their guns drawn,” I said. “What do they want, Pa?”
Pa didn’t answer. We could hear the galloping coming toward us now. Pa cracked the front door open, rifle at the ready. He threw on his coat and turned to look at me.
“You don’t come out, Silas. No matter what,” he said, his voice stern. “If there’s trouble, you run over to Havelock’s house. Out the back through the fields. You hear me?”
“You’re not going out there, are you?”
“Get ahold of Argos,” he answered. “Don’t let him out.”
I collared Argos. “You’re not going out there, are you?” I asked again, frightened.
He did not stop to answer me but opened the door and ventured out to the porch, aiming his rifle toward the approaching riders. He was a brave man, my pa.
I pulled Argos close to me and then crept over to the front window and peeked out. I saw the men advance. Three riders, just like Mittenwool had said. Behind one of them trailed a fourth horse, a giant black charger, and next to it, the pony with a bone-white face.
The horsemen slowed down as they approached the house, in deference to Pa’s rifle. The leader of the three, a man in a yellow duster on a spotted horse, put his arms up in the air in a peaceful gesture as he brought his steed to a full stop.
“Ho there,” he said to Pa, not forty feet from the porch. “You can put down your weapon, mister. I come in peace.”
“Put yours down first,” Pa answered, his rifle shouldered.
“Mine?” The man looked theatrically at his own empty hands, and then left and right, making a show of only now noting his companions’ drawn weapons. “Put those down, boys! You’re making a bad impression.” He turned back to Pa. “Sorry about that. They mean no harm. Just force of habit.”
“Who are you?” Pa said.
“Are you Mac Boat?”
Pa shook his head. “Who are you? Come storming here in the middle of the night.”
The yellow-duster man did not seem afraid of Pa’s rifle in the least. I could not see him well in the dark, but I judged him to be smaller than Pa (Pa being one of the tallest men in Boneville). Younger, too. He wore a derby hat like gentlemen do, but he wasn’t one, as far as I could see. He looked a ruffian. Pointy-bearded.
“Now, now, don’t get riled,” he said, his voice light. “My boys and I meant to arrive at sunup, but we made better time than we thought. I’m Rufe Jones, and these here are Seb and Eben Morton. Don’t bother trying to tell them apart, it’s impossible.” It was only then that I noted the two hulking men were exact duplicates of each other, wearing identical melon hats with wide bands down low over their moon-round faces. “We’ve come here with an interesting proposition from our boss, Roscoe Ollerenshaw. You heard of him, I’m sure?”
Pa made no response to that.
“Well, Mr. Ollerenshaw knows of you, Mac Boat,” Rufe Jones continued.
“Who is Mac Boat?” Mittenwool whispered to me.
“I don’t know any Mac Boat,” Pa said from behind his rifle. “I am Martin Bird.”
“Of course,” Rufe Jones answered quickly, nodding. “Martin Bird, the photographer. Mr. Ollerenshaw’s very familiar with your work! That’s why we’re here, you see. He has a business proposition he’d like to discuss with you. We’ve come a long way to talk with you. Might we come inside for a bit? We’ve been riding all night. My bones are chilled.” He raised the collar on his duster to illustrate the point.
“If you want to talk business, you come to my studio in the daylight hours like any civilized man would,” Pa said.
“Now, why would you adopt that tone with me?” Rufe Jones asked, as if perplexed. “The nature of our business requires some privacy, is all. We mean you no harm, not you or your boy, Silas. That’s him hovering by the window behind you, right?”
I swallowed hard, I’m not going to lie, and pulled my head back from the window. Mittenwool, who was behind me, nudged me to crouch down farther.
“You have five seconds to get off my property,” Pa warned, and I could tell from his voice he meant it.
But Rufe Jones must not have heard the threatening tone in Pa’s words, for he laughed. “Now, now, don’t get vexed. I’m just the messenger here!” he replied calmly. “Mr. Ollerenshaw sent us to come get you, and that’s what we’re doing. Like I said, he means you no harm. In fact, he wants to help you. He wanted me to tell you there’s a lot of money in it for you. A small fortune were his exact words. For very little inconvenience on your part. Just a week’s work and you’ll be a rich man. We even brought you horses to ride! A nice big one for you, and a fetching little one for your boy. Mr. Ollerenshaw is something of a horse collector, so you should consider it an honor that he’s letting you ride his fine steeds.”
“I’m not interested. You now have three seconds to leave,” answered Pa. “Two . . .”
“All right, all right!” said Rufe Jones, waving his hands in the air. “We’ll leave. Don’t you worry! Come on, fellas.”
He pulled on his horse’s reins and circled around, as did the brothers, wheeling the two riderless horses behind them. They started slow-walking into the night away from the house. But after a few steps, Rufe Jones stopped. He held his arms out to his sides, crucifixion-like, to show he was still unarmed. Then he looked over his shoulder at Pa.
“But we’ll only come back tomorrow,” he said, “with a lot more men. Mr. Ollerenshaw is not one to give up easily, truth be told. I came in peace tonight, but I can’t promise it’ll be the same tomorrow. Mr. Ollerenshaw, well, he wants what he wants.”
“I’ll get the sheriff involved,” threatened Pa.
“Will you, Mr. Boat?” said Rufe Jones. His voice sounded more menacing now. It had none of the previous lightness.
“The name is Bird,” answered Pa.
“Right. Martin Bird, the photographer of Boneville, who lives way out in the middle of nowhere with his son, Silas Bird.”
“You best get,” rasped Pa.
“All right,” answered Rufe Jones. But he didn’t spur his horse.
I was watching all this breathless, Mittenwool right next to me. A few seconds passed. No one moved or said a word.
“Here’s the problem,” said Rufe Jones, his arms still out at his sides. The singsong lilt returned to his voice. “It’s a bother, our going all the way back across these fields, through the Woods, only to come back tomorrow with a dozen more of us, armed to the teeth. Lord knows what can happen with all those guns pointing every which way. You know how it goes. Tragedies can befall. But if you come with us tonight, Mr. Boat, we can avoid all that nasty business.”
He flipped his hands over, so the palms faced up now.
“Let’s not draw this out,” he continued. “You and your boy will have a nice jolly ride with us on those fine horses. And we’ll have you both back here in a week. That’s a solemn promise from the big man himself. He told me to tell you that exactly, by the way. To use the word solemn. Come on, this is a good business proposition for you, Mac Boat! What do you say?”
I saw Pa, his rifle still trained on the man, his finger still on the trigger, clench his jaw. His expression was foreign to me at that moment. I did not recognize the taut angles of his body.
“I am not Mac Boat,” he said slowly. “I am Martin Bird.”
“Yes, of course, Mr. Bird! My apologies,” replied Rufe Jones, grinning. “Whatever your name is, what do you say? Let’s avoid any nastiness. Put your rifle down and come with us. It’s only a week. And you’ll return a rich man.”
Pa hesitated for another long second. It felt to me like all of time was contained inside that moment. And it was, in a way, for it was inside that moment that my life was forever altered. Pa lowered his gun.
“What’s he doing?” I whispered to Mittenwool. I was suddenly more scared than I recall ever being before. It was as if my heart had stopped. Like the world had ceased its breathing.
“All right, I’ll go with you,” Pa said quietly, breaking the stillness of the night like a thunderclap, “but only if you leave my boy out of it. He stays right here, safe and sound. He won’t breathe a word of this to anybody. Nobody comes around here anyway. And I’m back here in a week. You said I have Ollerenshaw’s solemn word. Not a day longer.”
“Hmm, I don’t know,” Rufe Jones grumbled, shaking his head. “Mr. Ollerenshaw said to bring the two of you back with us. He was very specific about that.”
“Like I said,” answered Pa, his voice resolute, “it’s the only way I’ll go with you peacefully tonight. Otherwise, it will become nasty business, whether it’s here and now or whenever you turn up again. I’m a good shot. Don’t test me.”
Rufe Jones took his derby off and rubbed his forehead. He looked at his two companions, but they said nothing, or perhaps they shrugged. It was hard to see anything in the darkness but their flat pale faces.
“Fine, fine, we’ll keep it peaceful, then,” Rufe Jones agreed. “Just you it is. But it’s got to be now. Toss your gun over here. Let’s be done with this.”
“You can have it when we get to the Woods, not before.” | <urn:uuid:cfdff880-8536-440e-ad60-d7241846d460> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/pony-r-j-palacio/1139619416?ean=9780553508116 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.979264 | 4,152 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Mobilising Mobility: The future of mobility in cities - designing policy responses to mobility innovation - GECKO and SPROUT - 8 October 2020 - 14:00-15:00 CEST
How do cities imagine the evolution of their mobility environment in ten or twenty years? What are the main innovations that are changing the landscape of urban transport services for both passengers and goods?
The design and implementation of effective urban mobility policies and regulations are key to harnessing opportunities and mitigating negative impacts of the changing urban mobility environment.
Speakers from the SPROUT and GECKO projects will illustrate how the co-creation of city-specific future urban mobility scenarios and the involvement of stakeholders in this discussion contribute to understanding the current transition in urban mobility and to foreseeing its impacts. The aim of these practices is the design of regulation and governance models that can make mobility innovation work for the benefit of all.
The webinar will be moderated by Pedro Homem de Gouveia.
Event Zoom Notes
Event Limited to Members | <urn:uuid:b344d3af-4743-404b-be13-d98d05609f34> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://polisnetwork.civi-go.net/civicrm/event/info?reset=1&id=111 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.910149 | 218 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Mulching acts as an insulation to protect your plants from the freezing-thawing-freezing-thawing cycle which may damage roots. Mulching protect plants from winter.It keeps roots warmer much longer.
What Makes a Good Winter Mulch?
The best mulches you can apply on your garden for winter should have these qualities:
Coarse in texture
Allows adequate water and air to flow
Winter mulching in cold climate gardenis best applied after the first hard frost. This is when the temperature is below 28 degrees Fahrenheit. Here are some rules of thumb on how to apply mulch:
• 1-2 inches away from plants.
• 6-12 inches away from tree’s base.
• 3-4 inches away from shrub’s base.
• 3-6 inch layers for coarse- textured mulch (straw, wood chips)
• 2-4 inch layers for fine-textured mulch (compost, shredded leaves)
There are a wide variety of winter mulch materials. These are some of what you need to have:
Pine Bark.Durable, Remains in place, Shredded or chipped, Does not easily decompose, Attractive
Pine Straw/Pine Needle Mulch.Durable, Lightweight, Fragrant, Moisture retentive, Does not easily decompose
Cypress Mulch.Adds moisture when decomposes, Prevents growth of weeds, Less expensive
Cedar Mulch. From the bark off Evergreen tree, Durable, dense, heavy, Decomposes fast, Protects ground against the thawing cycle, Safe for soil and plants, Strong scented, Expensive
Rubber Mulch.Inorganic mulch, Recycled tires, Retains moisture of soil, Suppresses weeds, Available in a variety of colors
How to Apply Mulch in Cold Climate Gardens
Using the right kind of mulch can protect the roots of the plants from extreme temperatures. It can also improve the soil and prevent the growth of weeds. Decorative mulch provide texture and color on the bare space between the plants. Applying mulch is simple and fast but the benefits your plants will get out of it in winter is something you will be thankful for.
Step 1:Choose the right type of mulch for the job. During the rest of the season, you may consider the choice of mulch based on its availability, biodegradability, permeability and appearance. However during winter, mulching functions simply to cover your plants from the freezing temperature.
Step 2: Prepare the area for winter mulching. Pull out the weeds. Add fertilizer to the soil. Install any edges or borders in the area.
Step 3:Prepare the plants for winter mulching. Prune some of the plants.
Step 4: Use a rake to spread the mulch. It is ideal to apply at least 2 to 4 inches of mulch. This is to prevent the growth of weeds and for the soil to retain moisture. Too much mulch will damage plants while too little will be of no use. Make sure to cover the plants completely with mulch. The mulch will insulate the plants from the freezing cold.
Preparing Various Plant Types for Winter
Preparing Annuals for Winter.Mulch the beds of annuals with 3 to 4 layers of mulch. If the annuals are due to germinate the following spring, cover the plants with only 2 inches of mulch. After heavy frost, check the condition of the annuals and discard some that have died.
Preparing Shrubs or Young Trees for Winter.During the early days of fall, transplant the shrubs or young trees to a new location. Before the ground stats to freeze, water the shrubs or young trees. If there is not much rain, water deeply. When the ground starts to freeze, spread about 5 inches of mulch. Add some fertilizer on year old and over shrubs and young trees. Older shrubs and trees do not need fertilizer when they have been mulched. For shrub roses, mound mulch on their lower canes and add a burlap screen for added protection against the freezing temperatures.
Preparing Roses for Winter. Roses are dormant during fall thus they need to be prepared for winter. For shrub roses, apply mulch on the base of the roses to keep them warm. Hybrid roses (cloche or cone) are vulnerable to freezing temperature and will need an additional protective covering after mulching.
Preparing Vegetables for Winter.Before light frost begins to fall, harvest such crops as potatoes, pumpkins, onions and potatoes. Root crops, carrots and Brussels sprouts can survive light frost. Clear the debris off the harvested beds. Heavily mulch root crops with thick layers of chopped leaves or straw.
You do not need to stop gardening just because it is winter. Winter mulching in cold climate gardensis such a breeze with the right choice of mulch. Have you been winter mulching in your garden? Share with us some of your winter mulching tips in the comments section.
Ann Katelyn is a homesteader in Alabama who has dedicated most of her life to gardening and botanical study with growing interests ranging from the popular, world-class roses to the rarest and most exotic orchids. She is currently trying her best to become well versed on plants found in desert areas, the tropics, and Mediterranean region. Connect with Ann on Twitter and her website, Sumo Gardener.
All MOTHER EARTH NEWS community bloggers have agreed to follow our Blogging Guidelines, and they are responsible for the accuracy of their posts. To learn more about the author of this post, click on their byline link at the top of the page. | <urn:uuid:785eb0a5-a464-410b-80d8-eceb5f505a2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/winter-mulching-in-cold-climate-gardens-zbcz1711/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.921645 | 1,210 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Beaver colonies could be roaming free across the English countryside from as early as next year, the Environment Secretary, George Eustice, revealed on Tuesday as he set out plans to turbocharge the country’s conservation efforts.
A consultation detailing the Government’s approach to reintroducing wild beavers will be launched later this summer, but Mr Eustice said it is now looking “positively” on the idea after years of campaigning by green groups.
That could mean the release of wild beavers across England next year, he said. “I would anticipate us being in a position to do these releases… during the course of next year.”
Experts view beavers as crucial “ecosystem engineers”. Their dams help restore traditional wetlands, boost insect life and slow the flow of floodwaters downstream.
But their release into the wild has proved controversial, with some farmers arguing they destroy crops by flooding low-lying fields.
England’s only colony of wild beavers live around the River Otter in Devon, after they escaped or were illicitly released from their enclosures. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) granted approval for them to remain living wild last year after a five-year trial.
Dozens more beavers are being kept in enclosures, limiting their ability to build dams and establish new territories. The Wildlife Trusts alone is running almost a dozen beaver projects across the UK, with its CEO Craig Bennett telling Mr Eustice on Tuesday the charity is “beaver ready”. “We’re desperate to allow them out and wild roaming as soon as we can,” he said.
Wild beavers may just be the start of ministers’ rewilding ambitions. Mr Eustice also said the Government would work with experts on reintroducing golden eagles, wildcats and red-backed shrike to England over the coming years.
The announcement formed part of a major speech from the Environment Secretary detailing fresh plans to restore peatlands, increase tree planting and restore wildlife to the English countryside. | <urn:uuid:1ebf1356-fc54-4852-8289-543f8aa9a578> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inews.co.uk/news/environment/beavers-run-wild-english-countryside-next-year-1007621 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.954955 | 435 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Lecture Listening Guides
by David Capes
Card, Four Portraits of Jesus
Lecturer: Michael Card
Title: Four Portraits of Jesus
- What examples does Card give of how Jesus failed to meet the expectations of everybody he met?
- How did people respond to the miracles of Jesus?
- In Mark’s account of the storm on the sea of Galilee, what causes the disciples to be afraid?
- What is the best way to show someone you love them?
- How do you listen to God?
- What are the simple structures of the Gospels?
- Who does Card say is responsible for bringing us Paul and Mark?
- Why does Card connect Peter to the Gospel of Mark?
- Who is Mark’s audience?
- How does Mark uniquely address that audience?
- What are some examples of Mark’s unique message to that audience?
- What do the Gospels record about the emotional life of Jesus?
- How and when does Card say Paul and Luke met?
- Why does Card believe Luke was a slave?
- What does John do that none of the other Gospels do?
- What does Card say the Wisdom writings are about?
- The Bible takes us on what journey?
- How does Card say that Luke depicts Jesus as the wisdom of God?
- What does Card mean in saying John is the only Gospel that whispers? | <urn:uuid:7918d8dc-44df-46ad-a76e-111ae642bb30> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.laniertheologicallibrary.org/news/card-four-portraits-of-jesus/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.929827 | 308 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Rocket stoves can heat hotter than most propane stoves. Depending on flu height and such.
Vavrek's / weblife / Aprovecho's rocket stove is a more efficent design than the normal large coffee can rocket stove. http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=797446823830833401&ei=kHmtSdGCKZTWqALf6sXeBA&q=rocket+stove
There are two considerations when choosing a pot.
#1: Will you be making/using a tall pot skirt ?
#2: No pot skirt?
If you will be using a pot skirt a thin walled/sided pot is perfect. Therefore a stainless steel pot is more than adiquate.
If you are open cooking then you need a pot that has some thickness on the sides to provide at least a bit of insulative properties.
I bought the stainless pots with copper bottoms.
Also you need good insulative lids for your pots. To optimize you cooking time.
You can use dish soap or smear on a thin layer or mud to slow the soot deposits.
Both will help with later cleaning.
The rocket stove design has been around for about 3000 years originating in India.
A rocket stove is a downdraft or pressure stove. The fuel only burns at its tips.
The rocket stove pushes the smoke out the chimney instead of a draft pulling the smoke.
The smoke that comes form a rocket stove is mostly steam and minute amounts of CO.
The rocket stove is the most efficient wood fueled cooking/heating stove/heater http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=235m0EzZF4U http://www.rocketstoves.org/ http://www.rocketstoves.com/
That last link has a really good HOW TO book for 13$.
Some has even started using rocket stoves to make Hydrogen fuel. Since the exhaust form the rocket stove is quite clean . It is diverted into a electrolosys device .
A commercial greenhouse not to far from here takes their rocket furnace steam and condenses it into water and feeds its plants.
Any tighter and the greenhouse would be its own independent biosphere.
As for the rocket stove designs. For cooking purposes that max size/height would be about 18-20 inches tall.
Any higher and the flu would cause a large draft and all you will get is smoke and your fire will go out.
The cook stove requires the gases to burn as they go up the flu. Therefore you can't make it easy for the gases to escape.
A Rocket heater has a large metal tank over the flu and the exhaust pipe is down at the floor/ground level . This is what provides the pressure.
Here is something else that might interest you as well. http://www.solhuma.com/en/index.php
It's very efficient as well. | <urn:uuid:d1b13e1f-5ed8-421f-bdb2-e5bba305334f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.permies.com/u/16338/North-Hatfield | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919343 | 623 | 1.835938 | 2 |
The Count of Monte Cristo Book review
Jessica Harvey May 11, 2011 Mr Craine Philosophy To seek vengeance is to inflict injury, harm, and humiliation, on a person by another who has been harmed by that person.
In the movie The Count of Monte Cristo, Edmond seeks revenge on Fernand Mondego for many reasons. All of which were justified because of the horrible treatment Edmond received while he was in prison. Not only did that make Edmond angry, but also when he found out the Fernand Mondego had married his wife to be only 1 month after being locked away.Being that they were friends once before made it that much harder for Edmond to believe everything that Fernand had done to him behind his back. There were lots of lies, betrayal, and false hoods as to why Edmond was even sent to prison. Throughout the whole movie everyone was told that he was dead.
Edmonds approach to become revengeful toward Fernand might be criticized because many believe that vengeance has no justification no matter how the other person has harmed you. If society is not going to retaliate against a crime on your behalf it is not okay to take matters into your own hands.Most people would say that it would all depend on the situation, but I think that there is no situation that is so severe to where there would be justification for those actions. The Golden Rule states to do unto others as you would have them do to you. If you are treated wrongfully it does not give you the right to turn around and do the same or worse back to them.
Otherwise the cycle will keep going in a circle and people will get hurt and they will get nowhere in life with that thought process.Before someone seeks vengeance they need to think about the utilitarianism theory which states that everyone should perform that act or follow that moral rule which will bring about the greatest good for everybody. Paying someone back for a wrong doing that they did to you is not moral or ethical at all under any circumstances. Stating that revenge and retributive have similarities would be a true statement.
Revenge is the exact punishment or amends for a wrong on behalf of, especially in a resentful or vindictive spirit.Whereas retributive theory states that punishment should be given only when it is deserved and only to the extent that it is deserved, is concerned with the past rather than the future. It is also stated that punishment should be imposed by some person or group that has “duty constituted” moral or legal authority. Both are a form of punishment, but retributive is a type of punishment that has to be imposed by a legal authority. Revenge is an act of punishment but not by a legal authority.It is imposed on a person who has wrong someone else whether it was intentional or not.
Overall revenge is a highly debated topic that everyone has their own opinions on. It is something that is frowned upon in many circumstances. Hurting someone because they have mistreated you is not the answer.
The statement an eye for an eye and tooth for and a tooth for a tooth could be an extreme when murder is the circumstance. To each his own opinion, but I think that no matter the circumstance there is never justification for revenge. | <urn:uuid:a43afce1-ab39-452f-943d-fa80811d91fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://freebooksummary.com/the-count-of-monte-cristo-4-41634 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.98632 | 658 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Remember God’s Power
Dear Father, let the word of joy and truth in the Gospel resonate in my heart with new fervor today.
Read Joshua 4:1-9
Scripture taken from the Holy Bible, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 International Bible Society. All rights reserved throughout the world. Used by permission of International Bible Society.
Imagine life without God. What would it be like? How thankful we should be for his reality, existence, power and love!
Like Moses’ Song of the Sea (Exod. 15:1-18), the stone memorial declares God’s faithfulness. In times of doubt and difficulty, Israel will need to remind herself of what God has done for them. Joshua’s leadership and authority are similarly emphasized; he is now well in charge, hears directly from God, and commands the people. How do you remind yourself of the times when God steps into your life?
In Jewish life it is traditional to leave a pebble or small stone when visiting the grave of a loved one. This is done to honor their memory by adding a small reminder to the larger memorial stone that is put up one year after a funeral. The stones put up at the Jordan are not commemorating death, but transition into the new life promised in the land of Canaan. An Israeli folk song says, “There are men with hearts of stone, and stones with the hearts of men.” Such stones speak from the heart of God’s love and power, his protection and guidance. We, too, need such reminders in our life journeys.
For Joshua, the priests, and all of Israel there is no going back. Just as the crossing of the Red Sea sealed the fate of the Egyptians and opened a new era in the history of the people of God, now the conquest and settlement of the Promised Land has begun. For Christians, baptism and the Lord’s Supper are signs by which we declare our faith in the risen Messiah and commit ourselves to following him as disciples. Such signs strengthen our faith. Whenever Martin Luther felt his energy flagging, his doubt growing, or his fear strengthening, he would cry out, “I am baptized!” In that cry would be the renewal of strength to go forward on whatever journey he faced.
How do you strengthen your faith, and those of others, with reminders of who God is and what he has done? Which Christian life-stories and writings would you use?
Sovereign Lord, as I look back on my life, I see signposts on my spiritual journey. Your hand has been upon me, and I give You thanks and praise. | <urn:uuid:aeddafee-51d7-46fe-8d11-d82b6b0e60da> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scriptureunion.org/dailyencounter/remember-gods-power-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.94743 | 576 | 2.09375 | 2 |
In the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, it is clear to lay the blame upon Victor Frankenstein. The definition of blame is the assignation of responsibility towards someone/something for a fault or wrong. Victor’s love and passion for science led to a monstrous idea and ended up killing three people. While his pride was a driving force, abandoning the creature was not a smart move. Due to the fact that his idea was matched with the act of doing gives the right to put forth the blame. Clearly, Victor Frankenstein’s pride and hunger for recognition blinded his reasoning and abandoning the creature brought blame upon himself.
In light of the formation of the creature, Frankenstein’s pride pushed it further to existence. It all started during his childhood; natural philosophy changed the way he saw things and was purely obsessed with science. At age thirteen, Victor attended a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon, where due to weather conditions, had to stay at an inn in which he founded the works of Cornelius Agrippa(a philosopher). He became intrigued; therefore sought to his father to show him the book, but his father turned it down calling it sad trash. Victor’s father was not scientific in the least and always turned to logic, whereas Victor thrived for science.
His father never understood Frankenstein’s passion for science, and so it drove Frankenstein’s desire for intelligence. My father was not scientific, and I was left to struggle with a child’s blindness, added to a student’s thirst for knowledge.(Shelley 36). Blind indeed Frankenstein was, but not from the lack of information given as a child; he was blinded by his own pride and the scarcity of judgement. Victor’s knowledge continued to grow as did his pride leading up to the creation of the creature. Wealth was an inferior object, but what glory would attend the discovery if I could banish disease from the human frame and render man invulnerable to any but a violent death! Nor were these my only visions.
The raising of ghosts or devils was a promise liberally accorded by my favourite authors, the fulfillment of which I most eagerly sought; and if my incantations were always unsuccessful, I attributed the failure rather to my own inexperience and mistake than to a want of skill or fidelity in my instructors. (Shelley 36). In this quote his pride shows by his obsession over the idea of the recognition from his accomplishment, not thinking of the whole picture. His focus was on him and what he could possibly bring to the table of science.
Frankenstein could be defined as a narcissist, fantasising over success, power, and brilliance, who takes advantage of others and has a hard time maintaining relationships; entitled. Since his only thoughts were on himself, it lead his pride take over, constructing a demolition. As shown above, Victor Frankenstein’s pride blinded his judgement, leaving him to blame upon the destruction.
Finally, his abandonment of the creature left it to live in fear and confusion, causing it to harm others. After fulfilling his goal (creating the creature), he was amazed by his creation at first, but when he observed all the details of its appearance he was disgusted and relentful. I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart.(Shelley 59). It was at that moment when Frankenstein made a terrible mistake; abandoning the creature. Unable to endure the aspect of the being I had created, I rushed out of the room and continued a long time traversing my bedchamber, unable to compose my mind to sleep.(Shelley 59).
There are only two reasons thought of as to why he left it to fend for itself: pure shock and regret in his decision making, and repeating what his father did to him (cowardice). In the beginning of the book, just after his mother died his father sent Victor away to school to study his science. Instead of pushing Victor away during this depressing time, he should have kept him close and went through a time of mourning together as family. Since Victor had no understanding of what parenting is, like his father, he ran from his problem and had no intention of teaching it the ways of the world.
Due to his abandonment, the creature became angry, and scared. During this time, it led him to do bad things; kill people. Frankenstein then went to seek out the creature to be rid of him. Once he got ahold of it, the creature said, ?I expected this reception,’ said the daemon. All men hate the wretched; how, then, must I be hated, who am miserable beyond all living things! Yet you, my creator, detest and spurn me, thy creature, to whom thou art bound by ties only dissoluble by the annihilation of one of us. You purpose to kill me. How dare you sport thus with life? Do your duty towards me, and I will do mine towards you and the rest of mankind. If you will comply with my conditions, I will leave them and you at peace; but if you refuse, I will glut the maw of death, until it be satiated with the blood of your remaining friends.'(Shelley 113).
In this quote, the creature questions Frankenstein reason to why he brought him to life if all he wants to do is kill him and the rest of mankind sees it as this ratchet monster, essentially blaming him for creating him. While murdering people wasn’t the best idea, the creature didn’t know any better because it wasn’t conditioned/trained right from wrong. If Frankenstein would have taught the creature the ways of human life like polite mannerisms, basic education, and cognitive thinking, most likely the murders would not have taken place. Given these points, it is Frankenstein’s fault that his abandonment brought bitterness upon the creature, causing harm towards others.
In conclusion, Victor Frankenstein’s pride and hunger for recognition blinded his reasoning and abandoning the creature brought blame upon himself. His pride grew with the knowledge he obtained from his schooling and philosophers he read about, for example Cornelius Agrippa; therefore contributing to his narcissism and not thinking about the whole picture. Frankenstein also abandoned the creature leaving it to fester in anger and confusion towards his existence that it displaced its emotions on others, killing them. Ultimately, the blame should be laid on Frankenstein’s shoulders due to excessive pride and refusing his responsibility towards his creation, the creature.
A professional writer will make a clear, mistake-free paper for you!Get help with your assigment
Please check your inbox
I'm Chatbot Amy :)
I can help you save hours on your homework. Let's start by finding a writer.Find Writer | <urn:uuid:70147866-3f00-4c52-a5a7-65072a891b36> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://studydriver.com/the-blame-upon-victor-frankenstein/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.981102 | 1,415 | 3.390625 | 3 |
- The US-based international carpet tile manufacturer – whose European HQ is in Birmingham, UK – has been a world-leader in sustainable business practice since 1994 and is now aiming to reverse global warming.
- In 1994, its pioneering late president, Ray Anderson, set the company the ‘Mission Zero’ challenge of taking nothing and doing no harm by 2020, which it achieved a year early.
- Starting with cuts to the petroleum used in its carpet tiles, Interface went on to become carbon neutral across its operations, reclaiming and recycling old tiles, and reducing waste and water consumption by 90%.
- In 2017, Interface developed the world’s first carbon negative carpet tile that absorbs greenhouse gas. It’s part of a broader experiment with ‘biomimicry’ to create a ‘Factory as Forest’ in Atlanta that provides the same natural services as a healthy woodland ecosystem.
- Now its ‘Climate Take Back’ initiative aims to give back more than the company takes from the Earth, restoring and making a positive impact on the planet to help reverse global warming.
Interface’s founder, the late Ray Anderson, was a pioneer of so-called ‘modular carpets’ when he started the business in 1973 and quickly became the world’s largest manufacturer of them.
It was 20 years later, after reading Paul Hawken’s book The Ecology of Commerce and having what he described as a “spear in the chest” moment, that Anderson decided to become a pioneer of sustainability too. He immediately committed his company to ‘Mission Zero’, which aimed to eliminate any negative environmental impact by 2020.
“When Ray stood up in '94 and said, ‘We're going to be a sustainable company,’ sustainability wasn't fashionable,” Interface’s then president, Nigel Stansfield, told GreenBiz in 2016. “It was outrageous to think that an organisation could get to a zero footprint, and we were ridiculed for it. People stood on the sideline and watched us, waiting for us to fail.”
Doing well by doing good
But Anderson’s lofty ambition spurred a remarkable effort to transform Interface’s billion-dollar operations, driving down greenhouse gas emissions from their factories by 96% over two decades and halving the energy used to make its products. By 2019, the firm had also slashed water consumption and landfill waste by 90%, achieved 89% renewable energy-use across all its sites and took 60% of its raw materials from recycled or bio-based sources.
What makes Interface’s sustainability story even more remarkable is their financial performance over the same period of transition. From sales of $625m in 1993, Interface’s revenues had doubled to $1.2bn in 2018 with an extraordinary gross profit margin of 40%. Far from harming the business’ growth or market competitiveness, Interface’s drive for sustainability created a virtuous circle that dovetailed and spiralled with their profits.
Ray Anderson, enthusiastically called it “doing well by doing good” and proved there needn’t always be a trade-off between sustainability and profit – even for a publicly-listed, behemoth multinational looking to reform decades of ingrained operations at a time when such measures were far from mainstream.
“I always make the business case for sustainability, it's so compelling,” Ray told the New York Times in 2007. “Our costs are down, not up. Our products are the best they have ever been. Our people are motivated by a shared higher purpose – esprit de corps to die for. And the goodwill in the marketplace – it's just been astonishing.”
The challenges of taking responsibility
In 1995, Interface launched an ‘Evergreen’ lease model for their tiles, allowing them to take full responsibility for their products after sale. The paradigm-shift opened up all kinds of opportunities throughout their value chain, instantly increasing the available reclaimable material to make recycled tiles and cutting the cost of sourcing these materials externally. It also allowed the firm to manage their carbon footprint more effectively and legitimised off-setting the carbon absorbed by their latest ‘carbon-negative’ carpet tiles.
But at first, the scheme to lease carpet tiles struggled because customers were reluctant to move a capital cost to their operating budget. The company also faced regular accusations of ‘greenwashing’ their less sustainable parts of the business or failing in their duty to generate maximum returns for their shareholders.
But Ray Anderson encouraged experimentation and tolerance of failure in pursuit of the company’s purpose and anticipated a growing zeitgeist for sustainability. Indeed, he credited Interface’s sustainability initiative and their customers’ support for it with helping the company weather the recession after the 2007-8 global financial crisis that shrunk its market by 38%.
Reversing climate change through biomimicry
The death of Interface’s totemic founder in 2011 could well have derailed the company’s sustainability efforts. But they pressed on with Anderson’s ‘Mission Zero’ and in 2019 announced its moonshoot successor, ‘Climate Take Back’, which aims to give back more than the company extracts from the Earth and help reverse global warming.
It sounds like pure fantasy, but Interface have already developed a ‘carbon negative’ carpet tile in 2017 that absorbs carbon dioxide and is fully recyclable. It’s part of a broader strategy of biomimicry that’s central to ‘Climate Take Back’, using nature’s designs and regenerative processes to unlock more sustainable technology and help restore nature.
The concept is being pushed to its limit at Interface’s LaGrange plant in Georgia, USA, where they’re attempting to create a ‘Factory as a Forest’ that provides an array of ecosystem services, like recycling nutrients, carbon sequestration and water storage. So they’ve devised a range of ecological performance standards based on a healthy, local forest ecosystem which they’ll use to measure the factory’s contribution to the soil, atmosphere, biodiversity, water and carbon levels.
The metrics have helped drive innovations, like returning more fresh water to the water table than used in manufacturing and reducing levels of water runoff from the site. It has also encouraged the factory to reach out to nearby businesses and act as a ‘pollinator’ of best environmental practice locally as well as in Interface’s own factories worldwide, transforming the business ecosystem further afield.
Image credit: https://www.interface.com/EU/en-GB/about/index/Beautiful-Thinking-Concept-Designers-Story-en_GB | <urn:uuid:fec45330-2c19-43ea-8a8d-2f958ec607d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/responsible-business/urgent-business-book/the-pioneering-global-corporate-interface.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.952231 | 1,400 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Symptoms associated with heart disease vary according to the type of disease affecting the heart and its causes, and common symptoms of heart disease are heart palpitations, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Such as angina pectoris, heart attack, and heart failure, so care must be taken to conduct periodic examinations when any signs or risk factors occur to help early detection of these diseases, and risk factors include over sixty years of age, weight gain, diabetes or high blood pressure the blood.
Symptoms of heart disease:
Coronary Artery Diseases:
For coronary artery disease or coronary artery disease, angina pectoris is the most common symptom of the disease and is expressed by feeling pain and pressure in the chest, heaviness or burning in it, or numbness or numbness, and angina (ie, its symptoms) can be felt in other parts, such as the left shoulder. It is worth noting that coronary artery disease may be accompanied by some other symptoms as well, including the following:
- Difficulty breathing, or shortness of breath.
- Weakness and fatigue.
- dizziness and lightheadedness;
- Pain, numbness, weakness, and coldness in the arms or legs in case of narrowing of the arteries responsible for blood supply in the arms or legs.
Heart arrhythmia or arrhythmia is a heart disease caused by a disturbance in the electrical signals responsible for regulating the heartbeat, which leads to irregular heartbeats, or an increase or decrease in the speed of these pulses. The symptoms that may accompany arrhythmia are as follows:
- chest pain;
- hard breathing.
- Absence of some heartbeats when monitored.
- dizziness and lightheadedness;
- Increase or slow heart rate.
Heart valve diseases:
Symptoms of heart valve disease do not express the severity of the disease, as some severe cases that require immediate treatment may be accompanied by some simple symptoms only, and vice versa, and symptoms of heart valve disease may include the following:
- Swelling in the feet and ankles.
- Easily or quickly feeling tired and unwell (feeling unusually tired).
- hard breathing.
- Heart palpitations; It is the feeling of a rapid, irregular, or interrupted heartbeat.
Congenital heart disease:
Congenital heart diseases, or CHDs for short, are diseases caused by congenital malformations of the heart and accompanying the person since birth. These diseases may affect the functions of the heart, and the way blood flows to different parts of the body, including the blood supply to the heart. Symptoms on the affected child within a short period of birth, and the symptoms that may appear in this case on the affected child are the following:
- Swelling in the abdomen or legs, or around the eyes.
- cyanosis or cyanosis; is the appearance of a pale blue or gray color on the affected child’s skin.
- Shortness of breath during breastfeeding in the infant, which in turn may lead to the infant’s low weight as a result of the difficulty in gaining weight.
As for less serious congenital heart diseases, their diagnosis may be delayed until a late stage of childhood, or after adulthood, and symptoms, in this case, may include the following:
- Swelling in the hands, feet or ankles.
- Feeling tired and exhausted quickly during exercise and some other activities.
- Rapidly feeling short of breath during some normal activities, or during exercise.
The term cardiomyopathy refers to diseases that affect the heart muscle, causing it to enlarge, increase its thickness, hardness, or scarring in rare cases, and these diseases differ in their accompanying symptoms, causes, and methods of treatment. It is accompanied by any obvious symptoms during the early stages of the disease, or it may not lead to the appearance of any symptoms on the affected person throughout the course of the disease, and with the progression of the disease and its impact on the functions of the heart muscle significantly, the heart muscle begins to weaken, which leads to the emergence of some symptoms associated with failure heart, including the following:
- Swelling in the abdomen, neck, feet, legs, and ankles.
- Difficulty breathing, or shortness of breath, especially during stress.
- Fainting during certain physical activities.
- Vertigo, dizziness.
- Chest pain, especially after eating large meals, or after physical stress.
Heart infection diseases:
There are a number of different heart infections, which are caused by a bacterial, viral, or parasitic infection, which leads to inflammation or damage to a part of the heart muscle, such as valves, the inner lining of the heart, or the outer membrane, or muscle tissue. Symptoms associated with heart infection vary according to the cause of the infection, and may include the following:
- hard breathing.
- Heart palpitations.
- Swelling in the abdomen or legs.
- Fainting, or dizziness.
- Pain or pressure in the chest area.
- Muscle and joint pain.
- Blood in the urine.
- Small red spots appear under the nails.
- Violet or red spots appear on the skin, inside the mouth, or in the whites of the eyes.
Many heart diseases can lead to heart muscle failure. It is one of the long-term health disorders that develop gradually over time and is represented by the inability of the heart to work efficiently to transfer blood to different parts of the body as a result of weakness or hardening of the heart muscle, and although it is often not possible to treat heart failure, symptoms can be controlled. It accompanies it for several years in many cases, and it is worth noting that heart failure does not mean that the heart stops working permanently, but rather the heart needs support and help to work better, and the symptoms associated with heart failure differ from one person to another and may develop gradually over a long period of time. Or it may appear suddenly.
Here is a list of some of the common symptoms that may accompany heart failure:
Shortness of breath: which may occur during various physical activities, during rest, or during sleep, causing awakening in some cases due to the inability to breathe, and the affected person may need to raise the chest and head when sleeping to relieve shortness of breath such as sleeping on several Cushions, which causes the patient to sleep or wake up tired.
- Persistent cough: The affected person may suffer from a cough accompanied by phlegm mixed with pink spots due to blood.
- Edema or swelling: such as swelling of the ankles, legs, feet, or abdomen, or weight gain.
- Fatigue and fatigue: This feeling may accompany the injured person at all times, and lead to difficulty in performing some activities such as walking and climbing stairs.
- Rapid heart rate: A person with a heart palpitation may feel a rapid heartbeat.
- Mental disorders: such as memory disturbance, confusion, and disorientation, and these symptoms can be noticed by the caregiver of the affected person.
- Other symptoms: such as loss of appetite and nausea represented by an upset stomach.
It is worth referring to the medical emergency in the event of suffering from chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting, and the doctor should be consulted in the event of any of the symptoms previously mentioned above; Early detection of heart disease contributes to treatment, and you also find consulting a doctor in the event of a high risk of developing heart disease, such as having a family history of heart disease, to take the necessary preventive measures. | <urn:uuid:c0f43ab1-8f7a-47ed-9b6e-b584b03149b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://merabuzz.com/common-symptoms-of-common-heart-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.942371 | 1,628 | 3.359375 | 3 |
baby, oh baby, just look at you now;
squirming and chirping and flashing your smile.
there’s so much to tell you, with your hand in mine,
let’s journey together and see what we find.
not so long ago and not so far away,
your story met mine on a cold wintry day,
the miracle of life, that God spun you in me;
new heart and new light for your new family.
baby, oh baby, now there’s so much to learn;
the strength of a lion, the song of a bird;
the colors of the fish hidden deep in the sea,
the glimmer of stars in our vast galaxy.
the sweat and the pride in a noble day’s work,
the grace to forgive even when you get hurt;
the strength to try again after feeling defeat,
the courage to stand for the things you believe.
baby, oh baby, hold close what is true,
you must give your best, for it comes back to you;
love without fear and you will never regret,
count all your blessings and use every breath.
inhale every moment of laughter and worth,
the kinship of friendships, the salt of the earth;
exhale only that which is gracious and kind,
speak words that heal and lead with your mind.
baby, oh baby, find the secrets that hide,
the inventions and passions that you have inside;
nurture the flame and harness the fire,
for it is your happiness and your hope to inspire.
already written is the number of your days,
and already scripted are the steps you will take:
so always put trust in our God up above,
and baby, my baby, always know you are loved.
about the writer.
“Words are only postage stamps delivering the object for you to unwrap” (George Bernard Shaw) | <urn:uuid:534c4639-757a-40c1-8e2b-855eb2be95ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sarahjayandcompany.com/poetry-blog/archives/12-2011 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.902562 | 431 | 1.570313 | 2 |
New analysis from grid operators and academic researchers quantifies the large and diverse net benefits grid upgrades provide to consumers.
AWEA has consistently explained that new transmission more than pays for itself by improving electric reliability and reducing consumers’ electricity costs. Upgrades to America’s obsolete and congested transmission grid are needed anyway, and the benefits from bringing new clean energy sources online are just another reason to expand the grid.
Transmission accounts for around 10 percent of a typical electric bill. However, building transmission more than offsets that cost by reducing energy costs, which account for the majority of the typical electric bill, by providing access to cheaper sources of energy.
Southwest Power Pool finds transmission provides billions in net savings for consumers
The Southwest Power Pool (SPP), the grid operator for Kansas, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and parts of neighboring states, recently released groundbreaking analysis that looks backward to quantify many of the consumer and reliability benefits of the transmission it has installed, confirming previous forward-looking analysis by SPP and other grid operators. SPP found that the transmission upgrades it installed between 2012 and 2014 alone:
– Create nearly $12 billion in net present value benefits for consumers over the next 40 years, or around $800 for each person currently served by SPP, or $2,400 per each metered customer.
– Yield savings that are 3.5 times greater than the cost of the transmission upgrades.
– Provide benefits that are higher than SPP planning models had estimated.
As shown in the following chart from SPP’s report, these upgrades are already paying for themselves, and the multiple benefits only grow over time.
Benefits (left) exceed cost (right) of transmission upgrades
MISO grid operator analysis also finds large net benefits
Other grid operators have also found large net benefits from transmission upgrades. As shown below, in 2014 the MidContinent Independent System Operator (MISO), the grid operator for all or part of 13 Upper Midwest states, released analysis showing transmission upgrades that are currently underway are expected to:
– Provide $13 to 50 billion in net benefits over the next 20 to 40 years, or between $275 and $1,000 for each person currently served by MISO.
– Yield benefits 2.6 to 3.9 times greater than their cost, an increase from the 1.8 to 3.0 benefit-to-cost ratio that had initially been calculated several years earlier.
Sum of transmission benefits identified in MISO’s analysis
Other benefits of transmission
Both analyses acknowledge that these are conservative estimates that do not include many benefits that are difficult to quantify. SPP’s analysis was reviewed by electric industry consultants the Brattle Group, who found the analysis “path-breaking” and robust, but also noted it is likely an understatement of transmission’s benefits. Below, SPP’s report lists the benefits that it was able to quantify, as well as those there were not accounted for or that could only be partially quantified. Importantly, many valuable benefits, such as greater market competition and liquidity, a more resilient power system, fuel diversity and system flexibility were not quantified.
Benefits identified in SPP’s analysis
Other researchers confirm transmission’s many benefits
Other recent studies explore some of those benefits in more detail. An article published in the journal Nature Climate Change last month examines the benefits of building an even larger nationwide transmission network that would enable the optimal deployment of the lowest-cost renewable resources. With the transmission in place to access the most productive wind and solar energy, by 2030, “carbon dioxide emissions from the U.S. electricity sector can be reduced by up to 80% relative to 1990 levels, without an increase in the levelized cost of electricity.”
That article also finds that a major benefit of transmission is capturing the geographic diversity in wind and solar output due to the fact that “the average variability of weather decreases as size increases; if wind or solar power are not available in a small area, they are more likely to be available somewhere in a larger area.” As a result, the study notes “paradoxically, the variability of the weather can provide the answer to its perceived problems.”
By using transmission to aggregate renewable resources and electricity demand across the entire country, the study found the U.S. can reliably and cost-effectively meet electricity demand in all hours, with wind providing 38 percent of the energy mix and solar providing 17 percent. Even with a 14 percent increase in electricity consumption, demand can still be reliably met with the removal of all coal generating capacity and a significant reduction in gas generating capacity from what we have today. That is possible because the diversity of wind and solar output over a large area enables them to provide a more consistent supply that can be relied on for meeting electricity demand. The study also examined the potential use of storage to provide that same service, but found it would have “a higher cost than HVDC transmission lines,” even with aggressive assumptions for storage cost reductions, and was not necessary.
Another recent study examines the value of transmission for providing flexibility to respond to uncertain changes in policy, the generation mix and other aspects of the power system over time, one of the benefits that was not quantified in SPP’s analysis.
Analysis by Dr. Ben Hobbs at Johns Hopkins University and his graduate student Francisco Espinoza shows that current transmission planning methods, which at best use deterministic scenarios to highlight ranges of future outcomes for the power system, are “a weak tool for decisions under uncertainty” and “don’t account for flexibility.” Probabilistic methods that quantitatively account for uncertainty in the transmission planning process result in a larger and more optimal transmission build, saving consumers tens of billions of dollars (page 102) relative to deterministic methods that fail to account for the value of transmission in providing flexibility. Moreover, the probabilistic method saved hundreds of billions of dollars relative to some deterministic planning methods that greatly underbuilt transmission.
As utilities and grid operators confront growing uncertainty due to an increased reliance on volatilely-priced fuels, regulation of carbon emissions, rapid technology improvements for renewable resources, and large changes in the generation mix, the flexibility to respond to unexpected changes that is provided by transmission becomes even more valuable.
Just as the interstate highway system made the American economy more efficient and flexible by facilitating interstate trade, a more robust transmission system will save consumers money and enable a more efficient transition to a clean energy future, regardless of what direction that future takes. | <urn:uuid:fce14d9c-8363-4c8c-a944-c0d2607ad0d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cleanpower.org/blog/grid-operators-researchers-quantify-benefits-of-transmission/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949814 | 1,352 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Since everything is on Google Classroom these days, I thought I’d update parents on this site so you could feel more in touch with what’s going on in the classroom.
English 11 Classes:
We are done with chapter two in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men. The books are in my class and we are reading it in class. So far, the majority of the students are on board! I think they like the characters, understand the time period (Dust Bowl/Depression), and frankly, they like how short the novel is. We will finish the novel well before exams. There will be a test on Of Mice and Men and it will be a gold grade. That is the next gold grade.
When students get back from Christmas break, we will be reading “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, “The Outcasts of Poker Flat” by Bret Harte, among other texts. I have all of these in my room.
English 9 Honors Classes:
We are almost done with The Odyssey. Students are working on their foldables for a gold grade. There will also be a gold grade test on the actual text of The Odyssey (which is in their textbook). The test will most likely be on the Thursday after Thanksgiving.
We will be reading Romeo and Juliet by Shakespeare when we get back from Christmas.
Students are working on their third short story and will have plenty of time in the computer lab to finish by the due date of December 5. It will be a gold grade. There is no semester exam for creative writing.
Some photos from the first semester: | <urn:uuid:9cda6077-e019-44e5-88e4-2d874cecb84b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://podcasts.shelbyed.k12.al.us/jculver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949942 | 359 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Philip is an innovative and multitalented professional who combines expertise in the humanities with experience as an educator in order to create intuitive software.
Philip picked up programming as a teenager and continued as a hobbyist throughout his adult life. Now he's channeling his diverse expertise through his coding skills in order to create useful tools.
Philip has more than a decade of experience as a college professor. He's equipped young adults with skills in critical thinking, logic, ethics, and philosophy. His students often return after graduation to thank him for his enthusiasm and effectiveness.
Philip's graduate studies in analytic philosophy emphasized critical thinking, conceptual clarity, and openness to critique, while his research in ethics explored the practical application of these skills.
In his work with various 501c(3) nonprofit organizations, Philip has equipped student leaders to mentor others, organized volunteer staff, and restructured training programs in order to further the missions of these nonprofits.
Programming might not give him much opportunity to sing opera, but Philip's study of music and art have refined his design sensibilities and given him an eye — and ear! — for presentation. | <urn:uuid:1bbc968d-b1cc-4f27-af91-28949555a004> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.philipantin.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.976262 | 230 | 1.5625 | 2 |
The National Association of Women Lawyers (NAWL) is a national voluntary legal professional organization devoted to promoting the interests and progress of women lawyers and women’s legal rights. Founded in 1899, long before most local and national bar associations admitted women, NAWL has historically served as an educational forum and an active voice for the concerns of women in the legal profession.
NAWL continues to support and advance the interests of women in and under the law. Today, members of NAWL represent all areas of legal expertise: public and private sectors; for-profit and not-for-profit; and large and small organizations. Through its programs and network, NAWL provides the tools for women in the profession to advance and prosper in their own careers while also enriching the profession.
By becoming an Institutional Member of NAWL, you unite with women and men throughout the United States to advocate for women in the legal profession. We invite you to join other organizations who, like you, are proud to be engaged in the practice of law and wish to work together to support the social, political, and professional empowerment of women in the law.
Institutional Membership offers you the opportunity to join a diverse group of professionals and enjoy a variety of benefits, including:
• Reduced individual membership rate of $55 per attorney, individual members receive reduced rates for NAWL events
• Email updates and e-news featuring upcoming events, opportunities, and news items of interest to NAWL members
• Featured recognition on NAWL’s website, in the Annual Meeting & Awards Luncheon program booklet, and in the quarterly publication the Women Lawyer’s Journal ®
• Subscription to the quarterly publication the Women Lawyer’s Journal ®
• Access to NAWL’s online network and affinity groups
• Networking, public service, diversity, and leadership opportunities for your lawyers through NAWL committees
Institutional Membership Types
To join or renew, please contact NAWL at firstname.lastname@example.org or 312.988.6186. | <urn:uuid:2e3a7a37-3ba1-445b-ab60-c1bee28708d3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nawl.org/p/cm/ld/fid=286 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.934107 | 470 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Holidays, if you are lucky, are when feasting on stuffed mirlitons is expected. Shrimp or crawfish cooked with The Trinity and tossed with breadcrumbs then packed into those little boats that taste like nothing (loosely speaking). The mirliton/chayote squash/christophene/vegetable pear is a berry (single soft seed as an embryo surrounded by fleshy fruit – think eggplants, bananas). It is related to the cucumber and the squash. And is part of the gourd family.
Changes in the name had everything to do with shedding the language of the people from whence it came. It was chayote to the first nation people. Became mirliton to the French so that name stuck in Louisiana for obvious reasons. It was then marketed as a vegetable pear to Anglicanize the fruit or make it more English. Meanwhile the actual English call it christophene. No matter what you call it, it ranges in color from dark green to ivory. And if you have ever lived in Honduras, you will know that it is plentiful and available in grocery stores all year round.
It is said Los Isleños, or Canary Islanders, brought the mirliton to Louisiana in the 1700s. These people would be the descendants of the Spanish colonists. And that is not wrong. But more specifically, Louisiana got mirlitons through Mesoamerican and Caribbean migration
Mesoamerica would have been from approximately central Mexico through Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and northern Costa Rica. Within this region pre-Columbian societies flourished for more than 1000 years before the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Mesoamerica was the site of two of the most profound historical transformations in world history: primary urban generation, and the formation of New World cultures out of the long encounters among Indigenous, European, African and Asian cultures
In short, that means French, English, and Spanish colonizers spread mirlitons. Here is a brief history…
1675 Slave ships wrecked off the island of St. Vincent. These West Africans, along with the steady stream of maroons escaping slavery on other Caribbean islands, found refuge and started families with the indigenous Kalinago (Carib) population. An Afro-indigenous culture developed that existed independently of the region’s colonial forced labour plantation system. They became known as the Garifuna or Black Caribs – distinguished from Caribs who are purported to have clear skin, light eyes and long blonde hair.
The so-called ‘Black Caribs’ together with the indigenous Kalinago created a formidable fighting force that resisted European colonizing efforts in the region for over a century, (that puts us around 1775) forcing both the British and French to recognize St Vincent as one of several ‘Neutral Islands’ (See Dominica and Saint Vincent)
But all good things come to an end…
In 1763, Great Britain ceded ownership of Louisiana to Spain, as part of a treaty marking the end of the French and Indian War. A lot of people don’t realize that. And the Spanish brought a taste for spices, because the Moors had been in Spain all this time so that Arab influence meant that as part of the Spice Trade they were much more interested in cardamom, as an example, and all the spices, than were the French. So the taste of spices came in but it was an overlay on this French attitude about food, so it was adopted and absorbed. The Spanish also had a taste for rice, so they were bringing the idea of rice and other things as well. They brought covered markets and a control of food, and they began to license taverns and bars in a way that was done by auction, and that’s how they got the money to run the city. Since this wasn’t taxes like income tax, but instead a tax on drinking, they encouraged everyone to drink, because the more you drank, the more taxes they’d have.
1789-1815 15-20K Haitian refugees migrated to Louisiana, 80-90% settled in New Orleans vicinity.
1791-1804 Free people of color, freed enslaved men, and whites came in waves both before and after the Haitian (nee Saint-Domingue) Revolution. Meanwhile, 25K Haitian refugees migrated to Cuba and and another several thousand went to Jamaica.
1796, British improved built armaments in Honduras and forced Garifuna to accept permanent exile as prisoners of war.
April 1797, over 5,000 ‘Black Caribs’ (Garifuna) were transported on British ships and abandoned on the deserted Honduran Bay Island of Roatan. Many later moved to the mainland of Honduras and became allied with Spain.
The Garifuna fought with Spain against British pirates and military attacks. They also took the Royalist side in the Central American Independence wars against Spain and as a result became a highly marginalized population in post-independence Honduras. (See Honduras, Guatemala and Nicaragua).
1803 Napoleon sold Louisiana to fund the Napoleonic Wars invading Russia, Portugal, Spain**, among other military actions including trying to quell the Haitian Revolt.
Mirlitons were staples in Haitian diets. Those coming from Haiti by way of Cuba temporarily settled on the coast before being ousted in 1808
1808 Spanish colonialists angry with Napoleon Bonaparte for deposing the Spanish monarchy and putting his brother on the Spanish throne (1808-1813) declared French settlers in Cuba unwelcome (persona non grata) and thus had to seek refuge elsewhere
1810 more than 9K of those Haitains had reached Louisiana from Cuba. Interestingly enough Haitian population in Louisiana was then about equal to percentages of whites, free people of color, enslaved people. That means at the time Louisiana was around 80% black.
1847 Marked the earliest accounts of vegetable pears/chayote/mirlitons in Louisiana proper.
Mirlitons have been prepared in many interesting t ways over time. Most of the harvest of chayotes in the islands used for stew and soups as a thickener. Even in gumbo, Sopas de mariscos, and bread. But here in New Orleans, mirlitons were also used to make “apple” pie, mainly because apples were not a native crop.
So next holiday season, thank the Africans turned Haitians turned New Orleanians for their knowledge of food stuffs and cooking. Without them, we would not have such an amazing dishes. | <urn:uuid:bf69e1a0-1787-488a-8454-88fc00039d05> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://greenpeppersolutions.com/mirliton/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.965316 | 1,367 | 2.96875 | 3 |
I want to thank the wonderful people taking my successful AIP Course for the inspiration and motivation to dive into this topic in detail: I started fielding questions about CBD use for autoimmune diseases, and I ended up going on a deep dive into the scientific literature. This blog post is a result of that research!
What is CBD? CBD is an abbreviation for the phytochemical cannabidol, a non-psychoactive component of Cannabis sativa (AKA marijuana, the recreational drug that receives a lot of attention in the media and is legalized for recreational or medical use in some states in the United States). This is a different constituent from THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), the phytochemical responsible for the mental changes associated with marijuana use. So, when we talk about CBD, we’re talking about an isolated chemical compound from Cannabis that will not have any effects on personality apart from potentially being calming/relaxing.
I’m sure that some of you are wondering, “but isn’t this stuff illegal, at least in some states…?” And the answer to your question would be: well, kind of. In the US, the federal Controlled Substances Act controls substances with a psychoactive nature or that have abuse potential. Classification of a substance depends upon its medical effectiveness and abuse potential. Marijuana and its cannabinoid components are currently Schedule I substances, the criteria for which is that there’s no currently-accepted medical use, high potential for abuse, and lack of accepted safety for use of the drug under medical supervision. Whether Cannabis and its components are appropriately designated has been under debate for quite some time. However, CBD can also be isolated from hemp – another strain of Cannabis that is rich in CBD and does not have psychoactive properties. The use of hemp is one way that companies are able to legally manufacture CBD products.
Since 1996, there has been a large push to legalize marijuana in multiple forms, including CBD, across the United States. Currently, CBD is not listed separately from high-THC marijuana, which makes sourcing CBD a challenge. As of 2018, 25 states and the District of Columbia have made medical marijuana legal, and another 17 states have legalized products that are high in CBD and low in THC.
So, long story short, the legality of CBD products is entirely dependent upon where you live! Please keep that in mind as you read. There is considerable evidence of medical benefit of CBD use, so that is what I will discuss here.
CBD for Nerds: The Pharmacology and Physiology of Cannabinoids
Cannabis sativa, despite its controversial legal status, has been studied extensively, and it is known to have hundreds of bioavailable chemical compounds that are psychoactive and not. These compounds can activate that naturally-occurring endocannabinoid receptors of the human nervous system and elsewhere.
- Cannabidol (CBD)
- Cannabichromene (CBC)
- Cannbigerol (CBG)
- Cannabidivarin (CBDV)
- Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV)
- Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
That last compound, THC, is the most common phytochemical component of cannabis and is responsible for its psychoactive properties, and CBD is the second most common constituent of the plant. THC is similar in structure to CBD, with the ring structure and long hydrocarbon chain forming a tail. Despite this similarity, these compounds elicit different responses in the body; their pharmacological properties depend on how they interact with the endocannabinoid receptors and enzymes of endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation.
THC creates changes in mental status, motor function, memory, and body temperature by interacting with the CB1 and CB2 receptors in the endocannabinoid system. This effect can manifest as increased heart rate, anxiety, hunger, and eventually sleepiness. But, the presence of CBD lowers THC’s affinity for these receptors and thus reduces these collateral effects, making consumption of THC with CBD much safer than THC alone.
Some aspects of CBD pharmacology are still being researched, especially the pharmacodynamics (i.e., the mechanism of action) across many systems. But, there is a lot that we do know now.
CBD interacts with several important receptors throughout the body that are responsible for its physiological effects and potential medical benefits.
One example is that it acts in the body much like the compound capsaicin, an anti-inflammatory compound found in red peppers. CBD and capsaicin both bind to the receptor called TRPV1, which is known to mediate pain, inflammation, and body temperature. Fun fact: this receptor is referred to as a “vanilloid receptor,” because it mediates the effects of a wide range of medicinal herbs, including vanilla – a known antiseptic and analgesic. Cool, right?
At high concentrations, CBD activates the serotonin receptor 5-HT1A. Activation of this receptor triggers a cascade of intracellular signals that result in an increase in the production of serotonin. Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter for mood regulation, and deficiency in serotonin is associated with both depression and anxiety. This receptor has been implicated in a range of physiological processes, including anxiety, addiction, appetite, sleep, pain perception, nausea, and vomiting. Interestingly, the form of CBD found in unheated plant matter, cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), has an even stronger affinity for this receptor, which could be important when considering which forms of the compound could have the most impact.
On the other end, CBD blocks another receptor called the GPR55 receptor, which is also called the “orphan receptor” because it hasn’t been identified as belonging to any other class of receptor. Overactive GPR55 is associated with risk for osteoporosis and cancer cell proliferation, so, as an antagonist, CBD is believed to decrease bone reabsorption and cancer cell proliferation. There is another mechanism for CBD as an anti-cancer agent: it activates PPARs, which are associated with anti-cancer proliferation, tumor regression, and degradation of plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease. PPAR receptors are also associated with energy homeostasis, liquid regulation, insulin sensitivity, and other aspects of metabolism.
Finally, CBD acts on certain receptors by changing their structure and influencing how they respond to their substrates. One important example is that CBD acts as a positive allosteric modulatory of the GABA-A receptor, amplifying the calming effects of the amino acid/neurotransmitter, GABA.
The broad-ranging actions of CBD are responsible for its diverse health benefits, indicating potential medical use for a wide range of conditions.
Medical Uses of CBD by System
There are a few biological systems and disease conditions in which CBD has been extensively studied as an pharmaceutical intervention. Together, these studies demonstrate the compelling therapeutic potential for CBD. Let’s review this exciting research!
The immune system is one area of health where CBD has been very well-studied. While there is some difference in the effect based on the amount of CBD used as well as the studied immune stimulus, the overall effect of CBD is immunosuppression. Interestingly, we see this effect through activation of the CB1 and CB2 receptors that we mentioned in the previous section. It’s been established that CBD has a strong capability to inhibit the production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interferon gamma (IFN-γ).
One well-studied example is inflammatory lung disease. There is a lot of evidence that use of CBD reduces the immune response, allowing the lungs to function appropriately. Specifically, CBD inhibited the migration and action of several immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes and their associated pro-inflammatory signaling molecules called the cytokines.
CBD has also been studied in the context of degenerative diseases with an inflammatory etiology. Notably, there are some implications in the progression of the neurodegenerative diseases Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, multiple sclerosis, and HIV-associated dementia as well as cancer. The understanding here is that CBD inhibits cells called microglia, which are kind of like the clean-up cells of the nervous system and act like a lot of immune cells: when they function properly, they are critical to health, but overstimulation of them can cause diseases of the nervous system. That kind of sounds like an autoimmune disease, doesn’t it?
Outside of the action on the CB receptors, CBD has even more anti-inflammatory effects! Specifically, CBD decreases the movement of blood leukocytes by down-regulating some chemokines and vascular adhesion molecules. This increases motor functioning and has resulted in improvement of some autoimmune conditions. So, in combination with its effects on microglia, it looks like CBD has some potent neuropotential effects.
There’s more – seriously! CBD also acts as an anti-inflammatory molecule at the level of the retina of the eye, so it’s been implicated as a potential therapeutic for inflammatory eye diseases like uveitis (inflammation of the uvea), age-related macular degeneration, and diabetes-related glaucoma.
You may be thinking about whether inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease are also going to show up on this list. The answer is yes! In fact, CBD is an incredibly promising therapeutic for Crohn’s, because it modulates the secretion of interleukins 10 and 12 by macrophages in the gut. It has also been shown to inhibit the recruitment of mast cells and macrophages in the intestines, leading to a significant reduction of the inflammatory molecule TNF-α. Some preliminary studies have confirmed a reduction of symptoms in patients with Crohn’s – a huge relief for people in a lot of pain.
As you may suspect, CBD is being studied as an immunomodulating compound in the management of autoimmune diseases. This acts by reprogramming pathological memory T cells (the ones that tell the immune system to attack our bodies). One recent study confirmed that the immunomodulatory effects of CBD are mediated through the induction of regulatory T cells — this is an extremely exciting result because the insufficienty and/or inactivity of Treg cells is a main driver of all autoimmune diseases (and perhaps immune diseases as well). See also The Autoimmune Protocol and check out the AIP Lecture Series
If that kinda-sorta sounds like a miracle, it might be. Researchers are still trying to investigate the details. Despite all we do know, there is a lot that we don’t know about how CBD is related to immune activation in times when we want an immune response. Namely, the ability to fight infection, especially in healthy people. We also don’t have clear guidance from the literature on optimal dose, timing, or form of CBD to maximize benefits and minimize any potential risks. Still, I am super excited to watch the literature and see what scientists come up with in this field!
- Neuroprotective – CBD seems to be able to preserve neuronal structure and function, at least in cell cultures and in animal models of neurodegenerative disease.
- Antioxidant – cells cultured with CBD have been shown to help cells cope with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory changes, excitotoxicity, iron accumulation, and protein aggregation (all features of neurodegenerative disease).
- Analgesic – there is a lot of evidence that CBD exhibits an analgesic effect (reducing or eliminating pain), but scientists are still trying to understand the mechanism here.
- Anti-psychotic – some new evidence is suggesting that CBD may be used for the prevention and treatment of psychosis, which has been linked to neuroinflammation, but large-scale randomized trials are still needed.
- Anti-anxiety & antidepressant – CBD has long been known as a therapeutic for animal models of anxiety and stress, with administration leading to reduced muscle tension, restlessness, fatigue, problems in concentration, and behavioral and physiological measures of stress. This has been corroborated in some small human trials.
There are also some specific examples of CBD in neurological diseases. One important example is that CBD has been shown to reduce infarct size in models of stroke, and there is some evidence that it protects against epithelial cell damage in the brain. How? Activation of the PPAR receptors we discussed above!
Even still, there are some limitations to CBD use. While there is good-quality evidence that CBD improves pain compared to placebo in humans, it seems to have some tolerance issues and might interact with important drugs such as anti-convulsants and HIV protease inhibitors. As with a lot of what we discuss in this post, more studies are needed and high-quality evidence is essential. Scientists are hoping to also explore research of CBD for other psychiatric disorders, including:
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Panic disorder
- Post-traumatic stress disorder
- Social anxiety disorder
See also Paleo for Mental Health
My guess is that you may have heard about the effects of CBD on the inflammation and the nervous system, but did you know that there are other known and proposed medical benefits? In fact, several studies in the past few years have demonstrated that the cardiovascular system may be an important target for cannabinoids.
CBD has an effect on the cardiovascular system by interacting with CB receptors that are at the central level, inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters and acting on the sympathetic nervous system. This in turn controls cardiovascular function, specifically by relaxing blood vessels and impacting health by temporarily reducing high blood pressure. It looks like CBD may also help with hypertension by promoting the release of the chemical nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator. The specifics of the mechanism(s) behind CBD’s anti-hypertensive effects are still being investigated. Some evidence also suggests that CBD may fight arterial plaque. The underlying mechanism for this is likely due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant properties. Other diseases being investigated in this realm are heart failure and ischemic injuries. See also The Paleo Diet for Cardiovascular Disease
You may have already heard of CBD in the context of cancer treatment and prevention. But, what does the evidence actually say? It looks like CBD may be anti-proliferative for several types of cancer cells, which is (potentially) a huge deal! One of the best-studied relationships between CBD and cancer cells is with breast cancer. It looks like CBD inhibits the proliferation of estrogen-positive and –negative breast cancer cell lines in laboratory studies. Studies have established a few different mechanisms, which seem to demonstrate that CBD targets the metabolically overactive cancer cells over normal mammary tissue. CBD also seems to reduce the chance of invasiveness in human lung cancer cells, making it very protective when it comes to lung cancer. Additionally, CBD shows antiproliferative effects with colorectal cancer, one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the Western world. Similarly, it looks like CBD may have anti-cancer and therapeutic value when it comes to brain and lung cancer as well.
More generally, the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD seem to be preventative when it comes to cancer. This makes sense considering some recent evidence that inflammation is very strongly related to cancer. See The Link Between Cancer and Autoimmune Disease.
Just doing a quick Google search for CBD products, SO many options come up: creams, salves, sprays, lozenges, oils… it goes on and on! So, what does the research say about these products? Well, the bottom line is that the above studies have mostly been conducted in animal models and/or used internal supplementation (pills/oils) that are in SUPER high doses. When we look at the possibility of taking CBD ourselves, we have to think about the form of the product and the amount of CBD we are actually going to get from each product. This comes down to bioavailability, which varies from product to product as well (and isn’t that well-studied).
The bioavailability of CBD depends on the different forms of it that are used. Research has shown that oral intake of CBD results in bioavailability between 13% and 19%. If that doesn’t seem like great bioavailability to you, that would be correct – it isn’t. Plus, metabolism of CBD is mostly regulated by the liver, where it is subjected to several modifications that influence its uses in the body (this is important to note for anyone who may have liver disease or is worried about the burden of other medications or supplements on their liver function). The established half life of CBD is 9 hours, meaning that it takes about 9 hours for the volume of CBD to be decreased in the blood by 50%, so the effectiveness of CBD can last about half a day.
Something interesting that I saw in the literature is that there is some evidence that injectable CBD might be the most ideal form for serious medical intervention, especially in cases of neurological disease, because it easily crosses the blood brain barrier without being modified by the liver. Given the barriers to CBD use presently in the current system, it seems like we’re a ways away from being able to implement this in medical intervention style. I can totally see IV CBD being available in medical clinics in the future if the legal barrier is eventually removed. Even still, injection is a relatively unpleasant way of getting a medicine!
As of 2018, 25 states and the District of Columbia have made medical marijuana legal, and another 17 states have legalized products that are high in CBD and low in THC. In states where recreational and medical use of cannabis is legal, the amount of THC is tracked and recorded for consumers. Likewise, the amount of CBD can be determined and reported to consumers, depending on the product and that person’s goals (medical or otherwise). Otherwise, quality and concentration of CBD can be less regulated.
Notably, studies so far have found that CBD has very low if any potential for toxicity, largely due to the fact that it has no psychoactive effects. It also doesn’t seem increase genetic mutations or cause issues with growing fetuses in the womb (although more data is needed to definitively prove that CBD is not teratogenic). But, that doesn’t mean we have really clear-cut evidence regarding what the best dosage of CBD is.
Since there isn’t a lot of good research here, it’s hard for me to make any specific recommendations – especially not based on the evidence that we have available at this point. The most common dosage in practitioner-brand CBD products is about 10mg in oral form, which translates to about 1.3-1.9mg of actual CBD action. Salves and other topical forms have a variety of dosages, and it looks like they are less bioavailable than oral options. So, always take that information into consideration if you’re considering investing in CBD.
Quick Words of Caution
There is a lot of information out there that suggests CBD could be a potent medicinal chemical that could be helpful in the treatment and prevention of many diseases. That being said, I want to take a moment to pause and encourage some critical thinking regarding the level of evidence that is currently available to us.
The vast majority of studies to date are in animal models and with cell studies – in fact, I’m not aware of a single published paper that delineates a gold-standard, randomized controlled trial with appropriate placebo and/or comparative effectiveness studies examining the effects of CBD in humans. It looks like there is a current Phase I trial investigating the effects of CBD, but results may be years away. So, I don’t want my readers to leave this post assuming I think CBD is the answer to all medical problems even though I do think it’s very promising (of course, not a substitute for a healthy diet and lifestyle).
From what we know so far, there is evidence that CBD could be very helpful for a variety of medical conditions. While CBD research is certainly promising, we are in need of well-controlled human studies to identify optimal dosing protocols. I absolutely can’t wait to see where this exciting field goes and have definitely experienced noticeable benefits from my own personal experiments with CBD!
If you’re looking for a product recommendation, I chose One Farm CBD products because their USDA organic hemp oil is top quality, and flavored simply with organic essential oils (like peppermint oil and cinnamon oil) and there’s no wonky ingredients (no stevia!). I love that One Farm oversees every aspect of production, starting with growing industrial grade hemp on their beautiful USDA Organic farm in Colorado. Then, the hemp oil is CO2 extracted and bottled by One Farm’s USDA Certified Lab, and every batch is 3rd party tested, ensuring an incredibly pure product. In fact, it’s so high quality (it has no harsh hemp aftertaste, is light in color, and it never contains any particulates) that unflavored is my preference!
I’ve found that One Farm CBD works wonders in helping me gently calm and recenter myself. If I am feeling overworked, stressed, or exhausted, I enjoy a dropperful to encourage a bit of decompression. It makes me feel more alert and focused too. I particularly love a dose right before bed to promote more restful sleep.
Pisanti S, Malfitano AM, Ciaglia E, et al. Cannabidiol: State of the art and new challenges for therapeutic applications. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;175:133-150.
Nagarkatti P, Pandey R, Rieder SA, Hegde VL, Nagarkatti M. Cannabinoids as novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Future Med Chem. 2009;1(7):1333-49.
Russo EB & Marcu J. Cannabis pharmacology: the usual suspects and a few promising leads. Cannabis Pharm. 2017; 67-134.
Bíró T, Tóth BI, Haskó G, Paus R, Pacher P. The endocannabinoid system of the skin in health and disease: novel perspectives and therapeutic opportunities. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2009;30(8):411-20.
Oláh A, Szekanecz Z, Bíró T. Targeting Cannabinoid Signaling in the Immune System: “High”-ly Exciting Questions, Possibilities, and Challenges. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1487.
Basavarajappa BS, Nixon RA, Arancio O. Endocannabinoid system: emerging role from neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration. Mini Rev Med Chem. 2009;9(4):448-62.
Walther S, Halpern M. Cannabinoids and Dementia: A Review of Clinical and Preclinical Data. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010;3(8):2689-2708.
Bogdanović V, Mrdjanović J, Borišev I. A Review of the Therapeutic Antitumor Potential of Cannabinoids. J Altern Complement Med. 2017;23(11):831-836.
Kaplan BL. The role of CB1 in immune modulation by cannabinoids. Pharmacol Ther. 2013;137(3):365-74.
Eisenstein TK, Meissler JJ. Effects of Cannabinoids on T-cell Function and Resistance to Infection. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2015;10(2):204-16.
Breivogel CS, Sim-selley LJ. Basic neuroanatomy and neuropharmacology of cannabinoids. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2009;21(2):113-21.
Dhital S, Stokes JV, Park N, Seo K-S, Kaplan BLF. Cannabidiol (CBD) Induces Functional Tregs in Response to Low-Level T Cell Activation. Cell Immunol. 2017 Feb; 312: 25–34. | <urn:uuid:80eac7bb-86ad-4ac4-815a-2f9a1d0de94e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thepaleomom.com/cbd-panacea-snake-oil-or-somewhere-in-between/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.947802 | 5,077 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Within seconds of turning out of Notting Hill Gate Station, you will find yourself on a smart, quiet street, lined by a row of Regency-style houses. Evoking the same sense of luxury and elegance that once made them so desirable amongst the crème de la crème of Victorian society, five of these impressive townhouses have today provided the starting point for The Laslett – a hotel by Living Rooms.
The story of The Laslett may be rooted in Notting Hill past, but it will be a resolute part of Notting Hill future. A catalyst in the area’s creative resurgence, The Laslett’s philosophy centers on the support of British art and design; particularly artists who have forged a personal or artistic connection with the area.
Tracy Lowy, the woman behind The Laslett, called upon her creative reinforcements to help with the project. First came Tom Barlett, a long-term friend and the founder of Waldo Works – an architectural design studio known for their ability to seamlessly infuse the heritage of a classic space with a sense of playfulness. Excited by the idea of a hotel that would celebrate modern British design, Tom introduced Tracy to Ben Kelway, a London-based creative director with his own studio, Atlas.
Ben willingly came aboard as creative consultant, and began to help with the immense task of curating the artwork that would give the hotel its unique character. All the pieces were beginning to fall into place, but something was missing – the project still needed a name.
Tracy first came upon the story of Rhaune Laslett whilst digging through the history of Notting Hill. A fairly unknown yet remarkable woman, she was a political activist in Notting Hill fifty years ago – a time when this was one of the poorer areas of West London, and when tensions within the racially diverse community were high.
Rhaune had the idea to organize a festival that would bring the local residents together, regardless of who they were or where they had come from. The event was to become an annual fixture, gradually evolving into the world-famous Notting Hill Carnival.
Naming the hotel after Rhaune was a way to acknowledge the enduring impact that she has had on the area, and on Living Rooms’ project itself. Her name stands as a reminder of the aim behind this new hotel – to create something that is a celebration of the locality, as much for Notting Hill residents as it is for visitors.
Under the name of The Laslett, the design team decided to dedicate the ground floor space of the hotel to the general public. They envisioned a new neighbourhood hangout, a place where residents and guests could experience the work of established and upcoming artists, or enjoy quality food and drink from local suppliers.
Further inspiration for the space came in the form of Russ Henderson, a steelpan aficionado who is widely recognised as a founding father of the Carnival as we know it today. Tracy and her team met with Russ, who offered them copious amounts of rum and ginger beer, as well as his blessing to use his name for the bar.
The Laslett is an unfinished story. In fact, it is many different stories that have diverged somewhere in London to make up a part of the ongoing narrative that is Notting Hill. | <urn:uuid:9382ddd1-7256-40a7-9da4-60c4a2898f5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.living-rooms.co.uk/the-laslett/our-story/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.973766 | 670 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Growth Trends for Related Jobs
Should You Send a Letter of Recommendation on Resume Paper?
At some point in your career you may be asked to write a letter of recommendation for an employee or student. This is often a very proud moment in your career because it implies a certain amount of prominence and respect. The weight and color of the paper and the font can all be valid concerns when writing the recommendation.
Assessing the Importance
Recommendation letters are important in helping the person who has asked you to attest to their competency and skills. However, some recommendation letters may require more formality and pomp than others. For those requesting letters for entry-level or intermediate positions, it is not necessary to use heavy resume paper to write the letter. However, you should use paper that is heavy and bright enough to denote professionalism. A 92-95 brightness and 20-25 pound weight is sufficient.
Education Recommendation Letters
Writing an education recommendation letter (such as a letter for admission or scholarship letter) on standard paper should be sufficient. Use paper that is heavy enough to not smudge or smear the print. Resume paper is not necessary, as these letters typically go to committees in which they will simply be copied and distributed to multiple people. Therefore spending extra money on resume paper is impractical.
For recommendation letters of high status, it may be beneficial to write your letter on resume paper. In order to properly distribute the letter, you should find out how many people will be viewing it, and print enough copies to send to the whole selection committee. This may be necessary for high-level employment letters, and prestigious scholarship or grant opportunities may benefit from this kind of professional presentation. Printing on resume paper with a heavy weight and personal monogram will be an impressive addition to your letter.
Type of Paper
For most recommendation letters, it is more common to use matte resume paper of relatively heavy weight. If you belong to an organization such as a business, non-profit organization or academic institution, it is best to use letterhead with a watermark and your own personal contact information at the top of the paper. Granite, ivory or white are the most common professional choices for resume paper, but paper with a light blue or gray tinge may be acceptable. Many professional organizations use letterhead that matches their organizational colors, so this is acceptable as well.
Sterlin Mosley began writing professionally in 2006. He specializes in writing about mental health, human relations, spirituality and communication. He has published work in various academic journals as well as on Work.com. Mosley holds a Bachelor of Arts in English writing, a Master of Human Relations and is pursuing a Ph.D. in communication from the University of Oklahoma. | <urn:uuid:1b04a6ed-45fe-413c-9480-05013dc1be6c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://careertrend.com/info-8668282-should-letter-recommendation-resume-paper.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.928525 | 581 | 1.820313 | 2 |
SAI’s Microbiology Laboratory has the distinction of being accredited by AIHA-LAP, LLC’s Environmental Microbiology Program (EMLAP). Accreditation by AIHA-LAP, LLC demonstrates that a laboratory is in compliance with the ISO/IEC 17025:2005(E) general requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories.
SAI actively seeks advanced training workshops and collaborative seminars with world-renowned mycologists to stay on the leading edge of emerging industry trends and laboratory methodologies. Browse SAI’s full list of accreditations.
For high priority clearance projects requiring immediate analysis of spore-trap and direct-exam samples, our SOS® (Scopes On Site®) team provides mobile laboratory service on-site and is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Spore Trap Analysis
- Non-culturable: Identification and enumeration (counts/m3) to genus (or group) of all spore types present, quantification of fibers and hyphal fragments, as well as an assessment of background debris and skin cells.
Surface/Bulk Sample Analysis
- Direct Examination (tape-lift, swab, or bulk): Identification and qualitative assessment to genus (or group) of all fungi present.
Culturable (Impactor Samples)
- Identification to genus level of all fungi and bacteria present and enumeration to cfu/m3. Identification to species of fungi and bacteria is available for a small surcharge.
Culturable (swab, wipe, bulk, dust)
- Identification to genus and/or species level of all fungi and bacteria present and quantification to CFU/unit. Identification to species of fungi and bacteria is available for a small surcharge.
Characterization of Dust
- Identification and semi-quantitative enumeration of household dust particles, fungi, pollen, and fibers.
- 7 day detection of Legionella pneumophila in potable water samples. This test is based on a bacterial enzyme detection technology. | <urn:uuid:67bebdca-73cd-463e-9b7b-9bb7446d10a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sailab.com/services/environmental-microbiology/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.876921 | 436 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Sifting through the “massive” hype of US tax cuts
Jennifer Westacott, the CEO of the Business Council of Australia recently pointed out that if the US moves and other nation follow through with their pledges, Australia could become the 2nd highest taxing nation in the OECD.
On December 22, 2017 Trump signed off on arguably the first of his major campaign commitments – The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) – a $US1.5T cut in personal and corporate taxes. From a global investment viewpoint, the most significant feature of the TCJA was the big reduction in the US Federal headline company tax rate from 35% to 21%. In response, many commentators such as the BCA’s Jennifer Westacott have questioned how Australia can remain competitive given our relatively high corporate tax rate of 30%.
In this insight we analyse the impact of the US company tax cuts and provide a comparison to the Australian business context. Our analysis will primarily focus on the impact to large companies such as listed US companies and multi-nationals. Whilst US corporate tax payments will be cut significantly under the TCJA, we believe focussing on the headline US corporate tax cut number is quite misleading – significantly exaggerating the impact on corporate taxes for companies operating in the US.
Don’t ignore US state taxes
Unlike Australia, most US states impose their own personal and company taxes. Using sources such as the Tax Foundation and the Congressional Budget Office, we believe the total headline Federal plus state company tax rate in the US will drop from 39% to 25% rather than from 35% to 21%. This significantly reduces the difference in the Australian and US headline numbers – 30% is much closer to 25% than 21%.
Don’t fixate on the headline rate alone
Commentators have tended to focus almost completely on the headline Federal rate reduction, which is, at 14%, literally “massive” and should in isolation significantly reduce company tax payments. The Tax Foundation (2) estimates that over 10 years, the headline reduction in rates alone will save US companies $US1,420B. However, this is a complex tax package that makes many other changes to deductions and imposes other taxes.
When the Tax Foundation estimates the total impact of all these changes, the net “business subtotal” reduction in taxes falls to a much lower $US373B over 10 years. However, we think to be fair we should exclude two business tax components from the “business subtotal”.
First, small businesses (think professionals working under a company structure) will benefit from a new 20% deduction for pass-through business income saving $US289B. This is unlikely to impact large companies and multi-nationals so we don’t believe we should count this benefit
Second, a new one-off deemed repatriation tax on past foreign-source income will cost companies who have sheltered income overseas $US339B. As an example, Apple Inc announced on January 17 that it would be providing for $US38B for past foreign-source income. Excluding these two items means the net ongoing benefit to large businesses is more like $US423B over 10 years, which again is substantially lower than the headline $US1,420B number. Whether we use either the $US373B or $US423B number, the net total impact when compared to the much larger headline number of $US1420B implies an effective reduction in net tax paid of 4% (rounded) not 14%.
Figure 1: Estimated US Business Tax Changes over 10 years from 2018
Source: Tax Foundation
Do focus on actual taxes paid
The Congressional Budget Office’s “International Comparisons of Corporate Income Tax Rates” (2017) provides another way of looking at corporate taxes, albeit the numbers relate to 2012. This analysis looks at both statutory tax rates and average corporate tax rates, which they define as “the total amount of corporate income taxes that companies pay relative to their income.” The CBO estimate that the statutory (Federal plus State) US tax rate was 39.1% in 2012, versus the average corporate tax rate paid of 29%. Australia’s top statutory tax rate was and still is 30%, but the report estimates the average Australian corporate tax rate paid was only 17%, substantially below the US average and the median of other G20 countries in 2012 of 21.8%.
Now, while we are making some broad assumptions here, if the TCJA reduces net taxes paid by approximately 4% (refer previous section), then this would reduce the CBO estimate of average tax paid from 29% (in 2012) to 25%. This 25% is still substantially higher than Australia’s average CBO tax paid rate of 17% (for 2012).
Don’t forget IMPUTATION
Many commentators, but not all (3), seem to have conveniently forgotten the impact of dividend imputation. Australian and New Zealand are the only countries included in the MSCI World Developed Markets Index that have a dividend imputation system. In Australia’s dividend imputation system, Australian company tax payments are credited to resident Australian investors to the extent that they have received franked dividends, and can then be used to offset normal personal tax.
In that respect one can think of Australian corporate tax as being a pre-payment of personal tax for Australian resident investors, assuming all tax paid income is fully distributed as franked dividends.
For a fully distributing company this means the effective corporate tax rate for Australian investors is zero. Yes zero!
Which is a whole lot less than the US rate of 21% or 25% and “massively” less than the Australian statutory rate of 30%. For example at the extreme, tax-exempt Australian investors such as charities or pension phase superannuation (up to the first $1.6m balance per person), receive a full tax refund of the value of these imputation credits (of Australian corporate tax). Plato estimates that franking credits have augmented the returns on the Australian stock market by approximately 1.5% pa over the past 10 years for a tax-exempt Australian investor.
Changes to Deductions and Other Taxes
Whilst we don’t have the time or space to provide a detailed definitive guide to all the changes in US corporate tax changes, we believe it is worthwhile to provide some detail on a few of the proposed changes outside of the headline tax rate change. In looking at these changes, we also believe there is far more positive “hype” than warranted. Many have jumped on the new 100% immediate deduction on the cost of new or used equipment investments. Yes, this will certainly encourage investment. But as inferred above, the Tax Foundation finds that the overall net effect of the tax changes outside the headline rate reduction is negative, not positive. Changes to deductions and new taxes offset almost 75% of the headline corporate tax reduction. The US already has many generous tax deductions, and, as part of the TCJA package, is winding many of these back, as well as introducing some new taxes. Here are some that caught my eye.
Limits on Interest Deductibility
Corporate interest expense deductibility will be limited to 30% of EBITDA (Earnings before interest tax and depreciation and amortisation) initially, and will later transition to a maximum of 30% of EBIT (Earnings before interest and tax), although there are exceptions for financials and regulated utilities. We estimate using latest financial year data, that this change may potentially impact $US25B of annual interest deductions on approximately 2200 listed US companies which we follow.
Motivations for this limit appears to be to reduce excessive leverage, and more importantly to reduce multi-nationals from using excessive debt and/or interest rates on that debt to shift profits to lower tax regimes. This is also an issue in Australia, and this type of limit may potentially provides a solution for Australian tax legislators.
Effective Minimum Tax Rates
Two other initiatives are designed to limit corporate global tax minimisation via profit shifting. The first measure imposes a minimum tax rate of 10.5% on the overseas earnings of US multi-nationals in excess of a routine return on tangible investments. This is particularly aimed at US companies moving their intangible assets to low tax regimes. The second minimum tax rate of 10% is on an alternative income measure that excludes payments to foreign affiliates, for domestic US companies with large payments to foreign affiliates. This aims to limit transfer pricing abuses, where companies potentially pay over the odds for goods received from affiliates in lower tax regimes.
Loss Deductions Limited
Carry forward loss deductions will be limited to 80% of taxable income, and loss carry-backs are to be eliminated.
Changed Limits to Executive Compensation Deductions
Whilst very small in the scope of things, this change did catch my eye. US companies already have some limits in place on the deductibility of executive compensation. Currently the maximum deductions allowable for base salaries for the CEO and three other highest paid executive officers (excluding the CFO) is $US1m per executive, but these limits only apply to base salary, not performance pay. Perhaps this may help explain why US performance based pay forms a very large part of execution compensation? Going forward, the performance pay exclusion will be dropped, and the executive coverage will increase to include the CFO. It may be interesting to see whether this tax changes alters the mix between base and performance compensation components.
US President Trump has delivered one of his major election promises – a “massive” $1.5T tax cut for individuals and companies. For companies the headline tax rate reduction is also a “massive” 14%, taking the US Federal headline corporate tax rate down from 35% to 21%, some 9% lower than Australia’s corporate tax rate. However, after incorporating the impact of US state corporate taxes, the US headline rate will fall to around 25% (from 39%) not 21%. However, the TCJA does more than change headline rates, making numerous changes to corporate deductions and imposing a number of new company taxes. When one looks at the totality of the overall package, the Tax Foundation estimate that the net impact on corporate taxes will be around 25% of the headline tax reduction. Using Tax Foundation numbers, we estimate the impact of corporate tax paid will be more like a 4% reduction in the average corporate tax rate paid, not 14%. So yes there is a significant fall in US corporate taxes, but much less than the “massive” headline rate reduction implies.
The impact of the taxes will differ between companies. Multi-national companies that currently shield profits from high US tax rates via transfer pricing, moving intangibles to low tax regimes or using high levels of debt to minimise income will likely get less benefit, whilst domestic focussed companies may likely capture maximum gains.
And finally, Australian resident investors should not forget that Australia’s dividend imputation system means that the corporate tax rate on distributed Australian company profits is not 30%, not 21% nor 25%, but is effectively zero!
To access further insights from Plato Investment Management, please visit our website
(1) As reported in the AFR “Donald Trumps’s historic tax cuts pass Congress” Dec 21, 2017.
(2) (VIEW LINK) All numbers in this section are sourced from this source based on in static revenue basis numbers
(3) “Business tax cuts don’t make sense, Former RBA board member John Edwards”, AFR, Jan 7 2018.
Don has over 25 years investment management experience. He founded Plato Investment Management Limited in 2006. Prior to Plato, Don was Head of Active Equities, Asia Pacific and a member of the global Senior Management Group at State Street... | <urn:uuid:91d7dfee-0758-4f24-bf20-36b7a3689c98> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.livewiremarkets.com/wires/sifting-through-the-massive-hype-of-us-tax-cuts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.952937 | 2,432 | 1.757813 | 2 |
IEA's World Energy Outlook Shines Spotlight on Shipping's Emissions
Ahead of the COP26 meeting in Glasgow this November, the International Energy Agency (IEA) has released its flagship World Energy Outlook 2021 report with a focus on clean energy transitions.
One of the report’s key findings is that while there is a marked increase in adoption of renewable energy sources like wind and solar, this is offset by an increased growth in emissions, especially from industries like heavy-duty transport. Specifically, the transport sector is singled out for its high level of reliance on fossil fuels. Transport accounts for 37 percent of CO2 emissions (7.1 gigatons in 2020) from all end-use sectors. This includes shipping, and even under a best-case scenario, the IEA believes that fuel oil will make up around 80 percent of shipping’s total fuel demand in 2030.
Shipping faces two particular challenges: driving energy efficiency and behavioral change to reduce energy demand; and speeding up innovation and infrastructure investment to enable decarbonization after 2030. This is even more pronounced in developing economies, which would have to develop new infrastructure for low-carbon fuels in their ports. Therefore, international cooperation is required to foster the development of the needed infrastructure, with advanced economies playing a key role.
“Governments need to enhance investment in commercializing key technologies for long-distance transport such as shipping and aviation, including by improving incentives for such investments. Emissions reductions in these modes are dependent on innovation of key technologies such as advanced batteries with an energy density of more than 400 watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/Kg), fuel cells, advanced biofuels and synthetic fuels,” recommends the report.
The initial transition may be centered on specific regions. With the 20 largest ports in the world accounting for more than half of all global cargo, the industry may get the best results by focusing on the biggest fuel-demand clusters until low carbon technologies become more cost-effective, the report recommended. | <urn:uuid:f1ce99b8-ca23-4da3-b026-dec2e18b5f1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://maritime-executive.com/article/iea-s-world-energy-outlook-shines-spotlight-on-shipping-s-emissions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.926743 | 408 | 3.046875 | 3 |
I read about pipes and streams and I’m still confused on how it’s implemented.
A program is started and it reads data from “standard input” stream (stdin), which is where the keyboard sends data to.
My question is, how is that different from a pipe? Piping allows me to have a process that sends data to a pipe, and another process is reading data from it.
When the keyboard is pressed, data is sent to stdin and a program is reading data from this same stream.
A "read" operation is executed as soon as data is sent to this stream, just like a pipe.
Are these streams piped? | <urn:uuid:6ad0051f-717b-444e-94b8-6ce113fae1d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/177740/what-exactly-is-the-difference-between-pipes-and-streams | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.964402 | 142 | 2.9375 | 3 |
High-potency statin therapy may increase risk of new onset diabetes but also reduces cardiovascular events.
Statins are great drugs, aren’t they? In fact, many of us were poised to recommend they be added to the drinking water. But then came the dreaded caveat. Results of recent analysis of key statin trials-the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS),1,2 the Justification for the Use of Statins in Primary Prevention (JUPITER) trial,3 and the EUROASPIRE Survey4-suggested that statins lower cholesterol at the expense of increasing new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM). The FDA required revised class labeling to this effect in 2012 after several years of speculation.
How seriously should we take this warning?
Let’s look at one of the incriminating studies, the EUROASPIRE.1,4 The study involved 22 countries over 12 years. During the study period, there was an increase in statin use by a factor of 67.8%. Statin therapy decreased elevated cholesterol levels from 94.5 % to 46.2% of initial levels, but during the interval also raised DM incidence from 17.4% to 28%. So, should we hold statins in individuals who are at risk for or already have DM? Not yet. Let’s look at some critical rebuttals first.
Waters and coworkers5 studied 15,056 persons enrolled in the Treat to New Targets (TNT) and Incremental Decrease in Endpoints Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering (IDEAL) trials. These patients had coronary disease at baseline, but not diabetes. The authors were particularly interested in 4 identifiers previously associated with the development of new onset diabetes: fasting glucose >100 mg/dL; fasting triglycerides >150 mg/dL; BMI >30 kg/m2; and a history of hypertension. Among the 8825 persons across both trials that had 0 to 1 of these risk factors, DM developed in 142 of the 4407 ingesting 80 mg of atorvastatin daily. DM developed in 148 of 4418 taking either atorvastatin 10 mg or simvastatin 20 or 40 mg. In the remaining 6231 subjects, with 2 to 4 of the incriminating risk factors for DM, 448 of 3128 in the 80-mg atorvastatin limb and 368 of 3103 in the aforementioned lower-dose cohort developed DM. At the same time, cardiovascular (CV) events were significantly reduced with 80 mg of atorvastatin daily in both groups that developed DM.
What’s the message in these numbers?
Compared with lower-dose statin therapy, atorvastatin 80 mg/d did not increase the incidence of DM in patients with 0 to 1 of the specified risk factors; the high-dose treatment, however, did increase the incidence of DM by 24% among patients with 2 to 4 DM risk factors. The number of CV events was significantly reduced with atorvastatin 80 mg in both groups at risk for DM. In short, the Waters study reveals that patients with a low risk for DM accrue CV benefits from statins, but are not prone to new-onset DM. Those with more risk factors also experience CV protection.
There are 2 additional papers that add valuable insight into this important debate. Michael B. Rocco, MD, of the Cleveland Clinic observed that the trials implying statins increase the risk of DM were not designed to look for DM.6 He concurs with the results of Waters’ study, that is, that statin therapy at most may uncover DM only in people at risk for DM in the first place. In a 2010 paper by Sattar,7 it was calculated that 255 patients have to be treated for 4 years before a statin-induced case of DM is precipitated. Simultaneously, treating the same 255 persons with a statin would prevent 9 vascular events, translating into a 9:1 benefit to risk ratio.
Do not stop writing for statins based on the DM scare.
Do be aware that persons at significant risk for DM before initiating statin therapy may develop DM on therapy. But also remember that CV events are being prevented at the same time.
1. Sattar N, Taskinen M-R. Statins are diabetogenic-myth or reality? Atheroscler Suppl. 2012;1:1-10.
2. Freeman D, Norrie J, Sattar N, et al. Pravastatin and the development of diabetes mellitus: evidence for a protective treatment effect in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Trial. Circulation. 2001;103:357-362.
3. Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195-2207.
4. Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, et al. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, III surveys in eight European countries. Lancet. 2009;373:929-940.
5. Waters DD, Ho JE, Boekholdt SM, et al. Cardiovascular event reduction versus new-onset diabetes during atorvastatin therapy. JACC. 2013;61:148-152.
6. Rocco MB. Statins and diabetes risk: fact, fiction and clinical implications. Cleve Clin J Med. 2012;79:883-893.
7. Sattar N, Preiss D, Murray HM, et al. Statins and risk of incident diabetes: a collaborative meta-analysis of randomized statin trials. Lancet. 2010;375:735-742. | <urn:uuid:9a0ce4ee-d5eb-4aa0-84aa-eee809e6db0d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.patientcareonline.com/view/statins-and-risk-diabetes-weighing-evidence | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.919768 | 1,228 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Sure would be nice if humanity was more chill. So we wouldn’t have to worry about running into unhinged creeps when you’re trying to relax in nature. If you haven’t yet, check out Part I of our collection of bizarre stories from the national (and state) parks. They range from creepy foot worshippers to figures cloaked in darkness and freshly dug graves. This batch includes possible bigfoot sightings, apocalypse preppers, and most terrifying of all, unexplained hot dogs.
There’s something…big out there.
Redditor /turgidpinky has spent over a thousand days in the backcountry over the past decade. They’re comfortable in the deep woods the way few people are. But one afternoon in the Cascades, they got so spooked they’ve sworn off returning the valley. Hiking up to the ridge, they suddenly heard a powerful, rhythmic thumping noise—something like two fence posts beaten together to create a dry, heavy impact.
The noise would sometimes get impossibly fast, like a drumroll. It sounded like a deliberate beat the rest of the time, not like the wind knocking two branches together. After listening for a while, they hoofed it back down the trail.
Some Redditors mentioned it was likely a ruffed grouse looking for a mate. Have a listen and decide for yourself.
No, really, there’s something big.
All bets are off once you’re in the deep backcountry. Redditor /grubas used to work as a trail clearer, cutting paths through the wilderness, so they were often the first to explore an area of a park. Camping by a lake one night, they saw a boulder hurled from the opposite shore into the water, followed by two more. They didn’t sleep that night and kept a close hold on their hatchet.
Wouldn’t want to run into them on a dark night.
Reddit user /dirt_soilman used to do vegetation surveys for the Bureau of Land Management in Nevada in remote locations. Super remote–five hours driving down a dirt road remote. One day, the BLM team is in two trucks, heading through a narrow mountain pass, about 50 miles from the nearest dirt road. Roaring around the next switchback comes a heavily armored Hummer, with tinted windows and a mounted gun.
There’s no room to maneuver past each other on the road, so the trucks are getting ready to back down the pass a half-mile until there’s room to pass. Suddenly the Hummer reverses twenty feet, then floors it towards the front truck. At the last minute, it guns it off the side of the mountain, crashing through waist-high scrub brush on the steep descent.
How did they get out there?
Given how many people are on the planet, it shouldn’t be surprising that two might run into each other in the backcountry. But what about a package of hot dogs? Redditor /gfosterp was in the middle of a two-month trek through the Canadian wilderness when they encountered an unopened package of hotdogs. | <urn:uuid:7491404f-2e96-4376-94dd-a26d3cb1de6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oddee.com/terrifying-national-park-stories-part-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.93725 | 661 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Germany and Kazakhstan have maintained bilateral relations since 1992. Germany has an embassy in Nur-Sultan and a consulate general in Almaty. There are a number of regular consultation formats in place that focus on political, economic and cultural cooperation. In 2012, Germany and Kazakhstan established a partnership in the spheres of raw materials, industry and technology.
Kazakhstan is Germany’s most important trading partner in Central Asia. Trade between the two countries reached a total of some 3.94 billion euros in 2020. In all, there are more than 200 German companies operating in Kazakhstan. Germany Trade and Invest (GTAI) has an office in Almaty. A German business association in Almaty assists German companies’ activities in Kazakhstan.
Germany’s cultural relations and education policy actors in Kazakhstan are the Goethe-Institut in Almaty, the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, four specialist university teachers for German as a foreign language) and the Federal Office of Administration – Central Agency for Schools Abroad (five seconded teachers). 16 Kazakh schools are part of Germany’s Schools: Partners for the Future global network. Every year, the DAAD finances stays in Germany for some 90 Kazakh students. A beacon project of bilateral cooperation in higher education is the Kazakh-German University (GKU) in Almaty. The some 800,000 ethnic Germans who have immigrated to Germany from Kazakhstan and the some 180,000 members of the German minority still living in Kazakhstan form a special bridge between the two countries.
Kazakhstan participates in a wide range of regional German development cooperation projects in Central Asia. These programmes focus on the development of a vocational training system, good governance, sustainable economic development, the environment and energy efficiency as well as disaster prevention. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) has offices in Nur-Sultan and Almaty.
The Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and the Rosa Luxemburg Foundation have offices in Kazakhstan. | <urn:uuid:42d7ef9e-4657-46c3-a94b-1e8650f35389> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/aussenpolitik/kazakhstan/218898 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.918921 | 433 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What is archangel Jophiel?
The angel Jophiel (Heb. יוֹפִיאֵל Yōfīʾēl, “beauty of God”, “divine beauty”), also called Iophiel, Iofiel, Jofiel, Yofiel, Youfiel, Zophiel ( צֹפִיאֵל Ṣōfīʾēl, “spy of God”, “watchman of God”) and Zuriel ( צוּרִיאֵל Ṣūrīʾēl, “my rock is God”), is a non-canonical archangel of wisdom, understanding, and judgment.
What color is archangel Jophiel?
Archangel Jophiel and Yellow Angel Light Jophiel, the archangel of beautiful thoughts, is in charge of the yellow angel light ray. Jophiel helps people learn how to think in enlightening ways that can help them develop beautiful souls.
Where is Jophiel in the Bible?
Archangel Jophiel is known for watching over the sons of Noah (in the story of the great flood as described in the Bible, Genesis 6).
Which angel is the angel of vengeance?
Raguel is almost always referred to as the archangel of justice, fairness, harmony, vengeance and redemption. He is also sometimes known as the archangel of speech. In the Book of Enoch, cap.
How do you pray to Archangel jophiel?
The following is a prayer that may be used for the angel Jophiel: “Jophiel, angel of beauty, I thank God for making you such a blessing to people who are seeking beauty in their lives. Please help me notice and appreciate how the beauty of our Creator is reflected in every part of creation—including me.
Who is the angel of memory?
Zachriel is an Archangel and is described as being the ‘Angel of Memory. ‘ He is believed to have some kind of connection with the Powers That Be, but beyond that little is known of him.
Are there any good ideas for Archangel Metatron?
Mar 20, 2020 – Explore Jenny Porter’s board “Archangel Metatron” on Pinterest. See more ideas about archangel metatron, archangels, sacred geometry. Mar 20, 2020 – Explore Jenny Porter’s board “Archangel Metatron” on Pinterest. See more ideas about archangel metatron, archangels, sacred geometry.
What kind of oil does archangel Jophiel use?
Use to soothe racing thoughts and to promote mental clarity and alertness. Archangel Jeremiel Mental Clarity Essential Oil. Use to soothe racing thoughts and to promote mental clarity and alertness. Archangel Jofiel.
Who is the Angel of life in the Book of life?
Metatron is the angel of life. He is responsible for guarding the tree of life and is tasked with writing down the good deeds people do. He also jots down the things that happen in heaven. It is often said in the Book of Life that Metatron is the brother of Sandalphon. You can depend on Metatron to help you.
What does Metatron’s cube mean in Angel terms?
Metatron’s Cube Meaning – Sacred Geometry – Soul Flower Blog – we create eco-friendly clothing that fits your lifestyle and is kind to the earth. Angels Among UsAll NatureAmazing NatureOne PhotoAngel CloudsBeautiful PlacesBeautiful PicturesBeautiful GiftsHeaven Pictures Angels | <urn:uuid:17f0298d-ad44-4249-96e6-131cd53e9499> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.idcafe.net/what-is-archangel-jophiel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.888712 | 773 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.