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The movie might be a bit dated, but the quote continues to pierce my heart. The movie is Gravity with the protagonist played by Sandra Bullock trying to get back to earth after being stranded in space. Towards the end of the movie, as Sandra enters into Russian spaceship with an icon picture of St. Christopher and the Child Jesus on his shoulder, Sandra’s character comes to a vulnerable moment; “Will you say a prayer for me? Or is it too late…ah, I mean I’d say one for myself but I’ve never prayed in my life. Nobody ever taught me how…nobody ever taught me how.”
My heart aches because of multiple reasons. First, I know this is not only true for the character in the movie, but represents many people today. As a spiritual father and priest, my heart aches for those who desire to come to the Lord, but don’t know how. This is why the mission of the Church is so important, people are aching to know the Lord, they just need someone to offer a guiding hand!
The second reason why this quote hits my heart is because it’s something I have felt personally. I know where I am with my relationship with God. I also know where I want to be with God, and the two do not align. What brings some peace to those moments is today’s Gospel. The early disciples of Christ had that same longing when they asked, “Lord, teach us to pray.” Christ’s response should not be easily brushed over. It is at this point Jesus teaches them (and us) the beautiful prayer, the Our Father.
There is a tremendous depth to such a simple prayer and I know I can’t do it justice in a short P.I.T article. So I would like to encourage/suggest you to look at the Catechism of the Catholic Church. If you don’t have this book, you can access it free online. The last section of the Catechism is dedicated to prayer and within that section it ends breaking down the Our Father line by line specifically CCC 2759-2865.
So, if you happen to know someone wanting to learn how to pray, or you have a longing in your own heart for a greater relationship with God, I suggest praying the Our Father.
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Sustainability and the ESG model: A Navajo Nation requisite for economic sovereignty
By Lydelle Davies
and Anthony Martinez
The purpose of this article is to stress the importance of the sustainability and environmental, social and governance (ESG) movement in the investor and corporate world today.
In particular we wish to emphasize how the principles and values of ESG are applied to the way the Navajo Nation government, the Navajo economy and other entities do business.
In its true essence, the $1.86 billion the Navajo Nation has received from the federal government is an investment by the American taxpayer, including the Dineh, to advance the economic sovereignty of the Nation as greatly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Leverage advantage: Navajo Nation.
ESG as an acronym stands for the three words: environmental, social and governance.
For 30 years or so, the terms corporate social responsibility, community relations and ethical compliance have intersected the business world with intentions to convey the message of caring for meaningful interests beyond simply making a profit.
This expression of community stewardship has taken on several dimensions, depending on the interests of executives and their boards of directors.
In major cities throughout the United States, supporting the arts and nonprofit organizations has been a favorite way to contribute to such communities.
Unfortunately, rural areas such as those that exist in the Navajo Nation have been too often missed.
An important distinction is how the authors interpret the “e” in ESG is worthy of note. It’s simply too easy to say the “e” stands for consideration of only the environment.
To make it more complete, particularly as it applies the Nation and Indian Country, the “e” should be defined in terms of five “e’s,” or environmental, economic, education, equity and ethics.
Some people might argue that the last three “e’s” can be covered under the “s” or “g” in ESG. We disagree.
In the case of the Navajo Nation, it’s best to expand the typical meaning of “e” in ESG and identify essential areas, that need focus in the overall economic development of the Navajo Nation.
This expansive definition is more appropriate for the Nation because it aligns more closely with Navajo philosophy and cultural view that everything is interconnected. The environment, economy, education, equity and ethics are inextricably connected.
Why are we spending any time writing about sustainability and ESG and the Nation? It is timely.
If the ESG model proposed here is not implemented now through innovative business models, then when?
The Navajo Nation has never had such a life-changing sustainable opportunity as the American Rescue Plan’s $1.86 billion federal appropriation. Much more is likely to come in the next two or three years.
For the investor and private sector among non-Navajo companies, it is also a grand opportunity to advance their economic goals and objectives while at the same participating as true and ethical partners in advancing the long-term Navajo Nation sovereign ESG interests.
As it applies to the Nation, non-Navajo companies wishing to do business with and on the Nation should consider at a minimum committing to the principles of ESG, or environmental and social governance models.
By design, the governance models focus on stakeholder interests rather than simply the shareholder focus. A current trend among many investor groups in the U.S. and around the world is for companies striving to be ESG friendly to submit a memorandum of understanding detailing how their ESG commitment will be carried out.
Wouldn’t it be a living change step if the Nation in its ARPA mission did something like this?
Accordingly, the Nation should consider which non-Navajo companies would embrace the fundamentals and values of an ESG business model. Without doubt, such a model would most closely align with promoting and sustaining a prosperous Navajo economy.
There are plenty of investors and corporations willing to do business in communities with due care of the environment, consider all aspects of the social aspects of the community such as employees, their families, and other related factors, and through a paradigm of governance that leads the way.
In short, the Nation and other sovereign tribal nations can protect the interests of their citizens by ensuring that the wisest financial investments are made with ethical business partners who are willing to set a high standard of economic partnership and responsibility to the Nation.
The ESG movement provides the right safeguards with oversight and compliance standards, such as those set by the Sustainability and Accounting Standards Board.
The opportunity to meaningfully change the future of the Navajo people is before the Nation as never before. The simple action of requiring businesses that want to do business with the Nation to be part of the ESG movement is a sustainable investment in the future.
Those businesses must be driven by equitable business models that invest in the people of the Nation across all aspects of the Dineh way of life. It can be done. It must be done.
Lydelle Davies is a small business owner and consultant. She is a member of the Navajo Nation and grew up along the San Juan River valley. She has taught classes in Indigenous global political systems, American Indian law, and American Indian studies. She is a graduate of the Sandra Day O’connor College of Law at Arizona State University.
Anthony Martinez is a member of the Dineh Chamber of Commerce and the Navajo E-Corp Strategic Planning Coalition, a Change Labs initiative. He is a retired adjunct professor, San Francisco State University, College of Business, a former assistant professor of social work and assistant vice president at ASU early in his career, and most recently taught law and ethics in the Eller of College of Management, UA. He is a Vietnam-era veteran and served in the U.S. Army and U.S. Army Reserves (LTC, retired). He is a strategic ESG Advisor and a graduate of U.C. Berkeley, School of Law.
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Now put the battery on charge, and charge at a low rate. Do not allow the temperature of any cell to rise above 110 deg.F. Continue the charge until the electrolyte clears up, and its specific gravity stops rising and the plates have a normal color over their entire surface. Fully charged positive plates have a chocolate brown color, and fully charged negative plates have a dark gray color. By holding an electric light directly over a cell, and looking down, the color of both negatives and positives may be determined. Do not take the battery off charge until you have obtained these results, although it may be necessary to continue the charge for two, three, four, or five days. In this preliminary charge it is not necessary to bring the gravity up to 1.280, because the electrolyte is not to be used again, and the plates will become charged completely, regardless of what the gravity is. The essential thing is to charge until the electrolyte becomes perfectly clear, the gravity stops rising, and the plates have the right color. The Cadmium test may be used here to determine when the plates are charged. If the gravity rises above 1.280 during the preliminary charge, adjust it to 1.280 by drawing out some of the electrolyte and adding distilled water. The battery must stay on charge until you have the desired conditions. If one cell does not charge,—that is, if its specific gravity does not rise,—you have probably not freed all the shorts, and must take the element out of the jar again and carefully inspect it for more shorts.
Right here is where one of the most important questions may be asked about rebuilding batteries. Why must you free the shorts and put the battery on charge? Why not save time by putting in all new separators, sealing the battery, burning on the cell connectors, and then putting it on charge? If you have ever treated a battery in this way, what results did you get? Why did you have a badly unbalanced gravity of electrolyte? How could you know what specific gravity electrolyte to put in each cell? Perhaps one was charged, one only half charged, and the other dead. Suppose the dead cell had impurities in it. How could you get rid of them? Suppose the battery showed poor capacity on test, what would you do?
Washing and Pressing the Negatives
To continue the actual work on the battery. The battery being fully charged,—the electrolyte clear, the plates of normal color, the specific gravity no longer rising,— remove it from the charging bench and put it on the work bench. Draw each element and let drain as in Fig. 197.
[Fig. 219 Nesting plates]
Here again the labeled boxes described on page 183 come in handy. Separate one group, remove the separators, and put one group in each end of box to keep clean. Separate another group, And nest the plates, Fig. 219, the negative with the negative, and positive with positive. Separate the third element and put groups in the boxes. Pour the old electrolyte out of the jars, and wash out the jars as described on page 360. You now have the plates in the best possible shape for handling. Take the boxes containing the plates to the sink. Have the plate press and the plate press boards ready for use.
If, for any reason, you are called away from your work at this point to be gone for five minutes, do not leave the fully charged negatives exposed to the air, as they will become very hot. Cover them with water. A one-gallon stone or earthenware jar will hold the negative plates of a 100 ampere hour battery if you nest two of the groups. You may also put negatives back in jars from which they were taken, and fill with water.
Now hold a negative group under the faucet, and let a strong stream of water run down over each plate so as to wash it thoroughly, and to remove any foreign matter from the plate surfaces. All negative groups must be handled in exactly the same way so as to get the same results in each case.
After you have washed the first group, place it on edge on a clean board with the post down and pointing away from you, and the bottom of the group toward you. Now insert plate press boards which are slightly larger than the plates, and of the exact thickness required to fill the spaces between plates, Fig. 113. For the standard 1/8 inch plates, a 5-16 inch board, or two 1/8 inch boards should be placed between plates.
The 1/8 inch boards are actually more than 1/8 inch thick, and will give the proper spacing. For thin plates, use 1/4 inch boards. Do not push the plate press boards more than 1/8 inch above the tops of the plates, and be sure that the boards cover the entire plates. Put a board on the outside of each end plate of the group. In this way insert the plate press boards in each of the three negative groups.
Then place each negative group on the lower jaw of the plate press with the post of each group pointing toward you. Three groups may be pressed at one time. Bring the top edges of the transite boards flush with the front edge of the lower jaw of the press, so that no pressure will be applied to the plate lugs. See Fig. 114. Pressure applied to the plate lugs will break them off.
Now screw down the upper jaw of the press as tightly as you can with the handwheel, so as to put as much pressure on the plates as possible. Leave the plates in the press for about five minutes. Then remove them from the press, take out the boards, and replace the plates in the battery jar from which they were removed, and cover with water. They may also be placed in a stone or earthernware jar and covered with water, especially if there is any work to be done on the jars or case of the battery. If the spongy lead of the negatives is firm, they may be reassembled in the battery as soon as they have been pressed. If, however, the spongy lead is soft and mushy, keep the negatives covered with water for 12 to 24 hours. This will make them hard and firm. Then remove them from the water and dry them in the air. In drying, the plates will become heated and will steam. As soon as you notice any steaming, dip the plates in water until they are cool. Then remove them from the water and continue the drying process. Each time the negatives begin to steam as they dry in the air, dip them in the water until they are cool.
When the negatives are dry, they are ready to be reassembled in the battery and prepared for service. Negatives treated in this way will give good service for a much longer time than they would if not treated in this way. The spongy lead has been made firm and elastic. If you have other negatives in your shop which are not in use, treat them in the same way and put them away for future use, to use as rental batteries. Always put them through the same process:
1. Charge them fully.
2. Press them in the plate press to force the spongy lead back into the grids.
3. Soak them in water, if the spongy lead is soft and mushy, for 12 to 24 hours, or even longer until the spongy lead is firm. Dry them in the air, dipping them in water whenever they begin to steam and become heated. This will give you negatives that will give excellent service and have a long life. Many negatives treated in this way will be good for fifteen months to two years of additional service. The rental batteries should be assembled in the same way as those you are rebuilding for the owners.
The importance of pressing negatives cannot be exaggerated. Always press the negatives of the batteries which you rebuild. Do not do it to half, or three-fourths of the negatives, but to all of them. The work takes but a few minutes, and the time could not be put to better advantage. The spongy lead of the negatives swells and bulges out and makes very poor contact with the grids as a battery becomes discharged. This results in a loss of capacity, gradual sulphation of the loose active material, corrosion of the grids, failure of the gravity to rise high enough on charge, overheating of the battery on charge, gassing before the sulphate is reduced to active material with breaking off and roughening of the active material, and makes the battery lazy and sluggish in action. The spongy lead must make good contact with the grids if the battery is to have a long life and give good service.
No amount of charging will cure a negative with bulged, swollen active material. Once this material becomes bulged nothing but pressing will put it back where it belongs, and until it is pressed back into the grids the plates are in a poor condition for service. Even if the bulging is but very slight, the plates must be pressed.
If you intend to use some of the positives, they should now be washed. If you intend to use all new positives, throw away the old ones, of course. The positives should not be held under the faucet as the negatives were, because the stream of water will wash out much of the positive active material. Rinse the positives a number of times in a jar of clean water by moving them up and down in the water. This will remove impurities from the surfaces of the plates and wash off any foreign or loose materials. After rinsing each positive group, replace it in the box.
Never attempt to straighten badly buckled positives, as the bending cannot be done successfully, and the active material will not have good contact with the grids. Positives cannot be pressed as negatives can, because the positive active material lacks the elasticity and toughness of the negative spongy lead. Slightly buckled positives may sometimes be straightened by bending them lightly all around the edges with a pair of thin, wide nosed pliers. This should be done very carefully, however, and the straightening done gradually. If the plates cannot be straightened in this way and the separators do not lie perfectly flat against them without pinching at the corners, the plates should be discarded, and new ones used in their place.
This is all the work to be done on the old plates, and those which are to be used again are ready to be reassembled in the battery. The process of treating the plates should be followed in every battery that you rebuild, and the same steps should always be taken, and in the same order. With one Standard method of rebuilding batteries you will do uniformly good work and satisfy all your customers. The essential thing for the success of your battery business is to learn the Standard method and use it. Do not rush a battery through your shop, and leave out some of the steps of the process, even though the owner may be in a hurry. If you have a good stock of rental batteries you can put one on his car and keep it there until you have done as good a job of rebuilding on his battery as you possibly can. Remember that the Standard method which has been described has not simply been figured out as being a good method. This method has been worked out in the actual rebuilding of thousands and thousands of batteries of all makes and in all conditions, and has produced batteries full of life and power, ready to give one to two years more of good, reliable service.
Burning on Plates
When you put new plates into a battery, or find some of the plates broken from the connecting strap, it will be necessary to burn the plates to the strap. Frequently you will find plates which are otherwise in a good condition broken from the connecting straps. This is most likely to happen when the plates have been cast on to the connecting strap instead of being burned on. These plates must be burned on.
New plates are frequently necessary. From pages 339 to 346 you see that new plates are required under the following conditions:
(a) Positives. Ruined by freezing; weak and brittle from age, large part of active material shed; badly buckled; rotten and disintegrated by impurities; reversed. Positives in a reasonably good mechanical condition can be restored to a good electrical condition by charging.
(b) Negatives. Active material granulated, bulged and disintegrated; charged while dry; positives disintegrated by impurities; ruined by overcharging; badly sulphated because allowed to stand idle, or used while discharged; much active material lost, and that which is left soft and mushy; negatives reversed by charging battery backwards.
When making plate renewals, never install plates of different design in the same group. Always use plates of the type intended for the battery. The battery should first be fully charged, as already explained. If all the plates in a group are to be discarded, clamp the post in a vise, being careful not to crack the hard rubber shell if one is on it, or to damage the threads on Posts such as the Exide or to draw up the vise so tightly as to crush the post. Then saw off all the old plates with a new coarse toothed hacksaw, a sharp key hole saw, or any good saw which has a wide set, close to the post. This separates the entire group of plates from the post in one short operation. This method is much better than the one of sawing the plates off below the connecting strap, and sawing or punching the old plate ends out of the strap. See page 217 for instructions for welding plates to the straps.
Work on the Jars
The work on the jars consists of removing any sediment which may have collected, washing out all dirt, and replacing leaky jars. The removal of sediment and washing should be done after the preliminary charge has been given and the old electrolyte poured out unless the preliminary charge was given with distilled water in the jars. The old electrolyte need not be poured down the sewer, but may be kept in stone or earthenware jars and used later in making electrical tests to locate leaky jars.
Remove all sealing compound from the jar by means of a hot putty knife, finishing by wiping with a gasoline soaked rag. Inspect each jar carefully under a strong light for cracks and leaks. If you know which jar is leaky by having filled each cell with water up to the correct level, when you made the first examination of the battery, and then having it allowed to stand over night to see if the electrolyte in any cell has dropped below the tops of the plates, no tests are necessary, but if you are in doubt as to which jar, if any, is leaky, you must make tests to determine which jar is leaky. If you know that there is no leaky jar, because of the bottom of the case not being acid eaten and rotted, it is, of course, not necessary to test the jars.
One test consists in filling the jar within about an inch of the top with old or weak electrolyte, partly immersing the jar in a tank which also contains electrolyte, and applying a voltage of 110 or 220 between the electrolyte in the jar and the electrolyte in the tank in which the jar is partly immersed. If current Vows, this indicates that the jar is leaky.
[Fig. 220 Testing jar for leaks, using a 15-watt lamp in series with test circuit]
Fig. 220 shows the principle of the test. A suitable box,—an old battery case will do—is lined with sheet lead, and the lead lining is connected to either side of the 110 or 220 volt line. The box is then partly filled with weak electrolyte. The jar to be tested is filled to within about one inch of the top with weak electrolyte. The jar is immersed to within about an inch of its top in the box. The top part of the jar must be perfectly dry when the test is made, or else the current will go through any electrolyte which may be wetting the walls of the jar. A lead strip or rod, which is connected to the other side of the 110 or 220 volt line, through a lamp as shown, is inserted in the jar. If there is, a leak in the jar, the lamp will burn, and the jar must be discarded. If the lamp does not light, the jar does not leak.
Instead of using a lead lined box, a stone or earthenware jar may be used. A sheet of lead should be placed in this jar, being bent into a circular shape to fit the inside of the jar, and connected to one side of the line. The lead rod or sheet which is inserted in the jar may be mounted on a handle for convenience in making the test. The details of the testing outfit may, of course, be varied according to what material is available for use. The lamps should be suitably mounted on the wall above the tester.
[Fig. 221 Testing jar for leaks, using a voltmeter in series with test circuit]
This test may be made by using a voltmeter instead of lamps, as shown in Fig. 221. If a voltmeter is used, be especially careful to have the part projecting above the liquid perfectly dry. A leaky cell will be indicated by a reading on the meter equal to the line voltage.
[Fig. 222 Testing jar for leaks, using secondary of Ford ignition coil, or any other vibrator ignition coil]
A third method uses a Ford ignition coil, as shown in Fig. 222. A leak will be indicated by a spark, or by the vibrator making more noise than it ordinarily does. Instead of using the Ford coil, as shown in Fig. 222, the test may be made as shown in Fig. 223. Fill the jar to within an inch of the top with electrolyte and immerse one of the high tension wires in the electrolyte. Attach the other high tension wire to a wire brush, comb, or rod having a wooden handle and rub it over the outside of the jar. A leak is shown by a spark jumping to the jar.
[Fig. 223 Testing jar for leaks, using secondary of Ford ignition coil, or any other vibrator ignition coil]
The test may also be made without removing the jar. If the lead lined box be made two feet long, the entire battery may be set in the box so that the electrolyte in the box comes within an inch of the top of the battery case. Fill each jar with weak electrolyte and make the test as before. If this is done, however, remove the battery immediately after making the test and wipe the case dry with a cloth. To make the test in this way, the case must be considerably acid eaten in order to have a circuit through it to the jar.
Removing Defective Jars
The method of removing the jars from the case depends on the battery. In some batteries the jars are set in sealing compound. To remove a jar from such a battery, put the steam hose from your steamer outfit into the jar, cover up the top of the jar with rags, and steam the jar for about five minutes. Another way is to fill the jar with boiling hot water and let it stand for fully five minutes. Either of these methods will soften the sealing compound around the jar so that the jar may be pulled out. To remove the jar, grasp two sides of the jar with two pairs of long, flat nosed pliers and pull straight up with an even, steady pull. Have the new jar at hand and push it into the place of the old one as soon as the latter is removed. The new jar should first be steamed to soften it somewhat. Press down steadily on the new jar until its top is flush with the tops of the other jars.
Some batteries do not use sealing compound around the jars, but simply use thin wooden wedges to hold the jars in place, or have bolts running through opposite faces of the case by means of which the sides are pressed against the jars to hold them in place. The jars of such batteries may be removed without heating, by removing the wedges or loosening the bolts, as the case may be, and lifting out the jars with pliers, as before. New jars should be steamed for several minutes before being put in the case. When you put jars into such batteries, do not apply too much pressure to them, as they may be cracked by the pressure, or the jar may be squeezed out of shape, and the assembling process made difficult.
[Fig. 224 Washing sediment from Jars. Water supply controlled by foot valve]
Repairing the Case
The case may be repaired with all the jars in place, or it may be necessary to remove the jars. If the case is to be junked and the jars used again, the case may simply be broken off, especially if there is much sealing compound around the jars.
Empty the old acid from the jars, take the case to the sink and wash out all the sediment, Fig. 224. With the pipe shown in Fig. '14, you have both hands free to hold the case, as the water is controlled by' a foot operated spring cock.
If the case is rotten at top, patch it with good wood. If the top and bottom are so rotten that considerable time will be required to repair it, advise the owner to buy a new case. Sometimes the top of the case can be greatly improved by straightening the side edges with a small smoothing plane, and sometimes a 1/2 inch strip or more fitted all along the edge is necessary for a good job. Handles that have been pulled, rotted, or corroded off make disagreeable repair jobs, but a satisfactory job can be done unless the end of the case has been pulled off or rotted. Sometimes the handle will hold in place until the battery is worn out by old age if three or four extra holes are bored and countersunk in the handle where the wood is solid, and common wood screws, size 12, 1/2 or 5/8 inch long used to fasten the handle in place. Sometimes it will be necessary to put in one half of a new end, the handle being fastened to the new piece with brass bolts and nuts before it is put into place. Sometimes you can do a good job by using a plate of sheet iron 1-16 inch thick, and 4 inches wide, and as long as the end of the case is wide. Rivet the handle to this plate with stovepipe, or copper rivets, and then fasten the plate to the case with No. 12 wood screws, 1/2 inch long.
If the old case is good enough to use again, soak it for several hours in a solution of baking soda in water to neutralize any acid which may have been spilled on it, or which may be spilled on it later. After soaking the case, rinse it in water, and allow it to dry thoroughly. Then paint the case carefully with asphaltum paint.
REASSEMBLING THE BATTERY
Reassembling the Elements
Take a negative group and put it on edge on a board, with post away from you, and lower edge toward you. Mesh a positive in the negative group. The groups are now ready for the separators. Take six moist separators from your stock. Slip one into position from the bottom in the middle of the group, with the grooved side toward the positive plate, spreading the plates slightly if necessary. Take another separator, slip it into position on the opposite side of the positive against which your first separator was placed. In this way, put in the six separators, with the grooved side toward the positives, working outward in both directions from the center, Fig. 225. The grooves must, of course, extend from the top to the bottom of the plate. Now grasp the element in both hands, and set it right side up on the block, giving it a slight jar to bring the bottoms of the plates and separators on a level.
[Fig. 225 Inserting separators]
Now grasp the element in both hands, and set it right side up on the block, giving it a slight jar to bring the bottoms of the plates and separators on a level.
Next take a cover, and try it on the posts, Fig. 226. Pull the groups apart slightly, if necessary, before inserting any more separators, so that the cover fits exactly over the posts, Fig. 227. See that the separators extend the same distance beyond each side of the plates. You may take a stick, about 10 inches long, 1 1/2 inches wide, and 7/8 inch thick, and tap the separators gently to even them up. A small wood plane may be used to even up the side edges of wood separators. If you put in too many separators before trying on the cover, the plates may become so tight that you may not be able to shift them to make the cover fit the posts or you may not be able to shift the separators to their proper positions. It is therefore best to Put in only enough separators to hold the groups together and so they can be handled and yet remain in their proper position when set up on the block. Without separators, the posts will not remain in position.
[Fig. 226 Trying on a cover]
[Fig. 227 Shifting groups to make cover fit]
With the element reassembled, and the remaining separators in their proper positions, see that all the plates are level on bottom, and no foreign matter sticking to them. Place the element in box shown in Fig. 219 to keep clean. Reassemble the other elements in exactly the same way, and put them in the box. The elements are now ready to be put in the jars.
Putting Elements in Jars
Steam the jars in the steamer for about five minutes to soften them somewhat, so that there will be no danger of breaking a jar when you put in the elements.
With the case ready, look for the "+", "P" or "POS" mark on it. (Cases which are not marked in this way at the factory should be marked by the repairman before the battery is opened.) Place the case so that this mark is toward you. Grip an element near the bottom in order to prevent the plates from spreading, and put it in the jar nearest the mark, with the positive post toward you, next to the mark. Put an element in the next jar so that the negative post is toward you. Put an element in the third jar so that the positive post is toward you, and so on. The elements are correctly placed when each connecting strap connects a positive to a negative post. If the case has no mark on it, reassemble exactly according to the diagram you made on the tag before you opened the battery. Set the jars so that the posts are exactly in line so that the cell connectors will fit.
[Fig. 228 Tightening a loose element by placing a separator against outside negative]
If an element fits loosely in the jar, it must be tightened. The best way to do this is to put one or more separators on one or both sides of the elements before putting it in the jar, Fig. 228. If you leave the elements loose in the jars, the jolting of the car will soon crack the sealing compound, and you will have a "slopper" on your hands.
If element fits very tight, be sure that the corners of the plate straps have been rounded off and trimmed flush with outside negatives. Be sure also that there is no compound sticking to the inside of jars. Take care not to break the jar by forcing in a tight fitting element when the jar is cold and stiff.
Filling Jars with Electrolyte or Putting on the Covers
With all the elements in place in the jars, one of two things may be. done. First, the jars may be filled with electrolyte and the covers then sealed on, or the covers may first be sealed on and the jars then filled with electrolyte. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages. If the jars are first filled with electrolyte, acid may be splashed on the tipper parts of the jars and sealing made very difficult.
On the other hand, if the electrolyte is first poured in, the charged negatives will not become hot, and sealing compound which runs into the jar will be chilled as soon as it strikes the electrolyte and will float on top and do no harm. If the covers are sealed before any electrolyte is added, it will be easier to do a good sealing job, but the negatives will heat up. Furthermore, any sealing compound which runs into the jar will run down between the plates and reduce the plate area.
If care is taken to thoroughly dry the upper parts of the jars, add the electrolyte before sealing on the covers.
Use 1.400 Acid
If you have followed the directions carefully, and have therefore freed all the shorts, have thoroughly charged the plates, have washed and pressed the negative groups, have washed the positives, have then added any new plates which were needed, and have put in new separators, use 1.400 specific gravity electrolyte. This is necessary because washing the plates removed some of the acid, and the new separators will absorb enough acid so that the specific gravity after charging will be about 1.280.
The final specific gravity must be between 1.280 and 1.300. In measuring the specific gravity the temperature must be about 70 deg.F., or else corrections must be made. For every three degrees above 70 deg., add one point (.001) to the reading you obtain on the hydrometer. For every three degrees under 70 deg., subtract one point (.001) from the reading you obtain on the hydrometer. For instance, if you read a specific gravity of 1.275 and find that the temperature of the electrolyte is 82 deg.F., add ((82-70)/3 = 4)four points (1.275 + .004), which gives 1.279, which is what the specific gravity of the electrolyte would be if its temperature were lowered to 70 deg.. The reason this is done is that when Ave speak of an electrolyte of a certain specific gravity, say 1.280, we mean that this is its specific gravity when its temperature is 70 deg.F. We must therefore make the temperature correction if the temperature of the electrolyte is much higher or lower than 70 deg.F.
Putting on The Covers
This operation is a particular one, and must be done properly, or you will come to grief. Get the box containing the covers and connectors for the battery you are working on; take the covers, and clean them thoroughly. There are several ways to clean them. If you have gasoline at hand, dip a brush in it and scrub off the compound. The covers may also be cleaned off with boiling water, but even after you have used the hot water, it will be necessary to wipe off the covers with gasoline. Another way to soften any compound which may be sticking to them, is to put the covers in the Battery Steamer and steam them for about ten minutes. This will also heat the covers and make them limp so that they may be handled without breaking.
If the covers fit snugly all around the inside of the jars so that there is no crack which will allow the compound to run down on the elements, all is well and good. If, however, there are cracks large enough to put a small, thin putty knife in, you must close them. If the cracks are due to the tops of the jars being bent out of shape, heat the tops with a soft flame until they are limp, (be careful not to burn them). Now, with short, thin wedges of wood, (new dry separators generally answer the purpose), crowd down on the outside edges of the jar, until you have the upper edge of jars straight and even all around. If the jars are set in compound, take a hot screwdriver and remove the compound from between the jar and case near the top. If the cracks between cover and jar still remain, calk them with asbestos packing, tow, or ordinary wrapping string. Do not use too much packing;—just enough to close the cracks is sufficient. When this is done, see that the top of the case is perfectly level, so that when the compound is poured in, it will settle level all around the upper edge of the case.
There are many grades of compounds (see page 149), and the kind to use must be determined by the type of battery to be sealed. There is no question but that a poor grade used as carefully as possible will soon crack and produce a slopper. A battery carelessly sealed with the best compound is no better.
The three imperative conditions for a permanent lasting job are:
1. Use the best quality of the proper kind of compound for sealing the battery on hand.
2. All surfaces that the compound comes in contact with must be free from acid and absolutely clean and dry.
3. The sealing must be done conscientiously and all details properly attended to step by step, and all work done in a workmanlike manner.
With respect to sealing, batteries may be divided into two general classes. First, the old type battery with a considerable amount of sealing compound. This type of battery generally has a lower and an upper cover, the vent tube being attached or removable, depending on the design. The compound is poured on top of the lower cover and around the vent tube, and the top covers are then put on. Most of the batteries of this type have a thin hard rubber sleeve shrunk on the post where the compound comes in contact with it; this hard rubber sleeve usually has several shallow grooves around it which increase its holding power. This is good construction, provided everything else is normal and the work properly done with a good stick-, compound. There are a few single cover batteries with connecting straps close to top of covers, and the compound is poured over the top of the straps. See Fig. 262.
The second general type consists of single one-piece cover batteries that have small channels or spaces around the covers next to the jars into which the sealing compound is poured. This type of battery is the most common type.
[Fig. 229 Pouring compound on lower covers]
Compound in bulk or in thin iron barrels can be cut into small pieces with a hatchet or hand ax. To cut off a piece in hot weather, strike it a quick hard blow in the same place once or twice, and a piece will crack off. Directions for properly beating sealing compound will be found on page 150.
Sealing Double Cover Batteries
The following instructions apply to batteries having double covers. These are more difficult to seal than the single cover batteries. If you can seal the double cover batteries well, the single cover batteries will give you no trouble.
Always start the fire under the compound before you are ready to use it, and turn the fire lower after it has melted, so as not to have it too hot at the time of pouring. If you have a special long nosed pouring ladle, fill it with compound by dipping in the pot, or by pouring compound from a closed vessel. If you heat the compound in an iron kettle, pour it directly into pouring ladle, using just about enough for the first pouring. The compound should not be too hot, as a poor sealing job battery will result from its use. See page 150.
Before sealing, always wipe the surfaces to be sealed with a rag wet with ammonia or soda solution, rinsed with water, and wiped dry with a rag or waste. If you fail to do this the compound will not stick well, and a top leak may develop. Then run a soft lead burning flame over the surfaces to be sealed, in order to have perfectly dry surfaces. Remember that sealing compound will not stick to a wet surface.
[Fig. 230 First pouring of sealing compound]
[Fig. 231 Cooling compound with electric fan]
Pour compound on the lower covers, as in Fig. 229. Use enough to fill the case just over the tops of the jars, Fig. 230. Then pour the rest of the compound back in compound vessel or kettle. To complete the job, and make as good a job as possible, take a small hot lead burning flame and run it around the edges of case, tops of jars, and around the posts until the compound runs and makes a good contact all around. If you have an electric fan, let it blow on the compound a few minutes to cool it, as in Fig. 231. Then the compound used for the second pouring may be hotter and thinner than the first.
Fill the pouring ladle with compound, which is thinner than that used in the first pouring, and pour within 1/16 inch of the top of the case, being careful to get in just enough, so that-after it has cooled, the covers will press down exactly even with the top of the case, Fig. 232. It will require some experience to do this, but you will soon learn just how much to use.
As soon as you have finished pouring, run the flame all around the edges of the case and around the post, being very careful not to injure any of the vent tubes. A small, hot-pointed flame should be used. Now turn on the fan again to cool the compound.
[Fig. 232 Second pouring of sealing compound]
While the compound is cooling, get the cell connectors and terminal connectors, put them in a two-quart granite stew pan, just barely cover with water, and sprinkle a tablespoon of baking soda over them. Set the stew pan over the fire and bring water to boiling point. Then pour the water on some spot on a bench or floor where the acid has been spilled. This helps to neutralize the acid and keep it from injuring the wood or cement. Rinse off the connectors and wipe them dry with a cloth, or heat them to dry them.
[Fig. 233 Pressing covers down to make them level with top of case]
Now take the top covers, which must be absolutely clean and dry, and spread a thin coat of vaseline over the top only, wiping off any vaseline from the beveled edges. Place these covers right side up on a clean board and heat perfectly limp with a large, spreading blow torch flame. Never apply this flame to the under side of the top covers. The purpose is to get the covers on top of the battery absolutely level, and exactly even with the top of the case all around it, and to have them sticking firmly to the compound. There is not an operation in repairing and rebuilding batteries that requires greater care than this one, that will show as clearly just what kind of a workman you are, or will count as much in appearance for a finished job. If you are careless with any of the detail, if just one bump appears on top, if one top is warped, if one cover sticks above top of case, try as you may, you never can cover it up, and show you are a first-class workman. See that you have these four conditions, and you should not have any difficulty after a little experience:
[Fig. 234 Pressing covers down around posts to make them flush with top of case]
1. You must have just enough compound on top to allow the top covers to be pressed down exactly even with upper edge of case.
2. The top covers must be absolutely clean and have a thin coat of vaseline over their top, but none on the bevel edge.
3. A good sized spreading flame to heat quickly and evenly the tops to a perfectly limp condition without burning or scorching them.
4. Procure a piece of 7/8-inch board 1-1/2 inches wide and just long enough to go between handles of battery you are working on. Spread a thin film of oil or vaseline all over it.
Having heated the covers and also the top surface of the compound until it is sticky so that the covers may be put down far enough and adhere firmly to it, place the covers in position. Then press the covers down firmly with a piece of oiled wood, as in Fig. 233, applying the wood sidewise and lengthwise of case until the top of cover is exactly even with the top of the case. It may be necessary to use the wood on end around the vent tubes and posts as in Fig. 234, to get that part of the cover level. If the compound comes up between covers and around the edges of the case, and interferes with the use of the wood, clean it out with a screwdriver. You can then finish without smearing any compound on the covers.
[Fig. 235 Wiping bottom of spoon filled with sealing compound]
[Fig. 236 Filling cracks around covers with sealing compound]
When you have removed the excess compound from the cracks around the edges of the covers with the screwdriver, take a large iron spoon which has the end bent into a pouring lip, and dip up from 1/2 to 2/3 of a spoonful of melted compound (not too hot). Wipe off the bottom of the spoon, Fig. 235, and pour a small stream of compound evenly in all the cracks around the edges of the covers until they are full, as in Fig. 236. Do not hold the spoon too high, and do not smear or drop any compound on top of battery or on the posts. No harm is done if a little runs over the outside of the case, except that it requires a little time to clean it off. A small teapot may be used instead of the spoon. If you have the compound at the right temperature, and do not put in too much at a time, you will obtain good results, but you should take care not to spill the compound over covers or case.
[Fig. 237 Final operation of cleaning off excess compound]
After the last compound has cooled,—this requires only a few minutes,—take a putty knife, and scrape off all the surplus compound, making it even with the top of the covers and case, Fig. .237. Be careful not to dig into a soft place in the compound with the putty knife. If you have done your work right, and have followed directions explicitly, you have scraped off the compound with one sweep of the putty knife over each crack, leaving the compound smooth and level. You will be surprised to see how finished the battery looks.
Some workmen pour hot compound clear to the top of the case and then hurry to put on a cold, dirty top. What happens? The underside of the cover, coming in contact with the hot compound, expands and lengthens out, curling the top surface beyond redemption. As you push down one corner, another goes up, and it is impossible to make the covers level.
Sealing Single Cover Batteries
Single cover batteries are scaled in a similar manner. The covers are put in place before any compound is poured in. Covers should first be steamed to make them soft and pliable. The surfaces which come in contact with the sealing compound must be perfectly dry and free from acid. Before pouring in any compound, run a soft flame over the surfaces which are to be sealed, so as to dry them and warm them. Close up all cracks between Jars and covers as already directed. Then pour the cover channels half full of sealing compound, which must not be too thin. Now run a soft flame over the compound until it flows freely and unites with the covers and jars. Allow the compound to cool.
For the second pouring, somewhat hotter compound may be used. Fill the cover channels flush with the top of the case, and again run a soft flame over the compound to make it flow freely and unite with the covers, and to give it a glossy finish. If any compound has run over on the covers or case, remove it with a hot putty knife.
Burning-on the Cell Connectors
With the covers in place, the next operation is to burn in the cell connectors. Directions for doing this are given on page 213. If you did not fill the jars with electrolyte before sealing the covers, do so now. See page 364.
Marking the Battery
You should have a set of stencil letters and mark every battery you rebuild or repair. Stamp "POS," "P," or "+" on positive terminal and "NEG," "N," or on negative terminal. Then stamp your initials, the date that you finished rebuilding the battery, and the date that battery left the factory, on the top of the connectors. Record the factory date, and type of battery in a book, also your date mark and what was done to the battery. By doing this, you will always be able to settle disputes that may arise, as you will know when you repaired the battery, and what was done.
To go one step farther, keep a record of condition of plates, and number of new plates, if you have used any. Grade the plates in three divisions, good, medium and doubtful. The "doubtful" division will grow smaller as you become experienced and learn by their appearance the ones to be discarded and not used in a rebuilt battery. There is no question that even the most experienced man will occasionally make a mistake in judgment, as there is no way of knowing what a battery has been subjected to during its life before it is brought to you.
Cleaning and Painting the Case
The next operation is to thoroughly clean the case; scrape off all compound that has been spilled on it, and also any grease or dirt. If any grease is on the case, wipe off with rag soaked in gasoline. Unless the case is clean, the paint will not dry. Brush the sides and end with a wire brush; also brighten the name plate. Then coat the case with good asphaltum paint. Any good turpentine asphaltum is excellent for this purpose. If it is too thick, thin it with turpentine, but be sure to mix well before using, as it does not mix readily. Use a rather narrow brush, but of good quality. Paint all around the upper edge, first drawing the brush straight along the edges, just to the outer edges of rubber tops. Now paint the sides, ends and handles, but be careful not to cover the nameplate. To finish, put a second, and thick coat all around top edge to protect edge of case. Paint will soak in around the edge on top of an old case more easily than on the body of the case as it is more porous.
Charging the Rebuilt Battery
With the battery completely assembled, the next step is to charge it at about one-third of the starting or normal charge rate. For batteries having a capacity of 80 ampere hours or more, use a current of 5 amperes. Do not start the charge until at least 12 hours after filling with electrolyte. This allows the electrolyte to cool. Then add water to bring electrolyte up to correct level if necessary. The specific gravity will probably at first drop to 1.220-1.240, and will then begin to rise.
Continue the charge until the specific gravity and voltage do not rise during the last 5 hours of the charge. The cell voltage at the end of the charge should be 2.5 to 2.7, measured while the battery is still on charge. Make Cadmium tests on both positive and negatives. The positives should give a Cadmium reading of 2.4 or more. The negatives should give a reversed reading of 0.175. The tests should be made near the end of the charge, with the cell voltages at about 2.7. The Cadmium readings will tell the condition of the plates better than specific gravity readings. The Cadmium readings are especially valuable when new plates have been installed, to determine whether the new plates are, fully charged. When Cadmium readings indicate that the plates are fully charged, and specific gravity readings have not changed for five hours, the battery is fully charged. If you have put in new plates, charge for at least 96 hours.
Measure the temperature of the electrolyte occasionally, and if it should go above 110 deg.F., either cut down the charging current, or take the battery off charge long enough to allow the electrolyte to cool below 90 deg.F.
Adjusting the Electrolyte
If the specific gravity of the electrolyte is 1.280 to 1.300 at the end of the charge, the battery is ready for testing. If the specific gravity is below or above these figures, draw off as much electrolyte as you can with the hydrometer. If the specific gravity is below 1.280, add enough 1.400 specific gravity electrolyte with the hydrometer to bring the level up to the correct height (about 1/2 inch above tops of plates). If the specific gravity is above 1.300, add a-similar amount of distilled water instead of electrolyte. If the specific gravity is not more than 15 points (.015) too low or too high, adjust as directed above. If the variation is greater than this, pour out all the electrolyte and add fresh 1.280 specific gravity electrolyte.
After adjusting the electrolyte, continue the charge until the gravity of all cells is 1.280-1.300, and there is no further change in gravity for at least two hours. Then take the battery off charge and make a final measurement of the specific gravity. Measure the temperature at the same time, and if it varies more than 10 deg. above or below 70 deg., correct the hydrometer readings by adding one point (.001 sp. gr.) for each 3 degrees above 70 deg., and subtracting one point (.001 sp. gr.) for each 3 degrees below 70 deg.. Be sure to wipe off any electrolyte which you spilled on the battery in adjusting the electrolyte or measuring the specific gravity. Use a rag dipped in ammonia, or baking soda solution.
High Rate Discharge
Whenever you have time to do so, make a 20-minute high rate discharge test on the rebuilt battery, as described on page 266. This test will show up any defect in the battery, such as a poorly burned joint, or a missing separator, and will show if battery is low in capacity. If the test gives satisfactory results, the battery is in good condition, and ready to be put into service, after being charged again to replace the energy used by the test.
CHAPTER 16. SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS. ——————————-
Exide batteries may be classified according to their cover constructions as follows:
1. Batteries with single flange covers, as shown in Figs. 15 and 238. This class includes types DX, LX, LXR, LXRV, PHC, XC, XX, and XXV.
[Fig. 238 Exide Battery, partly disassembled]
2. Batteries with double flange covers, as shown in Fig. 242. This class includes types MHA, KZ, KXD, LXRE, and XE. The cover constructions are-described in Chapter 3.
All Exide batteries, except types KXD, LXRE, and XE, have burned-in lead top connectors. All types have a removable sealing nut around each post to make a tight joint between the post and cell cover, as described on page 19. Formerly some Exide batteries had cell connectors which were bolted to the cell posts, but this construction is now obsolete. Types KXD, LXRE, and XE have cell connectors made of flexible, lead coated copper strips.
Types DX, LX, LXR, LXRV, MHA, PHC, XC, XX, and XXV have been designed and built to meet the requirements of starting, lighting and ignition service for passenger automobiles and power boats.
Types KXD, LXRE, and XE have been especially developed to meet the requirements of the starting, lighting and ignition service on motor trucks and tractors.
Type KZ has been produced particularly for motorcycle lighting and ignition service.
[Fig. 239 Exide Battery with Single Flange Cover]
The type of an Exide battery is stamped on the battery name plate. Thus, on one of the most popular Exide batteries is marked Type 3-XC-13-1. Other Exide batteries have different numerals and letters in their type numbers, but the numerals., and letters are always arranged in the same order as given above. The first numeral gives the number of cells. The letters give the type of cell. The numerals following the letters give the number of plates per cell. The last numeral indicates the manner of arranging the cells in the battery case. Thus, in the example given above, 3-XC-13-1 indicates that there are three cells in the battery, that the type of cell is XC, that each cell has 13 plates, and that the cells are arranged according to method No. 1, this being a side to side assembly.
Methods of Holding Jars in Case
Two methods of holding Exide jars in the battery case are used:
1. Types MHA, KXD, LXRE, and XE have the jars separated by horizontal wooden spacers, there being two spacers between adjoining jars. Running horizontally between these two spacers are tie bolts which pass through the case. These bolts are tightened after the jars are placed in the case, thus pressing the sides of the case against the jars and holding them in, place.
Types KXD, LXRE, and XE, in addition to the tie bolts, are secured in the case by sealing compound beneath and around the jars. Each cell is provided with two soft rubber buffers which are V shaped, and are placed over the ridges in the bottom of the jars, thereby minimizing the effect of shocks on the plates and separators which rest on the buffers.
2. In types DX, LX, LXR, LXRV, PHC, XC, XX, and XXV, there are no spacers between adjoining jars, and the jars simply fit tight in the case. Should they not fit tight enough to hold them in place securely, thin boards are inserted between the jars and the case to pack them in.
Type KZ has the three sets of plates in one jar, having three compartments, with a three compartment cover.
Opening Exide Batteries
1. Drilling Off the Top Connectors. Do this as described on page 329. For type KZ batteries use a 3/8 inch drill. For all other types use a 5/8 inch drill.
2. Removing Plates from Jars. Follow the general instructions on page 333.
Types DX, LX, LXR, LXRV, PHC, XC, XX, and XXV. In opening these batteries, all of which have the single flange cover, you may remove each cell complete from the case, and then draw out the plates; or you may draw out the plates without taking out the jars. To remove the complete cell, heat a thin bladed putty knife and work it down all around the outside of the jar. Then lift out the complete cell by pulling steadily on the cell posts with two pairs of gas pliers. The battery should be placed on the floor when you do this, and you should stand with one foot pressed against the side of the case.
If you do not wish to remove the complete cells, or should the jars fit too tight in the case, unseal the covers and remove the plates according to the instructions given on page 333.
Types KZ and MHA. These batteries have the double flanged cover. Several methods may be used in removing the plates from the jars. In each case, the top of the cell is cleaned, gas blown out of the vent holes, and the sealing nuts removed before opening the cells.
[Fig. 240 Removing double flange exide cover]
First, a flame may be used to soften the sealing compound which is placed in the slot formed by the two flanges of the cover. If you wish to use a flame, first remove each complete cell from the case, loosening the tie bolts that pass through the case to release the jars. Then hit out each complete cell. Now get two strong boards which are about one fourth inch longer than the height of the jar. See Fig. 240. Support the jar on these boards by resting the lower edge of the sides of the cover on the top edge of the boards. Then run a moderate flame around the outside of the flange until the cover is soft, and the compound melting. Then press down on the cell posts with your thumbs, and the jar and plates will drop free of the cover. The plates are then drawn out and rested on the top of the jars to drain, as usual.
Another method is to remove the cells from the case and put them in the battery steamer for ten minutes as described on page 332. Instead of first taking the complete cells out of the case and then steaming them separately, you may steam the entire battery for about ten minutes, and then draw out the plates and cover of each cell with gas pliers without removing the jars. This method must be used in opening types KXD, LXRE, and XE, which have sealing compound under the jars.
Work on Plates, Separators, Jars, and Case
Having opened the battery, follow the instructions given on pages 335 to 361 for examination of plates and separators, and all work on plates, jars, separators, and case.
[Fig. 241 Upsetting threads to prevent nut from turning]
First slip the positive and negative groups together without separators. Then wipe the posts with a rag moistened with ammonia, rinse them with water, and dry thoroughly with a clean rag. Next slip the soft rubber washers over the posts and place the cover in position. Lubricate the lead sealing nuts with graphite that has been mixed to a paste with water. Do not use grease or vaseline to lubricate these nuts. Then put on the sealing nuts and tighten them partly with your fingers.
You are now ready to insert the separators as directed on page 361. Types MHA, PHC, KXD, KZ, LXR, LXRE, LXRV, XX, and XXV have, in addition to the usual wooden separators, perforated rubber sheets, which should be placed against the grooved side of each wooden separator before inserting, and insert with rubber sheet against the positives.
Make a careful examination to see that you have not left out any separators.
When the separators are all in place, even them up on each side. Then tighten the sealing nuts with the special Exide wrench. When you have turned the nuts down tight, lock them in place by driving a center punch on the threads on the post just above the nut, Fig. 241. This will damage the thread and prevent the nut from turning loose.
Putting Plates In Jars
The next step is to lower the plates into the jars, as described on page 362. In types KXD, LXRE, and XE be sure to first replace the two soft rubber buffers in the bottom of the jar, one over each ridge.
Filling Jars With Electrolyte
As soon as you have an element in place in the jar, fill the jar with electrolyte of the proper strength, as described on page 364, to prevent the separators and plates from drying. The negatives, especially, must be covered with electrolyte to prevent them from heating and drying.
Sealing Exide Battery Covers
[Fig. 242 Laying "worm" of sealing compound]
[Image: Chart showing capacity of Exide batteries]
For Types DX, LX, LXR, LXRV, PHC, XC, XX, and XXV, which have the single flange type of cover, slowly heat the sealing compound until it runs, but do not get it so thin that it will run down into the cell between the cover and jar. Then pour it into the channel between cover and jar walls. Allow it to cool and finish it off flush with a hot knife. When pouring, be sure the compound is liquid and not lumpy, as in such a case a poor seal will result. A glossy, finished appearance may be given to the compound by passing a flame over it after the job is finished.
For Types KXD, KZ, LXRE, MHA, and XE, which have the double flange type of cover, have ready a string or worm of sealing compound about 3-16 inch in diameter, made by rolling between boards some of the special compound furnished for the purpose. The cover may or may not have been attached to the element, depending on how repairs have been made. In either case the procedure is the same as far as sealing is concerned. Assuming the element is attached, stand it upside down, with the cover resting upon two strips, Fig. 242. Lay the string of compound all around the cover channel. Now turn right side up and insert in the jar, taking care that the jar walls enter the cover channels at all points. Apply heat carefully to the edges of the cover and gently force cover clown. If too much compound has been used, so that it squeezes out around the cover, scrape off the excess with a hot knife while forcing cover down.
Putting Cells In Case
When the covers have all been sealed, put the cells in the case, taking care to put the negative and positive posts in their proper positions, so that each cell connector will connect a positive to a negative post.
In Types MHA, KXD, LXRE, and XE, which have wooden spacers between the cells, take care that the spacers are in position and then, after cells are in place, tighten the tie bolts with a screw driver to clamp the jars.
In Types DX, LX, LXR, LXRV, SX, XC, XX, and XXV the cells should fit tight in the case; pack them in with thin boards if necessary.
Burning on the Cell Connectors
See instructions on pages 213 to 216.
Charging After Repairing
See also instructions on page 373.
Not sooner than ten to fifteen hours after filling battery with electrolyte, add electrolyte to restore level if it has fallen.
U. S. L. BATTERIES
The instructions for rebuilding batteries which have already been given, pages 328 to 374, apply also to all U. S. L. batteries. In working on the old U. S. L. batteries, illustrated in Fig. 243, draw out the electrolyte down to the tops of the plates so that the electrolyte is below the lower end of the vent tube. Then blow out any gas which may have collected under the cover with compressed air or bellows. Never fail to do this, as there is only a small vent hole in the cover through which the gas can escape, the vent tubes extending down into the electrolyte when the cells are properly filled.
[Fig. 243 Cross section of old type USL battery]
[Fig. 244 Cross section of new type USL battery]
Fig. 244 shows the new U. S. L. cover construction. Note that the special cell filling device is no longer used. U. S. L. batteries have lead bushings moulded into the cover. These bushings fit around the posts, and are burned to the posts and top connectors, Figs. 243 and 244, thus giving leak proof joints between the cover and the posts. In burning on the connectors, melt bottom edge of hole first, then top of post and cover bushing, and melt in your burning lead slowly.
[Image: Chart showing capacity of USL batteries, Page 1]
[Image: Chart showing capacity of USL batteries, Page 2]
[Fig. 245 Old type Prest-O-Lite battery with lead bushings that screw up into cover]
Some of the old Prest-O-Lite batteries have a lead bushing around the post, Fig. 245, similar to the U. S. L. batteries. This will make a perfectly tight seal, provided that you screw the bushing up tight. The new types of Prest-O-Lite batteries have a "Peened" post seal, special instructions for which follow.
The general instructions for rebuilding batteries given on pages 328 to 374 apply to Prest-O-Lite batteries in every respect. The "Peened" post seal is, however, a special construction, and directions for working on this seal are as follows:
[Fig. 246 Prest-O-Lite Element Locked]
All Prest-O-Lite batteries designated as Types WHN, RIJN, BHN, JFN, KPN, and SHC, have a single moulded cover which is locked directly on to the posts of the element. This feature is the result of forcing a solid ring of lead from a portion of the post, projecting above the cover, down into a deep chamfer in the top of the cover. Figs. 246 and 247 show this construction.
This construction makes a solid unit of the cover and element, which does away with the sealing compound, washers, nuts, etc., for making the acid tight seal around the posts.
The locking operation requires some special instructions and shop equipment for assembly and all repairs which involve removal from and replacement of the cover on the element.
The majority of battery repairs such as renewal of jars, separators, straightening of plates, and removal of sediment, can be made without separating the cover and element. In such cases the connectors are drilled off, compound is softened and removed from around the covers and the complete unit is removed from the cell. It may be handled throughout the repair as a unit, and the cover serves as a bridge to hold the plates of both groups in line just as they remain in the jar.
[Fig. 247 Sectional view of Prest-O-Lite battery with peened post seal]
However, where the cover is broken or must be replaced for other reasons, when plates have to be renewed, or the posts have been broken off below the cover, the element and cover must be separated.
All the apparatus and special tools which are used in connection with the locking, as well as the building-up, unlocking (freeing), and rebuilding, of the posts in all Prest-O-Lite battery types are grouped together and collectively termed the type "N" Post Locking Outfit.
This outfit, complete, is carried in stock at all Prest-O-Lite warehouses under the part number 27116. Each of the individual parts or tools also has a separate part number and may be bought separately.
Prest-O-Lite Type "N" Post Locking Outfit
Arbor Press (complete with following 12 parts) 27115 Main Casting 27114 Latch 27107 Bed Plate 27113 Lever 27108 Rack 27211 Washer 27112 Pinion Shaft 27110 Pinion 27109 Latch Pin 27111 *Special CLN & KPN Spacer 27233 *Special CLN & KPN Latch 27232 *Special CLN & KPN Bed Plate 27234 Large Peening Tool (9-21 RHN, WHN, BHN, SHC, KPN, CLN; 11-17 JFN) 27101 Small Peening Tool (7-WHN, RHN, SHC; 9-JFN) 27100 Peening Tool for small terminal posts in which are east threaded brass inserts (Columbia) 27105 Large Post Freeing Tool 27103 Small Post Freeing Tool 27102 No. 8 Post Freeing Tool (13/16" diameter straight post) 27123 Large Post Re-Builder (9-21 RHN, WHN, BHN, SHC, KPN, CLN; 11-17 JFN) 27005 Small Post Re-Builder (7-WHN, RHN, SHC; 9-JFN) 27004 Ford Positive Post Builder 27006 Ford Negative Post Builder 27224 2 No. 8 Post Builder (13/16" diameter straight post) 27225 Style "B" Prest-O-Lite Torch, with six feet of red gum tubing A-3116 Automatic Reducing Valve A-427 COMPLETE TYPE "N" OUTFIT including all parts above 27116
* The CLN and KPN Spacer block, bent Latch and Bed Plate are special parts used only in the Arbor Press when it is especially assembled to lock CLN or KPN posts.
The Re-Builder is used to build up posts before attempting to lock on the cover. The replacing of the metal cut away from the original diameter of the post when the jar cover was removed is necessary to the correct operation of the Peening Tool.
The Builder is used to build up posts, after they have been locked and shaped by the Peening Tool, to a size large enough to take some special terminal. For example, the Ford Positive Post Builder is used in building up posts, locked by the Large Peening Tool, to the proper size to take the Ford positive terminal.
The Automatic Reducing Valve delivers the gas from the P-O-L tank at a uniform pressure of 3 pounds per square inch, whether the tank is full, half empty, or nearly empty, and regardless of the volume of gas used. The volume or flow of gas is regulated by the key.
The style "B" torch mixes the pure acetylene from the gas tank with the proper amount of air necessary to an efficient heating flame.
The heating flame is conducted or delivered to the Peening Tool by the short length of brass tubing known as the Torch-Holder, over which the "B" Torch is pressed by hand in completing the assembly.
[Fig. 248 Special Prest-O-Lite Peening Press]
Both the "B" Torch and the Automatic Reducing Valve are absolutely essential to the use of the Prest-O-Lite gas tank for heating the Peening Tool.
Prest-O-Lite gas tanks, style A, B, C, or E, may be used in connection with the Automatic Reducing Valve, as shown in Fig. 248. To use a welding size gas tank it is necessary to insert a "W to A" Adapter between the tank and Reducing Valve. This Adapter can be purchased from the Prest-O-Lite Co., Inc.
The Arbor Press when received by the Service Station is fully assembled, ready for mounting and operation with all P-O-L locked post types except CLN and KPN.
Mount the Press in a vertical position (Fig. 248) in a convenient place and at an accessible height on a wall or post. Holes are provided in the Press for mounting by lag screws or bolts. The position of the Peening Tool should be well below the level of the eyes, to prevent serious injury from a possible spattering of overheated lead.
Screw the proper size Peening Tool into the bottom of the Press rack, as shown in Fig. 248. The Torch-Holder must be removed from the Peening Tool to do this; it should be immediately replaced.
In using the Press to lock CLN or KPN posts it is necessary to remove the Bed Plate and the Latch, and replace these parts with the Special Bed Plate and Special Latch provided for this purpose, using the spacing block or Spacer (also provided) between the Special Bed Plate and the bottom of the Press.
[Fig. 249 Reaming Prest-O-Lite peened post to remove cover]
Connect the "B" Torch to the Peening Tool. The Torch is merely pressed by the hand over the Torch-Holder.
Connect the Torch with the Automatic Reducing Valve on the gas tank by the rubber tubing, and turn on the gas and light. The flame should be blue and hot.
Allow the Peening Tool to become just hot enough to melt the end of a piece of 50-50 solder. Do not allow it to get any hotter than this. The tool is then ready for use. The flame may be left on while the Tool is in use. In case the Tool becomes too hot turn the flame off and allow it to cool to the proper temperature before using.
To Remove Cell Covers from Elements
Drill off cell connectors and terminals as usual. Insert the proper size Freeing Tool (or reamer), furnished with the outfit, in an ordinary hand-power drill press or bit-and-brace. With this reamer remove the ring of metal or flange on the post, thereby releasing the cell cover. Fig. 249. The Freeing Tool should not be used in a power-driven press, as slow speed is essential to prevent breaking cell covers. To get the best results, center the Freeing Tool over the post, gradually forcing it down, at the same time keep it turning slowly until the ring of metal which locks the post in the cover has been removed. A little machine oil should be put on the metal directly under the tool for this operation. After the metal ring has been removed, the cover can be easily lifted off the posts, Fig. 250.
[Fig. 250 Removing Prest-O-Lite cover]
[Fig. 251 Building up posts on Prest-O-Lite element]
The use of the Freeing Tool in removing the cell cover cuts away a certain amount of metal from the diameter of the posts. Before these posts can be relocked by the Peening Tool in replacing the cell cover they must be built up in size or diameter again so that there will be enough lead to insure a tight joint.
To Rebuild Posts
Thoroughly clean the post. Place the proper Post Re-Builder so that it rests on the shoulder of the post, and run in enough new lead to fill the Re-Builder. Fig. 251. Be sure and bring the lead surface of the post into fusion before the new lead is run in, to insure a strong post.
To build a smooth, solid post, be sure that the post is thoroughly clean; then use a hot flame.
To Lock or Peen Posts
(1) Assemble positive and negative groups without separators, and paint the posts (just above the shoulder) with hot sealing compound.
(2) Prepare the cell covers by immersing them in hot water until they are flexible.
(3) Place a warmed cover over the posts of the two assembled groups (the elements). Fig. 252.
[Fig. 252 Replacing Prest-O-Lite cover on built-up posts]
(4) Slide the element over the Bed Plate directly under Peening Tool, with the bottom of the plate connectors resting on the Bed Plate. (See Fig. 253).
(5) Pull down the Latch to hold the Bed Plate in alignment.
(6) Center the post with Peening Tool. Then force the Peening Tool down slowly until it has covered about two-thirds of the distance to the cover. Pause in this operation to allow the metal of the post to become heated; then force tool the rest of the distance. Raise the Peening Tool slightly and force down again.
(7) Release the Latch, withdraw and reverse the element, and repeat operations 4, 5 and 6 on the other post.
(8) The assembled groups are now ready to receive separators.
[Fig. 253 Peening Prest-O-Lite post with special peening press]
Precautions in Post Locking Operations
1—Be sure all covers are warmed until they are flexible before attempting to assemble.
2—Be sure that the Peening Tool is not too hot. If it is, the post will melt away and be ruined. A very hot tool sometimes causes dangerous spattering of hot lead.
3—Be sure that the post is centered with the Peening Tool before forcing the Tool down on the post.
4—Be sure the cover has been forced down, so that it rests on the shoulder of the post, before releasing.
In breaking in a new Peening Tool it is advisable to squirt several drops of machine oil inside the Tool, as well as putting some oil on the top of the post, before forcing the hot Tool down over the post. This will prevent the Tool from sticking to the post.
If the Peening Tool should stick to the post, force the Tool down again, being certain that the cover is slightly compressed. Sticking of the Peening Tool indicates either that the Tool has not yet been broken in, or that there is not sufficient compression in the cover to free the Tool on releasing the pressure on the lever of the Press.
To repair the 13/16" diameter straight terminal post, the Ford positive terminal post, the Ford negative terminal post, it is good practice to remove the cover in the usual manner, then cut the upper portion of the posts off and rebuild them with the large Post Re-Builder. Reassemble the element and cover in the recommended manner and then use the proper Post Builder to burn the post to its original size.
Standard Types of Prest-O-Lite Starting, Lighting and Ignition Batteries
[Image: Chart for Prest-O-Lite starting batteries, 6-volt]
[Image: Chart for Prest-O-Lite starting batteries, 12-volt]
[Image: Chart for Prest-O-Lite starting batteries, 16-18-24 and 30-volt]
[Image: Chart for Prest-O-Lite special heavy duty truck batteries for starting and light; Chart for 6-volt lighting and ignition types]
THE PHILADELPHIA DIAMOND GRID BATTERY
[Fig. 254 Cross section of old type Philadelphia diamond grid battery]
Figs. 254 and 255 show the construction of the old type Philadelphia Diamond Grid. Battery. Figs. 254 and 256 show the diamond shaped grid from which the battery derives its name. It is claimed that this construction gives a very strong grid, holding the active materials firmly in place, and giving a large amount of contact surface between the grid and the active material.
Figs. 254 and 255 show the old type battery, and give the details of the cover, terminal posts, vent plug, and so on. The post seal is made tight by pouring the compound into the cover well so that it flows in around all of the petticoats on the post.
[Fig. 255 Cross section old type Philadelphia Diamond Grid]
This construction increases the distance that the acid must travel along the post, in order to cause a leak, about two and one-half times the vertical distance on a smooth post. The hard rubber washer which fits around the post acts as a lock to prevent the post from turning. This applies especially to the two terminal posts to which the cables are attached. The washer is intended to prevent any strain in the cable from turning the post and breaking the seal between the post and the compound.
New Development in the Philadelphia Battery
[Fig. 256 Cross section new type Philadelphia battery]
[Fig. 257 New type Philadelphia Diamond Grid Battery]
Rubber Lockt Seal Covers. During the last few years there has been a marked tendency in the battery industry to do away with the use of sealing compound for making a joint between the cell cover and the terminal posts and to substitute a mechanical seal of some kind at this joint. The Philadelphia Storage Battery Co. has developed the "Rubber Lockt". cover seal, the construction of which is shown in detail in Figs. 256 and 257. On the cell posts there is a. flange which supports the cover, and above this there is a recessed portion into which is slipped a soft rubber sleeve or bushing. This portion of the post is made with a ridge extending around the post and with the rubber sleeve forming a high point over which a corresponding locking edge in the terminal hole of the cover is snapped. This construction makes a joint which is flexible and at the same time acid tight. Vibration tends to push the cover down on the supporting flanges, as the post diameter is smaller below the locking edge. The design is simple, both from the assembly and the repair standpoint, as no tools are required for either operation. In the assembly operation the groups are lined up so that the post centers are correct and, after wetting the soft rubber sleeves, the cover is snapped in place with a quick downward push. See Fig. 258. In removing the covers, catch under each end with the fingers and pull upward, at the same time pressing with the thumbs on the top of the posts. See Fig. 259.
[Fig. 258 Replacing cover of Philadelphia Diamond Grid Battery]
[Fig. 259 Removing cover of Philadelphia Diamond Grid Battery]
Rubber Case Batteries. Another development of recent years consists of the replacing of the wood case and rubber jars by a one-piece container of hard rubber with compartments for the elements The Philadelphia Storage Battery Co. has developed the Diamond Rubber case, which combines strength and lightness with an attractive appearance. See Fig. 260. One of the troubles experienced with the earlier designs of the rubber case was the bulging of the end, due to the pull of the battery hold down rod on a small handle attached to the center of the end. In the Philadelphia battery this has been overcome by the use of a wide handle which snaps into openings in the end of the case in such a way that the pull on the handle is transferred to the sides. Another feature of this type handle is that it is a separate piece snapped into the case without the use of any metal insert in the rubber case, and if the handle should break, it can be replaced at small expense without the use of any tools.
[Fig. 260 Philadelphia Diamond Grid Battery with rubber case]
The Philadelphia vent plug is of the bayonet type, and is tightened by a quarter turn. The plug simply has a small vent hole in the top, and may either be taken out or left on while battery is charging.
The Philadelphia Separator
The Philadelphia separator is made of quarter sawed hardwood. It has a hard resinous wood in which the hard and soft portions occur in regular alternating vertical layers. The soft layers are porous, and permit the diffusion of the acid from plate to plate. The hard layers give the separator stiffness and long life. The alternating hard and soft layers are at right angles to the surface of the separator, so that the electrolyte has a direct path between plates.
The methods of repairing Philadelphia Diamond Grid batteries are no different from those already given, on pages 328 to 374.
When the elements of the old type batteries have been assembled and returned to the jars, put the covers in place, and pour the compound around the edges of the cover, and in the post wells. The old compound must be removed from the petticoats on the posts before new compound is poured in. The compound must be warm and thin enough to flow around and fill up the petticoat spaces on the posts in order to get a good seal. When the post wells are full of compound, and while compound is still warm, put on the square sealing washers and press them down so that the holes in the washers fit closely around the octagonal part of the posts.
THE EVEREADY STORAGE BATTERY
It is claimed by the manufacturers that the sulphate which forms in the Eveready battery during discharge always remains in the porous, convertible form, and never crystallizes and becomes injurious, even though the battery is allowed to stand idle on open circuit for a considerable length of time. Due to this fact, the Eveready battery is called a "Non-Sulphating Battery."
The manufacturers state that Eveready batteries which have stood idle or in a discharged condition for months do not suffer the damages which usually result from such treatment, namely: buckling, and injurious sulphation. The plates do become sulphated, but the sulphate remains in the porous, non-crystalline state in which it forms. Charging such a battery at its normal rate is all that is necessary to bring it back to its normal, healthy condition. Due to the excessive amount of sulphate which forms when the battery stands idle or discharged for a long time, it is necessary to give the battery 50 percent overcharge to remove all the sulphate and bring the battery back to a healthy working condition. The colors of the plates are good guides as to their condition at the end of the charge. The positives should be free from blotches of white sulphate, and should have a dark brown or chocolate color. The negatives should have a bright gray or slate color.
Description of Parts
Eveready plates are of two general types. Plates of the R type are each provided with two feet on lower ends, the positive set and the negative set resting on two separate pairs of bridges in the jars, thereby preventing the sediment which accumulates on top of bridges from short circuiting a cell.
Plates of the M type, instead of having feet, are cut away where they pass over the bridges of the opposite group. See Fig. 261. This construction secures a greater capacity for a given space, and gives the same protection against short circuit from sediment as the foot construction does, since the same amount of sediment must accumulate with either type of plate to cause a short circuit.
[Fig. 261 Type "M" Eveready grid]
The separators used in Eveready batteries are made of cherry wood because it is a hard wood which will resist wear, is of uniform texture, even porosity, and has a long life in a given degree and condition of acid.
Eveready cherry wood separators go to the repair man in a dry condition, as they do not require chemical treatment. Separators when received should be soaked in 1.250 specific gravity acid for four days or longer in order to expand them to proper size and remove natural impurities from the wood. After being fully expanded they should be stored moist as previously described. Stock separators may be kept indefinitely in this solution and can be used as required. Fig. 262 shows the top construction in the Eveready battery.
[Fig. 262 Eveready Battery, cell connectors covered by compound]
Cell connectors are heavily constructed and are sealed over solidly with a flexible sealing compound, Fig. 262. Two types of cell connectors are used-the crescent and the heavy or "three way" type.
Repairing Eveready Batteries
To properly open and re-assemble an Eveready battery, proceed as follows:
1. Take a hot putty knife and cut the compound from the top of each of the inter-cell connectors until the entire top of the connector is exposed.
2. Center punch tops of cell connectors and terminal posts.
3. Drill off cell connectors. In drilling off crescent cell connector use 1/2 inch drill, and for heavy type connector use 5/8 inch drill.
Drill deep enough, usually 3/8 to 1/2 inch, until a seam between connector and post is visible around lower edge of hole. Having drilled holes in both ends of connector, heat connector with soft flame until compound adhering to it becomes soft. Then take a 1/2 inch or 5/8 inch round iron or bolt, depending on connector to be removed, insert in one of the holes, and pry connector off with a side to side motion, being careful not to carry this motion so far as to jam connector into top of jar.
4. After connectors have been removed, steam and open the battery, as described on pages 332 to 335.
5. Examine plates, and handle them as described on pages 335 to 355. Remember, however, that Eveready plates which show the presence of large amounts of sulphate, even to the extent of being entirely covered with white sulphate, should not be discarded. A battery with such plates should be charged at the normal rate, and given a 50 percent overcharge.
6. Before re-assembling plate groups preparatory to assembling the battery, take negative and positive plate groups and build up the posts with the aid of a post builder to their original height.
Assemble groups in usual manner, taking care that posts on straps are in proper position relative to group in adjoining cell, so that cell connectors will span properly. Eveready batteries use a right and left hand strap for both positive and negatives, making it necessary to use only one length of cell connector.
7. After inserting assembled plate groups into battery in their proper relation as to polarity, heat rubber covers to make them fairly pliable and fit them over posts and into top of jar, pressing them down until they rest firmly on top of plate straps. See that covers are perfectly level and that vent tubes are perpendicular and all at same height above the plates.
8. Heat compound just hot enough so that it will flow. Pour first layer about one quarter inch thick, being careful to cover entire jar cover. Take a soft flame and seal compound around edges of jar and onto posts.
9. Now proceed to burn on top connectors. Cell connectors need only be cleaned in hole left by post, and top of each end.
10. While burning in cell connectors the first layer of compound will have cooled sufficiently to permit the second layer to be applied. This should be done immediately after burning on connectors and while they are still hot. Also heat the terminal posts, as compound will adhere to hot lead more readily than to cold.
Start second layer of compound by pouring it over cell connectors and terminal posts, first filling in with sufficient compound to bring level just above the tops of jars. Apply flame, sealing around edges of wood case, being particularly careful to properly seal terminal posts. Let this layer cool thoroughly before applying third layer.
11. The third layer of compound should be applied in the same way as second layer, pouring on connectors and terminal posts first, and filling in to the level of top of wood ease. The spaces between bars of cell connectors will fill and flow over properly if second layer has been allowed to cool and if cell connectors have not been burned up too high. In sealing last layer with flame, care should be taken not to play flame on compound too long as this hardens and burns the compound. Burned compound has no flexibility and will crack readily in service, thus causing the battery to become a "slopper." In pouring compound be sure to have battery setting level so that compound will come up even on all edges of case. Do not move battery after pouring last layer until thoroughly cool.
Before installing battery on car be sure that no compound, etc., has been allowed to get onto taper of terminal post, as this will make a poor connection. If this has happened, clean with medium grade sandpaper.
[Fig. 263 Vesta grid with 3-piece isolator]
Vesta Isolators. The Vesta plate embodies in its design devices which are intended to hold the plates straight and thus eliminate the buckling and short-circuiting which form a large percentage of battery trouble. Fig. 263 shows clearly the construction of the old type of plate. Each isolator used in the old type of plate consists of two notched strips of celluloid, with a plain celluloid strip between them. The notches are as wide as the plates are thick, the teeth between the notches fitting into the spaces between plates, thus holding the plates at the correct distances apart. The plain celluloid strip holds the notched strips in place. At each corner of the Vesta plate is a slot into which the isolator fits, as shown in Fig. 263. Since the teeth on the two notched pieces of each isolator hold the plates apart, they cannot "cut-out" or "short-out" by pinching through the wooden separators, or "impregnated mats" as they are called by the Vesta Company.
The celluloid of which the isolators are made are not attacked by the electrolyte at ordinary temperatures. At higher temperatures, however, the electrolyte slowly dissolves the isolators. The condition of the isolator, therefore, may be used to determine whether the temperature of the electrolyte has been allowed to rise above 100 deg. Fahrenheit.
The Vesta Type "D" Battery
The appearance of a group of the new Type "D" construction is shown in Fig. 265, where Type "C" and Type "D" groups are illustrated side by side for purposes of comparison. It will be seen that the "D" isolator is of one piece only (shown separately in Fig. 266). The material is a heavy hard rubber stock which will be no more affected by acid or by electrical conditions in the cell than the hard rubber battery jar itself. The indentations on the two edges of isolator engage in hook shaped lugs on plate edges (Fig. 267 shows these clearly) and lock the plates apart fully as efficiently as the three-piece construction.
[Fig. 264 Cross section, Vesta Isolator Battery, type C]
There are a number of important advantages which have been gained by the new method of isolation. The illustration (Fig. 265) shows how the "D" isolator permits the separators to completely cover and project slightly beyond the edges of the plates, whereas in the old construction there is an edge just above the isolators where the plates are not covered. This improvement means protection against shorts due to flaking, always so likely to occur during the summer "overcharging" season. Overcharging is, of course, a form of abuse, and Type "D" batteries are designed to meet this sort of service. Another great advantage gained is in the arrangement of lugs, It will be noted that the positive isolator hooks are in alignment, as are the negative hooks, but that these two rows, of opposite polarity, are separated from each other by the full width of the isolator; whereas in the Type "C" construction the outer edges of the plates, of opposite polarity, were separated only by the usual distance between plates.
[Fig. 265 Vesta elements: showing old 3-piece celluloid isolator and new one-piece hard rubber isolator]
[Fig. 267 Vesta plates type U and DJ]
[Fig.268 Inserting Vesta hard rubber isolator]
The new isolator is simple to insert and remove. Being made of hard rubber, it will soften and become pliable if a sufficient degree of heat is applied. The heat required is approximately 150 deg. to 160 deg.F., a temperature far above that reached by any battery cell, even under the most extravagant condition of abuse, but readily attained in the shop by means of a small flame of any kind-even a match will do in an emergency. The flame (which should be of the yellow or luminous variety, as the blue flame tends to scorch the rubber) is played lightly over the isolator a few seconds. The rubber becomes soft and is then removed by inserting under the end of the isolator any narrow tool, such as a small screw driver, a wedge point, chisel, etc., and prying gently. In replacing isolators, a small hot plate is convenient but not at all necessary. The isolators are placed on the hot plate, or held in a luminous flame, until soft enough to bend. They are then bent into an arched shape, as shown in Fig. 268, and quickly fitted into place under the proper lugs. The regular isolator spacing tool is convenient and helpful in maintaining the plates at uniform intervals while this operation is carried out. The job is completed by pressing down the still warm isolator with any handy piece of metal having a flat edge that will fit the distance between the lugs (Fig. 269). The shank of a screw driver does splendidly for this work. The pressure causes the isolator to straighten out, and the indentations fit snugly under the respective hooks on the plates. At the same time the contact with the cold metal chills the rubber to its normal hard condition. It is especially to be noted that the entire operation of isolator removal and replacement can be carried out with none but the commonest of shop tools.
[Fig. 269 Pressing down Vesta hard rubber isolator]
[Fig. 270 Complete vesta battery]
All of the "U" size batteries have been changed to Type "D," so that all "CU" types are superseded by corresponding "DU's." Type "D" will not be used on cells of sizes "L," "H," or "A", all of which remain of the "C" or three-piece isolator construction. Type "S" remains old style as before.
The Vesta Company has added a new plate size, produced in the "D" style (one-piece) isolator only, and known as "DJ."
This plate is one-half inch higher than the "U," as shown in Fig. 267. It has 10 per cent more capacity. "DJ" batteries are available in all forms corresponding with "CU" types, and can be obtained by merely changing the type form name in ordering, as for example, to replace form 150, 6-DJ11-Y-150. The overall height of the completed battery is, of course, one-half inch more, and the "DJ" should therefore be ordered only when this additional height space is available in the battery compartment of the car.
The Vesta separators, or "mats," are treated by a special process. The Vesta Company considers its "mats" a very important feature of the battery. See page 15.
Vesta Post Seal
A lead collar fits over each post to hold the cover tight against the soft rubber gasket underneath. This collar is not screwed or burned on the post, but is simply pressed down over the post, depending for its holding power upon the fact that two lead surfaces rubbing against each other tend to "freeze," and unite so as to become a unit. The connector rests upon the upper race of the collar, and also helps to hold it down in its proper position. Fig. 270 shows the complete battery with the lead collar, and the large vent plug.
In rebuilding Vesta batteries having the lead collars, the cover should be left in place when working on the plates, if possible. If, however, it is necessary to separate groups, and the lead collars must be removed, this is done as shown in Fig. 271. A few blows on the side of the collar with a light, two ounce hammer expands the lead collar several thousands of an inch so that the collar may be removed.
[Fig. 271 Expanding lead collar of Vesta battery with light hammer]
[Fig. 272 Placing soft rubber gasket over post of Vesta battery]
In replacing the covers, the lead collar must be forced down over the post, and special pressure tongs are required for this purpose. Before driving on the old collar, the post should be expanded slightly by driving the point of a center-punch into the shoulder on the post. Instead of expanding the shoulder a new collar may be used.
Fig. 272 shows the soft rubber gasket being placed over the post, and shows the construction of the cover with its recess to fit the gasket.
Fig. 273 shows the lead collar being placed over the post after the cover is in place.
Fig. 274 shows the special long lipped tongs required to force the collar down on the post shoulder. One lip of the tongs has a hole into which the post fits. The necessary driving force may be obtained by applying pressure to the ends of the lips of the tongs With an ordinary vise. This forces the cover down on the rubber gasket to make the acid-tight seal.
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Having a baby in the time of Coronavirus: What you need to know, and what you should expect
Pregnancy is a beautiful time. Your growing body and growing baby should be nourished and celebrated. While everyone will tell you to relax and enjoy the moment, it is human nature to worry. It is also human nature to share every speck of information about every possible thing that could happen – whether it is true or not. In fact, one simple Google search will result in about a million different scare tactics.
Covid-19 has produced a lot of anxiety for expectant women and families in 2020. Many recent clients have expressed concern about the unknown factors of the virus, hospital visitor policies and potential risks of being in the hospital itself.
I want to dispel some myths and perhaps ease the minds of expectant families.
Breast milk: Ready-made protection
Throughout history, breast milk has been the preferred choice for infant feeding. The choice to breastfeed has many advantages. While infant formula will promote healthy growth of your baby, the immune-boosting and protective benefits of breast milk cannot be ignored.
Human milk contains many properties that will help protect your baby from harmful bacteria, allow for maturation of the stomach and gut linings, help with important hormonal responses, and promote growth of healthy tissues and cells.
One very important, and almost miraculous, fact is that the protein in human milk changes according to the needs of the infant. The cells in your baby’s saliva actually communicate with mom’s cells, and tell her body exactly what baby needs at any given time. During illness, immune supporting factors actually increase! Isn’t that amazing?!
They are on your team
Just a few of the numerous immune-boosting compounds in human milk include (and I apologize in advance for my weak hockey analogies):
- This is your defensive line. It coats the intestines and prevents harmful bacteria and viruses from entering. It also encourage the growth of a healthy bacteria flora, which will prevent pathogens from adhering.
- These would be your offensive line. They are antibacterial, anti-fungal, AND antiviral. Just like the opposing team needs control of the puck to get stronger, bacteria require iron to grow. Lactoferrin binds to iron and prevents bacteria from using it.
- This is your team’s “goon” (which is the word my husband uses to describe the big guy who beats up guys on the opposing team). It damages bacterial cell linings, which prevents them from attaching to your baby’s cute, healthy cells.
- These are the goalie for the immune system. Essentially, these carbohydrates act to block receptors on gut lining causing bacteria to be swept away, moving through the gut intact and unattached to healthy cells.
Covid: The basics
Some basic facts about Coronavirus and Covid-19:
- Coronavirus (COV-2) consists of an oily lipid membrane, studded with proteins that help the virus stick to and enter cells.
- It is a very small molecule, measured at 5 microns (for comparison, a human hair is 60-120 microns).
- Incubation period (time from exposure to symptom development) is 2-14 days.
- You are most contagious 1-3 days before symptoms develop and soon after symptoms develop.
- It can live for up to 72 hours on flat hard surfaces such as glass, plastic, and steel.
- It can live for up to 24 hours on surfaces like paper, cardboard and fabric.
- A cleaning solution must contain at least 70% alcohol to be effective (in other words, don’t waste your vodka by using it as a surface disinfectant!).
Covid considerations in pregnancy, labour, delivery, and postpartum:
Current recommendations are constantly being developed and are being studied on a case by case basis
- Normal pregnancy symptoms may mask signs of Covid-19
- 20% of pregnant women experience rhinitis (stuffy nose, post-nasal drip)
- Third trimester: baby increases in size, which increases oxygen demands (and thus breathing rate); some mild shortness of breath is expected during later weeks of pregnancy
- Based on a study done on 5700 women in NYC: risks of Covid-19 associated complications increased in pregnant women with diabetes and hypertension.
For women with risk factors for Covid-19, many experts are recommending a planned birth at a hospital or accredited birth center, both for the protection of the patient, as well as the protection for labour and delivery staff
- 10-32% of low risk attempted home births require hospital admission, often under emergent circumstances.
- If you are Covid positive or experiencing symptoms, consider an epidural to decrease the more pronounced respiratory exhalations in labour (again, this is for protection of both you and your healthcare staff- it helps to decrease your respiratory load during labour and protects us from exposure); having an epidural significantly decreases your risk of general anesthesia (being “put to sleep”) in the event of an emergent cesarean section
Yes, you will be allowed only one support person while you are in the hospital
- If you were planning on doula support, see if they can be available by Facetime or Zoom
- Many of them are! During my nursing shifts, I have been surprised many times with a calming and friendly voice “popping” up from a laptop in the back of the labour room
- Perhaps your doula could do a pre-labour “class” with your partner or support person, teaching them common massage, breathing, and pain management techniques
- Ensure you can have extra support via Facetime, Whatsapp, or Zoom for the postpartum period: make sure your parents and family members know how to use your preferred method
- After you are discharged from the hospital, you should be mindful to carefully manage the visitors you allow into your home. This may mean that many friends and family members may have to wait to meet your baby in person.
Other hospital considerations
- Nitrous oxide (“laughing gas”) is not being routinely offered due to the unknown nature of cleaning, filtering, and potential aerosols occurring with such systems in labour and delivery.
- Ensure that all individuals who enter your room are washing their hands or using hand sanitizer.
- Even if you are positive for Covid-19, you will only be advised to have a cesarean section if there is a medical reason
- I have recently come across a few online myths about people thinking c-sections are being encouraged only because Covid-19. The truth is: a cesarean delivery requires significantly more staff in attendance, and requires a longer hospital stay than if you had had a vaginal delivery. If an obstetrician is recommending a c-section, it is most likely for a reason other than just Covid-19.
- Hospital policies and procedures regarding Covid-19 are ongoing and are constantly being updated based on the most current knowledge and research. Just know we are all in this together, you are not alone! If you are feeling scared or anxious in the hospital environment, let your nurse know! We truly want this to be the happiest, most memorable time for you. Your mindset plays a huge role during labour. We want to alleviate as much stress as we possibly can.
- Most importantly: Covid-19 has not been found to transmit across the placenta, and to date has not been found in cord blood, amniotic fluid, or breast milk.
Best feeding practices now
The great news about this is that you can and should continue to breastfeed.
- The vaccine is safe, effective, and proven to best protect you and your baby from contracting Covid-19, and from experiencing severe symptoms of Covid-19
- See SOGC and CDC guidelines regarding pregnancy and breastfeeding. Every scientific organization has deemed the Covid vaccine (of all brands and varieties!) SAFE during any stage of pregnancy and lactation.
- Everyone should be washing their hands before and after feeding. To paraphrase Bonnie Henry, the BC Health Officer, wash your hands like you’ve been chopping up jalapenos and you need to change your contact lenses.
- Disinfect surfaces in your home and car, especially if you have been to the grocery store, or in any public place
- Washable breast pump parts should be washed regularly (daily) in hot, soapy water; the non-washable parts of your pump should be wiped down with disinfectant after each use.
- For moms with symptoms, be very diligent about hand washing and wear a cloth mask while breastfeeding.
- Some aspects of your labour and postpartum experiences will be different in the face of Covid-19 (i.e. visitor policy in hospital, managing visitors to your home after baby arrives, extra diligent hygiene practices)
- Remember that there are numerous members of your healthcare team who are here to answer your questions, ease your worries, and dispel the copious online myths
Please contact me for any of your breastfeeding-related queries!
The following sites are regularly updated with current and accurate information.
Public Health Agency of Canada
Pregnancy, childbirth, and caring for newborns: Advice for mothers during Covid-19
Canadian Pediatric Society
Breastfeeding when mothers have suspected or proven Covid-19
World Health Organization
Centre for Disease Control: Disinfecting surfaces
University of California San Francisco: Pregnancy Coronavirus Outcomes Registry
You may self-register for this study or be referred by your physician
The purpose is to better understand how pregnant women are affected by Covid-19 including what their symptoms are, how long they last, and how COVID-19 may impact their pregnancy and/or delivery.
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Global Logistics—September 2013
UPS‘s recent announcement that it will expand its presence in China with the addition of two new contract logistics facilities in Chengdu and Shanghai is indicative of the country’s growing consumer base. The two centers will provide distribution and warehousing solutions to shippers who want to reach customers within China.
The expansions follow the opening of two UPS healthcare facilities in Shanghai and Hangzhou during 2012.
The non-bonded DCs in Chengdu and Shanghai are strategically located in close proximity to international airports and major road networks. Built with capabilities to support a diverse range of Chinese industries—primarily high-tech, industrial manufacturing, aerospace, and retail—customers will also have connectivity to UPS’s global IT platforms for distribution and post-sales support.
The new facilities are considered a major part of UPS’s efforts to develop a national distribution network in China, and strengthen the company’s overall portfolio of international capabilities.
Increased government spending on infrastructure, and more involvement from the private sector in key projects through public-private partnerships, are catalyzing growth in India’s logistics sector. Currently valued at $125 billion, that figure will approach $200 billion by 2020, according to Sarvey Sathyanarayana, India’s minister of state for road transport.
India’s logistics sector is projected to grow 10 to 12 percent annually for the next three years. Generating skilled labor, implementing technology, and improving infrastructure are three keys to success.
These efforts are a positive sign, given India’s poor record on transportation. The government recently accelerated various road projects around the country in an effort to break through notoriously slow bureaucratic bottlenecks.
Who says globalization is dead? While the trend toward supply chain decentralization has become a common strategy for multinationals looking to increase demand responsiveness and reduce total logistics costs, sometimes global control takes precedence.
One example is Marine Harvest, the world’s largest producer of farmed salmon. To improve product pricing and traceability, the Norwegian seafood company is deploying logistics technology provider Infor‘s process management and supply chain systems.
With production and farming facilities located in Norway, Scotland, Ireland, Canada, and Chile, and operations spanning three continents and 23 countries, Marine Harvest has begun a complete business process reengineering project designed to move away from a decentralized, regional structure to a global business template. By integrating Infor M3 with Infor Supply Chain Planning, Marine Harvest hopes to improve visibility into future demand from three to six weeks to three years.
Marine Harvest will deploy the process and supply chain applications in a phased roll-out. The final site is expected to go live in April 2014, with a goal of driving growth by improving demand visibility.
U.S. imports of solar panels from China have slowly been on the rise in 2013, after increased duties last year caused a freefall in imports. Even with the recent increase, imports of solar panels are still down more than 70 percent year over year.
Source: Zepol Corporation
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The name Agno was derived from a species of swamp tree called “Agno Casto”, a chaste tree used for medicinal concoctions to relieve pain and illness, that grew abundantly in the locality. In time, “Agno” was retained to become the name of the town.
Agno was formally organized into municipality in 1791. During the Spanish regime and early part of the American era, Agno was part of the Province of Zambales, but upon enactment of Public Act No. 1004 dated November 30, 1903 of the Philippine Commission, the northern part of Zambales including Agno was annexed to the Province of Pangasinan.
MAYOR: Gualberto R. Sison
VICE MAYOR: Jose N. Pajeta, Jr.
LAND AREA: 16,975 hectares
NO. OF BARANGAYS: 17
CLASSIFICATION: 3rd class
TOWN FIESTA: Umbrella Rocks Festival (April)
PRODUCTS : Rice, Bamboo
POINTS OF INTEREST:
St. Catherine of Alexandria Church (1610)
Manang Letty’s Park
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Can sheet metal or large surfaces be used to distill water evaporated from an open pan etc? Answer:
Technically Yes, but practically No. If one needs a practical way to produce drinking water before one
dies of thirst this method becomes very problematic. This method will produce a small energy inefficient
amount. I was able to get about one or two drops every 10 sec by using this method, shown at right with
an open aluminum duct. It is easy to produce way too much steam and overwhelm the cooling area, which
needs to be as large as possible. If one produces too much steam it keeps the condensation area hot all
the time and thus no condensation takes place. One will not be able to regulate the source of heat in a
primitive environment thus this method could be a problem.
Another big disadvantage is if the relative humidity is too low (say below 40-50%) then condensation will evaporate before it runs off. This method then will not then work. The source of heat whether burring wood, gas, or electrical has a tendency to produce hot dry air above the fire that will rapidly evaporate the condensed steam. In other words one needs to transport the steam a bit away from directly above the fire
area before trying to condense it.
Sometimes it helps to slightly cap off the ends to reduce the flow, as shown below. If there are contaminates in the surrounding air that are settling out (like volcanic ash) then this open process will allow the distilled water to become contaminated again. Bottom line: The open-air process is the problem in this method it introduces too many variables. After a PS in a primitive environment one needs a controllable process that can be repeated under widely varying weather conditions.
Offered by Mike.
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Copyright © 2012 by the author(s). Published here under license by The Resilience Alliance.
Go to the pdf
version of this article
The following is the established format for referencing this article:
Schernewski, G., N. Stybel, and T. Neumann. 2012. Zebra mussel farming in the Szczecin (Oder) Lagoon: water-quality objectives and cost-effectiveness. Ecology and Society 17(2): 4.
, part of a special feature on A Systems Approach for Sustainable Development in Coastal Zones
Zebra Mussel Farming in the Szczecin (Oder) Lagoon: Water-Quality Objectives and Cost-Effectiveness
1Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research, 2EUCC - The Coastal Union Germany
The Oder (Szczecin) Lagoon in the southern Baltic Sea is a heavily eutrophicated and degraded coastal ecosystem. We applied a systems approach framework to critically evaluate whether existing water-management measures achieve water-quality objectives for the river and lagoon systems. Our simulations reveal that the existing water-quality objectives for the river and the coastal waters are not sufficiently complementary. We suggest new water-quality threshold concentrations, which are in agreement with the European Water Framework Directive, and we calculate acceptable maximum nutrient loads for the Oder River. These calculations suggest that external nutrient-load reductions in the river basin alone seem insufficient to achieve good water quality in the lagoon. A comprehensive eutrophication management approach should also include internal nutrient-retention and nutrient-removal measures in the lagoon. We focus on mussel farming, i.e., that of zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, because they are efficient in removing nutrients and improving water transparency in the Oder Lagoon. For this purpose, the ecosystem model ERGOM is extended by a mussel module and an economic model. The economic model describes costs and benefits of mussel cultivation depending on the the farm size. We included additional potential sources of income such as water-quality tax or emission certificates. The simulations show that mussel farming in the lagoon is a suitable supportive measure and, at a load-reduction target of 50% or more, it is a cost-efficient measure for removing nutrients and for implementing the Baltic Sea Action Plan. In the Oder Lagoon, mussel farming could potentially remove nearly 1000 t of N (70 t of P)/year, or about 2% of the present N and P loads, and it would have the additional benefit of improving water transparency.
Key words: Baltic Sea Action Plan; coastal ecosystem; cost-benefit analysis; ERGOM; eutrophication; marginal costs; mussel farming; nitrogen; Oder Lagoon; Oder River; phosphorus; Szczecin Lagoon; Water Framework Directive; water management; water quality; zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)
According to the Baltic Sea Action Plan (HELCOM 2007), eutrophication continues to be a major problem in the Baltic Sea, caused by excessive inputs of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). Over 90% (70%) of P (N) reaches the Baltic Sea via rivers (HELCOM 2005). One of the most important polluters along the Baltic coast is the Oder Riverwith its heavily eutrophied estuary system, which consists of the Oder (Polish: Szczecin) Lagoon and the Pomeranian Bay. Especially during summer, eutrophication effects, such as cyanobacteria blooms or fish kills due to hypoxia, can cause serious economic damage for tourism (Dolch and Schernewski 2003, Wasmund 2002). Because of the size of the Oder estuary system, its pollution level, and its economic and ecological importance, the Oder estuary system has been intensively investigated with respect to nutrient cycles, budgets, and retention capacity (Lampe 1999, Meyer and Lampe 1999, Grelowski et al. 2000, Wielgat and Witek 2004, Pastuszak et al. 2005).
P load reductions are important for the Baltic Sea but have only limited effect on the eutrophic state of the lagoon. During summer the primary production and algae biomass in the Oder Lagoon is limited by N. Model simulations comparing the trophic state of the late 1960s with the situation of the mid 1990s show that riverine N load reductions have positive effects on coastal water quality and algae biomass (Behrendt et al. 2008, Schernewski et al. 2011). Whether nutrient load reductions and management should focus on N or on P has already been discussed in the Baltic for a long time and argued as controversial (Elmgren and Larsson 2001, Boesch et al. 2006, Conley et al. 2009). For the Oder estuary, both P and N have to be taken into account.
During recent years it became obvious that an improved, but cost-effective, river basin management would have a limited effect on riverine nutrient loads (Behrendt and Dannowski 2005, Schernewski et al. 2008). It might not be sufficient to ensure good water quality in lagoons and coastal waters. A more comprehensive management, which includes nutrient removal measures in coastal waters, is required. In the Oder Lagoon, internal measures to remove nutrients and to improve ecosystem quality could include dredging of sediment and dumping on land, an enlarged reed belt, extended submersed macrophyte areas, algae farms, and enlarged natural mussel beds and mussel cultivation. Mussel cultivation/harvesting is suggested as an efficient way to control nutrient concentrations in coastal waters (Newell 2004, Lindahl et al. 2005) and is assumed to be the most promising measure for the Oder Lagoon (Schories et al. 2006, Stybel et al. 2009).
We applied a systems approach framework according to Hopkins et al. (2011). Our objectives were to critically evaluate existing water-quality objectives for the river and the lagoon and to define acceptable nutrient loads. Against this background we analyze the possibilities of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha
) farming as a measure to combat eutrophication and as an element in a comprehensive eutrophication management concept.
METHODS AND STUDY SITE
Oder/Odra estuary system
The Oder River is 854 km long and has an average discharge of 530 m³/s. Its basin (118 000 km²) is shared between Poland (89%), the Czech Republic (6%), and Germany (5%). The river basin is under strong human influence. Agricultural land covers 70% of the upper river basin and 58% of the middle basin. Several larger cities and many industries are located in the river basin. Total population in the basin is 15.4 million people.
The Oder Lagoon (Fig. 1) is large (669 km2
) but shallow (average depth of 3.7 m). Three outlets link the lagoon with the Pomeranian Bay. The Oder River contributes at least 94% of the lagoon’s water budget, and it dominates the nutrient budgets as well. The lagoon’s average water exchange time is only 55 days, and a salinity of around 1.5 psu shows that the lagoon is only to a minor degree influenced by the Baltic Sea, which has a salinity of 6 psu (Radźiejewska and Schernewski 2008). Because of the lagoon's low salinity, zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha
) are the only filter-feeding epifaunal bivalves in the lagoon; they form mussel beds with a biomass of about 68,000 t (Piesik et al. 1998, Wozniczka and Wolnomiejski 2008, Radźiejewska et al. 2009). Zebra mussels were introduced into the Oder Lagoon in the nineteenth century (Gruszka 1999), but their prevalence throughout northern Germany even before the last ice age are the reason for considering zebra mussels to be native species (Fenske 2003, Stybel et al. 2009).
Most of the coastal area is under nature protection. Tourism, agriculture, fishing (3000 t/a in the lagoon), and shipping are important economic activities in the coastal zone. Along the coastline, tourism is the exclusive economic factor and it is likely that altogether more than 10 million tourists visit the estuary region per year (Fig. 2).
Social system and priority issues
Our systems approach aims to support a sustainable water-quality management and a sustainable regional development. As a consequence, besides economy and ecology, social aspects have to be taken into account and an early mapping and involvement of regional stakeholders is imperative for the success of a comprehensive management scheme. Many development plans and strategies, experts' reports, and scientific papers exist for the Oder estuary region. In a first step, a systematic analysis and evaluation of these documents provided a detailed overview about the major concerns, issues, and challenges in the region. Water-quality and eutrophication management turned out to be major cross-border policy issues because of obvious and severe eutrophication, and because of the pressures arising from implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) (European Parliament 2000) on both sides of the border. The existing regional Agenda 21 was the basis for the co-operation of, altogether, about 30 stakeholder representatives (ministries, regional authorities, district administrations, NGOs, economic interest groups, research institutes, and companies). The group met twice a year, discussed the policy issue, and took part in the systems approach framework application.
The ecosystem model ERGOM is an integrated biogeochemical model linked to a three-dimensional circulation model covering the entire Baltic Sea. A horizontal resolution of 3 nautical miles is applied in the estuary. However, for simulations of a few years or less the Oder estuary is resolved with 1 nautical mile. The vertical layer thickness in our study area is 2 m. The biogeochemical model consists of nine state variables (Fig. 3). This model is coupled with the circulation model via advection diffusion equations for the state variables. Neumann (2000) and Neumann and Schernewski (2008) provide detailed model descriptions and validations. Weather data are taken from the ERA-40 re-analysis (grid of 50 km and six-hourly data) and ERA-interim. The river basin model MONERIS consists of several submodels, which allow simulations and tracking of nutrients from the emission source through the environment to the river mouth. It is based on a geographical information system that includes various digital maps and extensive statistical information. MONERIS is applied to calculate the nutrient emissions into the Oder River and the nutrient retention in the river, and it provides monthly loads at the river mouth. Behrendt and Dannowski (2005) present details about the model. A comparison between observed and modeled N and P loads for the period 1983 to 2005 at the station Krajnik Dolny is shown in Venohr et al. (2010). We used MONERIS output as an input for ERGOM.
A mussel module focusing on Dreissena polymorpha
has been developed and linked to the ecosystem model ERGOM. The mussels feed on detritus, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. However, in this analysis we use an empirical relationship between zebra mussel biomass and water transparency in the Oder Lagoon, which we derived from data in Wolnomiejski and Wozniczka (2008). Zebra mussels in the amount of 0.1 kg/m³ of lagoon water improve water transparency (Secchi depth) during the summer season by 0.39 m. Water transparency serves as the major link between ecology and economy (Fig. 3).
We assumed floating mussel cultivation systems, which utilize the water body efficiently and are technically well adapted for commercial farming (Lindahl et al. 2005, Walter and De Leeuw 2007). It is assumed that a water depth between 2 and 5 m is suitable for mussel production in the lagoon. This depth layer covers an area of 335 km², which is 50% of the lagoon's total surface area of 669 km². We assumed a mussel cultivation coverage of 20% (134 km²) as an upper practical limit for the Oder Lagoon.
The economic model consists of several submodels for calculating the costs and revenues of zebra mussel farming, potential additional sources of income, and the quantity of carbon, N, and P removal.
The cost calculations distinguish between investment, maintenance, financing, and operational and harvesting costs (e.g., Hoagland et al. 2003). The bases for the parameterization are a concrete offer from Smartfarm AS, and literature about blue mussel (Mytilus edulis
) farming in the Baltic (e.g., Lindahl et al. 2005, Gren et al. 2009). In the following we assumed that 1 m2
of a farm is equivalent to 1 m3
. For a 1-ha (10,000-m²) long-line farm, we assumed investment costs (including permission costs) of €1.5 m-
³, with a lifetime of 15 years. Together with annual maintenance costs of €0.1 m-3
and an interest rate of 5% they form the capital costs. Maintenance costs are investment costs divided by the lifetime. Operational and harvesting costs (including mussel processing) are €0.2/kg. Zebra mussel yields of 0.7 kg m-3
are calculated from data in Fenske (2003, 2005). To allow realistic scenario simulations, investment, maintenance, and operational and harvesting costs are decreasing with increasing size and are described by 1/log10
: In general, mussels are sold for human consumption or used as animal feed and fertilizer (e.g., Lindahl et al. 2005, Jönsson et al. 2010). In mussel beds of the Oder Lagoon, Zebra mussels grow to a size of 1.2 to 1.4 cm and a weight of 0.5 to 1 g after 2 years (Fenske 2003). Even under favorable conditions, adults hardly reach 4 cm. Due to its small size and biomass, compared to other commercial mussel species, the zebra mussel is hardly suitable for human consumption at a large scale. We assumed that a farm with a size of 1 ha (10,000 m³) can sell 5% of its 7000-kg annual harvest for human consumption at a price of €0.3/kg. For comparison, in Germany, blue mussels have a market price of €0.5/kg
to €2.6/kg, depending on the season and region. With increasing farm size, we assumed a decreasing share for human consumption and a decreasing price. In our model at least 90% of the yield is sold as animal feed and fertilizer at a price between €0.023/kg and €0.05/kg. The price increases up to a farm size of 10 ha, but decreases thereafter. We assumed that very small quantities can hardly be sold, and that mussel yields above 1000 t/a have a decreasing price because of increasing transportation costs.
: Mussels efficiently filter the surrounding water and increase water transparency. Poor water transparency in the lagoon, which is less than 50 cm in summer, hampers tourism. Based on statistical data, about 200,000 overnight stays and 340,000 day tourists are estimated for the lagoon for the entire year. According to an empirical survey, tourists are willing to spend €1/day for an improved water transparency of 1 m (J. Hirschfeld, personal communication
Carbon dioxide certificates
: We hypothetically assumed that the amount of CO2
fixed in harvested mussel shells can be sold, according to the Kyoto Protocol. In practice, this requires a complex certification process. We assumed Verified Emission Reduction futures (CarbonFix standard), which are sold on the voluntarily market for CO2
emissions at a price of €12/tonne (adapted from BaumInvest project, see http://www.bauminvest.de/
). We assumed 26.4% of CO2
in fresh mussels and N (P) contents of 1% (0.07%) (Haamer 1996, Gren et al. 2009).
Water-quality objectives and river loads
Fig. 4 shows the long-term course of nutrient loads at the river mouth, and nutrient concentrations in the river and in the lagoon over 40+ years. The MONERIS simulation also covered the 1950s. According to the model and data, the nutrient concentrations in the river increased steadily until the late 1980s, and decreased afterwards (Fig. 4a). According to MONERIS, annual total P emissions increase from nearly 6000 t in the early 1960s, up to over 15,000 t in the mid 1980s, and declined to 9360 t in 2000. In general, the increase of the loads until the late 1980s and the decrease afterwards are reflected in the dissolved inorganic P (DIP) concentrations in observed data as well as in model simulations for the central lagoon. In the lagoon, differences between the model and observed data are visible during summer (Fig. 4b). One reason is that data are single samplings, while the model results are aggregated to monthly values. However, this explanation is not sufficient. In some years, in July and August, hypoxia above the sediment can occur even in this shallow lagoon, and release large amounts of P. Because of the vertical model resolution, the anoxic release is not well reflected in the model simulation and P concentrations are significantly underestimated. However, this anoxic P release does not have implications for lagoon biology, because P is always available in excess during summer, and calcium precipitation removes P from the water column again within days. As a consequence this model shortcoming does not have implications for our analysis.
With respect to N, ERGOM results are well in agreement with observed data. Changes in river loads cause similar changes in dissolved inorganic N (DIN) concentrations in the lagoon (Fig. 4c). In most years, N is depleted (observed concentrations below 1 mmol m-
³) in the water column of the central lagoon in late summer and can be regarded as a short and (potentially) limiting element for primary production (Fig. 4d). Between 1977 and 1997, the data and model show excess N during summer in several years.
The threshold concentrations for good water-quality status according to the European Water Framework Directive (European Parliament 2000), are indicated for the river and the lagoon (Fig. 4). Between the 1970s and 1990s the P concentrations in the river are far above the upper threshold value (Fig. 4a). Today and in the early 1960s the average annual concentrations exceed the threshold only slightly. For dissolved inorganic N and total N, no river threshold values are defined (Fig. 4c). In the lagoon the threshold values (winter nutrient concentrations) are always far below the observed and modeled winter data. Nutrient concentrations in the river, together with water discharge, determine nutrient loads in the river, and these loads largely determine nutrient concentrations in the lagoon. Therefore, threshold concentrations in the lagoon cannot be defined independently from concentrations in the river. Other direct nutrient sources, such as atmospheric deposition and groundwater intrusion and surface runoff, play only minor roles and are included in the riverine loads. However, it is obvious that, according to LAWA-AO (2007, unpublished working paper
), the threshold values for the Oder River are not related to the threshold values in the Oder Lagoon. This proves that, according to LAWA-AO, good water quality in the river will not automatically ensure good water quality in the lagoon.
The long-term model simulations with MONERIS and ERGOM allow the definition of consistent water-quality threshold values and this is important for the calculation of annual threshold riverine loads. Tables 1 and 2 compare our suggested values to the existing values. We assumed that the water-quality status in the lagoon and the river was good in the late 1950s. MONERIS provides riverine concentrations for that period for N and P components. Assuming an annual average discharge of 550 m³/s (slightly above the long-term average) we get threshold loads (at the river mouth) for total N and total P. ERGOM simulations allow the estimation of resulting realistic threshold values for good water quality in the lagoon, based on these loads. Our calculated values are on average about five times higher compared to the existing LAWA-AO (2007, unpublished working paper
) values for the lagoon. The existing officially assumed values are much too low and do not reflect the real conditions and pressures in the lagoon (i.e., high nutrient loads in the Oder River). They cannot be used as water-quality objectives for the implementation of the Water Framework Directive.
The MONERIS results suggest that a combination of several emissions-reduction measures in the river basin (Behrendt and Dannowski 2005) will reduce the P loads to being close to the critical load for good water-quality status in the river (Fig. 5a). A simple scheme, developed by Vollenweider (1976) for lakes, can give an impression of the consequences of good P concentration in the river on water quality in the lagoon. Vollenweider (1976) related the area's specific P loading to the vulnerability of a system moving towards eutrophication. The vulnerability is defined by average depth and the water retention time of an aquatic system. The shallower the system, the more sensitive it is towards nutrient loads. In case of the Oder Lagoon, its shallowness is compensated by a short water residence time of less than two months. Altogether, the Oder Lagoon is not very vulnerable to P loads, but it receives extremely high loads from a very large river basin. According to the Vollenweider approach, the system is, and possibly always was, eutrophic. The loads resulting from the optimal emission scenario, as well as loads resulting from good water-quality status in the Oder River, would be sufficient to keep the lagoon in an eutrophic state (Fig. 5b). However, it remains uncertain if the Vollenweider approach can be transferred to lagoons.
Lagoon management: mussel cultivation
Our question is whether mussel farming is an ecological and economic feasible additional measure for removing nutrients from, and to increase water transparency in, the Oder Lagoon. In the following, we focus on economic aspects and show the results of several cultivation scenarios
zebra mussels. Fig. 6 (a to c) shows the dependencies between costs, prices, and sales, and the mussel cultivation area (especially the mussel yield). These figures largely reflect and illustrate the basic assumptions in the model. Fig. 6d summarizes the additional income of mussel farmers from different potential sources. Income from carbon dioxide emission certificates assumes, hypothetically, that the amount of CO2
fixed in mussel shells can be sold. A mussel farm of 1 ha with an annual total mussel yield of 7000 kg could hypothetically generate an additional income from carbon dioxide emission certificates of €22/year. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether the removal of mussel shells really removes CO2
from the atmosphere. Because of the bicarbonate buffer system in the sea, calcite removal from the sea lowers the pH in the water by subsequent compensation processes, such as dissolution of sedimentary calcite.
The potential return from a water-quality tax, i.e., resulting from tourists who would pay for an improved water transparency, would be about €19/year for a mussel farm of 1 ha. The relatively low numbers of tourists and the relatively small effect of mussels on water transparency (averaged over the lagoon) are responsible for this relatively small amount. Improved water quality attracts more tourists and increases the total expenditures, and has secondary effects on taxes and jobs. However, regional income generated by more tourists has only a minor benefit for mussel farmers and cannot be considered an additional direct source of income. Altogether, carbon dioxide emission certificates and a local water-quality tax would generate little income for mussel farmers.
The sales of mussels for human consumption, as animal feed, and as fertilizer are by far the most important potential sources of income. A mussel farm of 1 ha could, according to the model, generate an annual income of €420. However, this is not sufficient to cover the total costs of mussel farming, even if all sources of additional income are taken into account (Fig. 6e). But, by increasing the mussel cultivation area, the difference between total costs and total income decreases; the losses become smaller and mussel farming becomes relatively more attractive. However, even at the assumed maximum mussel cultivation area of 134 km², the annual loss would be €0.25 m-2
, or a total of €34 million/year. The conclusion is that, under the given assumptions, mussel farming in the Oder Lagoon cannot be profitable.
Fig. 7a shows the financial aspects of mussel farming if the market prices for fertilizer and animal feed are hypothetically assumed to increase by 100 and 500%. The result is significantly higher sales revenues, while the costs remain similar. However, even if the higher market price for fertilizer and animal feed is five times higher (€0.25/kg), the balance for mussel farming is negative. Assuming a maximum mussel cultivation area of 134 km², the annual losses would be reduced to €0.13 m-2
. Even strongly increased sale revenues will not result in economic, profitable farming.
To be able to run a mussel farm profitably in the Oder Lagoon, a subsidy or financial compensation is necessary. Fig. 7b shows results of a scenario where mussel farmers receive €8/kg of N and €50/kg of N for removing N from the Oder Lagoon. The first value adapts the Lysekil example in Sweden in Lindahl and Kollberg (2009). The costs are kept constant and the compensation for removing N is added to the income from sales. At €8/kg of removed N, the balance is still negative. At €50/kg of removed N, a farm of 1 ha or more becomes profitable. The maximum mussel cultivation area of 134 km² would result in a profit of €0.18 m-2
. These calculations show that significant additional income from nutrient emission certificates is necessary to run mussel cultivation profitably in the Oder Lagoon. This is only shown for N, but the approach can be transferred to P as well.
The compensation necessary for profitable farming relative to the cultivation area is shown for N and P in Fig. 7c. A small farm of 1 ha would require compensations of €51/kg of N or €733/kg of P, while the maximum mussel cultivation area (134 km²) would require compensations of €24/kg of
N or €350/kg of P. A combination of N and P compensation prices into a joint nutrient removal compensation would cause a significantly reduced compensation price. These prices can be regarded as marginal nutrient removal costs, and are comparable to the data in literature. Gren et al. (2008) calculated total marginal costs for N and P for the Baltic region relative to the nutrient reduction target level. Marginal costs increase with increasing load reductions because more and more expensive measures have to be implemented to reach the target reduction. Mussel farming in the Oder Lagoon would only be cost-effective on a Baltic scale if a N reduction target above 50% is assumed and if the cultivation area exceeds 1000 ha.
Fig. 8 summarizes the results and compares the costs for using a mussel farm to remove 1 kg of nutrients to those of single external measures in the river basin. The data for external measures have been calculated by Gren et al. (2008) and refer to the Oder River basin. The comparison shows that, in the river basin, much more cost-effective measures for reducing nutrient loads exist. However, to reach the target for N loads in the Oder River, it would be necessary to reduce the load to 25,000 t/year, from the current load of about 55,000 t/year. At a load reduction level of 50% and more, marginal costs of river basin measures would be in the same order of magnitude as the marginal costs for mussel farming. In this situation mussel cultivation would become a cost-efficient measure and has the additional benefit of improving water transparency. However, 134 km2
of mussel farms (20% of the total lagoon area) could remove 938 t of N/a.
Mussel cultivation: an option for the Oder Lagoon?
Lindahl et al. (2005) give an overview about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of blue mussel cultivation in Sweden, and Stybel et al. (2009) specify these aspects for zebra mussel cultivation in the Oder Lagoon. Therefore, here we focus on the economic aspects only.
Due to the special situation in the lagoon (i.e., shallowness, and a lack of experience in zebra mussel farming) our calculated capital costs of €4150/a for a 1-ha farm are comparatively high. A translation of assumptions in Gren et al. (2009) for a 1-ha farm in the south Baltic proper results in capital costs of €5800/a. However, the Gren et al. assumed a long-line system suspended from the surface down to about 6 m, and therefore a much higher volume of production. Our operational and harvesting costs (including mussel processing) of €0.2/kg cause additional annual costs of €1400 m-3
and are very close to the data in Gren et al. (2009). Our zebra mussel yields of 0.7 kg m-3
are calculated from data in Fenske (2003, 2005) and are nearly 50% lower compared to data for blue mussel cultivation in the south Baltic proper (Gren et al. 2009). The low supply of food for mussels in the lagoon due to low flow velocities is not compensated by a higher primary production in the lagoon. However, our mussel production and cost calculations are conservative and they are, by far, not balanced by sales.
Zebra mussels are too small to become important for human consumption. Therefore the market price for animal feed as well as fertilizer is most important for the sales revenue. In our scenario we hypothetically assumed average price increases of 100% and 500%. Recent results by Jönsson et al. (2010) indicate that mussels may be a high-quality protein source and may replace fishmeal in organic diets for laying hens. Fish aquaculture production depends upon the supply and use of external off-farm nutrient inputs in the form of compound aquaculture feeds. At present, the production of aquafeeds is highly dependent on capture fisheries for sourcing essential dietary lipids and high-quality marine animal proteins (Mente et al. 2006). It is very likely that zebra mussels could serve very well as aquafeed. These examples show that there are potential new and profitable markets for zebra mussels that could increase return from mussel sales. Further, it is very likely that the ongoing increase of market prices for high quality protein feed will go on. However, even rising prices for fertilizer and protein-rich animal feed will hardly be able to balance the enormous cultivation costs. Possible additional sources of income for mussel farming, such as CO2
emission certificates or a water-quality tax paid by tourists, would have only marginal consequences for the profitability of mussel farming and thus can be disregarded. The major challenges for the future are to reduce the costs and to increase the yield of mussel farming in the Oder Lagoon.
Usually, water quality is viewed from an ecologic, ecosystem health perspective and in terms of the legal demands resulting from the Water Framework Directive. Tourism is the most important economic factor and is the major source of income around the lagoon. For local people, the demands of tourists towards water quality and their satisfaction are very important, and tourists largely perceive water quality in terms of good water transparency (Dolch and Schernewski 2003). Elmgren and Larsson (2001), Wulff et al. (2001), and Savchuk et al. (2006) show that water transparency is a suitable indicator for the state of eutrophication in Baltic coastal waters. It is a core parameter of our systems approach because it establishes links between ecological, economic, and social aspects.
The avoidance of nutrient emissions and measures to increase the retention of nutrients in the river basin have the highest priority in eutrophication management. However, even the combination of all of the most important emissions-reduction measures in the river basin (Behrendt and Dannowski 2005) will still cause a riverine N load of about 40,000 t of N/a. The critical loads defining the upper threshold are 25,000 t of N/a. This load is very close to the threshold that separates minor and moderate pollution, as defined by the Ministry for the Environment (BMU 2001) in the German report about surface water quality. A reduction of 15,000 t of N/a
beyond the optimal scenario loads will be very expensive and all reduction measures considered so far for the river basin will not be sufficient to reach this target load (Behrendt and Dannowski 2005).
Nutrient retention measures in the river basin, as well as internal management measures, such as mussel farming, are hardly profitable and require additional funding. Who shall cover the costs for these measures? The European Water Framework Directive (European Parliament 2000) and the Baltic Sea Action Plan (HELCOM 2007) can be regarded as major driving forces for water-quality protection. Its implementation asks for a cost-effective nutrient management and requires new funding schemes. Lindahl et al. (2005) compared the costs of external N removal measures with blue mussel farms using the example of the Gullmar Fjord in Sweden. Blue mussel farming turned out to be a cost-effective method, but still required subsidies. One solution to fund nutrient removal is a nutrient-emission trading system. Polluters pay for the emission of nutrients and the money is used to fund cost-efficient internal or external removal measures. Other alternatives would be a nutrient removal tax on fertilizer, or the redirection of agricultural subsidies (Lindahl and Kollberg 2009).
Mussel cultivation is an option for reducing nutrient loads and for improving water quality, but in the Oder estuary it can only support and not replace measures in the river basin. The costs for removing 1 kg of N (phosphorus) from the lagoon varies, depending on mussel farm size and assumptions, from €28 to €68/kg of N (€398 to €978/kg of P). Today, several measures in the river basin have much lower marginal costs for removing 1 kg of N and are more cost-efficient. The implementation of the Baltic Sea Action Plan requires a load reduction of 62,400 t of N/year in Poland (HELCOM 2007), and the achievement of good water-quality status in the Oder River requires the load to be reduced to 25,000 t/year of N (1700 t of P) from the current load of about 55,000 t/year. Mussel farming in the Oder Lagoon could potentially remove nearly 1000 t/year of N (70 t of P), or about 2% of the present N and P loads. At a load-reduction target of 50% or more, mussel cultivation would become a cost-efficient measure, compared to measures in the river basin, and has the additional benefit of improving water transparency. However, it is not a profitable business and requires subsidies.
The systems approach framework is a suitable tool for structuring a work process, and it helps to integrate ecological and economic aspects on a large scale. The method allows for simultaneous evaluation of measures to combat external (river basin) and internal (lagoon) eutrophication with respect to ecological objectives and economic cost-efficiency in one of the largest Baltic river systems, the Oder.
To make mussel farming a realistic option, a new, large-scale management system is necessary. It has to allow the re-allocation of money between river basin (polluter) and coastal waters (victim and purification system) and, in the Oder case, has to allow a money transfer between Germany and Poland. A comprehensive, large-scale approach for managing nutrients between land and sea has to link external and internal management measures and has to follow guiding principles.
Firstly, the application of nutrients on terrestrial systems and their loss to the surface waters have to be minimized. Secondly, nutrient cycles have to be established and/or strengthened. In practice it means that the application of fertilizer and agricultural land use have to be optimized, to reduce the loss. New and improved measures in the river basin have to be established to increase nutrient retention.
Finally, measures in coastal waters have to be considered as an option. With mussel harvesting, nutrients are removed back to the land and end up as fertilizer in agriculture. Thus the cycle is closed; and, if correctly implemented, mussel farming may help mitigate negative impacts of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea (Fig. 9).
The work has been financially supported by SPICOSA (Science and Policy Integration for Coastal Systems Assessment; EU FP6 Integrated Project, 036992), AMBER (Assessment and Modelling Baltic Ecosystem Response; BONUS-project), ARTWEI (Action for the Reinforcement of the Transitional Waters' Environmental Integrity; EU-South Baltic Programme project), and BaltCICA (partly financed by Baltic Sea Region Programme of the European Union). It was initiated within the project IKZM-Oder (Federal Ministry for Education and Research project, 03F0465A). Maps, data or corrections have kindly been provided by the State Agency of Environment, Protection of Nature and Geology Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (LUNG), R. Ehrcke, J. Hirschfeld, R. Scheibe, T. Schröder, and R. Thamm. Supercomputing power was provided by HLRN (Norddeutscher Verbund für Hoch-und Höchstleistungsrechnen).
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(This article was first published in August 2016 in the previous version of People’s Review. Due to an incident of hacking the old website was pulled down and we could only restore the old articles in this section)
We are all set to hear from Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his sycophants the usual cacophony on the sacrifices an average soldier makes for the sake of the country, that the nation must not forget its soldiers, and similar textbook phrase-mongering on the occasion of India’s Independence Day.
Since the formation of the Modi regime, the military-worship culture is hyped more than ever. The armed forces are placed at the sanctum sanctorum of the political establishment to keep them immune from people’s scrutiny, despite the fact that these forces are meant to serve the people and not the government. Criticising the excesses committed by the armed forces is considered as a taboo and can land up anyone in trouble as the government will stamp them as “anti-national” for such criticism.
Any politically irredeemable imbecile would consider the Modi regime’s approach regarding the military establishment quite positive and think that under Modi’s rule, the government will do the best for the military personnel. Now, that’s an ill-founded notion, just like the wish of “Achhe Din”. Modi’s, or, for that matter, the entire Sangh Parivar’s, military love is essentially sham like their version of nationalism and patriotism.
This fake love for the armed forces is the reason that the Modi regime is exhibiting a sheer apathy and maintaining a conspicuous silence over an Indian Air Force’s (IAF) plane that went missing. The missing An-32 plane of the IAF, which was flying from the Tambaram Air Force Station in Chennai to Andaman and Nicobar Islands on 22 July 2016, went off the radar forever after flying 280km east. The An-32 plane was lost in the Bay of Bengal and the government, which does jingoistic chest thumping along with its paid agents and toady media whenever someone does a justified criticism of the armed forces, did actually nothing to trace the plane, which had 29 people on board including six crew members, eight defence civilians working for Naval Armament Depot, two Indian Army soldiers, one Indian Navy personnel, one Indian Coast Guard personnel and 11 Indian Air Force personnel. More than three weeks have gone and still, the government headed by a military-eulogising hardline Hindutva fascist outfit, commanding the third largest armed force in the world with access to world-class technology, is elusive about the plane and those soldiers on board.
Nowhere the corporate media and its high-decibel bullying anchors are found, who would otherwise rip apart civil rights and political activists if they dare to criticise the atrocities committed by the armed forces and call the activists or even won’t shy accuse fellow journalists of being “anti-national”. Such bootlicking propagandists of Modi are maintaining a conspicuous silence just like the entire Hindutva fascist camp. The An-32 plane went off the radar at 9.12am on 22 July, and by the late afternoon around 4pm, the government started a search and rescue operation involving the IAF, Coast Guards, and Indian Navy.
The search operation went on for three days and involved submarines scanning for underwater signal in the entire stretch of the suspected crash site. The government also pulled in the National Disaster Relief Force (NDRF) into the search and rescue operation. The satellite images provided by ISRO were used to find the plane that plunged 23,000 ft before going off the radar. The Weather Department informed that there was no cyclone or any such adverse weather conditions prevailing in the region when the An-32 plane went missing.
The An-32, according to aircraft experts, is an upgraded version of the Soviet-made An-26 military aircraft that can fly in all weather conditions for four hours without any refuelling. The experts are considering that the crash could have been due to malfunctioning parts, which is very common with the Russian planes like An-32. The IAF officials, however, claimed that the plane was properly functioning as it was upgraded from Ukraine recently. The An-32 planes form the core of the transport fleet of the IAF, and there had been several instances of crashes and missing aircraft in the past, which makes the twin-engine aircraft one degree less haunted than the obsolete single-engined MiG 21 jets.
More than 30 years ago, on 25 March 1986, an An-32 aircraft just disappeared over the Indian Ocean when it was returning from the Soviet Union via Oman; the flight and seven people on-board were never found despite a massive search operation. Due to India’s status as a satellite state of the Soviet Union, the government of Rajiv Gandhi remained mute and covered up the disappearance. The news was never followed up in the mainstream media except for few occasional obituaries to the missing (dead) personnel who were on-board.
Four years after this incident, on 15 July 1990, another An-32 transport plane of the IAF, while flying to Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala from the same Tambaram Air Force station, crashed in the Ponmudi Mountain range, 55km northeast of Trivandrum city. Another IAF An-32 plane ferrying 21 people, including 18 military personnel, crashed near Indira Gandhi International Airport on 7 March 1999. All 21 people died in the incident when the BJP was ruling the country with Atal Bihari Vajpayee at its helm.
One more An-32 aircraft carrying 13 people crashed shortly after it took off from Mechukha in Arunachal Pradesh on 10 June 2009, 10 years after the crash in Delhi. The 13 people on board were killed and to save its skin the defence ministry signed a $400m deal with Ukraine to upgrade the entire fleet of An-32 aircraft. The upgrade was supposed to increase the lifespan of the Soviet antique aircraft to another 15 years. However, the recent crash of the An-32 clearly shows that the plane could not overcome the earlier shortcomings, which claimed several lives of IAF personnel and other armed force personnel.
Traditionally, the BJP and its parental organisation RSS were hardcore supporters of the US-led imperialist camp during the Cold War, which made them hostile to the pro-Soviet Congress regime. The now-defunct Bharatiya Jana Sangh and the BJP had been critical of Soviet hardware imports and always advocated for military supply tie-ups with the US-led imperialist block.
Upon coming to power in the late 1990s, the government of Atal Bihari Vajpayee increased the military ties with the US and created the platform on which the Indo-US military deal was concluded. The Vajpayee regime and its hawks opened up the Indian defence sector to the US, western European countries and Israel, to meet its political compulsions. Since the An-32 happens to be a Soviet-manufactured plane, the crash of one of the planes could provide a good political fodder to the ailing BJP, which is under attack from different corners due to the total failure of the Modi regime in fulfilling its poll promises.
The BJP could have raked up the issue of malfunctioning Soviet aircraft and other military hardware and blamed Indira and Rajiv Gandhi for the mess to save its own skin. This is the common strategy of the BJP under Modi — blame Nehru and the Congress governments of yesteryear for Modi’s failure — to distract the people’s attention from the shortcomings of its own government. The complete silence of the Modi regime on the status of the lost An-32 plane and a gradual withdrawal of the search and rescue operation since late July raised suspicion and when the media stopped reporting on the status of the missing plane, the suspicion increased manifold.
When a far-right organisation like the BJP, which survives on jingoism and military cacophony, suddenly swept a crucial issue like the disappearance of a military aircraft like the An-32 under the carpet it raises doubts about what’s cooking in the pot. As the silence reigns, it seems that the self-styled patriotic saffron brigade and its high-pitch newsroom supporters are up to hiding a big failure and cover it up with rhetoric mongering. It’s time for those who always talk about misuse of tax-payers money to ask the government why it has failed in recovering the debris of a crashed military transport plane even after three weeks despite making tall claims about military power and technological progress. If Modi can’t find the debris of a crashed plane, forget rescuing those onboard or prevent the mishap due to faulty parts and bad maintenance, then it’s better for him to leave the serious task of running a government to those who can at least own up the responsibility and acknowledge the problem, if not able to resolve it.
An avid reader and a merciless political analyst. When not writing then either reading something, debating something or sipping espresso with a dash of cream. Street photographer. Tweets as @la_muckraker
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Pilates was created in the early part of the 20th century by Joseph Pilates as a means of gaming complete control over one’s body. Pilates was inspired by the martial arts, with its emphasis on slow, controlled movement performed with thoughtful awareness. In this article, we detail the 10 top pilates exercises, along with a complete 20 minutes pilates workout program to allow you to get the most out of them.
Guiding Principles of Pilates
There are 8 guiding principles that underpin every Pilates exercise:
- Flowing movements
When performing pilates exercises, you need to be thoughtfully aware of what you are doing. You also should relax both the mind and body, align your soft tissue into their natural neutral zones and center your body around core stability. Most Pilates exercises are performed for a low number of reps. That is because the focus is on quality rather than quantity.
What You Need
For your at home Pilates workout, you need the following equipment:
- A padded non-slip mat
- A folded towel
- A plump pillow
The area in which you do your Pilates workout should be warm, comfortable and clutter-free. Wear clothes that allow for a full range of motion through your limbs and that do not restrict your blood flow. It is best to perform your Pilates exercises barefoot.
10 Best Pilates Exercises for Beginners
These basic stretch moves, poses, and positions can be done at home with absolutely no equipment. In addition to these descriptions, you can check online videos to perfect your form.
Lie faceup on your exercise mat with your knees bent and feet together. Place your arms at your sides. Breathe in as you raise both arms above your chest and then reach them overhead towards the mat. Then breathe in as you circle your arms out at the side and down towards the body. As your arms return to the starting position, turn your palms to the mat.
Keep the pelvis and spine stable. Do not over elevate the shoulders. Avoid locking your elbows as you raise your arms overhead.
Oblique Curl Ups
Lie faceup on your exercise mat with your knees bent and feet together. Clasp both hands behind your head. Breathe in as you nod your head and curl up the body, rotating your head and torso to the right and directing the left side of your rib cage towards your right hip. Breathe out as you slowly roll back down to the center with control.
Keep your pelvis grounded and curl up as far as this can be maintained. Do not pull on your head and neck.
Lie faceup on your exercise mat with your knees bent and feet together. Reach your arms out on the mat slightly lower than shoulder height with the palms facing upward. Breathe in and, keeping the thighs together, rotate your pelvis and legs to the right from a string center. Breathe out as you return the pelvis and legs back to the starting point. Repeat on the other side. This exercise is perfect for Pilates workout beginners.
Roll the pelvis and legs directly to the side. Control the movement of your legs, not just letting them drop.
Position yourself down on all fours in a kneeling position. Breathe in and lengthen your spine. Now breathe out as you slide one leg out behind you, directly in line with your hip. Lengthen and lift the leg to hip height. Simultaneously lift the opposite arm forward to shoulder height. Breathe out and lower the lengthened leg and arm to the mat. Repeat with the opposite limbs.
Keep your core tight throughout the movement. Avoid over elevating the shoulder. Make sure that the movements of your arms and legs are coordinated.
Lie on your stomach with your head down and feet together. Your arms should be at your sides with palms facing the ceiling. The base of your big toes should be touching. Breathe in as you lift your head, neck, chest and upper spine off the mat. Lengthen your arms and lift them slightly as you come up. At the same time, draw your legs together.
Breathe in as you hold this lengthened position. Then breathe out as you lower back down to the mat.
Bow and Arrow – Seated
Sit upright on the mat with your knees bent. Keep your legs together as you reach your arms out in front of you, slightly lower than shoulder height and shoulder-width apart. Your palms should be facing down. Breathe in to lengthen your body then breathe out as you bend your left elbow, drawing the arm toward your body and the left hand toward your left shoulder. At the same time, rotate your head, neck, and upper spine to the left.
Breathe in as you straighten your left elbow. Now breathe out as you rotate the spine back, keeping the right arm straight, and return to the starting position.
Repeat this exercise on the other side.
Keep your pelvis still throughout. Your weight should also remain evenly balanced throughout. Keep your core and abs tight through the entire exercise. The arms should only move as the spine moves.
Lie on your left side, with your shoulders, hips, and ankles on top of each other. Position your left outstretched arm under your head. Put your right hand in front of your body. Bend your knees and have your feet together.
Breathe in and then out as you bring the top knee up, keeping your feet together. Initiate this action from the hip joint. Breathe in as you return to the start position.
Keep your pelvis stable throughout. Do not put too much weight on the top arm. Keep your chest open and look directly ahead throughout the movement.
Stand with your feet shoulder-width apart and hands at your sides with palms facing into your thighs. Breathe in as you allow your pelvis to tilt forward slightly and bend your knees and raise your arms to shoulder height. Only go down as far as a quarter squat. Breathe out as you straighten your legs and return your spine to the upright position. At the same time, lower your arms back to your sides.
Keep your weight balanced evenly on both feet and do not allow them to roll in or out.
Stand with your feet together, maintaining a neutral spine and with your arms at your sides. Bend your elbows to a right angle so that your upper arms are positioned vertically and your forearms are lengthened forward horizontally. Turn your palms toward the ceiling.
Breathe in as you turn your arms outward from the shoulder joint, reaching the forearms wide. Breathe out as you return the arms back to the starting position.
Keep your forearms parallel to the floor at all times. Make sure that the movement comes from the shoulder joint only. Do not squeeze your shoulder blades together. Keep your chest and the front of your shoulders open as you do this exercise.
Roll Downs – Freestanding
Stand on the floor with your feet together and arms by your sides. Take a breathe in and out and then begin to roll your torso down toward the floor, rounding your spine as you do so. Do not allow your hips to hinge. Reverse the motion, breathing in as you do so.
Keep your core and abs tight throughout the movement. Keep your weight evenly balanced between both feet.
Bonus: Pilates Workout at Home
Here is a great 20 minute pilates workout that brings all 10 of our top pilates exercises for beginners together. You can do these pilates moves in the privacy of your own home without any equipment and at your own pace. Remember to perform every exercise with focus, control, and full, relaxed movements. This, our best pilates workout for beginners, should take about 30 minutes. Take your time with this pilates workout exercise routine – there is no rush! Rest for around 30 seconds between sets.
- Arm Circles – 2 sets of 5 reps
- Oblique Curl Up – 2 sets of 20 reps (10 to the left and 10 to the right)
- Hip Rolls – 2 sets of 5 reps on each side
- Table Top – 2 sets of 5 reps on each side
- Dart – 2 sets of 10 reps
- Bow and Arrow – Seated – 2 sets of 5 reps each side
- Oyster – 2 x 10 reps on each side
- Pilates Squat – 2 x 10 reps
- Dumb Waiter – 2 x 10 reps
- Roll Downs – 2 x 10 reps
Pilates is a fantastic way to coordinate your mind and body into a strong, unified whole. Add our top 10 Pilates exercises workout routines two or three times each week (don’t do them every day). Combine this at home pilates workout with resistance training and cardio for a complete exercise lifestyle.
Disclaimer: This article is written for general informational purposes ONLY and does not address individual circumstances. The WorkoutPlan doesn’t substitute any professional advice or help, you should always consult with your doctor.
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Feature photo: US, EU and China | flags | © Shutterstock
Now it's official: China is on Russia's side despite, perhaps because of, Russia's attack on Ukraine and the European peace order. From now on, the two UN Security Council members want to speak with one voice on global issues.
The two authoritarian powers are thus closing ranks that are clearly directed against the West. The West is the USA and its allies, the liberal democracies of this world, also in Asia, this is Europe.
China has Taiwan firmly in its sights and is seeking nothing less than to oust the US as a world power and oust it from East Asia, just as Russia has been working to weaken US influence in Europe for many years. This is not only about economic interests, but also about the suppression of the western image of man and the basic rights and freedoms that are characteristic of democracies.
For the European Union, which has just published its strategic compass and thus its security policy guidelines for the 20s, this means that it must multiply its efforts in all areas relevant to its security and independence.
For Germany, Europe's largest economy, this means that the proclaimed "turning point" must be followed by actions that go far beyond what has been communicated so far.
There must finally be an end to hypermoral navel-gazing, checkbook-enforced ostrich politics and egoistic special paths that are intent on short-term advantages.
For Europe, the question of survival arises with regard to its values and its political order.
Germany, which for two decades has been on its own path and thus wrong on fundamental issues of common interest, must once again live up to its responsibility in and for Europe and commit its people to hardship. Immediately. Peace and freedom will only be preserved with determination, prudence, perseverance and toughness. Berlin has allowed Moscow and Beijing, albeit inadvertently, to prepare the attack, which is aimed not just at Ukraine but at Europe and the West as a whole. The Third World War has long been in full swing on an ideal level. There is still a chance of preventing a hot world war. However, submission to dictatorships must not be an option.
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Hand crank tensioner use worm gear and wire rope friction generated by the power to lift, in the steel of the wire are suspended at both ends of the lift container of the mine car, the use of friction between the wire and pad installed in the friction car, lifting materials and personnel equipment, its advantages are many, because a wire rope will not be wound in the motor ship, because the friction wheel does not have the capacity rope volume requirements, the width of the friction wheel than a single heavy winding type hoist The rolling of small, can adapt to the mine is deeper, the production of large mines, this is a multi-rope crane one of the advantages. As the mine car of multi-rope hoist is suspended by more than one wire rope, the diameter of the wire rope required is smaller than the single line under the same load, and the diameter of the friction wheel becomes smaller. Therefore, in the same upgrade tonnage, the multi-rope hoist covers a small area, saves cost, is simple to make, and is easier to install and transport. In case of accident, the possibility of multiple wires breaking at the same time is extremely small, so the tensioner manufacturer has high safety and does not need to install ropes on the mine car wire tensioner. The hoisting machine can be set up in the mine tower, and compared with the single rope hoisting machine, the area of the equipment is reduced relative to the configuration on the ground, and the building force is improved at the same time. Therefore, there is no need to install support feet to counteract the tensioning forces.
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California’s Lincoln Memorial…and more!
Visited: October 2017
No score and three days ago, and dedicated to the proposition that all museums are created equal, I donned my stovepipe hat and traveled out to Redlands to check out the only museum west of the Mississippi River devoted to Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War; The Lincoln Memorial Shrine. Honestly! While there, I discovered two additional architectural points of interest located within walking distance of the museum that also piqued my curiosity. My kind of day!
First the Lincoln Memorial Shrine. Why Redlands? I’m glad you asked, because it’s a rather fascinating story. Robert Watchorn grew up very poor in England, so poor that by the time he reached 11 years of age he was working 18 hour shifts in the coal mines at a rate of 27 cents a day. After moving to the United States in 1880, while working in Pennsylvania’s coal mines he gained an admiration for Lincoln and what our 16th president stood for. At the same time Watchorn “organized a night school for miners and became involved in the early American labor movement, culminating with his election as the first secretary of the United Mine Workers Union.”
In the early 1900s, among other things, Watchorn was appointed by Teddy Roosevelt as Commissioner of Immigration at Ellis Island (he was fired by the next president because of his pro immigration stance), and, while treasurer of the Union Oil Company, became a successful wildcatter accumulating a vast amount of money in the process. He and his wife had two sons, one who died as an infant, and the other, Emory, with whom Watchorn shared his fascination and admiration for Abraham Lincoln.
Fast forwarding to World War I, where now Lt. Emory Watchorn flew for the Royal Italian Air Force. From the Redlands Daily Facts website, “During a night mission, Watchorn’s center engine was hit by anti-aircraft fire. He would later receive a commendation for coolly executing a perfect emergency landing, saving his crew and the plane. The flying conditions, open cockpits and extreme cold took a toll on his health. He later contracted pneumonia. He recovered and eventually returned to California. His health problems later developed into blood poisoning. After an agonizing two-month struggle, Emory Watchorn died at the age of 25 on July 10, 1921.”
In remembrance of their son, his distraught parents decided to build the Lincoln Memorial Shrine in Redlands, which was Robert Watchorn’s winter residence. According to the website, “By placing the Shrine in his adopted home of Redlands, Watchorn knew this monument of ideals would be available to the increasing number of people moving into Southern California. It was ‘accessible yet secluded’.”
Watchorn (who donated $60,000 for the project) enlisted Pasadena architect Elmer Grey to design the octagonal shrine. It was built by A.E. Taylor and Sons of Redlands with reinforced concrete. There were limestone plates included with some excerpts from Lincoln’s speeches inscribed on them.
Work commenced in June of 1931 and was completed within eight months. Among the participants at the opening ceremony in 1932 were a group of African-American singers. As it turned out, many of these singers were descendants of a runaway slave by the name of Israel Beale, who had gone to Redlands in the early 1860s. A newly expanded shrine was rededicated in 1998. The three rooms now encompass about 3,500 square feet.
I parked in front of the A.K. Smiley Library (more on it later), since this is where my GPS stated, “You have arrived at your destination.” As it turned out, my destination was behind the library, but had my GPS not placed me here, I might not have noticed the library (as it turns out the library and the memorial have the exact same address).
Walking past the library I turned the corner and saw a bust in the distance. I assumed it was of Lincoln, but as I got closer I realized this was a bust of William McKinley. The power of advertising immediately popped into my head. “A statue of McKinley at the Lincoln Memorial Shrine? Surprising. What’s not so surprising is how much money you can save at Geico.”
In any case, there was William McKinley’s bust. According to the website Roadside America “President William McKinley’s protective tariff drove up the price of oranges and made Redlands the Naval Orange Capital of the World. He visited the town, then died, and so the town put up a bronze likeness of his head.” I think this is the same one, but I’m not positive. Unfortunately, Lincoln and McKinley shared the same ultimate fate … McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901 at the Pan-American Exposition at the Temple of Music in Buffalo, New York.
Inside, under its large dome and straight ahead loomed the Carrera marble bust of Abraham Lincoln by famed American sculptor George Barnard…
…whose works can also be found at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Pennsylvania State Capitol.
Two docents worked the adjacent reception desk, and although the museum is free, I thought it would be clever to donate a $5 bill to the cause. Sadly I only had three Washingtons to my name, but they were grateful.
Surrounding the rotunda walls beneath the dome are a series of Murals. Grey hired muralist Dean Cornwell, known for his beautiful murals at the Los Angeles Central Library, to paint these murals of “heroic female figures.” A docent told me that they represent the many traits displayed by Abraham Lincoln that contributed to his ultimate success. “Interestingly,” she told me, “there is not one that includes honesty,” which I assumed was an honest omission. Cornwell was paid $3,000 for his work.
Docents here are willing to answer any questions you might have. She added that the Lincoln Memorial Shrine is the only museum of its kind west of the Mississippi River that pays tribute to President Abraham Lincoln, his work and the events leading to and following the Civil War.
In the adjacent rooms on either side are artifacts of Lincoln and the Civil War, along with other interesting items pertaining to Lincoln. Scholars from all over the country come to visit all these pieces of history…I won’t go into them all. You’re welcome.
Had I met Lincoln at the below display, I might have asked, “A penny for your thoughts?” On the 100th anniversary of Lincoln’s birth, at a time even before buffaloes roamed on nickels, he became the first president to have his portrait on a U.S. minted coin. Up until this time, the Indian Head Cent was a mainstay of U.S. coinage.
There are documents about the election of 1864 in which Lincoln defeated former army general George B. McClellan.
One picture of note was a rare 1880 chromolithograph of General Ulysses S. Grant riding his charger Cincinnati. As stated underneath, “Grant was a firm believer in the military prowess of black soldiers. Here a black soldier raises the flag in triumph while attending to a white soldier.”
A military medal on display featured the Kearny Medal, named after General Phillip Kearny, who was killed at the Battle of Chantilly in 1862 and given out to soldiers who had been in his command. Musical instruments, including this tambourine, are also represented.
Channeling my inner Samuel Morse, I tried to use this telegraph, however I don’t know my dots from dits or my dashes from dahs. It sounded like some sort of code to me. I now realize why I had to quit the Boy Scouts with no merit badges.
John Rogers’ Council of War, made in the late 1860s or early 1870s, was also on display. In the sculpture, Lincoln is dealing with General Ulysses S. Grant and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton in the 1860s. Lighting was bad, but I do have a photo of it that I took at the The Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens in San Marino, California, a couple of years ago. Robert Todd Lincoln stated that he considered the group of these made by Rogers were the “most lifelike portraits of his father in sculpture.”
There was also a display detailing the story of the Sultana Tragedy, the worst maritime disaster in United States history. On April 27, 1865 (the day after Lincoln was assassinated), the ship exploded and sank near Memphis, Tennessee, killing 1,192 people.
The Sultana was designed to hold 376 passengers, however on this voyage, it carried 2,155 just-released Union prisoners of war, plus crew and civilian passengers. According to historian Stephen Ambrose, “In April, 1865, Union POWs were gathered at Vicksburg. They were loaded on steamboats for the trip to Cairo, Illinois, with the government paying $5 per man. That was big money, which led to corruption — steamboat captains kicked back $1.15 to the army officers in charge if they filled the boats with men.” A replica of the ship is at the museum.
Even though the Sultana had some mechanical problems (which the officers knew about), a quick “fix” was made so the army officers could pack all those POWs on the ship. Below is the last photograph of the overloaded ship before it sank.
This museum displays not only Lincoln and Union memorabilia, but also those of the Confederacy. I read the comments of a local historian and shrine curator who said these artifacts from the Confederate Army are used to help tell the tale of the conflict and, that because of this historical context, he does not recall any significant complaints about Confederate Army artifacts at the shrine. One of these is a bust of Robert E. Lee that is located on one side of the domed room near the entrance . On the other side is a bust of Ulysses S. Grant (photo from the Redlands Daily Facts…the light was impossible to take photo).
I was able to take a photo of the dome (I needed friend and fellow traveler Kim to take his patented ceiling pictures here).
Moving to the room on the right (as you enter), I wandered over to the Changing Face of Lincoln that was painted by docent Ken Jolly.
By the way, according to reports I read, the museum is attempting to add The Face of Lincoln, which features an animatronic bust of Abraham Lincoln built by Garner Holt Productions in San Bernardino. It will focus on the life and legacy of Lincoln.
There are a number of Norman Rockwell paintings and prints featuring Lincoln, including a large one on the left (original, I believe) and small version of The Long Shadow of Lincoln from 1944. According to printed text near the painting, Rockwell “elected to execute a symbolic take on life as the United States looked toward the eventual end of World War II. The painting shows Abraham Lincoln in the upper left hand corner and a hurt soldier in the middle. The people standing and sitting around the soldier are symbols for freedom, liberty and democracy.”
The stories that accompany these prints are well worth reading while touring the museum.
This print by Francis Carpenter shows the reenactment of Abraham Lincoln signing the Emancipation Proclamation in July of 1862. I don’t remember being at this historic event, but looking more closely at the print I must have been there as I can see myself chronicling it with my iPhone.
This Litho of the Battle Of Cedar Creek from 1890 highlights the 1st New York Dragoons at the Battle of Cedar Creek, which was a decisive battle during the Shenandoah Valley campaign.
All in all, I thought this was a worthwhile visit, and back out in the heat of a gorgeous Redlands day, I took a photo of the Lincoln Memorial Shrine and one of the back of the library (that I would visit shortly)…
…and one last Lincoln quote on the building.
Walking toward the library, I glanced across the street and spied an amphitheater. I was looking at the famed Redlands Bowl, so I wandered over. It was built by Florence and Clarence White as a gift to the City of Redlands in 1931.
The Redlands Bowl Summer Music Festival is the oldest continuous music festival in the United States at which no admission is charged.
Now it was finally time to go to the library. The beautiful building I had parked in front of more than an hour ago is the A.K. Smiley Public Library, which was constructed in 1898 and donated to Redlands by philanthropist Albert Smiley. At that time Redlands was known as “The City of Millionaires.”
From the library website, “Throughout 1896, Alfred Smiley discussed future library plans with his twin brother Albert K. Smiley. Alfred’s desire for a library building coincided with Albert’s wish to provide a downtown park for the enjoyment of Redlands citizens.”
…and topped by a cool cupola.
Also from the website, “A.K. Smiley Public Library was designed in Moorish style (similar to but distinct from “mission”) by T.R. Griffith. When completed the Smiley featured walls of solid brick with hand-cut stone trimmings and a roof of heavy red tiling. Albert Smiley also furnished the entire building with desks, chairs, tables, and stacks–all fashioned from oak. Gargoyles, griffins, and other carving adorned the library interior. The stained-glass windows feature symbolism associated with learning and libraries.”
In 2012, the library commissioned Redlands resident Scott Land to build a marionette of the Smiley Brothers. Land studied vintage photos and bronze images of the brothers. Displaying a good sense of humor Land said, “Thank goodness they were identical twins,” since he was able to use the same mold twice. No telling whether he pulled a few strings to get the gig. Next to it stands a beautiful grandfather clock.
Being young at heart, I entered the Young Readers Room (constructed in 1920), which became my favorite room due to its stained glass windows depicting scenes from children’s stories. The windows are the creation of Redlands stained glass artist, Tom Medlicott. There were stained glass windows featuring Charlotte’s Web and Cinderella…
Bear (hi Winnie) and Owl…
There are beautiful stained glass windows in other rooms, as well.
I walked into the final room where I came upon a gorgeous curved staircase with its carved banister.
Out back is a peaceful garden that also affords good view out onto the Lincoln Memorial Shrine.
The interior of the library contains some nice touches that add to the atmospheric look.
Unfortunately, the Heritage Room, where archival maps, books, newspapers and other historical documents are stored, was closed on Tuesday. I felt like sneaking in, but being a library I figured they’d throw the book at me.
Back out in front, I walked through the small grassy area in front of the library and checked out the statue of the two brothers who made this library possible.
My little sojourn to Redlands had netted three small architectural and historic treasures in one afternoon. There’s no doubt Redlands is a slight trek for many (unless, of course, you live in Redlands), but a museum dedicated to our 16th president made it a must stop for me.
Also, if you’re heading from the L.A. area to Palm Springs, it’s just a few minutes off the 10 freeway (well worth the detour, in my opinion). Take the journey to the Inland Empire, where you can be witness to Lincoln’s lesser know Redlands Address.
Lincoln’s Memorial Shrine
125 Vine Street
Redlands, CA 92373
Hours: Tuesday – Sunday 1 p.m. – 5 p.m.
25 Grant Street
Redlands, CA 92373
A.K. Smiley Public Library
125 Vine Street
Redlands, CA 92373
Sunday : 1 p.m. – 5 p.m. • Monday/Tuesday 10 a.m. – 9 p.m.
Wednesday/Thursday 10 a.m. – 6 p.m.
Friday/Saturday 10 a.m. – 5 p.m.
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While you’re here, you may wish to attend one of our upcoming workshops:
This posting builds upon an earlier one entitled “#2 Mental health or physical disabilities that deal with the duty to accommodate”. As indicated in that post, the duty to accommodate is always a tricky exercise and one that should be treated with the utmost circumspection.
The Accommodation Process
The Ontario Human Rights Code lists a number of personal characteristics protected from discrimination: race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, age, record of offences, marital status, family status or disability. These personal characteristics are often referred to as “protected grounds”. An employer is prohibited from discriminating against an employee on the basis of any protected ground.
Discrimination can be direct or indirect. An example of direct discrimination would be where an employer refuses to hire an employee because of his race. An example of indirect discrimination would be where an employer has a standard holiday schedule that respects traditional Christian religious holidays but which makes no allowance for the holidays of other religions or creeds. In the latter example, the employer’s holiday schedule, although framed as a neutral rule that applies to all employees, would adversely impact (i.e. discriminate against) employees of other religions/creeds who wish to observe holidays that don’t coincide with the employer’s holiday schedule.
Step 1 – Request for Accommodation
The accommodation process begins when an employee raises a workplace issue that deals with a protected ground. The employee is not required to make a “formal” request for accommodation, nor does the employee need to specifically identify the protected ground that is engaged in their request for accommodation. There are no magic words that need to be used by the employee. So long as the employer understands that there is a workplace issue that involves a protected ground, the duty to accommodate will be engaged.
As indicated in my prior post, an employer is obliged to take any request for accommodation in good faith. The employer is entitled to request as much information as it requires to determine whether an accommodation is required and the nature of the accommodation, if any. The employer is not, however, entitled to question the legitimacy of the request for accommodation. When an employee requests accommodation, the employer’s first thought should always be: “The employee made the request in good faith and believes she needs the accommodation requested.” This thought should guide the employer throughout the process.
Step 2 – Obtaining Necessary Information
Once an employee has made a request for accommodation, an employer is entitled to request any information necessary to (1) confirm the need for accommodation and, (2) determine what the best form of accommodation might be.
The type of information requested, as well as the level of detail necessary to substantiate the need for accommodation, will vary depending on the nature of the accommodation requested. So, for instance, an employer may be prepared to accept an employee’s request for a day off to observe a recognized religious holiday without further information. That same employer may be justified in requesting additional information where a similar request from another employee involves the holiday of a little-known and uncommon religion/creed.
Requests for information should be limited to what is legitimately required for the employer to determine that the request for accommodation can be supported by the facts. This is not intended to be an invitation to dig into the employee’s private life. Once an employer has obtained the information necessary to support the need for accommodation, the employer must then turn its mind to the form the accommodation will take.
On the second part of the inquiry, an employer is entitled to request any and all information necessary to understand:
- what the employee can do without accommodation,
- what the employee can do with accommodation,
- what the employee cannot do at all, and
- what steps, if any, can or has the employee taken to address the circumstances that have led to the request for accommodation.
It should be noted that part (d) will not always be relevant. For example, where an employee is requesting a day off to observe a religious holiday, there is likely nothing the employee can do on her own without the employer cooperating to address her need. However, in the case of an employee requesting a long-term flexible work schedule to fulfill childcare responsibilities, an employer would be entitled to request details of the efforts the employee has made before requesting an accommodation to address his childcare needs.
If the employee provides information that is unclear, ambiguous, or contradictory at any point in this step of the accommodation process, the employer is entitled to request further information to clarify or resolve any contradiction.
Step 3 – Crafting the Accommodation
Once an employer has confirmed that a request for accommodation is supported and understands the accommodation needs of the employee, the employer must then turn to crafting the appropriate accommodation. Although an employee may make suggestions on what he feels is the best accommodation, at the end of the day the employer is entitled to select and implement the accommodation it prefers. Ultimately, so long as accommodation retained by the employer meets the employee’s needs, the employer will have met its obligations under the Human Rights Code.
Using once more the example of an employee requesting time off to observe a religious holiday (you would think I couldn’t come up with any other examples!), the employee may request the day off. Upon inquiry, the employer determines that observance of the holiday only commences in the afternoon. In such circumstances, the employer would be entitled to require the employee to attend work in the morning and give the employee the afternoon off. Alternatively, the employer may be prepared to give the employee the entire day off, but could require the employee to make up the lost time in other ways. Or, alternatively, if the employee would prefer not to make up the time, the employer may require the employee to log the time off as vacation.
Where an accommodation will be implemented for an extended or indefinite period, the employer should put in place a process whereby it will review at regular intervals whether the employee continues to require accommodation and whether the form of accommodation originally implemented continues to be appropriate in the circumstances. This review process should be discussed with the employee at the time the original accommodation is implemented so that he is aware of and engaged in the process throughout.
Related blogs in this series:
- # 5 Forgetting that common law principles also apply
- #3 Contracts and Employment Agreements
- #2 Mental health or physical disabilities that deal with the duty to accommodate
- #1 Termination pay, termination notice, termination with or without cause and pay in lieu of notice (Part 3)
- #1 Termination pay, termination notice, termination with or without cause and pay in lieu of notice (Part 2)
- #1 Termination pay, termination notice, termination with or without cause and pay in lieu of notice (Part 1)
- Where HR Professionals Get It Wrong: Employment Counsels’ Collective Musings
About the Author: Toronto Employment Lawyer Adrian Ishak’s practice focuses on all aspects of employment law including employee relations, terminations, wrongful dismissals, employment contracts, and employment policies. He provides strategic counselling on a number of human resources, privacy and human rights issues. With a joint Ontario and Québec call and with experience in both jurisdictions, Adrian guides his clients through employment standards matters, pay and employment equity, and human rights obligations in Canadian common law and Québec’s civil law jurisdiction. Adrian represents clients in both English and French.
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Are You Really Being Useful If You Continue To Self-neglect?
Another full year has passed, and here we are again looking Cupid straight in the eye. It’s almost the day when we’re meant to tell our loved ones, friends, families, pets – heck, even strangers on the street – how much we appreciate them.
Valentine’s Day is all about spreading the love, but first we have to feel love.
We’ve all heard the sayings before: “You’ve gotta love yourself before you can love someone else,” “You’re your own best friend,” “Change begins with you,” etc. So, riddle me this: why does the word “selfish” creep into mind when we think about prioritizing our own needs and wellbeing?
In our society, it seems putting yourself first has become a bit of a Catch-22. It shouldn’t be.
While holding the purest and best of intentions, many of us find ourselves living lives of self-sacrifice and all too often, self-neglect. Well, it’s time to turn that frown upside-down! I believe that when people start taking care of themselves first, the strongest, most effective social movements and global changes become possible. It’s like a ripple effect – healthy people purchase safer products, which protects the environment and benefits everyone.
True love and true change starts with you.
Not in the Arctic Ocean, the Amazon rainforest, or the garment factories in China. Within you is the power to move mountains with simple choices, baby steps, and little gifts of love. Start by harnessing those best intentions for personal wellness. Physical fitness, outward appearance, and mental health are all extraordinarily important components to loving ourselves. But, in order to go for a run, look our best, or think clearly and positively, we have to create our strongest and healthiest internal selves. My suggestion?
Give yourself the gift of truly safe products.
Relieve your senses, skin, and entire being by using only toxin-free, all natural and organic products. After all, safe products heal and nourish the body while relaxing and easing the mind. Priceless.
This Valentine’s Day, think about showing yourself a little love and appreciation. Treat yourself to something special. Breathe deeply and take a listen to your own needs, wants and desires. For once, give yourself the highest priority. If you’re not worth it, nothing is.
FROM THE EDITOR
At Conscious, we are inspired by remarkable people, and so we set out to tell stories that highlight real human interactions and human dignity. You can read more stories like this when you Subscribe.
Editor’s Note: Elizabeth Wasserman of TrueGoods.com joins Conscious Magazine to launch a column on Consciously Clean Living . This topic is important to Elizabeth because of her passion for empowering people to lead healthier lives through honest, accurate, relatable and personally-tested information. Check out her interview and feature here.
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Many people don’t have access to a garden either because they live in an apartment or have contaminated soil. Growing veganic food in a container allows people to grow fresh local food in any location.
Container gardening offers a versatile option for people living in city environments. They can be grown on balconies, rooftops, patios, concrete surfaces, contaminated lots, staircases, and suspended from fences, railings and ceilings.
Types of containers
Any container can be converted or recycled into an urban mini-garden: a bucket, an old garbage bin, a flower box or an old bath. You can also build larger boxes using wood—just avoid treated wood. It’s only a matter of what you have on hand, the space available and what money or time you want to invest. When growing food crops, you may want to concentrate on food-grade materials, such as reusing food-grade plastic buckets.
It can be especially advantageous to have a self-watering container, which has a double bottom which serves as a water reservoir. This means we don’t have to water the plant constantly on hot days. There are options for purchasing pre-made container gardens, though we encourage people to make their own container gardens from re-used materials. It’s much cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and can be a fun do-it-yourself project.
Building your own
Building your own container garden can be as simple as taking an old bucket, recycling bin, or garbage pail and drilling a few drainage holes in the bottom to avoid drowning the roots. In hot sunny weather you’ll need to water twice a day as it can dry out very quickly.
Building a self-watering container is a little more complicated, though well worth the results. Self-watering containers only need to be watered about 3 times a week (perhaps more during a heatwave) since they have an integrated water reservoir, allowing for much more independence as well as consistent access to water for the plants. To build your own, check out the do-it-yourself instructions from the project Urbanus Jardinus:
- how to build a self-watering container from reclaimed food-grade plastic buckets
- how to build a self-watering container from reclaimed styrofoam coolers and election signs
The balcony compost is a technique for small-scale composting that doubles as a container garden. Developed by veganic gardener Marco Pagliarulo, it is simple to build, and an aesthetic way to hide a small compost in urban environments:
- how to build a balcony compost
Potting soil for container gardening
Starting out: People who are growing in city environments on balconies, rooftops, and concrete will need potting soil for container gardens. Ask around in your area to see if there are local sources. Otherwise, buy bagged soil from a gardening centre, avoiding soils that have added chemical fertilizers or manure (phone the companies if in doubt).
Going further: Save your potting soil from year to year! There is no need to change the soil—it just needs a boost of nutrients from compost. Each spring, empty the dirt from last year’s containers into a pile. For 3 parts dirt, add 1 part compost, mix it together, and re-fill your containers. This means that each year your total amount of “dirt” will grow because of the added compost: 3 containers becomes 4!
Fertility sources for containers
Much research still needs to be done about growing veganic food in container gardens. Indeed, most container gardeners use chemical-based or animal-based fertilizers because these products are easily available for purchase, though we can certainly garden in containers using an entirely plant-based approach. At the Veganic Agriculture Network, we’ve been growing a lush balcony garden in self-watering containers since 2009 with quite satisfying results.
In veganic gardening, fertility is typically maintained by feeding the soil food web with organic plant matter, and the microorganisms in the soil slowly break it down until it is accessible to the plants; however, container gardens have limited space and a smaller diversity of microorganisms compared to regular garden patches, so container gardening relies almost exclusively on direct feeding of the plants, such as adding mature compost, or liquid plant feeds like compost tea and comfrey tea.
For people living in the city, one of the best things you can do is to start composting, both to feed your gardens and reduce your environmental impact. No space at your place? You could join (or start!) a community compost program to compost with your neighbours. You can even produce your own compost in small spaces with a balcony compost, which can then be used to fertilize your other container gardens.
Another option for fertility is using your own urine, mixed with ten parts water, added once or twice a month. While not a plant-based technique per se, this is a way that city gardeners can work toward a closed system, boost their plants with nitrogen and potassium, and reduce their environmental impact by diverting their urine from the public water systems.
Most plants can be grown in containers, though some are easier than others. Depending on the plant, the needs for nutrients, space, warmth and light will vary. Read on for more tips about the needs of different plants. But most importantly, you’ll learn more with practice, so dig in, and learn each year from your set-backs and successes.
Nutrient needs and watering needs
Fruit-bearing plants have much higher nutrient needs (remember, in botanical terms, tomatoes, eggplant, and cucumbers are all fruits!) They will often need a boost of nutrients mid-season, such as a cup of compost added to the surface of the soil, or an application of compost tea. In general, if the leaves of your plants begin to turn yellow, an application of compost should be helpful. Also keep in mind that plants access many nutrients with the help of water, so regular watering is essential for plant fertility. Plants may show signs of nutrient deficiency, such as blossom end rot in tomatoes, not due to an actual lack of nutrients in the soil, but simply due to irregular or insufficient watering. On the flip side, completely excessive watering could lead to nutrient leakage as the nutrients can drain out of the bottom of your container. Adding a tray under your container can help, as the soil may soak up some of this excess water. Container gardens may need to be watered twice a day in hot sunny weather, and less often in cool shady weather, if they have an integrated water reservoir, or if they have access to rain water. Consider practicing rainwater harvesting, either with a rain barrel or simply with buckets. If watering with tap water, it’s preferable (though not necessary) to let the water sit for a few hours before watering the plants to allow the chlorine to evaporate. Remember, container gardens are dependent on you for frequent watering; unlike with regular gardens, plants in container gardens cannot extend their roots to search for water, so frequent watering is essential for success.
Sun vs. shade
Fruit-bearing plants like tomatoes, eggplant, pepper and cucumber appreciate the heat. Choose a well-lit place, ideally south facing. Placing them next to a brick wall will give extra warmth at night because it accumulates heat during the day. For cooler shaded areas, try growing lettuce, spinach, cress, peas, chard, brussel sprouts, radishes and other shade-tolerant plants.
Fruit-bearing plants like tomatoes and cucumbers should be grown in larger containers, while smaller containers can be used to grow lettuce and kale, as well as antioxidant-rich herbs like rosemary and parsley. We can also mix different plants in the same container. Keep in mind the size of the plant at maturity to avoid overcrowding a container. Reclaimed food-grade buckets, as described above, can each hold one tomato plant. In a larger 2x3 foot box, you could have two tomato plants plus basil plants, or a few rows of carrots and leeks, or one cabbage in the middle with a lettuce in each corner.
Optimizing the harvest
From our personal experiences with container gardening, we find that containers are at their best with fruit-bearing and continuous growing plants. Climbing plants like beans and cucumbers or indeterminate tomatoes are wonderful because they can grow vertically or sprawl out along a balcony railing, saving space and being very productive. We avoid growing plants that are cut (i.e. cauliflower), or that we harvest completely (root plants like carrots or beets), since they take up space all summer and give a relatively small harvest.
Here are a few suggestions for plants that work especially well in container gardens.
- Cherry tomatoes: For the beginner, cherry tomatoes are a very rewarding container garden crop because they are easy to grow, productive and can sustain heat. Cherry tomatoes give a continuous supply of small fruits over the course of a few weeks, which is arguably more enjoyable than growing a couple of large tomatoes. If you choose an indeterminate variety, they will keep growing and producing new vines and fruits until the first frost. On a balcony, you can attach a string to the ceiling and wrap it around the main stem to give vertical support as it grows upward. Conversely, determinate tomatoes stop expanding at a certain point and produce a more bushy plant, requiring less vertical support. If you end up with a surplus of cherry tomatoes, they can simply be frozen as-is in a bag and later added to recipes like soups and sauces. Remember, all tomato plants require lots of water on a regular basis!
- Kale: Kale is so nutritious everyone should eat it... and grow it! It will grow and survive until hard frosts. And even then, frozen leaves buried under the snow can still be harvested. To harvest, just pick the biggest leaves at the bottom first, and the same plant will continue to produce for months.
- Climbing beans: Climbing beans are easy to grow, and can be supported with strings or a trellis. Each year our Spanish beans reach the balcony of the upstairs neighbour! Spanish beans not only produce large beans that are great in chili, they also make wonderful purple flowers. French filet climbing beans produce soft and abundant pods. Unharvested beans or overly-mature ones can be left on the plant until the first frosts and harvested as dried beans.
- Herbs: Herbs are rich in antioxidants and can be grown in small spaces, often growing well alongside other plants in the same container. Basil works well as a companion plant, especially for tomatoes. If you harvest basil by cutting the main stem just above the junction of two leaves, it will produce two new shoots, increasing the potential yield.
We hope that this information gives you a solid start to beginning your own garden no matter where you live. Try it, and you’ll learn more from experience!
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It’s really coming down in Wyoming, according to my daughter Sophia. She’s watching the snowfall from her college apartment. Good thing she stopped off at Wal-Mart earlier in the day to stock up on a few supplies. She wasn’t the only one.
With only a few days left this winter, residents of Wyoming and Colorado are going to get a historical snowfall, according to AccuWeather. The snow is expected to reach a depth of 6 feet.
Bad news for my daughter who is 5′ 2.” LOL.
According to AccuWeather, the storm has been brewing since last week and will “take aim at parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Nebraska this weekend with a potentially historic snowfall that could bring travel to a standstill.”
I hope everyone stays safe and enjoys the last of these beautiful winter weeks. Also, please don’t forget to bring your pets indoors. Sophia made sure to take her dog out for a walk just before the snow pummeled her college town.
AccuWeather forecasters say that Cheyenne, Wyoming, will be in the storm’s bull’s-eye and could potentially pick up the biggest snowstorm in the city’s recorded history. Denver may not set a new snowstorm record, but the Mile High City is still expected to be buried under hefty snowfall — and the hardest-hit areas could be left digging out from waist-deep snow with an AccuWeather Local StormMax™ of 60 inches predicted.Accuweather
Winter storm warnings were plastered across southeastern parts of Wyoming and northern Colorado, and winter storm watches extended farther east across southwestern South Dakota and western Nebraska on Friday. An avalanche watch was also posted for the Front Range mountains in Colorado. The wintry blast could feel all the more shocking because it is following closely behind springlike weather in some places like Denver, where temperatures averaged nearly 20 degrees above normal earlier this week.Accuweather
You can follow Sara A. Carter on Twitter @SaraCarterDC
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New Hire at the Office Of Nuclear Energy at DOE Promotes ‘Sexual Fetishes and Kinks’
Last month the Biden administration appointed Sam Brinton to serve as deputy assistant secretary of spent fuel and waste disposition in the Office of Nuclear Energy at the Department of Energy. Brinton is an MIT-trained engineer whose sexual fetishes include tying up his partner while he eats dinner and watches Star Trek, reports The Washington Examiner.
Prior to become high up the in the Office of Nuclear Energy, Brinton worked at the gay and transgender suicide prevention organization the Trevor Project. Even before that, Brinton has “a history of promoting sexual fetishes and kinks related to animal role-playing” adds the Examiner.
Libs of Tik Tok posted a photo of Brinton, wearing a black dress and heels, standing over three men with sexual fetish leather masks on the ground. The photo of the administration’s new hire quickly went viral.
“This is Sam Brinton – a drag queen and LGBTQ + activist who was just hired to a top level position at the DOE” the tweet read.
This is Sam Brinton – a drag queen and LGBTQ+ activist who was just hired to a top level position at the DOE. pic.twitter.com/2zN8s2iMUK
— Libs of Tik Tok (@libsoftiktok) February 10, 2022
The student newspaper at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from 2017 explains how Brinton held a discussion on kinks and sex education at the campus. “Throughout the entire talk, Brinton was open about his experiences, the kinks he partakes in, and the nature of his relationships” the article stated.
It continued, “he left us with countless anecdotes, like how he enjoys tying up his significant other like a table, and eating his dinner on him while he watches Star Trek.”
Brinton holds a master’s degree in nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and also previously advised former President Donald Trump on nuclear waste matters. The Department of Energy did not respond to a request for comment, reports the Examiner.
Senior analyst for Strategy, Center for Security Policy, J Michael Waller tweeted the Examiner’s article with a photo of Brinton wearing a dress and makeup on what appears to be some sort of red carpet event.
— J Michael Waller (@JMichaelWaller) February 11, 2022
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This is an excerpt from an article that appeared on the National Rangers website on November 6, 2019.
John Hicks writes:
It has long been understood that boys need activity and learn best in an environment rich with hands-on activities and student participation. It is, therefore, essential that the weekly Royal Rangers meeting be a place where boys are given the opportunity to learn by interactive means and to be directly involved in a variety of physical activities. Lecture sessions with PowerPoint presentations where the boys’ primary means of participation is limited to sitting, listening and writing should be avoided. In order to maximize our effectiveness, it is essential that we utilize methods of instruction that are most effective for teaching boys.
A central part of most Royal Rangers meetings is the program feature where boys learn new skills and satisfy requirements for advancement awards. While the requirements for each award are the same for every boy and not subject to change, the outpost leader has a significant degree of flexibility in the way requirements may be satisfied. With this in mind, consider the following as suggestions when leading your next weekly meeting:
- Whenever possible, complete merit requirements orally as a group rather than in written format. Requirements beginning with words like “explain,” “list,” or “tell” do not need to be completed in written format but may be completed as a group discussion. Every boy present may then receive credit for having completed that requirement.
- Allow boys to complete essay requirements orally, by making short individual presentations to the group. This will satisfy the purpose of the requirement (i.e., knowledge of the subject) while avoiding a written format that could be a major obstacle for younger boys. For those who aren’t comfortable with oral presentations or when the size of the group makes this option unsuitable, allow the boys to create illustrated reports by researching and assembling collages of photos or images with captions describing the subjects. Outpost leaders are empowered to determine when the requirements for a merit have been adequately met.
- Look for ways to get the boys physically involved in the learning process. Requirements that begin with “demonstrate” should always involve physical activity not merely explaining or writing a response. A good standard to follow is to limit “sit and listen” times to approximately 1 minute for every year of the boy’s age. For example, a typical 7-year-old Ranger Kid can “sit and listen” for no more than 7 minutes, while a 12-year-old Adventure Ranger may be attentive for about 12 minutes. Look for ways to apply the “hear-see-do-teach” mentoring process of Royal Rangers. Let the boys hear you explain how to do something, see you demonstrate the skill, do or practice the skill themselves, and then assist in teaching others once they’ve mastered the skill.
- Provide opportunities for the boys to complete requirements as a group or patrol. Interaction with friends makes any task more fun and enhances learning for everyone.
It should be noted that the requirements for the merits cannot be changed and should be completed as written. The handouts associated with each lesson are still valuable resources for learning, and the advancement logbooks in the back of the boy’s handbook serve as a valuable resource for tracking the boy’s progress through his advancement trail. But the methods used to satisfy each requirement are left to the discretion of the outpost leader who best understands the capabilities of his boys and the types of activities necessary to keep them engaged in the learning process.
As Royal Rangers leaders, we enjoy a tremendous privilege to serve our Master Ranger, Jesus Christ, through the ministry of Royal Rangers. Along with any privilege comes responsibility. It is our responsibility to provide our boys with an “action-packed, life-changing ministry” that will “instruct, challenge, and inspire” them in their personal growth and achievement as they daily grow into the image of Christ.
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For information only - not an official document
21 April 2016
UNODC Chief: UNGASS momentum can drive progress in addressing world drug problem
NEW YORK/VIENNA 21 April (UN Information Service) - The Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Yury Fedotov, urged the international community to seize the opportunity provided by the UN General Assembly special session (UNGASS) on the world drug problem to address shared challenges.
He also pledged UNODC's support for putting the session's recommendations into practice.
"We must take advantage of the momentum provided by UNGASS to strengthen cooperation and advance comprehensive, balanced, integrated rights-based approaches that help to protect and promote the health, safety and security of people everywhere," said Mr. Fedotov.
The landmark special session, only the third such meeting held by the UN General Assembly on global drug policy, concluded on Thursday.
At the opening of the plenary, Member States adopted the outcome document of the session, which reaffirms their commitment to undertake innovative approaches to drug control within the framework of the three international drug control conventions. It also recognizes that the conventions allow for sufficient flexibility for States parties to design effective national drug policies.
The outcome document recommends measures to address demand and supply reduction, and to improve access to controlled medicines while preventing diversion. The recommendations also cover the areas of human rights, youth, children, women and communities; emerging challenges, including new psychoactive substances; strengthening international cooperation; and alternative development.
The text puts new emphasis on proportionate national sentencing policies and practices for drug-related offences, and features a strong focus on prevention and treatment.
Mr. Fedotov underscored UNODC's long-standing experience in supporting Member States in all of these areas, and welcomed the document's recognition that "efforts to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and to effectively address the world drug problem are complementary and mutually reinforcing".
"Whether we are talking about illicit cultivation, production, trafficking or use, the world drug problem is closely interlinked with development challenges - a fact that has also been clearly recognized by the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," said Mr. Fedotov.
"The outcome document provides a strong framework for moving forward, and UNODC is committed to working with all countries to put its recommendations into action."
On the final day of the session, Mr. Fedotov also addressed two roundtable discussions - on new challenges, and strengthening shared responsibility and international cooperation, as well as on alternative development and development-oriented balanced drug control policies.
In his remarks, he highlighted UNODC's support to address challenges including new psychoactive substances and exploitation of the internet for trafficking; to promote the use of reliable, objective data and evidence-based policies; and to strengthen international cooperation, as well as advance work to develop sustainable livelihoods.
"These challenges, and many more posed by the world drug problem, will continue to evolve and emerge," he said. "In order to meet them, we need a solid foundation - one built on agreed frameworks, informed by evidence and based on the principle of shared responsibility."
For more information on the United Nations General Assembly Special Session the World Drug Problem, please see unodc.org/ungass2016
* *** *
For further information please contact:
Public Information Officer, UNODC
Phone: +1 (929) 301-2974
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In the latest data theft news circles, ten hackers have been arrested around the world following a series of ‘sim swapping’ attacks targeted at high-profile victims in the United States.
The aim was to hijack phone numbers of famous musicians, sports stars and online influencers as well as family members which allowed them to steal over $100m in cryptocurrency from illegal access to their mobile devices.
The first arrest was made in Malta and quickly followed by another in Belgium, with the following arrests coming from a variety of countries.
What started as an international investigation in Spring of 2020 was a compiled effort by law enforcement agencies in the UK, US, Belgium, Canada and Malta, co-ordinated by Europol. All ten of the arrested individuals belonged to the same criminal organization, who worked together to access various victims phone numbers and control apps and accounts by change of passwords.
This allowed the criminals to steal money, cryptocurrencies and personal information from the victim as well as access contacts that were synced with online accounts. Social media accounts were also compromised with the criminals able to post content and messages posing as the victim.
Europol identified the type of fraud as Sim Swapping, which has become a growing trend around the world as identified in the Internet Organized Crime Threat Assessment.
Criminals take over control of a victims mobile phone number by deactivating the SIM and transporting the allocated number to another SIM belonging to a criminal network member. The exploiting of phone service providers allows them to do the swap on their behalf using either a corrupt insider or social engineering techniques.
What is more alarming is that this process is not limited to famous people, but every single person with a mobile device.
To combat this growing trend, advice has been given to those with mobile phones to constantly keep their security updated on their devices, not responding to suspicious messages, phone calls, emails or texts.
In the case of people calling and posing as institutions requesting information, ask for the party to communicate through writing to certify it is in fact them, disclosing no personal details at all. It is also recommended that personal information should not be shared online or severely limited. Two-factor authentication techniques should also be commonplace by this point to better protect yourself and your information.
For more information on data theft and the combating techniques in how to protect your data online, check out the latest events from Whitehall Media.
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Achieving the SDGs in Malawi: Challenges and Opportunities
This roundtable will explore the role of the SDGs as a framework to promote policymaking related to development in Malawi.
Photo: Flickr/Paige Behringer
One of the unanswered questions of the SDGs relates to how low-income countries and conflict-prone fragile states will be able to plan, coordinate and fund development programs in line with the goals and aligned with their national interest. And while the private sector in many countries appears to have embraced specific SDGs, there are growing concerns that achieving one target may undermine the achievement of another.
Malawi, although a prioritized aid recipient of many donor countries, continues to face enormous developmental challenges. Recognizing that foreign aid alone cannot close the funding gaps in securing progress towards sustainable development, the role of alternative funding sources, such as domestic tax revenues and private sector finance, assumes crucial importance.
How, and to what extent, have policymakers in Malawi embraced the 2030 Agenda? What has been the impact of SDGs on policy formulation? What are the linkages between aid, taxation and the private sector in securing funding for implementation of the SDGs? And what has been the response from civil society and businesses? What should Malawi do differently to achieve the SDGs?
09:00 - 09:10 Opening remarks
Prof. Richard Tambulasi, Principal of Chancellor College, University of Malawi
09:10 - 10:30 Governance and the SDGs
Comments by Benedicto Kondowe, Executive Director of the Civil Society
Coalition on Quality Basic Education
10.30 - 10:45 Coffee break
10.45 - 12:00 Aid, business and the SDGs
Comments by Dr. Ngeyi Kanyongolo, Chancellor College, University of Malawi
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Allow-d sentence example
The president of the senate, Juan Cuestas, in accordance with the constitution, assumed the duties of president of the republic. He arranged that hostilities should cease on the conditions that representation of the Blancos was allowed in Congress for certain districts where their votes were known to predominate; that a certain number of the jefes politicos should be nominated from the Blancos; that free pardon be extended to all who had taken part in the revolt; that a sufficient sum in money be advanced to allow the settlement of the expenses contracted by the insurgents; and that the electoral law be reformed on a basis allowing the people to take part freely in e1ctions.
In the Matrai system thin wires are used instead of rods, and are securely fastened to rolled steel joists, which form the beams on which the slabs rest; moreover, the wires instead of being stretched tight from side to side of the slab are allowed to sag as much as the thickness of the concrete will allow.
Thus he allowed the necessity of good works to salvation, but not in the old sense; proposed to allow the seven sacraments, but only as rites which had no inherent efficacy to salvation, and so on.
But as it was deemed inadvisable to allow him to visit the Punjab, he remained for some time as a guest at the residency at Aden, and was allowed to receive some of his relatives to witness his abjuration of Christianity, which actually took place within the residency itself.
The streaks are now handed over to the cutters who cut off the roots, and finally the material is allowed to remain for twelve to twenty-four hours to allow the mixture of oil and water to thoroughly spread over the fibre.Advertisement
His arrival was celebrated by a barbarous massacre of the Latins in Constantinople, which he made no attempt to stop. He allowed Alexius to be crowned, but forced him to consent to the death of all his friends, including his mother, his sister and the Caesar, and refused to allow him the smallest voice in public affairs.
The freight ferry would allow islanders to travel with vehicles weighing far more than those currently allowed.
Would John Prescott allow any elected regional assembly to have the same financial largesse allowed to the Scottish executive?
The more strict dress codes allow very little wiggle room in terms of what is allowed.
Practices are allowed to choose what plans they will offer, so not every doctor or practice will necessarily allow for every plan.Advertisement
If you had not allowed the Trakzor application to run on your account, and you visited the profile of a friend who had enabled Trakzor, you were prompted to allow Trakzor.
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Forest Services; Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry
Exact Creation Date
Jennings, Daniel T.; Donahue, Charlene P.; Maine Forest Service; and Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry, "A Checklist of Maine Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae), 2020" (2020). Forest Service Documents. 269.
Files over 3MB may be slow to open. For best results, right-click and select "Save As"
No Copyright - United States. URI: http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/NoC-US/1.0/
The organization that has made the Item available believes that the Item is in the Public Domain under the laws of the United States, but a determination was not made as to its copyright status under the copyright laws of other countries. The Item may not be in the Public Domain under the laws of other countries. Please refer to the organization that has made the Item available for more information.
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About dolphin therapy center
All over the world, dolphin therapy is an effective, widely used method of treating various diseases in people of all ages. This form of animal-assisted therapy is also effective in rehabilitation of children with various developmental and psycho-emotional disorders. Dolphins are very sensitive and amiable animals. When playing with them, a child establishes special contact helping accelerate development of thinking and the process of mastering new skills; stabilize emotional state; improve coordination of movements; relieve pain in the child’s body.
Nemo Dolphin Therapy Center Theodosia was opened 6 years ago. This is a state-of-the-art institution, where specialists work according to a unique, original methodology with individual approach to every guest based on the specifics of his illness.
Nemo Dolphin Therapy Center is renowned for not only competent specialists and effectiveness of treatment procedures but also for its location right almost on the Black Sea coast: all you have to do is to cross the road, and you will find yourself on the seashore. Next to our center are inexpensive hotels and pensions. If necessary, we always help our guests find the most convenient and comfortable accommodation.
Our center has all conditions for an effective and comfortable treatment. You can take a rehabilitation course with dolphins regardless of weather or season: dolphinarium in Theodosia is open all year round. In wintertime, sessions are held indoors in warm conditions to provide comfort for both children and animals, and in summer, the dolphinarium’s outdoor swimming pool allows you to do your sessions in open air.
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Friday, December 11, 2020 12:21 PM
2020 has been a year like no other in our lifetime and if you’re like a majority of Americans you are probably counting down the days until we raise our glasses and start a new year. With the Coronavirus pandemic ravaging the global economy and wiping out calendars and social gatherings staying in touch with people through technology is becoming even more important. In fact, research shows the average United States adult spends 3 hours and 43 minutes on their mobile devices. That’s roughly 50 days a year! If you spend a lot of time on your smart device, chances are you frequently useapplicationsfor daily tasks, reminders, banking, shopping, organization, photo editing, and even fun.
The Apple App Store has 1.96 million apps available for download. There are 2.87 million apps available for download on the Google Play Store. The average person has over 80 apps installed on their device, and new apps are created almost daily.
Two major factors that drove the eruption of mobile apps are:
- User’s ability to download and use smart apps on their devices
- Luxury of carrying their mobile phones wherever they go
In terms of apps, we have relied so much on them as a society that they are not going anywhere anytime soon, in fact, they will only continue to evolve and grow as times change. Here are some trends to watch for according tobuildfire
1. Internet of Things (IoT) App Integration: Mobile apps can be used to adjust the thermostat in a house from a remote location, lock or unlock a front door, and connect to home security systems. Refrigerators and other household appliances can also be connected to mobile apps.
2. Apps For Foldable Devices: The idea is that an app should seamlessly adjust its display as the screen folds or unfolds. Right now, foldable devices are just a sliver of the overall smartphone market share. But this will change in the coming years. According to a 2019 study by USA Today, 17% of iPhone users and 19% of Android users are excited about buying a phone with a foldable design. According to Statista, roughly 3.2 million foldable phones were shipped in 2019. This forecast is expected to reach 50 million units by 2022.
3. 5G Technology: For developers, resellers, and creators, this technology is poised to change the way apps are used and created. The penetration of 5G will ultimately boost the functionality of mobile apps. This will allow developers to add new features to apps without negatively affecting the app’s performance.
4. Development For Wearable Devices: More mobile apps will be made with wearables in mind. Users will be able to download tens of thousands of apps directly from their wrist.
5. Beacon Technology: The main benefit of beacon technology is proximity marketing. It ultimately improves the customer experience within a mobile app.
6. Mobile Commerce: Mobile ecommerce functionality is a top feature for mobile app resellers to showcase during client pitches. It seems like every day another business is launching an app to drive sales.
7. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Examples of AI features that can be implemented into a mobile app include:
- Image recognition
- Face detection
- Text and image classification
- Sentiment recognition and classification
- Speech recognition
- Predictive maintenance
8. Mobile Wallets:Wallet integration should become a standard feature for every app that processes transactions. Currently, that’s not the case. But the mobile wallet penetration rate in apps will grow significantly in the coming years.
9. Augmented Reality (AR): AR adaption is a top app development trend for content creators. You can use this technology to get creative as Instagram and Snapchat do with face filters.
10. Chatbots: Since chatbots are driven by AI technology, their responses are becoming more human-like. The global chatbot market is growing at 24% each year.
11. Superior App Security: From an app development standpoint, you can’t afford to take any shortcuts when it comes to securing your app. If you’re an app reseller, security needs to be a top priority for your clients as well.
12. Predictive Analytics: By leveraging technology for machine learning, AI, data mining, and modeling, predictive analytics can forecast events using data.
13. On-Demand Mobile Apps: Users spend $57.6 billion per year using on-demand services. These are some examples of how apps can transform the on-demand industry:
- Laundry service
- Doctors on-demand
- Virtual tutors and coaches
- Food delivery
- House cleaning
- Maintenance services
- Fitness on-demand
- Pet care
- Barber and beauty salon
14. Cloud Computing Integration:Cloud storage technology can improve the performance of mobile apps at the user’s end. Apps can store data and carry out complex tasks on the cloud, as opposed to storing information directly on the user’s device.
15. Instant Apps: Users can try the app without installing it. They just need to click on the “try now” button. Instant apps have size restrictions, so it won’t necessarily be a full version of the app. But these limitations could change in the coming years.
As you can see, mobile app development is constantly changing. From simple ideas to the very complex, XAPP Design can design a mobile app that fits the bill. Your app will work on Android and IOS, be available on those app stores, and will have native device functionality. Visit us online today to learn more, don’t forget to follow us on Facebook
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- Making cookies isn't always easy, and a few common mistakes could be messing with your results.
- Sometimes forgetting to chill the dough can cause your cookies to spread too much in the oven.
- Opening the oven door too many times can make it tough for your cookies to bake evenly.
- Visit Insider's homepage for more stories.
Making beautiful and delicious cookies isn't always easy, but knowing a few simple tricks can help you improve your baked goods.
When it comes to butter temperature, listen to your recipe unless you want to experiment with your dough.
Common baking knowledge seems to dictate that you should always use room-temperature butter, but Cowan said there's no "wrong" butter temperature.
"Different temperatures of butter just produce different types of cookies," she told Insider. "There are a lot of recipes out there that specifically call for melted butter and other recipes want the butter to be room temperature."
The only rule here is to pay attention to whatever butter temperature your specific recipe calls for, whether it's cold, room temperature, or softened.
If you're using dark-colored baking sheets, don't forget to adjust your baking time.
Using darker-colored baking sheets isn't a mistake, per se, but it can be if you don't adjust your baking time accordingly.
"Darker baking sheets will make your cookies bake faster," Cowan told Insider. "So you will just need to make small adjustments to your temperature and baking time."
She added, "If using dark baking sheets, I would recommend decreasing your temperature by 25 degrees Fahrenheit and your bake time by four minutes. You can always add a minute or two until they are baked to your liking, but start with less."
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A season is a division of the yearmarked by changes in weather, ecology, and amount of daylight. On Earth, seasons result from Earth’s orbit around the Sun and Earth’s axial tilt relative to the ecliptic plane. In temperate and polar regions, the seasons are marked by changes in the intensity of sunlight that reaches the Earth’s surface, variations of which may cause animals to undergo hibernation or to migrate, and plants to be dormant. Various cultures define the number and nature of seasons based on regional variations.
During May, June, and July, the Northern Hemisphere is exposed to more direct sunlight because the hemisphere faces the Sun. The same is true of the Southern Hemisphere in November, December, and January. It is Earth’s axial tilt that causes the Sun to be higher in the sky during the summer months, which increases the solar flux. However, due to seasonal lag, June, July, and August are the warmest months in the Northern Hemisphere while December, January, and February are the warmest months in the Southern Hemisphere.
In temperate and subpolar regions, four seasons based on the Gregorian calendar are generally recognized; spring, summer, autumn of fall, and winter. The definition of seasons is also cultural. In India from the ancient times, six seasons or Ritu based on south Asian religious or cultural calendars are recognized and identified even today for the purposes such as agriculture and trade.
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Does it make sense to do primary training in a tailwheel airplane?
(September 2011) Rich Stowell has been instructing full time since 1987. He has logged 32,000 spins, 23,000 landings and 8,300 hours of tailwheel time. Stowell was the 2006 FAA National Flight Instructor of the Year and is a seven-time NAFI Master Flight Instructor and charter member of the Society of Aviation and Flight Educators (SAFE). He says:
As airports evolved from rough patches of ground to manicured grass fields to ramrod-straight, hard-surfaced runways, tailskids yielded to tailwheels, which in turn yielded to nosewheels. Yet in spite of the improved stability suggested by our nosewheel-dominated fleet, loss of directional control remains a top factor in landing and takeoff accidents. The advertised stability has apparently made us complacent regarding the art of deft footwork. Could returning to tailwheel basics reconnect pilots to the rudder, thereby reducing loss of directional control accidents?
Let’s perform a simple thought experiment: Consider a flight school owned and operated by twins who are competent flight instructors. They are identical in all respects but one: One twin not only is proficient in “tailwheel techniques,” but also integrates those techniques throughout primary training; the other twin has no tailwheel experience and employs only “standard nosewheel techniques.” Imagine that these instructors are simultaneously teaching identical twin students in Cessna 152s, and that the airplanes are identical except one sports a tailwheel conversion.
Although one of the students learns to fly in the tailwheel 152, both now take their check rides in the nosewheel 152. Does anyone believe that both will demonstrate identical precision in their directional control during taxi, takeoff and landing phases? Does anyone believe that both will be able to perform the same aesthetically pleasing landings with equal consistency under myriad wind conditions? And does anyone believe that the nosewheel student could have simply switched to the tailwheel 152 for the check ride?
A student trained in proper “tailwheel technique” from the outset will possess superior directional control skills and rudder awareness. Additionally, that student will be able to transition more easily to nosewheel- and float-equipped airplanes. The “nosewheel technique” student, however, will have to undergo relearning in order to manage taildraggers and floatplanes.
Learn in a tailwheel airplane, or at least pretend you’re in a tailwheel airplane whenever taxiing, taking off and landing. Makes good sense to me.
Kerry Hackney is vice president and director of training at Platinum Aviation, the largest Cirrus training center in the Cirrus Partner network and one of the first schools appointed by Cirrus Aircraft as a Cirrus Platinum Training Partner. A pilot for 29 years, Hackney is an ATP, a CFI-I, a former Master Flight Instructor and a Cirrus standardized instructor pilot (CSIP). He says:_
The argument is sometimes made that a tailwheel airplane is better for teaching basic stick and rudder skills. These skills can be learned in any aircraft, providing you have a good instructor who emphasizes the basics during the entire learning process. Learning in a tailwheel airplane makes you a better pilot in just that — a tailwheel aircraft.
I believe it makes the most sense to do your primary flight training in the type of airplane you intend to fly once you get your certificate. Many of our customers at Platinum Aviation actually start from zero time in the Cirrus SR22 Turbo and solo in that aircraft.
Our customers are typically learning to fly for a predetermined mission. Many are looking for an alternative to airline travel. Because of this, it is very important for us to teach far beyond the private pilot Practical Test Standards and teach real-world, scenario-based flying. Our customers need a solid foundation, including basic stick and rudder, but far beyond, to call upon once they begin using the aircraft for their personal and business transportation needs.
Conducting primary flight training in an advanced aircraft like the Cirrus, by necessity, emphasizes aircraft systems and the need to know how all of the systems are interconnected. Many times, systems understanding is overlooked by instructors teaching in simpler aircraft. We find that pilots who learn in technologically advanced aircraft, whether they learn at our facility or others, have a greater understanding of their airplanes than those who learn in simpler aircraft types at traditional flight schools.
The bottom line to this question is that things change with time, and so we as instructors must change. Traditional methods of flight instruction must be adapted to meet the needs of today’s flight training customers and the more capable aircraft they intend to fly.
Sure … you can learn in a tailwheel. Maybe you have a passion for flying antique aircraft?
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The KS4/+16 Award is a fully resourced leadership and character education programme for delivery within schools. Based on the concept of running a race the Award focuses on developing core skills for life after school and the work place.
The Short Course costs £19 per pupil + VAT and the Full Course costs £29 + VAT. This includes access to all of the online teaching and learning materials, planning and assessment materials, a certificate on completion for each pupil, a school completion certificate and training and support for participating teachers.
Please contact us about discounts available if you would like to sign up more than 150 pupils.
Delivered one hour a week over two years.
Delivered one hour a week over one year or one hour a fortnight over two years.
Skills Based Activities
Apprentice Style Challenge
Volunteering in the Community
Setting Personal Targets
Key Stage 4 young leaders arranged a whole school event to raise funds for a local charity, Prevent Breast Cancer. Being an all-girl school the young leaders particularly identified with the work of the charity. They arranged for the whole school to take part in a sponsored run hoping to raise £1,000. Each pupil chose to either walk, run or skip a tenth of a marathon around the route the young leaders created. To their surprise the young leaders ended up with a fundraising total of over £5,000!
"I have really enjoyed the Young Leaders Award because it’s taught me a lot of skills that I didn’t have before, like patience and learning to cooperate and understanding other people’s points of view. "
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Monday, January 19 – 1931
James Jackson, captain of Liverpool Football Club, preached in County Road Wesleyan Church, Liverpool, on the relationship of religion and sport, at a footballers’ service.
“I believe my ability to play football is a gift from God,” he said, “and that I shall have to render an account of how I have used my gift. God gave man a brain that he might enjoy the fruits of his intelligence.
“It is false and misleading conscience which excludes from the worship of God music, art and sport. Christ penetrates everything. The way to Him is not by one road, but by many roads.”
“I have heard it remarked,” added Mr. Jackson, “that football is a vehicle of the devil, and that professional footballers are right outside the pale. I have experience of men in the university, in the engineer’s workshop, and at sea, and I believe that the professional footballer is on a higher level than them all.”
The service was attended by members of the Liverpool and Everton football clubs, and members of many amateur teams. It was conducted by Kenneth Campbell, international goalkeeper, the lessons being read by George Stephenson, a football league referee.
(Yorkshire Evening Post, 19-01-1931)
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This may come as a surprise but athleisure wear is aging your skin without you even realizing it. (I’m specifically looking at you, tank tops!) When it comes to how your skin will age, every decision that you make day in and day out matters. There is so much emphasis on skincare products being the cure-all and while they certainly play their part, it’s important not to overlook how much skin you’re showing with your clothing choices.
Athleisure wear is aging your skin and tank tops are the biggest culprit.
For the last few months when I’m at the gym or just being out and about in Austin, I have asked 100 females wearing tank tops this question, “Are you wearing sunscreen on your chest?” Only eight out of 100 said they had applied sunscreen on their chest. This doesn’t come as a surprise to me because I know that people are more focused on protecting the skin on their face than anywhere else on the body. I certainly used to be that way as you can see from the damage on my chest.
When you wear a tank top during outdoor exercise or as part of your daily wardrobe, your chest is front and center for receiving major sunlight being blasted right onto your skin. This occurs regardless of whether it’s 95°F degrees in summer or 75°F in spring or fall. When the skin is exposed, you’re getting it. This sun damage will show up later in life in the form of wrinkles, brown spots, dilated capillaries and crepiness.
“When I asked 100 people wearing tank tops if they had applied sunscreen to their chest, only eight people said yes.”
Pay attention to what areas of the body your clothes reveal.
When I got into my mid-40s, I really noticed the sun damage coming in strong on my chest. Even though it’s a bit late, I made a decision to use clothing as an easy-hassle-free way to protect my skin. I gave up wearing tank tops when I exercise outdoors and I’ll even wear this long-sleeved jacket if I’m taking my dog for a walk. Yes, I could keep wearing tank tops and be really good about sunscreen application, but I choose the easier path by just covering up my chest with clothes. Here is how I apply sunscreen to my face and neck.
It’s easier to protect the skin with clothing than having to fuss with sunscreen application.
In the picture above, you can easily see why athleisure wear is aging your skin.
- Pic on left: This is what I no longer wear when outdoors. As you can see, the skin on the chest (and arms) is not protected at all.
- Middle pic: In the hot Austin summers, this is what I usually wear—a shirt on backward. Yes, backward. By turning it around, the back side of the shirt gets raised a bit higher up giving my chest more of a cover-up. I’ll then apply sunscreen to my arms and hands. My very favorite sunscreen for my face is Weightless Protection SPF 30.
- Pic on right: While I wish I could wear this shirt year round, the material is too thick and isn’t ideal for intensive workouts. I reserve this for when it’s below 65°F such as in winter. However, as you can see, it covers my hands which is awesome. I consider this shirt to be a one-stop shop for covering everything from the neck to the waist.
Note: The tops I’m wearing are not officially SPF-approved. Meaning, there are brands that specifically focus on blocking out all sunlight by using thick and opaque materials. However, they aren’t ideal for sweating because they don’t breathe well. What I’m wearing is still doing the job—especially because the material is not sheer and see-through.
Every skin decision you make adds up over the course of a lifetime.
I can assure you, no one has ever said, “I wish I protected my skin less when I was younger.” Preventing skin damage is so much easier and less expensive than trying to get rid of it once it appears. If you’re in your teens reading this and you start paying attention to what you wear, you will be so ahead of the game later on. If you’re like me and in your 40s and beyond, no worries, I have tips to repair sun damage on the neck and chest.
I hope this post, like all of my posts, gives you some new information to think about in your quest for the best skin of your life. Want to learn more about skin? Read 10 skincare rules I swear by. Are you someone who exercises regularly? Read how to care for your skin when working out.
Celebrity Esthetician & Skincare Expert
As an esthetician trained in cosmetic chemistry, Renée Rouleau has spent 30 years researching skin, educating her audience, and building an award-winning line of products. Her hands-on experience as an esthetician and trusted skin care expert has created a real-world solution — products that are formulated for nine different types of skin so your face will get exactly what it needs to look and feel its best. Trusted by celebrities, editors, bloggers, and skincare obsessives around the globe, her vast real-world knowledge and constant research are why Marie Claire calls her “the most passionate skin practitioner we know.”
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PAIN Problems and
What is Foot Pain?
From injuries to inflammation, several different types of damage and malfunctions can lead to foot problems.
What Causes Foot Pain?
Foot pain is often caused by improper foot function. Poorly fitting shoes can worsen and, in some cases, cause foot problems. Shoes that fit properly and give good support can prevent irritation to the foot joints and skin. There are many types of foot problems that affect the heels, toes, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints of the foot.
What are the symptoms of Foot Pain ?
Symptoms of foot pain are numbness, tingling, and pain in the feet. This can contribute to a greater risk of a person experiencing cuts or injuries to the feet due to lack of feeling.
A person should keep their feet clean and dry, and dry them with a separate towel. Antifungal treatments are available in most drugstores as sprays, powders, or lotions to apply to the feet.
If the fungus is spreading or worsening after treatment, a person should see their doctor who can prescribe oral antifungal medicines for the condition.
When Should I Seek Professional Help?
Plantar Fasciitis Fact Sheet
There Are Three Main Categories Of Pain:
Lasts for a short time and occurs following surgery or trauma or other condition. It acts as a warning to the body to seek help. Although it usually improves as the body heals, in some cases, it may not.
Lasts beyond the time expected for healing following surgery, trauma or other condition. It can also exist without a clear reason at all. Although chronic pain can be a symptom of other disease, it can also be a disease in its own right, characterised by changes within the central nervous system.
Can occur in patients with early stage and advanced disease, and in cancer survivors as a severe and debilitating side-effect of treatment.
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Maybe you’re on Spring Break (or some other vacation/holiday) and it’s prime time to be in the water. Or, maybe, it’s the off-season and you still have to train. Either way, you decided to get a new ear piercing (or a few).
Now you’re wondering, how long after getting my ears pierced before I can swim? According to the National Health Service (NHS) based in England, one should ideally wait until the piercing site is fully healed which is expected from 6 to 8 weeks. However, they further state a minimum of 24 hours in the event that one cannot wait for full healing. Allowing the piercing site time to properly and fully heal, or at a minimum keeping the site dry, is important to reduce the risk of infection.
This will hold true regardless of the body of water- pool, hot tub, lake, ocean, any body of water- as there is a risk of bacteria and germs in any type of water that you would swim in. (Source)
- Can You Get Ears Wet After Piercing?
- What Happens if You Go Swimming with A New Piercing?
- Can I Swim in The Ocean with A New Piercing?
- Can You Swim in A Pool After Getting Your Ears Pierced?
- Is Chlorine Bad for A New Piercing?
- How Long Does It Take for Ears to Heal After Piercing?
- How Do I Know when My Ear Piercing Is Healed?
Can You Get Ears Wet After Piercing?
Now that you know you should wait until your piercing site(s) has(have) healed before swimming you may be wondering if, in general, you can get your ears wet immediately after getting them pierced? The answer here is Yes and No.
Getting your ears/piercing site(s) wet while showering is ok and, in fact, can help to cleanse them. So, the answer in this instance is Yes- you can get them wet when showering/bathing.
Now when it comes to pools, oceans, lakes, hot tubs, or any other body of water, it is not doctor recommended due to the risk of infection(s). So, in this instance, No- you do not want to get them wet after piercing.
Though it is not recommended by doctors to get one’s ears/ear piercing site(s) wet due to swimming, it is possible to be able to swim sooner versus later after getting your ears pierced. First, it is recommended to wait at least 48-72 hours (if not a full 1-2 weeks) before getting in the water to swim after getting your ear(s) pierced.
Second, use precautions when swimming. Keep ears/piercing site(s) dry with a wound sealing bandage(s). Be sure to cover the entire piercing site completely. Additionally, you can use a swim cap to cover your ears/piercing site(s). These precautions should keep your ears/piercing site(s) dry (or at least significantly reduce how much water gets on/in them)
Lastly, you will want to take aftercare practices. Cleanse your ears/piercing site with a saline solution or warm water and mild soap. Once you have cleansed and rinsed them, pat them dry.
What Happens if You Go Swimming with A New Piercing?
If you are not able to wait the full healing time of 6 to 8 weeks, you might be wondering what exactly will happen if I go swimming with a new piercing? When you go swimming before your ears/piercing site(s) are/is fully healed, you increase your risk of infection.
Though it is best to allow your ears/piercing site(s) time to heal, if you must go swimming within 48-72 hours of getting your piercing(s), you will want to at least take the precautions previously mentioned before taking to the water. (Source A) (Source B)
Can I Swim in The Ocean with A New Piercing?
While we have mentioned that you can get your ears/piercing site(s) wet from the shower and that you want to avoid any other body of water while they are healing, you may still be wondering if you can swim in the ocean with a new piercing?
It is recommended to avoid swimming in the ocean with a new piercing. While it is best practice to wait for full healing (6-8 weeks), it is recommended to wait at least 1 to 2 weeks. And, if you are still not able to wait that long, then, a minimum of 48-72 hours.
This recommendation stems from the fact that there are many different bacteria in ocean water(s) that can cause infections. (Source)
Can You Swim in A Pool After Getting Your Ears Pierced?
In addition to wondering about swimming in the ocean after ear piercing, you may be wondering if you can swim in a pool after getting your ears pierced. Same as with oceans, it is not recommended.
As with swimming in the ocean after getting your ear(s) pierced, it is recommended to wait the full healing time of 6-8 weeks. However, if you are not able to wait that long it is recommended to avoid pools for at least 1-2 weeks. Still, if 1-2 weeks is too long, the bare minimum is 48-72 hours.
This recommendation stems from the fact that Chlorine does not kill germs right away. In fact, germs and bacteria can survive days in Chlorine. This may be in part because in order for Chlorine to be effective the pH has to be at (and maintained at) a specific level. So, much like the ocean(s), pools can also harbor bacteria that can cause infection(s). (Source)
Is Chlorine Bad for A New Piercing?
Due to the fact that chlorine can be a breeding ground for bacteria and potentially be an irritant, it is not advised to use chlorine for a new piercing. It is not likely to be deadly by any means, but certainly, something to be avoided while your piercing is healing if possible.
As it was previously mentioned, the pH of a pool must be maintained at a certain level in order for Chlorine to be effective. Also, even when it is effective, Chlorine does not kill germs/bacteria right away. This means pools/chlorinated water is not as sanitary as you may have thought and can potentially be a cause of infection(s).
Chlorine is a bit of an abrasive chemical/element and can cause irritation of the skin (and airway). (Source)
How Long Does It Take for Ears to Heal After Piercing?
We have covered whether or not you can swim after getting your ears pierced and established that it is best to wait until they have fully healed (if and when possible). So, you’re probably wondering how long does it take for ears to heal after piercing? Per the NHS it takes 6-8 weeks for them to heal – this is whether it is the lobe or the helix that is pierced.
This is why, if you absolutely must return to swimming before your ears have fully healed (6-8 weeks) after getting them pierced, you will want to take precautions such as completely covering the piercing site with a wound sealing bandage and wearing a swim cap that will cover the bandaged piercing site(s). You will also want to follow the aftercare steps of cleansing them and patting them dry. (Source A) (Source B) (Source C)
How Do I Know when My Ear Piercing Is Healed?
Indications that the piercing site(s) has(have) healed included no redness, no swelling, no tenderness, the tissue feels normal, and the natural healing discharge (a.k.a. crust/”dried goo”) has subsided.
On the other hand, if you are experiencing one or more of these signs/symptoms, you will want to continue to hold off on entering the water and/or taking part in any swimming activities. If the signs/symptoms have progressively gotten worse or it is after the 6-8 week healing window, you may want to seek advice from your piercer and/or a medical professional.
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The aim of the educational program “Schools Protect the Climate” is to sensitize the whole school community about the issue of climate change and the necessity of energy saving. Teachers and students will study the issue of climate change and energy transition, and will develop practices for energy saving at the school building. Moreover, the school community is expected to become aware and to change behaviour concerning energy consumption as to ultimately decrease the ecological footprint of the school. At the same time, the program aims at activating the municipalities to take action for upgrading the energy efficiency of the school buildings and thus save resources.
The program is implemented in the school years 2019/202 and 2020/21 in 14 pilot schools, primary and secondary, in the area of Thessaloniki/Greece by the following project partners:
- Environmental Education Centre of Eleftherio Kordelio & Vertiskos
- ANTIGONE - Information and Documentation Center on Racism, Ecology, Peace and Non Violence
- Heinrich Böll Stiftung, Thessaloniki Office, Greece
and the participation of the Environmental Education Officers of Primary and Secondary Education Directorates of Thessaloniki.
The program “Schools protect the Climate” is based on the methodology developed for the program "Schools open on climate protection and energy savings", which was implemented in 73 Schools in Athens (Greece) during the period 2017-2019. www.athensecoschools.gr
The methodology consists of the following 10 steps:
- Step 1 Creation of Energy Team consisted of students
- Step 2 Creation of the Energy Board consisted of teachers, students, parents, employees at the municipality etc.
- Step 3 Implementation of an energy tour by the Energy Board around the school building recording the energy profile of the school
- Step 4 Studying the issue of energy production and consumption in context of climate change
- Step 5 Implementation of an energy tour by the Energy Team around the school building and recording of the energy profile of the school
- Step 6 Analysis of the data collected during the energy tour performed by the Energy Team and writing of an Eco-Code including behavior rules for the school community
- Step 7 Campaigning for the implementation of the Eco-Code by the school community
- Step 8 Observing and measuring the energy consumption in school, activities for raising awareness of the local community about the issues of climate change and energy consumption
- Step 9 Elaborating proposals for improving school building infrastructure in order to improve its energy efficiency
- Step 10 Evaluation and public event for presenting the school activities during the program
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Chandra Manning’s What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War has won the Organization of American Historian’s Avery O. Craven Award. The book is now out in paperback.
Congratulations to Chandra Manning
Searching for Black Confederates: The Civil War’s Most Persistent Myth
“Levin’s study is the first of its kind to blueprint and then debunk the mythology of enslaved African Americans who allegedly served voluntarily in behalf of the Confederacy.”–Journal of Southern History
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Imagine: A truck driver gets a signal on his dash, warning him that a car ahead that he cannot see has slammed on the brakes.
Or that he's going too fast for the curve ahead.
Or that there's a car speeding toward the upcoming intersection that will not be able to stop before the light changes.
The heads-up gives the driver an invaluable sliver of time to back off the throttle and prepare for what's coming.
Experts say these warnings can provide a quantum leap in highway safety.
They would be provided through wireless connections between vehicles, as well as between vehicles and the highway and related infrastructure. The U.S. Department of Transportation estimates that vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications, as they're called, can reduce non-impaired heavy truck crashes by more than 70%.<!break>
The safety benefit is huge, on par with safety belts, air bags and stability control, says Scott Belcher, president and CEO of ITS America.
There are over 900,000 rear-end crashes a year. That's $ 15 billion in economic loss. If you can prevent those crashes, that technology is really valuable.
A decade of research
Federal, state and private partners have been researching and testing the science for the past decade. They aim to make decisions by the end of next year for cars and by 2014 for trucks.
It is possible the research could lead to recommendations for equipment regulations by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, although it is too soon to know for sure.
The technology is based on dedicated short-range communications that broadcast in the 5.9-gigahertz band. The Federal Communications Commission set this frequency aside for safety applications following a petition from ITS America, Belcher says.
There's a lot of potential, says Sean Saunders, director of safety for Con-way Freight, which has eight trucks in a pilot test in Michigan.
Saunders says the trucks are being fitted with devices that will broadcast and receive messages on emergency braking, front collision risks and curve speeds. Another fleet, Sysco, has eight more trucks in the pilot.
The trucks will be part of a fleet of some 3,000 vehicles that will test wireless communications on the road over the next year. The test will be on highways around Ann Arbor, Mich. It is organized by the DOT and run by the University of Michigan's Transportation Research Institute.
Other testing in the works
The UMTRI pilot is the cutting edge of wireless technology, but it is just one of several ongoing tests that could make a big difference to the trucking business.
The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration is working on a Smart Roadside Initiative, or SRI, that will use the 5.9-GHz spectrum for wireless roadside inspections, truck and driver identification, electronic screening, credential checks and parking availability.
The basic research is done, and the agency is moving on to develop a prototype design that will be tested in the field starting next year, an agency spokesman says. Implementation still is a ways off.
The SRI effort will include a field operational test of Wireless Roadside Inspection starting in 2014. The test will take place in five states with 10 commercial fleets and up to 1,000 trucks.
One public-private partnership, HELP Inc., already is testing a 5.9-GHz communications system that will expand its portfolio of wireless roadside services.
HELP, best known for its PrePass weigh station clearance system, has begun a pilot project along I-70 through Indiana, Ohio and Illinois that adds driver and credentialing information to its usual weigh-in-motion and pre-clearance data.
Obstacles and risks
The architects of the new communications systems have committed to the standard because it can carry a lot of data very quickly and securely.
The effective range of the signal for vehicle-to-vehicle communications is about 300 meters, says Steve Sprouff-ske, manager of ITS Solutions for Kapsch. Kapsch, based in Austria, is a provider of intelligent transportation systems in Europe and the U.S.
But there are questions that will have to be answered before the vision of connected highways can be achieved.
A big one is the status of the 5.9-GHz spectrum itself. The qualities that make it attractive for highway safety also make it attractive to other interests, and the FCC has been under pressure to see if it can be used for other purposes as well.
Last year, ITS America had to step in to fix a legislative proposal that could have led to sharing the spectrum even if it was determined that sharing the spectrum was not safe. ITS America won language that says the official study of the issue must look at whether or not the spectrum can be safely shared.
The study, to be done by DOT and the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, is due to be completed by the end of next year, about the same time NHTSA starts to look at possible regulations.
If there's any possibility that sharing will put the connected vehicle program at risk, I think you'll see a very active engagement by the U.S. government, Belcher says. One crash because of interference by another user is huge and can put the entire program at risk.
Trucking interests have expressed concern that DOT may be pressing too quickly for 5.9-GHz standards out of fear that the spectrum could be co-opted if it's not used, but Belcher is confident the spectrum will continue to be available for highway safety.
The only question is whether or not it will be shared, and it will only be shared if it is safe to do so, he says.
Kapsch's Sprouffske counsels patience.
5.9 is being developed for safety-critical applications, he says. It takes longer to develop the killer apps in that field. We need a little patience because we don't want to have half-baked collision avoidance systems.
In any event, Belcher adds, NHTSA is not bound to commence rulemaking in 2013 and 2014. The agency may decide it needs to do more research. NHTSA can take as much time as it wants.
What's the business model?
Another big hurdle and this one looms large for trucking is development of a business model for this technology.
Dan Murray, vice president of research for the American Transportation Research Institute, the research arm of American Trucking Associations, says he's a big fan of wireless technology but still has concerns.
ATRI is deeply involved in research in the field, reflecting the interests of carriers that are early adopters of cutting-edge safety technology, but the industry has to keep a close eye on costs as well as benefits, he says.
He is worried, for instance, that if NHTSA gets into a 5.9-GHz regulatory mandate, carriers might have to add a new device or replace existing wireless devices that have already proven effective.
ITS Americas Belcher acknowledges that the cost-benefit concern is real. It is not yet clear what the costs of the vehicle-to-vehicle or vehicle-to-infrastructure systems would be, he says.
The cost of the 5.9-GHz transponders in the vehicles is straightforward, but a complete system will require an additional communications system whose expense is not well understood yet.
It may be that vehicles in the system will need satellite links to a back office to make sure the data moving between vehicles is secure. Researchers are still trying to figure that one out, Belcher says.
The cost and who pays that's one of the big issues that we're wrestling with, he says.
Other concerns are protecting the privacy of users and ensuring that the system is secure. Researchers have efforts under way to address those issues.
But the vision of a system by which vehicles can warn each other of impending risks is compelling.
Trucking interests have long stressed that many, if not most, crashes between cars and trucks are initiated when the driver of the car makes a mistake.
A technology that gives both drivers a heads-up might go a long way toward making roadways safer for everyone.
From the December issue of HDT magazine.
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It’s not difficult to grasp the allure of “chlorophyll water,” the internet’s newest wellness obsession. On top of the Instagram-worthy swirl of green that chlorophyll drops — which can retail for up to $40 per 2-ounce bottle — create, they’ve been touted as a cure for everything from acne and obesity to cancer and body odor. Intended to be mixed into water and consumed once a day, the drops are primarily made up of chlorophyllin, a synthetic version of chlorophyll, which is the green pigment that gives vegetables their rich color.
The spike in fandom is far from the first time chlorophyll has been propped up as a silver bullet. In the 1950s, It gained popularity from a noncontrolled study that suggested it reduced both body odor and infection in an Army hospital, according to the New York Times. Other studies, which have not been replicated since, suggested that it may cure cancer. The “lore of chlorophyll” quickly grew and companies began inserting it into a variety of products, including “toothpaste, mouthwash, dog food and … cigarettes.”
Today, the claims aren’t much different. On TikTok, the hashtag #chlorophyllwater has earned more than 115 million views, with videos of influencers recording the miraculous disappearance of stubborn acne, a stomach that’s flattened in a matter of days, or boasting about an improvement in mood and energy. As humans, our desire for a simple, universal remedy is nothing new, but experts tell Yahoo Life that this trend, like the many before it, is mostly wishful thinking.
Claudia Del Vecchio, nutrition educator with Keck Medicine of USC, says that while it’s true that a diet with lots of vegetables can help with many health conditions, there’s no clinical research showing that isolating chlorophyll achieves these same results. “It’s kind of taken out of context,” she says. “We do know that plant foods have antioxidants and all kinds of nutrients that support healing and health and prevention, so we want everyone to include more plants in their diet.”
But the bright green beverage, she says, isn’t necessarily a substitute for a well-balanced diet. “To just sit there and say that we’re going to just extract the chlorophyll and make it this miracle cure … they’re just focusing on one aspect of it and making it the cure-all,” Del Vecchio tells Yahoo Life. “[Chlorophyll] does help in a lot of areas, but that’s because it’s part of a plant.”
Video: Debunking the chlorophyll water fad
Dr. Uma Naidoo, a Harvard-trained nutritional psychiatrist, professional chef, nutrition specialist and author of the bestselling book This is Your Brain on Food, agrees. “In nutritional psychiatry, I feel strongly that eating healthy, whole foods is the key to your mental fitness and physical well-being,” says Naidoo. “I feel that food fads and diet wars confuse people even more about nutrition.”
She says that chlorophyll has been tested for certain medical conditions, but importantly, not on humans. “The scientific evidence that we have so far tells us that chlorophylls do have incredible antioxidant properties. … These effects are all associated with improved overall health, which can include the symptoms that we see in these claims; however, such properties were found through in vitro studies, meaning that they were performed in a lab with microorganisms, cells or molecules outside their normal biological context,” says Naidoo. “Clinical trials, or those performed in humans, from which we draw the strongest scientific evidence, have not been performed to test these claims.”
And what about the dermatological claims? Probably too good to be true, says Dr. Rachel Nazarian of Schweiger Dermatology Group in New York City. “There’s no real evidence to suggest drinking [chlorophyll] can make any difference [with acne],” Nazarian tells Yahoo Life. She adds that topicals containing chlorophyll “have been shown to be useful” in treating acne caused by inflammation (versus acne caused by bacteria), through brands like Bio Clarity, but those require actually putting the topical on the skin.
Similarly, she’s not sold on the idea that the drops can reduce or even eliminate body odor. “There’s little to no evidence that suggests this would be true,” Nazarian says. “Technically our gut flora is related to our skin surface flora of bacteria, which is ultimately what determines our body odor (skin bacteria mixing with sweat), but the evidence is lacking in this area.”
While she’s not worried about safety for the many disciples of #chlorophyllwater, she also says there’s an easier option. “I don’t have any real concerns with this trend, other than wasting people’s time and money,” she says. “[But] remember, chlorophyll is found ubiquitously in most things green, so if people want to eat a leaf-heavy diet, more power to them.”
All three experts stressed that those still interested in incorporating the drops into their diet should first consult a medical professional. “A good rule of thumb is that anyone interested in trying new nutrition or medical trends promoted through social media influencers ought to always consult their own doctor first to ensure its safety,” says Naidoo.
So before you start turning your water green or subbing out vegetables for a $40 tincture of green liquid, try checking in with your doctor. Or, better yet, just each some spinach.
Read more from Yahoo Life:
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LITHUANIAN QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Volume 34, No. 3 - Fall 1988
Editor of this issue: Antanas Dundzila
Copyright © 1988 LITUANUS Foundation, Inc.
LITHUANIAN RESISTANCE TO FOREIGN OCCUPATION 1940-1952
DANIEL J. KASZETA
Introduction and Background
Since June 1940, the nation of Lithuania has been illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. With the exception of a brief occupation by Hitler's Reich, Lithuania has remained under oppressive Soviet rule. The people of Lithuania did not meekly accept their fate. The ensuing political and military resistance movement was of significant magnitude in recent history. Students of history and political science forget or never learn of the efforts made by the Lithuanian people or those of the Ukrainians and other nationalities. The standard history texts will not talk of the resistance or will mention the resistance in a brief footnote at best. The forgotten and ignored resistance was of great political and military significance.
On February 16, 1918, in the wake of the Russian revolution, the independence of the Republic of Lithuania was proclaimed. After brief conflicts with the Soviet Union and Poland, the sovereignty of Lithuania was restored. In the following years, the new republic was recognized by most of the world's nations, including the United States and the Soviet Union. Throughout the twenties and thirties, the country prospered, while the economy grew. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Lithuania remained neutral. The independence of the Baltic states was in its last year, however. On August 23,1939, the Non-Aggression Pact between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union was secretly signed by Ribbentrop (for Hitler) and Molotov (for Stalin). One of the clauses of this clandestine agreement placed the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) in a Soviet sphere of influence. On October 10, 1939, Stalin's government coerced the Lithuanian government of President Antanas Smetona to sign a "Mutual Assistance Treaty" which provided for Soviet garrisons in Lithuania and a Soviet guarantee of Lithuania's sovereignty. On June 15, 1940, in violation of several treaties and international law, the Soviet Union occupied Lithuania after issuing an ultimatum. Throughout the initial Soviet occupation (1940-41), the Nazi occupation (1941-44), and the second Soviet occupation (1944 to the present)1, the fiercely independent and nationalistic Lithuanians fought to resist the invaders, both German and Soviet. Although faced by overwhelming opposition, the Lithuanians actively resisted the occupation of their nation, showing that aggression was not accepted without a heavy price in blood.
The First Soviet Occupation
After June 15, 1940, various political events occurred in Lithuania and the other Baltic republics. President Smetona and some of the members of the legal government fled Lithuania. In their wake, the Soviet occupying forces set up a puppet government. Through a rigged election, wherein non-communist candidates were intimidated, arrested, or silenced, the newly formed "People's Diet" was dominated by the Communist Party. The Diet "asked" that the Lithuanian Republic be disbanded and that the Soviet Union annex Lithuania. On August 3, 1940, the Soviet Union formally annexed the Lithuanian nation.
The month of August brought the full force of Stalin's secret police apparatus to bear in Lithuania. Lithuanian law was abolished and replaced by Soviet justice. One of the first acts of the NKVD (Stalin's secret police) was to persecute the remnants of the Republic's government and suppress the Roman Catholic Church. (Lithuania was, and still is, 90 percent Roman Catholic.) During 1940 and 1941,19 members of the Lithuanian cabinet, 14 ranking members of the leading National party, and 9 leaders of other political parties were deported.2 Churches and synagogues were confiscated. All of the monasteries were closed. Of four seminaries, only the one located at Kaunas remained open, although it was soon converted into an army barracks. The religious press was silenced and wide scale destruction of religious books occurred. On January 21, 1941, all members of the clergy were prohibited from receiving salaries and were forced to pay special taxes. During the first year of occupation, 15 priests were executed for conducting religious services. All of these instances of oppression are merely examples; the full extent of religious suppression was far greater.3 Clearly, the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion, written in the Soviet constitution, did not apply to the Lithuanians.
Soviet oppression was not limited to the Church and former government officials. All privately owned land larger than 30 hectares was declared to be state property. About 385,000 hectares (more than 800,000 acres) were confiscated, without compensation, from 27,000 landowners.4 Kolkhozes (collective farms) and Sovkhozes (state farms) were planned. In the cities, all banks, industries, and businesses were nationalized, again without compensation. By the spring of 1941, the Lithuanian Litas, the unit of currency, was banned. Any bank deposits worth more than 1,000 rubles were impounded by the occupiers. The Lithuanian economy was mauled and agriculture disintegrated. The economy had been sovietized.
This was not the full extent of the Soviet terror apparatus. The Lithuanian armed forces, although 20- to 30,000 in number, were dismembered and neutralized. The armed forces were incorporated into the Red Army, purged repeatedly, and staffed by Russian commissars.
The final, and most devastating step of the terror were the deportations that occurred in June 1941. The NKVD realized that certain groups might pose a threat/in theory or in reality, to the communization and russification of Lithuania. A list of 23 different groups were considered a threat to the occupation:
1. Former members of legislative bodies and prominent members of political parties
2. Army officers from the Russian Civil War (1917-1921)
3. Prosecutors, judges, and attorneys
4. Government and municipal officials
5. Policemen and prison officials
6. Members of the National Guard
8. Border and prison guards
9. Active members of the press
10. Active members of the farmers' union
11. Business owners
12. Large real estate owners
13. Ship owners
15. Hoteliers and restaurateurs
16. Members of any organization considered to be right wing
17. Members of the White Guard
18. Members of anti-communist organizations
19. Relatives of any person abroad
20. Families against whom reprisals had been taken during the Soviet regime
21. Active members in labor unions
22. Persons with anti-communist relatives abroad
23. Clergymen and active members of religious organizations.5
Under article 58 in the Soviet penal code, any relative or associate of a person charged with a political crime could be found guilty of that crime. Given these provisions, nearly the entire population of Lithuania was liable to be prosecuted, deported, tortured, or executed at the whim of the NKVD. From June 14 to June 21, 1941, the first wave of Soviet deportations occurred. In one week, 30,425 deportees in 871 freight cars were sent to various remote regions of the Soviet Union.6 According to Joseph Vizulis and the Estonian Information Center, at least 7,777 children under 18 were included in this deportation.7 It is an accepted estimate that approximately 75,000 Lithuanians were executed, imprisoned, deported, placed in internal exile, or simply disappeared during 1940-41. Given the population of Lithuania (more than 3 million in 1939), this number is more than two percent of the entire population.
Despite the intent of the Soviet occupation forces, the policies of the Soviet government did not stifle dissent. From the beginning of the occupation, Lithuanian patriots planned resistance. Although the Soviets sought out and removed potential troublemakers, any attempt to resist the universally unpopular Soviets had overwhelming public support. In the days immediately following the occupation, both passive and armed resistance groups began to covertly organize as early as August of 1940. Although much information is lacking, acts of passive resistance in outright defiance of the Soviet government occurred. In the puppet elections for the "People's Diet", only 15 percent of the eligible voters cast ballots. Hundreds of ballots were cast for a cartoon character. Political rallies and parades were sparsely attended. Portraits of Lenin and Stalin were stolen from public places. The concert of the Red Army Chorus was disrupted by crowds singing patriotic songs. High schools and colleges became sources of sedition. National flags appeared out of nowhere. In response, the Soviet government rounded up many activists.
On October 9, 1940, a coordinated resistance group, calling itself the Lithuanian Activist Front (Hereafter referred to as the LAP) was formed in Kaunas. The leader and one of the founders of this organization was Colonel Kazys Škirpa, the Republic of Lithuania's Minister-Plenipotentiary to Berlin, who had remained in exile after June 1940. The LAP was organized with its leadership under Co. Škirpa in Berlin, two centers (in the Lithuanian cities of Vilnius and Kaunas), and hundreds of three man "cells" across the country. The eventual goal of the LAP was to incite a revolt when the leadership determined that the conditions were right. Arms were stockpiled and plans were made. The NKVD was alarmed by the fact that the highly compartmented LAP could not be seriously compromised. The LAP began to serve as a unified resistance command, absorbing such resistance groups as the Iron Wolf and the Lithuanian Freedom Army, of later fame. According to Vardys, the LAP grew to a strength of 36,000 members, a very significant underground movement.8
The 1941 Revolt and Declaration of Independence
On June 22, 1941, Hitler's Germany invaded the Soviet Union. As the panzers rolled over the routed Red Army, news of the invasion spread like fire across Lithuania. In a matter of hours, the LAP went into action in Kaunas. By noon on the 23rd, the telegraph and telephone center, the central post office, police headquarters, arsenals, and the radio station in the city of Kaunas were controlled by LAP members. In a dramatic radio broadcast, the LAP announced the formation of a Lithuanian Provisional Government. The revolt spread throughout the country. Many of the major cities were liberated by LAP members. The retreating Red Army was harassed. For a few brief weeks, the Lithuanians believed that their republic has been restored. The German army arrived in Lithuania to find a functioning government; the Germans did not fire a shot to take the city of Kaunas.
The joy of the Lithuanian people was dampened, however. Out of the estimated 100,000 persons participating in the revolt, 2,000 had died. The retreating Soviets paused only to massacre political prisoners and others who simply got in the way of the Soviet retreat. For example, in the Rainiai forest, 76 high school students and Boy Scouts were brutally tortured, murdered, and mutilated.9
German Occupation — 1941 to 1944
Nazi Germany soon became the Soviet Union's heir. The Lithuanian Provisional Government was disbanded. Under the leadership of Reichkommisar Heinrich Lohse, the German government formed an administrative region known as Ostland, which was composed of the three Baltic states and Byelorussia. Adrian von Renteln was appointed as the General Commissioner for Lithuania. The German administration maintained the land and business policies of the Soviets. Although the civil administration of occupied Lithuania was quite unpopular, other Nazi policies provoked overt discontent. One such policy was the "recruitment" of Lithuanian men for forced labor throughout the Reich. In the spring of 1942, Lithuanian trustees in the occupational government were ordered to mobilize 100,000 Lithuanians for labor in Germany. Only five percent of the quota was filled, and Gestapo agents and SS troopers resorted to wholesale abduction of Lithuanian youths in order to fill their quotas. The Gestapo also persecuted Lithuanians considered to be threats to the occupation. Thousands were jailed or executed. The LAP was suppressed and many of its leaders were jailed. Finally, any study of Lithuania during this era must include the Nazi Party's systematic destruction of the Jews. During the Second World War, at least 200,000 Lithuanian citizens of Jewish origin were deported or killed. The nature of the Nazi occupation was little different from the Soviet occupation. Resistance was inspired by the acts of the Nazi occupier. The Lithuanians resisted the Nazi overlords as well.
Organized resistance was incoherent at first, since the leadership of the LAP had been disrupted. Small political and guerilla resistance groups slowly formed, often without concrete leadership or organization. In time, a number of resistance groups grew in strength and effectiveness. The Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters (known by its Lithuanian initials LLKS) and the Lithuanian Front (a Catholic activist group) were formed in 1941. In 1942, the Lithuanian Unity Movement (a youth movement) and the Lithuanian Freedom Army (a purely military/guerilla group) were organized. Finally, the Lithuanian Nationalist party, which had partially cooperated with the Nazi administration, joined the ranks of the underground after the Germans silenced the party. These groups, and others, waged a war against the occupiers in many different forms. However, military resistance was avoided, since such efforts would militarily aid the Red Army.
An important facet of resistance was opposition by members of the local governments in Lithuania. After the German invasion, the Reichkommisar established the Council-General, an office composed of Lithuanians to assist with the administration of Lithuania. While pretending to be collaborators, many members of this puppet government covertly contributed to the resistance movement in various ways. For example, Dr. Germantas-Meškauskas, the Councillor-General for Education, worked incessantly to preserve Lithuanian culture and educational institutions from nazification. Dr. Germantas-Meškauskas was deported to the Stutthof concentration camp after two years of covert resistance, where he died.10 As a result of their resistance, five of the nine members of the Council-General ended their lives at the Stutthof concentration camp. Another aspect of this sort of resistance was the recalcitrance of the Lithuanian police. Because of manpower shortages, the Germans were forced to use Lithuanians as policemen. As well as conventional police duties, the Gestapo attempted to use Lithuanian police for political oppression. Unfortunately for the Gestapo, many policemen cooperated with the resistance by disposing of evidence, protecting resistance agents, and providing advance notice of Gestapo and police raids and searches. Through the efforts of Lithuanian policemen, the resistance at times was protected from the Gestapo.
An extremely important part of the Lithuanian resistance to the Nazi occupation was the proliferation of an extensive underground press. The first manifestation of clandestine publications was the distribution of pro memoria, brief bulletins of news and resistance literature. Because few Lithuanians received accurate news from official sources, underground literature soon became very popular. Soon, full newspapers, printed with great difficulty and under adverse conditions, appeared. Many of the underground factions, both violent and non-violent, issued publications. The LLKS mimeographed the newspaper Laisvės Kovotojas (Freedom Fighter), which had a circulation of 20,000 and the papers "Word of Freedom" and Apžvalga The Lithuanian Front published its own newspapers as well: / Laisvę (Toward Freedom), Lietuvių Biuletenis (Lithuanian Bulletin), Vardan Tiesos (In the Name of Truth), and Lietuvos Judas (a compilation of Lithuanian collaborators). The Lithuanian Unity Movement published Atžalynas (The Sapling). The Lithuanian Freedom Army (LFA) published regular bulletins. A number of other publications, including the influential Nepriklausoma Lietuva (Independent Lithuania, published by the Populist Party) were distributed across the country. Although fiercely combated by the Gestapo, the publishers and distributors of these clandestine journals accomplished several important goals of the resistance. The Lithuanian press served to unite the people against the oppressor, to provide communication from the resistance leadership to the people, to warn the populace of the policies of the occupier, and to provide uncensored news from abroad. The Lithuanian underground media accomplished these goals, despite constant disruption by the Nazi authorities.11
Another facet of the German occupation were the continuing attempts by the authorities to mobilize Lithuanian manpower to further the Nazi war effort. The German losses on the Russian front in 1942 and 1943, as well as the withdrawal of the Italian, Hungarian, and Rumanian armies left the German military with an acute shortage of troops in the East. In the eyes of many German leaders, the Baltic Republics could provide a satisfactory solution to the manpower problem. E. J. Harrison, the former British Vice-Consul in Lithuania, summarizes the German view of Lithuania's military utility.
In some ways such a force (troops from the Baltic states) would perhaps prove to be even more valuable than the withdrawn Italian, Hungarian, Rumanian units; they had a better knowledge of Russian and the Russians; they inveterately hated the Soviet regime of which they had had a taste for one year, and they dreaded the possibility of its return.12
Given the recruitment for SS legions in Estonia and Latvia, the Germans estimated that Lithuanians could provide 250,000 soldiers. However, the German manpower managers in Berlin did not take into account the fiercely independent nature of the Lithuanians. The recruiting drive was bitterly opposed by the Lithuanian intellectuals and the underground press. Fierce reprisals were undertaken, but Lithuania, along with Poland, became one of only two occupied nations that had no native SS Legion. Of the Lithuanian soldiers drafted into German service, many deserted. The Lithuanians in German service had one of the highest desertion rates of any group during the Second World War. As a result of the continued German oppression, especially the attempted formation of the SS legion, the Lithuanian resistance hardened. By the spring of 1943, the Lithuanian resistance organizations began to consolidate and form a unified high command. Representatives of several pre-occupation political parties formed the Vyriausias Lietuvių Komitetas (VLK — The Supreme Lithuanian Committee). The VLK was composed of the Nationalist, Populist, Social Democrat, and several other parties. The VLK was instrumental in combating the formation of the SS legion through a determined media campaign. A number of factions, including the LLKS soon affiliated themselves with the VLK. A member of the LLKS, Algirdas Vokietaitis, was dispatched by the VLK as an envoy to the West. Vokietaitis crossed the Baltic Sea to Sweden on a fishing boat and arrived as the official representative of the Lithuanian resistance. As well as the VLK, a group known as the National Council was formed out of the Christian Democratic party (another prewar political party), the Lithuanian Front, and the Unity Movement. The National Council was primarily a Roman Catholic organization. Both the VLK and the National Council worked at a feverish pace against the German occupation through their support of the underground press, draft evasion, and other forms of resistance.
The two resistance organizations were unable to cooperate effectively; friction between the VLK and the national Council developed. Undoubtedly, Gestapo officials were pleased by the friction between the two groups. During the summer and fall of 1943, the leadership of the VLK and the National Council met to discuss unification. As a result, the groups merged to form the Vyriausias Lietuvos Išlaisvinimo Komitetas (VLIK — The Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania.)13 The VLIK provided the national leadership for the Lithuanian Republic. The VLIK soon set up a nationwide network of resistance organizations and published its proclamations in the underground press. On February 16, 1944 (Lithuanian Independence Day), the VLIK issued a proclamation containing ten clauses outlining the position of the resistance. These clauses included the restoration of the 1938 constitution, the formation of a provisional government, a re-affirmation of the Lithuanian democratic ideal, and the re-constitution of the Lithuanian Army.14 The VLIK realized that the German occupation would soon end and the Soviets would have to be resisted once again.
The last year of German occupation brought redoubled efforts to conscript Lithuanians. One German official, Major General Just, succeeded in forming several construction battalions. Despite Soviet allegations, these battalions were composed of draftees, not volunteers; the battalions did not indicate public support for Nazism.
In early 1944, groups of Soviet guerrillas combated the Germans and wreaked havoc in eastern Lithuania. The Germans decided to permit the formation of a Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force under Lithuanian leadership to fight the oncoming Red Army. A Lithuanian officer General Povilas Plechavičius was placed in command. Fourteen battalions and an officer's school were planned. This defense force was to be under the command of Lithuanians and was intended to operate in Lithuanian territory. Under these conditions, the resistance endorsed the force. Surprisingly, about 20,000 volunteers, twice the requirement, appeared at recruitment points. The success of this recruitment was due to three factors: the impending arrival of the hated Soviets, the confidence in General Plechavičius, and the possibility of serving a strictly Lithuanian cause. Despite the successful recruitment, German duplicity prevailed. The Home Formation, as the Lithuanians called it, was equipped with obsolete weapons, little ammunition, and few uniforms. The German command began to disrupt the Home Formation by randomly ordering the battalions to different parts of the country without the knowledge of the Lithuanian commanders. Although the Germans attempted to disrupt the Home Formation, the Lithuanian officers, most of whom were officers in the prewar Lithuanian Army, openly displayed their patriotic beliefs.
The Home Formation was short ived. Upon the German discovery of the VLIK, the Nazi authorities informed General Plechavičius that they were taking command of the force. At this time, many soldiers of the Home Formation split into small groups and melted into the rural areas, where they planned for guerrilla warfare against the Soviets. On May 15, 1944, the entire senior staff of the Home Formation was arrested. The next morning, German troops attacked the officer's school and the remaining cadets resisted.15 In the eastern regions of Lithuania, seven battalions (nearly half the Home Formation) fled into the forests. Of the 10,000 members of the Home Formation, the Germans captured 3,400, some of whom were forced into the German Army. During the course of the German occupation, severe damage had been inflicted. As many as 200,000 Jews had been deported, most of whom died in extermination camps. Some 75,000 men had been impressed for factory labor in Germany. About 20,000 men had been conscripted for the German military. Several thousand political prisoners had been liquidated. More than 100,000 refugees fled westward. Some $600 million worth of property, goods, and currency had been seized.16 However, the impact of the impending Soviet re-occupation promised to be even greater.
The Second Soviet Occupation — 1944 to the Present
In July and August 1944, Lithuania became a heated battleground as the Red Army drove towards Berlin. On July 14, Vilnius was captured by the Soviets. On July 31, Kaunas fell.
The second occupation resumed the practices of the first. The Church was suppressed and the intelligentsia were harassed and obstructed. Stalin's tyranny remained unchanged.
The second Soviet occupation was violently resisted from the start. Tens of thousands of Lithuanians armed themselves against the invader. The almost universal support for the resistance can be explained by several factors. The Lithuanian people had no illusions about the intentions of the Soviets. Nearly anyone with a history of nationalism or open dissent had three choices: flee, join the resistance, or face the wrath of the Soviets. Many relatives of resistance members had little choice. Relatives were occasionally executed as a deterrent to opposition. Hundreds, maybe thousands, took to the forests in order to escape conscription into the Red Army, where Lithuanians were universally mistreated by Russian officers and NCOs. Some joined the resistance out of fear, since innocent peasants were often imprisoned merely to terrorize the nation. The Roman Catholic Church gave its support to the partisans; indeed, many priests actively served in the resistance. The battle lines were drawn and the Lithuanian population was forced to resist the Soviets en masse.
Arrayed in opposition to the resistance was the combined military and secret police infrastructure of the Soviet Union. By 1948, eight divisions of the Red Army were stationed in Lithuania. These were not second or third line conscript outfits with obsolete equipment; these Red Army units were veteran combat infantry armed with modern weapons and supported by tanks, artillery, and the world's largest military intelligence organization. The Soviet Air Force stationed units to support the Red Army. A far greater threat to the Lithuanian freedom fighters was the NKVD. The NKVD was not only a secret police organization. The NKVD had its own infantry troops, as well as an efficient network of intelligence operatives and informants, and a brutal terror apparatus. With security forces numbering more than 100,000 men stationed in a nation of only 3 million people, the true extent of the resistance can be ascertained.17
In general, the Lithuanian resistance was organized like an inverted pyramid. The first layer of the resistance was composed of active partisans. Also known as the "Forest Brothers", the partisans were armed with captured German and Soviet weapons, including Czechoslovakian Skoda machine guns, Soviet "Maxim" machine guns, and a few mortars. The partisans lived in the forests and isolated farms of rural Lithuania. Many active partisans wore old Lithuanian military uniforms, emphasizing the fact that they were uniformed combatants engaged in warfare, not bandits engaged in criminal acts, as the Soviets attempted to portray the resistance. There was a high rate of turnover in the partisan units; the average active life span of a partisan was two years.
The second layer of the resistance was the passive fighters. The passive fighters were also armed, but they lived "legal" lives, fighting only when an opportunity presented itself. Finally, there were the supporters, who comprised a substantial portion of the population. The supporters provided supplies, shelter, and intelligence to the partisans, as well as supporting the underground press and other resistance activities.
The membership of the various resistance groups was incredibly diverse. Although the majority of the resistance came from the worker and peasant classes (the same groups that the occupation claimed to serve), people of almost every background served. Priests, professors, large employers, Boy Scouts, high school and college students, teachers, lawyers, and many others took up arms against the Soviets. Women were not only couriers and nurses, but armed guerillas who fought admirably. In some cases whole families joined the resistance. Escaped German POW's and Red Army deserters joined the battle. The leadership of the movement was provided by the intelligentsia, and many command positions were filled by former officers of the Lithuanian Army. Membership in the resistance cut across traditional political barriers. Nearly every non-communist political belief was represented in the ranks of the resistance. From these observations, it can be seen that the resistance had a wide popular backing.
At first, the resistance groups were small. However, nearly all of the resistance groups had much in common. The various underground groups were based upon the ideals of Lithuanian nationalism and Roman Catholicism. Most groups had solemn oaths of secrecy, under penalty of death. In addition, most groups had common goals. Apart from the admittedly distant goal of independence, the resistance groups strived to prevent the sovietization of Lithuania and to fight the oppressor wherever possible. The partisans carried out a number of operations in order to achieve their goals, including disrupting the establishment of Soviet institutions, punishment of collaborators, collection and distribution of intelligence, documentation of Soviet crimes, protection of the civilian population, and maintaining the underground press.
According to several sources, including Vardys and Gerutis, the resistance had more than 30,000 active participants at its height, one percent of the population of Lithuania. At the height of the Vietnam conflict, membership in the Viet Cong among the people of South Vietnam was a fraction of this percentage. If any indicator can demonstrate the significance of the Lithuanian resistance campaign, the figure of 30,000 will.
As the Red Army rolled into Lithuania, the largest and best organized partisans were the Samogitians, under the leadership of General Motiejus Pečiulionis. The Samogitians were comparatively well armed and had several thousand partisans. The Soviets avoided open confrontation with the Samogitians at first; the Soviets resorted to a campaign of provocations. By the start of 1945, the partisans could be found everywhere except near the Red Army garrisons. The resistance had no centralized command, since each commander had his own strategies and objectives. Nonetheless, the basic objectives of the resistance were universal: paralyze local communist activities, obstruct communist plans, and destroy NKVD units in the provinces. The various groups of partisans soon gained the respect of the local populace. Effective Soviet government was not possible in many rural districts because of the assassination of Soviet officials. By April 1945, the resistance controlled some districts and established local governments.18 The Red Army and NKVD did not dare to venture into some regions of the countryside in less than company or battalion strength, especially at night.
Many of the brave exploits of the resistance will remain unknown. Much of the information about the resistance perished in the forests of Lithuania or in labor camps in Siberia and Central Asia. Individual stories of partisan actions will be used as examples, but an anthology of resistance tales is beyond the scope of systematic, objective documentation.
Throughout the spring of 1945 the partisans grew bold in their activities. Because of excellent leadership and their familiarity with the local terrain and guerrilla tactics, the partisans inflicted great losses on Soviet units. Sometimes the partisans would successfully ambush units ten times their size. In the forest and fields, like any group of insurgents, the partisans had nearly complete freedom of movement, allowing them to choose where, when, and who to fight. The resistance fighters rarely confronted the Red Army, but concentrated on the NKVD troops, who were seen as a greater threat to the civilian population. In southern and western Lithuania the partisans were limited to smaller units. In the large, dense forests of eastern and northern Lithuania, larger groups, often as many as several hundred, conducted operations. The patriot leader Žalgiris led 800 men. Large battles, occasionally involving entire regiments of NKVD troops were fought. The occupation, considered at first to be an easy task for a superpower, evolved into a quagmire, not unlike the recent Soviet occupation of Afghanistan.
One of the early tactics of the Soviets was called the istrebiteli ("destroyer") program. This program organized and equipped local Lithuanian villagers to fight against the insurgents. Each township was to establish a unit of 30 men under NKVD leaders. These units were not paid, receiving only weapons and ration cards. Mostly the dregs of society comprised, the istrebiteli units. The men of these units engaged in many criminal activities with the apparent sanction of the Soviet authorities. As for the success of the istrebiteli, there was little. In combat, the istrebiteli performed poorly, and many units were infiltrated by partisans.
Many individual members and occasional whole units deserted. A number of units were mauled or destroyed. The entire program was a complete failure. The failure of the program disproved the Soviet myth that the violence in Lithuania was a civil war.
In July 1945,10,000 new NKVD troops arrived in Lithuania. October brought wild rumors of a partisan assault on the city of Kaunas. Throughout the fall and winter of 1945, the rebels continued their struggle. Local government was paralyzed by the killings of Soviet officials. Few people had desire to work in government positions. Soviet officials engaged in "land reform" (nationalization of farmer's holdings) were obstructed. The Soviets, a military superpower with the most powerful police apparatus in the world, were not able to govern a small nation of 3 million inhabitants. The situation in many places approached anarchy. In the first half of 1946, occupation authorities recorded over 800 acts of sabotage.19 The Soviet authorities soon realized that the situation was polarized and that extreme measures would be necessary to pacify Lithuania.
The NKVD began a series of vicious reprisal operations against the partisans. Between June 28, and July 16, 1946, about 7,000 NKVD troopers performed a search-and-destroy operation in southern and western Lithuanian Thirty-one partisans were killed but more than 299 NKVD soldiers died.20 Another large operation occurred in August, which resulted in the deaths of more than 200 partisans, including several leaders. Again, the Soviet losses outweighed the partisan losses. A third operation of similar magnitude was conducted in September. It has been estimated that 9,000 partisans and direct supporters died between Jurte 1944 and June 1946. However, these losses did not deter young men from joining the movement, and effective partisan control of the countryside was only temporarily disrupted. These operations resulted in a severe shortage of trained partisan officers in many units. In 1946, 72 officers graduated from an underground partisan cadet school. The second officer's course was attacked and dispersed in 1948. Afghanistan was not the Soviet Union's first experience with guerilla warfare.
Throughout 1945, 1946 and 1947, there were several attempts to unify the partisans into a single organization. VLIK had been eliminated in Lithuania itself and existed only in exile. In 1945, a group called the Lithuanian Council of Liberation (Lietuvos Išlaisvinimo Taryba) was formed, but was soon discovered by the NKVD and eliminated. The survivors formed the Committee of Unity, which made some efforts at unifying the resistance. This group was also eliminated. In June 1946, resistance leaders, with the encouragement of émigrés abroad, formed the United Movement for Democratic Resistance (Bendrasis Demokratinio Pasipriešinimo Sąjūdis). Because of arguments about strategy and organization and the organization's proposal that armed resistance be ended, the UMDR eventually failed. For the next few years, there was little central coordination of the resistance; coordination was the result of cooperation between different districts, not the result of directives from a central headquarters. Each rural district organized to fit its own needs.
In 1946 and 1947, the partisans effectively obstructed the Soviet elections in Lithuania. In February 1946, the Soviet authorities were preparing to hold elections for the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R., a mere formality. Only one candidate for an office appeared on a ballot. The voters received pre-marked ballots and merely dropped them in a box. The partisans terrorized Soviet election officials and disrupted balloting operations. Despite Soviet efforts to coerce the Lithuanians to vote in order to maintain the appearance of democracy, less than one-third of the eligible voters cast ballots. Soviet officials reported the turnout as 96 percent and submitted thousands of ballots. In February 1947, the authorities prepared to hold elections for the Lithuanian Supreme Soviet. Because of the disruption of the previous elections, many precautions were taken: additional units of the Red Army were sent to Lithuania to preserve order and detachments of troops were posted at every polling place. When election day came, nearly all of Lithuania stayed home. Armed election committees coerced voters and cast thousands of votes themselves. Because of the efforts of the resistance, the Soviet government could not even maintain a facade of democratic elections.
The underground press continued to publish despite the NKVD's brutal attempts to silence it. The worst difficulty faced by the press was the chronic shortage of paper, a condition existing throughout the Soviet Union. Sometimes partisans were forced to raid Soviet warehouses and administrative offices for paper. In 1945 and 1946 the press was somewhat centralized. The press was decentralized in 1947 when it became apparent that the NKVD's suppression efforts were effective. Each local resistance organization published their periodical at least once each month. In some units the circulation was several thousand. The press performed well, publishing journals under grave threat of imprisonment or execution. Until 1952, the underground press was a persistent rival to the Soviet sponsored press. In Lithuania today, an underground press survives, providing an alternative to the Soviet media.
The Lithuanian resistance maintained contact with the West. In 1945 the liaison agent Daunoras secretly entered Lithuania and made contact with Colonel Kazimieraitis, the leader of the partisans in Tauras district. Daunoras returned west and for the next two years he communicated intermittently with the underground in Lithuania. In December 1947, a group of envoys from the resistance, led by the partisan Juozas Lukša, made their way to the West to seek assistance from the western democracies. Lukša brought many documents, appeals to the Pope and the governments of the West. In addition, Lukša made contact with VLIK and the intelligence services of several western nations. Unfortunately, the appeals of Lukša fell largely on deaf ears. The partisans in Lithuania had, for many years, hoped for assistance from the United States and other nations in their struggle. Some leaders predicted that a third world war would occur, pitting the western nations against the Soviet Union. The partisans gradually perceived the international political climate. Disillusionment followed:
They delivered (the resistance) to death at Yalta, Postdam, . . . The same mistakes are being repeated. The West does not dare raise a voice in protest against the destruction of our nation; it does not even want to know that we have lost confidence in them, that we are continuing the struggle . . . Long and terribly bloody is the struggle before our eyes . . . We can only continue the struggle by the most ingenious methods which would give us the necessary conditions until the necessary moment.21
The partisans were almost completely on their own. However, their pleas were heard in some quarters, including the intelligence agencies of the West.
During the first years of the Cold War, the intelligence services of the United States and Great Britain pursued a policy known as "positive intervention". Part of the ClA's responsibility in this policy was the secret support of anti-communist resistance movements behind the Iron Curtain and the operation of radio stations in the west, such as Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe. The CIA and the British were involved in projects in Albania, the Baltic States, Poland, and the Ukraine. All of the projects were failures, possibly because of Kim Philby, a British intelligence officer who was secretly a Soviet agent. Philby managed the Albanian project and had access to information on other projects, including the Lithuanian operation.22
The CIA and MI-6 (British Intelligence) Lithuanian operation consisted only of two groups of Lithuanian agents parachuted into Lithuania. On October 2, 1950, Juozas Lukša and two others were dropped into Lithuania. General Kruglov personally commanded the manhunt to find Lukša. After a year, Lukša was cornered by security forces and died before he could be captured. The second mission consisted of two men and included the leader Julijonas Butėnas. Butėnas parachuted into Lithuania on April 19, 1951 and began his search to locate Lukša. Within a month, Butėnas was trapped and committed suicide before he could be captured. The handful of agents sent by the West did little to aid the resistance, although Lukša was responsible for a period of renewed guerilla activity.23 The ClA's half-hearted attempt to aid the Lithuanian partisans resulted in nothing tangible. It may be argued that if the CIA had the ability to parachute agents into Lithuania, then it had the ability to airdrop vitally needed supplies and information.
From the beginning of the armed resistance, the Soviets were gravely concerned about the situation in Lithuania. In the fall of 1944, Lieutenant General Sergei Kruglov, the Deputy Minister of the Interior, was assigned to organize counter-insurgency efforts in Lithuania. Kruglov had been assigned to pacify Lithuania because of Stalin's dissatisfaction with the events there. Kruglov ordered that no efforts should be spared to liquidate the partisans. The NKVD soon became incredibly brutal in its efforts to destroy the opposition. Suspected partisans were tortured and executed. Friends and relatives of known resistance members were imprisoned and sent to labor camps in Siberia, usually without trial or formal charges. Farms and homes where partisans supposedly took refuge were burned to the ground and their occupants were arrested. The bodies of killed partisans were mutilated and publicly displayed. These tactics only increased the hate of the Soviet occupation, but they also delivered results to the Soviets. Subsequently, the Soviet authorities adopted new strategies. The private farmers, perhaps the strongest supporters of the resistance, faced the forced confiscation and collectivization of their land. This act alone was the most effective tool against the partisans. The farmers were no longer able to supply the guerillas with food and refuge. The most vicious tactic was the wholesale deportation of approximately 300,000 Lithuanians in order to deprive the resistance of supporters. This number represents one out of every ten Lithuanians. The Soviet oppression soon became genocide, the systematic destruction of a nation. As well as forced deportation, the Soviets attempted to discredit the partisans by sending bands of NKVD men disguised as partisans to commit atrocities. Many Lithuanian civilians began to distrust partisans because of this strategy. These brutal efforts eventually achieved their goal. The resistance began to whither and die.
Throughout this period, the partisans were called "bandits" or "criminals" by the Soviet authorities. This propaganda tactic was intended to deny the partisans any political legitimacy and to harm their public and international image. Soviet history works will still label the various resistance members in Lithuania, the Ukraine, and the other Baltic republics as "bandits."
In 1950, the resistance was unified under an organization called the Movement of Lithuania's Struggle for Freedom (MLSF, Lietuvos Laisvės Kovų Sąjūdis). The MLSF was active in nine districts and waged war on active and passive fronts. By this time, the ranks of the resistance had dwindled significantly, causing the MLSF to change its strategy. The partisans were unable to engage in many guerilla skirmishes because of manpower and equipment shortages. Instead, the guerillas resorted to sabotage and infiltration of Soviet collective farms. The partisans soon realized that their war would soon end. Only a handful of embittered men stayed in the forests to do battle with the occupier. In 1952, collectivization was complete and the resistance died. The MLSF decided to demobilize in favor of passive resistance. Passive resistance continues to this day.
The last large unit of guerillas, the Iron Wolf unit, survived until the fall of 1952. This did not represent the end of the armed resistance. In 1955, Radio Vilnius offered an amnesty to partisans, indicating that the government still perceived a guerilla threat. In March 1956, the KGB offered yet another amnesty. In 1956 riots broke out, partly in protest of the Soviet intervention in Hungary. Also in 1956, the partisan leader Vanagas (the Hawk, Adolfas Ramanauskas, a U.S. born leader of the Resistance) was captured and hanged in Kaunas. In 1957, several men were arrested for armed resistance. In 1959, fifteen years after the Soviet re-occupation of Lithuania, three partisans were captured in Samogitia. Many partisans committed suicide, sometimes by detonating grenades at face level so that their faces would not be identified, thereby dooming their relatives to imprisonment. Thousands of partisans re-entered civilian life under assumed names and family histories. Many probably survive to this day. Finally, it must be remembered that although the partisans retreated and demobilized, they never surrendered. Perhaps the Lithuanians, who are still engaged in fighting the occupier, have won a moral victory. Resistance, in the passive form, continues throughout the Baltic states.
Realistically, the Lithuanians' chance for victory was slim at best, yet they tried very hard to make life difficult for the Soviet occupiers. The Lithuanian resistance knew of the words of the Atlantic Charter, a declaration of policy jointly issued by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Britain in 1941. The third clause of this statement respects "the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live" and wishes "to see sovereign rights and self government restored to those who have been forcibly deprived of them."24 The resistance believed that the West would implement the Atlantic Charter and demand freedom for the occupied nations. The resistance did not believe that they could defeat the occupation forces; they only sought to delay and harass the Soviets until help arrived. The resistance hoped for liberation from the West. Their disappointment was acute.
In the face of grave danger, the Lithuanian "Forest Brotherhood" waged a guerilla action that defies belief. With almost no outside aid, the Lithuanians waged a twelve-year effort (1940 to 1952) to liberate their nation. It has been estimated that the Soviet Union's losses amount to around 70,000 NKVD and Red Army deaths. For comparison, the United States lost 58,000 lives in the 15-year Vietnam conflict (1960 to 1975). In strictly military terms, the Lithuanian insurrection is on an equal footing with the Vietnam conflict. Perhaps additional parallels can be drawn between Lithuania and Afghanistan. If the Afghans fight with only a fraction of the tenacity of the Lithuanians, the Soviets may face a losing battle.
When one adds the Lithuanian insurrection to the rebellions in Latvia, Estonia, and the Ukraine, a grave threat to Stalin's policies can be seen. Only through genocide, torture, and the wholesale obliteration of villages could the Soviets suppress the rebels. In the process, Lithuania was mauled. Over ten percent of the Lithuanian population was deported. Only these barbaric measures defeated the Lithuanian freedom fighters. If the measures necessary to contain an insurrection are a valid measure of the magnitude of the guerillas, then the Lithuanian resistance was significant.
The Lithuanian partisans fought with uncommon bravery and determination against a military superpower. The partisans felt that they were not only fighting for Lithuania, but for the free world. As many as 40,000 Lithuanians died for this cause. Whether the West recognizes it or not, the Lithuanians fought bravely for democracy, as did others, such as Ukrainians, Poles, Latvians, and Estonians. Perhaps they died for us.
Bačkis, Dr. Stasys, Charge d'Affaires of the
Republic of Lithuania to the United States. Personal Interview,
Lithuanian Legation, Washington,
D.C., May 8, 1987.
Chronicle of the Catholic Church in Lithuania (Lietuvos Katalikų Bažnyčios Kronika) ed. Marian Skabeikis, trans. Rev. Casimir Pugevičius, Issues 64 (October 7, 1984), 66 (April 7, 1985), 67 (July 16, 1985), 68 (October 16, 1985), 70 (April 1986).
Communist Takeover and Occupation of Lithuania, Special Report No. 14 of the Select Committee on Communist Aggression, United States House of Representatives, 83rd Congress, 2nd Session, 1954.
Dauknys, Rev. Pranas. "Resistance of the Catholic Church in Lithuania Against Religious Persecution." Lituanus, Spring, 1985.
ELTA (Lithuanian Information Bulletin), Issues 332, 334, 335, 336. Washington, D.C.: Lithuanian National Foundation, 1987.
Encyclopedia Americana. Danbury, Connecticut: Crolier, Inc., 1985.
Gerutis, Dr. Albertas, ed. Lithuania 700 Years, trans. Algirdas Budreckis, New York: Manyland Books, 1969.
Girnius, Kęstutis K. "Soviet Terror During the Post-War Years." Lituanus, Winter, 1986.
Harrison, E.J. Lithuania's Fight for Freedom. New York: Lithuanian American Information Center, 1952.
Hough, William J.H. "The Annexation of the Baltic States and its Effect Upon the Development of Law Prohibiting the Forcible Seizure of Territory." New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, Winter, 1985.
Jurgėla, Dr. Constantine R. Lithuania: the Outpost of Freedom. St. Petersburg, Florida: The National Guard of Lithuania in Exile and Valkyrie Press, 1976.
Kalme, Albert. Total Terror, ed. Walter Arm. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1951.
Končius, Dr. Joseph B. History of Lithuania. Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Catholic Press, (date unknown).
Landsmanis, Arturs. Persist or Perish. Stockholm, Sweden: Latvian National Foundation, 1976.
Mackevičius, Mečislovas. "Lithuanian Resistance to German Mobilization Attempts." Lituanus, Winter, 1986.
Misiūnas, Romuald J. and Taagepara, Rein. The Baltic States: Years of Dependence 1940-1980. Berkeley, California: University of California Press, 1983.
Pajaujis-Javis, Dr. Joseph. Soviet Genocide in Lithuania. New York: Manyland Books, 1980.
Remeikis, Thomas. Opposition to Soviet Rule in Lithuania 1945-1980. Chicago, Illinois: Institute of Lithuanian Studies Press, 1980.
Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania, (Vyriausias Lietuvos Išlaisvinimo Komitetas). Lithuania-Lietuva. Washington, D.C.
Supreme Lithuanian Committee of Liberation. Memorandum on the Restoration of Lithuania's Independence. Lithuanian Executive Council,1950.
Sužiedėlis, Simas, ed. Encyclopedia Lituanica. South Boston, Mass.: Lithuanian Encyclopedia Press, 1972.
Tauras, K.V. Guerilla Warfare on the Amber Coast. New York Lithuanian Research Institute, 1962.
Vardys, V. Stanley, ed. Lithuania Under the Soviets: Portrait of a Nation, 1940-1965.
Vizulis, I. Joseph. Nations Under Duress: The Baltic States. Port Washington, N.Y.: Associated Faculty Press, 1985.
Žymantas, Stasys. "Twenty Years of Resistance." Lituanus, September, 1960.
1 According to the Lithuanian people and
international law, the Lithuanian Republic is a free republic under
hostile foreign occupation. Lithuanian Legations, representing the
former government of Lithuania exist in Washington and several other
cities throughout the world. William J. H. Hough III, "The Annexation
of the Baltic States and its Effect on the Development of Law
Prohibiting Forcible Seizure of Territory," New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law, Winter 1985, VI, 2.
2 Ibid. p. 487.
3 Dr. Albertas Gerutis, ed., Lithuania 700 Years (New York: Manyland Books, 1969), pp. 277-278.
4 Ibid. p. 279.
5 I. Joseph Vizulis, Nations Under Duress (Port Washington, N.Y.: Associated Faculty Press, 1985), p. 101.
6 Joseph Pajaujis-Javis, Soviet Genocide in Lithuania (New York: Manyland Books, 1980), p. 42. These figures are based upon captured deportation lists which came into the possession of the Lithuanian Red Cross. See A. Merkelis, Lietuvių Archyvas (Lithuanian Archives) p. 49.
7 Vizulis, p. 104.
8 V. Stanley Vardys, Lithuania Under the Soviets (New York: Frederick F. Praeger, Publishers, 1965), p. 66.
9 The full account of this massacre was given by the Lithuanian surgeon who examined the remains, Dr. Leonards Plechavičius. Dr. Plechavičius testified before the U.S. House of Representatives and detailed the hideous details. Nearly every sort of torture had been inflicted. Boys had been burned with acid or torches, various bodily appendages had been severed, spikes had been thrust through skulls, and bones had been crushed while the victims were still alive.
10 Gerutis, pp. 334-335.
11 As a final comment on the underground media, several authors, including Vardys and Gerutis, claim that the underground press rivaled, and perhaps outnumbered the legal press, in terms of total circulation. In addition, it should be noted that the LLKS operated the only opposition radio station in the entirety of occupied Europe. The other resistance radio stations operated out of allied territory.
12 E.J. Harrison, Lithuania's Fight for Freedom (New York: Lithuanian American Information Center), pp. 37-38.
13 The VLIK is still in existence to this day, with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. Through the efforts of VLIK and its press agency, ELTA, the Lithuanian people have not been forgotten.
14 Gerutis, pp. 346-347. Gerutis provided the entire text of the declaration in his work.
15 Ibid. p. 335.
16 Dr.Constantine Jurgėla, Lithuania: The Outpost of Freedom (St.Peterburg, Florida: The National Guard of Lithuania in Exile, 1976, p.226.)
17 For comparison, the Soviet Union maintains approximately 170,000 security troops in Afghanistan, a nation of 15 million people.
18 Gerutis, p. 366.
19 Ibid. p. 371.
20 The details of many individual partisan actions can be found in the works of Gerutis and K.V. Tauras. All of the examples cited in this work have been mentioned in more than one source.
21 Gerutis, p. 368.
22 A full discussion of the Iron Curtain programs and Kim Philby can be found in a number of works on espionage, including Harry Rozitzke's The ClA's Secret Operations (New York, 1977).
23 Thomas Remeikis, Opposition to Soviet Rule in Lithuania 7945-7980 (Chicago, 1980), pp. 48-52.
24 Encyclopedia Americana (Danbury, Connecticut: Crolier, 1985), Vol. 22 p. 618.
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Observed molecular mass is normally calculated in the most intense isotope mixture in [(M C 6H)]6-/6. bivalent) on C-terminus and their conjugation to SpyTag002-oligonucleotide in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The forming of a covalent isopeptide connection between the proteins and SpyTag002-oligonucleotide was verified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) evaluation, and the efficiency from the attained AOCs was verified in immuno-polymerase string response (PCR) assays for the recognition of microcystin-LR and 17-estradiol. Predicated on time-resolved fluorescence immunoassays with scFv-AP fusion constructs, we noticed which the SpyCatcher and SpyCatcher-SpyTag002-oligonucleotide component lowered the overall signal extracted from the assay by 27.6 and 48.4% at 2 nM and by 26.2 and 27.6% at 100 pM microcystin-LR and 17-estradiol concentrations, respectively. Even so, the overall awareness from the immuno-PCR assays was like the time-resolved fluorescence immunoassays performed using the same elements. In this scholarly study, vectors for SpyCatcher-fusion structure were designed for directional cloning with sites allowing the rapid era of AOC constructs for site-specific SpyTag-oligonucleotide conjugation. 1.?Launch Antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates (AOCs) certainly are a versatile course of chimeric biomolecules, which combine the initial functions of two various kinds of biopolymers fundamentally. The antibody component provides convenience of specific targeting from the epitope appealing, whereas the oligonucleotide component allows the implementation of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates in an array of nucleic acidity biochemistry-based applications. A credit card applicatoin area of developing interest may be the antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate-based pharmaceuticals, which involve targeted antisense oligonucleotides or siRNA1 mainly, 5 because of their suffered and potent gene silencing. Another major section of application differs detection strategies encompassing generally immuno-polymerase chain response (PCR), closeness ligation/expansion assays, electrochemical closeness assay, and DNA-PAINT imaging and foremost by their remarkable awareness first. The higher variety of potential applications of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates and antibody-oligonucleotide conjugation methods have been lately analyzed by Dovgan et al.2 The creation of an operating antibody-oligonucleotide conjugate requires the conjugation from the oligonucleotide(s) towards the antibody firmly and without diminishing the binding properties from the antibody. Presently, a the greater part of antibody conjugation methods derive from concentrating on the nucleophilic principal Rabbit polyclonal to ITIH2 amino band of lysine or the thiol band of decreased disulfides. However, an average IgG molecule provides around 80 Lys residues on its surface area, with over 20 of these found at extremely solvent-accessible sites3 producing a advanced of non-specific and stochastic labeling. All IgG substances contain many cysteines locked in structurally essential disulfide bridges also.4 Noncovalent approaches like the streptavidinCbiotin system or protein A/G utilization are also devised for the generation of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates.22,23 However, these procedures suffer from having less site-specificity also, limited balance, and increased toxicity from the conjugates, in to the 13-residue SpyTag peptide as well as the 116-residue SpyCatcher proteins was discovered by Zakeri et al.8 The peptide, which corresponds to 1 -strand from the adhesion domain just, forms a spontaneous amide connection with its proteins partner (Amount ?Amount11A), enabling the Sitafloxacin proteinCprotein covalent conjugation without Sitafloxacin chemical substance cross-linking. The SpyCatcher-SpyTag program has shown to be a highly flexible device for the structure of multifunctional biomolecular constructs since it has been effectively applied, e.g., for modular set up of protein on nanoparticles,9 raising thermostability of enzymes via circularization,10 labeling of cells for microscopic visualization,11 and vaccine advancement sometimes.12 Open up in another window Amount 1 (A) Isopeptide connection formation between Sitafloxacin SpyCatcher and SpyTag proteins set. (B) Synthesis of SpyTag-oligonucleotide conjugate; Strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition from the N-terminal azide towards the bicyclononyne moiety in the 5 end from the oligonucleotide. (C) Mass spectrometry (MS) electrospray ionization-time-of-flight (ESI-TOF) spectral range of the conjugate. Observed molecular mass is normally calculated in the most extreme isotope mixture at [(M C 6H)]6-/6. (D) Schematic representation from the dimeric (1) and monomeric (2) recombinants from the scFv-AP-SpyCatcher and scFv-SpyCatcher fusion protein and its own coupling with SpyTag-oligonucleotide. Right here, we report the introduction of a straightforward and efficient way for the creation of antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates using the SpyCatcher-SpyTag program as an instrument for steady and site-specific bioconjugation. The technique consists of click chemistry-based synthesis from the SpyTag-oligonucleotide aswell as appearance of recombinant single-chain (scFv) antibody fragment being a fusion proteins with SpyCatcher. Using this process, we built antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates and examined their bifunctional properties, antigen identification, and programmable specificity, with immuno-PCR and immunoassays in mono- and bivalent forms. 2.?Discussion and Results 2.1. Synthesis from the SpyTag002-Oligonucleotide Conjugate and Era from the AOCs We attempt to style a Sitafloxacin modular and sturdy system for oligonucleotide conjugation to recombinant scFv antibodies using the SpyCatcher-SpyTag program, that allows the appearance of the mandatory fusion constructs in the bacterial web host as well as the conjugation to occur at physiological pH. To.
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WASHINGTON -- The National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced Thursday that it will partner with three drug companies -- Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Eli Lilly -- to make data on two dozen already researched, but mostly discarded, molecular compounds available to academic researchers in hope of developing new disease treatments.
The scale of the partnership is unprecedented, according to Kathy Hudson, PhD, acting deputy director of the NIH's newly created National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS), which is in charge of the collaboration.
Under the pilot collaboration, the drug companies will make available all the research data on compounds that stemmed from years of research and millions of dollars. The 24 compounds have already been tested in humans, meaning there is detailed information available for dosing, pharmacology, and toxicity.
The compounds at one time held promise as disease treatments, but research on them has since sputtered and in some cases stalled.
Yet those compounds could prove to be treatments for other diseases.
"Many of the compounds may have other potential uses; we just need to do the research to identify them," Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius told reporters.
The compounds would likely be used for research on any of 4,500 diseases for which the genetic causes are now known, thanks to the mapping of the human genome.
Many of those diseases are rare diseases, said NIH director Francis Collins, MD. Some compounds could provide clues to treatments for neurological diseases as well, he said.
Rod MacKenzie, PhD, head of pharmatherapeutics research and development at Pfizer, agreed about that the compounds may hold answers for neurological diseases. "If I had a wish, it would be we'd find something that would lead to a breakthrough in Alzheimer's disease," MacKenzie said during the press conference.
Collins pointed to a few compounds that started off as potential treatments for one disease, didn't work, and then were found to be effective for a different disease.
One prime example: azidothymidine, or AZT, which was originally developed as a cancer treatment. It wasn't effective in treating cancer, but it was later found to be the first effective medicine for HIV.
Or the drug thalidomide, which was developed to treat morning sickness, but was pulled from the market in the early 1960s after it was found to cause birth defects. However, it was later found to be an effective treatment for multiple myeloma.
Under the collaboration, researchers -- either in the private industry, in academia, or with the government -- could apply for an NIH grant to investigate a given compound provided by any one of the drug companies.
If a researcher discovered an effective treatment for a disease or condition using a compound developed by a drug company, the researcher would have intellectual property rights, and the company would still own the rights to the drug. (The government would not get royalties from the findings, except if the investigator worked for NIH.)
It take an average of 14 years and $2 billion to move a drug from lab to clinic, Collins said.
The compounds being included in the pilot collaboration are about halfway through a traditional development program, so the drug companies have invested between 5 and 7 years and tens of millions of dollars in their development, MacKenzie said.
Hudson said the government is not releasing the list of specific compounds that will be available for another month, when it will make an announcement about how researchers can apply for the grants.
President Obama's proposed fiscal 2013 budget calls for $575 million for NCATS, which will house the collaboration. Of that proposed budget, $20 million in 2013 would go toward grants for academic scientists to perform research on the compounds provided by drug companies, Hudson said. The program would be funded for at least $20 million annually in subsequent years.
NIH said it hopes to get other drug companies to join the collaboration. The center also plans to run projects that flow in the other direction, in which NIH would perform preclinical groundwork on promising compounds and then hand off the information to pharmaceutical companies that would refine the compounds into new drugs.
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- The email receipt will be sent to the email address that you will provide.
- Next, you can activate the membership by visiting the Norton.com/setup page. Make sure to follow all the instructions appearing on the screen to complete the setup process.
So, this was all you need to know about Norton Internet security. With all the steps mentioned in the article, you can easily buy Norton security on the system. We hope that the article was helpful.
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An average new allergy clinic appointment lasts for 45 minutes. During your consultation a detailed clinical history will be taken which allows us to decide on the most appropriate type(s) of test that you require before reaching an individualised investigation, treatment and management plan.
Immediate types of allergic responses are usually investigated with skin prick tests, or blood tests looking for antibodies (defence proteins) directed against specific allergens travelling in the bloodstream. However, if the test results are discordant with the clinical history it is sometimes necessary to perform direct challenges. Skin prick tests and blood tests can be performed during the consultation.
If you are expecting to have prick testing done please ensure that you follow the advice on the skin prick testing page about discontinuing antihistamine medication or bringing up certain foods for testing.
Patients presenting with new-onset eczema, long standing eczema failing to respond to treatment, or eczema involving certain regions of the body, are often referred or recommended to have patch tests performed. These can help to determine whether allergy is contributing to their eczema or not. These are some of the tests which are used to investigate the delayed arm of the immune system and patch testing occurs over 3 separate visits in the course of a week each lasting approximately 20 minutes.
Some patients who have already been reviewed by a Consultant Dermatologist and where patch tests have been recommended can be booked directly in for the investigation. However, Dr Orton prefers to see and assess patients before proceeding with the investigation to ensure that the procedure is fully understood and that all appropriate test allergens are obtained in advance. This might include materials met through work and where “Material Safety Data Sheets” are required in advance of your attendance.
If you are booked in for patch tests please ensure that you have read the Do’s and Don’t’s or the downloadable patch test information sheet. Click here to download the PDF information sheet.
Please note that some patients might require more than one type of testing.
Also, some patients perceive that they may have “allergy” to something which is not amenable to such testing since the mechanism of adverse response to this stimulus is not well characterised. Examples of this are often labelled “intolerances” and might require interventions such as dietary modification. I work closely with an experienced allergy dietitian – Mrs Tanya Wright.
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Over the years, terms like “Nanyang art”, “Nanyang style” and “Nanyang school” have been used to apply to many past and living artists in Singapore. This has led to some confusion over how Nanyang art should be defined and whether it could still be produced today.
“Nanyang” (meaning “Southern Ocean” in Chinese) refers to the maritime region south of China. It was the collective term historically used by the Chinese for key coastal strips of mainland Southeast Asia and most of the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia, reached by sea for trade, diplomacy and religious pilgrimage.
Historical records and archaeological evidence indicate that there was a Chinese presence in Singapore from as early as the 14th century. The Chinese influx into Singapore increased when the British established a free port on the island in the 19th century. This attracted eager Chinese traders and many poor labourers seeking work. Many of these early Chinese migrants were sojourners. They still regarded China as their motherland and intended to return home once they had earned some money. By the early 20th century, the Chinese population had grown to become the majority ethnic group in colonial Singapore.
Defining ‘Nanyang art’
As Singapore grew in affluence, better-educated Chinese, such as writers and artists, arrived to run schools and newspapers catering to the local Chinese community. By the late 1920s, writers promoted the idea of Nanyang literature. They felt that it was important to create works with Nanyang content so that it could better resonate with local readers. In the 1930s, migrant artists like Chen Chong Swee and Tchang Ju Chi also began incorporating local subjects like Malay villages and peoples in their ink paintings and oil paintings respectively.
Those early beginnings of a localised art movement were disrupted by the Second World War. It was only sometime in the 1950s that Lim Hak Tai, the founding principal of the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA), made the first attempt to define what art in Nanyang should be like.
In his 1955 preface for the exhibition catalogue The Art of Young Malayans (Nanyang qingnian meishu), addressed to the 15th graduating class of NAFA, Lim highlighted “the artistic content and forms which youths in Nanyang should create” (Nanyang qingnian meishu de neirong huo xingshi). They comprised the following six characteristics:
i. Fusion of cultures of the different races (融混各族文化风尚)
ii. Bridging of Eastern and Western art (沟通东西艺术)
iii. Diffusion of the scientific spirit and social thinking of the 20th century (发挥二十世纪科学精神，社会思潮)
iv. Reflection of the needs of the peoples of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore (反映本邦人民大众需求)
v. Expression of local tropical flavour (表现当地热带情调)
vi. Fulfilment of educational and social needs (配合教育意义，社会功能)
It is important to realise that Lim’s guiding principles then were phrased in broad general terms and did not prescribe specific styles or subjects. This was evident from the creative outputs of the teachers whom he hired at NAFA. They included senior artists like Cheong Soo Pieng who experimented with many modern art styles and See Hiang To who was a staunch champion of traditional xieyi (writing the idea) ink painting. At the same time, NAFA also had younger teachers like Chua Mia Tee and Tan Tee Chie who favoured realist styles and sought to highlight social concerns in their artworks.
Paintings of local subjects which fused Western and Chinese styles by artists like Cheong Soo Pieng and Chen Wen Hsi were hailed for reflecting “Malayan style” and embodying the multi-cultural spirit of “Malayan art”.
At the same time, calls for decolonisation were growing in post-war Singapore. In recognition of the movement towards self-government in 1959, both the British colonial and local elites started promoting the idea of a common Malayan identity for multi-ethnic Singapore. Paintings of local subjects which fused Western and Chinese styles by artists like Cheong Soo Pieng and Chen Wen Hsi were hailed for reflecting “Malayan style” and embodying the multi-cultural spirit of “Malayan art”. Singapore eventually became independent, initially through merger in 1963, and then by separation from Malaya in 1965.
A ‘golden period’?
In the 1970s, Nanyang art was discussed more critically when the National Gallery of Art in Malaysia held the exhibition “Retrospective Exhibition of Nanyang Artists” in 1979. With the benefit of historical distance, the exhibition curator Redza Piyadasa highlighted the years from 1938 to 1965 as the “golden period” of Nanyang art.
1938 was the year when NAFA was founded, which he identified as the key organisation responsible for the development of Nanyang art in Singapore and Malaysia. 1965 was the year when Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent nation-state, which inevitably led the art scenes in both countries to develop along separate paths.
Piyadasa held that the period saw the most “innovative experimentations” by first-generation China-born artists and the two generations of students who studied under the former. These students included many who were born in Singapore or Malaysia.
A key formal experimentation of these artists was the fusion of styles drawn from Chinese ink tradition and the School of Paris movement. Apart from the formally innovative paintings, there were works produced by artists with a more “socially oriented approach” who depicted “the harsh realities of everyday life devoid of any romantic or sentimental implications”.
...based on Piyadasa’s account, Nanyang art, as an art movement, had largely lost its dynamism by the mid-1960s.
Piyadasa’s 1979 definition of Nanyang art was broadly aligned with Lim Hak Tai’s earlier one in 1955. Both definitions encompassed the works of senior and younger artists who expressed their local realities in diverse artistic styles and media.
However, while Lim framed his definition within the context of national self-determination, Piyadasa regarded the Nanyang artists as modern art practitioners pursuing individual self-determination, uninhibited by convention or tradition.
Piyadasa also saw the Nanyang art movement in historical terms and argued that there was a “decline in terms of the collective energies of these artists” by the 1960s. The level of experimentation had become “predictable” and “institutionalised”, and individual artists had started to “seek their own directions”. Hence, based on Piyadasa’s account, Nanyang art, as an art movement, had largely lost its dynamism by the mid-1960s.
Their art was no longer about Nanyang as a lived present, but “post-Nanyang”— a nostalgic yearning for the past.
Nonetheless, artists continued to create art with the local subject matter, well into the 1970s and 1980s. However, in 1985, when NAFA and the Malaysian Institute of Arts co-organised the Nanyang Art Exhibition (Nanyang fengge meizhan) featuring works by living Singaporean and Malaysian artists, there were some dissenting voices who opposed the term “Nanyang” and questioned the definition of “Nanyang style”. This eventually led artist Ho Ho Ying, in his 1998 essay “Post-Nanyang Style” (Hou Nanyang fengge), to distinguish the “Nanyang works” by first-generation artists from those by second-generation artists like himself.
While the works by both groups appeared similar through its incorporation of local subjects, artistic motivations differed due to the changing times. Ho observed that the “first-generation” artists had responded to and depicted their immediate environment. These were typically rural tropical scenes which were still commonly seen up till the 1960s. However, for younger artists like Ho, their formative years were the post-1970s period when the “Nanyang” environment was rapidly industrialising and urbanising. Hence, as Singapore’s landscape changed, so did the art of the “second-generation”. Their art was no longer about Nanyang as a lived present, but “post-Nanyang”— a nostalgic yearning for the past. That was the main conceptual difference between Nanyang art and post-Nanyang art. Hence, Ho saw Nanyang art as an art historical development, and not an ongoing artistic movement defined by subject matter or formalistic concerns.
Seen in that light, “Nanyang artists” should be limited to those who were born in and had spent their formative adult years in China before settling down in Singapore.
Who are the Nanyang artists?
Using Ho’s definition, it is useful to define the parameters of Nanyang art even more precisely. In its strictest sense, the term “Nanyang” was used by those who associated themselves more closely with China and took their point of reference from China. Seen in that light, “Nanyang artists” should be limited to those who were born in and had spent their formative adult years in China before settling down in Singapore. These included artists such as Lim Hak Tai, Chen Chong Swee, Liu Kang, Yeh Chi Wei, Chen Wen Hsi, Georgette Chen and Cheong Soo Pieng.
Many shared similar backgrounds, having lived through some of China’s most tumultuous times. Despite becoming a modern republic in 1912, China faced decades of power struggles among local warlords, invasion by the Japanese, and bitter civil strife between the nationalists and communists. The chaos only ended with the rise to power of the latter and the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949.
Leaving for Nanyang
Due to the turmoil, many artists sought refuge or a better livelihood by leaving for Nanyang. Many had assumed that they would stay in Nanyang for only a few years before returning to China. However, due to various circumstances, some eventually settled in Singapore permanently, after bringing their families and then finding employment, primarily as art teachers. When Singapore gained independence in 1965, most took up citizenship. Hence, few would have continued to regard themselves as Nanyang (as opposed to Singaporean) artists after 1965.
In the early 20th century, the Nanyang artists were exposed to the same cultural environment. At the time, China was just opening up to the possibilities of the West. Many intellectuals like political reformer Kang Youwei argued that China’s progress needed to be propelled by Western science and technology. The May Fourth Movement in 1919 further ignited the drive to strengthen China through cultural reforms, resulting in traditional Confucian concepts giving way to Western ideas.
Consequently, China’s education system sought to integrate Western knowledge as a way of modernising the country. Art education was no exception, and Western art started to be taught in government art schools from the early 20th century onwards.
A Western art foundation
Most of the Nanyang artists had studied in these early art schools. In the past, Chinese ink painting was traditionally taught through copying from senior artists and masterpieces. Increasing contact with the West and Japan in the early 20th century led to the emergence of art schools in China which favoured Western-style or, at least, what was perceived then to be more scientific, methods of instruction.
Hence, the first Chinese government art schools to teach Western art, emphasised draughtsmanship, focusing on perspective, light and shade, and accuracy of depiction. Common teaching methods included using pencil, charcoal, watercolour and oils for drawing from plaster-casts, still-lifes, nude studies and painting from nature. Concurrently, these academies continued to teach Chinese ink painting.
However, Western art, with its structured methodology of instruction, was easier to teach. Hence, the academies tended to start with Western art as a foundation course. Chinese art was deemed more conceptual, and therefore, usually offered at the advanced level. This marked a new generation of artists who were more distanced from Chinese art. However, they were also the first group which was, at least, familiar with, if not proficient in, both Western and Chinese art traditions.
A search for modernity
By the 1930s, there were diverse opinions about how Chinese art should be modernised. Some like Xu Beihong advocated academic realism, while others such as Lin Fengmian and Liu Haisu favoured modernist styles. Like-minded artists collaborated frequently to found societies, start magazines or organise exhibitions to further their own causes.
However, the brief flowering of modern art groups and exhibitions in the 1930s only lasted less than five years. In a period of national turmoil, artists were expected to create works with a national character, addressing social and political concerns before individual needs. Modern art, emphasising individual subjectivity and foreign associations, was considered divorced from the people.
By the late 1930s and in the years leading to the communists’ rise to power in 1949, fewer contacts with the West and the growing demand for national content and social usefulness, meant that the modern art movement gradually lost momentum in China.
Chen Wen Hsi once remarked, “My foundation in Chinese painting is rooted in China, whereas my training in Western paintings was perfected in Singapore.”
The Singapore environment
However, for artists who left China in the 1930s and 1940s to seek a better livelihood, they found a haven in Nanyang where they had the freedom to continue their modernist practice, far removed from the turmoils and restrictions faced by their colleagues in China in the ensuing decades.
While some Nanyang artists occasionally produced works with socially-oriented content in Singapore, it was clear that most were pursuing art purely for individual self-expression. Some commentators, like Piyadasa, have argued that the Nanyang art movement should be seen as an extension of earlier modernist developments in pre-war China.
In the relatively more stable environment of Singapore, the Nanyang artists continued to work and practise. Local schools provided employment as art teachers. Art societies provided platforms for exhibitions and artistic exchange. Books and information on world art were also more readily available.
By the 1950s, the lively art scene and market in Singapore was supported by a growing network of collectors, exhibition venues, art societies, writers, curators and art supplies shops. Chen Wen Hsi once remarked, “My foundation in Chinese painting is rooted in China, whereas my training in Western paintings was perfected in Singapore.”
For the Nanyang artists, their life in Singapore did much to consolidate their understanding of Western art and increase their exposure to a wider range of ideas and concepts than would have been available to them in China, especially after the communists came to power in 1949.
Creating Nanyang art
Similar to some of the discussions taking place in China in the 1930s, many Nanyang artists sought to synthesise Western and Chinese art by relating Western art to their understanding of Chinese art. In the xieyi Chinese ink painting tradition, artists were unconcerned with physical likeness. They were focused on capturing the spirit or essence of the subject, which in turn, was seen as a reflection of the artist’s temperament and character. Hence, Western modern art with its emphasis on subjectivity rather than representation, was consistent with Chinese xieyi principles.
For instance, Liu Kang held that “the arts of East and West seem to be converging… Cezanne, who is referred to as the father of modern art, rejected the scientific and analytical tendencies of Impressionism and Pointillism… He discarded the desire for objective depiction pursued by the Western artists and instead embraced the subjective expression of the Eastern artists.”
Indeed, an openness to new ways of expression and the ability to draw freely from diverse sources of art traditions and practices are hallmarks of the Nanyang artists.
Such discourse produced considerable experimentations among the Nanyang artists in both the ink and oil media. For instance, artists like Chen Chong Swee incorporated Western fixed-point perspective and use of shadows in their works, which are traits not usually found in traditional Chinese ink paintings. Others like Chen Wen Hsi used their understanding of Western modern styles like Cubism and Abstraction to create unconventional compositions for their ink paintings.
There were similarly innovative approaches in Nanyang oil paintings. For instance, Cheong Soo Pieng favoured the prominent use of black lines and thin washes of colour to imbue his oil paintings with the atmospheric mood associated with xieyi landscapes. Others like Yeh Chi Wei incorporated archaic-style Chinese inscriptions in their oil paintings, to convey the flavour of ancient ink rubbings.
Hence, the Nanyang artists saw no strong contradiction between Western and Chinese art. Their preference was to integrate both. Indeed, an openness to new ways of expression and the ability to draw freely from diverse sources of art traditions and practices are hallmarks of the Nanyang artists.
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Call it good timing, fortuitous luck, or being in the right place at the right time, but the cannabis industry seems poised to become the most technological industry ever to develop.
While the assembly line revolutionized auto manufacturing in 1913, this sole technological advance did not immediately change other elements critical to the car business, such as logistics, distribution, financing, vendor input and the vertical integration of manufacturing, sales, customer services and suppliers.
Flash forward 150 years, and the emerging cannabis industry is poised to benefit from faster, cheaper and more flexible computer, web and cloud, and servo technology than any industry ever launched. With these technologies now readily available and more affordable than ever, the cannabis industry has an added benefit: It is able to attract investors via crowdfunding, as well as more traditional methods to use technology from the first day of any new cannabis company’s grand opening.
Now, the industry is poised to make a giant technological leap forward.
The reason: High technology is going to make sure the near future of cannabis will change significantly. Tech companies based on to Uber, Grubhub, Snapchat, Salesforce.com, Yelp and others already exist to provide the next generation of consumer marijuana business apps and services that will disrupt and streamline the business. This includes changes in every element of the cannabis industry ranging from extraction, cultivation, vaporizers, and POS, CMS, auditing systems and even deliveries to customers.
The upcoming NewWest Summit to be held in Oakland bills itself as the “first conference to focus exclusively on the game-changing, disruptive developments in technology, investment and media within the Cannabis space.” According to conference organizer Jim McAlpine, cutting-edge new technologies already exist to propel the industry forward to make it more attractive to investors and customers alike.
The event itself boasts panel discussions, including accredited investors and successful entrepreneurs, and in the past have included industry leaders such as Steve DeAngelo of the Harborside Health Center, the world’s largest dispensary and the CEO of the Eaze delivery service, which has recently closed a fundraising round for $27 million. McAlpine’s events event attract about hundreds of exhibitors and a few thousand people over two-days.
Follow the Money
McAlpine noted that the legal cannabis industry is projected to have a $10 billion annual economic impact nationally and the sector is “rapidly professionalizing.” Based on a report from a cannabis industry investment and research firm, The ArcView Group in Oakland, California, the U.S. market for legal cannabis grew 74% in 2014 to $2.7 billion, an increase from $1.5 billion in 2013. And despite rumblings by most 2016 Republican presidential candidates to make marijuana illegal at the federal level, the cannabis industry is projected to generate $11 billion in sales annually nationwide by 2019, according to the ArcView report.
To date, nine states–California, Colorado, Washington, Alaska, Oregon, Maine, Massachusetts, and Nevada–have legalized full retail marijuana. Washington, D.C., voters also legalized recreational marijuana use. Twenty-nine states have legalized medical cannabis.
And despite promises from the majority of 2016 Republican presidential candidates to enforce federal law that would effectively repeal existing state de-criminalization initiatives, public opinion shows more people favor the decriminalization of marijuana nationwide than ever before.
Yet the legal uncertainties have not dampened the enthusiasm for this growing market and its adoption of new technology. According to Chris Gromek, Founder of Marijuanomics, one major engine behind the fast adaption of technology has been in the number of consultants. Gromek noticed that from attending two industry conferences four months apart, he saw more consultants offering fully-integrated, turn-key services that included everything from automated plant and growing operations to point-of-sales and compliance software. The full-service consulting firms in this space include Aperature Consulting and American Cannabis Co. Aperature offers services for people just entering the business to established operations who want to expand, according to their web site.
While these services can make a business owner’s job easier, they also will make the industry “super-competitive,” Gromek said. More competition also will be accompanied by falling product prices and this will squeeze profits dramatically, he added.
It will also spur the search for new customer services. For example, Gromek said his former employer MJIC Media started to sign up clients for membership packages and was working with groups, such as Lexaria that were expanding their CBD product line due to a new technique it discovered that drastically improves gastrointestinal absorption of cannabidiol, as well as CLS Holdings, an extraction firm.
An Awakening Technological and Social Giant
But despite the legal and political uncertainties, the cannabis industry’s huge growth potential has become a magnet for investors and technologists ready to adapt, sell or develop new automated tools for every aspect of this plant-based business. This includes everything technological from automated greenhouses for cultivators, to pharmaceutical-grade testing laboratories for assuring plant safety and quality, to an electronic product exchange to automated sales and customer services applications and even homes delivery services to patients.
One of the most advanced, core building blocks of any plant-based commodity business is an exchange where price discovery between buyers and sellers can take place on in an open marker. There are currently three such venues, Amercanex, CCX and CHEX. These exchanges match buyers and sellers with a clearinghouse and financial guarantee feature. In the case of Amercanex, the services provided include transportation, storing and quality grading all transacted on an electronic platform, according to Amercanex CEO Steve Janjik.
While research into cannabis is prohibited by US law, other nations hail its benefits.
According to the company’s web site, the Amercanex exchange connects products, pricing, and availability that are all posted from multiple market participants. These include growers, wholesale distributors and retail vendors who are all electronically connected on the marketplace. The best sell and buy prices are shown from the prices received from all participants within the state and network.
The Amercanex system also has anti-money laundering safeguards built into the system and the exchange works like “a banking system” that links buyers and sellers with a payment feature.
Bring It Home
Since this is the age of instant gratification, it only makes sense that someone would come up with the idea of home delivery for cannabis products. While this feature has already been fully exploited by pizza and Chinese food restaurants, it is an established aspect of modern life. The cannabis business is no different. “On the retail end, Southern California has seen a proliferation of delivery services and medical marijuana dispensaries. Hartfield says there are about 1,800 dispensaries in and around Los Angeles, which is almost half of the approximately 5,000 dispensaries nationwide, according to a report in The Forward.
Another report in TechCrunch acknowledges the penchant for immediate gratification and the willingness of people to pay for it. “With mobile usage comes the right-now economy. Anything you want today will come to you on-demand, when you want it — and so shall cannabis. Enterprises are popping up everywhere that promise to deliver your medicine within the hour, and some will even provide a medical consultation via your mobile device. Hungry after you’ve consumed cannabis? Partnerships and cross-marketing opportunities with the $70 billion food-delivery and takeout industry are huge.”
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We’re pleased to present another one project for the Polytechnic College of Nur-Sultan – IT Network Systems Administration Lab.
The laboratory includes:
- NTC-03.02 “Computer network security”
- NTC-03.03 “Fiber-optic communication”
- NTC-03.05 “Global, local wired and wireless networks”
The laboratory is intended for training network and system administration specialists, information security specialists and network technicians.
Our specialists have conducted a practical training course for the teaching staff, the laboratory is ready for practical classes from the new academic year.
The laboratory equipment will be used both for standard laboratory and practical classes within the curriculum and for the training of the WorldSkills Kazakhstan and WorldSkills International competitors.
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The Taliban (an Afghani Islamist militant movement) affirmed that it refuses to establish diplomatic relations with Israel.
The movement seized power in Afghanistan after its fighters took over Kabul, the capital city of the country on August 15.
Sushil Shaheen, a spokesman for the Taliban, sat with Novosti, a Russian news agency, and told reporters that his movement doesn’t want any relations with Israel but it seeks to strengthen ties with all countries across the world.
Shaheen added that the Taliban plans to forge good ties with the regional and neighboring Asian countries.
He went on to say that Israel isn’t among these countries in any case so relations with Israel are impermissible.
On resuming diplomatic relations with the USA, Shaheen said that such relations may be useful for the two people of the two countries.
It is worth noting that the Taliban refuses to recognize Israel.
Zabiullah Mujahid, another spokesman for the Taliban, has depicted Israel as a tumor on the body of the Islamic nation.
On the other hand, the Taliban announced that is ready to establish diplomatic with the United States of America (USA) and it welcomes the USA participation in the reconstruction of Afghanistan if it wills.
Days earlier, Reuters, a news agency, quoted three Taliban (an Afghani Islamist militant movement) sources as saying that the movement succeeded in seizing all parts of Afghanistan after defeating the northern rebels.
One of the movement’s leaders told the agency that they thank God, as they are in control of the whole of Afghanistan.
The rioters and Panjshir have now been defeated under our leadership.”
The movement announced its control of the second largest area in the state of Panjshir, the last stronghold of the northern rebels in the country.
Earlier today, Taliban spokesman Hanafi Wardak stated on his Twitter account that “the large and strategic Brian district of Panjshir has been completely cleared of criminal formations.
However, media reports were talking about the failure of the “Taliban” attempt to storm Panjshir last night and incurred tangible losses.
On the other hand, the United Nations warned of the approaching severe food crisis in Afghanistan because food stocks there may run out as soon as this month.
Ramiz Alakbarov, Deputy Special Representative and Humanitarian Coordinator for Afghanistan, said that more than half of children under the age of five suffer from severe malnutrition, and more than a third of the population does not get enough food.
“Alakbarov stressed that it is very important that the international community should do its best to prevent Afghanistan from slipping into another humanitarian catastrophe, by taking the necessary steps to provide the basic materials that this country needs now, and support food, health, protection, and non-food services to those who need them most.
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Back to Previous
Solar System Odyssey - A futuristic adventure, exploring what could happen if humans consume all the resources of Earth. Jack Larson embarks on a quest to discover a new home for humans to colonize, piloting his spacecraft on a wild ride through our Solar System. Along his journey, Jack encounters a traveling companion who helps him search for answers to these questions: How are the worlds of our Solar System alike? How are they different? What must those worlds have in order for humans to live there? Together, they speed through an exciting exploration of our cosmic neighborhood, including the icy rings of Saturn, Jupiter’s volcano-ridden moon Io and the sub-zero methane lakes of Saturn’s moon Titan.
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(News article for August 28, 2021)
Sometimes people wonder if, for example, 8-8-8 or 13-13-13 fertilizer is best for a certain situation. I’ve heard comments along the lines of 13-13-13 being too “strong.” However, when comparing fertilizers with the same nutrients and the same ratios of one nutrient to another, a variety of fertilizers can be used to provide the same amounts of actual nutrients, as long as you adjust the application rate to account for their concentrations in the fertilizer.
In the case of 8-8-8, 10-10-10, 13-13-13, and 17-17-17, all fertilizers have a 1:1:1 ratio of nitrogen (N) : P2O5-equivalent (“phosphate”) : K2O-equivalent (“potash”). (The fertilizer 8-8-8, for example, is 8% nitrogen, phosphate, and potash.) If you need 1 pound per 1000 square feet of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash, any of the following will provide those: 12.5 pounds of 8-8-8, 10 pounds of 10-10-10, 7.7 pounds of 13-13-13, or 5.9 pounds of 17-17-17.
When I’m choosing among such options, I generally calculate which is less expensive for the same amounts of actual nutrients. Consider an example in which a 50 pound bag of 8-8-8 costs $11, and a 50 pound bag of 13-13-13 costs $14. The 50 pound bag of 8-8-8 contains 4 pounds of nitrogen, phosphate, and potash. At $11 per bag, that’s $2.75 per pound. The 50 pound bag of 13-13-13 contains 6.5 pounds of each. At $14 per bag, that’s $2.15 per pound. So, even though the 13-13-13 is more expensive, in this case, it costs less to get the same amounts of nutrients from the 13-13-13 than the 8-8-8.
The same principle applies to pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, etc.) and their active ingredients.
For example, pesticides for home use are sometimes sold in ready-to-use and concentrated versions. One ready-to-use (RTU) insecticidal soap product has a 1% concentration of “potassium salts of fatty acids,” which is the active ingredient in many insecticidal soap products. This product is sprayed directly from the bottle, without dilution.
One concentrated insecticidal soap product has a 47% concentration of potassium salts of fatty acids. Its label says to mix 4 teaspoons (0.67 fluid ounce) per quart of water, so one 16 fluid ounce container of concentrate can be used to mix about 24 quarts of spray solution.
If it costs $9 for 32 fluid ounces (1 quart) of the RTU product and $18 for 16 fluid ounces of the concentrate (which can be used to make 24 quarts of spray solution), the concentrate is a better deal if you expect to use more than a couple of quarts of spray over time. If you just expect to use a small amount of spray solution, the smaller volume and convenience of the RTU product may make more sense for you.
While more concentrated products often cost less per amount used, that isn’t always the case, so compare product prices and concentrations of active ingredients (in pesticides) or nutrients (in fertilizers) for yourself and see what makes the most sense for your situation.
There are also other things to take into account when choosing a pesticide. For example, one herbicide product may include a surfactant, while a surfactant may need to be added to another product with the same active ingredient. Also, some pesticides with the same active ingredients are not labeled for the same purposes. This type of information is available on the product label. Read and follow label instructions when using any pesticide.
Let me know if you have questions.
Contact Mary Helen Ferguson.
This product is 10% nitrogen, 10%"phosphate" (P2O5-equivalent), and 10%"potash" (K2O-equivalent). (Photo by M.H. Ferguson)
It's often helpful to look at the "active ingredients" sections of pesticide labels when when comparing products. (Photo by M.H. Ferguson)
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The role of the chosen personality of the psychological strategy of interaction with the disease during the somatic disease
The issue of the role of the psychological factor in the course and overcoming of somatic diseases is extremely relevant. Psychological mechanisms and psychological resources of a person affect his ability to recover. The problem of determining the optimal strategies of human interaction with the disease becomes especially relevant in the recovery process. The study involved the following categories of patients in clinical hospitals: persons with chronic diseases in the conditions of planned treatment, persons with chronic diseases in the state of exacerbation, persons with acute life-threatening disease, persons with acute life-threatening disease in the context of recent diagnosis, persons with somatic disease at the stage of recovery. The study identified a number of strategies used by patients to interact with the disease, including: adaptive strategy (acceptance of the disease and its gradual overcoming in a planned manner), community imitation strategy (focus on overcoming the disease on the example of overcoming trials by socially significant communities), strategy of personal imitation (focus on overcoming the disease on the example of an authoritative person), strategy of external locus control (in which a person becomes what others see him), strategy of the ultimate goal (focus on a positive result of active action), strategy of escape from responsibility (shift of responsibility for their health to doctors, relatives, friends, volunteers, etc.). The article presents the results of an empirical study that outlines the specifics of the choice of strategies for interaction with the disease of patients with different categories of disease. It was found that the ability to fight the disease is highest in those individuals who have a high level of adaptation to the disease. It is the adaptive strategy of interaction with the disease was found in all patients at the stage of recovery. The results obtained in the study allow to make positive adjustments to care plans for patients with various somatic diseases.
Kazlauskas, E., & Zelviene, P. (2016) Trauma research in the Baltic countries: From political oppression to recovery. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 7. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v7.29295
Lehmann М., Jonas С., Pohontsch N.-J. Zimmermann T., Scherer M., Löwe B. (2019) General practitioners' views on the diagnostic innovations in DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder - A focus group study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. Vol. 123, 109734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109734
Lia C., Borgfeldtb C., Samsioeb G., Lidfeldtc J., Nerbrandc C. (2005) Background factors influencing somatic and psychological symptoms in middle-age women with different hormonal status: A population-based study of Swedish women. Maturitas. Vol. 52, Issues 3–4. 306-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.05.005
Moore T., Norman P., Harris P.R., Makris M. (2006) Cognitive appraisals and psychological distress following venous thromboembolic disease: An application of the theory of cognitive adaptation. Social Science & Medicine. Vol. 63, Issue 9, 2395-2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.014
Nabia H., Hallb M., Koskenvuoc М., Singh-Manouxad А., Oksanene Т., Suominenf S., Kivimäkide М., Vahteraef J. (2010) Psychological and Somatic Symptoms of Anxiety and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Health and Social Support Prospective Cohort Study. Biological Psychiatry. Vol. 67, Issue 4. 378-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.07.040
Pouranga P. Besharat M.A. (2011) An Investigation of the Relationship Between Coping Styles and Psychological Adaptation with Recovery Process in a Sample of Coronary Heart Disease Patients. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. Vol.30. 171-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.034
Ruppert, F. (2012) Symbiosis & Autonomy: Symbiotic Trauma and Love Beyond Entanglements. Gloucs: Green Balloon Publishing.
Schaefert R., Höner C., Salm F. Wirsching M., Leonhart R., Yang J., Wei J., Lu W., Larisch A., Fritzsche K. (2013) Psychological and behavioral variables associated with the somatic symptom severity of general hospital outpatients in China. General Hospital Psychiatry. Vol. 35, Issue 3. 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.11.001
Weigel A., Maehder K., Witt M., Löwe B. (2020) Psychotherapists' perspective on the treatment of patients with somatic symptom disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. Vol. 138. 110228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110228
Bazhenova P.A., Shchelkova O.Yu. (2010) Features of the personality of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Bulletin of the South Ural State. un-that. Ser. "Psychology". Issue. 11. № 40 (216). 84–86.
Berezin F.B. (1988) Mental and psychophysiological adaptation of a person. Leningrad: Nauka. 272
Brekhman K. Sh., Brekhman G. I. (1998) Psychosomatic disorders in children born from desired and unwanted pregnancies. Ecology of the Earth! Ecology Lona! Ecology of the Earth. Materials of the Regional Conference on Perinatal Psychology. Ivanovo. 42–45.
Wasserman L.I., Trifonova E.A., Shchelkova O.Yu. (2011) Psychological diagnostics and correction in a somatic clinic. SPb. Rech. 271
Gridkovets L.M. (2019) Some results of longitudinal research of psychological and pedagogical factors of family determination of personal crises. Herald of Kyiv Institute of Business and Technology. 42 (3): 95-101. https://doi.org/10.37203/kibit.2019.42.15
Gridkovets L.M. (2016) The world of life crises of a person as a child of his family, kind and people: a monograph. 2nd edition, corrected and supplemented. Lviv, Skrynia. 516
Kraimer D., Zaporozhets O. (2016) Psychological principles of trauma therapy of families of combatants. Herald of Kyiv Institute of Business and Technology. 3. 43-47
Malkina-Pykh I. (2008) Psychosomatics. A practical psychologist's reference guide. SPb: Peter. 576
Ovchinnikova Yu.G. (2010) On the Problem of Interventions in a Personality Crisis Situation: From Theory to Practice. Cultural-historical psychology. Vol. 6, No. 3. 93–98.
Raigorodsky D.Ya. (2002) Practical psychodiagnostics. Techniques and tests. Tutorial. Samara: Publishing House "BAHRAH-M". 672
Gridkovets L., Prorok N., Tsarenko L. (ed.) (2018) Rehabilitation psychology. In 3 volumes of the OSCE. Ministry of Social Policy
Stukalova LA, Kravets BB, Bokov SN (1996) On the typology of attitudes to psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with oncological diseases. History of Saburova dacha. Advances in psychiatry, neurology, neurosurgery and narcology: Collection of scientific works of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Neurology and Psychiatry and the Kharkiv City Clinical Psychiatric Hospital № 15 (Saburova dacha). V. 3. 354–356
Talanov VL, Malkina-Pykh IG (2005) Handbook of practical psychologist. SPb. Sova, M. EKSMO. 928
Schutzenberger A. (2001) Ancestor syndrome. Transgenerational ties, family secrets, anniversary syndrome, trauma transmission and practical use of the genosociogram. / Translated from French. Moscow. Publishing House of the Institute of Psychotherapy, 240
Yanitsky M.S. (1999) Adaptation process: psychological mechanisms and patterns of dynamics. Textbook. Kemerovo: KemGU. 84
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When Dom Périgno invented champagne he shouted to his fellow monks ‘Come quick, I’m tasting stars!’. What an irresistible pitch. No matter what you do, a core life and business skill is your ability to pitch an idea.
- Pointy: You should be able to pitch your idea in 30 seconds or less. If you can do this, you have it nailed. Set the timer on your phone and speak for 30 seconds. You can then prepare a 2 minute version, a 5 minute, 20 minute and even a 40 minute version. The 30 second one will be the hardest to do.
- Passion: Let your passion show. Nothing like a pitch where the pitcher doesn’t seem convinced or passionate about the idea. Most venture capitalists who fund start up companies say they buy the founder as much as the idea and a passionate founder will win every time.
- People first: Make it about people. Most pitches that make their central idea about technology, can fail to engage the audience. The 30 second pitch for AirBnB which lets you rent other people’s homes simply says ‘travel like a human’.
For pitch inspiration check out www.pitchenvy.com and their own 30 second pitch is Showcasing the best start up pitch decks. Nailed!
I would love to hear your favourite pitch ideas, please share.
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Gathering in Brussels on 15th June, the EU and the US announced an agreement towards a 5-years suspension of mutual retaliatory tariffs. The duties, imposed in October 2019 and November 2020 on € 11 billion of overall trade value, originated from the longstanding dispute over illegal subsidies to Airbus and Boeing.
The agreement was saluted with relief and satisfaction by CECE and the European construction equipment industry, which had been unfairly hit by these tariffs. Indeed, the US had included several categories of construction machinery in their list of products and the EU had reciprocated, imposing duties on certain equipment imported from the US.
Commenting on the announcement, CECE Secretary General Riccardo Viaggi said: “After a first 4-months suspension announced in March, this is exactly the positive result we have all been working towards. Indeed, in the last two years, we have been engaging with our industry partners in the EU and in the US, so we are now glad to see it has paid off. These retaliatory tariffs were causing serious economic harm on both sides of the Atlantic, increasing tensions and decreasing economic opportunities. This 5-years suspension can boost trade, accelerate economic recovery and reinstate the transatlantic relationship for even further progress towards a stronger trading partnership.”
The US market is of vital importance for European construction equipment manufacturers. As both the United States and European Union are centers of technological development, transatlantic trade has helped create a strong path to sustained manufacturing competitiveness.
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The best caramel corn comes from butterflies combined with mushrooms. Some people use only mushrooms—the kernels that pop into smooth, round balls—but Sharon Yoder of Yoder Popcornsays butterflies—the kernels that sprout wings that extend far beyond the hull—make for better texture. For those who like extra-sweet caramel corn, Yoder advises using varieties with smaller kernels, which allow a greater concentration of caramel. Black Jewell, for example, pops up small and crisp, with very little hull; Red Popcorn is medium size with a good crunch and a nutty flavor. Ladyfinger is a yellow corn with virtually no hull. “But it still has a hard part that you can’t get rid of,” she warns.
By Jane and Michael Stern
Originally Published 2005 Gourmet Magazine
The best caramel corn comes from butterflies combined with mushrooms. Some people use only mushrooms—the kernels that pop into smooth, round balls—but Sharon Yoder of Yoder Popcornsays butterflies—the kernels that sprout wings that extend far beyond the hull—make for better texture.
For those who like extra-sweet caramel corn, Yoder advises using varieties with smaller kernels, which allow a greater concentration of caramel. Black Jewell, for example, pops up small and crisp, with very little hull; Red Popcorn is medium size with a good crunch and a nutty flavor. Ladyfinger is a yellow corn with virtually no hull. “But it still has a hard part that you can’t get rid of,” she warns.
The pride of Yoder’s stock is branded Tiny Tender popcorn, a nearly hull-less variety made from the smallest kernels at the tip of the ear, which the Yoders separate out. It is available both yellow and white, the white generally having a milder taste, the yellow a more pronounced corn character. Tiny Tender is too fine to sheath in caramel. It is for eating straight …with melted butter and salt, of course.
Yoder’s family farm, which grows popping corn (butterflies only) and raises hogs, is in the Amish country of northern Indiana—which recently surpassed Nebraska in world popcorn production. Their roadside shop sells kernels ready to pop (stovetop and microwave), oils, salts, seasonings, and poppers. But it is not a place to buy corn on the cob, even at the end-of-summer harvest. Although the popcorn that Native Americans introduced to Pilgrims at the first Thanksgiving was popped on the cob and eaten directly off it, popping-corn and eating-corn are now two very different products. Corn destined to be eaten off the cob is softer and, because it is more moist, will pop poorly if at all.
A few hours west of Yoder’s, in Chicago, is the best caramel corn on earth. It is called CaramelCrisp, a name trademarked by Garrett Popcorn Shops, which has four locations in the city. According to Karen Galaba, whose family started Garrett in 1931, the product is special because they use real butter and get kernels that pop bigger than movie-theater popcorn.
The main thing that makes it so good is that it is always served hot and just-popped. Almost as important is the custom-made popcorn blend, which always seems to have the perfect ratio of mushrooms to butterflies. As you wait your turn in line at the flagship store on Michigan Avenue, you can see (and smell) it being air-popped in a jumbo appliance that resembles a superload washing machine. The hot corn that spills out is carried to the rear of the cramped galley kitchen, where it is mixed with caramel. It’s then brought forth in tin buckets, which are dumped at the far left of a cooling table against the wall; there, a woman worries it with two large scoops, ensuring that the hot caramel corn doesn’t clump into pieces larger than three or four popped kernels. Once it achieves the perfect consistency, it is shoveled forward to the other end of the table, scooped into wax-paper bags, and weighed out for customers.
On a pleasant Friday afternoon, two greeters stand at Garrett’s door, opening it for those who enter and informing customers how long it will take to get to the head of the line. The queue is a cramped maze inside the small storefront, and it hasn’t yet spilled out onto the street, meaning the wait is a mere 30 to 35 minutes. The mirrored walls magnify the crowd. Spirits are high among those gathered—a camaraderie akin to that of Star Wars devotees camping out for a premiere.
Standing in line with everybody else are two uniformed delivery men, one from DHL, the other from UPS. The look of impatience on their faces suggests they are not here as a reward after going on their rounds. They are getting caramel corn while on the job.
One man fidgets at the back of the line, and as a few others come in behind him, he announces, “I’m parked at a meter.” He gets on his cellphone to consult with the person he has come to buy a snack for, then thinks out loud, “I’m weighing: Do I get the parking ticket or come home without Garrett’s?” A person in front of him volunteers to hold his place while he goes out to feed the meter.
A girl in line is on her way to visit her mother in Michigan. “If I don’t come with caramel corn, I’m in big trouble,” she says, explaining that a few years ago she used to trade Chicago CaramelCrisp for Detroit Vernor’s ginger ale, but now that Vernor’s is available in the Windy City, she swaps for Sanders Bittersweet Dessert Topping, a fantastic Detroit-made fudge sauce for ice cream.
The discussion of regional favorites causes someone in line to mention Ted’s hot dogs from Buffalo, New York, which he says he likes more than filet mignon. That naturally leads to an animated discussion of Chicago all-beef hot dogs versus New York dirty-water dogs, thin-crust versus thick-crust pizza, Philly cheesesteaks, In-N-Out burgers of the Southwest, and the best place in Chicago to find an old-fashioned Italian steak sandwich (Ricobene’s).
The guy with the car at the meter walks in just moments before the person holding his spot in line places her order. Newcomers at the back of the line begrudge his going to the front and grumble about the ridiculous wait, but today’s old-timers, who were here way back when he left, and who know about his predicament, welcome his return. After all his effort, he orders just a small bag of CheeseCorn.
Unless you’re wearing gloves, it’s impossible to eat Garrett’s cheese corn without your fingers turning bright orange from the cheese that coats and infuses the hot popped kernels. It is hilarious to stroll along Michigan Avenue, known as The Magnificent Mile for its high-end shopping, and see otherwise dapper folks with hands the color of a school bus. Even knowing the mess that inevitably results, including orange stains on jeans and jackets, lips and chins, we cannot stop eating it once we start. The vivid cheese immeasurably enhances the starchy corn flavor of the puffy kernels, making a savory snack that is almost unimprovable.
But it turns out it can get better. Instead of ordering either CaramelCrisp or CheeseCorn, you can ask for a “mix,” also known as a Chicago Mix. A bag is filled halfway with caramel corn, then topped off with cheese corn and shaken. The combo—which stains fingers only half as badly—is a giant taste sensation that seems to cover the whole spectrum of what a tongue can appreciate: salty, sweet, buttery, earthy, crisp, and chewy. It is a perfect food.
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For several days the streets of the city invites local folks and city guests to visit specialized open air cafes to try best sorts of beer of local production. Beer tasting, original gastronomy events and competitions are of great popularity among foreign guests. The Nottingham Beer Festival is far not the only gastronomy event held in the city. The tourist destination holds annually the Food and Drink Festival.
The name of the fest makes it clear what is going on during the fest. The festival is devoted to ethnic foods and drinks. An established place of holding the festival is still the Old Market Square. During the festival the square is equipped with tables on which culinary experts perform their foods masterpieces. Cooks and food experts from other countries take part in the festival even more often. Foreign cooks try to perform their best culinary skill. Usual people can take part in the culinary competitions as the festival presents several culinary master classes from renowned foods experts and engaging competitions.
This article about Nottingham is written by the orangesmile.com editorial team and is protected by the copyright law. The article can only be re-used with a direct link to www.orangesmile.com
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Family: Lauraceae -shrubs, and trees having flowers with definite stamens in several series of three, united sepals, no petals, and a single pistil
The Immune 8 blend consists of eight 100 % pure therapeutic grade essential oils of Cinnamon leaf, Lavender, Lemon, Lemongrass, Patchouli, Rosewood, Tea tree, White camphor.
Being 100% pure therapeutic grade oil indicates that it has been analyzed with gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) lab procedures to ensure quality and that no added fillers such as synthetics are added. Look for “organic” to ensure no pesticides or chemicals were used while growing.
The reason “why” I added Rosewood into my blend was because of its anti-microbial (ability to destroy the virus and bacteria), anti-septic, and anti-depressant potential. Furthermore, Rosewood is a cellular stimulant for the immune system, tissue regenerator, and tonic.
Each oil consists of many active constituents (chemical makeup) that are unique to just that plant, tree, or shrub. Various parts of that plant (stem, leaves, bark, resin, flowers) are used in making oil. Therefore, they contain different active constituents designed by nature for protection and growth. The location in the world where the plant is grown affects its therapeutic nature as well. The mixture of the chemistry of the plant gives it the aroma. Like a rose is a rose. There are several ways to extract the oil but mostly the oil is produced by steam distillation. This is known as the best method without harming active ingredients.
Rosewood is mostly composed of linalool about 80-90%. May contain cineole, terpineol, geraniol, citronellal, limonene, pinene, and lesser amounts of others. Large electropositive potential (-)-linalool contains anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities (da Silva et al., 2016).
Below are evidential research findings on Rosewood oil as an anti-viral, anesthetic, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, and other factors. Rosewood can handle temperature up to 183 F and keep in mind that steam distillation is between 240 to 260 F so the oils can take the heat and still have great beneficial actions.
Rosewood is mostly grown in the Amazon region. Additionally, Brazil and Peru. This wood has been used for furniture, perfumes, and chopsticks (The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils). In some areas of north and south amazon contain two varieties of rosewood. Similarly, Brazil has a young rosewood tree that has high (-)-linalool and (-)-linalool. French Guiana has tested leaves containing 73-78% linalool, with trunk wood oils tested 100% (Chantraine et al., 2009). A. rosaeodora should not be confused with Aniba parviflora, two different trees with different ratio compounds. There are also other trees/shrub that are listed as rosewood, Dalbergia Stevenson, and Pterocarpus Santalinus. Used in Chanel perfumes since 1930. Rosewood leaves are now being considered to save the trees, and synthetic rosewood is also used (Souza et al., 2011).
An important aspect of researching the oils involved the safety data. Rosewood stated non-toxic, non-irritant, and non-sensitizing. According to The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, by Julia Lawless, these are the attributes of Rosewood oil.
Also, Rosewood is significant at opening inner ear and renewing spiritual feelings. It also helps with releasing offensive memories and expanding the heart chakra. The benefits of rosewood oil defend the skin because of the antiseptic and antibacterial properties. Calms the mind and relaxes nerves with anti-depressive and stimulating properties that are very grounding. Also, it increases libido in both sexes as well as an analgesic for tooth and joint pain reported by Ayurvedic Oils.
Vibrational frequency is different in every oil. There are three classifications of vibration or notes: top, middle, and base. Rosewood vibrational frequency has both middle and base notes. Top note is the first oil you will smell in a blend and will be the one that dissipates first. Top notes are bright, refreshing, clarifying, and energizing. Middle notes hold the top and base notes together. Middle notes are normally warm, balancing, and grounding. Base notes are thicker oils and vibrate at a lower rate and tend to last the longest in a blend. They have provocative scents and are calming and relaxing, like patchouli. Information obtained from Esoteric Oils, Aroma web, and New Directions Aromatics. The synergetic combination of all notes for a blend will give a good scent.
In Immune 8 blend, the top notes are Lemon and White Camphor, top to middle notes are Lemongrass and Tea Tree, Lavender is a middle note, middle to base notes are Cinnamon Leaf and Rosewood, and patchouli is a base note.
Immune 8 blend is diluted in a natural base soap or lotion, and ready to use! There is a variation of appropriate drops to carriers on different essential oil websites. For 2% of adult dilution use 12 drops to one ounce of your carrier oil or lotion. Caution: Never apply an essential oil directly on the skin, always dilute to 2% for adults and half of that for children.
The list of benefits of all 8 essential oils put into the Immune 8 blend can be found here https://immune8.com/immune-8-blend-and-beneficial-actions/
Essential oils are an easy way to boost your immune system and can help defend against viruses and other germs, check out Immune8.com
To Your Health & Happiness!
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If you’re in search of someone to write my paper for me, then you’re not on your own. Every student has this WriteMyEssays experience. We will be discussing benefits of working with an experienced writer as well as the procedures you can take. Below are some helpful tips:
The most significant aspect of student life is essay writing.
Writing essays is a vital element of life as a student. However, do you understand how for writing essays? These guidelines will help you to begin. You must not only follow the format of your essay but also remember it is important to concentrate only on one please help write my essay topic or point. In the next step, you must think about how you can structure your essay to ensure that you are able to write an efficient essay.
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Writing essays requires extensive investigation, it’s not the only talent that can assist students in the workplace. When you are practicing your writing skills today, you’ll become more proficient in the future. Writing essays can increase your curiosity and mold you into a mature and independent individual. You will be able to be successful in college and beyond if are able to create essays well.
Selecting a reliable writing company
When you’re trying to find an essay writing service that is top-quality, reliability is crucial. The ideal company has good reputation as well as an WriteMyEssays excellent track record in the industry. Any service you select should be able to assure you excellent quality and speedy delivery. Here are some tips for choosing the best writing service. Find out more about the characteristics that constitute a reliable services for writing essays. Below are some of the essential factors to consider when choosing a company.
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An essay writer service is a good option if you have trouble writing your essay. There are numerous internet services that provide such help However, it is not advisable to go with the first option you find. Don’t risk getting an inferior piece of work. If you’re concerned your grade will be low or have an assignment due make sure you choose an experienced Essay writing services.
It is important to select a professional writing service
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Pros and cons of employing the services of a professional writer
When you hire a professional writer to compose my essay you will receive a high-quality item at a low cost. This lets you study more and allow you to earn a top mark. Furthermore, a professional will make sure that the essay you submit is in line with your deadlines , and will be free of plagiarism. This is a fantastic solution for students stressed by the amount of work they have to complete.
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If you’re one of the many who has no idea of what we should write in order to get an assignment done There are plenty of real advantages of using the services of a professional essay writer. They can reduce your time, meet tight deadlines and provide top quality. A good way to determine a trustworthy service is to do a little investigation. Check out the conditions and terms for each company prior to placing your order. Picking the correct paper writing service can ensure you receive high-quality work with a reasonable cost.
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There are a variety of review websites available on the internet where customers can leave their thoughts about the services they received. Review reviews from real customers are far more credible than those written by others who have utilized the service. Trustpilot adheres to strict guidelines for publishing and you should make sure that you select an authentic service. The majority of writing services provide testimonials from their customers through their sites. A few of them include video clips that you can watch as well as contact the person reviewing the testimonial to verify the authenticity of the review.
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Do you remember filling out the 2020 Census? The survey results have been put to use to redraw legislative districts.
The Michigan Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission (MICRC) finalized Michigan state House, Senate and U.S. Congressional districts last month. In years past, the Michigan Legislature has drawn these lines.
“In 2018, there was a ballot proposal on our general election ballot that completely changed that process—it took the power of redistricting away from the Michigan Legislature and governor and created a separate body,” says Matt Kapp, Michigan Farm Bureau’s government relations specialist. “[The MICRC] had the sole responsibility of drawing the maps.”
The process for 2022 was different than how it was done in the past. For example, some counties or townships will be split on who is representing them.
“The maps are going to be what the maps are going to be,” says Kapp. “What doesn’t change is we’re still going to have 38 state Senators in Michigan, 110 state House members. We are losing a U.S. Congressional seat—we’re going from 14 to 13 because of changes of population in the census. Michigan didn’t lose population in the current census, but we’re not growing as fast as other states.”
Kapp encourages farmers to look at the new districts to see the changes.
“There’s a very good chance that after the November 22 election that they have an entirely different legislator because their current legislator was drawn into a different district,” he says. “That presents a lot of opportunity for farmer to get out there and build relationships with legislators and let them know their issues and why agriculture is important to Michigan’s economy.”
Kapp says that farmers still need to build relationships with their lawmakers, regardless of what the map looks like.
“We still need farmers to step up and get involved in government and represent agriculture by either serving at the township, state or federal level.”
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This simple Resistor Value Calculation Online Tool help you Calculate the Resistor color Coding. Just select the resistor color and get the value.
Each and every resistor were provided with colored layers for identifying its value. Each and every band has a value which should be used in addition to some criteria.
Resistor Colour Coding chart is provided for your reference.
To calculate the value of Resistor, follow these steps.
→ Firstly, Note the band colors and list those colors.
→ Secondly, With the help of the chart note down the respective value.
→ Thirdly, Write the value as such for Band 1 and Band 2. For Band 3, write it in terms of exponential power with respect to 10 as a base.
→ Tolerance can be written as ± with the respective percentage.
Tolerance value means the following resistor value can be within the limit. It’s difficult to provide exact value.
Chart for Resistor Color Coding:
This can be easily memorized by using this Evergreen sentence
BB Roy Great Britain Very Good Wife
Now Let us see How to calculate the value of a resistor with an example.
Consider a Resistor having the following Color Sequence.
Band 1 = Red
Band 2 = Violet
Band 3 = Orange
Band 4 = Silver.
To calculate the value of a resistor, You should identify the respective digit. Neglect the digit for Gold and Silver
The digit for Red is 2
The digit for Violet is 7
The digit for Orange is 3
For band 1 and band 2 write the digit as such. For band 3, write it in terms of power.
So the value is 2 7 *10^3 ± 10%.
On simplification, we get 27000 with 10% tolerance. You can also write this as 27k ± 10%.
Practically, a resistance won’t become 0.
To find the resistor value easily use this simple calculator.
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Gordon L. Dillow is the author of Fire in the Sky, a well-researched book about the natural disaster that poses the gravest threat to Earth: collision with a large asteroid. Though writing about a serious subject, Dillow, a former newspaper reporter and war correspondent, has turned his reporting into a scientific adventure story as he takes readers into the desert to examine asteroid impact sites and pulls all-nighters with the scientists who search the skies for new threats. He spoke with Air & Space senior associate editor Diane Tedeschi in August.
What made you decide to write this book?
“I like to joke that I got a sign from the heavens. At 4 a.m. one morning in June 2016, I was having a cup of coffee on the back porch of my home in Arizona when suddenly the nighttime sky lit up in this weird, other-worldly red glow. Moments later, off to the northeast, there was a tremendous flash—a brilliant explosion that briefly turned night into day. NASA later explained that the flash of light was caused by a small asteroid—only five or six feet wide—that had hurtled through the atmosphere at 40,000 mph and then blew up with the explosive force of half a kiloton of TNT. But for me that just raised more questions. The more I looked into it, the more fascinating it was. I was hooked on asteroids—and I still am.”
How worried should we be about the possibility of a collision with an asteroid?
The chances of a civilization-ending collision with a large asteroid or comet—like the six-mile-wide asteroid that apparently wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago—within our lifetimes or even our grandchildren’s lifetimes are really very small. At the other end of the size scale, Earth is bombarded all the time by small asteroids that burn up or explode harmlessly in the atmosphere, like the one I saw in Arizona. So it’s not the biggest asteroids or the littlest asteroids we need to worry about: It’s the ones in between. Unless we can figure out a way to stop it, someday our planet will be hit by an asteroid big enough to cause local or regional destruction—or even worldwide climate change from the dust and gases an asteroid impact can kick up. It’s not a matter of if, but only a matter of when. It could happen 500 years from now, or it could happen next Tuesday.
Are we investing enough in research and development to defend Earth against an asteroid impact?
In a word, no. It’s true that over the past two decades, NASA funding for planetary-defense programs against potentially Earth-threatening asteroids has increased dramatically. But it’s not enough. This year NASA will spend $150 million on near-Earth-object detection and related programs, but that’s less than one percent of NASA’s $21.5 billion budget. And when you compare that to the $700 billion or so we spend annually on conventional defense programs, it’s less than a drop in the budgetary bucket. I’m all for national defense, but we have to realize that planetary defense against asteroids is part of our national defense.
What are some of the more interesting ideas being proposed as a defense against an asteroid collision?
There have been a lot of really cool theoretical proposals about how to deflect an asteroid. You could bombard it with white paintballs to change its reflectivity, which could gradually nudge it off course. You could park a large object next to it, and let the object’s own gravity pull the asteroid slightly off its Earth-threatening track. And on and on. The problem with those ideas is that they would require a lot of time to deflect the asteroid—decades in some cases.
As it currently stands there are really only two practical methods of deflecting an asteroid. One of them involves nuclear weapons. When people think of using nuclear weapons against an asteroid, they usually think of Bruce Willis blowing up a giant asteroid in the exciting but scientifically-challenged 1998 film Armageddon. But in most cases you wouldn’t want to actually blow up an incoming asteroid. Instead, you would detonate a relatively small nuclear device next to the asteroid to nudge it a little off course. The problem is that there are longstanding international treaties prohibiting the use of nuclear weapons in space—and even if there weren’t, the whole idea of using nukes in space makes a lot of people uneasy.
So the preferred method is to use what are known as “kinetic impactors.” Basically it’s cannonball technology. You load up an unmanned spacecraft with a heavy chunk of metal and slam it head-on into the asteroid at a speed of thousands of miles per hour. The idea isn’t to destroy the asteroid, but simply to slow its speed by a tiny, tiny fraction. That way, when the asteroid finally reaches its expected rendezvous point with Earth, our planet will have already moved on in its orbit around the sun and the asteroid will miss us.
In fact, in 2021 NASA plans to launch its Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission to actually test the kinetic-impactor method on a small, non-Earth-threatening binary asteroid called Didymos. It will be the first time ever that an asteroid deflection method will be tested in real-space conditions. That will be an important first step, but we’ll still have a long way to go before we have a practical asteroid deflection system.
Is the media providing balanced coverage of the asteroid threat?
Actually, the asteroid threat is being over-reported—and badly reported—at least on social media and in the tabloid press. Hardly a day goes by that you don’t see a tabloid headline declaring “NASA Spots Monster Asteroid Headed Toward Earth.” You have to get to the bottom of the story to learn that the asteroid in question will actually miss Earth by millions of miles, which is close in space terms, but not really a threat. When you have too many headlines like that, there’s a boy-who-cried-wolf effect.
That’s not to say that potentially dangerous asteroids don’t come close to Earth. The bottom line is that the asteroid threat is real, and it requires serious attention. But we don’t need hyped-up headlines and unfounded rumors to make the asteroid threat scary. The actual science is scary enough.
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There was a householder brāhmaṇa in the city of Mithilā, the capital of the kingdom of Videha. This brāhmaṇa, whose name was Śrutadeva, was a great devotee of Lord Kṛṣṇa. Because he was fully Kṛṣṇa conscious and always engaged in the service of the Lord, he was completely peaceful in mind and detached from all material attraction. He was very learned and had no desire other than to be fully situated in Kṛṣṇa consciousness. Although in the order of householder life, he never took great pains to earn anything for his livelihood; he was satisfied with whatever he could achieve without much endeavor, and somehow or other he lived in that way. Every day he would get the necessities of life in just the quantity required, and not more. That was his destiny. The brāhmaṇa had no desire to get more than what he needed, and thus he was peacefully executing the regulative principles of a brāhmaṇa's life, as enjoined in the revealed scriptures.
Fortunately, the King of Mithilā was as good a devotee as the brāhmaṇa. The name of this famous king was Bahulāśva. He was very well established in his reputation as a good king, and he was not at all ambitious to extend his kingdom for the sake of sense gratification. As such, both the brāhmaṇa and King Bahulāśva remained pure devotees of Lord Kṛṣṇa in Mithilā.
Since Lord Kṛṣṇa was very merciful toward these two devotees, King Bahulāśva and the brāhmaṇa Śrutadeva, He one day asked His driver, Dāruka, to take His chariot into the capital city of Mithilā. Lord Kṛṣṇa was accompanied by the great sages Nārada, Vāmadeva, Atri, Vyāsadeva, Paraśurāma, Asita, Aruṇi, Śukadeva, Bṛhaspati, Kaṇva, Maitreya, Cyavana and others. Lord Kṛṣṇa and the sages passed through many villages and towns, and everywhere the citizens would receive them with great respect and offer them articles in worship. To the citizens who came to see the Lord and all the assembled sages, it seemed as though the sun were present along with his various satellite planets. In that journey, Lord Kṛṣṇa and the sages passed through the kingdoms of Ānarta, Dhanva, Kuru-jāṅgala, Kaṅka, Matsya, Pāñcāla, Kuntī, Madhu, Kekaya, Kośala and Arṇa, and thus all the citizens of these places, both men and women, could see Lord Kṛṣṇa face to face. In this way they enjoyed celestial happiness, with open hearts full of love and affection for the Lord, and when they saw the face of the Lord, it seemed to them that they were drinking nectar through their eyes. When they saw Kṛṣṇa, all the ignorant misconceptions of their lives dissipated. When the Lord passed through the various countries and the people came to visit Him, simply by glancing over them the Lord would bestow all good fortune upon them and liberate them from all kinds of ignorance. In some places the demigods would join with the human beings, and their glorification of the Lord would cleanse all directions of all inauspicious things. In this way, Lord Kṛṣṇa gradually reached the kingdom of Videha.
When the citizens received the news of the Lord's arrival, they all felt unlimited happiness and came to welcome Him, taking gifts in their hands to offer. As soon as they saw Lord Kṛṣṇa, their hearts immediately blossomed in transcendental bliss, just like lotus flowers upon the rising of the sun. Previously they had simply heard the names of the great sages but had never seen them. Now, by the mercy of Lord Kṛṣṇa, they had the opportunity of seeing both the great sages and the Lord Himself.
King Bahulāśva and the brāhmaṇa Śrutadeva, knowing well that the Lord had come there just to grace them with favor, immediately fell at the Lord's lotus feet and offered their respects. With folded hands, the King and the brāhmaṇa each simultaneously invited Lord Kṛṣṇa and all the sages to his home. In order to please both of them, Lord Kṛṣṇa expanded Himself into two and went to the houses of each one of them; yet neither the King nor the brāhmaṇa could understand that the Lord had gone to the house of the other. Both thought that the Lord had gone only to his own house. That He and His companions were present in both houses, although both the brāhmaṇa and the King thought He was present in one house only, is another opulence of the Supreme Personality of Godhead. This opulence is described in the revealed scriptures as vaibhava-prakāśa. When Lord Kṛṣṇa married sixteen thousand wives, He expanded Himself into sixteen thousand forms, each one of them as powerful as He Himself. Similarly, in Vṛndāvana, when Brahmā stole Kṛṣṇa's calves and cowherd boys, Kṛṣṇa expanded Himself into many new calves and boys.
Bahulāśva, the King of Videha, was very intelligent and was a perfect gentleman. He was astonished that so many great sages, along with the Supreme Personality of Godhead, were personally present in his home. He knew perfectly well that conditioned souls engaged in worldly affairs cannot be one hundred percent pure whereas the Supreme Personality of Godhead and His pure devotees are always transcendental to worldly contamination. Therefore, when he found that the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Kṛṣṇa, and all the great sages were at his home, he was astonished, and he began to thank Lord Kṛṣṇa for His causeless mercy.
Feeling very much obliged and wanting to receive his guests to the best of his ability, he called for nice chairs and cushions, and Lord Kṛṣṇa, along with all the sages, sat down very comfortably. At that time, King Bahulāśva's mind was very restless, not because of any problems but because of great ecstasy of love and devotion. His heart was filled with love and affection for the Lord and His associates, and his eyes were filled with tears of ecstasy. He washed the feet of his divine guests, and afterward he and his family members sprinkled the water on their own heads. After this, he offered the guests nice flower garlands, sandalwood pulp, incense, new garments, ornaments, lamps, cows and bulls. In a manner just befitting his royal position, he worshiped each one of them in this way. When all had been fed sumptuously and were sitting very comfortably, Bahulāśva came before Lord Kṛṣṇa and caught His lotus feet. He placed them on his lap and, while massaging the feet with his hands, began to speak about the glories of the Lord in a sweet voice.
“My dear Lord, You are the Supersoul of all living entities, and as the witness within the heart You are cognizant of everyone's activities. Thus we are duty-bound to always think of Your lotus feet so that we can remain in a secure position and not deviate from Your eternal service. As a result of our continuous remembrance of Your lotus feet, You have kindly visited my place personally to favor me with Your causeless mercy. We have heard, my dear Lord, that by Your various statements You confirm Your pure devotees to be more dear to You than Lord Balarāma or Your constant servitor the goddess of fortune. Your devotees are dearer to You than Your first son, Lord Brahmā, and I am sure that You have so kindly visited my place in order to prove Your divine statement. I cannot imagine how people can be godless and demoniac even after knowing of Your causeless mercy and affection for Your devotees who are constantly engaged in Kṛṣṇa consciousness. How can people who know of these things forget Your lotus feet?
“My dear Lord, it is known to us that You are so kind and liberal that when a person leaves everything just to engage in Kṛṣṇa consciousness, You sometimes give Yourself in exchange for that unalloyed service. You have appeared in the Yadu dynasty to fulfill Your mission of reclaiming all conditioned souls rotting in the sinful activities of material existence, and this appearance is already famous all over the world. My dear Lord, You are the ocean of unlimited mercy, love and affection. Your transcendental form is full of bliss, knowledge and eternity. You can attract everyone's heart by Your beautiful form as Śyāmasundara, Kṛṣṇa. Your knowledge is unlimited, and to teach all people how to execute devotional service You have sent Your incarnation Nara-Nārāyaṇa, who is engaged in severe austerities and penances at Badarīnārāyaṇa. Kindly, therefore, accept my humble obeisances at Your lotus feet. My dear Lord, I beg to request You and Your companions, the great sages and brāhmaṇas, to remain at my place at least for a few days so that this family of the famous King Nimi may be sanctified by the dust of Your lotus feet.” Lord Kṛṣṇa could not refuse the request of His devotee, and thus He remained there for a few days with the sages to sanctify the city of Mithilā and all its citizens.
Meanwhile, the brāhmaṇa Śrutadeva, simultaneously receiving Lord Kṛṣṇa and His associates at his home, was transcendentally overwhelmed with joy. After offering his guests nice sitting places, the brāhmaṇa began to dance, waving around his wrap. Śrutadeva, being not at all rich, offered only mattresses, wooden planks, straw carpets and so on to his distinguished guests, Lord Kṛṣṇa and the sages, but he welcomed them to the best of his ability. He spoke very highly of the Lord and the sages, and he and his wife washed the feet of each one of them. After this, he took the water and sprinkled it over all the members of his family, and although the brāhmaṇa appeared very poor, he was at that time most fortunate. While Śrutadeva was welcoming Lord Kṛṣṇa and His associates, he simply forgot himself in transcendental joy. After welcoming the Lord and His companions, according to his ability he brought fruits, incense, scented water, scented clay, tulasī leaves, kuśa straw and lotus flowers. They were not costly items and could be secured very easily, but because they were offered with devotional love, Lord Kṛṣṇa and His associates accepted them gladly. The brāhmaṇa's wife cooked simple foods like rice and dāl, and Lord Kṛṣṇa and His followers were very much pleased to accept them because they were offered in devotional love. When Lord Kṛṣṇa and His associates were fed in this way, the brāhmaṇa Śrutadeva was thinking thus: "I have fallen into the deep, dark well of householder life and am the most unfortunate person. How has it become possible that Lord Kṛṣṇa, who is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, and His associates, the great sages, whose very presence makes a place as sanctified as a pilgrimage site, have agreed to come to my place?" While the brāhmaṇa was thinking in this way, the guests finished their lunch and sat back very comfortably. At that time, the brāhmaṇa Śrutadeva and his wife, children and other relatives appeared there to render service to the distinguished guests. While touching the lotus feet of Lord Kṛṣṇa, the brāhmaṇa began to speak.
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JACKSON It felt more like a bait-and-switch. But maybe the City Hall gathering was a start of a new way of thinking about crime prevention in the capital city.
The Jackson Police Department had announced the "Plea for Community Involvement" meeting for Feb. 23 at City Hall with a release promising what sounded like a forward-thinking discussion about reducing violence. The host list was limited to law enforcement and not the larger crime-prevention community, however: The U.S. Department of Justice, the federal Violence Reduction Network, the U.S. Attorney's Office and JPD would facilitate the conversation.
The flyer also promised presumably helpful "subject matter guests" from a metropolis that has improved its multi-faceted approach to reducing crime: Los Angeles Deputy Attorney General John Colello and LAPD homicide Det. John Skaggs, who is featured in Jill Leovy's best-selling book, "Ghettoside: A True Story of Murder in America," for his refusal to ignore violence against people of color in challenged communities.
Neither Colello or Skaggs were in City Hall, though, on Feb. 23, with
Skaggs surprised when reached the next day that he was scheduled to be part of a public discussion. Six of the men on the dais wore JPD uniforms. The men in suits were from the Drug Enforcement Administration and Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, soon joined by the mayor. Jones, JPD's spokesman, said later that representatives from the U.S. Attorney's Office sat in the audience.
The hour-long meeting wasn't exactly revolutionary—crime is bad; people need to be smarter; anger must be managed; police can't prevent murder; and yes, we'll flash more blue lights around town—but glimmers of bigger thinking on crime broke through here and there.
Larry Nelson Sr. has looked for elusive justice for his son, Larry Jr., who was involved in gang violence himself and shot in the back when he was 27. The father also works to lower gun violence and provide support for victims' families.
A full archive of the JFP's "Preventing Violence" series, supported by grants from the Solutions Journalism Network. Photo of Zeakyy Harrington by Imani Khayyam.
Nelson sounded weary when he stepped to the mic on Feb. 23 after nearly two months of heartbreaking gun violence in the city, including a quadruple homicide in one night. "The only thing about this is the numbers don't decrease," Nelson told the nearly packed chamber about murder since his son died in 2007, adding that the ages of victims are getting younger. "We are looking at young men from age 17 to 30 that are being eradicated," Nelson said, adding that too many of their deaths are not solved. This age group of black men, he said, need to be on "the extinct list."
Then he shared arguably the most inspired idea of the night. "We need to come up with a human preservation commission. Let's take all the resources we can find and take it and throw it at this problem," Nelson suggested. Many thousands of black men from that age group have been murdered in the U.S. in the last decade, he said, echoing the fact that most victims of violent crime in America are young, black men, even as crime, violent and not, has dropped dramatically since the 1980s.
"This is an epidemic. We have to change our methodology, the way we're looking at this thing," he said, echoing national experts on crime who say that gun violence is like a virus that must be interrupted (and not always by police).
"Hopefully, we can get some answers ... we've got to get our hands around the killing of our young black men ages 17 to 30," Nelson said in what could certainly be called a "plea for community involvement."
Before anyone on the dais could respond, the mayor and the police chief arrived. Vance agreed with Nelson that "the homicide rate is too high," adding that his department solves 90 percent of the homicides. Still, "I do not have the power over life and death. ... I'd rather be in the position where I can say to you our prevention rate is running above the national average."
"Minor conflicts grow out of control and end up with someone shooting someone else," Vance added, with few indicators that it is going to happen.
(Research, such as recent BOTEC reports on Jackson crime, say the two biggest predictors that a young people will commit violent crime is low school attendance/dropping out and connection with police and the criminal-justice system.)
Mayor Tony Yarber then pointed to three potential solutions beyond policing the outcome: early-childhood education.
"The data is clear ... people that are in jail cannot read," Yarber said. Many resort to crime because they can't "win" in the classroom because they cannot read, and then are not able to win in real world."
Too many do not have opportunities to earn a living wage, the mayor said, acknowledging that "we don't have components in the room" to address such causes in a "well-rounded conversation about how to prevent violence." People also need "tools in your toolbox to solve problems," Yarber said, pointing to people who pull out a gun in a fight over $5 in a card game.
Studying Police Interactions
Soon, more residents took the mic, with complaints that one might hear at any neighborhood COPS meeting: crime in abandoned houses, code enforcement, loud noise and threatening people on their blocks, as well as a mother talking about too little attention paid to her son's murder in 2014. The chief responded to all of them respectfully, instructing commanders present to respond with more blue lights that night in midtown and other promises.
Near the end of the meeting, the mayor brought up the need for research and evidence-based solutions that might buck conventional wisdom (even proving that more cops can increase crime if used poorly). Just that day, Yarber said, he was in a meeting with potential partners including Tougaloo College to seek a Department of Justice grant to study how well police are interacting with young people in Jackson.
The Justice Department grant, called "Research to Improve Officer Decision-making," is "aimed at improving officer decision-making skills to include, but not limited to, evaluation of training programs and curricula, and the impact of organizational culture and individual personality traits," a DOJ grant description reads.
"The goal is to build knowledge of and improve outcomes in police-citizen interactions, and/or prevent or reduce injuries or deaths," in order "to meet the challenges of policing, particularly at the state, local, and tribal levels."
Yarber told the audience in City Hall that such conversations were "great," but that stakeholders must "start talking about evidence-based practices (and) produce our own local data that is culturally relevant." He then left a bit early to have dinner with his wife, and the meeting ended abruptly soon afterward with no additional discussion with the listeners on the dais.
State Sen. John Horhn, who is running against Yarber in this year's election, helped get the BOTEC reports funded to research crime in Jackson. He did not attend the forum, but this week he applauded the Violence Reduction Network and its potential resources, telling the Jackson Free Press that the City should have done more sooner since becoming a member last August. He wants Jackson to seek grants to fund re-entry programs for ex-felons who often have no resources after prison and go back to crime as a result.
One way, Horhn said, is by finding resources and grants to hire "violence interrupters" such as in the Cure Violence strategy—former criminals trained and paid to work with young people to deter crime.
"That cycle has got to be stopped," Horhn said Monday at the Jackson Free Press. " ... We can use those ex-felons and get them in the business of preventing other folks on their way to a life of crime. That way, you're giving the ex-felons something to do, and you're also preventing somebody else from following a negative path."
Follow Donna Ladd on Twitter @donnerkay and our "Preventing Violence" series at jfp.ms/preventingviolence.
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NGO: Corporate Climate Change Reporting Falls Short In UK
An examination of the top companies on the London Stock Exchange revealed “system-wide failure” to incorporate thorough reporting of climate change related information despite legal obligations, a report by ClientEarth said.
The scathing financial review looked at the annual reports of 250 firms in fiscal year 2019/2020 and found that only 4% of companies made clear references to climate change data in their financial reporting, 4% of audits clearly indicated climate change as a factor in auditing, and 15% of companies failed to report direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions.
“While there are undoubtedly examples of good reporting by individual companies, overall disclosure practices fall a long way short of the granular climate change-related narrative and financial information which investors say that they need and expect,” ClientEarth said in its report.
Even in the absence of a legal requirement, ClientEarth found that 31% of companies mentioned some kind of alignment with “Net Zero” targets or goals of the Paris Agreement, concluding that the highly generalized “boilerplate” language in these statements combined with a lack of material climate change information reporting puts UK firms at risk of greenwashing.
The U.K. requires climate change disclosures both explicitly and implicitly, with greenhouse gas emissions data explicitly required for companies bound by the Companies Act and climate change data required wherever else it is considered “material” in the reporting of business models, risks, impacts, and strategy. Investor and regulator expectations are clear - companies need to address climate change related data in annual reports, according to the report.
The report labeled this an “accountability emergency” noting that ClientEarth had made numerous noncompliance reports in the past to regulatory bodies like the Financial Conduct Authority and the Financial Reporting Council. It pointed to the lack of public findings on climate reporting related noncompliance as an indicator of an accountability gap, calling on regulatory bodies to prevent greenwashing with strong enforcement and proper resources and training.
The accountability sought by ClientEarth may be on the horizon for the U.K. after it committed to bring financial reporting standards up to snuff with the recommendations of the Task Force on Climate Related Financial Disclosures by 2025 last November.
The report noted improvement in some companies it had previously reported for noncompliance and 40% of companies reporting made some clear reference to climate change when reporting business related risks and uncertainties.
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Augmented reality treasure hunts, hide and seek adventures, guided tours, and walks are not the next big thing. They are a current opportunity for any organization that needs a creative way to engage with their customers while helping people to spend time or travel more meaningfully. AR walks can help creators inspire people to explore lesser known or forgotten areas or entice footfall to brand new spots.
People want to explore the great outdoors but are often lacking guidance or initiative. But the epic growth of Geocaching in the past decade or the AR-enhanced Pokemon Go craze go to prove that hide and seek games and treasure hunts capture vast audiences. Here you’ll find some great examples to inspire your treasure hunting projects.
Marker-based augmented reality tours
A marker-based AR treasure hunt is the most DIY-friendly and cost-effective solution. You can use any self-service AR creator and combine your marker designs with AR experiences.
A great example of this is the augmented reality tour “Riga Through the Eyes of Chekhov. It takes theatre fans to ten locations that feature AR boards in Rīga. Once the board is scanned with a mobile device’s camera, a video layer comes to life, providing exclusive content that details its importance for the world-famous director, Mr Michael Chekhov. All marker locations are highlighted on the project’s website so people can explore in any order or timeframe they wish.
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Another option would be to create a marker-based augmented reality experience that follows a concrete path or timeline. This can be achieved by providing a hint for the following location when the marker is scanned.
To make the user journey more interactive, you can integrate buttons on markers that take people to other digital content such as quizzes, puzzles or websites that provide the hint. This may be especially relevant in museum environments where traditional guided group excursions have been put on pause.
A cool example was launched by Skriðuklaustur, a historical site in Iceland with the ruins of a 16th-century monastery. A white-label AR app was developed as part of an exhibition to encourage users to explore the monastery’s history. The mobile app features treasure hunt style and quiz games leading players to clues and rewards.
In terms of the content that can appear on an AR marker, you can explore our blog on 14 features such as videos, galleries, 3D experiences that you can create using Overly AR creator.
Object-inspired AR mini adventures
A level up from traditional flat-surface markers in terms of creating a DIY treasure hunt is using various objects as markers. As AR technology is still in its infancy, you must recruit experts to ensure that the chosen items are readable by computer vision. Explore more on what markers are best for AR here.
The Great Oreo Cookie Quest is a successful augmented reality treasure hunt that showcases great use of this technology. Oreo teamed up with tech experts to create a white label AR app that uses image recognition to turn everyday objects into AR triggers. Players receive clues to hunt down things and scan into the app to unlock the virtual cookies. Although this project was launched way before the global pandemic hit, it is an excellent idea on how to brighten routine days at home.
GPS or location-based AR expeditions
If you cannot place marker images at your desired locations, you can opt for GPS-powered augmented reality experiences. This is most likely going to be a white-label solution, but if your budget permits, it can be especially amazing in driving travel to rural areas.
An example of GPS-powered AR is demonstrated by a Latvian TV show that aims to inspire local travel. During each episode, viewers are given a clue where they can look for the show’s mascot. People have been looking for a physical replica since 2013, but today travellers can also download an augmented reality app and be on their way. The app guides users to the approximate mascot location, enables photo captures with their augmented reality finds, and lets viewers prove their treasure hunting success through social sharing.
Land Rover UK recently launched an AR treasure hunt across the British isles to encourage people to explore the outdoors by tracking down hundreds of inspiring natural, cultural, and scenic locations in the UK. Travellers must use their mobile devices to log onto a website that uses augmented reality to turn the UK into a real-world map of inspiring locations. Once the user has physically made their way to the location on the map, a content card appears, providing information on the area and why it has been selected. The travellers can then use their phone camera to be transported to an AR Experience.
We love Land Rover’s initiative because it responds to the fact that more than 8 in 10 UK adults are dealing with stress due to the global pandemic. Reportedly, spending time and exploring outdoors is one of the top coping strategies.
That is why NOW is the best time for organizations to help local and broader communities to find new ways to travel, explore and enjoy the culture. Augmented reality treasure hunts or tours can enhance those efforts.
If you want to discuss your project, contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org or sign up to our AR creator and build marker-based treasure hunts today!
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One people, one sky. That motto belongs to Astronomers Without Borders. Its founder and retired leader, Mike Simmons, recently brought a guest to Planetary Society headquarters. Olayinka Fagbemiro is with the Nigerian space agency and also heads Astronomers Without Borders in her nation. Emily Lakdawalla tells us about four exciting planetary science missions that are currently competing for selection by NASA. Bruce Betts tells us about the search for 100 earths as he also asks us to find a citizen of Middle Earth in space. Learn more and enter the contest at https://www.planetary.org/multimedia/planetary-radio/show/2020/0304-2020-fagbemiro-simmons-awb-nigeria.html
See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.
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Delivering License & Permit Bond Solutions Across Canada
Auctioneers License Bond
Any individual acting as or operating an auction sales business is required to perform the business according to the obligations set out in their auctioneer’s license. Certain governments across Canada require that auctioneers bond a surety bond to guarantee they perform the obligations of their license.
A bailiff bond is required in Ontario for anyone acting as a bailiff and ensures they abide by the laws and statues which govern the activities of a bailiff.
Brewer’s & Wort Manufacturer’s Excise Duty License Bonds
Brewers licensed under the Excise Act that are also licensed to manufacture wort require a Brewer and Wort Manufacturer’s Excise Duty License Bond.
Brewer’s Excise Duty License Bond
Brewers licensed under the Excise Act that do not manufacture wort require a Brewer’s Excise Duty License Bond.
Wort Manufacturer’s Excise Duty License Bond
Wort manufacturers licensed under the Excise Act that do not manufacture beer require a Wort Manufacturer’s Excise Duty License Bond.
Spirit License Bond
Licensed spirits producers and packagers operating in Canada require a Spirits License Bond.
Tobacco License Bond
Licensed tobacco product manufacturers operating in Canada require a Tobacco License Bond.
Cannabis License Bond
Licensed cannabis producers, manufacturers, packagers, labelers, and importers operating in Canada require a Cannabis License Bond.
Tobacco Excise License Bond
Licensed tobacco manufacturers, importers, and prescribed persons who acquire excise stamps under Canada’s tobacco stamping regime in accordance with the Excise Act (2001) require an Excise Stamp (Tobacco) Bond.
Collection Agency Bond
A Collection Agency Bond (sometimes called a Debt Collector Bond) is a type of surety bond that promises that the applicant will follow the results and regulations of their professional license as a collection agent.
Electrical Contractors Bond
A number of provincial bodies and electrical contractor’s associations require that members of those bodies post a bond ensuring that they abide by the conditions of their license.
Freight Broker Bond
A BMC 84 Surety Bond required by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration for all freight brokers operating in the USA.
Fuel Tax Bond
A fuel tax bond is required by the government of Ontario to ensure that anyone selling fuel remits the required taxes to the appropriate government body.
Grain Dealer Bonds
As a grain dealer, in a number of provinces you are required to post a bond that you will abide by the applicable laws relevant to running a grain dealing operation.
General Surety Bond (Alberta)
The general surety bond in Alberta provides security to the Alberta government to ensure various business owners operating within those industries comply with the applicable license requirements. These include action sales, collection agents, debt repayment agencies, direct sellers, electricity markets, employment agents, fund-raising businesses, home inspection, natural gas markets, payday lenders, prepaid contractors, retail home sales, time shares and point based contracts and high cost credit providers.
Highway Transportation Bonds
A number of bonds are required in Canada for bonded highway carriers, bond freight forwarders and bonded warehouses. These bonds require the carrier to account for goods in transit and pay applicable duties and taxes. We also offer access to several US trucking bonds including the BMC-84 bond.
Motor Vehicle Dealer Bonds
Car dealers are required to have a motor vehicle dealer bond in place prior to securing their license. These bonds protect consumers from fraud or misrepresentation.
Private Investigator Bonds
It is a requirement that anyone acting as a private investigator must be licensed and bonded. This includes private investigators, security guards and security consultants.
Road Cut Bonds
Road cut bonds are required by various municipalities when a contractor is going to alter municipal road assets. This could include sidewalks, road and curbs. The bond ensures that the contractor altering these road assets put them back to their original condition upon completion of the project.
Real Estate Broker Bonds
Various province requires real estate agents to supply a real estate broker bond. These ensures that agents act in accordance with their license and can include obligations to manage trust funds appropriately.
Contractor’s License Bond (Quebec)
In Quebec a contractor’s license bond is compulsory for all contractors. It is designed to compensate any customer who suffers damage due to the execution or non-execution of construction work. The required bond varies from $20,000 to $40,000.
Quarry Permit Bonds
Quarry permit bonds are required in some provinces and require the operator of the quarry to post this bond to ensure they abide by the conditions of their license or permit to operate the quarry.
Direct Sellers Bond
The Direct Sellers Act requires people performing door-to-doors sales or other similar methods of sales to provide a bond to insure they practice these sales according to the regulations set out in the Act.
Travel Agent Bonds
Various government bodies require travel agents to provide a bond to ensure that they handle customer funds according to the regulations set out for travel agents.
FCA is Canada’s License & Permit Bond Expert Since 1919
FCA has been providing Canadian companies with surety bonds since 1919. We have set the industry standard for turnaround time for both new and existing clients. We pride ourselves in ensuring our clients never miss out on an opportunity.
For the most part government bodies only ask for small bonds under $50,000 to cover these obligations. These bonds generally cost between $200 – $500 annually depending on the size and class of bond required.
At FCA we make this process easy. Given the majority of these bonds are small we call these quick write bonds. To issue them we require basic information about your company and answers to a few underwriting questions. Once we have those we can secure these bonds for our client’s same day, often within a few hours.
FCA provides numerous other license and permit bonds required across Canada and the US. Please reach out to a member of our surety team to have a discussion regarding your license and permit bond requirements.
Chris Dardarian and FCA were great to work with! They provided timely and comprehensive advice and a product that suited our needs. Our situation was complicated by COVID but the transaction was handled efficiently.
FCA is one of the best companies we have had the pleasure of working with so far. Very professional, fast and timely. Looking forward to continue working with them.
Jamie Collum from FCA did a great job in assisting me throughout the process. Not only from bonding aspect but other aspects to relating to obtaining approvals and insurance Would definitely and highly recommend them.
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Several years ago, when Tila Tequila rose to fame through her “Myspace Modeling,” she inspired many men and women to pursue a career as a model through social media, by making it possible for a girl to become famed, just for having the most friends on Myspace. In this new social media era, there are many ways for models, photographers, and brands to connect through model network sites like http://www.modelmayhem.com. It seems like we all have a friend on Facebook or follow a girl on Instagram who just does photo shoots on her own, in her own clothes, for free (or even pays for the photos), and then calls it “modeling.”
If you are trying to become a model, I want to help you decide if pursuing a modeling career is something that is for you. Of course everyone would love to be a model. Models are known to be beautiful, rich, and seem to live perfect lives, traveling the world for photo shoots on exotic locations. The truth is, very few models can make a living off of being a model alone. I am here to clear up modeling misconceptions and provide information to help you decide if modeling is really for you.
If you want to be a working model and make a living off of modeling, set realistic expectations:
- If you are not 5’9 or taller, you will NOT be able to make a living off of modeling alone. It doesn’t matter if you want to take jobs that the shorter girls can take: Commercial, Editorial, Lifestyle, etc., you will NOT make a living from modeling if you do not meet the height requirement. Some people may kindly say that 5’9 and above is just for high fashion, and that you could still do commercial modeling. Yes, you can, but you will not be able to make a living off of it. For example, a model that is 5’9 or above could do a national ad campaign that pays $3,000 for a day, while a 5’6 ‘commercial’ model may get a job for a local brand for a commercial broadcasted on local TV and make $200 for the day. I emphasize that if you are short you can’t make a living from just modeling. If you are a celebrity, an actress, a host, or a public figure, you may get modeling opportunities regardless of your height.
- Modeling is a JOB. It is about SELLING A PRODUCT. It is NOT ABOUT YOU. You may be the most beautiful woman on this earth, and all of your friends may tell you every day that you need to become a model, but when you go to castings you may get rejected almost every time. The reason is because the casting directors and clients are looking for models who can sell a product. The model must fit the vision of the client.
- On that note, REJECTION is 98% of the industry. After a full week of going to 4 castings a day, you may get 1 callback and 1 booking. This industry is over saturated therefore extremely competitive. Make sure you have a thick skin if you want to pursue a career in modeling.
- To make a living off of modeling, you must live in New York, Los Angeles, or Miami. The high-paying jobs and major agencies are located in these three cities. If you are lucky you may find a few opportunities in Chicago, Atlanta, or Washington, DC. If you are another city or a small town, you can take jobs as a promotional model at events or if you are over 21, do liquor promos.
- Just because you have an agency doesn’t mean you will make money. An agency will do their best to find you work and book you, but if you aren’t signed with a major agency like Elite, Ford, or Wilhelmina (among others), you will not get enough bookings to make a living.
If you don’t fit the criteria, don’t worry. There are still ways to break into the industry.
- Try industry-related jobs to break in to modeling. Try being an extra on a TV show, commercial, or feature film to break into the industry. Many models will take on jobs as actors as well because they go hand in hand. Acting does not require a height requirement!
- Do you have special skills? Maybe you can perform stunts or you are bilingual! Play those skills up and see if you can find jobs that require bilingual talent or special skills (ex. dance, sing, gymnastics, etc).
- Create your own opportunities. After being rejected to model for about 50 small name swimwear lines, I decided to make my own and model my own swimwear. That brought me to the point where I didn’t care about modeling anymore…I just became a full-time designer and entrepreneur ( http://www.vizcayaswimwear.com ). You could start your own clothing label or product and model it. If you don’t have sewing skills or resources, try T-shirt design. T-shirt printing is affordable, easy, and everyone could use a new shirt!
- Develop spokesmodel skills. Compete in a pageant! Pageantry is not a beauty contest. It is an opportunity to develop your skills in public speaking and engagement, physical fitness and confidence, poise, and personal accomplishments. As you prepare for a pageant you will see yourself developing these precious skills that will help you not only to break into the industry as a spokesmodel or titleholder, but in any aspect of your life! Who doesn’t want to be more fit, confident, better at public speaking, involved in their community, and accomplished? After your pageant, you will have the skills you need to be an incredible spokesmodel! Just apply everything you learned to your everyday life!
- Build your fan base. Brands love popular models. Make a fan page, engage your fans, and develop a social media following. Even if you can’t model for a brand, they might just pay you to post a photo of you using their product!
- Compete in legitimate model search competitions. Legitimate model searches are hosted by brands. There are many scams that claim to be a modeling school or claim to connect models with agencies for a fee. Don’t fall for that. Wet Seal, GUESS, Charlotte Russe, Beach Bunny, and Vizcaya Swimwear are examples of brands that host legitimate model search opportunities. Usually there is no fee to compete, and prizes include photo shoots, published work, modeling contracts, and cash.
- Don’t work with every photographer who wants to book a shoot with you. Only work with photographers with experience and good references.
- Keep your image positive and consistent. Make sure you are respectful and kind when on set at photo shoots. Keep your social media image positive!
- Don’t do nudity or implied work. Unless it is your dream to be a playboy playmate, I don’t see how it can help your career (but it can harm it!)
I hope this article provided you with more information about the modeling industry. Please share your thoughts/questions in the comments section below (I always respond to comments!) and SHARE if you thought it was helpful!
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Lisa Kelley is one of the directors of Angels in Motion, a non-profit that started with one woman’s efforts to rescue her child from the disease of addiction. While searching the streets of Kensington for her son, Carol Rostucher saw that many other children and loved ones were suffering and lost as well. She began AIM as a way to help as many people living on the streets as possible.
Lisa, also the graphic designer for AIM, recently purchased some reclaimed mural cloth from the re to incorporate into a project she is working on with those affected by addiction. She gives people the opportunity to write hopes, dreams, prayers, wishes, and memories on strips of the cloth, and then knots and weaves them together. The woven panels are then hung from sticks she finds in Harrowgate Park in Kensington, just blocks from where she grew up.
Lisa is hoping to make 129 of these panels, one for each life lost daily in our country from a drug overdose. She will have a table at the 2016 ProAct Recovery Walk at Penn’s Landing on Sept 17th where people will have the opportunity to write on strips of the mural cloth.
We are happy to able to provide reclaimed materials saved from landfill for important community organizations like Angels in Motion to use in their projects. You can learn more about AIM by visiting their website.
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“Happiness is that state of consciousness which proceeds from the achievement of one’s values.” -Ayn Rand
Do you know what’s really important to you? What you value most in life?
I’d say that most people I meet haven’t spent much time on this question. They tell me they’re too busy coping with the busyness of life to stop and think about something as intangible as their personal values. Or they spout common phrases like “traditional family values” or “strong work ethic” without really considering what those phrases mean. (As Lewis Black notes, “Everybody’s family has different values.”)
Dr. Matt James is President of The Empowerment Partnership, where he serves as a master trainer of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), a practical behavioral technology for helping people achieve their desired results in life. Dr. Matt delivers seminars and cultural trainings throughout the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. Due to his expertise on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), indigenous cultures, and his research on forgiveness, Dr. Matt is a regular contributor at The Huffington Post(link is external) andPsychology Today blogs
Editor: Nadeem Pasha
Becoming crystal clear on what is really important to you is the key to leading a happy, fulfilling life. Why? Here a few reasons:
Values make decisions easy.
Indecision and confusion is often the result of not knowing the relative importance of things you want. For example, say you’re trying to decide whether to take that new position where you’ll need to work 60 hour weeks. If your highest value is spending time with your family, that’s clearly not your best option. If you valuecareer achievement above all else, it may be a wise move.
Watch a video of Dr Sadaqat Ali on the topic of love and relationships
Values help us through the crisis.
When the stuff hits the fan, many people panic and shift into survival mode. But when your values are clear, they act as a guide and steadying hand. For instance, think of couples during divorce. Those who keep their values at the forefront—whether it’s being good parents to their kids or being kind to one another—have a much smoother process. Those who forget who and what they are often end up in bitter battles, realizing only later that what they fought for really didn’t matter.
Values keep us on track.
When we’re clear on our values, we’re more likely to act in ways that serve our highest good. I may feel tempted by a triple scoop of Jamaican Almond Fudge on top of an 8 oz. double chocolate brownie. But if I’m consciously clear that I value my health, I’ll probably pass. I may want to flip off the guy who just swerved in front of me in traffic, but if I value being a good example to the toddler in the back seat, I’ll keep my hand gesture to myself.
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Most everyone has walked the halls of a museum at least once in their lifetime. Some of the artists whose work hangs on the walls have famous names – Renoir, Picasso, Van Gogh – and others are of new, young, living artists trying deliver their particular messages and dreaming of working them into history. Who decides which work deserves to be showcased at a particular gallery or museum falls heavily on the shoulders of art curators. These are five of the city's best: the people who truly know art in Los Angeles.
Klonarides is an independent curator of contemporary art and media. She also works as a UCLA university professor of media arts and as an art writer. She was recently involved in the Pacific Standard Time Performance and Public Art Festival, during which, along with Dawn Kasper, she organized several Los Angeles artists to create music, video, art and essays at the Human Resources Gallery. Klonarides received a bachelor's of fine arts from Virginia Commonwealth University, participated in the Whitney Museum Independent Study Program in 1973, and earned a master's from the New School for Social Research in 1983. Between her many achievements, Klonarides has been the director of the Baskerville Watson Gallery in New York, a curator at the Santa Monica Museum, a consultant at the Getty Research Institute, and the Media Arts Curator at the Long Beach Museum of Art.
Renee A. Fox
Fox works as the director and curator of the Beacon Arts enterprise, which is housed at the iconic Beacon Arts Building in the Inglewood Arts District. She is also the co-owner of Rafkho Studios and an independent fine art professional who has exhibited her work in various art galleries. She attended the Corcoran College of Art and Design in Washington, D.C., and earned her BFA from Otis College of Art and Design. In 2005, Fox was awarded a month-long artist residency at the Julia and David White Artist Colony in Costa Rica, where the beauty of nature and the country's rain forest inspired her and influenced her art sensibility significantly.
Simone is the curator of a monthly series (MIA at the Armory Center for the Arts) that screens the work of artists using the moving image. Peruse her work at www.miascreen.com. Simone has a bachelor's degree in film and video production from the Brooks Institute of Photography, Santa Barbara, and is a transplant to Los Angeles from San Francisco since August of 2011. She has her own body of work, which consists mostly of photographs of herself as cathartic responses to intense emotional situations.
Bill Kelley Jr.
Kelley is honored by being the first curator in residency at 18th Street Arts Center, a respected destination in West Los Angeles for national and international artists wishing to showcase their work. At 18th Street Arts Center, Kelley's residency will focus on social practice, an umbrella term for art forms that have community involvement and social activism at their core. Kelley has an master's in art history from the University of New Mexico and is a Ph.D. candidate in contemporary art, theory and criticism at the University of California San Diego.
Rothman is an art curator, writer and journalist who was recently involved with the much-praised Artists X Architects show at Joe's Restaurant in Venice, Calif. Rothman is credited with creating the no longer published Venice Paper, in which she worked to crisscross the art and architecture scenes of Los Angeles. With the same intention, she has conducted and published an impressive portfolio of interviews with renowned Los Angeles architects and artists.
Related: Best Art Galleries in Santa Monica
Dena Burroughs is a freelance writer living in Azusa, CA. She is a CSULA graduate with specialties in Creative Writing and Communications. Her work can be found at Examiner.com.
for more features.
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Report on Data Management Essay
Introduction HR data would need to be stored by simply all organisations due to both legal requirements or internal functions. This survey will uncover types of information and strategies of storing these people. The last portion of the report will cover legislations that have an effect on HR info as ‘there is a significant and complex amount of EU and UK legislation that has an impact upon the retention of personnel and also other related records'(Retention of HUMAN RESOURCES records, 2013) Why Acquire HR Data HR info can be gathered for different reasons within an organisation.
You will discover two reasons listed below: Productivity: appraisals information are accumulated so that managers can assess the productivity of their staff and team. It is also useful for workers to know all their potential in the team and will use it for his or her career progress. Legal Compliance: Payroll data would be essential for the HM Revenue and Customs to calculate income taxes whereas health and safety documents can help the company to improve their environment and allow them to become compliant with all the Health and Security Act. As well certain info can be used while evidence in just about any legal process that the company may have to confront.
Types of HR Data and how that supports HOURS ‘Monitoring data enables personnel to revise or reformulate policies and procedures. ‘(Personnel data and record keeping, 2011) Listed here are 2 types of data that HR collects: Recruitment and Selection- documents on staff turnover and vacancies can be important for HUMAN RESOURCES as it explains to them when ever and for which will team to recruit for and also enables them to see the trend in each team depending on its staff turnover. This would have appraisal records which might inform them in the event that an employee or team needs training.
Absence Data-the deficiency reports, complied from the absence data provides HR indication of which department is struggling most coming from high absentees and enables them to rethink the working patterns. It also assists them to estimate the cost of absenteeism to the business. Data Storage area and its Rewards Data could be stored in several methods. Yet , below are two key methods which can be applied along with their benefits.
1 . Manual / Newspaper based- keeping records on paper in a filing cabinet Documents cannot be destroyed with virtually any virus Details can be seen without any security password restrictions Users do not need to always be PC well written to find info 2 . Computerised filing More than one user can easily access the data at the same time Large volumes of information can be placed and accessed easily Data can be used to compile information and identify trends while using latest programmes on laptop Most companies choose their data to be placed electronically as it is efficient and easily accessible. Nevertheless , there are certain companies designed to use both methods as selected records need not be kept for a much longer period of time, hence can be submitted away in cabinets.
Necessary UK legislations relating to documenting, storing and accessing HOURS data There are numerous legislations that affect the preservation of HUMAN RESOURCES data. Underneath are two these kinds of legislations. Data Protection Action 1998 (DPA) DPA is applicable to most HR records, whether held in paper or upon computer. DPA controls how personal information of living individuals is used by organisations, businesses or the federal government.
It came into force upon March 2150. There are almost eight data protection principles your data controller needs to comply to in order to deal with data effectively: 1 . ‘adequate, relevant and never excessive Independence of Information Work 2000 (FOI) The FOI came into power on January 2005. It gives the public a right of access to all types of recorded information kept by general public authorities, nevertheless there are few exceptions to right as not all personal records can be obtained by public, this kind of records can be requested underneath the DPA. Gov departments, local authorities, the NHS, state schools and police causes are few of the public specialists. Conclusion This report talks about that saving and keeping data is essential.
Every company contains a different technique and explanation of storing data; nevertheless , handling info correctly is important for all. There are lots of legislations that could affect the info retention rather than complying with these regulations can provide an adverse effect on the company’s reputation. Advantages The record includes conclusions and examination of different causes of lack within an Exams Team coming from May-December in 2013.
The last segment in the report proves the examination along with recommendations to overcome the core reasons of lack. Absence Level in Assessments Team You will find two evident findings through the graph (data in appendix 1), the high levels of absence from May-June due to stress and from October- December as a result of viral problems: May-June: because of peak time of year of tests, the assessments team is required to do enough preparations by planning, supervisory and marking exams to attending board meetings. This kind of therefore , becomes very demanding for the team as ‘the most common reason behind stress…is workload’ (Barometer of HR Styles and Prospects, 2013) so that as each person is merely trained in their very own individual part there are concerns of ‘presenteeism’.
October-December: in this season various people land sick because of bad weather. However , the break out of the Norovirus in 2013 could also be the reason behind the viral problems to improve. Also, because of Christmas functions in Dec it further causes the virus to spread from contaminated foodstuff.
Conclusion The research indicates that stress and viral problems were two implications the examinations crew suffered from in 2013. Anxiety is a common a significant several places of work as mentioned in the Absence Management report by simply CIPD and it can be costly. To overcome the problem, two feasible recommendations will be: Stress- Virus-like Problems- Appendix 1: Number of Employees Lack of by Causes in 2013
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Prophecies for 1997
Predictions made late 96 for 1997.
A famous cricket player in England will pass on early this year from natural causes. (occurred)
Winter will be severe over the 1996/97 period with severe periods over Dec, Jan, Feb. (occurred)
Crop circle patterns will be interesting this year with many complex patterns especially in June. (Occurred.)
Watch the stock market later this year August is the month. A strong decline is indicated. (occurred.)
The hand over in Hong Kong will not be as smooth as many think its what happens afterwards that matters.(No report collected!)
Weather patterns in the pacific indicate an active year for typhoons. Japan look out in June. (occurred.)
Hurricanes in atlantic will arrive late in the season of 1997 (came late in pacific) and 1998 as the seasons change!(occurring)
There will be some interesting UFO sightings around the world in September! (No report collected.)
Snow will fall in mexico this winter 1996. (occurred)
Northern Australia is affected by two cyclones in the season.
Dec is indicated.(occurred early January)97)
Winter in the Northern USA will be very severe with numerous blizzards indicated for Dec/Jan (occurred)and again in early to mid Feb (occurred) and mid March.(Occurred)The cold snap will reach as far south as the florida everglades and the gulf region with snow extending down to those regions also.(Gulf region around the Mississippi has seen snow already! Dec )
Mexico will see snow again. Early next year also. (Snow occurred in Guadelahara on 11/12 dec 97. Last time they had snow was in 1881.)
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Personal Loans vs. Private Installment Loans
In most cases, financing that is specific your own installment loan are one whilst the precise precise same. Also you really need to borrow funds, a LOC is just a revolving account though it’s feasible to get an individual credit line (LOC) when. Numerous financial specialists wouldn’t normally classify a LOC being a individual mortgage. (Also, it’s likely you have difficulty qualifying for the LOC. For people who have dismal credit online installment loans that is vermont
Installment loans, like quick unsecured loans, manage to get thier name as a result of the genuine means it works. You borrow a quantity this is certainly fixed of and repay the funds you borrow (plus interest and expenses) in fixed payments or installments to your financial institution. A loan that is personal generally show on your credit file being an installment account in the event that loan provider states the account towards the credit reporting agencies.
Personal Loans vs. Peer-to-Peer Loans
A peer-to-peer (P2P) loan is just one more choice to borrow money that is similar to a traditional individual installment loan. In case you borrow isn’t just given by way of a bank or loan provider that you be eligible for a a P2P loan, nonetheless, the funds. Instead, the funds are often lent for you personally because of the combined team or investor of investors. Like short term loans, many loan providers which can be p2P report your bank account to your credit scoring agencies. Also, you may want a credit history of 600 or more become authorized (though every system that is investor that is p2P have its individual approval demands).
To work well with for the p2p loan, it is important to fill away a credit card applicatoin through a site that connects would-be borrowers with potential investors. Yet before you commit (and even apply), you should do a little research. It’s wise for more information concerning the prices, costs, and terms you may be supplied and compare those to your other choices that exist. Although P2P loans will frequently feature more approval this is certainly calm than old-fashioned loans, you could face greater interest rates and costs as a tradeoff.
The line that is underside
Just you’ll want to move to a predatory payday loan provider whenever crisis expenses arise since you have actually bad credit doesn’t suggest. Despite having credit problems, you will need to however compare your entire alternatives that are available a far more solution that is affordable be around.
Investopedia is concentrated on people who are supplying unbiased, comprehensive reviews of individual financial loan financial institutions for a number payday loans in Michigan of borrowing needs. We obtained over twenty five information points across more than fifty creditors interest this is certainly including, costs, loan amounts and re re payment terms to ensure that our content assists users end in the right borrowing option with regards to needs.
You’ve got choices when it comes to qualifying for the mortgage that is individual credit that is bad
We publish unbiased product critiques; our views are our personal since they are possibly perhaps perhaps not suffering from re payment we get from our advertisering enthusiasts. Check out how we review products and read our advertiser disclosure for exactly how we build an income.
Experiencing bad credit is often the crucial experiences which are stressful the world that is entire. In instances where a economic crisis strikes or simply you do you want to combine your debt, you may realise you can’t actually qualify for a person loan without turning to predatory cash advance providers. In many circumstances, that isn’t real.
Unsecured loan options might be more limited in case the credit isn’t that is fit, but that doesn’t recommend no choices are had by you. There are financial institutions who could be ready to offer you your loan that is own even you’ve got credit score that is bad.
Avant: Best on line Loan
Avant provides the essential of good use basic loan that is individual borrowers with credit challenges. In the case you might get as much as $35,000 that you be eligible for financing. Interest rates start just 9.95per cent. The absolute most it charges (4.75%) is gloomier than that which you often see off their comparable lenders although Avant charges an administrative cost.
Lower starting interest rate among subprime financial institutions, you might pay more in the case your credit score is about the low end of Avant’s approval range
No prepayment penalty for settling your loan early
Smooth credit inquiry performed when you check your loan choices online
Higher interest levels compared to the price you may get elsewhere with better credit
Minimal loan that is optimum of $35,000—higher loan amounts available and also other lenders
An charge that is administrative to 4.75% might be taken directly through the loan amount that is initial
Other information this is certainly essential
- Minimum/maximum quantity you can borrow: $2,000 to $35,000
- APR range: 9.95percent–35.99percent
- Fees: Avant may charge a cost this is certainly administrative to 4.75per cent which comes directly through the loan. The lending company costs later on charges and payment that is dishonored additionally.
- Suggested credit that is minimal: 600
- Other official official certification requires: Besides checking your credit score, Avant will review your income to see in the case you meet the requirements for that loan and simply how much it’s possible to borrow.
- Repayment terms: 24 to 60 months
- Time and energy to get funds: Loan funds may be deposited in your banking account appropriate considering that the company that is next.
First Tech Federal Credit Union: most optimum that is readily useful Amount
Established in 1952, First Tech Federal Credit Union is supposed for major businesses which can be technology-gearedthough you can now join the Financial Fitness Association for $8).
Interest levels begin as low as 7.70 they and% offer unsecured loans since much as $50,000.
Greater optimum loan amount in comparison to other financial institutions in this category
Longer loan terms than a great many other individual financial loan businesses
No prepayment costs if you decide to spend your loan down early
A co-borrower might have to be qualified to receive a diminished interest
No credit that is soft to be sure of your loan offer and projected price of great interest online
Access for folks simply thought qualifying user that is being be accomplished through the Financial Fitness Association
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The Bible uses flowers often as imagery of beauty and growth. Very few species of flowers are specifically mentioned, however Palestine and Western Syria are calculated to have over 2,000 different types of plants and flowers! In Palestine the annual spring-time display of wild flowers, so glorious for a few short weeks, is followed by such desolation. The fresh and brilliant colors fade into masses of withered leaves (not uncommonly cleared by burning), and then even these are blown, away, so that but bare, cracked and baked earth remains for long months where once all was beauty, color and life. (Flowers, International Standard Bible Encyclopedia)
Here is our collection of favorite bible verses referring to flowers. As you read, reflect on the symbolism and analogy used to describe life as being delicate and beautiful.
Photo credit: © Unsplash/frdm
We may have found what you are looking for in another section!
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The tabs that should be visible across the top of the Content Editor are:
- MY TOOLBAR
If one or more of these tabs appears to be missing, right click within the space that the tabs occupy within the header of the Content Editor.
This will open a window with a checklist of the tabs available. All visible tabs will have a checkmark, check any boxes that are not already checked and this should resolve the missing tab:
Following is a definition of each tab and the buttons/features that are available within each one:
Save- Saves any changes made to the item. Alternatively, if you click on the item again in the content tree or navigate to another item, the system will alert you with an option to save any changes that you have made.
Edit- Locks/Unlocks items, shows workflow status of a selected item in the content tree and provides workflow buttons for selected item. The Edit button is a light blue shade when the selected item is locked for editing.
Export- Exports the section/individual item that you have selected along with any child items to a Word document no matter what the workflow status is. Selecting the Catalog level will export the entire catalog or handbook.
Export Publish- Same as Export, but only exports items/versions that have been published to the live site.
Sorting Tools- Blue sorting arrows and Move To buttons move items in the tree. This will be reflected in the Navigation Menu on the live site once the catalog is published.
Move To- A pop up of the content tree will appear for you to select the location you wish to move the item to.
Copy To- Copies the item to another location in the catalog. A pop up of the content tree will appear to select the location.
Duplicate- Copies the selected item in the same location in the content tree.
Replace- Used when replacing an old course with one that has been changed, approved and created through the Curriculum Management System or when replacing a course to be archived with a newly created course. NOTE: This button replaces the selected item and relinks the new one automatically. The replaced courses is removed entirely and this action cannot be undone.
Delete- Used for Deleting items. Only Admins can delete items, please see Deleting Items.
Rename- Related to the URL, cannot contain special characters, what the system uses to differentiate items in the system. No two sections should have the same rename, unless they are Degree Requirement folders or Requirement Lists.
Display Name- Name of the item in the content tree of the IQ system. This is NOT the name of the item on the live site. This name is never published publicly and is for use only among users.
Workflow- Displays and gives access to workflow action buttons only when an item is in a workflow state. These are the same buttons that appear in your workbox. For more information see Using Buttons in the Workbox.
History- Same button as “More” in the workbox. Shows comments and the history of the item currently in the workflow.
Check-In- This button is only present when the selected item is in a workflow state. Clicking this button will unlock the item. Once an item is unlocked it becomes visible in user's workboxes that have access to that particular item and workflow state.
My Items – Keeps track of what you’re currently working on (what you’ve locked). Selecting this button triggers a pop-up. If it’s blank, could be browser related. Grab the edge of the pop-up and stretch it out.
Unlock - Appears for Administrators if an item they have selected is locked. Allows them to unlock the item.
Archive- See Archiving.
Favorites- Used to bookmark a page/item in the content tree. This is a nice shortcut if you are responsible for only specific sections of the catalog or if you are working on a specific catalog item for a prolonged period of time.
Links- Will show if the item is referenced (linked to) by another item in the catalog. When a course is selected, you may use this button to find out what program tables it is linked to. This can be useful when deleting courses or updating Rename fields.
Links to the selected page are listed under the title of Items that refer to the selected item:, if no links are present under this title, there are no links to the selected item. If there are listed items under this title, you can click each listed link to navigate to the catalog item to perform any updates or remove any of the links.
Checking Course Links
Remove- Remove current or selected version of the item.
Compare- Compare between versions of the selected item to see changes made through the life of an item.
Versions- This button will produce a list of all versions of the selected item within the catalog. Dates/times are attached to each to show you when it was created.
Preview- A window will open up in a new tab displaying how the selected item will look once it is published to the live catalog pages. Any user can use this button and this is recommended prior to editing if you wish to review the content on the page first. If the button doesn't appear to be working make sure that your browser isn't preventing popups.
Publish- Administrators can publish the catalog with the drop-down arrow next to the word Publish. For more information see Publishing.
Clone- Administrators use this button to clone an item from the shared content into a catalog/handbook, See Editing/Creating Cloned Items.
Unclone- If a clone should no longer be linked to the shared content, it can be uncloned, which will remove the relationship between the items.
User Manager- This button is one way to launch the User Manager to edit a user's permissions/roles. Please see the information HERE for further direction of this process.
See Customizing My Toolbar for further directions regarding this individual user platform customization.
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Next Upcoming Event
Vint Cerf & Steve Crocker: A Conversation With Internet Pioneers
Washington, DC 20005 United States
- This event has passed.
(REF RM27) The significance of international research cooperation for the attainment of SDGs – approaches from research management. Convened by DLR, Germany.
September 27, 2021 @ 11:00 am - 1:00 pm PDT
Research funding on science and innovation is becoming more and more mission-oriented, in order to push topics that contribute to the solution of societal challenges, such as the ones connected to the SDGs. Contributing to the SDGs also requires a clear perspective on technology and knowledge transfer through close collaboration with all stakeholders. The session should address the following questions:
- Are new formats of funding needed?
- How can stakeholders be involved in order to address global challenges?
- How can we understand and measure the impact of science to these challenges?
- Is a new framework needed to integrate the SDGs into the framework of impact assessment of STI policies?
Thematic overview/ setting the scene: The significance of international research cooperation for the attainment of SDGs (DLR/ DLR-PT)
Research management perspective:
How can we increase the efficiency of international cooperation through targeted research management? The German African Innovation Incentive Award could serve as an example of how innovation cooperation with SSA and its accompanying measures can increase the cooperation’s efficiency. The award/ program focuses on technology and knowledge transfer.
SDGs and the Theories of Change and Impact Pathways (TCIP) Instrument in the multilateral STI cooperation:
The co-design of common programmes are key for the success of multilateral cooperations. The Theories of Change and Impact Pathways (TCIP) Instrument serves the development of a shared common understanding of challenging situations and identifying common goals. Linking the roadmaps of the TCIP instrument to the SDGs allows a comprehensive Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) process, which points thereby also to the need for cyclic multistakeholder programming approaches. The SDGs are therefore suggested to be part of the basis of each cyclic programmatic approach in the field of STI and should be based on the TCIP Instrument. The topic is illustrated by the example of the EU-funded ‘LEAP-Projects’ and the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM).
International perspective: global approaches/ measures on SDG, impact assessment and STI.
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WASHINGTON – The United States Supreme Court has rejected for the third time a challenge to the country’s leading health insurance law that provides millions of Americans with coverage to help pay their medical bills.
The court, in a 7-2 ruling, on Thursday rejected an offer by 18 Republican-led states and former President Donald Trump’s administration to overturn the 2010 Affordable Care Act.
It was the iconic legislative achievement of former President Barack Obama, Trump’s immediate predecessor, and is popularly known in the United States as Obamacare.
The country’s highest court also dismissed challenges to the law in 2012 and 2015, with the three rulings keeping politically popular provisions in place such as allowing young adults to stay on their parents’ insurance policies until l age 26 and provide coverage for patients with pre-existing illnesses. conditions.
As originally approved by Congress, the law required people to pay a penalty if they chose not to purchase health insurance. But Congress in 2017 set that penalty – the so-called individual mandate – at zero.
Republican state attorneys general and the Trump administration have argued that removing the sanctions provision renders the entire law unconstitutional.
The court did not examine the validity of the claims made against the law, but ruled that states that opposed them lacked the legal capacity to challenge.
The majority decision was drafted by Liberal Judge Stephen Breyer and joined by two of the three Conservative justices appointed to the court by Trump – Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett.
The third appointed by Trump, Neil Gorsuch, joined Judge Samuel Alito in dissent.
President Joe Biden has said he will try to add provisions to the Affordable Care Act, which was approved when he was Obama’s vice president.
Biden called the move “a victory for more than 130 million Americans with pre-existing ailments and millions more immediately at risk of losing their health care amid a once-in-a-century pandemic.”
Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra praised the Supreme Court ruling, saying it was “a victory for all Americans, especially those with pre-existing illnesses or anyone who feared they would have to choose between their health and make ends meet. Health care should be a right – not a privilege – only for healthy and wealthy people. “
In a separate religious rights ruling Thursday, the court ruled that the eastern city of Philadelphia was wrong to terminate a placement services contract with Catholic Social Services, which refuses to work with same-sex couples because of its religious beliefs.
All nine justices agreed with the result, but Chief Justice John Roberts wrote for a majority of six that Philadelphia had violated the United States Constitution’s guarantee of free exercise of religion by terminating the organization’s contract. Catholic.
Roberts said the organization was only looking “for an accommodation that will allow him to continue serving the children of Philadelphia in a manner consistent with his religious beliefs; he does not seek to impose these beliefs on someone else.
“Philadelphia’s refusal to contract with [Catholic Social Services] for the provision of foster care services unless it agrees to certify same-sex couples as foster parents cannot survive scrutiny and violates the First Amendment to the Constitution, ”Roberts wrote.
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Adaptive Tutoring Systems – Quizlet
I’m busy being a student again and now half way through the first year of an MA in Technology and Education with the University of Leeds. As part of the module ‘Learning with Digital Technologies’ MA, I had to reflect on my experiences with different tools and learning theories. So I thought I’d share my thoughts on the flashcard tool Quizlet.
Quizlet allows you to create flashcards, games and quizzes which can be used to learn vocabulary, definitions, historic dates and so on. Progress is assessed automatically, giving students feedback as they make their way through the activities.
After logging in for the first time, I typed ‘English’ in the search function and found numerous flashcard sets, created and shared by users. Many consisted of image and word combinations suitable for lower ability levels. Others sets such as ‘Junior College English Vocab’ contained words like nebulous, fetters and truculent, which would be too advanced for most ESL (English as a Second Language) students. Many sets were simply titled English and, although hovering over the title presents a view of the contents, it was often unclear what the connection between the words was. Without proper naming or tagging conventions to clearly identify the target group and type of the vocab, finding suitable sets to practice with is time-consuming and I feel this reduces the value of the set sharing function.
However, when I started practicing with a flashcard set I found the tool to be very engaging and was impressed by clever additions such as the option to listen to the words, the choice of displaying either the term or the definition first and also the fact that tests can be printed. The games are timed and once your score is revealed, you are encouraged to repeat the activity to beat your time and improve your position on the score board. Motivating messages, such as ‘Yipee, you beat your previous record’, are also given.
Having assessed Quizlet from a learner’s standpoint, I followed the steps to create a set of flashcards on English financial terms with definitions. This was very easy and, as the tool gives you the option of importing your own lists, very quick.
Quizlet does not ‘teach’ the user, being limited to simple repetition of words to help memorise spelling and meaning. However, I feel the key to its appeal is the individualisation aspect, as students can choose the type of activity they want to try and can repeat it as many times as they want, therefore defining the pace of the progress.
I had heard of Quizlet prior to this, but had assumed it would not be suitable for advanced-level adult learners. I worried they would see it as game-like or frivolous, and I also felt that prescribing lists of words for students to learn goes against the type of student-centred learning I try to practice. Having to try out different tools as part of the MA course has made me aware of the need to reflect on my own bias or preference regarding learning strategies, and now having tried Quizlet, I feel that, ironically, the tool I dismissed as being too teacher-centred could have great potential in a constructivist classroom. Allowing students to choose the vocabulary and definitions they want to practice or encouraging them to create sets themselves, which they could then share with classmates, would give them a central role in the learning process.
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On the occasion of World Asthma Day, May 7, 2013, we wanted to give a little Egypt Email List to the digital initiatives of healthcare manufacturers. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways , characterized by attacks causing difficulty in breathing and wheezing.
235 million asthmatics in the world
In 2011, according to the WHO , asthma affected 235 million people around the world, but it is above all an underdiagnosed and undertreated pathology . The number of asthmatics in France is between 3.5 and 4.5 million people, a figure which is expected to grow rapidly due to the high prevalence of the disease in children and adolescents. In addition to age, geographic location also influences the prevalence of the disease, with some countries more affected than others. In view of these figures, asthma is therefore a disease which affects a large number of patients and to which the general public must be made aware, which can in certain cases be poorly monitored or diagnosed. Of course, there is also the problem of adherence to treatment and therapeutic education. Reaching a large number of patients with an informative message, that’s a mission for digital marketing!
There is no cure for asthma
The disease in the most severe cases is still responsible for around 1000 deaths per year in France . Nevertheless, good care improves the quality of life of asthmatics by reducing and controlling their disorders. Likewise, adapting your environment to reduce the risks is beneficial in reducing the number of asthma attacks. Asthma can therefore also be a serious illness to be wary of.
What is new in Asthma?
This is the theme of World Asthma Day which takes place on May 7, 2013 , many actions are carried out in this context. In France, World Asthma Day is piloted by the Asthma & Allergies association with the help of its partners GlaxoSmithKline, Sandoz, and Médiflux (healthcare manufacturers). It is an opportunity to inform patients and invite the general public to learn about the disease, to keep abreast of the hopes of research and the discovery of new treatments.
Initiatives to salute
We take advantage of World Asthma Day to highlight several quality initiatives aimed at enabling the public to better understand the disease and asthma patients to improve their quality of life. In this regard, we salute the asthmatic site , launched by the Asthma & Allergies association as part of World Asthma Day 2011. This collaborative platform designed to help severe asthma patients (around 10% of people with asthma asthma) to better cope with their disease on a daily basis.
Exchanges between patients are encouraged via a community model, and to inform them,different types of content are available (texts, videos, quizzes, 3D animations, interviews, etc.) . To create this site, Asthma & Allergies has notably worked with Novartis and Dyson. A great project with multi-support content!
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Prayut to visit Phetchaburi as Kaeng Krachan dam’s spillway spills over
Prime Minister Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha plans to visit Phetchaburi on Wednesday as excess water began to overflow the spillway of Kaeng Krachan dam into the Phetchaburi river at about 10 am this morning. The water runoff is expected to arrive at the Phetchaburi dam in Tha Yang district tonight, according to the Crisis Ad Hoc Centre.
The water runoff will flow along the Phetchaburi river across Tha Yang and Ban Lat districts before reaching the municipal area of Phetchaburi’s Muang district estimated at about 10 pmn Tuesday night.
The centre predicted that areas in the municipal area will come under water about 25-30 cm deep and the runoff will flow further downstream to Ban Laem district where the Royal Thai Navy has already deployed 20 water-pushing boats to speed up the water drainage from the river into the sea.
In Ban Laem district, workers employed by Bangkaew Tambon Administration Organization have removed water-borne vegetation from Klong D 25 which will be used as an additional channel to drain water into the sea.
Ban Laem district chief Mr Sritham Rachkaew said that the klong has the capacity to drain about 50 cubic metre/second of water into the sea which will, anyhow, reduce the volume of flood water in Ban Laem district.
Thai PBS reported that Gen Prayut will visit Phetchuburi on Wednesday to observe the water situation. He also reportedly has plans to travel to Nakhon Phanom, Muk Daharn and Bueng Kan provinces which are being threatened with floods.
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There are 11 different things that may be done with leftover pumpkins.
- Yummies for the birds and creatures in your backyard.
- Gratitude pumpkin.
- Bucket of ice.
- Feed for rescue animals.
- Autumn centerpiece.
- Pumpkin seeds that have been roasted to perfection
- Tablescape with a lot of glitz and glamour
How do you decorate with dried gourds?
Shake the gourds to remove the seeds, and then either hang them from a tree that provides shade, or paint them in a variety of colors and use them as décor in your Southwest-style house.Earthbound Gourd Creations recommends going all the way back to the gourds’ roots as a decorative material and fashioning a collection of bowls out of them.The wall of a dried gourd has a texture and solidity that are comparable to that of wood.
What can you do with gourd seeds?
Pumpkins, which are always in demand, are another type of gourd that are simple to prepare and may be used for both decoration and food. You may make a nutritious snack by toasting pumpkin seeds, or you could use the flesh of the pumpkin in your next pot of chili once you have finished carving it or displaying it in your window for some time.
Can you eat the gourds in your Thanksgiving centerpiece?
Some of the beautiful gourds that are used in your centerpiece have been treated with glossy shellac, have thick skin, and are known to be bitter. Do not consume those. Stick to preparing things such as acorn squash and tiny pumpkins, both of which should not be tossed in the garbage once Black Friday rolls around.
What do you do with hanging gourds in October?
Any space may be given a quirky and autumnal atmosphere by hanging gourds. During the middle of October, when the leaves are at their most vibrant, you might hold a harvest celebration or a farm-to-table feast and intersperse the dried flowers and corn bundles with them. These are simple to hang and do not weigh too much, making them convenient to transport from one location to another.
What do you do with pumpkins and gourds after Thanksgiving?
Please provide some food to the local animals; the deer, rabbits, and squirrels would much appreciate it. You may also chopping up your gourds and leaving them out in the open, complete with the seeds, for any and all animals that are active during the night. There will be an abundance of wild animals in your yard, beginning with deer and ending with squirrels and birds.
What can I do with old decorative gourds?
When dried gourds are used as the base for musical instruments, bits of metal and shells can be added to personalize them.The material of the gourd might be wood-burned, carved, painted, or stained, depending on your preference.Carve out little pieces to make jewelry like rings and bracelets out of them.You may also extract the fibers using a pounding motion and then use them to make sheets of handmade paper.
What do you do with gourds after the season?
After you have dried the gourds, spritz them lightly with rubbing alcohol or a home disinfectant and then mist them with rubbing alcohol.Place the prepared gourds in a spot that is dark, warm, and dry (like an attic), and has adequate ventilation.Place several layers of newspaper between each gourd.Every few days, you should replace the moist newspaper and flip the gourds as you are doing so.
What do you do with small gourds after Halloween?
These lovely gourds put in a lot of effort throughout the course of the holidays, and in the end, they are the thing that holds our Halloween decorations together.
- Create a bird feeder out of a pumpkin.
- Pumpkins may be grown from seeds, so be sure to save some.
- Give food to the animals.
- Put some food into your compost.
- Make use of your pumpkins by transforming them into planters or vases.
What can I do with leftover decorative pumpkins?
Check to see whether zoos, animal shelters, farms, or community gardens would be interested in receiving leftover pumpkins as donations.They will be thankful for the organic matter that can be composted or the animal treats.Keep an eye out in your immediate area; following Halloween, some communities organize collection drives for pumpkins, and other farms put out requests for pumpkin contributions from nearby residents.
How do you dry decoration gourds?
Put your gourds to dry in a place that has plenty of ventilation and is cool.
- Put your gourds in a location that has good ventilation and is cold so they can dry out
- The drying process for gourds can take anything from a few weeks to six months, depending on the variety of gourd.
- When you give the gourds a good shake and hear the seeds moving around within, you’ll know they’re ready to be stored.
What can I do with old small gourds?
- 5 Ideas on What to Do with. Gourds HOUSE A BIRD. Photo courtesy of the Gonzales Master Gardeners’ website. Making a birdhouse out of a gourd that has been hollowed out is both a fun and simple project.
- HANG A GARLAND. Image courtesy of: asoftplace.net
- MAKE A LANTERN. Photo: makezine.com.
- CARVE A JACK-O’-LANTERN. Photograph courtesy of southernliving.com
- CRAFT A CANTEEN. Credit for the photo goes to stormdrane.blogspot.com
Can you cook decorative gourds?
You can eat ornamental gourds, to answer your question in a nutshell. ‘You can cook anything as long as it won’t snap a knife in half,’ said Julia Child. Finding the most effective method to prepare it is the only thing left to do at this point.
What can be done with gourds?
Gourds that have been dried out can be kept in their natural state and used for show, or they can be hacked open, hollowed out, and carved into various objects such as birdhouses, bowls, pitchers, or mugs. These are only some of the typical use for gourds. Gourds that have been hollowed out are used in certain societies to make musical instruments, masks, and tools.
Can you keep ornamental gourds?
Uncured, fresh gourds have a shelf life of a few weeks at most before they go bad. However, if you dry and preserve your gourds, they will live for a number of years longer than they would otherwise. After you have preserved the gourds, you may exercise your artistic side by painting or sketching designs of your own onto the shell.
How do you dry a gourd for a birdhouse?
Place the gourds in a way that prevents them from coming into contact with one another, and rotate them once a week to ensure that they dry out evenly. During the drying process, you should throw away any gourds that have mushy, decaying patches. Dry the gourds in the sun for two to three months, or until the seeds become loose inside and the rinds turn firm.
How do you display gourds?
The following gourd decorating guidelines, however, may be of assistance to you in the event that you are unsure of how to get started. The Best Ways to Adorn Your Home with Gourds This Fall
- They should be placed on a platter.
- Place Them In A Group On A Mantel
- Place them in an expansive centerpiece
- Put Them Somewhere With Some Geometric Touches
- Place them inside of the basket
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Understanding the role of hormones in seizure activity was a game-changer for me. Estrogen‘s role in seizures is profound, and the effectiveness of a pro-thyroid diet, natural progesterone, and ridding of excess estrogen and increased cortisol are foundational to reducing seizure activity.
“Seizures are known to be promoted by estrogen, by unsaturated fats, and by lipid peroxidation, and to cause an increase in the size of the free fatty acid pool in the brain. Prolonged seizures cause nerve damage in certain areas, especially the hippocampus, thalamus, and neocortex (Siesjo, et al., 1989). Dementia is known to be produced by prolonged seizures.” -Ray Peat, PhD
“If progesterone’s antiepileptic effectiveness were not enough (and it is very effective even in irrational pharmaceutical formulations), the fact that it reduces birth defects, and promotes brain development and nerve repair should assure its general use in women with a history of seizures, until it is established that they are no longer “epileptic.” Although thyroid, progesterone, and a high quality protein diet will generally correct the epilepsy problem, it is important to mention that the involvement of unsaturated fats and free radicals in seizure physiology implies that we should minimize our consumption of the unsaturated fats. Even years after eliminating them from the diet, their release from tissue storage can prolong the problem, and during that time the use of vitamin E is likely to reduce the intensity and frequency of seizures. Coconut oil lowers the requirement for vitamin E, and reduces the toxicity of the unsaturated fats (see Cleland, et al.), favoring effective respiration and improving thyroid and progesterone production. Endotoxin formed in the bowel can block respiration and cause hormone imbalances contributing to instability of the nerves, so it is helpful to optimize bowel flora, for example with a carrot salad; a dressing of vinegar, coconut oil and olive oil, carried into the intestine by the carrot fiber, suppresses bacterial growth while stimulating healing of the wall of the intestine. The carrot salad improves the ratio of progesterone to estrogen and cortisol, and so is as appropriate for epilepsy as for premenstrual syndrome, insomnia, or arthritis.” -Ray Peat, PhD (1)
(1) Endocrinology. 1992 Aug;131(2):662-8.
Sign Up Below To Find Out More About How Hormones Affect Seizures.
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During the observing that the fret discovered from the professional athletes is emotional and/or perhaps the result of education be concerned, Gould argued one burnout could be experienced often mentally or yourself
When you look at the SDT, desire is in accordance with new greater types of independent and regulated desire also in accordance with the greater number of specific inspirational legislation fundamental behavioral enactments (i.age., built-in determination, provided regulation, identified control, introjected regulation, additional controls, amotivation). Autonomous desire comes with care about-determined behavioral imperatives to meet up with your practical mental demands (we.elizabeth., intrinsic motivation) and you will extrinsic but internalized motivational imperatives that will as well as fulfill these need in some education because they’re in line with one’s label (i.elizabeth., included controls) and/otherwise private objectives (we.elizabeth., identified controls). Regulated motivation is much more on the outside controlled (for example less worry about-determined) and you will boasts practices influenced of the exterior abuse and prize contingencies (i.age., additional controls) and you will behavior resulting from emotions away from guilt, shame otherwise pride (we.elizabeth., introjected regulation). In the end, amotivation, probably the latest inspirational trademark of runner burnout (Eklund Cresswell, 2007), relates to choices in place of intent to act due to not impression skilled, not believing that energy can lead to wished outcomes, or otherwise not inherently valuing a task (Ryan b).
Proof helps SDT says that autonomous behavior supported by thinking-written, otherwise worry about-computed inspirational regulation, be a little more adaptive, while practices ruled from the controlled motivational laws and regulations and you will amotivation was reduced transformative having inspirational time and effort, psychological health, and you can better-being (Ryan b). For runner burnout, anybody whose knowledge don’t meet otherwise thwart the above mentioned emotional needs would-be expected to showcase reduced care about-computed types of athletics motivation and you may, in the course of time, highest degrees of athlete burnout. Complete, the effectiveness of thinking-commitment principle for the facilitating researcher work and comprehension of runner burnout could have been supported inside Li, Wang, Pyun, and you can Kee’s (2013) health-related report about literary works in this area.
Along, look directed because of the the second ideas and you can activities has cutting-edge all of our comprehension of new thickness and outcomes of the athlete burnout disorder whilst serving since a helpful guide to informing applied routine inside the sport (DeFreese, Smith, Raedeke, 2015). This post on brand new burnout literature will probably be user of one’s degree feet and educational concerning upcoming work, though it isn’t certainly full. So it section identifies a set of big-scale research projects funded from the You.S. Golf Relationship (USTA) as well as the Brand new Zealand Rugby Union (NZRU) and also have shows extremely important ideas that are affiliate of the key abstract aftereffects of this new modern burnout education feet.
Very first Funded Burnout Projects
New USTA given support for example of one’s very first funded programs towards athlete burnout. This new records emanating on mixed-strategies look procedure was indeed instructional (age.g., Gould, Udry ainsi que al., 1996; Gould, Tuffey mais aussi al., 1996, 1997) and you will, obviously given the higher-profile characteristics of one’s venture, was important. The study was grounded when you look at the Gould’s (1996) conceptualization regarding athlete burnout due to the fact an inspiring a reaction to sport contribution. The guy managed the aren’t stated ong players reported as actually “burned out” have been caused by its past extremely motivated sport involvement of chronic connection with be concerned within recreation engagements. Particular service to possess his status is receive one of several professional teenage tennis players playing the new USTA study (Gould, Udry et al., 1996; https://datingranking.net/escort-directory/las-vegas Gould, Tuffey mais aussi al., 1996, 1997). Specifically, runner burnout is of the less adaptive forms of determination (we.e., amotivation), down notice-reported use of dealing knowledge, high levels of perfectionism, and you may social demands off mothers or coaches. This study was integral towards the early knowledge of athletes’ burnout skills and you can supported since the helpful tips to own much of these browse conducted in your community. Inside contribution, the fresh USTA investigation is extremely important in the event the contemporary conceptual grounding and make use of from an early on tenuous way of measuring runner burnout introduce certain challenges for interpretation.
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Physical Therapist's Guide to Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Hip osteoarthritis (hip OA) is the wearing down of the cartilage (lining over the bones) of the hip joint. It can develop at any age, although it is more commonly diagnosed in older adults. Hip OA can make everyday activities, such as walking or climbing stairs, difficult.
There is no one reason to develop hip OA. The incidence of developing symptoms from hip OA increase with age; and is greater in white (compared to African American) females (compared to men), and people who have injured their hip in the past. The impact of obesity on developing hip OA is not yet clear. The lifetime risk, the probability of developing symptomatic hip OA over the lifetime, is 25%.
Recent research found no difference in the rate of occurrence of hip OA in the general public based on race, gender, weight, or educational level.
More severe cases of hip OA may require hip joint replacement surgery. Whether or not patients have surgery, physical therapists design specific exercise and treatment programs to manage pain and get people with hip OA moving again.
Other arthritis resources:
The American Physical Therapy Association launched a national campaign to raise awareness about the risks of opioids and the safe alternative of physical therapy for long-term pain management. Learn more at our #ChoosePT page.
What is Osteoarthritis of the Hip?
Hip osteoarthritis is the inflammation and wearing away of the cartilage of the hip joint, a condition that is more likely to develop as people age. Osteoarthritis results when injury or inflammation in a joint causes the soft, shock-absorbing cartilage that lines and cushions the joint surfaces to break down. When the cartilage is damaged, the joint can become painful and swollen. Over time, this condition can cause stiffness, muscle weakness, and increasing pain, leading to limited function.
How Does it Feel?
Hip OA may cause symptoms including:
- Sharp, shooting pain or dull, achy pain in the hip, groin, thigh, knee, or buttocks
- Stiffness in the hip joint, which is worse after sleeping or sitting
- Weakness of the muscles in the lower extremity
- A "crunching" sound when the hip joint is moved, caused by bone rubbing on bone
- Difficulty and pain when getting out of bed, standing up from a sitting position, walking, or climbing stairs
- Difficulty performing normal daily activities, such as putting on socks and shoes
How Is It Diagnosed?
If you see your physical therapist first, the therapist will conduct a full examination that includes your medical history, and will ask you questions such as:
- When and how frequently do you feel pain and/or stiffness?
- What activities in your life are made difficult by this pain and stiffness?
Your physical therapist will perform special tests to help determine whether you have hip OA, such as:
- Gently moving your leg in all directions (range-of-motion test)
- Asking you to resist as the physical therapist tries to gently push your leg and hip in different directions (muscle-strength test)
- Watching you walk to check for limping
- Asking you to balance while standing (balance test)
- Testing the mobility of the hip joint
- Watching how you climb stairs, how you move from one position to another, etc.
Your physical therapist may use additional tests to look for problems in other parts of your body, such as your lower back. The therapist may recommend that you consult with an orthopedist, who can order diagnostic testing such as an X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to confirm the diagnosis.
How Can a Physical Therapist Help?
Your physical therapist will explain what hip OA is, how it is treated, the benefits of exercise, the importance of increasing overall daily physical activity, and how to protect the hip joint while walking, sitting, climbing stairs, standing, carrying loads, and lying in bed.
Testing will reveal any specific physical problems you have that are related to hip OA, such as loss of motion, muscle weakness, or balance problems. Addressing the problems in surrounding body regions, such as the spine and the lower extremity, is important to the treatment of hip OA.
The pain of hip OA can be reduced through simple, safe, and effective physical activities like walking, riding a bike, or swimming.
Although physical activity can delay the onset of disability from hip OA, people may avoid being physically active because of their pain and stiffness, confusion about how much and what exercise to do, and not knowing when they will see benefits. Your physical therapist will be able to guide you in learning a personal exercise program that will help reduce your particular pain and stiffness.
Your physical therapist will work with you to:
- Reduce your pain
- Improve your leg, hip, and back motion
- Improve your strength, standing balance, and walking ability
- Speed healing and your return to activity and sport
Reduce pain. Your physical therapist can use different types of treatments and technologies to control and reduce your pain, including ice, heat, electrical stimulation, taping, exercises, and hands-on (manual) therapy techniques, such as joint mobilization and soft-tissue mobilization.
Improve motion. Your physical therapist will choose specific activities and treatments to help restore normal movement in the leg and hip. These might begin with "passive" motions that the physical therapist performs for you to gently move your leg and hip joint, and progress to active exercises and stretches that you perform yourself. Your physical therapist also may use sustained stretches and manual therapy techniques that gently move the joint and stretch the muscles around the joint.
Improve strength. Certain exercises will benefit healing at each stage of recovery; your physical therapist will choose and teach you the appropriate exercises to steadily restore your strength and agility. These may include using your own body weight as resistance, or using weights, resistance bands, weight-lifting equipment, and cardio (heart) exercise equipment, such as treadmills or stationary bicycles.
Speed recovery time. Your physical therapist will design a specific treatment program to speed your recovery. Your therapist is trained and experienced in choosing the right treatments and exercises to help you heal, return to your normal lifestyle, and reach your goals faster than you are likely to do on your own.
Return to activities. Your physical therapist will design your treatment program to help you return to work or sport in the safest, fastest, and most effective way possible. You may engage in work retraining activities, or learn sport-specific techniques and drills to help you achieve your goals. Activity modification is essential for a safe return to activity, and to help control symptoms that may hinder your return.
If Surgery Is Necessary
In severe cases of hip OA, the hip joint degenerates until bone is rubbing on bone. This condition can require hip joint replacement surgery. Physical therapy is an essential part of postsurgical recovery, which can take several months.
If you undergo hip joint replacement surgery, a physical therapist will visit you in your hospital room to help you get out of bed and teach you how to walk, and will explain any movements that you must avoid to protect the healing hip area.
Physical therapists will work with you daily in the hospital and then in the clinic once you are discharged. They will be an integral part of your care and recovery, helping you minimize pain, restore motion and strength, and return to normal activities in the speediest yet safest manner possible after surgery.
Can this Injury or Condition be Prevented?
Hip OA may be prevented or limited by keeping the hip and leg muscles strong and flexible, maintaining a healthy body weight and lifestyle, and having good balance and body mechanics. Research shows that strengthening and stretching exercises for the hip, core, and leg can minimize and reduce osteoarthritis pain and stiffness, so it is reasonable to conclude that keeping those muscles strong and limber will help prevent painful osteoarthritis symptoms and problems.
When you seek help once hip OA develops, your physical therapist can recommend a home-exercise program to strengthen and stretch the muscles around your hip, upper leg, and abdomen, to help prevent future hip pain and problems.
Real Life Experiences
Daniel is a 55-year-old office manager and former football player. He competes in triathlons 2 to 3 times per year. Daniel recently noticed his right hip was very stiff in the morning, although it loosened up as he performed activities around the house. He has been bothered by some hip pain after his running workouts, but that pain eases after he rests for a few hours. He decides to contact his physical therapist.
Daniel's physical therapist performs an examination and determines that his hip and leg muscles have weakened, and there is a minimal loss of hip joint motion. She concludes that Daniel may be experiencing the early stages of hip osteoarthritis. She advises him to follow up with an orthopedic physician at his convenience.
Daniel's physician orders X-rays, which show mild hip OA, and confirms the physical therapist’s diagnosis.
Daniel's physical therapist designs and teaches him a comprehensive exercise program that addresses each of the strength and motion problems she has found in his hip and leg. She assembles a handout of illustrations of simple exercises that he can do at home, and teaches them to him. She performs gentle movements of the hip joint, called joint mobilizations, to help restore motion. She uses ice and electrical stimulation to address his pain.
Daniel performs his home exercises every day, and works with his physical therapist at the clinic 2 to 3 times per week, for 3 weeks. At that time, he notes a 50% reduction in his joint stiffness in the morning, and much less-frequent pain during his running workouts.
Daniel’s physical therapist adjusts and modifies his home-exercise program and clinic routine at each session, as his strength and flexibility improve. Daniel performs his exercises consistently at home and in the clinic, and works with his physical therapist to achieve just the right combination of exercise and treatment for his condition.
After 2 months, Daniel reports a significant reduction in his symptoms and is able to enjoy his daily activities much more. He signs up for his local mini-triathlon in 2 months and, if his physical therapist approves, plans to return to a full triathlon 3 months after that!
This story was based on a real-life case. Your case may be different. Your physical therapist will tailor a treatment program to your specific case.
What Kind of Physical Therapist Do I Need?
All physical therapists are prepared through education and experience to treat hip osteoarthritis and people with hip replacements. However, you may want to consider:
- A physical therapist who is experienced in treating people with hip osteoarthritis and people who have had hip replacement surgery. Some physical therapists have a practice with an orthopedic focus.
- A physical therapist who is a board-certified orthopaedic clinical specialist. This physical therapist has advanced knowledge, experience, and skills that may apply to your condition.
You can find physical therapists who have these and other credentials by using Find a PT, the online tool built by the American Physical Therapy Association to help you search for physical therapists with specific clinical expertise in your geographic area.
General tips when you're looking for a physical therapist (or any other health care provider):
- Get recommendations from family and friends or from other health care providers.
- When you contact a physical therapy clinic for an appointment, ask about the physical therapists' experience in helping people who have hip osteoarthritis or hip replacement.
- During your first visit with the physical therapist, be prepared to describe your symptoms in as much detail as possible, and say what makes your symptoms worse.
The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) believes that consumers should have access to information that could help them make health care decisions and also prepare them for their visit with their health care provider.
The following articles provide some of the best scientific evidence related to physical therapy treatment of hip osteoarthritis and hip replacement. The articles report recent research and give an overview of the standards of practice both in the United States and internationally. The article titles are linked either to a PubMed* abstract of the article or to free full text, so that you can read it or print out a copy to bring with you to your health care provider.
Poquet N, Williams M, Bennell KL. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the hip. Phys Ther. 2016;96:1689–1694. Article Summary.
Tan SS, Teirlinck CH, Dekker J, et al. Cost-utility of exercise therapy in patients with hip osteoarthritis in primary care. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24:581–588. Free Article.
Fransen M, McConnell S, Hernandez-Molina G, Reichenbach S. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the hip. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(4):CD007912. Article Summary in PubMed.
Bennell K. Physiotherapy management of hip osteoarthritis. J Physiother. 2013;59:145–157. Free Article.
French HP, Cusack T, Brennan A, et al. Exercise and manual physiotherapy arthritis research trial (EMPART) for osteoarthritis of the hip: a multicenter randomized controlled trial [published correction appears in: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:600]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94:302–314. Article Summary on PubMed.
Brantingham JW, Parkin-Smith G, Cassa TK, et al. Full kinetic chain manual and manipulative therapy plus exercise compared with targeted manual and manipulative therapy plus exercise for symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93:259–267. Free Article.
Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64:465–474. Article Summary in PubMed.
Bennell KL, Egerton T, Pua YH, et al. Building the rationale and structure for a complex physical therapy intervention within the context of a clinical trial: a multimodal individualized treatment for patients with hip osteoarthritis. Phys Ther. 2011;91:1525-1541. Free Article.
Peter WF, Jansen MJ, Hurkmans EJ, et al. Physiotherapy in hip and knee osteoarthritis: development of a practice guideline concerning initial assessment, treatment and evaluation. Acta Reumatol Port. 2011;36:268-281. Free Article.
Murphy LB, Helmick CG, Schwartz TA, et al. One in four people may develop symptomatic hip osteoarthritis in his or her lifetime. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2010;18:1372–1379. Free Article.
* PubMed is a free online resource developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). PubMed contains millions of citations to biomedical literature, including citations in the National Library of Medicine's MEDLINE database.
Authored by: Andrea Avruskin, PT, DPT. Reviewed by the MoveForwardPT.com editorial board.
Provided by the
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While payday or emergency loans can seem like easy solutions when you’re strapped for cash, you want to make sure you’ve explored any other option before signing up for one. The good news is that there are alternatives to payday loans and emergency loans. Depending on your situation, they might help you tap into money when you’re stressed financially.
Get help from nonprofits and charities
Some not-for-profit and charity organizations that offer financial assistance to those in need. Beyond money, these organizations might also offer resources to help you get back on your feet, such as job training, educational workshops and mentorship.
Financial help from a nonprofit is essentially a no-strings-attached gift that you don’t have to pay back. And because it’s free money, competition for it can be steep. You’ll need to show that you qualify, and it may take some time for any money or assistance to arrive. Depending on the program, the funds may also be reserved for populations such as people who have disabilities or are sick, elderly or out of work.
- Who it’s best for: Those who can meet an organization’s qualifications to receive assistance.
- When the money arrives: It varies depending on the program and organization, but as there might be others ahead of you, there might be a backlog. In that case, it can take several weeks.
Reduce your medical bills
Sometimes all it takes to lower your medical bills is a phone call to the medical facility or hospital. Explain that you’re in a financial bind and unable to pay off your medical bills. They might be able to work with you and come up with a payment plan. If you’re put on a medical payment plan, you may be able to avoid being charged interest.
If you were denied a payment plan or you’re nervous about reaching out directly and negotiating for a reduced bill, consider working with a medical billing advocate. These are professionals who can look over your medical bills and explanation of benefits and check your bills for errors.
They can also try to negotiate for lower rates on your medical bills or dispute mistakes found in them. Medical billing advocates typically charge a percentage of the amount they saved you on your bills. There are also nonprofits that offer this type of advocacy free of charge.
Another way you can reduce your medical bills is to get a medical credit card. While it’s a form of revolving credit, like other credit cards, you’ll only be able to use a medical credit card to pay for health-related expenses.
The major draw of a medical credit card is that the interest is usually deferred. However, if you don’t pay your debt off within the given period of time, you’ll be on the hook for interest fees that have racked up since you made the charge on your card. It’s important to comb through the fine print, as every medical expense might not be covered.
- Who it’s best for: Those who have a substantial amount of medical debt.
- When the money arrives: It varies. To dispute a claim, it can take up to 30 days for review. If you’re waiting to hear back on relief options, stay on top of your minimum payments.
Negotiate a payment plan or extension
With so many folks being cash strapped from losing their jobs during the pandemic, lenders might be open to working with you on a payment plan or offering an extension on your debt. First, check the lender’s website to see if a relief program or hardship plan is available.
If you can’t find relief options on its site, you can still reach out to see if the lender will work with you on coming up with a feasible option. If you’re experiencing financial hardship, the credit card company or lender might help you to:
- Come up with a repayment plan
- Lower your monthly payment
- Stretch out your repayment period
- Temporarily pause your payments
- Waive fees
- Reduce your interest rate
While your lender may not offer this, it is still a good idea to check because you never know what resources your lender may offer.
- Who it’s best for: Those who have a solid history of making on-time payments on their loans and credit cards
- When the money arrives: While this isn’t a form of financing, it could help lower your monthly expenses. The amount of time it takes a creditor to review your situation and implement changes can vary. Until changes go into effect, be sure to make minimum payments. Otherwise, your credit might suffer.
Get an advance on a paycheck
Your employer might give you the option of an advance loan. This is usually for a small amount, up to $1,000 or so. This money will be taken out of your paycheck.
While you’ll have access to your money right away, there are drawbacks to keep in mind. It could lead to poor financial habits, as you might need to keep tapping into future funds to pay for today. Further, as your employer is fronting you the money now from the next paycheck, you’ll have less money dropping in your bank account come next paycheck. In turn, you might need to continue getting an advance.
Another downside is that these employer paycheck advances often come on a debit card instead of cash or a bank deposit. While using a debit card can work for many types of expenses, it may not work for all of your financial needs.
- Who it’s best for: Those who are employed, need money right away and don’t have the best credit.
- When the money arrives: It can arrive as quickly as the same day or the next day. In some cases, you can get a small advance two days before your paycheck hits.
Get a personal loan
Personal loans can have several advantages. For one, they’re quite versatile in what you can use the money for, including buying groceries or paying bills if you’re in a financial pinch. Another draw of personal loans is that they’re unsecured, so you won’t have to offer collateral such as a house or car.
You can find personal loans through banks, online lenders or credit unions, which may offer lower rates for members.
If you’ve made some missteps with your credit or have a short credit history, personal loans for people with bad credit are available. The credit requirements might be lower and more flexible, which could increase your chances of getting approved. Note that these loans might have higher interest rates. Some personal loans come with origination fees that can be anywhere from 1 percent to 8 percent of the loan amount.
- Who it’s best for: Those with strong credit and stable income.
- When the money arrives: It depends on the lender. In some cases, you’ll receive funds the same day. With other lenders, it could take up to five business days.
Use a 0 percent APR credit card
If you have strong credit, you might be able to get approved for a 0 percent APR credit card. These credit cards feature an introductory period when no interest is charged. The intro period typically lasts from 12 to 20 months. Once the zero interest period ends, a standard interest rate kicks in.
You’ll want to pay off the balance on the card before the no-interest period ends, or you’ll be slammed with interest fees. See what the interest rate is and whether there’s an annual fee before you apply for the card.
- Who it’s best for: Those who have good credit and are confident they’ll pay off the balance before the introductory period ends.
- When the money arrives: If you apply online, you might be able to get approved for a credit card instantly. However, it could take up to two weeks for the card to arrive in your mailbox.
Get a HELOC or home equity loan
If you are cash poor but house rich, you might want to get a home equity line of credit (HELOC) or home equity loan. Both let you tap into the equity that you’ve built in your home. If you’re not able to repay either one, your home might be at risk for foreclosure.
Just like a credit card, a HELOC is revolving credit that lets you spend up to a limit. A drawback of a HELOC Is that rates are typically variable, which can make it hard to predict monthly payments.
A home equity loan is a lump sum you receive upfront. Like a HELOC, it’s secured by the equity in your home. You’ll be locked into an interest rate and given a certain amount of time to pay it back.
To qualify for a HELOC or home equity loan, you’ll need to have a stable income, a good credit score, a low debt-to-income ratio and at least 15 percent to 20 percent equity in your home. These loans also usually come with fees, so pay attention to the fine print.
- Who it’s best for: Homeowners with stable income and not a lot of debt.
- When the money arrives: It typically takes two to four weeks to close on a HELOC or home equity loan.
Borrow from your 401(k)
If your plan permits borrowing from your 401(k), you can generally use the money for whatever you please. You can borrow either $50,000 or half of what you have vested, whichever is less.
Just like any other loan, you’ll need to sign an agreement that spells out the terms. You usually have five years to pay off your 401(k) loan. However, if you use it to buy a house that would be your primary residence, you might have up to 25 years to pay it back.
The interest you pay on a 401(k) loan can be comparable to what banks offer, but borrowing from your 401(k) means you’ll have less money in retirement. Plus, you’ll be using after-tax dollars to make payments on the loan.
- Who it’s best for: Those who aren’t retiring in the near future, have money in a 401(k) account to borrow and have a low credit score.
- When to expect the money: It can vary, but expect the review process to take anywhere from five to seven business days. Once the loan is approved, you can expect payment within two to three business days.
Why avoid payday or emergency loans
A payday loan is a type of emergency loan, and it gets its name from the idea that you could write a post-dated check. The lender would front you the money and then cash your check (minus fees) on your upcoming payday date.
While payday loans are an easy way to access fast cash, they are costly. In fact, the average payday loan amount is $375, comes with a two-week term and includes $520 in fees, according to a recent Bankrate study. Furthermore, states without restrictions on the interest rates payday lenders can charge assess APRs as high as 521 percent. Consequently, payday loans should only be used as a last resort.
Below are some additional reasons why you should avoid payday loans.
High risk of default
Most payday lenders give borrowers approximately two weeks to pay the loan back. Unfortunately, the likelihood of repaying the entire balance by the due date is low, which means you’ll either default on the agreement or incur an additional finance charge to roll the balance over.
The fees and interest rates on payday loans are sky-high. Plus, if you don’t repay a payday loan by the time you get your next check, you’ll be hit with even more fees. Going this route can get you caught up in a vicious spending-and-borrowing cycle.
Potential credit damage
If you reach the maximum number of rollovers and still can’t repay the loan, your credit health could be at risk. The payday lender could report the delinquent balance to the three credit reporting agencies or sell your account to a collection agency. Either way, your credit score will likely drop by several points.
Depending on your needs and what you’re eligible for, you might be able to get the money you need with a payday loan alternative. If you’re interested in applying for one of these types of financing, here’s what to do:
- Comparison shop. Look at different lenders’ rates and terms. You’ll also want to carefully review the fine print and fees. It’s important to understand what you’re getting into and be confident you’ll be able to pay it off.
- Gather documents. Depending on the type of financing you’re going for, you might need to provide a photo ID and financial documents such as paycheck stubs, tax returns and bank statements.
- Apply. When you apply for financing, the lender usually does a hard pull on your credit. This could ding your credit.
Knowing the alternatives to emergency loans can help you save money. Doing your homework and knowing your options can put you on a more solid financial footing.
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The digital revolution has arrived. New technology and advanced analytics are transforming how the pharmaceutical industry works, competes and engages with customers. How then can you get ahead of the curve?
Health system efficiencies
As new and increasingly innovative medicines provide more opportunities for treatment options in previously unmet areas of need, patient access can often be slowed down by local care pathways or services that are either not currently set up to deliver the treatment or do not even exist. Even in established pathways, fragmentation, bottlenecks and pressure points put substantial strain on the system.
As an industry we allocate significant resources to process mapping patient pathways. What we need to be doing is getting past the process mapping quickly and develop a real understanding of where the inefficiencies and pressure points are in the pathway that are preventing patient access to treatment. These pressure points, if not remedied are far reaching and can adversely affect patient outcomes, patient experience and health system spend. So if you want to create change, this is where you need to focus. Digital technology gets you to this conversation, fast.
Speed to improvement
Historically service improvement and pathway redesign discussions involving industry and customers have been facilitated through complex models and simulations which require lengthy discussions. Conversations often result in highlighting pressure points (i.e. an overwhelming set of problems) in the pathway and never getting to the solution. The call to action is often squeezed into the last five minutes of the call, or worse, scheduled in for the next meeting, which for many payer customers could be several months away. The result? Unintentional inertia from both parties.
Digital technology allows the care pathway and pressure points to be communicated in minutes, and with significantly more impact, leaving the remainder of the customer meeting working through the call to action and the change implementation plan.
Streaming big data
The way digital technology enables this immediate impact is by streaming multiple data sets via the Cloud direct to iPad so the data tells a story in a useable interface, across the pathway. Streaming the data directly to the pressure points allows for incisive decisions to be made, based on evidence, and robust actions can then be agreed. The explosion of big data sources and analytics required to underpin the case for change are outmanoeuvring Excel by sheer volume and functionality. We can now use data in ways we never imagined, instantly and at the touch of a button.
Optimising patient outcomes
Powerful shifts can be made across healthcare economies by using digital technology in this way. Your customers are already tuned in to the potential this has to speed up pathway development and service improvement.
The digital solution Accession has created reaches parts of the healthcare system ripe for transformation. This innovative app and online platform drives broad scale behavioural change across the whole system, to implement NICE and unlock pressures in the pathway. By using our technology, the vision is for every clinician and commissioner in the UK to have at their fingertips an understanding of the cost, capacity requirement and patient outcomes in their current service. By overlaying the clinical and cost effectiveness of treatments across the pathway and utilising big data to identify areas of risk and opportunity, healthcare professionals and commissioners can see in a matter of minutes key improvements they need to make to their local pathways to improve these parameters.
The unique speed and clarity of message that can now be achieved with digital technology is bringing a new era of customer interaction and engagement. By motivating whole system behavioural change in this way the value of innovative treatments can be instantly recognised. With the power of digital technology the potential to improve patient outcomes is profound. This is just the beginning, and the possibilities are endless.
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If there’s a book that’s rocking the cradle of the women’s rights movement in NYS, it’s Long Island and the Woman Suffrage Movement by Antonia Petrash. The History Press recently published the work, and it adds volumes to what has been revealed about the island.
Long Island historian Natalie Naylor has also covered considerable ground going back to the earliest accounts of Long Island women; she touches on the suffrage movement, especially with her ongoing excellent research of suffrage activist Rosalie Gardnier Jones. Antonia Petrash picks up on this and takes off with exclusive coverage of Long Island’s suffrage movement. An entire book featuring individual suffragists is an important contribution. Antonia approaches the subject as a journalist and storyteller, and she’s really good at what she does.
Of the 12 chapters featuring individual women in Long Island and the Woman Suffrage Movement, human interest abounds. The author hooks the reader on the individual activist and a particular tale –usually something with conflict and drama– before backtracking to telling about her birth and early years leading to contributions to the Votes for Women movement. Long Island claims some feisty and notable suffrage activists, including Alma Vanderbilt Belmont, Harriot Stanton Blatch, Lucy Burns, Elisabeth Freeman, Louisine Havemeyer, Rosalie Gardiner Jones, Edna Buckman Kearns, Harriet Burton Laidlaw, Katherine Duer Mackay, Theodore Roosevelt, Ida Bunce Sammis, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, and others.
There’s a range of individuals from working women and grassroots activists, to wealthy women and high government officials who put themselves on the line. Antonia doesn’t claim that she has delivered a definitive survey of the Long Island suffrage movement. There’s much more to say, Antonia points out, and this book is a welcome contribution, as well a delight and something worth adding to everyone’s Votes for Women library.
Antonia has her own blog about the Long Island movement. Check it out. She’s passionate about the Long Island women. I captured some of her enthusiasm last year when I visited Antonia in Glen Cove, NY and documented some of her thoughts and comments about her work. Listen to her remarks from last year before the book’s publication. You’ll see what I mean.
Antonia’s book about Long Island suffrage movement (45 seconds). Highlights of work about Long Island suffragists (32 seconds). Edna Kearns’ contribution to suffrage movement on Long Island ( 44 seconds). The importance of New York’s suffrage movement (35 seconds). Why the suffrage movement story has been buried (39 seconds). The influential role of Long Island (NY) women (40 seconds). Celebrating the New York State suffrage centennial (42 seconds). How Antonia became interested in the subjects of equal rights and suffrage (59 seconds). Two books Antonia wrote previously about extraordinary women in New York and Connecticut (56 seconds). Why the suffrage movement is inspiring. (60 seconds).
“Marguerite’s Musings” are a regular feature of Suffrage Wagon News Channel.
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The Urban Leaders – Global Program 2021: empowering women through knowledge and mentoring is a Leadership Program co-created by Mujeres en Movimiento – Women in Motion (WIM) and WomenMobilizeWomen (WMW). Ensuring women’s participation in the urban workforce, promoting female role models and empowering each other is at the core of the Program. In a combination of knowledge sessions and interactive mentoring this program aims to equip women with the tools, the network and the confidence to pursue their individual path in the transport sector for the long run. The Program will be divided into two stages: the Female Leadership Course powered by Women in Motion and the Peer-to-Peer Mentoring powered by WomenMobilizeWomen.
Name of Organization
Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative
Event City and Country
Bonn / Eschborn, Germany
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Comparison of Spares Logistics Analysis Techniques for Long Duration Human Spaceflight
Weck, Olivier de
MetadatosMostrar el registro completo del ítem
As the durations and distances involved in human exploration missions increase, the logistics associated with the repair and maintenance becomes more challenging. Whereas the operation of the International Space Station (ISS) depends upon regular resupply from the Earth, this paradigm may not be feasible for future missions. Longer mission durations result in higher probabilities of component failures as well as higher uncertainty regarding which components may fail, and longer distances from Earth increase the cost of resupply as well as the speed at which the crew can abort to Earth in the event of an emergency. As such, mission development efforts must take into account the logistics requirements associated with maintenance and spares. Accurate prediction of the spare parts demand for a given mission plan and how that demand changes as a result of changes to the system architecture enables full consideration of the lifecycle cost associated with different options. In this paper, we utilize a range of analysis techniques – Monte Carlo, semi-Markov, binomial, and heuristic – to examine the relationship between the mass of spares and probability of loss of function related to the Carbon Dioxide Removal System (CRS) for a notional, simplified mission profile. The Exploration Maintainability Analysis Tool (EMAT), developed at NASA Langley Research Center, is utilized for the Monte Carlo analysis. We discuss the implications of these results and the features and drawbacks of each method. In particular, we identify the limitations of heuristic methods for logistics analysis, and the additional insights provided by more in-depth techniques. We discuss the potential impact of system complexity on each technique, as well as their respective abilities to examine dynamic events. This work is the first step in an effort that will quantitatively examine how well these techniques handle increasingly more complex systems by gradually expanding the system boundary.
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The UPT KPHP Minas Tahura is obliged to participate in developing communities around the forest area of ​​its working area which is incorporated in the Forest Farmer Group (KTH). Until now, the performance of KTH is still considered low in managing its members and farming. This study aims to find important factors that influence KTH performance and identify the types of programs that can improve KTH performance. The study was conducted in 4 KTH in Bekalar Village and Belutu Village in Riau Province. The study was conducted using a questionnaire method involving 62 respondents who were analyzed using the Partial Least Square approach. The results showed that KTH performance was classified as moderate. There are 3 factors that have a significant effect on KTH performance, namely group dynamics, member participation and characteristics of group leaders, while the other 3 factors are member characteristics, the role of the instructor and the UPT KPHP Minas Tahura have no significant effect. Furthermore aspects that can support the performance of forest farmer groups are (a) institutional strengthening, (b) enhancing guidance, (c) increasing the ability of farmer group members, and (d) increasing the number of visits, monitoring and evaluation by the UPT KPHP Minas Tahura.
Otoritas kehutanan telah mewajibkan pelaksanaan pengelolaan hutan lestari (SFM) bagi perusahaan HPH atau IUPHHK dalam pengelolaan hutan, namun prinsip SFM hanya bagian dari prisipprinsip tata kelola kelola perusahaan (GCG) yang baik. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kriteria dan indikator GCG bidang kehutanan serta bobot dan rangkingnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah survei dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam dan analisis isi peraturan CG. Penelitian dilakukan di Provinsi Kalimantan Timur dan Papua dengan responden dari perusahaan kehutanan, asosiasi dan aparat kehutanan di kedua provinsi. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa dari sudut pandang perusahaan, bobot Nilai-nilai perusahaan menduduki bobot tertinggi (37%), disusul dengan Prinsip-prinsip GCG(35%) dan Kelengkapan organ GCG(28%). Urutan yang sama diberikan oleh aparat kehutanan daerah dengan persentase bobot yang berbeda (36%, 34%, dan 30%). Demikian juga untuk pilar GCG, responden perusahaan pada dasarnya memiliki persepsi sama dengan aparat kehutanan dalam hal peran pemerintah, dunia usaha dan masyarakat dimana peran pemerintah memiliki bobot tertinggi (39%; 36%), diikuti dengan dunia usaha (38%; 33%) dan masyarakat (23%; 31%). Kriteria dan indikator untuk tata kelola perusahaan kehutanan sebaiknya mengadopsi kriteria dan indikator tata kelola perusahaan yang sudah ada di tingkat nasional, namun dengan mempertimbangkan pandangan dari perusahaan dan instansi kehutanan atas bobot dan peringkat unsur-unsurnya.
Setelah penetapan wilayah KPHL/KPHP oleh Menteri Kehutanan, tahap selanjutnya adalah pembentukan dan operasionalisasi organisasi KPHL/KPHP oleh pemerintah daerah. Pelaksanaan kewajiban tersebut berjalan tersendat dkarenakan terkendala oleh sejumlah hambatan, antara lain oleh peraturan yang kurang memiliki daya dorong dan menyulitkan daerah pada saat implementasinya. Dalam Kerangka Kerja Analisis dan Pengembangan Kelembagaan (IAD-Framework) Ostrom, terdapat konsep aturan-aturan yang digunakan (rules in use) yang dapat digunakan untuk menganalisis isi peraturan dalam hubungannya dengan struktur situasi aksi yang terbentuk pada saat peraturan diimplementasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas penggunaan konsep rules in use untuk menemukan kelemahan-kelemahan substansial dari peraturan pembentukan organisasi KPHL/KPHP pada tingkat provinsi. Analisis dilakukan terhadap PP No. 6/2007 jo. PP No. 3/2008, Permendagri No. 61/2010, dan PP No. 41/2007, dengan metode analisis substansi peraturan dan umpan balik dari proses implementasinya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa penggunaan konsep rules in use Ostrom cukup efektif untuk menemukan kelemahan-kelemahan isi suatu peraturan.
The existence and spread of birds are closely related to the availability of food and habitat for birds while showing the existence of an individual or group of individuals. Species of birds and how the spread of bird species is based on habitat in the buffer zone of Tahura Sultan Syarif Hasyim. The method used is to use the Point Count method while calculating existing vegetation using anveg (vegetation analysis). The composition of birds in various vegetation cover is divided into 2 namely secondary forest and agroforestry land, in secondary forests there are 292 individuals, 41 species, 25 families from 9 orders while on agroforestry land there are 213 individuals, 25 species, 16 families of 6 orders. Thus, in the buffer zone of Tahura Sultan Syarif Hasyim, there were 505 individuals, 48 ​​species, 28 families of 10 orders with diversity included in the category of "High Diversity" with a value of 3.54, in the distribution of 14 species of land species, 27 types of lower canopy, 37 types of middle canopy and 26 types of top canopy.
Since the early 2000s, Forestry Department of Indonesia has been implementing the Forest Management Unit (FMU) development program. The existence of FMU can be seen as a prerequisite for the implementation of sustainable forest management and equitable. How FMU institution prospects can improve forest governance in Indonesia? The aim of this study is to explore the prospects of FMU institution to improve forest governance in Indonesia. The study used forestry governance dimensions of Mayers and Macqueen (2002) as an analytical tool. The study results showed that both conceptual and is based on the processes of development, FMU has accommodated most of the values of good forestry governance.
This study aims to identify the types of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the KPHP Model Minas Tahura area and analyze the development opportunities to diversify the income of the people around the forest. The research method is survey method, with object of forest area and community around forest. The data taken are primary data, ie vegetation types that have the potential to generate NTFPs and respondent profile data as well as their interests and desires to develop NTFPs. While the secondary data in the form of general conditions KPHP Model Minas Tahura and other data that support. The results of all data are analyzed descriptively. Result of survey and analysis of vegetation found 30 species at the level of trees, While at the pile level found 21 species, the level of sapling 16 species, and the level of seeds as many as 29 species. From all levels of vegetation growth, there are 21 species that potentially produce NTFPs with various functions and benefits, such as food, medicines, and industrial raw materials. The results of interviews and answers to questionnaires from community respondents around the forest, all respondents know NTFPs and are eager to develop various types of NTFPs in forest areas. It can be concluded that KPHP Model Minas Tahura area has the potential to develop NTFPs based on the availability of critical land for rehabilitation with various types of plants and the desire of surrounding communities to get involved in such activities.
Rubber trees planted by people in several districts of Riau province, among them the Kampar regency. Rubber seed that has not valuable feed source can be used for one of them is a main ingredient of fish feed. In addition to rubber seed, Tower Island Village also produces waste Patin fish entrails. The waste generated from the business community to make smoked fish Patin. During this time the waste is dumped in waterways around residences. Problems IbM partners: 1) Partners have the willingness to do busine ss, but do not have the knowledge and skills in the field of production, 2) Partners do not have knowledge in aspects of business management, which is a way of packaging, marketing, and business analysis calculations. Solutions are performed: training and assistance for people with the target communities to utilize the waste around them. Outputs from this IbM activities include: 1) The method of making rubber seed flour; 2) Method of making the feed / fish pellet made from rubber seed flour; 3) The method o f making a liquid organic fertilizer from waste fish entrails catfish; 4) Method of manufacture of poultry feed from catfish waste; 5) rubber seed flour; 6) Feed / fish pellet; 7) liquid organic fertilizer; 8) feed poultry. Mitra has begun to open wawasany a in utilizing waste rubber seed and catfish after receiving an explanation from the team. Partners receive initial skills in the utilization of fish waste and rubber seeds to manufacture pellets of fish, organic liquid fertilizer and poultry feed.
The issuance of the Law No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government instead of Law No. 32 of 2004 carries implications for FMU development in the area. This study aims to (1) assess changes in the content of Law No. 23 of 2014 compared with the previous regulations in managing the affairs of the forestry sector; (2) assess the implications of these changes to the rules under which the current level is the reference FMU development; and (3) assess the implications of these changes to the processes of FMU development in Riau Province. The study was conducted in December 2014 -May 2015, with research sites in the city of Pekanbaru and the district of Kampar, Riau Province. The method used is the content analysis of the rules and interviews with some stakeholders. The substantial changes of the Law No. 32/2004 to Law No. 23/2014, in the new regulations authorizes the establishment of the organization KPHL / KPHP everything under the authority of the provincial government, no longer under the authority of district governments. The implications of the transfer of authority, the regulations that the legal basis and the establishment of institutions KPHL / KPHP i.e. the Government Regulation (PP) No. 38/2007 and Rule of th e Interior Minister (Permendagri) No. 61/2010 can not be a reference again. In addition it also affects the initiative and formation process KPHL / KPHP by Regency stagnated.
City forest with many stratum provides the surrounding environment is relatively more comfortable than the low stratum. In order to achieve success in achieving management objectives, the types planted in urban forest development and development programs should be selected based on the consideration that crops grow well and can cope with emerging environmental problems in the region. Identifying the suitability of existing tree species in urban forest is intended to obtain maximum plant growth and municipal forest benefits. The purpose of this study is to identify the suitability of forest conifer tree species in Pekanbaru City. Data collection is done by survey in the field by defecting the existing tree species in urban forest. The result of tree species identification is used to evaluate the suitability of tree species of forest forest. A literature study was conducted to find out the growing requirements and characteristics of tree species of urban forest in the study sites. Data analysis is conducted by considering silvicultural, management and aesthetic requirements. Based on this criteria are made that is appropriate, quite appropriate, and not appropriate. Based on the results of the study can be summarized as follows: The type of urban forest in Pekanbaru City is the protection and recreation with the form of clusters / gangs and paths; There are 15 species of trees that have appropriate criteria based on silvicultural, management and aesthetic requirements; There are 15 species of trees capable of controlling air pollution.
Regional development has a tendency to minimize green open space and also remove the face of nature. The increasingly disharmonious relationship between humans and nature has resulted in ecological deterioration in the environment. Less land covered by trees causes the environment to become hot. The Lancang Kuning University Campus is one of the places of education in which the entire academic community, employees and other parties are located. In carrying out all campus activities, a comfortable environment is needed. The objectives are: to identify tree characteristics in the faculty environment; measuring the comfort level of the faculty environment. The objects this research are tree types. The equipment used is: thermohigro, camera, phi band, haga meter, roll meter, stationery. While the material used is thally sheet. Primary data taken in the field are tree data, temperature and humidity. The comfort index is categorized: comfortable, if it has a value of 21 THI 24; quite comfortable 24 THI 26 and not comfortable THI 26. There were 31 tree species with 472 trunks with an average diameter of 19 centimeters and an average height of 10 meters. The Temperature Humidity Index (THI) of all faculties is in the uncomfortable category.
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3 tech trends in online food delivery
The restaurant industry is constantly evolving to identify ways to provide an optimal customer experience. Providing the best possible customer experience will dramatically improve your advantage in this competitive market. Thanks to advances in technology, you can easily stand out from the crowd, improving your competitive edge.
For many years, companies have been constrained by their physical location to serve only the local market. As technology advances, it offers new tools you can use to reach customers, wherever they are. In recent years, customers can easily order everything from groceries to fast food and have it delivered to their doorstep. Events such as pandemics have also revolutionized the online food delivery industry, making it one of the fastest growing industries of the modern era.
With such exponential growth, there is also fierce competition in this industry. For this reason, companies are always looking for new and better ways to do things. So, if you want to know all the latest trends in the food delivery industry, check out the following tech trends you might consider employing. They understand:
1. Conversational platforms
This is one of the technology trends you should consider using in your food delivery business. Conversational platforms use a natural language voice query to help customers order and purchase groceries. When requested by a customer, the speech recognition software offers audio responses to the verbal question and runs searches. With so many voice recognition software to choose from, it can be difficult to choose the right system for this platform. However, it’s important to visit more than one service provider to ensure you get a quality system at an affordable price that gives your hard-earned dollars value.
Food delivery companies, like Toronto-based meal prep company Protein Chefs, are adopting conversational systems to appeal to younger generations, who make up a larger percentage of the target market. Thanks to technological advancements, modern systems incorporate advanced solutions such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, improving the efficiency of the interaction between your conversational platform and customers.
2. Cloud Kitchens
Cloud kitchens, called ghost kitchens, are the newcomer to the online food delivery industry. The introduction of cloud kitchen has played an important role in influencing the success of delivery services. In a traditional delivery service, you will take an order for an established restaurant and then pick up and deliver food items to the restaurant’s premises. A ghost kitchen also takes the order.
However, the significant difference between the two is that instead of delivering an order from an established company, the delivery service picks up the order from a dedicated unit in the cloud kitchen.
These dedicated units do not operate like established restaurants as they do not have premises for customers to visit. Instead, reputable food stores in your locality operate like a kitchen, producing food only for delivery services.
The main benefit of the cloud kitchen is improved efficiency. The ghost kitchen makes it easier for you to fulfill take-out orders, ensuring you meet customer needs and expectations. Additionally, cloud kitchen allows you to operate more than one brand, ensuring your customers have a wide range of options and increasing your customer base.
3. Enter Big Data
This is another technology trend you could leverage to improve your competitive edge. Big data analytics can help you better understand your customers’ needs and preferences. Thus, creating services that meet their needs and expectations will be easier, improving revenue and cash flow.
Here are some of the ways big data analytics can benefit your online food delivery service:
Big data analytics can help you access critical information such as customer reviews of menu foods. It will suggest how a business could modify the menu to include healthy foods to meet customer needs and expectations, thereby improving operational efficiency. This will not only increase your revenue, but also increase your chances of retaining customers.
- Provide faster deliveries
Prompt delivery will improve customer experience and increase your business reputation. However, timely delivery is not as easy as it seems. Several factors can affect your delivery process. However, big data can help you access vital information such as traffic, weather conditions, etc., which could affect your delivery process. It will suggest routes and strategies you can use to ensure food is delivered quickly.
Technological advancements have revolutionized the way businesses interact and interact with customers. In recent years, it has become easier for customers to order groceries from the comfort of their homes. However, as a business owner, taking advantage of several technology trends is essential to ensure you stay ahead in this competitive industry.
Lori Wilde is an ICT student who enjoys sharing her work through snippets and blogs. When not writing, Wilde enjoys hunting and spending time with family and friends.
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Room: AAPM ePoster Library
Deep learning-based auto-segmentation (DLAS) that can substantially improve efficiency and consistency of segmentation often require large dataset, a unique training process for each tumor site and/or image modality. This can be labor intensive as multiple iterations may be required to achieve optimal accuracy. To address this problem, we developed and tested a pre-optimized module, designed to train, modify and customize segmentation models independent of tumor site and image modality, with limited training data and user input.
The module was designed to facilitate both CT and MR images, with Z-score optimization and adaptive removal of outliers employed to achieve uniform intensity distribution for MRIs. This allowed training of MRIs independent of scanner and sequences. The training could be conducted with either U-Net or V-Net and optimized DL parameters. The training module was tested with three datasets in abdomen, 22 T1 and T2 MRIs from a 3T MR simulator, and 12 T1 MRIs from a 1.5T MR-Linac system, along with contours created based on RTOG guidelines. To prove validity of the recommended optimized parameters, multiple iterations were trained by varying the DL parameters on an Intel® Xeon® CPU E5-280 and auto-segmentation accuracy was subjected to TG 132 tolerance metrics.
The model generation with the training module was fast, requiring minimal user interaction. Reasonable accuracy was observed each time using recommended optimized parameters, e.g. batch size 16, learning rate 0.0003. For the 22 datasets, a reasonable model was trained within 30 minutes. Accuracy tests on 5 MRIs from the 3T scanner and 3 from the MR-Linac with different sequences revealed comparable performances and yielded clinically acceptable contours for majority of the organs.
The training module for DLAS repeatably delivered acceptable models without a labor- and data-intensive process, a particularly useful characteristic for practical implementation of a robust auto-segmentation solution.
Funding Support, Disclosures, and Conflict of Interest: Manteia Medical Technologies
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One of the necessary hassles of medical practice is documentation. Whether running a small clinic or a full-fledged hospital, accurate and timely documentation of patient records is a must. It is required not only for billing and legal purposes but also for maintaining the quality of the treatment plan administered to patients over extended periods.
Healthcare practitioners must focus on diagnosing and treating the patients. However, at the same time, they need to maintain accurate patient documentation like history, consultation reports, procedure reports, discharge summaries, and prescriptions. It can cause burnout and high error rates, especially in cases where the practitioner is attending to many patients daily. It is where medical transcription creates maximum value.
What is Medical Transcription?
Medical transcription is a process in which the doctor dictates the contents that need to enter into the patient records to an audio recording device. This audio content is then converted to text and entered prescribed templates by
- Skilled transcriptionists who type the content OR
- Speech recognition software that processes the audio files
Why Should One Opt for Medical Transcription?
It provides many benefits for the healthcare practitioner, the staff, and the patients.
#1 Saves time and effort for the doctor
Medical transcription saves the time and effort of the medical practitioner and reduces burnout. The doctor feels relaxed and can focus on attending to patients without distractions.
#2 Ensures accurate medical records
Transcription also ensures authentic and accurate documentation. Transcriptionists correct minor grammar, punctuation, or style errors at their end. They also ensure that the medical records adhere to prescribed formats and templates.
#3 Ensures the timely flow of information
Transcribed medical records become available immediately to nurses, billing staff, and other doctors attending the patient in the same hospital. It reduces the chances of miscommunication and errors.
#4 Guarantees legal compliance
Accurate medical reports can prove to be of great value in medico-legal cases. For example, radiology transcription services are an absolute must because even a minor error in the documentation of the diagnosis can lead to major mishaps in the treatment plans and legal conflicts.
#5 Eases the processing of insurance claims
Impeccable medical records are a must for the smooth processing of insurance claims. Even a tiny error can lead to rejection of claims and unnecessary hassles for patients. Transcribed records are quality controlled and created as per regulatory formats.
#6 Lowers costs
Transcription can lead to lower wage costs if outsourced to a company providing medical transcription services. These companies offer trained transcriptionists and quality assurance executives at competitive prices. It cuts down on in-house employee and training costs.
Why are Dictated Medical Transcriptions in Vogue?
Some medical practitioners use speech recognition software for medical transcription with the expectation to lower costs. However, transcription by dictation to transcriptionists has many advantages.
#1 No user training requirement
With dictated medical transcription, the doctor only needs to record the content. This audio can be transferred to transcriptionists online via simple methods like Google Drive or Dropbox. Beyond this, the doctor does not need to worry about typing data or using any software.
#2 No software training requirement
Speech recognition software needs a lot of training before it can transcribe with reasonable accuracy. Some practitioners may dictate in a disorganized manner. There may be grammar or punctuation errors in the natural course of speaking. There may even be a heavy accent or background noise. A lot of training efforts are required to ensure that the software understands the voice and style of the dictation.
#3 Access to skilled transcriptionists
Specialized outsourcing providers provide skilled resources trained and well-versed with medical terminology, abbreviations, and protocols. These transcriptionists can understand the context better and adjust manually for grammatical or pronunciation errors.
#4 Higher Accuracy
Medical transcription providers also have quality assurance teams that double-check every record to ensure it is error-free. Manually transcribed records have an average error rate of lesser than 4% and are up to three times more accurate than those transcribed by commercial speech recognition software.
#5 Better patient privacy
Dictated medical transcription lets the practitioner choose if particular sensitive data goes into patient records or not. The doctor can decide to strike off certain information by just saying so into the recording device. The doctor can also choose not to dictate some information as necessary to protect patient privacy.
#6 Feedback loops
If the healthcare practitioner provides specific feedback before approval, the transcriptionist can easily incorporate the same in the future. The doctor does not need to change the dictation style or format.
You should try transcription services if your healthcare practice struggles to operate at maximum efficiency due to heavy documentation requirements. It is better to outsource transcription to an experienced and established firm providing dictated transcription services at competitive prices and low turnaround times.
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Jul 3 2017
How I Will Probably Reduce My Belt Size through Learning and Action (or, Cause and Effect for Fun and for Profit)
This paper is not really about reducing my belt size, although I will come to that eventually so that the reader will not accuse me of false advertising. Instead, I want to talk about some of my observations regarding how earthlings think. Specifically, how humans learn things, the trap of binary, “either/or thinking,” and how the introduction of probability gets us closer to the truth. I’ll conclude with a sensible example of converting the knowledge we gain into action. This is not really a research paper. These are just observations I have made through a process of introspection, while under the influence of studies in probability and systems theory. Caveat lector.
While it may seem obvious, I would like to start by saying that our learning process changes over time. I don’t mean that the things we learn necessarily change over time – in fact we may learn the same things many times, in different shades. No, I mean that the process we go through to gain knowledge changes as we grow from childhood into adulthood and beyond.
Our first lessons are very simple, and take the form of one-to-one correspondences. For example: “When I touch something hot with my finger, it burns my finger.” This important lesson is usually followed up with related empirical verification: “When I touch something hot with my toe, it also burns my toe (similar to how it did with my finger.)” In this way, the one-to-one correspondence is expanded to the generalization that touching hot things always results in pain to whatever part of the body does the touching.
We live in the world of modus ponens for some time. All lessons take the form “if p then q.” When we learn to distinguish ourselves from other beings, we expand our lessons to include them in various ways: “If daddy touches something hot, he gets burned.” “If the cat touches something hot, the cat feels pain, too.” “If the newspaper touches the fire, the newspaper burns.” All variations on the same example – that of getting burned. All of these are single correspondence, and the simplest form of inference.
Of course the negation of the lesson is easily applied: “If I do not touch the hot thing, I will not get burnt.” This step seems to be automatic, as it seems to be the primary learning tool of the very young (and sometimes the not so young) as we hear them say, “Well, let’s not be doing that again!”
Somewhere along the line, however, a deeper inference is discovered: “My finger was not burned, therefore the object I touched must not be hot.” The development of this logical construct, modus tolens (“if not q then not p”) comes to us easily, and gives us another tool to use later in logical argument. For example:
P1 If you love me then you will remember my birthday.
P2 You did not remember my birthday.
C Therefore, you do not love me.
This is a precursor to a breakthrough moment, which I think nearly everyone achieves. Our childhood inferences describe simple connections between two facts, with the intuitive identification of causal relation. This provides a pretty good working model of the world, in which individual objects exist, and these in turn can act upon other individual objects. However, we eventually discover that this view of the world is wrong.
The breakthrough happens when we realize the existence of probability. “The stove might be hot. If I touch the stove, I might get burned.” This breakthrough opens the floodgates to new possibilities: Weather, cats and coin-flips are all unpredictable. People can surprise you. Even your own preferences can vary from day to day (“I liked this soup yesterday afternoon, but this morning it doesn’t impress me.”) Some things that seem very simple and direct actually have an element of chance, like the local store closing due to a family emergency, or trying to make a phone call at the exact moment all lines were in use.
This dawns a whole new age of thinking, characterized by sentences which have forms like “I probably shouldn’t have a second dessert” or “There might be a party after the game” or “I don’t know if I want to go out with him.” In fact, the probabilistic world quickly replaces the childhood world with its binary truths. “Never say never” becomes the call sign, and we admit that – although we don’t really believe in UFOs – there is always a small chance…
At this point, there are related inferences that we learn to assimilate. For example, I might get an uncomfortable burning from a stove that was off, then realize the sun had been beating on the surface through the window. In this case, I’ve discovered multiple causation. Hopefully, I can turn this around, to realize the fallacy of this argument:
P1 If you love me then you will remember my birthday.
P2 You remembered my birthday.
C Therefore, you love me!
Clearly, there could have been another cause for the remembered birthday (i.e. Facebook notification, friends, happened across a card, etc.) Thus we have a world with probability, multiple possible causes, and, of course, multiple effects. Although it may be true that many people think in these terms, this probabilistic view of the world is also wrong.
Perhaps I am being too harsh. Let me soften the blow a bit: One-to-one correspondence was not entirely wrong. It was correct in a simplistic way, but very limited. A great many important ideas cannot be expressed, nor even understood, with the limited inference of if-then-else. The introduction of probability improves that view, but is – sadly – limited in exactly the same way. I believe there is a key factor to consider, and the next step in the progression of learning.
The key, as I see it, is the idea that all things are intertwined. Yes, this statement is oft repeated, in many, many ways. There are well known eastern philosophies which take this a step further, saying that “all is one.” Leaving the metaphysical aspects aside, we can say that – in a very practical way – everything we will ever see or do is part of a single network of cause and effect. Newton’s third law tells us that “for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.” I’m afraid that, while Newtonian physics are certainly very useful, they are mired in the simple world of one-to-one relations. Schrödinger improved upon Newton by introducing probability. Even so, the material world of physics has yet to catch up with the reality of human experience.
Ludwig von Bertalanffy took the next step, with his introduction of System Theory: “Biologically, life is not maintenance or restoration of equilibrium but is essentially maintenance of disequilibria…” We can visualize each of our lives as a node in an immense network, like a spider’s web. We are always in a state of tension, with forces moving in all directions. Any motion in one vector initiates motion in all other vectors. Since one thread leads to another, and all are interconnected, it is the case that any motion on any vector effects all other vectors – including itself – through the web.
When I say that I burn my finger on the stove, it can be inferred that this event is a part of a long chain of events, which in turn begins a long chain of new events. That should be clear enough, and you are probably thinking something like “Yeah, so what? The simplified view is just a shortcut, such that we don’t have to include discussion of the entire universe in the mention of every burned finger.” For simple events, that may be true.
However, life is not always simple. As an example, let’s consider my tummy. Apart from the interesting image of a group of people contemplating one navel, I actually mean it literally: I am a bit fat. Many of us are in the same boat. We would like to trim down a bit – either to look good at the beach, attract a good-looking mate, fit into that old wedding dress, or simply to be healthier. In any event, I want to lose the muffin top. So what can I do? Obviously, this question is not answered by one-to-one correspondence: “If I do not eat that donut, I will not be fat.” Anyone who has attempted this feat has probably learned that it is not that simple. There is not a single cause and effect relationship.
Adding probability and multiple causation helps: If I stop eating donuts, and exercise 3 times a week, I will probably lose weight.” This is better, but I believe that it is more complicated than that. Sure, it is true that we could probably rephrase that sentence to arrive at something that would seem to work. However, I submit that any proposition addressing the issue of losing weight, phrased in the form “If ______, then not fat” will leave gaps which can be exploited by the rules of probability and human nature.
This condition has a variety of reasons for it, such as:
- Not every rule applies in all cases
- Other factors effect this issue
- I may not stick to a diet
- My metabolism might change
- I could transfer donut cravings to chocolate
The list goes on and on, and can be expanded indefinitely. We are constructed of events in tension, pulling and pushing in a zillion directions at once. Any attempt to one of these nodes effects the entire web. This is not, as it might sound, so much a process of amplification as it is a process of dispersing. Efforts which are applied to an individual node are conducted to other nodes, it is true, and we often see effects reaching further than expected. However, at the same time the effects can be attenuated by distance, or diluted by the actions of other nodes. My belly stays round because my limited actions are lost in the network.
So how do we overcome this limitation, such that we can take meaningful action? If you hadn’t noticed, I’ve shifted the topic from learning to action. This was no accident. While the conclusions I am approaching are about action, the activity to be employed is a process of learning. The if-then, probabilistic, interconnected world is not good enough. What I need is an evolutionary world – a world of incremental change.
My strategy to drop a waist size in this world might look like this: I will avoid donuts. I will arrange my routine such that donuts will be inconvenient. Instead, I will satisfy my sweet tooth with expensive Danish pastries (and eat fewer, because of the expense.) I will make new friends who do not like donuts, and learn about their point of view. I will acquire comfortable walking shoes, and save money by parking several blocks from the office. Maybe I can meet new people on my walk to work, maybe find a new coffee shop. Instead of using butter and sour cream on my potato, I will try it with one or the other. Perhaps over time I can eliminate both altogether. I will look for ways to increase my blood flow and metabolic rate – using stairs instead of elevators, carrying firewood by hand instead of the wheelbarrow. I will disassociate from those who are lazy, and have bad eating habits. I will drink more water.
Eventually, I will measure my waist – but not right away. The fat does not matter right now, because what I am doing is not losing weight. First, I am changing the web. I am altering my immediate vectors, and waiting for them to stabilize. Once new habits are formed, then it is time to look at the effects. And we know the probable effects of good habits – I will slim down. Maybe a little, maybe a lot – it doesn’t matter. It doesn’t matter how much movement there is, as long as it is in the correct direction. The local changes to the system are all that matters. If the system remains unchanged, so does the local node (my belt size, in this example.) We can push a node around all we want, but it is likely to return to the same place unless the network changes.
To state this another way: The act of executing change is a learning process. We make adjustments to things that relate to our desired effect, then learn the result. Rinse, repeat.
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It has taken ten years of cheap politics and bad policy decisions to deliver Australians high energy prices, high greenhouse gas emissions and low levels of reliability. Rather than listen to scientists, engineers or economists Australia’s energy policy has been shaped by lobbyists, political strategists and shock jocks. It’s hard to see how things went wrong.
[This article was first published by the Australian Financial Review – here]
The arm-chair engineers in the Australian commentariat haven’t made things easy. Rather than admit that new technology has created room for new solutions, the idea that coal and gas are ‘cheap and reliable’ and renewables are ‘expensive and unreliable’ has been as enduring in our public debate as it is unrelated to the evidence. Take Queensland for example. Queensland has extracted more Coal Seam Gas than every other state and has less wind power than any other state but it’s electricity and gas prices are still among the highest in the country. Whoops. Let’s not talk about that then.
Which brings me to the Finkel Review. In the topsy turvy land of Australian politics we have asked Australia’s Chief Scientist to advise us on electricity market reform, presumably because everyone knows what the economists would say. Professor Finkel has provided a roadmap for energy policy for a political class that is determined to stay off the freeway of carbon pricing in any form and seek instead the scenic backroads of encouraging renewables without discouraging the burning of coal. That said, the scenic route is far quicker than staying put.
In developing his proposed Clean Energy Target (CET) Dr Finkel was forced to steer clear not just of carbon pricing but also the engineering reality that carbon capture and storage (CCS) for coal fired power stations is still nothing more than an expensive, taxpayer funded, experiment. Of course, to admit that is an act of cultural war, so Dr Finkel wisely chose to focus on the fact that if someone did invent cheap and effective CCS it could be included in the definition of clean energy.
The CET, if pursued, would mandate demand for a fixed amount of ‘clean energy’ which in turn will lead to new investment in electricity generation and storage. Professor Finkel leaves the precise definition of ‘clean’ to the politicians but recommends it be measured against a benchmark of greenhouse gas emissions per megawatt of electricity generated. While there will be much debate about this threshold, in reality, the high price of gas and the non-existence of CCS for coal fired power stations means that we are really talking about new targets for wind and solar.
The bigger issue is how much ‘clean energy’ we want. Needless to say, those who own coal fired power stations will argue for ‘not much’ and those who take the science of climate change seriously will argue for ‘lots’. No doubt we will settle for ‘some’ now and ‘more’ later.
But the decision about ambition is not just one for the Federal Government. State governments of both political stripes have mandated their own renewable energy targets which can work in concert with, or be additional to, national policy. Indeed, the ACT is on track to source 100% of its power from renewables by 2020. Given that it was the commonwealth who oversaw the gold plating of the electricity grid, the abolition of carbon pricing and the granting of excessive gas export licenses it is hard to imagine the states will ever again vest sole responsibility for energy policy to the feds.
The Finkel review has given us another useful road map forward. But no review can prevent the coal and gas industry, and its boosters in our parliament, from pretending that we are on the cusp of a new technological breakthrough that will make their fuel cheap and clean. If we don’t take the Chief Scientist’s advice perhaps the next review should be conducted by the Chief Psychiatrist.
Having a road map does not mean one should drive blind, and calls to instantly back Finkel’s scheme without seeing the details of what the government comes up with are as naive as they are reckless. A well-designed CET could be a policy breakthrough, but a badly designed one could lock in over-investment in fossil fuels, increase prices, harm reliability and lead to higher emissions. That’s the exact opposite of solving the trilemna.
Richard Denniss is the chief economist at The Australia Institute @RDNS_TAI
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Record crops swamp Geraldton
The Geraldton port zone is feeling the pressure of record-yielding crops as storages near full capacity.
On Monday, the Geraldton port zone took in 115,000 tonnes of grain, breaking the previous record for the zone of 88,000 tonnes set in 2008.
CBH zone manager Duncan Gray expects that within the next two weeks storage in the zone will be stretched to the limit and they may need to look for emergency space.
He said CBH required 50,000-100,000 tonnes of additional storage on top of the 500,000 tonnes already set aside for the zone this harvest.
"We are going to put the extra storage at Yuna and Mingenew, within the confines of the current receival points," he said.
The Geraldton zone is expecting more than three million tonnes of grain this harvest. Mr Gray said logistics at the bin were complicated by grain quality.
"We are still pegging at 3.2 million tonnes but we've got a lot more segregations given the grain quality," he said.
"There is a very strong possibility of getting more than this because yields have been higher than expected."
Mr Gray said an average of two grain ships a week were loaded at the port.
"We are heavily relying on shipping - everything is stretched to the absolute maximum at the moment."
He said the zone would receive more than 100,000 tonnes a day this week with the week's haul topping out at more than 500,000 tonnes for the week which was "unheard of".
"We would normally average about 350,000 tonnes in one week," Mr Gray said.
"We predicted about 3.2 million tonnes of all grades for the season but we may go higher than that," he said.
Eradu farmer Peter Barnetson said he was concerned that the Geraldton CBH terminal might fill up and he was hoping to get all his grain delivered within the next week.
He said CBH had underestimated the size of this year's crop.
"The situation there is only going to get worse until ships come in to out-load some of the grain," he said.
"CBH is doing a great job and at this stage doing the best it can."
Mr Gray said more than 60 trucks were banked up at Geraldton on Monday waiting to offload grain.
"There have been some delays but we knew that was always going to happen," he said.
"We are under pressure but the growers have been very patient and understanding."
Mr Gray said CBH had not kept up with the growth by farmers.
"Growers are advancing and buying more trucks and headers," he said.
"The growers have upgraded their equipment heavily but we haven't."
More than 600 truck movements have been going through the Geraldton terminal daily.
"We really can't keep going at this rate, getting 100,000 tonnes a day," Mr Gray said. "We will have to send 253,000 tonnes of grain out on shipping every month if we want this to be cleared by October 2012."
All CBH northern receival points will be shut down on Sunday for what Mr Gray says is a breather.
"We need to give our workers, contractors, growers and truck drivers a break from a fatigue point of view," he said.
The Geraldton terminal has been open until 10pm on weeknights and will run from 7am to 6pm on Saturday.
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Heat Stroke is caused by the sun, where a body temperature increases and person get a fever or unconsciousness. It can be due to excess of working in high temperature and getting exerted by overheating. It can damage your brain, kidney, heart and muscle, if not treated timely.
The main symptoms are:
– If body temperature increases above 105 degrees Fahrenheit, then it is common symptom of heat stroke.
– Vomiting and Nausea
– Muscle cramps and weakness
– Red, hot, dry skin
– Rapid and slow breathing
– Lack of sweating despite of heat
Heat Stroke can be treated in many different ways listed below:
– The Victim should be kept in a cool and dry place or in a room with air conditioning.
– The victim should remove excessive clothing immediately as much he/she can.
– He/She should take fluids such as water, fruit juice and some cool drinks.
– He/She should cool their skin.
If the person is not capable to recover than kindly consult the doctor as soon as possible.
Preventing ourself from heat stroke is the most important thing, whenever you find heat is high outside it is better to stay in an Air conditioned rooms. There are certain prevention you can take to protect from heat stroke.
– Wear loose clothes and in a light color.
– Use sunscreen with SPF 30 while going out specially.
– Drinking water is extremely recommended in our day to day life. Minimum eight glasses of water needed to stay hydrated.
– Avoid going out in the afternoon time, schedule your meetings in the evening.
– During exercising, take special care & take extra fluids.
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Bahia is vibrant and probably one of the best places to have a powerful experience of Brazil. The ocean breeze, the sound of drums suddenly coming from just any street of the old Pelourinho neighbourhood, mixed with hot spices from one of the most extraordinaries cuisines, are a few of Bahia’s strongest virtues.
However, having the longest coastline of all states, the beaches are definitely responsible for setting most of the energy and mood of this unique region, making the salty waters from the sea one of the main elements capable to unite population, visitors, workers and believers.
Due to the massive slave trade that dragged so many black people out of their home countries and into Brazil between the 16th and 19th century, the city of Salvador, capital of Bahia, has the largest black population outside of Africa. They brought along a lot of their culture. The African-born religion Yoruba was then transformed in a syncretism with catholicism and originated new national polytheists religions such as Candomblé and Umbanda during the early 19th century.
Followers of these Afro-American religions worship their orishas, the "African gods", in many parts of the country, but this happens a lot more in Bahia. The orisha Yemanja is mainly celebrated on February 2nd. Known as the Queen of Seas, patron of women and fishermen, she is a strong feminine motherly symbol and is believed to love flowers, fruits and objects of female vanity like jewelry, combs, mirrors and perfume. People usually gather these gifts in large straw baskets and deliver them in the open sea with the help of fishermen, who uses their boats to do this route all day long.
Bahia, Brazil, 2020.
© 2022 Maíra Erlich|ProPhoto Site
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C H R I S T A D E L P H I A N R E S E A R C H
“High Church” Christadelphians
The following article was published in a Christadelphian Magazine,The Fraternal Visitor in May 1894 and followed “the Inspiration Controversy” when a new magazine (The Exegetist) published a consideration of how the Bible was inspired. This eventually led to a Foundation Statement being added to the statement of faith and separating from all congregations who would not add it to theirs. The article shows contemporary concerns by many Christadelphians to the increasing requirement to give express agreement to defined creedal positions. The objections were about a change in the values expressed by the movement initially, rather than wide ranging variances of belief. They wanted the movement to continue to allow greater liberality of thought in line with the initial foundational beliefs promoted. They saw in this creedal approach the development of church authority which had been condemned initially as restrictive to the principle of independence of thought.
A sense of unease had also grown since previous creedal movements and a sense of how dissent had been handled. Many disliked the new position towards “heretics” as the movement had been a rebellious movement anyway in promoting a free-thinking outlook. The new authoritarianism which they saw as being led by a “one-man leadership” did not sit well with them. This referred to Robert Roberts, who was eventually to take the majority of the movement with him. His position was described in Sects and Society by Bryan R. Wilson as “primus inter pares” or “first amongst equals.” In other words, technically everyone was equal as brothers, in practice he was the leader. After his death nobody has had the position or ability to coordinate a change in the statements of faith other than to form another minority grouping, and probably no-one can now do so.
VIEW THE MIND MAP
PAGE VISITS FROM 16/09/13
THE TRINITY HURDLE
NOVEL: HOLY BIBLE
You lay a great stress upon facts throughout your letters, and are incessant in your demand that I should attend to them. This is good; but facts have to be rightly put together, and then you must have all the facts. I do not think you put the facts rightly together, and you leave out some, I am sure.
(Robert Roberts, a Christadelphian Pioneer, quoted
by Ruth McHaffie in Brethren Indeed)
The Spirit of liberty, based upon the law of faith, is the Spirit of Christ; and this spirit all the Sons of God are privileged to possess, and having it, to breathe. I claim the right of exercising this privilege, as well as my contemporaries; and I require of them that they should do to me as once they loudly required others to do to them…
(written by John Thomas, the founder of the Christadelphians, when he was against creeds in
The Apostolic Advocate magazine, August 1836)
(John Thomas, from Apostacy Unveiled, p. 137,
quoted in The Christadelphian Magazine, January 1906)
Must a man never progress? If he discovers an error in his premises, must he for ever hold to it for the sake of consistency? May such a calamity never befall me! Rather let me change every day, till I get right at last.
(from a letter written by John Thomas in 1848, quoted by Robert Roberts, in Dr. Thomas: His Life and Work)
Do what is right; be valiant for the Truth; teach it without compromise, and all lovers of the Truth will approve you. For all others you need not care a rush!
(from a letter written by John Thomas to Robert Roberts and published in The Christadelphian magazine, February 1866)
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Tyranny of Modern Life - A Journey Through Different Shades of Pain
Authored by Nivedita Mallick
Published by Virgin Leaf Books
No. of Pages: 44
Price: Rs. 95
Reviewed By Priscilla Waters
‘MUSINGS' - the perfect word to describe the book written by upcoming author Nivedita Mallick, wife of Addl Commissioner, Neerav Mallick. Contrary to the eye-soothing cover, the book weaves through the emotional phases a woman goes through in her life. Often lost and unasked for, the author has brought to pen and paper, those emotions that a woman hides in her bosom unknown to the world. Every poem composed touches the heart with a sense of being through the exact same emotions at some point in life that makes us contemplate on how life keeps moving and we leave a part of us behind to grasp and adapt to new situations.
In true essence the author has creatively given formation to the callings of her soul. The poems do not dwell on the outer appearance of the world and the colours that supposedly make life beautiful. The poems bring us to face the fears that we have often buried within and the grey hues that we often avoid to acknowledge and immerse ourselves into a world where we struggle to find our real selves.
The poems that speak of desire, expectations, love and loneliness from childhood until death will strike the heart of every woman who reads the book, as a story of their own. Be it the loneliness of a single working woman struggling to find time for herself expressed in I WORK, the coldness of urban life and the struggle to live penned in THE OUTSIDE, the grief of losing one's mother expressed in MOTHER, desiring a man who can never be yours in DESIRE, the unending wait of a mother for her son to call her at the old age home where he abandoned her in SON or the struggle of a woman against age in PANIC the book expresses discontent and distress that surrounds life.
In a nutshell the book will be like your secrets revealed by someone else's pen or your agony aunt who will soothe you and acknowledge your fears and pain.
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What’s your favorite Yogi-ism?
I have a tie for first between “Nobody goes there anymore; it’s too crowded,” and “It gets late early out there.”
The former was in reference to a restaurant, and the latter to the late-afternoon situation in the Yankee Stadium left field during day games. We all know what he meant with the first. It makes perfect sense. As for the second, he could have simply said, “The sun and the shadows make it hard to see the ball,” but hey, he was Yogi, and that’s just the way his mind worked.
At any rate, he was inherently profound for someone who quit school after eighth grade.
The quips and malapropisms made Lawrence Peter “Yogi” Berra into an American curiosity, so much so that far too many people came to think of him strictly in that context. But never forget that Yogi Berra, who died at the age of 90 Tuesday evening, was a truly great ballplayer, and in the forefront of any discussion concerning who was the greatest catcher in major league baseball history.
Still, you must love the quotes. A partial listing:
“You can observe a lot by watching.”
“When you come to a fork in the road, take it.”
“It’s deja vu all over again.”
And, of course, the most quoted one of them all . . .
“It ain’t over till it’s over.”
He was a one-man Bartlett’s, for sure. What we will never know for sure is just how much that celebrated Yogi persona was real and how much was created by his boyhood friend from “The Hill” in St. Louis, that being Joe Garagiola. As Yogi frequently reminded us, “I didn’t really say everything I said.”
So let’s talk about the ballplayer, the Hall of Famer, the backstop who is one of the five greatest Yankees of all-time, and, in my opinion, ranking behind only Johnny Bench as the greatest catcher ever.
Start with this. From 1950 through 1956, here is how Yogi finished in American League Most Valuable Player voting: third, first, fourth, second, first, first and second.
We could end the discussion right there. Ted Williams famously said that the Yankee he feared the most wasn’t Mickey Mantle; it was Yogi Berra.
He was impossible to figure out, simply because he violated Williams’s sacred precept of getting a good ball to hit. Yogi was 5 feet 7 inches and a sturdy 185 pounds, and he really had no strike zone. Any ball that left a pitcher’s hand was fair game for him.
I can still see him stepping into the batter’s box with those preliminary uppercut swings, which would lead you to think that the pitch he most wanted to see was down and in, the bread-and-butter location for so many lefthand hitters.
But that was meaningless. Yogi may have led all of baseball in homers hit on pitches at the eyebrows during a career that began with a September cup of coffee in 1946 and ended as a Met playing again for Casey Stengel in 1965.
The baseball world was different then; we all know that. But some numbers are so startling that we might as well be talking about a completely different sport. For here was a man who had a lifetime batting average of .285, who hit 358 home runs, who drove in 1,430 runs, and who had a career OPS (not that anyone knew there was such a thing in his day) of .830, and who, in 8,359 career plate appearances, walked 290 more times than he struck out. As a free swinger!
Yogi Berra’s high-water strikeout total was 38 (in 521 plate appearances) in 1959. In 1950, he came to the plate 656 times and walked back to the dugout after striking out — gulp — 12 times.
We are not talking about an annoying, pitch-taking, foul-balling, crafty leadoff man. We are talking about someone whose general intention when he strode to the plate was to hit the baseball a long way. This, I suggest, attests to a hand-eye coordination that is almost incomprehensible for any of us to grasp.
Funny-looking as he was, Berra was clearly an athlete. When the Yankees brought up a catcher named Elston Howard in the late ’50s, it was clear the young man was going to warrant playing time. Yogi made it possible by becoming an outfielder. He was, in fact, the left fielder over whose head the famous Bill Mazeroski World Series-clinching home run was struck in 1960. The wonderful description of Yankee Stadium left field in twilight was born out of personal experience.
But it was as a catcher that Yogi Berra should be remembered. Those MVPs were not solely the product of his bat. He was a superior defensive catcher, in part, as he explained, because of the tutelage provided him as a young man by Hall of Famer Bill Dickey.
This, naturally, leads us to yet another gem from the mind and mouth of Yogi Berra.
“Bill Dickey,” he pointed out, “learnt me all his experiences.”
What a baseball life. Yogi Berra participated as a player, manager, and coach, in 21 World Series. He played in 14 and was a winner in 10 of them. He had 12 postseason home runs. Oops, excuse me. In his day, the “postseason” consisted of the World Series, and only the World Series. None of this ALDS stuff.
“Beloved” is probably the best word to describe his stature as both a Yankee and a baseball icon. Everybody loved Yogi Berra. We are fond of declaring when someone passes that “There will never be another like him.” Usually it’s empty hyperbole.
Not this time. It’s over for Yogi, and absolutely, positively, without a doubt, there will never be another like him.
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First, what is a home-based business? A home-based business is any enterprise that operates out of the entrepreneur’s home. Larger companies often overlook home-based entrepreneurs because they don’t see them as necessary to their bottom line. But this isn’t true! Home-based businesses can be just as lucrative and successful as any other type of company. However, marketing to home-based businesses can be tricky. This blog post will cover some tips on the market to these companies.
Understanding Their Needs
You need to understand what your customers want and need. If you’re marketing a product, ask yourself if it’s something they would use regularly? Is there an opportunity for more than one purchase in the future?
Home-based business owners often work from home with children around or other distractions. They don’t have time to waste with a product that doesn’t work or isn’t helpful. Make sure you provide them with products and services that meet their needs. Otherwise, they won’t buy from you again.
Home-based businesses have less discretionary money to spend on your products than other companies because of the nature of what they are doing at home – running an entire company from a home office. As a result, they have to spend their money wisely to continue making profits for themselves.
Understand Their Demographics
This is especially important if you’re targeting a specific geographic area. For example, a home-based business is usually local, so you need to understand the demographics of where they live and work before choosing your marketing methods. For example, an internet marketer might choose online advertising or social media as their method because it reaches the broadest possible audience. At the same time, a home-based business that makes and sells baked goods might choose to do more local advertising in the form of flyers or mailers.
Knowing your audience is key to effective marketing. For example, you can’t market ice cream to vegans, and you can’t sell vegan ice cream to meat-eaters. It’s as simple as that!
Know What They Do
It’s essential to understand what your customers do when they’re not working in their home office. If you’ve ever worked from home, then you probably know just how much time is spent at the office and very little elsewhere! Home-based business owners need a break sometimes – go out of your way to offer them something that will ensure you stand out from the competition.
Maybe this is a discount for being a loyal customer, or it means you offer a free shipping promotion on orders over $50. Whatever it is, find something that will make them happy and keep them coming back to your business.
Understanding home-based businesses will allow you to market selected services and products directly to that market through home-based business marketing efforts like mailing lists or digital marketing.
In conclusion, it’s essential to understand what you’re trying to accomplish by marketing your home-based business before choosing the right market. There are many different marketing opportunities available, so choose one that will accurately reach your audience.
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