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Dupuytren’s contracture (DC) is a connective tissue disorder caused by an excessive production of collagen in the palmar fascia. Advances in research over the last few decades have allowed for a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive a healthy fascia to become a pathological fibrous tissue (1).
The process is progressive and begins with a proliferative phase during which fibroblasts transform into myofibroblasts. This phase is followed by the involution phase during which the myofibroblasts line up along tension lines. Finally, in the residual phase, myofibroblasts disappear, leaving thick bands of collagen. These different phases lead to the formation of nodules and contracted fibrous bands. As a result, irreducible flexion contractures occur at finger joints, with varying functional deficits that can sometimes be a severe handicap.
The prevalence of DC is estimated between 0.6 % and 31.6 % in Western countries (2). Its etiology is still uncertain. A genetic origin was considered base on research showing family cases and cases among twins, with an increased incidence of DC in Scandinavian countries (3). Factors contributing to the development of DC include the following: family history, age, weight or low BMI, diabetes, alcoholism, or repetitive strain injuries. The prevalence of Dupuytren’s contracture is greater in men (2% of men after 40 years of age (8 to 9 men to 1 woman) and the age of disease onset is earlier in men (3). Evolution is slower in women (3), which explains why more men than women resort to therapy.
Treatment for DC remains symptomatic, as no cure currently exists. Therapeutic options are surgical fasciectomy or percutaneous needle fasciotomy. Choice of therapy depends on severity of the disease, patient age, comorbidities, the need for post-operative monitoring, or patient preferences (4). Open fasciectomy remains the most common technique. Regardless of the chosen treatment modality, recurrence is very common given the progressively developing nature of Dupuytren’s contracture. Numbers vary depending on the studies but frequency of recurrence after treatment is high in all cases.
Collagenase as a therapeutic alternative to surgery in Dupuytren’s contracture seems like a promising option (1). Interest in this technique is growing, and the scientific literature has expanded (1,6). It was first approved in the USA by the Food and Drug Administration in 2010, and then in Europe by the European Medicines Agency. It arrived in Belgium in 2012 under the trade name Xiapex®.
The therapeutic principle of Xiapex® is based on an enzymatic process that associates two bacterial collagenases, AUX-I and AUX-II, isolated and purified from the anaerobic fermentation of the Clostridium Histolyticum strain. Administration of Xiapex® involves a single injection of the collagenase in a palpable pathological cord. Between 24-48 hours after injection, the finger is extended in order to facilitate cordal rupture (Figure 1A-B). Treatment effectiveness is evaluated by measuring the loss of extension with the help of a goniometer. A residual flexion of < 5° indicates treatment effectiveness.
The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the use of collagenase as a new therapeutic technique in Dupuytren’s contracture, and to compare it to fasciectomy, whose effectiveness is already well-established. Treatment impact was evaluated after one year on pain, daily activity and satisfaction to assess whether its introduction in the existing therapeutic landscape is justified.
We compared 19 patients who benefited from a collagenase injection (the Xiapex group) to 19 patients who benefited from the traditional open fasciectomy (the surgical group). All patients were treated by the same operator. The two groups were compared pre-treatment and post-treatment, both immediately following the procedure and at 12 months. The study was approved by the local ethics committee (N° B40321523492) and the protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Our study is registered in clinical trial.gov PRS number NCT02355301.
The Xiapex group was made up of 17 men and 2 women with a mean age of 64 years (SD 8). No patient had previously received another type of treatment for Dupuytren’s contracture. Fifteen patients benefited from a metacarpohalangeal (MCP) injection; the remaining four received proximal interphalangeal (PIP) injections. Injections took place at D5 for eight patients, D4 for seven patients, D3 for one patient and D2 for the last patient. Two patients had both D4 and D5 damage. Only one of the two digits was treated by injection.
The surgical group also consisted in 19 patients, made up of 15 men and 4 women. Mean age was 60.4 years (SD 12). Twelve MCPs and sixteen PIPs were treated. Multiple cords or multiple digits were therefore treated in the same patient in the same surgical time.
We first conducted student’s t-tests to verify homogeneity between groups (Xiapex and surgical) who benefited from an intervention at either the MCP or the PIP joint. That is, we examined whether groups were equal in terms of age and pre-treatment joint mobility in extension (variables were expressed in terms of loss of extension). Subsequently, we evaluated whether the different treatments resulted greater or less joint mobility by comparing loss of extension results both pre- and post-treatment (immediate post-treatment and at 12 months). We performed a two-way repeated measures ANOVA (time x treatment). The p-value of the interaction was interpreted. For each analysis, normality of distribution and equal variances were tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. Variables are expressed as means with standard deviation.
Finally, we examined whether the two treatments differed in terms of pain (via the Visual Analogue Scale, or VAS score), daily life activities (via the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, or DASH score), and satisfaction (via a scale ranging from 0 to 5). Data were recorded during the post-treatment period at 12 months. We conducted a rank sum tests for this data as distribution normality and equality of variances were not respected. In addition, given certain scores were expressed as ordinal data (satisfaction), we expressed results as medians and interquartile ranges. Significance level was set at 0.05.
Loss of extension between the Xiapex group and the surgical group, pre- and post-treatment
We first checked to see that both groups were homogenous pre-treatment. No significant differences were observed between the two cohorts (see Table 1). Regarding loss of extension immediate post-treatment for the MCP group (see Table 2), residual loss of extension was measured at 0.0° (± 0.0) in operated patients, versus 4.9° (± 15.5) for injected patients (p = 0.36). At 12 months post-treatment, residual extension was 13.4° (± 12.9) in operated patients, versus 7.5° (± 20.6) in injected patients (p = 0.09). Therefore, no significant difference was found between the two groups, both in the immediate post-treatment period and at 12 months.
As for loss of extension immediate post-treatment for the PIP group (see Table 2), residual loss of extension was measured at 5.0° (± 7.9) in operated patients versus 10.0° (± 20.0) for injected patients (p = 0.42). A 12 months post-treatment, residual loss of extension was 7.4° (± 7.1) in operated patients, versus 48.5° (±25.4) in injected patients (p = 0.01). A non-significant difference was therefore observed between these two techniques in the immediate post-treatment period, while a significant difference was observed at 12 months post-treatment, with less extension deficit in the surgical group (p < 0.05).
Subjective data between the Xiapex group and the surgical group, post-treatment
Concerning subjective data in patients with MCP damage (see Table 3), the VAS scale showed a median score of 3 out of 10 [0.75-5.0] for operated patients and 0 out of 10 [0.0-2.0] for patients having received an injection. This difference was significantly different (p = 0.02), with less pain in the Xiapex group. The DASH score was also significantly lower in the Xiapex group (2.3 0.0-14.7]) compared to the operated group (18.2 [9.4-38.2]), p = 0.02. Lastly, patient satisfaction, evaluated on a scale of 0 to 5, was significantly higher (p = 0.0004) in Xiapex patients (5 out of 5 [4.0-5.0]), compared to the operated group (2 out of 5 1.0-4.0]).
Finally, regarding subjective data in patients with PIP damage (see Table 3), the VAS scale showed a median score of 0 out of 10 [0.0-1.25] for operated patients and 0 out of 10 [0-0.75] for Xiapex patients. This difference was not significantly different (p = 0.91); no significant difference was therefore observed between the two techniques in terms of pain for the PIP joint. The DASH score was 2.24 [0-20.4] for operated patients and 10.7 [2.5-23.3] for Xiapex patients, which was also non-significant (p = 0.61). Patient satisfaction was 3 out of 5 [1.5-5.0] for operated patients versus 2 out of 5 for the injected group [0.25-4.5], with no significant difference between these two groups (p = 0.52).
From this pilot study, our results show that collagenase injection is an effective treatment with which patients are satisfied and that has few major side-effects. It is important, however, to distinguish results at the MCP joint, which showed very favorable results, and the PIP joint, for which the gain in extension and patient satisfaction were less favorable. PIPs are generally more susceptible to joint stiffness, which could explain this difference.
Comparison with the literature: Collagenase, surgery and needle fasciotomy
Our results are encouraging and are consistent with other studies. The CORDLESS study (6) is a retrospective, multicenter study based on the follow-up at 2, 3, 4, and 5 years of patients who received a collagenase injection in various clinical studies. A loss of extension < 5° after injection was defined a successful treatment. Recurrence was defined as a contracture > 20° with a palpable cord, or a case requiring a secondary medical intervention or surgery to correct the new contracture or its aggravation. Results after 5 years have just been published, with a cohort of 644 patients for a total of 1081 treated digits. 623 digits were successfully treated. At 5 years, 47 % (291/623 digits) showed recurrence: 39% (178/451) of MCPs and 66 % (113/172) of PIPs. Of the cases that showed recurrence, 53 % of patients underwent additional treatment (fasciectomy, additional injection, or other). Only one complication attributable to the collagenase injection was observed (cutaneous atrophy at the injection site). The results of this study confirm that recurrence rates of collagenase injections are comparable to recurrence rates of surgical interventions published in the literature5. CORDLESS study concludes that effectiveness is comparable between the two treatments for MCP. It also highlights the less favorable results of collagenase injections at the PIP level.
When comparing to surgery, for patients with MCP damage, our results show that collagenase injections are just as effective in terms of increased extension, both in the immediate post-treatment period and at 12 months. Moreover, in terms of pain, functionality and patient satisfaction, the injection method showed favorable results. This could be explained by the fact that the intervention is generally less cumbersome for the patient. For patients with PIP damage, both treatments are equally effective during the immediate post-treatment period, but at 12 months, there is a sharp decline in extension increase, indicating the high recurrence rate of collagenase injections within this group (75%). This recurrence rate most likely had a negative effect on functionality and patient satisfaction for the injected group. Nonetheless, pain scores were identical for both groups.
These results lead us to conclude that collagenase injections are an appropriate alternative to surgery when treating Dupuytren’s contracture at the MCP level. Results are much less encouraging at the PIP level, as previously described (6). Collagenase injections are advantageous in terms of ease of use, reproducibility, and its simple post-intervention procedures. Although it was not the case in our study, injections can be carried out during consultations, under local anesthesia, without hospitalization. In most cases, no monitoring of wound or dressing needs to be organized. However, with some patients, it is necessary to remain cautious and to establish a regular monitoring of the wounds. Some studies even claim there is limited need for physical therapy and splints (5).
Collagenase injections are often compared to needle fasciotomy. This technique is uncommon in Belgium. Mostly used in France, it has a long term recurrence rate that ranges from 60 to 85 %. Both procedures are simple, reproducible and easily manageable for the patient. While they are considered competing options, studies comparing collagenase injections to needle fasciotomy are scant.
Comparing treatment options in terms of financial cost
As both treatments appear to have similar results with regards to effectiveness, it is important to evaluate the differences in terms of cost. Some studies have considered the budget impact of these two procedures. An American study (7) was conducted to compare cost-effectiveness between needle fasciotomy, fasciectomy and collagenase injections. Collagenase injections are financially advantageous when the price is less than $945, given the recurrence rates previously reported in clinical results. If recurrence rates were to increase, collagenase injections would lose their financial value compared to needle fasciotomy.
In addition, a Spanish study (8) looked at the financial impact of collagenase injections compared to surgery, this time accounting for all costs relative to the overall care of the patient for both techniques (consultation, administration, hospitalization, post-procedure care, medications and rehabilitation). Average cost of collagenase injections was €1220 (including four consultations and 1.5 bottles for each treated digit), with a minimum of €898 (1.1 bottles/digit, and 3 visits). Average cost of fasciectomy was €2250 (€1703 for outpatient care and €2467 with hospitalization). The cumulative study over 3 years showed that budget impact was significantly less for collagenase injections. Let us note a potential conflict of interest by the authors considering sponsorship by a pharmaceutical company.
In Belgium, the amount charged to the patient for the product is €25. Health insurance covers €700. In order to obtain reimbursement, the surgeon measure with goniometer a retraction in flessum of 20° on one joint. Only two joints can be damaged per hand. A clinical report and a photograph must be included in the file. A maximum of 3 injections are reimbursed by hand every year with a cumulative maximum of 8 bottles by hand reached over the years. Injections must be performed by an orthopedic surgeon or a plastic surgeon experienced in treating Dupuytren’s contracture, with specific training in Xiapex injections (9).
Comparing treatments in terms of complications
In terms of complications, when monitoring our patients, we observed minimal complications, namely self-limiting local edema and/or bruising. The extension maneuver of the finger, performed after 24-48 hours, caused a skin tear in four cases (21 %, see Figure 1A-B & 2). One case of algodystrophy was reported. No tendon ruptures were reported.
The literature has shown that in terms of risk, collagenase injections are top ranking (see Table 4) given their minor complications and short recovery time. Open fasciectomy has complications linked inherently to surgery and wound, such as nerve damage, infection, stiffness and a longer recovery time. Tendon rupture, nerve damage and bruising are also potential complications linked to needle fasciotomy. Nonetheless, needle fasciotomy remains a simple, reproducible and inexpensive technique that can be conducted on several digits simultaneously.
The results of this pilot study should be confirmed on a larger cohort of subjects especially concerning PIP patients. Moreover, the loss of extension is most important (but not significant) for Xiapex goup. Most affected patients should be integrated at the outset in the surgery group. In addition, it would be interesting to evaluate the functional effect of treatment pre and post processing.
The collected data helped attain the goal of this study, which was to position the use of collagenase injections within the landscape of existing therapies for Dupuytren’s contracture.
Collagenase injections show a similar effectiveness to the surgical alternative when treating symptomatic cords at the MCP joint. For the PIP joint, results were less promising but the collagenase injections remain quite acceptable with a noticeable improvement. This treatment is an alternative to consider compared with surgery, especially if wearing removable brace is prescribed for a long period after the injection to keep the result obtained after the finger stretch.
Collagenase injection may nevertheless be suggested to PIP patients with comorbidity. The technique is simple, minimally invasive, and is less cumbersome for the patient. It allows fast recovery and does not require wound monitoring. As such, collagenase injections seem to be a realistic alternative to open surgery.
Current literature on collagenase injections is flourishing, which will allow for more and more long-term data with regards to recurrence rates, thus increasing the procedures’ reliability, which may subsequently broaden its use. The budget component remains to be explored in order to determine the optimal treatment in terms of cost-effectiveness, especially when accounting for the inevitable recurrences within each treatment option.
Les injections de collagénase montrent de bons résultats similaires à la chirurgie mais principalement pour les articulations métacarpo-phalangiennes. Cette technique est facile, peu invasive, rapide et peut se faire en consultation. Elle est trop peu utilisée dans notre pays.
b Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium. Email : email@example.com; firstname.lastname@example.org
c Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique IREC, Pôle Computer Assisted Robotic Sugery pole CARS, avenue Mounier 53, B15307, 1200 Brussels, Belgium. Email : email@example.com
Pr Christine Detrembleur
Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique IREC,
Pôle Computer Assisted Robotic Sugery pole CARS,
avenue Mounier 53, B15307, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
Email : firstname.lastname@example.org
1. Hentz VR. Collagenase injections for treatment of Dupuytren disease. Hand Clin 2014; 30(1):25-32.
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2. Lanting R, Broekstra DC, Werker PM, van den Heuvel ER. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence of Dupuytren disease in the general population of Western countries. Plast Reconstr Surg 2014;133:593-603.
Ouvrir dans PubMed
3. Pajardi G. Dupuytren’s disease. Fessh International Course 2015;82-170.
4. Denkler K. Surgical complications associated with fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s disease: a 20-year review of the English litterature. Eplasty 2010;10:116- 33.
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5. Hurst LC Badalamente MA, Hentz VR, Hotchkiss RN, Kaplan FT, Meals RA, Smith TM, Rodzvilla J; CORD I Study Group.Injectable collagenase clostridium histolyticum for Dupuytren’s contracture. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(10):968-79.
Ouvrir dans PubMed
6. Peimer CA, Blazar P, Coleman S, Kaplan FT, Smith T, Lindau T. Dupuytren Contracture Recurrence Following Treatment With Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum (CORDLESS [Collagenase Option for Reduction of Dupuytren Long-Term Evaluation of Safety Study]): 5-Year Data. J Hand Surg Am 2015;40(8):1597-605.
Ouvrir dans PubMed
7. Chen NC, Shauver MJ, Chung KC. Cost-effectiveness of open partial fasciectomy, needle fasciotomy, and collagenase injection for Dupuytren contracture. J Hand Surg Am 2011;36:1826–34.
Ouvrir dans PubMed
8. De Salas-Cansado M, Cuadros M, Del Cerro M, Arandes JM. Budget impact analysis in Spanish patients with Dupuytren’s contracture: Fasciectomy vs. collagenase Clostridium histolyticum. Chirurgie de la main 2013;32:68–73.
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9. Warwick D. Dupuytren’s Disease. FESSH Instructional Course 2015. Edizioni Medico Scientifiche, 2015.
10. Warwick D. Final Thoughts. In: Giorgio Pajardi. Dupuytren’s disease. FESSH International Course 2015. Edizioni Medico Scientifiche. 2015, p. 238. | <urn:uuid:0a749cb3-1dc4-421a-8356-4831bb8df088> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.louvainmedical.be/fr/article/etude-comparative-de-linjection-des-collagenases-et-de-laponevrectomie-dans-la-maladie-de | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.925413 | 4,851 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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bokselskap.no is developed by The Norwegian Literature and Language Association (Det norske språk- og litteraturselskap (NSL)) in co-operation with The National Library of Norway. The web site will secure future generations access to literature that is worthy of conservation through a library of digital books.
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The Norwegian Literature and Language Association (NSL) publishes texts that are particularly valuable for Norwegian language, literature and cultural history. The association has approximately 60 members who all have an interest in preserving historical texts and in making them available in print and/or online. The texts are scholarly edited and presented with introductions and commentaries. » NSL’s home page | <urn:uuid:e9e0c0d5-b58e-4125-9348-142d66e66a53> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bokselskap.no/hjelp_om/english | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.93712 | 248 | 2.0625 | 2 |
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Multifactor Authentication Access
To log in and work remotely from any device, you must first set up multifactor authentication (MFA). This is a secondary security check to validate the user attempting to access resources. If you already have MFA configured, you can skip this step. If not, this must be configured to access Office 365 remotely. The following enrollment must be completed by each user that needs external web-based access to Office 365 services:
- Open the following link in a web browser: https://mfa.alabama.gov/mfa
- Enter your full email address as the username (i.e. firstname.lastname@example.org).
- Choose the method below you would like to use for authentication and select the “Call Me Now to Authenticate” button.
- Phone Call – Enter your mobile number in XXXXXXXXXX format. NOTE: If you use this option, DO NOT use your desk phone number, since you will not be at your desk.
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- Mobile App – The Microsoft Authenticator app is available from your App Store.
- Complete the security questions on the next screen. These questions will be used to verify your identity if you have forgotten your password and must reset it. Select “Complete” when finished.
Each time you want to log in to Office 365 remotely, you will be asked to utilize MFA (either by receiving a phone call or text message, or by entering a randomly generated number from the Microsoft Authenticator app) after you enter your password. This only occurs when you have been logged out of Office 365.
After enrollment, you can manage your MFA settings, such as changing your mobile number or updating Security Questions, at any time by accessing https://mfa.alabama.gov/mfa. | <urn:uuid:ff0af9c8-9375-4c96-a7a0-fff51574999d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://oit.alabama.gov/telecommuting-faq/faq-mfa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.893256 | 390 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Baptism has long been a subject of controversy, especially in respect to its purpose and its action. Uninspired men have written perhaps hundreds of books and millions of words about baptism. Many of these things we can read to our profit, but the only book on this subject that matters is the Word of God. Let us examine what the Bible teaches about baptism.
Before we can study baptism, we must narrow the field of study. Those who are familiar with the Bible know that it identifies several “baptisms.”
“Baptism” of suffering on the cross (Mark 10:38–39).
Baptism in water by John the Baptizer (Mat. 3:1–5, 11; Mark 1:3).
Baptism in water by Jesus and His apostles (John 4:1–2).
“Baptism” in the Holy Spirit (Mat. 3:12).
“Baptism” in fire (Mat. 3:12).
“Baptism” in the cloud and the sea (1 Cor.10:1–2).
Baptism of the “Great Commission” (Mat. 28:18–20, Mark 16:15–16). Of these, which baptism is relevant to moderns?
The baptism with which we are concerned is the one described in Acts 8:36, in which a man from Ethiopia said to Philip, “Behold, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized?” The baptism relevant to us is the one Peter commanded at Cornelius’s house: “Can any man forbid the water, that these should not be baptized…? And he commanded them to be baptized in the name of Jesus Christ” (10:47-48). This baptism is the one that same one that Peter wrote about (1 Pet. 3:20-21). He referred to the eight souls that were “saved through water” in Noah’s ark, and then stated: “Which also after a true likeness doth now save you, even baptism, not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the interrogation of a good conscience toward God, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.”
In about A.D. 62, the Apostle Paul wrote to the Ephesians: “There is…one baptism” (4:5). Thus, at the time of this writing only one baptism was in force. All other baptisms had fulfilled their function and were obsolete, or they were not yet in effect. Which baptism was/is the “one baptism”? It was the one of which we have already read in Acts 8, Acts 10, and 1 Peter 3—“Great Commission” baptism, as follows:
Go ye therefore, and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them into the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit: teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world (Mat. 28:18-19).
Obviously, this baptism is the one that has been in force since the Pentecost following Jesus’ crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension—and will remain be in force until the end.
Mere men did not invent the Bible doctrine of baptism. Jesus, in the Great Commission (Mat. 28:19-20; Mark 16:15-16), is its author, and He alone has the right to specify its element, purpose, antecedents, action, candidates, and every other facet of it. The New Testament is the exclusive source of this information.
Is baptism for everyone (i.e., all who are capable of responding to the Gospel)? One correct answer is, “Yes.” The Great Commission indicates that the Lord wants everyone to hear, believe, and obey the Gospel, which includes baptism. However, another correct answer is, “No.” Millions should not be baptized, not because God arbitrarily wills it, but because they are unprepared and unqualified for the act. Scriptural statements abound indicating various ones who should not be baptized:
Those who do not believe in Jesus as the Christ: “For except ye believe that I am he, ye shall die in your sins (John 8:24). Baptism will not benefit the unbeliever.
Those who will not confess their faith, even though they may believe: Before Philip would baptize the Ethiopian, the evangelist required him to confess his faith (Acts 8:36-37; cf. Rom. 10:9-10).
Those who will not repent of their sins: To repent means to determine to stop sinning and then to stop sinning. Those brought to believe in Christ by the preaching on Pentecost were told: “Repent ye and be baptized…” (Acts 2:38). Baptism is a hollow act if not preceded by repentance.
Those who seek to please others rather than to obey Jesus: It is right for parents, a spouse, or a friend to strongly desire one to be baptized into Christ. However, if one submits to baptism merely to please others, rather than to submit to the will of Christ, the act is vain. Those on Pentecost “gladly received the word” (Acts 2:41). One’s obedience must be “from the heart” (Rom 6:17-18).
Those who do not know, or who deny, the purpose of baptism: The Bible states this purpose variously. It is in order to: be saved (Mark 16:16), receive remission of sins (Acts 2:38), wash away sins (22:16), put on Christ (Gal. 3:27), and like expressions. Baptism is the line between those not forgiven and those forgiven, those not God’s spiritual children and those who are, those in the world and those in the church. If one does not comprehend the purpose of the Lord’s supper, he takes it in vain (1 Cor. 11:26, 29). So it is with baptism.
Baptism is for believers who will confess their faith in Christ and repent of their sins— and who understand baptism’s purpose in God’s plan of salvation. Those lacking these Scriptural antecedents are not Scriptural candidates for baptism.
“Will there be anyone in Heaven who has not been baptized?” When one stresses the New Testament’s clear teaching on baptism, a question similar to this often arises. This question does not concern infants or those who are mentally incompetent. Rather, it relates to those who have sufficient mental faculties to make them accountable and responsible beings before God. Will there be any such in Heaven who were not baptized? While such questions often seem to be designed more to appeal to emotions than to seek and accept the Truth, they nonetheless deserve a Biblical answer.
This question has two correct answers. The first correct answer is, “Yes, there will be many, many people in Heaven who were never baptized.” The Bible even calls many of them by name. Jesus said: “And I say unto you, that many shall come from the east and the west and shall sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, in the kingdom of heaven” (Mat. 8:11). Kingdom of heaven in Matthew’s book usually refers to the church (Mat. 3:2; 4:17; 10:7; 16:18–19, 28; et al.), but in this statement it obviously refers to the eternal Heaven. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob never heard of baptism, but Jesus said they will be in Heaven. Hebrews 11 records a long list of great heroes and heroines of the faith. Starting just outside the Garden of Eden with Abel, the writer names many Old Testament saints to the time of the prophets, finally saying that time failed him to list others (v. 32). The writer affirms that each one lived “by faith.” The implication is unmistakable that each one named will be in Heaven at last, but none of them ever heard of baptism. The Bible contains numerous other illustrations of the same fact. So, yes, there will be many people in Heaven who were never baptized.
However, all of these had in common the following: They all lived before Christ died on the cross. Baptism was not a part of the Patriarchal or Mosaic law systems, under one or the other of which every person lived before Calvary. Salvation under those systems required faith in and obedience to God, along with animal sacrifices. However, the blood of bulls and goats could not remove sin (Heb. 10:4). That blood was typical of the sacrifice of Jesus’ perfect blood. Thus, the cleansing power of His blood “flowed backward” to redeem those Patriarchs and Jews who had been faithful to God in their respective law systems (Gal. 4:4–5; Heb. 9:15). We should not think this any more unusual than that Jesus’ blood “flows forward” to cleanse us of sin today. Subsequently, we will discuss the second correct answer to the question.
Controversy over the Scriptural action involved in baptism has raged for centuries. However, all such controversy would end if all men respected the authority of the Bible. It explicitly tells us the action of baptism.
To Christians Paul wrote: “We were buried therefore with him through baptism…” (Rom. 6:4a, emph. DM). Again, he wrote to Christians: “Having been buried with him in baptism…” (Col. 2:12a, emph. DM).
Acts 8:38–39 gives the fullest New Testament description of a baptism: “And he commanded the chariot to stand still: and they both went down into the water, both Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him. And… they came up out of the water….”
What did Philip do to this man when he baptized him? Did he pour some water on him? Did he sprinkle some water on him? He did neither. If we let the Bible answer this question, it tells us he buried him in the water (Rom. 6:4; Col. 2:12).
One does not have to know the first letter of the Greek alphabet (the original language of the New Testament) to know beyond doubt or question that Bible baptism is immersion and never any other action. However, it might be helpful to know that there are three separate words in the Greek language for sprinkling, pouring, and immersion, just as there are in the English language. The Greek word meaning “immersion” is always the word that appears behind our English word, baptism and all its cognate forms (baptism is simply the Greek word baptisma spelled in English letters, an Anglicized, transliterated word). The Greek lexicons invariably define this word as an overwhelming, a dipping, a plunging, an immersion, a submersion—a burial.
There is no historical record of any other action related to baptism besides immersion until well into the third century. In A.D. 251, a very sick man by the name of Novation was near death and requested baptism. His attendants feared that immersion would kill him, so they poured some water on his head instead of immersing him. Centuries later sprinkling was added as another substitute for baptism. Both of these practices are unauthorized innovations of men.
The baptism pertaining to those who have lived since the Pentecost of Acts 2 (and that is to be preached and administered until “the end of the world” [Mat. 28:19–20]) is immersion in water (Acts 10:47–48) to save the soul (Mark 16:16; 1 Pet. 3:21). If the action of baptism is unimportant (as millions have been taught), one may as well discard any semblance of the act itself as important or necessary (which millions have done). However, the New Testament teaches that the act of baptism is necessary and that only immersion constitutes that act.
“Does the New Testament say what baptism is for?” Acts 2:38 states (KJV): “Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins…” (emph. DM).
While Peter’s words seem clearly to teach that men must repent and be baptized in order to receive remission of sins, many argue otherwise. They aver that the preposition for is capable of more than one meaning, affecting the meaning of Peter’s statement. For is indeed capable of two meanings, almost opposites, depending on its usage, as our daily conversations illustrate. We “automatically” interpret the intended meaning, depending on context.
If one enters a store for a loaf of bread, he does so in order to get a loaf of bread. If, however, one is in prison for bank robbery, he is not there in order to rob, but because he has robbed, a bank. In the first case, for refers to a desired, unattained, result. In the second case, for refers to a result already attained. Those who reject the Scriptural purpose of baptism assert for remission of sins in Acts 2:38 means that men should be baptized because they have received remission of their sins. This cannot be Peter’s meaning for several reasons:
First, Acts 2:38 inseparably joins repentance and baptism by the coordinate conjunction, and, which makes them equally related to their common object, “remission of sins.” They are spiritual “Siamese twins.” Where one goes in relation to remission of sins, the other must go, also. Thus, if baptism is because of remission of sins, then so is repentance. However, one will search the Bible in vain to find a single instance in which God promised or pronounced forgiveness of any sin prior to repentance. Since repentance must precede remission of sins, so also must baptism.
Second, in instituting the Lord’s supper, Jesus said of the fruit of the vine: “For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins” (Mat. 26: 27– 28, emph. DM). What for the remission of sins means in one statement, it must mean in both. Jesus did not shed His blood because the sins of men had already been forgiven, but that they may be forgiven. So it is with baptism and remission of sins.
Third, the Greek preposition, eis, translated for, points forward rather than backward, as the American Standard Version correctly reflects: “Repent ye, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ unto the remission of your sins” (emph. DM).
Fourth, many other passages teach that baptism is a condition of pardon (Mark 16:16; John 3:5; Acts 22:16; Gal. 3:27; Eph. 5:25–27; Tit. 3:4–5; 1 Pet. 3:21; et al.).
Protestantism generally denies that baptism is a condition of salvation from sin. It often does so, averring that it is a “work” and by which one cannot be saved.
Clearly, the Bible teaches that one cannot be saved by “works”: “For by grace have ye been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; not of works, that no man should glory” (Eph. 2:8–9, emph. added). But one should “not quit reading too soon.” Just as clearly, the Bible teaches that one is saved by “works”: “Ye see that by works a man is justified, and not only by faith…even so faith apart from works is dead” (Jam. 2:24–26, emph. DM). Since the Bible does not contradict itself, we must conclude that Paul and James wrote of different kinds of “works,” for salvation clearly requires works of some sort.
Paul identified the works of which he wrote as those which are “of yourselves” in which one could “glory.” Similarly, he further stated the futility of seeking salvation by such works: “Not by works done in righteousness, which we did ourselves, but according to his mercy he saved us…” (Tit. 3:5a, emph. DM). No one can be morally good (i.e., “righteous”) enough or do enough good works to boast, “I have saved myself from sin and condemnation; God owes it to me.”
When James wrote that one is saved by works, what sort of “works” did he mean? The context indicates that he referred to works of obedience to God, which one’s faith causes him to do. He cited Abraham and Rahab as examples of those who were justified before God by such obedient faith (Jam. 2:21, 25). The Bible ever enjoins faith-actuated obedience, requiring our works in response, as necessary to salvation: “And having been made perfect, he [Christ] became unto all them that obey him the author of eternal salvation” (Heb. 5:9, emph. DM; cf. Mat. 7:21; Rom. 6:17–18; et al.).
Is baptism a work of which one can boast, or is it an act of obedience to Christ, based upon one’s faith? The Bible teaches that it is the latter. After stating that one is saved by God’s mercy, rather than by one’s “works of righteousness” (as noted above), Paul then wrote that God saves men “through the washing of regeneration and renewing of the Holy Spirit” (Tit. 3:5b, emph. DM). The only thing in the New Testament to which the washing of regeneration can refer is baptism. Notice that Paul specifically excluded its being a “work of [man’s own] righteousness,” but rather identified it with God’s merciful plan of salvation. One who is properly taught will trust in the “working of God,” not in his own works, in baptism (Col. 2:12). Baptism is not a work of human merit, but a Divine command that men must obey to receive forgiveness of sins (Mark 16:16; Acts 2:38; 22:16; et al.).
For failure to grasp the connection between baptism and the blood of Christ, many people woefully misunderstand the role of baptism in God’s plan. Those who understand this relationship do not question the necessity of baptism. Those who deny that baptism in water is necessary for one to be forgiven of sins sometimes accuse those who thus believe of teaching “water salvation.” They often make this accusation when we emphasize the unmistakable language of Acts 22:16: “And now why tarriest thou? Arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on his name.” The accuser may say, “You believe that water will wash away one’s sins.” However, neither Acts 22:16 nor any other passage of Scripture even hints that water can wash away sins. There is not enough water in all of the oceans, lakes, and rivers of the world to wash away even one sin. Had it been possible for water to wash away sins, the incarnate Word could have remained in Heaven.
Acts 22:16 does not tell us what element “washes away” or removes sins. We must look elsewhere for this information. Jesus spoke on this subject when He instituted the Lord’s supper: “For this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many unto remission of sins” (Mat. 26:28, emp. DM). Peter wrote on the same subject: “Knowing that ye were redeemed…with precious blood, as of a lamb without spot, even the blood of Christ” (1 Pet. 1:18–19, emp. DM). The principle stated in Hebrews 9:22 reaches all the way back to the offerings of Cain and Abel and culminates especially in the sacrifice of Jesus on the cross: “Apart from shedding of blood there is no remission” (emp. DM). After speaking of the Christ, John explicitly identified the cleansing agent for sin: “Unto him that loved us and washed us from our sins in his own blood” (Rev. 1:5, KJV, emp. DM). The old hymn has had it exactly right all along: “What can wash away my sin? Nothing but the blood of Jesus.”
If Ananias was not telling Saul of Tarsus (Acts 22:16) what would wash away his (and our) sins, what was he telling him? He was telling him when the blood of Christ would wash away his sins—at baptism. The conclusions are irresistible: No baptism—no blood; no blood—no forgiveness; no forgiveness—no salvation. Paul tied baptism and the blood of Christ together as follows: “Or are ye ignorant that all we who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death?” (Rom. 6:4). Obviously, one is not in Christ nor does he have the benefits of His death (i.e., His blood shed therein) short of baptism.
The New Testament teaches by implication when one should be baptized. When the multitudes on the day of Pentecost heard the Gospel, Luke records the response as follows: “They then that received his word were baptized: and there were added unto them in that day about three thousand souls” (Acts 2:41). It is highly unlikely that any of these came to this remarkable occasion with towel and dry clothes under their arms, yet they obeyed the apostolic command immediately.
When Philip “preached Jesus” to the Ethiopian on the road to Gaza, the man did not want to wait until they came to the next town, but besought the evangelist to stop at the first body of water sufficient to immerse him: “And…they came unto a certain water and the eunuch saith, Behold, here is water; what doth hinder me to be baptized?” (Acts 8:36). Philip immediately complied with this request (vv. 38–39).
When the jailor at Philippi asked what he should do to be saved, it was already past midnight (16:25). Yet, when told what he should do, he and his household were baptized “the same hour of the night” (vv. 30–34).
Ananias urged Saul of Tarsus to wait no longer to obtain the salvation he sought: “And now why tarriest thou? arise, and be baptized, and wash away thy sins, calling on his name” (22:16). Saul responded in obedience immediately.
The immediacy of these baptismal responses in each case is unmistakable. The preachers did not suggest any delay, and the subjects did not request any delay for even an hour, much less a few days or until a “special baptismal service” could be planned a week later. The reason for such instant response should be equally evident. The faithful men who delivered the Gospel made it clear to these sinners that until they were baptized, they were still in the guilt and condemnation of their sins, which would cause them to be lost eternally.
The Bible therefore teaches that, at the earliest moment one learns that he is a sinner in need of salvation and that baptism is a God-given condition of forgiveness of one’s sins, he should be baptized. Baptism is more than a ritualistic act. It is more than a mere topic of theological curiosity or discussion. It is not merely an optional religious act. It is far more than a means of admission to a religious order built by men. It is not an act of human merit or righteousness. Rather, the Bible teaches us that baptism is the very act in which Jesus Christ cleanses and saves the sinner from his sins by His shed blood, whereupon the Lord adds him to His church, which is His earthly depository of those whom God has forgiven and saved from the guilt their sins that alienated them from Him (Acts 2:27–47). | <urn:uuid:69fbb481-cb2b-4125-9007-1adcfd8fa659> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thegospelpreceptor.com/2021/10/05/biblical-baptism-dub-mcclish/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.966353 | 5,217 | 2.5 | 2 |
Do bear in mind that sometimes the ant can do both the bite and sting. If disturbed, these ants can bite, but you won’t really feel it. Rub a bit of olive oil onto the skin. In some cases, you may suffer a carpenter ant bite without actually seeing the ant, which is why it’s smart to get a basic idea of what these bites look like. For more pest-related content please keep following our site! Carpenter Ant Bite Appearance In some cases, you may suffer a carpenter ant bite … There are several ant species that you may encounter in your home, including the common carpenter ant. These stings are very painful and result in a … If using traps isn’t effective, then you will need to attack the colony directly. By learning about some of the symptoms of a carpenter ant bite, you’ll be able to decide if you have these ants in your home. With the help of baking soda and water, you can create a paste. If so, you should apply a bandage. The best thing that you can do in such a situation is to hold the skin under the running cold water (or use an ice pack). This is … What Do Carpenter Ant Look Like: The ants contain the black color commonly which ranging in hues red to yellow. Their ability to bite and sting is certainly the most unpleasant (and sometimes even painful) problem out of them all. Note: If you are a person who is sensitive to various allergens or if you have been bitten/stung by a rare type of ant – seek emergency treatment straight away. Please remember that these remedies are going to help you only with symptoms such as redness, itching, and so on.
Rub the vinegar on your skin. If an ant has bitten you and you are bleeding, it most cases you have been bitten by a Leafcutter ant.
In most cases, that is a normal reaction and depending on the type of the ant it can last up to 10 days (sometimes, a little longer). Ant Bites vs. Ant Stings: What Is the Difference? What do ant bites look like? The fire ant sting can last for even 10 days but on average the symptoms are going after 7 days. Their erratic movements can cause anyone problems. After that, put it onto your skin and leave the paste there for about 10 minutes. However, some species are more aggressive and are more likely to bite than the others. These insects can bite. Don’t worry, we will answer all of these questions and more in the following sections below. The exception is if the pain fails to subside or if there is an unusual amount of swelling. You can also take an Antihistamine as it will help to get rid of the itching and control the swelling.
Moreover, you increase the chances of getting the bite infected and you surely don’t want that to happen. Carpenter ant bites feel like sharp pinches …
Carpenter ant bites can be a big pain—quite literally. Are you starting to feel dizzy? There is a chance that you may not develop any symptoms after being bitten by an ant. However, if you can’t resist the urge to pop a fire ant bite (in case it’s too painful or you feel like it should be drained), then make sure that you have fully disinfected the area. Thankfully, if you are not having a severe allergic reaction to the bite, you can totally treat the ant bite at home. Some ant types are more aggressive and they can attack you the moment you start coming close to the nest, for example. Check-in with yourself every 5 to 10 minutes within 1.5 hours to make sure that you are not developing an allergic reaction. Only their soldiers can cause painful bites as they also apply the formic acid on the skin. Depending on the ant species, most people will experience one or more of the … Fortunately, the majority of ants won’t attack you, unless you disturb their colony.
Yes. Applying the compress or ice for about ten minutes should provide you with relief.
The answer is not that simple to explain.
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The balloon is puffed up with hot air. It floats around and looks pretty for a while, but it is extremely fragile. The balloon will easily pop with even the slightest prodding from a needle.
Could you imagine trying to take down a skyscraper with a needle? The skyscraper is meticulously planned out by a team of architects. It has a strong foundation and is built using teamwork, steel, and sweat. The skyscraper takes a lot longer to create than the balloon, but it will certainly last much longer.
We live in a world of balloons. The parent who only focuses on discipline, never actually talking to his child is a balloon, puffed up because “he know what’s best.” The business leader who fires anyone who dares to challenge her authority is a balloon, puffed up by her business degree and superior position. The religious system that turns away “sinners” and “backsliders” is a balloon, puffed up on their own morality. One thing they have in common? They’re all afraid of needles.
In this life, needles come at us in the form of challenges, trials, and setbacks. These challenges constantly poke at us to see what we’re really made of, to see if we’re puffed up on our own knowledge, or if we’re building what we have on love. Knowledge is a powerful tool, and it can puff up some pretty impressive balloons. But without love, knowledge will never be anything more. If our identity is found in what we know, or what we’ve achieved, then we’ll never create anything of lasting significance.
The best parents, the strongest businesses, and the true followers of Christ build their life on love. They have no fear of needles, because their identity is found in something much stronger than any challenge this life may bring. Love builds skyscrapers, and skyscrapers have lasting significance.
What are you creating with your time, gifts, and influence? Are you puffing up balloons with what you know and what you’ve accomplished? Or are you creating with love, and building skyscrapers? | <urn:uuid:ba362093-f56e-4285-aca1-b2d01976c652> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.jonjorgensonblog.com/blog/balloons-and-skyscrapers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.959461 | 451 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Earlier this year we introduced you to Aditya Aryanto, the photo retoucher who transformed real-life animals into cubed creatures with boxy bodies and squared snouts, in a series entitled Minecraft in Real Life (or Anicube). In his latest series entitled Aniball, Aryanto takes his editing skills in a new direction—from hard edges, to soft rounded ones—by warping animals into balloon-like creatures.
Aryanto uses public domain photos of domestic and wild animals. To edit them, he uses the liquify tool on Photoshop to bloat out the bodies until they look so full of air they might just pop. Often editing out the animal’s legs and feet, tigers, foxes, pandas, and even an elephant appear to drift upwards like huge balloons. Aryanto explains, “Imagination is always needed to make a new animal's form. This time, I am trying to make them different; to be round. I was curious about the response, so I tried to upload them on Instagram, and the result was beyond my expectation.”
Keep up to date with Aditya Aryanto’s surreal animal photos on Instagram. | <urn:uuid:628be633-8717-4f9f-9434-61611d6cbc74> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mymodernmet.com/aniball-aditya-aryanto-furry-balloons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.942891 | 247 | 1.507813 | 2 |
So What's Next for GeoStreamer X
The December issue of Geo magazine features an article, by Martin Widmaier, Chief Geophysicist at PGS, which asserts that completion of the GeoStreamer X pilot survey proves that PGS’ novel marine seismic strategy for upgraded acquisition in any geological regime is practical, efficient and within reach.
GeoStreamer X employs multisensor broadband technology with wide-tow sources, longer offsets, and multi-azimuth illumination. Although imaging of the first GeoStreamer X in the Viking Graben has only started, everything suggests that the exploration program will deliver accurate velocity models, high-resolution images, and reliable AVO attributes, all the factors required to meet the demand for more dependable subsurface insight at reduced cost and turnaround.
The pioneering source and streamer configuration used on the Viking Graben is just one variant of this acquisition solution. It can be tailored for every geological challenge and applied in multi-azimuth mode from a single Ramform streamer vessel. Common denominators are superior data quality, lower cost, and faster turnaround. These are provided by multi-sources for improved spatial sampling and efficiency; wide-tow sources for optimal near offset coverage and AVO; longer offsets for reliable velocity model building; and cost-effective multi-azimuth illumination acquisition, resulting in rapid turnaround from acquisition to final image.
Wide-Tow Sources for Near Offsets, Accurate AVO, and Efficiency
Wider towing of seismic source arrays has recently become operationally feasible. During 2019, total source separations of up to 250 m from a single acquisition vessel have been successfully tested by PGS and will be deployed in 2020 programs. Total separation of 400 m is within reach.
Modified towing solutions now also enable wide-tow source arrays in close to zero distance from the streamer front ends. Negative offsets, with sources over the streamer front sections, can also be provided. Distributing wide-tow multi-sources along the front of a streamer spread provides geophysical benefits, mainly by improving the near-offset coverage.
Towed streamer surveys with a standard source set up, in front of the center streamers, may not provide the near-offset/near-angle coverage required for AVO analysis. Wide-tow sources are especially relevant for shallow targets in shallow water environments, such as the Barents Sea.
Towing multi-sources wider can also provide efficiency gains. As the distance from the outer streamers to the nearest sources is reduced, wide-tow sources enable wider streamer spreads and increased lateral data coverage, improving turnaround, without sacrificing near offsets.
Accurate Velocity Models and High-Resolution Images
With smart receiver and source towing, the recording of ultra-high-density data for imaging can be combined with a velocity survey for full-waveform inversion (FWI). This approach was successfully applied on a PGS-TGS JV in the Barents Sea in 2018.
The program employed a high-density 16 x 56.25 m streamer spread with a triple-source set-up, resulting in an acquisition bin size of 6.25m x 9.375m. Three of the 16 streamers were configured with 10 km long streamer tails providing extra-long offsets for FWI.
Read more about this novel two-in-one configuration and the quality uplifts created by accurate velocity model building and high-resolution imaging in our Barents Sea Case Study (www.pgs.com/hammerfest).
GeoStreamer X Proof of Pilot
The Viking Graben was selected for a GeoStreamer X pilot project starting in September 2019. This is a mature exploration area with several fields and discoveries, where key exploration and field development objectives suffer from illumination and resolution challenges associated with injectites, v-brights, and thin chalk layers deposited on top of the main reservoir targets.
The GeoStreamer X pilot was designed to address these imaging challenges. Following the two-in-one success recipe from the Barents Sea (above), Ramform Vanguard towed a 12 x 85 m high-density multisensor spread with two deep-towed, 10 km long streamer tails, and a wide-tow triple source with 225 m separation between outer source arrays. This was the widest-ever source separation towed by a single streamer vessel on a commercial project.
Two acquisition directions were acquired, complementary to existing GeoStreamer multiclient data coverage. The three data sets combined form the basis for a robust and efficient rich-azimuth acquisition and imaging solution. Enabled by the wide-tow source configuration, the additional azimuths were acquired with a flexible sail-line separation optimizing the balance between geology-driven near-offset requirements and productivity.
Planning New GeoStreamer X Projects
GeoStreamer X represents a flexible acquisition and processing solution that can be tailored to address very different subsurface imaging challenges. In northern Europe and especially on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS), where a lot of high-quality GeoStreamer data already exists, it is particularly applicable. Unlike ocean bottom seismic techniques, such as OBN, in many geographical locations, only one streamer vessel is required to produce multi-azimuth high-resolution imaging, improving efficiency and turnaround.
Future NCS surveys will typically target areas in the North Sea where challenges associated with injectites, v-brights and subtle traps demand upgraded illumination. Exploration in the Barents Sea will also benefit from the GeoStreamer X concept. Survey design projects to optimize illumination around salt structures, e.g. in the Nordkapp Basin, have shown promising results.
GeoStreamer X is also applicable outside of this region, for even more complex and deeper targets. PGS concept studies for pre-salt exploration in Brazil have resulted in fit-for-purpose towed multi-azimuth geometries with 20 km effective offsets for FWI and improved imaging of deep reservoir targets. An extra source vessel would provide the ultra-long offset using a continuous long offset approach.
Faster, Cheaper, and Smarter So Far
PGS has promised an effective and more efficient route to improved reservoir illumination than nodes, and the completion of the Viking Graben pilot in just eight weeks is an important first step in meeting that promise. For exploration teams, faster access to data is really what counts and delivery of the first GeoStreamer X data is scheduled before next Easter. Roll on 2020! | <urn:uuid:584d4c40-b452-4228-927e-12df478da296> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pgs.com/media-and-events/news/so-whats-next-for-geostreamer-x/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.934451 | 1,340 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Plastics are a key component in things anywhere you go. In our shop, we use plastics for custom fabricating products that help our customers dampen sounds, insulate electrical components, protect surfaces and more.
However, the advent of manufactured plastics is relatively new. Here’s a brief look at how plastics have been used across time.
As far back as the 1600s BC, cultures like the Mesoamericans would use natural flexible materials, such as rubber, to create figurines, bands, and balls. These materials had similar physical characteristics to plastics and were used for similar creations.
Proteins from egg and blood were also used long ago to create plastic-like materials that could be used where metal, stone, and plant material could not be applied.
When the middle ages arrived, Europeans were using the plastic-like cow horns for translucent window material after being treated and dried.
The first man-made plastic—Parkesine—was created by Alexander Parkes in 1862 by dissolving cellulose nitrate in alcohol with camphor. This discovery led the way for the early plastic material to be used in simple objects like clothing buttons and combs.
Plastic was eventually developed for electrical wire insulation, film for photography and motion pictures, records, and telephones. With each decade came new classifications of plastics by using different chemicals.
Plastics in War and Beyond
As conflict often leads to innovation, World War 1 and World War 2 produced new types of plastic materials. Polyester, polythene, nylon and neoprene were used in military gear like parachutes, turrets, and planes.
In the post-war plastic manufacturing boom, plastics were used in everything from shopping bags to storage containers to appliances. As time went on, plastic found its way into nearly every product, including the first plastic banknotes in Australia in 1988.
Today, in this decade, global plastic sales reached almost $1 trillion per year, mostly coming from within the US, Japan and Germany. The plastic industry employs about 1.4 million workers in the U.S. alone.
How We Use Plastic
- Industrial equipment
- Consumer products
Do you need custom manufactured plastics? We can help!
Contact AFP for Custom-Fabricated Materials
American Flexible Products is a nation-wide converter of flexible materials—from plastic to rubber to silicone and more. Each of our products is custom-cut and shaped to your design specs by our materials engineers.
Call (952) 368-4225 or fill out our form below. Our material experts will help guide you through our process and give you a free quote. | <urn:uuid:033a4db1-5f8b-42f8-91ab-9fdd2193a4d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.americanflexible.com/quick-history-plastic-manufacturing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.94954 | 557 | 3.125 | 3 |
By Jenn Doelman, Director, Ontario Federation of Agriculture
In Ontario, our farmers use many strategies to support the growth of our crops while being environmentally conscious. Pesticides are a vital tool that can be used to safely manage pests that can be harmful to the health and quality of a farmer’s crop. These products are strategically used to minimize risk to beneficial species and allows for a biodiverse and robust ecological system that functions more efficiently to provide Canadians with a sustainable and secure food system.
The Ontario Federation of Agriculture (OFA) supports our members in utilizing pesticides to ensure the growth, sustainability and health of our fields. Although there are many benefits that come with using pesticides on our crops, this tool is often seen in a negative light due to misinformation about the process and regulations surrounding it’s use.
We believe a level of public trust must exist among Canadian consumers and farmers. Therefore, it is important to address inquiries and circumstances of misinformation surrounding the use of pesticides as well as a misunderstanding of the complexity of sustainable food systems.
Pesticides are highly regulated in Canada to ensure human health and the environment remain protected. Apart from other countries, Canada has extremely high standards and regulations that must be met in order to safely use pesticides.
The Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) of Health Canada reviews, evaluates and registers pesticides for safe use in Canada. An evaluation of scientific data is conducted and PMRA ensures that products meet current human and environment health and safety standards in Canada. The Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks (MECP) administers Ontario’s Pesticides Act, which provides the province’s framework for regulating the sale, use, transportation, storage and disposal of pesticides.
After approval, pesticide products are registered and designated into one of four classes: A (manufacturing), B (restricted), C (commercial), or D (domestic). Once a pesticide is federally registered, it is automatically classified in Ontario according to its federal class designation. Ontario regulates pesticides by requiring appropriate education, licensing and/or permit requirements on their use. Farmers must be certified under the Grower Pesticide Safety Course to buy and use Class B and C pesticides on their farms. This also includes any other individuals that handle pesticides through their job. The class of pesticide determines the sale and use requirements, in addition to the restrictions placed on its use.
While pesticides have existed for many years, new technological advancements are constantly being made in response to the evolving climate and environmental circumstances. New products are often introduced to the market and application tools have evolved to improve efficiency and accuracy of pesticide application. Pesticides are extremely costly for farmers and therefore, many are very stringent about the amount used and only use when it is necessary. Invasive species, which often have no natural enemies, are often a primary target for pesticide applications. Natural factors can be very hard on crops and farmers must rely on tools to ensure they yield a healthy and profitable crop.
Currently, there are two main types of bulk pesticide applications. These include ground sprayer and aerial. In Ontario, aerial spraying is highly regulated. Commercial applicants must be licensed and insured and must operate in accordance with provincial and federal regulations regarding aerial applications and pesticide products. Only pesticide products registered for aerial application can be used on fields and must be applied according to the directions on the pesticide label. Label conditions exist for aerial spraying to mitigate any risks to human and environmental health, including weather and wind conditions, water volume, application rate, droplet size, equipment specifications, and height above crops.
Agricultural aerial spraying holds many benefits in comparison to ground spraying and can be performed via plane or helicopter. Helicopters are smaller, more maneuverable and provide excellent coverage in small or irregularly shaped fields. Unlike a ground sprayer, aerial application is not affected by wet soil conditions and provides fast application to large areas. Soil is also less likely to become damaged by compaction, there are no production losses due to crop trampling and there is no disease spread between fields.
OFA continues to ensure that consumers remain aware of the safety steps our sector is taking to ensure our food supply chain remains strong, healthy and sustainable for all of Ontario. The use of pesticides allows for crop growth that translates to fresh local products on the shelves. We will continue to educate and inform the public on the extensive precautions our farmers take each day to ensure the health and safety of our province’s food supply.
For more information, contact:
Director of Communications and Stakeholder Relations
Ontario Federation of Agriculture
519-821-8883 ext. 218 | <urn:uuid:84a21481-faa7-44b3-9b39-22f411c775c2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ofa.on.ca/newsroom/ofa-highlights-the-importance-of-pesticides-for-healthy-and-sustainable-crops/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.941432 | 958 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Having red eyes might be embarrassing or a sign of an eye problem requiring treatment. At Advanced Eye Center, in Hialeah, Florida, Rodrigo Belalcazar, MD, and his team can find the root cause of red eyes and treat them to restore your vision and eye health. Schedule an appointment with Dr. Belalcazar by phone or book online at the first sign of red eyes.
Red eyes occur when the white part of your eye turns red. The entire white might look red, or you may notice a smaller red patch in your eye. It can indicate an injury, illness, or eye disease. Your eyes might also feel sore or tender. Dr. Belalcazar can clear up red eyes to improve their appearance and reduce the risk of discomfort and complications.
Numerous factors can contribute to red eyes, which occur when vessels at the surface of the whites of your eyes get swollen. Examples include:
While some causes of eye redness are simply a nuisance, others require immediate medical attention.
To find out what’s causing red eyes and develop a treatment plan, Dr. Belalcazar reviews your medical history and symptoms and examines your eyes. He might use a special light to get an in-depth view of the inside of your eyes and dilate your pupils during a comprehensive eye exam.
During visual acuity tests, you read letters on an eye chart. Refraction tests determine whether you require glasses or contact lenses to improve your vision. Dr. Belalcazar might complete an eye muscle coordination test, peripheral vision tests, slit-lamp microscope examinations, ultrasound, or intraocular pressure tests.
Depending on what causes your red eyes, Dr. Belalcazar and his staff might recommend one of the following treatments:
Plexr is a non-surgical plasma treatment that can tighten eyelid skin and improve your line of vision. Dr. Belalcazar personalizes each red-eye treatment based on what’s causing the condition, your lifestyle, and your preferences.
Don’t live with red eyes if they embarrass you or feel uncomfortable. Schedule an appointment with Advanced Eye Center by phone, or book online today. | <urn:uuid:567eb23b-9a81-4520-bfb7-7fac8ac89394> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.drbelalcazar.com/services/red-eyes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.895575 | 447 | 1.945313 | 2 |
True or False: The 5 Things You Think You Know about Vaginal Odour
Here at RepHresh we are always getting questions about vaginal odour. Most women don't seem to know what is "normal" and what's not. Unfortunately, this is a result of a lot of misguided information on the web. Often times, women are worried that their vaginal odour is a hygiene issue (am I washing enough? Am I washing too much?). Many more women are too embarrassed to talk about it, so they ignore the issue altogether. We want to empower you to feel comfortable talking about it. It's OKAY! We're here to empower you with the knowledge to prevent and get rid of your vaginal odour and help other women to do the same. So, we've taken your most common questions and quotes on vaginal odour and we're ready to set the record straight.
'Most women will experience vaginal odour at some point in their lives'
TRUE. Yes, this is so true! You are not alone. Vaginal odour is generally caused by unbalanced vaginal pH and can be triggered by menstruation, semen, douching and even certain types of body soaps. That means that more women will experience vaginal odour because we all are affected by many of these things. The important thing is to know what triggers this pH imbalance and either avoid the trigger, such as using body soap "down there", or prevent the imbalance before it may occur, like using RepHresh Gel after your period.
'Vaginal odour is usually a result of improper cleaning'
FALSE. By now, many of us have come across women on the web, telling other women that vaginal odour is due to their lack of hygiene. This is not accurate and RepHresh wants to set the record straight. Contrary to popular belief, vaginal odour is usually a result of imbalanced vaginal pH, NOT improper cleaning.
'Vaginal odour is generally caused by an unbalanced vaginal pH'
TRUE. Now you have it right. When vaginal pH becomes unbalanced, odour-causing microorganisms are more likely to flourish causing vaginal odour. This is usually the cause of odour, not improper cleaning. Remember that your vaginal pH is likely to become imbalanced after every day things like menstruation, intimacy, hormone fluctuations and more.
'The only way to get rid of vaginal odour is to use soaps or washes'
FALSE. Soaps and washes are meant to be used externally ONLY, so they should NEVER be used internally at the source of vaginal odour. Instead, try RepHresh Gel. It is clinically shown to maintain healthy vaginal pH, eliminating odour and relieving vaginal discomfort. You can use RepHresh Gel once every 3 days or whenever pH imbalance is most likely to occur.
'Sex can lead to vaginal odour'
TRUE. The pH level of semen is higher than a normal vaginal pH. As you'll recall, a healthy vaginal pH is in the 3.5 to 4.5 range, whereas semen falls between 7.1 and 8. Sex can cause this healthy vaginal pH to become unbalanced, resulting in vaginal odour.
Reminder: If odour persists or is accompanied by a fever, pain or other symptoms that give you concern, you should visit your doctor. RepHresh Gel is not intended to prevent or treat vaginal infection.
We hope the rephreshing truth on vaginal odour will help you to prevent odour and educate your friends on what they can do to stay happy and healthy! | <urn:uuid:ef4fbf66-43a0-4650-9f1f-e0112b794b25> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rephresh.com/en-ca/articles/True-or-False-The-5-Things-You-Think-You-Know-about-Vaginal-Odour.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.950475 | 752 | 1.898438 | 2 |
It includes repeatedly sending, posting, or sharing negative, harmful, or mean content about someone else on purpose.
Kid who surround us, classroom guidance lesson plans and classroom guidance lesson plan and the effects on programs is ok. Create a team atmosphere where everyone feels like they belong and the students learn to support one another. Try to prevention guidance counselor at an email when the prevention programs.
Teaches strategies that bullying classroom
More recently, though, technology and social media have created a new venue for bullying that has expanded its reach. Kid friendly informational and interactive website containing webisodes, games, downloadable ringtones, etc. Resources to Fight Bullying and Harassment at School.
This web part page, bullying prevention classroom guidance to
You are also find them to bullying prevention guidance lesson teaches strategies based on school or by introducingthe different types of the elementary or shirt with mean things. Bullied students are unable or viewed as unlikely to defend themselves, which is what causes the imbalance of power. This video is also great to send to parents as a quick way to help them understand the definition of bullying.
All the bullying prevention classroom guidance for helping teach and
Appellate Division judges hear appeals from decisions of the trial courts, the Tax Court and State administrative agencies. Because of its length and complexity, computer based analyses are needed to obtain comprehensive results. Bullying is a community issue and must be addressed by students, parents, schools, and the entire community. STOPit, helping thousands of students and school communities each day.
Hiband the bullying prevention
While bullying is not a separately defined offense under the New Jersey Code of Criminal Justice, the conduct that constitutes bullying frequently constitutes one or more criminal or disorderly persons offenses.
To stop it may contain information
Inform parents and students of resources that are available to help learnabout bullyingand bullyingprevention efforts. In addition to digital stories, you can also find games and activities that go along with a variety of topics.
This video of being read the prevention guidance and girls on
An upstander tries to stop the bullying by confronting the person who is bullying directly or by telling a trusted adult.
Choose to bullying prevention
And if they are struggling, offer support or direct them to school resources where their specific needs can be met. When a kid is being bullied, they can show many different signs that indicate that bullying is occurring. Littlefield Education, Lanham, MD.
Allow users to improve the bullying classroom
If no settlement can be agreed upon, DCR will review the evidence gathered in the investigation, and will determine whether there is probable cause to support the allegations of your complaint.
For rules and classroom guidance to
This is the portal page for parents and educators to access bullying resources, which include educational toolkits, awareness toolkits, contest ideas, promotional products and more. The story shows that each of us can excel when we find our niche and grow from the encouragement of those who surround us. Are you getting the free resources, updates, and special offers we send out every week in our teacher newsletter? What type of bullying is there? | <urn:uuid:0095fa06-5a5c-440b-8e24-ee95895808ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://krauseppc.com/bullying/3929-refuse.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.94809 | 633 | 3.375 | 3 |
History: 1940s A Hard Beginning
Born during the Depression and struggling for life during World War II, Westmont faced an uncertain future during the 1940s. How did it survive with no endowment, a small enrollment, and inadequate facilities? The answer lies in the faith and commitment of a special group of people – and in the grace of God.
The vision for Westmont began with Ruth Kerr, an unusual woman for her time. Her husband, Alexander, died in 1925, and she assumed his position as president of the Kerr Glass Manufacturing Company in 1930 even though she had six children.
Convinced of the need for a Bible institute that didn’t require the usual $150 deposit, Mrs. Kerr decided to start one herself. “In August of 1937, God awakened this Christian woman out of a sound sleep one night, and the still, small voice said, ‘Now is the time to open the school.’”
The next morning, the Reverend Leland Entrekin shared a similar burden with Mrs. Kerr. Then three nationally known Bible teachers who had left Biola offered to teach at the new school: Dr. Elbert McCreery, Dr. John Page, and Mrs. Anna Dennis.
The Bible Missionary Institute opened in the fall of 1937 at the First Fundamental Church (later Westlake Calvary) with 72 students and 16 faculty and staff. Many students, like Margaret Fraser Anderson ’40, transferred from Biola. She values the Bible teaching she received at the Institute.
“Mrs. Anna Dennis was an absolutely marvelous teacher and her dispensational teaching I will never forget…[John Page] was just a wonderful teacher… he was funny… And he loved students…[Dr. McCreery] made a tremendous impact on my life, not just as a teacher, but as my personal friend…He would make doctrine understandable by breaking it down into individual doctrines in the Bible.”
Margaret met her husband, Burns ’40, when Dr. Page “put them together” over the kitchen sink after a choir performance. The Institute changed Burns’ perspective. “It was broadening to find out that there was a bigger church out there in the world….school was a completely soul-changing experience for me. I woke up to the fact that you didn’t have to belong to a certain little group of people….But anyone who acknowledged Jesus Christ as Lord could be my brother.”
The school struggled financially, and the founders began to wonder if Los Angeles needed two Bible institutes. In January, 1939, they added a junior college curriculum and changed the name to Western Bible College.
Then, in Mrs. Kerr’s words, “In May, 1939, we were led of the Lord to contact Dr. Wallace L. Emerson, dean of students at Wheaton College, to come to us as president of a proposed four-year liberal arts college built on a sound Christian basis, God having given us the vision for this larger work.”
That summer, Mrs. Kerr purchased the campus of the Westlake School for Girls on South Westmoreland Avenue in Los Angeles and gave it to the College as a memorial to her late husband. The property included six buildings and four and one-half acres.
In the spring of 1940, Dr. Emerson accepted Mrs. Kerr’s offer. He later explained, “I agreed to come on her request with a proviso that I would have the hiring and the firing of the faculty and nothing was to interfere with that….I told Mrs. Kerr that I was in no way interested in anything but a liberal arts college.”
So Western Bible College became Westmont College. Why “Westmont”? Dr. Emerson had suggested “Trinity,” but students didn’t like the name. He recalled that someone on the board coined “Westmont.” “Well it’s out West and it’s in the mountains….Westmont became the name for no rhyme nor reason except that it was a name that sounded all right and had a little significance as far as location was concerned.”
Classes began in the fall of 1940 with 33 faculty and 85 students. Dr. W. W. Catherwood, the pastor of the First Baptist Church in Riverside, became the first president of the board, a position he held for six years. Mrs. Kerr served as the secretary-treasurer.
Paton Yoder, a history professor during the 1940s, came with “a lot of uneasiness and also a lot of expectancy, and we found that same spirit at the College – a great spirit of expectancy but also a concern for the future….”
Margaret Bailey Jacobsen Voskuyl, another professor, remembers meeting Westmont Trustee Dr. John Bunyan Smith. “[He] grabbed my hand and he held it tight, and he said to me, ‘Young lady, do you subscribe to the doctrinal statement of Westmont College?’ It made me realize how deeply some of those people felt…[about] what they were founding.”
Dr. Emerson brought a tremendous vision to the new college. He wanted to establish a Christian institution that rivaled the best secular colleges and universities in the country.
Margaret Voskuyl remembers how Dr. Emerson presented Westmont. “This was to be a school that would combine faith and academic excellence for our generation. It was to be a school, not a Bible school, not a seminary, but a Christian college to develop Christian leaders, and it was a joy to be a part of something that had so much basic vision.”
The statement of purpose in the first Quarterly Bulletin reflects Dr. Emerson’s views. “In every step which has led up to the present organization of Westmont College, the goal has been careful scholarship, sound doctrine, and consistent Christian living. Westmont College is interdenominational and evangelical, believing that genuine scholarship is not only compatible with, but necessary to, the Christian viewpoint….”
Dr. Emerson believed it necessary to offer as broad a curriculum as possible. Dr. Yoder recalls the development of the catalog. “I sent him quite an extensive list [of courses] and told him I was sure we shouldn’t put all of them in and maybe he would like to use some discretion and decide….He put them all in….So perhaps that…illustrates the anticipation and the vision Dr. Emerson had….”
Another challenge was developing a library. In five years, Elinor Berg, the librarian, collected 19,000 second-hand volumes at a cost of $30,000. Used book dealers agreed to give books to Westmont and receive payment when money became available. Mrs. Berg attended estate auctions where she bid books at a “ridiculously low price,” sometimes paying for them herself. She also taught students to bind magazines. According to Cora Reno, a biology professor, they bought only the test books. “We couldn’t order something…because it appealed. It had to have a high rating.”
Developing a good library and a broad curriculum were necessary for Westmont to receive accreditation. As Margaret Voskuyl recalls, “There was no question in Dr. Emerson’s mind that…they were going to seek accreditation as soon as possible….We weren’t going to fool around and have a non-academic institution now!”
But when he applied for accreditation in 1943, Westmont fell short in four areas: inadequate financing, the “peculiar religious requirements for the faculty and the nature of the financial arrangements with them,” the inability of faculty to teach all the courses in the catalog, and an incomplete library. But Dr. Emerson’s determination to gain accreditation set an important precedent.
Westmont suffered from the lack of financing. Since faculty came on “faith,” the College didn’t guarantee their salaries. Professors got paychecks when funds were available, and wages not paid by the end of the year were cancelled. Few donors supported the College; Mrs. Kerr gave 75% of the gifts received during the early years.
Dr. Yoder remembered “when it was discovered that our first checks wouldn’t be forthcoming….we found for the first eight years we never knew how much of our salary was coming and when it was coming.”
How did faculty survive? Dr. Emerson recalled, “They were beyond all praise….I asked…Jane McNally… ‘Jane, are you getting enough to eat?’ And she said, ‘Well I’m getting one good meal a day.’ I said, ‘Are you sorry you came?’ And she said, ‘No…I’m getting along and I’m in the best company I’ve ever been in.’ That was her attitude. And when Cora Reno was hired….I asked her, ‘What would it take, Cora, to get you out there?’ And she said, ‘A place to stay and three meals a day.’ And that was the spirit of a good many of them.”
Dr. Emerson held them together – he even sold his car to pay faculty salaries. Dr. Yoder found him to be a “very dynamic kind of person with a lot of vision. Some people might call him a dreamer. He drew us all to himself. We became very loyal to him. I think this is the principal explanation for many of us staying more than that first year….”
Prayer also kept them going. Margaret Voskuyl has vivid memories of prayer meetings in Dr. Emerson’s office and one teacher who prayed about a bar and dance hall being built across the street. “[She] would pray concerning that lot, ‘Lord confound their evil schemes.’ Well I had never in my life heard anyone pray like that….and the whole project just came to an end….That corner is now the First Church of the Nazarene.”
Mrs. Kerr recalled that faculty prayed often for the school. “Of their own volition, they met regularly – some days, the entire group – other days in separate, smaller groups, but they all spent much time in prayer on their knees.”
So did students. According to Bob Ross ’48, “One of the vital things that I remember about Westmont is that the leadership did not hesitate to call the school to prayer during times of financial need….and we saw answers to prayer.”
Despite the financial problems and the war, enrollment at Westmont grew, reaching 204 in the fall of 1944. After the war, the student body peaked at 324 in 1946, and then declined to 267 in 1949. It began increasing again in the 1950s.
The stress of starting the new college affected Dr. Emerson’s health, and he resigned in 1946. In 1948, the board called Dr. James Forrester to the presidency. He had taught philosophy and English at Westmont before entering the service, so he knew the College. His goals included relocating the campus in the Los Angeles area, gaining accreditation, and expanding the public relations office. But the board decided to stay in Santa Barbara, and Dr. Forrester resigned in 1950. He later became president of Gordon College in Massachusetts.
At the end of the 1940s, Westmont still had financial problems, but it was established as a college, thanks to the generosity of Mrs. Kerr and the vision of Dr. Emerson. Margaret Voskuyl remembers, “When I think of…the stars we had in our eyes at the establishment of that school and how involved in it we were and how committed to it, what a vision we shared – those were wonderful days, they really were.” | <urn:uuid:c3a2d3a2-571d-4bf9-bc75-a9f7d5674ca6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.westmont.edu/about/history/1940s/hard-beginning | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.977569 | 2,510 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Picrorhiza kurrooa is an endangered medicinal herb which is distributed across the Himalayan region at an altitude between 3000–5000 m above mean sea level. The medicinal properties of P. kurrooa are attributed to monoterpenoid picrosides present in leaf, rhizome and root of the plant. However, no genomic information is currently available for P. kurrooa, which limits our understanding about its molecular systems and associated responses. The present study brings the first assembled draft genome of P. kurrooa by using 227 Gb of raw data generated by Illumina and PacBio RS II sequencing platforms. The assembled genome has a size of n = ~ 1.7 Gb with 12,924 scaffolds. Four pronged assembly quality validations studies, including experimentally reported ESTs mapping and directed sequencing of the assembled contigs, confirmed high reliability of the assembly. About 76% of the genome is covered by complex repeats alone. Annotation revealed 24,798 protein coding and 9789 non-coding genes. Using the assembled genome, a total of 710 miRNAs were discovered, many of which were found responsible for molecular response against temperature changes. The miRNAs and targets were validated experimentally. The availability of draft genome sequence will aid in genetic improvement and conservation of P. kurrooa. Also, this study provided an efficient approach for assembling complex genomes while dealing with repeats when regular assemblers failed to progress due to repeats.
Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth. is a perennial medicinal herb that grows in Himalayan regions of India, China, Pakistan, Bhutan and Nepal between 3000–5000 m above mean sea level. This species is a major source of bioactive constituents, mainly picrosides which are known hepatoprotective molecules1,2. Picrosides are iridoid glycosides present in leaf, root, and rhizome of the species3. P. kurrooa is widely harvested from natural habitat for use in traditional ayurvedic system of medicine. The species is used in a number of commercially available drug formulations like livocare, livomap, livplus and katuki for the treatment of liver ailments4. Recent resurgence in global demand for herbal medicines has posed additional pressure on naturally occurring populations of P. kurrooa5. Altogether, unregulated over-harvesting, lack of organized cultivation, habitat specificity and small population size have threatened the species to near extinction, making it listed as endangered species by International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources6,7.
Though the transcriptome of the species was deciphered by our group long back8, little information exists for the genome of this species. The haploid chromosome number and estimated genome size of P. kurrooa are 17 (2n = 34)9 and 1.76 Gb10, respectively. Whole genome sequencing is a major way to develop genomic resources and information for a species. Moreover, the advent of next generation and third generation sequencing platforms in the last few years have demonetized the genome sequencing projects, opening gateway to the book of life of several species at much faster pace. This is well reflected by the fact that now one can find projects like 1000 genome project or Earth Biogenome project. Short-read sequencing technologies have been successfully deployed to sequence homozygous haploid genomes of many plant species including Cicer arietinum11, Cajanus cajan12, Prunus persica13 and Solanum tuberosum14. However, sequencing and assembly of heterozygous plant genomes is challenging due to high amount of complex repeats in plant genomes which leads to highly fragmented repeats upon assembly. This problem is solved by having longer sequencing reads along with short sequence reads. For example, genomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge 15 and Siraitia grosvenorii16 plants were successfully assembled de novo by using hybrid assembly. To this date a total of 4758 eukaryotic genomes have been sequenced, out of which only ~ 10% are embryophyta genomes.
Keeping in view the medicinal and economical importance of P. kurrooa, and its endangered status, it was essential to sequence the genome that is expected to aid in improvement, better molecular interventions, and conservation of the species. Here we report the first ever draft genome sequence of P. kurrooa Royle ex Benth. using hybrid de novo assembly approach. Short reads from Illumina GAIIx along with long reads from PacBio RSII sequencing platform were used to reconstruct the draft sequence.
For better gene models and to identify transcriptionally active regions of the genome including transcriptionally active repeats and miRNA discovery, cDNA as well as miRNA libraries were sequenced and analyzed for the identification of differential expression pattern of miRNAs, as well as target transcripts at two temperatures. These libraries were prepared using leaf and rhizome tissue exposed to two different temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C). Since, our previous studies showed modulation of vital metabolic pathways and biological processes at 25 °C considering 15 °C as the base temperature8. So far, hardly any miRNA based study has been done for P. kurrooa due to the lack of genomic sequence. The present study has leveraged the sequenced P. kurrooa genome to report for the first time its miRNAs and their regulatory repertoire, opening the gateway for research towards post-transcription regulatory system of P. kurrooa. Besides, the draft genome also led to the discovery of transcription factors and their binding sites across the genome.
Results and discussion
Filtering of reads and primary de novo assembly
A total of 115 Gb sequencing read data with 67X genome coverage was obtained upon sequencing of seven genomic libraries on Illumina GAIIx sequencing platform having insert sizes ranging from 76 to 101 bp. Almost 70% reads in each read file were left after quality filtering. Out of total 115 Gb data, 80 Gb data was left for further use (Supplementary Data sheet S1).
PacBio RSII SMRT platform was used for long read sequencing. Two libraries of P. kurrooa with insert size 10 Kb and six libraries with 20 Kb were sequenced. A total of 255 SMRT cells were used to generate 112 Gb data (65X). A total of 24,658,090 reads were generated with minimum read length of 36 bp and maximum read length of 72,908 bp. The average read length of PacBio reads was found to be 4.57 Kb. PacBio data contained ~ 15% sequencing error in the form of indels (insertions and deletions), making it difficult to assemble. Fastq files were checked for PHRED quality, but not even a single read was found having an average QV > 13. Therefore, quality values didn’t prove to be a suitable parameter for the processing of PacBio long reads. To correct these long reads two types of strategies were used. Firstly, hybrid error correction tool proovread17 was used. This tool maps Illumina reads across the PacBio long reads. High quality Illumina reads help PacBio long reads to correct base pair errors of indels. After correction with proovread, only 49 Gb PacBio long read data remained. PacBio self-error correction strategy was also implemented using Canu18, which yielded around 41.36 Gb data. Average length of proovread corrected reads was 2.56 Kb, whereas, average read length for PacBio/Canu corrected reads was 4.85 Kb. If proovread finds a chimeric read, it splits this read into two different reads, thus, average read length of proovread corrected reads was found to be lower than PacBio self-error corrected reads. Corrected reads obtained from both the strategies were used for primary assembly draft. A total of 90.36 Gb data was used for assembly using Canu assembler with default parameters. The Canu assembler resulted into 1,32,032 contigs with average length 20 Kb, total base-pairs 2.64 Gb, and N50 value of 22.3 Kb, whereas the maximum contig length was found to be 211.563 Kb. These results were not close to the expected genome size i.e. 1.7 Gb, and the total number of contigs (1,32,032) indicated this also.
The genome assembly was also performed using DBG2OLC to compare the initial assembly statistics. A total of 735.65 Mb genome was assembled with N50 value of 20.6 Kb and 18.09 Kb average length where the maximum length of sequence was found to be 180.4 Kb. Primary assembly statistics indicated that assembled genome quality was inferior in comparison to Canu assembler. Hence, we proceeded further with the assembly obtained from Canu for further improvement with in-house developed strategy.
Scaffolding and assembly improvement
It is suggested that plant genomes are highly repetitive where general assemblers fail to perform reasonable assembly due to repeats20. This becomes more pronounced with the volume of complex repeats like long terminal retrotransposons (LTRs) whose single copy size may range beyond 10 Kb. Therefore, it is advisable to address the complex repeats in advance to get better assembly. For this, the repetitive elements on the primary assembly draft were discovered using RepeatModeler21, RepeatScout22, RECON23, Tandem Repeat Finder (TRF)24 and RepeatMasker25, combining de novo and homology based approaches. A total of 75.82% of sequenced genome appeared as repetitive. 54% of the genome contained well classified repetitive sequences, whereas, 21% were found to be unknown or novel repeats. Due to this much repetitive content usual approach like Canu failed to assemble the genome any further. Therefore, a novel strategy was used for further improved assembly and scaffolding (Fig. 1a). The repeat annotated genome was studied for the unique regions where even repeat copies were uniquely identified and in contextual manner. After masking all the contigs, those contigs which contained at least 100 bp unique unmasked stretch were separated from those which did not contain even a single unique stretch of 100 bp. There were 22,264 (280 Mb) contigs with complete repeats, whereas, 1,09,768 contigs (2.31 Gb) were found to have 625 Mb unique regions. BLASTN was applied to find similarities between these local unique regions of contigs. Some important criteria, as discussed below, were used to find the best match for any given contig.
First, sequential appearance of the unique regions must be similar to another contig, which was considered as the best hit. It prevented scrambling of unique regions. To consider one unique region of one contig similar to another unique region of another contig, minimum 80% similarity was required. The second criterion for selection was that unique regions of a contig, matching with another contig must be at least 500 bp long. This ensured that occurrence of a random 500 bp long stretch by chance would be quite low. The third criterion was that the orientation of unique stretches must be the same in both the contigs. The fourth criterion was that if a contig showed more than one probable merging candidates, the participating partner sequences were verified for similarity to form consensus based merging. The fifth criteria was to check the repeat family similarity and proportion in between unique locus of contigs. If a contig was found showing probable merging partners with another contig on the basis of unique regions, then repeat families in between those unique regions must agree with this merging. Similarity between repeats was dependent only on family based similarity. Considering these five criteria, this process was repeated iteratively till no further merger of contigs happend. After 16 cycles, this process reached at its saturation stage as significant similarity among contigs disappeared (Supplementary Fig S1). After completion of this process, contig numbers came down from 1,09,768 contigs to 12,924 contigs, maximum length of contig increased from 2,11,563 bp (211.5 Kb) to 6,38,644 bp (638.6 Kb). N50 value of assembly increased from 22.3 to 129.6 Kb. Total number of base pairs came down to 1.57 Gb from 2.31 Gb (Table 1). This showcased the efficiency of the applied approach in providing assembling solution, when regular assemblers fail to perform better due to complex repeats. The applied strategy might be used in dealing with such complex and big genomes. Considering it as the final draft assembly, different types of annotation strategies were used for genome annotation (Fig. 1b).
For primary assembly draft, this might be considered satisfactory. The N50 values of previously published primary genome assembly drafts for Oryza sativa26, Cannabis sativa27, Phoenix dactylifera28 and Utricularia gibba29 had N50 value of 12 Kb, 16 Kb, 30 Kb, and 95 Kb respectively. P. kurrooa’s assembly was compared with a few published primary assembly draft of some species30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43 (Fig. 2a), in which hybrid approach using long and short read sequencing was used. Interestingly, these published genomes also used paired-end and mate-pair libraries from Illumina and 10-20 Kbs library from PacBio. In most of the studies where mate-pair libraries were used, SOAPdenovo244 assembler was preferred for primary assembly which was followed by primary assembly polishing using PacBio reads with PBJelly45. MaSuRCA46, DBG2OLC19 and Platanus47 assemblers were preferred in case of absence of mate-pairs libraries. It was found that genome size was proportional to the repeat content. Therefore, it becomes challenging to assemble a genome with increase in its size, as the repeat share increases. Rubus idaeus, Prunus yedoensis, Thlaspi arvense, Conyza canadensis, Suaeda aralocaspica, and Eleusine indica are some species which had a genome size < 500 Mb and the repeat content was < 50%. Whereas, Ammopiptanthus nanus, Erigeron breviscapus, Jaltomata sinuosa, P. kurrooa and Camellia sinensis have a genome size of > 800 Mb and the repeat content was > 50%. This comparison suggested that repeat content is a huge hurdle for scaffolding/assembly. Therefore, when repeat content is high, assembly is more fragmented. Long read assemblers like Canu take this problem into consideration but these tools are dependent on k-mer searching based approach for repeat finding which is suitable only for simple repeats. In our case Canu reported only 8% repeats in overall assembly and gave a highly fragmented assembly. Also, when the genome size was compared with the number of contigs reported in previous studies, it was found that as the genome size increases, number of contigs also increases or assemblers failed to further resolve the assembly. Ratio of number of contigs versus genome size showed that Rubus idaeus had a genome size of 299.94 Mb with a total of 2145 contigs, making the ratio 7.15. In our case where genome was almost six times (1.7 Gb) of Rubus idaeus, number of contigs were 12,924 with a similar ratio of 7.60. The ratio suggested that lower the ratio, less fragmented would be the assembly. The ratio was proportional to the genome size, shorter the genome, lesser the fragmentation and contigs number. Hence, the assembly achieved for P. kurrooa was better for the given genome size. N50 value for P. kurrooa’s (129.6 Kb) assembly was higher as compared to assemblies of shorter genomes like Conyza canadensis (33.56 Kb), Salvia miltiorrhiza (51.02 Kb), Malus x domestica (111.6 Kb) and Erigeron breviscapus (31.5 Kb). Similarly, gene space covered by P. kurrooa’s (92.3%) assembly was higher than many species compared here. Therefore, the applied repeat handling approach ensured better genome assembly (Fig. 2a).
Total GC content in the assembled genome was 37.89% with 44.95% GC content in coding sequences which was well within range of genomic and coding GC content in dicots species. Genomic DNA containing high GC content were reported to be more thermostable48.
Four different levels of assembly validation
To further evaluate the completeness of assembly, four different levels of validation were performed. For the first level, the genome sequence was evaluated by BUSCO49. BUSCO assesses the genome assembly for its completeness using single copy orthologs which are expected to be conserved during evolution and therefore, these are expected to be conserved in genome as well. The analysis reported that 94.2% BUSCO virdiplantae genes were covered in the assembled P. kurrooa genome.
For second level of validation, 500 published and experimentally validated P. kurrooa ESTs were searched against the assembled genome. These ESTs were also used for transcriptome validation in one of our previous studies on transcriptome of P. kurrooa. A total of 414 significant hits were found for EST dataset with E-value < 1e−05, while retaining 95.19% average identity. These 414 ESTs showed correct alignment in continuous form on genome that suggested good quality of genome assembly. In a previous study on Arabidopsis thaliana, around 87% of ESTs could be aligned on the predicted gene set, while this number was quite low (64%) for human dataset. Compared to this, the P. kurrooa genome assembly scored far better.
At the third level of validation, PLAZA50 core gene families (coreGF) were used. These families are conserved among plant species with a predefined lineage. 55 species are integrated with structural and functional annotation in PLAZA 4.0. P. kurrooa was categorized into Lamiales category in predefined lineage of these 55 species. For Lamiales category, two species Erythranthe guttata and Utricularia gibba are included in this database. There are 19,050 unique orthologous families reported in this database for Lamiales. These orthologous families were searched across the P. kurrooa’s genome and 14,212 (74.6%) orthologous families were found with significant hits. Thereafter, the common orthologous families between Erythranthe guttata and Utricularia gibba were checked which are reported within this database itself. It was found that Erythranthe guttata has a total of 12,226 orthologous families while Utricularia gibba has a total of 14,772 orthologous families. In between these two, there are 7948 (65%) common orthologous groups, which is quite less than P. kurrooa’s figures (74.6%).
Finally, 11 supra contigs of assembled P. kurrooa genome were randomly selected for experimental validation. All the primers designed from 5′ and 3′ ends of eleven supracontigs gave expected amplicon size after PCR at the standardized annealing temperatures (Supplementary Fig. S3; Supplementary Table S1). The sequences of the eluted amplicons showed 100% sequence identity to the sequences of P. kurrooa contigs targeted for PCR amplification.
Repetitive elements in the genome
Plant genomes contain much smaller coding regions as compared to repeats. The repetitive elements may cover upto 90–95% of the genome51. Repetitive elements may be considered central to almost every genomic subject and issues, from assembling challenges to chromatin state determination. Repetitive elements play a major role in the evolution and stand as an integral component for genomic stability and regulatory repertoire52. Therefore, to investigate total repetitive content in P. kurrooa, RepeatModeler, RepeatScout, RECON, Tandem Repeat Finder (TRF) and RepeatMasker were run across the draft genome. This included de novo as well as well-characterized repeats in RepBase database. A total of 76.06% interspersed repeats were found in the draft assembly (Supplementary Table S2).
In the draft assembly, 23.61% were unclassified repeats and 52.45% were well-classified repeats. A total of 42% repeats emerged from Gypsy and Copia long terminal retrotransposons (LTR elements) repeats categories alone (Fig. 3c). Transposable elements (TEs) are considered as major constituent for genome evolution and make significant fraction of plant genomes. Comparative study with other plant genomes depicted that plant repeat content increases with increasing genome size. Genome size of Arabidopsis thaliana is 125 Mb and it contains 14% repeats, Oryza sativa with genome size of 430 Mb contains 26% repetitive genome, whereas, plants like Zea mays (2.3 Gb), Glycine max (1.11 Gb), and Triticum aestivum (17 Gb), which have higher genome size, have 85%, 57%, and 80% repeat content, respectively. The draft assembly of P. kurrooa also followed the same trend with ~ 76% repeat content, reflecting the characterstic of a big genome.
The draft assembly contained 129.21 Mb (8.24%) tandem repeats. MISA53 micro-satellite finder was also used to find simple tandem repeats in assembled genome, which identified 2,58,408 simple sequence repeats in genome, out of which, 66.29% were single nucleotide repeats, 22.94% were di-nucleotide repeats and 9.68% were tri-nucleotide repeats (Supplementary Table S3). Total 0.278% of the genome belonged to this category.
Protein coding genes annotation
Using CEGMA54, SNAP55, GeneMark56, AUGUSTUS57and Maker258 pipelines as described in the methods section, a total of 24,798 potential protein coding unique genic regions were found in the primary assembly draft, which included multicopy genes also (making the total count of 51,185 protein coding regions). This covered 116.25 Mb of genome, which is around 6.8% of the whole genome. The length of these genes ranged from 135 to 24 Kb. 10,683 genes had two or more number of copies, whereas 14,115 genes had a single copy number displaying typical property of plant genomes which are usually rich in multi-copy genes. Number of copies ranged from 2 to 29, which suggested that these genes were required very frequently by the plant. In order to investigate the type of genes present in high copy number, top 100 genes with maximum number of copies were analyzed. Most of these genes fell either into hypothetical protein category or in ribosomal protein category. Some of the genes belonged to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) or transcription factors category containing zinc finger domain. Previous study on Brassica rapa suggested that multiple copies of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) enabled redundant plant translational machinery, resulting in diversification and emergence of resistance.
In order to assess the completeness of the genic regions in the assembled draft genome, the length distribution of exon, intron, and coding sequence (CDS) regions of the genes was compared with the published genomes for five different species including Ammopiptanthus nanus, Erigeron breviscapus, Fagus sylvatica, Malus x domestica, Prunus yedoensis. Average exon, intron and CDS length of P. kurrooa was found to be 287.464 bases, 353.91 bases and 285.2 bases, respectively. The distribution of all these values were found in the similar range as was observed for the five compared species, suggesting comparable assembly of the genome with almost similar level of information on genes (Fig. 2b). This was expected as unique regions of genomes hardly cause poor recognition of partners during assembling and achieve smoother assembling. Fragmentation occurs due to poor assembling partner recognition which is usually posed by complex repeat regions. Out of 24,798 unigenes, 17,773 belonged to 2973 different PFAM categories. A total of 27,910 PFAM HMMs were found in 17,773 unigenes. Among these, 48.98%, 40.59%, 9.7% belonged to PFAM domain, PFAM family and PFAM repeats, respectively. Pentatricopeptide repeat (3.38), PPR repeat family (2.68), protein kinase (2.62), plant mobile domain (1.80), WD40 or β-transducin repeat (1.39), tyrosine kinase (1.20), RNA recognition motif (1.17), plant transposase (1.14), Myb_DNA-binding (1.08), leucine-rich repeat (1.04) were among the top ten most abundant family in PFAM analysis (Fig. 3d). Out of 24,798 unigenes, 13,506 belonged to Eukaryotic Orthologous Groups (KOG). Serine/threonine protein kinase (signal transduction mechanisms), cytochrome P450 CYP2 subfamily (secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism), UDP-glucuronosyl and UDP-glucosyl transferase (carbohydrate transport and metabolism, energy production and conversion), transcription factor, Myb superfamily (transcription), cytochrome P450 CYP4/CYP19/CYP26 subfamilies (secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, lipid transport and metabolism), predicted E3 ubiquitin ligase (post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperones), tam3-transposase (replication, recombination and repair), calmodulin and related proteins (EF-Hand superfamily) (signal transduction mechanisms), H+/oligopeptide symporter (amino acid transport and metabolism), iron/ascorbate family oxidoreductases (secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism, general function prediction only) were among the most abundant orthologous groups (Fig. 3b). Similar analysis was done separately for those genes which had more than one copy. Out of 37,072 genes, 15.11% belonged to protein binding category. Similarly, 2.57% genes belonged to sequence specific DNA binding transcription factor activity, 1.75% belonged to RNA binding, 1.67% belonged to protein binding related function (Fig. 3e). In PFAM analysis 7778 genes had 2254 unique PFAM domains. Due to multiple copies of genes, 41,966 PFAM domain copies were found to exist in these genes. These copies followed the same pattern of abundance as overall genes analysis. Maximum number of copies were found for pentatricopeptide repeat, PPR repeat family, protein kinase, plant mobile domain, WD40 or β-transducin repeat. 5871 genes were found clustered with at least one orthologous group. Similar to PFAM analysis, KOG analysis for multi-copy genes also followed same pattern of abundance for all genes in terms of most abundant terms.
A total of 1612 unigenes were found to be putative transcription factors on the basis of two different annotation approaches. In the first approach the annotations from BLAST/ Annot8r59 were considered as transcription factor based on significance score and homology against the known transcription factors. A total of 1157 transcription factors were found by this approach. Besides this, transcription factors were also searched on the basis of PFAM domain search. A total of 829 unigenes with transcription factor domain were recorded. When the data from these two analyses were merged and unified, a total 1612 unigenes appeared as transcription factors. All of these transcripts were searched against Planttfdb60. Out of these 1612 putative transcription factors, MYB (9.38%), AP2 (8.9%), bZIP (8.9%) and HLH (8.71%) transcription factor families were found to be the most abundant (Fig. 3f). Along with transcription factor characterization, their binding sites were also scanned across the genome. A total of 981 different transcription factors belonging to 82 different plant transcription families with a total of 1881 transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) matrix models were download from PlantPAN2.061 database. These matrices were scanned across the genes along with their 2 Kb upstream regions. A total of 1,48,38,54,421 TFBS were found which appeared very high. To filter out significant binding sites, matrices were mapped to their respective TF family. Transcription factors, belonging to those families and genes on which their binding sites were found, were further studied for expression correlation > = 0.8 with significant p-value (< 0.05). A total of 6,23,434 binding sites belonged to 1154 TFs containing 35 TF families. The most abundant binding sites were found for MYB (14%), bZIP (12.9%) and AP2 (11.4%) followed by Homeobox and HLH.
Major non-coding elements
Those transcripts which do not serve as template for functional protein synthesis are called as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Some of the recent studies indicated that under abiotic stress, plants produce several hundreds of non-polyadenylated lncRNAs62. Dynamic regulations of lncRNAs act as regulating factor in development and stress response. To find non-coding elements in the draft genome assembly, plant NONCODE database63 was used. Using BLASTN, different non-coding elements were located in the genome against NONCODE database. A total of 9789 non-coding elements, including lncRNA, tasiRNA, tRNA, and snoRNA were found in our data. Among 9789 non-coding elements, 3556 (36.35%) belonged to tRNAs, 2957 belonged to lncRNA (30.23%), 1289 belonged to lincRNAs (13.18%) and 1070 (10.94%) belonged to TCONS (novel type of lincRNAs) (Fig. 3a). This must be noted that plant non-coding RNAs are not well annotated as in animals, and lag behind in methods and software to identify them in plants.
Phylogenetic analysis of P. kurrooa
Different species have evolved with time through natural selection. Underlying mechanism of this evolution is genomic mutation which occur spontaneously while following molecular clock. P. kurrooa is listed as an endangered plant species due to uncontrolled harvesting, making it essential for evolutionary analysis64. Out of 24,798 unigene transcripts BLAST searched against NR database, 24,517 returned successful hits. Out of these hits, maximum hits were found against Sesamum indicum (36.30%) followed by for Handroanthus impetiginosus (18.13%), Erythranthe guttata (8.91%) and Olea europaea var. sylvestris (4.82%) (Supplementary Table S4). These four species covered 68% of the total hits. Sesamum indicum belongs to Pedaliaceae family, but P. kurrooa does not belong to this family, yet P. kurrooa follows same taxonomy till the order level. Since the genome of Sesamum indicum is well annotated, P. kurrooa might have shown maximum similarity with this species based on abundance of transcript data. Out of the top 10 most abundant species, none of them belonged to P. kurrooa family or genus. P. kurrooa belongs to family Plantaginaceae and NR database consisted a very limited number of proteins belonging to this family. Due to lack of any well annotated genome in Picrorhiza’s genus, it showed the similarity with Sesamum indicum at order level, as both species share the same order, Lamiales.
Ribosomal RNAs were identified in P. kurrooa draft genome using RNAmmer65. A total of 17 unique 18S ribosomal RNAs were found in the data. Each ribosomal RNA had multiple copies. Maximum number of copies for a ribosomal RNA was 891, whereas, minimum number was 136 copies. Further, these 17 ribosomal RNAs were searched using BLASTN in NCBI's nucleotide database. Each ribosomal RNA returned multiple hits among different species. For phylogenetic analysis, single 18S ribosomal RNA was selected. Cross species sequences were aligned using clustalW. Alignments were loaded for phylogenetic analysis into BEASTv1.10.466 with strict molecular clock and GTR substitution model for tree annotation. Generated tree was loaded into figtree for visualization. Phylogenetic tree clearly distinguished P. kurrooa among all other taxon which were not close to this species taxonomically (Fig. 4a). On other hand, it also placed P. kurrooa with Veronica insularis Nakai. These both species share same tribe, Veroniceae. However, Digitalis lanata was also clustered into P. kurrooa group. Reason behind that could be that this species shares family with Veroniceae tribe and any other tribe did not have major similarity with this group in our selected species. The major cluster was also able to distinguish Lamiales order with all the other order in the tree. In a similar manner, all other small clusters clearly reflected the common taxonomical relationship among the members. For instance, Solanales cluster had all the Nicotiana’s family members. Apiales were also distinguishable in the tree as a single cluster.
The top 100 closest species were further considered for another phylogenetic analysis on the basis of conserved genes and chloroplast genes. However, out of 100 species, genome sequence was available for only nine species and transcriptome was available for thirteen species only. Hence, several conserved house-keeping gene sequences were not available across all the considered 100 species. Maximum overlap of any conserved gene across these species was found only for 39 species. Therefore, chloroplast genes were preferred over conserved house-keeping genes. Nucleotide sequence of photosystem II protein D1 (chloroplast) was considered for phylogenetic analysis. This gene sequence was available for 74 species. The phylogenetic analysis with chloroplast gene also classified P. kurrooa in Veroniceae tribe. Similar to the 18S ribosomal RNA analysis, here also Lamiales order was distinguishable from all the other order in analysis. The clusters formed here also showed high similarity with those obtained with 18S ribosomal RNA based analysis (Fig. 4b).
Another phylogenetic analysis was performed using AAI-profiler, an amino acids indexer for identity67. It is a proteome based homology search tool. From the draft assembly the proteome was created using MAKER2 program on the basis of six frames ORF. This proteome data for 24,798 transcripts was submitted to AAI. Scatterplot shows AAI percentage on x axis whereas matched fraction is plotted on y-axis. Each data point represents a different species. Color coding of data point tells us about the order of eukaryotes. If a data point is given at the top right corner of this plot it indicates that species is completely matched with database. At top right corner AAI value and matched fraction both will be 1. In our data this was not the case, as this is a novel genome assembly. In our data two subclasses, asterids and rosids showed the maximum abundance (Supplementary Fig. S4a). Both subclasses belonged to Pentapetalae clade. Top most species with maximum average amino acid identity of 0.723 and matched fraction of 0.457 was Nicotiana tabacum. Nicotiana tabacum belongs to asterids subclass, which was also present in the rRNA based phylogenetic analysis. However, it was present in a different group in phylogenetic tree, though the two groups consisting of 6 species (Angelica gigas, Asiatic ginseng, Hesperelaea palmeri, P. kurrooa, American tobacco and Antirrhinum majus) clustered together with 100% clade credibility value. Next top species in AAI profiler analysis was Populus trichocarpa with average amino acid identity of 0.702 with matched fraction of 0.444. It belongs to rosid subclass.
Among the the top 20 species in AAI profiler, 12 species belonged to subclass rosid and 8 belonged to subclass asterid. P. kurrooa's order Lamiales comes under asterid subclass. Out of 20 species in AAI profiler analysis, only two species including Handroanthus impetiginosus and Erythranthe guttata share same order Lamiales with P. kurrooa. Krona plot of P. kurrooa showed almost similar result to what was found from BLAST result of transcripts against NR database, as in this plot each query protein was assigned to the species of closest match (ranking by alignment bit score) (Supplementary Fig. S4b). As high as 57% of proteins were assigned to two species, Handroanthus impetiginosus (38%) and Erythranthe guttata (19%).
With more than 23,000 species, Lamiales is considered as one of the largest order of flowering plants. Genus Picrorhiza contains only one species in “Genera Plantarum”. This genus is classified into Lamiales order and four different analysis also suggested the same. All of the four analyses clustered P. kurrooa into the Lamiales order with sufficient confidence. In transcript based analysis top three species belonged to Lamiales order. In ribosomal RNA based analyses also P. kurrooa was clustered into Lamiales group along with Veroniceae tribe’s species. Similar to ribosomal RNA based analysis, chloroplast gene based analysis also classified P. kurrooa into Veroniceae tribe. Amino acid identity based analysis also showed the maximum AAI with asterid subclass which is super class of Lamiales. Among all four analyses, rRNA and chloroplast gene based analysis may be considered most significant due to conservative nature of ribosomal RNAs and chloroplast genes.
Transcriptome analysis for annotated genes at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) in leaf and rhizome tissue
De novo transcriptome sequencing of P. kurrooa leaves at 15 °C and 25 °C by our group had revealed enhanced accumulation of picrosides at 15 °C with concomitant increase in expression of key genes of the biosynthetic pathway8. Since leaves and rhizomes are the main sites for picroside biosynthesis, an understanding of gene expression in tissue specific manner was central to identify the key genes and regulators of complex biological pathways. Besides this, transcriptome data helps in building better gene models. Transcriptome sequencing of these tissues was performed on Illumina sequencing platform. After initial filtering of the read data, it was mapped to assembled transcripts models of the genome obtained through MAKER2. Counts of mapped number of reads under different conditions were normalized into FPKM to find out expression of the transcripts. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified using EdgeR tool with p-value < = 0.05. To functionally annotate, transcript search was performed against Uniprot database. Top hits for each query were searched for associated Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Enzyme Commission Codes (EC). Significant GO annotation were found for 20,559 out of 24,798 transcripts. These transcripts were further categorized into biological process and molecular function classes (Supplementary Data sheet S2). Biological process category showed that meristem maintenance, embryo development ending in seed dormancy, response to abscisic acid stimulus, response to salt stress, meristem development, response to cold and regulation of transcription were under highly represented groups which showed that plant was responsive to cold while maintaining its growth (Supplementary Fig. S5). Protein binding, sequence-specific DNA binding, transcription factor activity, identical protein binding, RNA binding, protein kinase activity, protein homodimerization activity, DNA binding, sequence-specific DNA binding and mRNA binding were under the highest over-represented molecular function categories (Supplementary Fig. S5). EC classification was found for 12,192 transcripts, whereas KEGG classification was found for 12,091 transcripts. Out of 12,192 transcripts with EC hits, maximum number of transcripts belonged to the serine/threonine protein kinase enzyme class (18.84%). Similarly, most abundant KEGG pathways were plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, ribosome, RNA transport, spliceosome, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, starch and sucrose metabolism, tight junction and endocytosis pathways (Supplementary Fig. S5).
To understand the temperature mediated gene expression, differentially expressed transcripts for two tissues were compared at 15 °C and 25 °C (Supplementary Data sheet S3–6). In biological process category, transcripts associated with response to heat, response to karrikin, defense response to fungus, response to abscisic acid stimulus, and response to wound healing were most abundant at 25 °C in both the tissues (Supplementary Fig. S6a; S6c). Overall upregulation of stress responsive transcripts at 25 °C suggested plant to be under stress. In leaf tissue, transcripts related to photosynthesis, lignin biosynthetic process, carotenoid biosynthetic process, chlorophyll catabolic process, and chloroplast organization were most abundant and were downregulated at 25 °C (Supplementary Fig. S6c).
Plant metabolic network (PMN) is a database which contains data for over 350 plant species metabolic network information. Transcripts from our analysis were also searched against PMN database. It was found that 3980 unigenes were present in PMN. Their transcripts were directly mapped onto metabolic network and pathways. Highest number of transcripts belonged to 26,27-dehydrozymosterol metabolism pathways, C4 photosynthetic carbon assimilation cycle, matairesinol biosynthesis, justicidin B biosynthesis, sesamin biosynthesis, gluconeogenesis I, homogalacturonan degradation, glycolysis I and gluconeogenesis III (Supplementary Fig. S5). Transcripts belonging to ajmaline and sarpagine biosynthesis, glutathione-mediated detoxification II and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were upregulated at 25 °C in both the tissues (Supplementary Fig. S6b; S6d). Upregulation of flavonoid pathway genes at 25 °C in both the tissues suggested their role in acclimation to temperature stress. Downregulated transcripts in rhizome tissue at 25 °C were mostly falling into cellulose biosynthesis, suberin monomers biosynthesis, 26,27-dehydrozymosterol metabolism, matairesinol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoids methylation, starch biosynthesis, and sucrose degradation III (sucrose invertase) (Supplementary Fig. S6b). Downregulated transcripts in leaf tissue exposed to 25 °C belonged to Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, photosynthesis light reactions, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate biosynthesis II, gluconeogenesis I, gluconeogenesis III, glycolysis I (from glucose 6-phosphate), glycolysis II (from fructose 6-phosphate), sucrose biosynthesis I (Supplementary Fig. S6d). Downregulation of photosynthesis related pathways at high temperature suggested plant to be under stress at 25 °C.
For differentially expressed genes, top 30 unigenes were selected on the basis of logFC for each condition (Supplementary Fig. S2) and heatmaps were prepared. Under each condition only those genes were selected which had (RPKM > = 0.5). EdgeR generally shows maximum fold change for those transcripts which do not have any expression at all in one condition and a significant expression in another condition. Heatmaps depicted that several transcripts belonging to some important biological category such as response to abscisic acid stimulus, defense response to fungus and defense response to bacterium showed major upregulated fold change in rhizome exposed to 25 °C. Likewise, transcripts related to defense response to fungus, systemic acquired resistance, and response to phenylpropanoid were upregulated in leaf tissue exposed to 25 °C. Transcripts belonging to cell growth, monosaccharide transport and regulation of transcription were upregulated in rhizome tissue exposed to 15 °C. Light dependent chlorophyll biosynthetic process, photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism related transcripts showed upregulation at 15 °C in leaf tissue.
miRNAs and their target analysis at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) in leaf and rhizome tissue
miRNAs are key regulators of gene expression at post transcriptional level that control translation or stability of target mRNAs. Numerous studies reported a role of miRNA’s in coping up with environmental stresses in plants. Environmental stresses not only lead to aberrant expression of miRNAs but also induce synthesis of new miRNAs68. Two tissues (leaf and rhizome) at two temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) of P. kurrooa were studied for understanding miRNA mediated gene regulation. Small RNA libraries from leaf and rhizome tissues were sequenced. This is the first small-RNAseq study done ever for P. kurrooa. A total of 1,87,89,667 and 2,97,82,716 sRNA reads were generated from leaf tissue exposed to 15 °C and 25 °C (L15 and L25), respectively, while 2,41,20,010 and 22,61,141 reads were generated at 15 °C and 25 °C (R15 and R25), respectively, for rhizome tissue. After quality filtering and adaptor removing 1,80,22,962 reads were obtained. Remaining reads were clustered together and mapped across the newly assembled draft genome using Bowtie. Due to mismatch limitations in the seed of Bowtie mapping algorithm, short sRNA reads mapped poorly across PacBio obtained reference genome. Therefore, reads having length between 18 to 25 bp were selected and mapped across the assembled genome using BLAST. BLAST hits with up to 5 mismatches were allowed, and reads with full length mapping were considered as mapped one. Out of 21,474 unique reads, 20,362 reads were mapped to the genome. A total of 710 miRNAs were identified in the draft assembly of P. kurrooa. Out of these 710 miRNAs, 167 miRNAs were novel miRNAs which were not reported in miRBase, whereas 543 known miRNA were present across different species and reported at miRBase (Supplementary Data sheet S7).
A total of 72,35,625 interactions were found between miRNAs and their targets with strong anti-correlation for expression. These interactions were covering 654 miRNAs and 24,384 targeted transcripts. Out of these 654 miRNAs, 151 were novel miRNAs whereas 503 miRNAs were present in miRBase. Out of these miRNAs, pkr-miR4372a had the maximum number of target genes (14,279) whereas pkr-miR-BART7-5p had the minimum number of targets genes (1890). Hypothetical protein MIMGU_mgv1a015711mg had the maximum number of targeting miRNAs (524). Almost similar number (523 and 522) of miRNAs were targeting zinc finger BED domain-containing protein and methyl-CpG-binding domain-containing proteins, respectively. Both proteins play an important role in transcription control, suggesting high degree of control on them. There were 271 interactions supported by degradome data covering 35 miRNAs (3 novel miRNAs) and 231 genes, while 9237 interactions were supported by AGO/CLASH data covering 539 miRNAs (116 novel miRNA) that targeted 5847 genes.
In this study, we kept two fold change cutoff to identify the up and downregulated miRNAs. Among all, 165 miRNAs were observed upregulated in rhizome tissue at 25 °C whereas 297 miRNA were downregulated. In leaf tissue, 34 miRNAs were upregulated whereas 170 miRNAs were downregulated at 25 °C. Overall 25 °C had lesser number of upregulated miRNAs as compared to that at 15 °C in both the tissues, suggesting a higher requirement of gene regulation at 15 °C.
In biological process category, genes belonging to response to cold, response to karrakin, cell growth and monosaccharide transport were downregulated by miRNAs in rhizome tissue at 25 °C as compared to those at 15 °C (Fig. 5a). In leaf tissue, miRNAs downregulated genes associated with growth, regulation of cellular respiration, cellular response to iron ion starvation and actin cytoskeleton organization at 25 °C (Fig. 6a). P. kurrooa is a species of high altitude and a higher temperature of 25 °C has been reported to negatively affect its growth and development. The present data suggested a role of miRNAs in affecting slow vegetative growth in P. kurrooa at higher temperature. On the contrary, defense response to fungus, response to oxidative stress, response to heat, response to abscisic acid and jasmonic acid stimulus were upregulated, and corresponding miRNAs were downregulated at 25 °C in both the tissues (Figs. 5a, 6a). Under molecular function category, genes involved in sequence-specific DNA binding –transcription factor activity, DNA and protein binding were miRNA controlled and upregulated in both the tissues at 25 °C (Figs. 5b, 6b) indicating a role of miRNAs in temperature mediated modulation of biological processes.
In KEGG pathways, plant hormone signal transduction, starch and sucrose metabolism, galactose metabolism, stilbenoid diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism pathways were upregulated at 25 °C in both the tissues whereas targeting miRNAs were downregulated (Figs. 5c, 6c). However, plant pathogen interaction, brassinosteriod biosynthesis, and toll like receptor signaling pathways were exclusively upregulated in rhizome tissue exposed to 25 °C (Fig. 5c).
Under PMN pathway category, transcripts belonging to ajmaline and sarpagine biosynthesis, phospholipases, hydrogen peroxide detoxification, glutathione mediated detoxification and homogalacturonan degradation were miRNA controlled and upregulated at 25 °C in both the tissues (Figs. 5d, 6d). Data revealed major metabolism adjustments for physiological and morphological adaptations.
miRNAs regulate expression of stress responsive genes in P. kurrooa
Cytosolic free calcium acts as secondary messenger in abiotic stress signaling. Calmodulins are calcium binding proteins that play an important role in plant stress response by inducing downstream signal transduction pathways69. Overexpression of calmodulin like (ShCML44) stress-responsive gene is reported to impart tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses in Solanum habrochaites70. In our data, calmodulin gene was targeted by pkr-miR-5350d-5p, and upregulated in both rhizome and leaf tissues at 25 °C. Reversible protein phosphorylation is a vital event in signal transduction which regulates several cellular activities in a eukaryotic cell71. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is mediated by protein kinases and phosphatases respectively, and allows proteins to switch from one state to another rapidly that enables plants to respond to various stress stimuli accurately and rapidly72. miRNAs targeting serine threonine protein kinases as well as phosphatases in both the tissues were identified. CBL-interacting serine threonine protein kinase was upregulated at 25 °C in leaf tissue and the targeting miRNAs, pkr-nov-miR-24, pkr-miR-1302, were downregulated. Likewise, in rhizome tissue at 25 °C, expression of serine threonine protein kinase A was upregulated whereas expression of targeting miRNA pkr-miR-4698 was downregulated. Further, pkr-miR-165a-3p targeting protein phosphatases in both the tissues was downregulated at 25 °C. This suggested that plant responds to temperature stress by activation of miRNA regulated downstream signal transduction pathways.
Plant hormones function as key regulators of plant growth, development and complex stress signaling cascades73. Abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene are phytohormones that play an important role in abiotic stress signaling74,75. Brassinosteroids are steroidal phytohormones with multifaceted role in plant growth, development and adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses76. In our data, miRNAs were targeting transcripts involved in brassinostreroid, ethylene and abscisic acid mediated signaling pathways in both tissues (Supplementary Fig. S7). Downregulation of miRNAs targeting signaling pathways mediated by these hormones at 25 °C suggested temperature mediated modulation of hormone signaling cascades by miRNAs.
Interestingly, miRNAs targeting transcription factors involved in abiotic stress signaling such as MYB, WRKY and ethylene responsive transcription factors (ERF) were also identified. Since P. kurrooa is a medicinal plant species of high altitude where temperature fluctuations are quite high, miRNAs targeting signaling pathways and transcription factors are worth studying in imparting tolerance to temperature stress in P. kurrooa.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a dual role in plant stress response by causing oxidative damage and functioning as stress-signalling molecules77. Glutathione-S-transferases are antioxidant enzymes that quench ROS with addition of glutathione and thereby protect cells from oxidative damage. Numerous studies suggested a role of glutathione-S-transferases in imparting abiotic stress tolerance to plants78,79. For example, over-expression of AtGSTU19 was reported to impart tolerance to salt, drought and methyl viologen stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana80. In our data, pkr-miR-482c-5p with glutathione-S-transferase as a target in both the tissues was identified. Down regulation of pkr-miR-482c-5p at 25 °C in both the tissues suggested the activation of plant antioxidant machinery to combat oxidative stress caused by ROS.
Temperature is reported to affect cell wall metabolism in plants81,82. In our data, enzymes involved in cell wall modifications β-d-xylosidase, β-glucosidase, α-l arabinofuranosidase and polygalactouranase were differentially expressed and the corresponding targeting miRNAs were identified in both the tissues. Overall, up-regulation of stress responsive transcripts and down-regulation of targeting miRNAs at 25 °C suggested a role of miRNAs in regulating plant stress response.
miRNAs regulate defense related genes in P. kurrooa
Temperature has been reported to modulate defense responses in plants83. Pathogenesis related (PR) proteins are vital components of plant innate immune system and serve as molecular markers of defense signaling pathways84. Several studies have suggested a role of PR proteins in abiotic stress tolerance. Overexpression of PR10 enhanced tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress in rice85. Novel miRNAs pkr-nov-miR-352 and pkr-nov-miR-265 with basic form of pathogenesis related protein 1 (PRP1) as target were identified in both the tissues. Further, pkr-miR-7588 was found targeting chitinase, a subgroup of PR proteins in both the tissues. Abiotic stresses have been reported to induce the expression of chitinases in Brassica juncea86. Overexpression of chitinase from Trichoderma harzianum imparted resistance to salinity and heavy metals in transgenic tobacco87. An upregulation of PR-related genes at 25 °C suggested miRNA mediated modulation of plant immune response and a cross-talk between abiotic and biotic stress signaling pathways.
To validate the reliability of above observations, qRT-PCR was used to analyze expression of miRNA and their identified targets. Randomly, 14 pairs of such miRNAs and their identified targets were selected for experimental validation. The expression pattern of 10 out of 14 selected miRNA, and targets pairs obtained by qRT-PCR were consistent with the computational study results. The results revealed significant anti-correlation between expression of miRNAs and corresponding targets (Fig. 7).
Collectively, a total of 462 and 208 differentially expressed temperature responsive miRNAs were identified in P. kurrooa. KEGG and PMN-pathway enrichment showed that most of the miRNAs were involved in regulating genes involved in plant stress response, hormone signal transduction and plant pathogen interaction pathways. The study provides a repertoire of temperature responsive miRNAs and corresponding targets which could be used in enhancing stress tolerance in P. kurrooa.
Web-browser based implementation of all the annotation of genome
The assembled draft genome of P. kurrooa offers a valuable resource and reference information to understand the biology of this important endangered species. The study also provided a novel computational strategy of assembling, while dealing with highly repetitive complex genome where unique tagging of repeats can resolve complex genomes. The plethora of information releasing from the draft genome of P. kurrooa has been archived into an interactive panoramic database which is freely available for the scientific community to take maximum advantage from the findings made here. The availability of P. kurrooa reference genome will facilitate integration of biotechnological tools for improvement and conservation of this endangered medicinal herb.
P. kurrooa was collected from natural habitat at Rohtang (32°23′ N, 77°15′ E; 4000 m altitude, India). Indian Biological Diversity Act 2002 permits bonafide Indians to access biological resources for scientific research88. Our institute at Palampur (1300 m altitude; 32°06′ N, 76°33′ E, India) has an internationally recognized herbarium with “PLP” as an acronym wherein P. kurrooa was deposited as voucher specimen no. 6500. The voucher specimen was identified by the taxonomist at our Institute. At Palampur, P. kurrooa plants were transferred in plastic pots containing a mixture of soil, farm yard manure and sand in a ratio of 2:1:1 and maintained for 3 months in the experimental farm of Institute. After 3 months, plants were shifted to a plant growth chamber (Percival Scientific, USA) maintained at 15 °C (16 h of photoperiod; 350 µmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density).
Genomic library preparation and sequencing
For genomic library preparation, DNA was isolated using cetyl trimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) method89. The quantity and quality of isolated DNA was checked using a NanoDrop 1000 (NanoDrop Technologies, USA), Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent technologies, USA) and Qubit® 2.0 Fluorometer (Invitrogen, USA). Illumina paired-end libraries were prepared using truseq DNA PCR-free sample prepration kit (Illumina USA) following manufacturer’s instructions. Seven genomic libraries with insert size ranging from 200 to 500 bp were prepared. Paired end sequencing, (2 × 76 bp) and (2 × 101 bp), was carried out on an Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx (Illumina, USA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. For long read sequencing, genomic libraries were prepared using PacBio 10 Kb and 20 Kb template prep kit (Pacific Biosciences, USA) with Blue Pippin Size Selection System (Sage Science, USA) following manufacturer’s instructions. The libraries were sequenced on the PacBio RS II platform (Pacific Biosciences, USA) using 255 SMRT cells. In total, 80 Gb data (~ 45 × coverage) was generated.
cDNA and small RNA library preparation and sequencing
P. kurrooa plants were kept at 15 °C and 25 °C in two separate plant growth chambers (350 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density; 16 h photoperiod) for 2 weeks followed by sampling of leaf and rhizome tissues at both the temperatures. RNA was isolated as described by Ghawana et al.90 and its integrity and concentration was checked by using RNA Nano chip on Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 (Agilent technologies, USA). cDNA and small RNA libraries were prepared using truseq RNA library preparation kit (Illumina, USA) and truseq small RNA sample preparation kit (Illumina, USA), respectively, following the manufacturer’s instructions. Paired end (PE) 36 × 2 bp sequencing of cDNA libraries was carried out on Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx (Illumina, USA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions. Sequencing of small RNA libraries was also carried out on Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx (Illumina, USA) as per the manufacturer’s instructions.
Read data filtering
A total of 115 Gb data was generated by sequencing of genomic libraries using Illumina GAIIx sequencing platform. Basecall files from Illumina were converted into fastq file format using bcltofastq.pl script. In order to remove sequencing error, reads were filtered using in-house developed script filteR8. This tool was run with two different modules, first one was avg_p which gives position wise quality score for each read file. Therefore, if there is any kind of instrumentation error in any cycle during read generation step on Illumina sequencer then it will be detected on that particular position in each of the read. Whereas, the second module checks for per read quality where adaptor contamination is also checked. If any poor quality read is found, it is discarded. For the first module avg_p, minimum quality score of QV > = 25 for each position was considered. Any read files showing quality value less than 25QV were trimmed from that position. For the second module quality value of 25 for 70% read length were considered. Finally, all high quality reads were used for error correction of PacBio SMRT long reads.
Initial read length for PacBio long reads varied from 36 bp to 65 Kbp. PacBio long reads had ~ 13% error rate which is usually in the form of indels. Therefore, these reads needed to be corrected before using them for assembly. In order to correct these reads, hybrid error correction protocol proovread was used with default parameters. This protocol first of all maps short reads of Illumina across the long reads of PacBio. These mapped files were used for consensus calling for the final corrected reads. Reads with chimeric or low consensus position were trimmed. Along with these hybrid error corrected reads, PacBio self error correction strategy with Canu assembler18 was also used.
Assembly of PacBio long reads
Hybrid error corrected reads and PacBio self corrected reads were used to produce primary assembly draft using Canu assembler with default parameters where 500 bp minimum read length was considered for assembly. Canu assembler assembled contig level assembly which was a lot higher than expected genome size in terms of base pair. Therefore, a novel strategy was developed to assemble these contigs into scaffolds. This strategy is discussed in result section of this article.
Assembly completeness validation
BUSCO v3.0.2 was downloaded along with (multiple) helping databases including eukaryota_odb9 and viridiplantae_odb10. BUSCO was run using the following command: python scripts/run_BUSCO.py -i picro_assembly.fasta -o picro_embryo -l embryophyta_odb9 -c 30 -m geno and python scripts/run_BUSCO.py -i picro_assembly.fasta -o picro_viridiplantae -l viridiplantae_odb10 -c 30 -m geno. Similarly to run CoreGF, database of CoreGF was download from it’s portal PLAZAv4.0 Eudicotyldone. Respective sequences for Lamiales group of species were retrieved from the database. BLAST was run with these sequences against genome fasta file. Top hits were selected on the basis of E-value-1–05. ESTs were collected from NCBI EST database. BLAST run was performed against the genome to get the tophits for these ESTs.
Wet lab validation of randomly selected contigs
Primers were designed from 5′ and 3′ ends of 11 supra contigs. The properties of the designed primers were calculated using online oligoCalc tool (http://biotools.nubic.northwestern.edu/OligoCalc.html). Primer sequences and thermal cycling profile used for amplification of 3′ and 5′ end of contigs are provided in Supplementary Table S5. Total DNA was extracted from P. kurrooa leaves using CTAB method89. For PCR 100 ng/µl DNA was used for amplification of contig sequences using Advantage GC2 Polymerase (Takarabio, Japan).
To annotate genes, Core Eukaryotic Genes Mapping Approach (CEGMA) was run across the assembled genome. Output of CEGMA was converted into SNAP HMMs. GeneMark was also run onto genome. HMM from both CEGMA and GeneMark were used into MAKER2's first pass along with evidence sets transcripts from previous transcriptome study. Output of MAKER2's first pass were converted into SNAP HMMs and AUGUSTUS HMMs. MAKER2 was run with more stringent setting along with three HMMs (MAKER SNAP, GeneMark, AUGUSTUS) and evidence set (transcripts). From the final set of genes only Annotation Edit Distance (AED) < 1 were retained.
Functional and pathway annotation on the basis of homology
Gene sequences along with their most probable transcript and translated protein sequence were retrieved from MAKER2. These transcript sequences were BLAST searched against NCBI NR database to find closest annotation for each transcript. Tophit for each transcript was selected as most probable annotation for that transcript. To functionally classify these transcripts, we used Annot8r tool. Annot8r searches against Uniprot database, Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Enzyme Commission codes (EC).
Gene expression measurement
For RPKM (Read Per Kilobase per Million) level measurement of P. kurrooa transcripts, reads from four different conditions were mapped back on transcripts of each gene using Bowtie. Number of mapped reads were normalized using RPKM.
Differential expression analysis
For differential expression (DE) analysis, mapped read counts for each transcript were used according to specific condition. DE was carried out using EdgeR package in R. EdgeR estimated the mean and variance of raw read counts under negative binomial distribution to identify differentially expressed transcripts. P-value < = 0.05 was used to distinguish between significant DEGs and non significant DEGs.
Plant metabolic network
The Plant Metabolic Network is a broad database of plant metabolic networks for genes, enzymes, compounds, reaction and pathway involved in primary and secondary metabolism in plants. The identified differentially expressed genes were mapped for these networks.
Experimental validation using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
For expression studies, total RNA was isolated from leaf and rhizome tissue of P. kurrooa plants exposed to 15 °C and 25 °C using method described by Ghawana et al.90. For miRNA target expression analysis, total RNA was treated with RNase-free DNase I (Invitrogen, USA) and was reverse transcribed using Superscript III (Invitrogen, USA) following manufacturer’s instructions. Gene specific expression primers for qRT-PCR were designed using Primer Express 3.0.1 primer design tool (Invitrogen, USA). Primer sequences used for expression analysis are provided in Supplementary Table S6. qRT-PCR was performed with three separate biological replicates using Actin as an internal control gene on an Applied Biosystems step one plus real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, USA) using 2 × Brilliant II SYBR Green QPCR Master Mix (Agilent Technologies, USA). qRT-PCR was conducted with the following conditions: 10 min at 95 °C, 40 cycles each of 30 s at 95 °C, 60 s at desired Tm followed by a final melting curve analysis (55–95 °C) so as to verify the specificity of amplicons. For miRNA expression analysis, cDNA specific for each miRNA was synthesized using Taqman cDNA synthesis kit following manufacturer’s instructions. Primers and Taqman probes used for miRNA expression analysis were custom synthesized and obtained from Applied Biosystems, USA (Supplementary Table S6). All reactions were performed with three separate biological replicates with 5.8S rRNA as an internal control for normalization. qRT-PCR was carried out using the StepOne Plus Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, USA) with the following protocol: 50 °C for 15 min, 95 °C for 10 min (enzyme activation), followed by 40 cycles of denaturing at 95 °C for 15 s, annealing and extension at 60 °C for 1 min. Expression of both targets as well as miRNAs with respective controls was estimated using 2−ΔΔCT method91. Expression values were transformed (log2) to generate expression profiles.
To annotate miRNAs miRDeep292 scripts were used. Reads obtained by sequencing of small RNA libraries were quality filtered using filteR8. After quality assessment, low quality reads along with adaptor contaminated reads were discarded. Final quality reads were collapsed into unique reads with their copy number information. These reads were mapped onto genome using Bowtie. Due to limited number of mismatches (two in seed region), Bowtie was unable to map sufficient number of reads onto genome. Therefore, these reads were mapped onto genome using BLAST and BLAST output was converted into arf file format which is a specific file format for miRDeep2. The arf file, genome file, read files, and known precursors file from mirBase were provided as input into miRDeep2 to find novel and known miRNAs.
miRNA target sites finding
To assign functions to these miRNAs, target genes were identified using p-TAREF93 with maximum of two mismatches using polynomial kernel. Further, pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) was calculated using RPM value of miRNAs and FPKM values of target genes. All those miRNA: target pairs, which showed high negative correlation coefficient (“r” < − 0.5) were selected for further analysis as an experimental evidence in Argonaute protein data from AGO1-9 using Bowtie.
Transcription factors and their binding sites annotation
Genes annotated from BLAST and Annot8r59 were considered as transcription factors if these were showing tophit as a transcription factor from NR database. Other than BLAST hit, transcription factors were also searched on the basis of PFAM domain search. TFBS motifs belonging to 82 Different Plant TF families were downloaded from PlantPAN2.0 database. These matrices were scanned on genes along with their 2 kb upstream regions. To filter out significant binding sites, matrices were mapped to their respective TF family. Transcription factors, belonging to those families and genes on which their binding sites were found, were further checked for correlation = > 0.8 with significant p-value < 0.05.
RepeatModeler was used to detect and annotate repetitive elements on the genome with de novo repeat family identification and modeling module. This module uses RepeatScout, RECON and Tandem Repeat Finder (TRF) to find repeats in scaffolds using de novo and similarity based approaches. Draft assembly file was provided as an input into RepeatModeler in fasta file format. RepeatModeler constructed a repeat library with de novo and known repeats. This library was fed into the RepeatMasker/Repbase to find all de novo and novel repeats in the primary assembly draft.
Ribosomal RNA identification
To annotate ribosomal RNA in the P. kurrooa genome, RNAmmer 1.2v65 standalone version was used. RNAmmer predicts ribosomal RNA on the basis of Hidden Markov Model trained on ribosomal RNA from different kingdoms of life. Genome fasta file was used as the input for RNAmmer. Further predicted ribosomal RNAs were searched for multiple copies in genome using BLASTn.
All transcripts which were found in our data were BLAST searched against NR database of NCBI. Tophits for each transcript were selected on the basis of bitscore and e-value. Unique counts for all species were generated from top hit. For phylogenetic analysis ribosomal RNAs were BLAST searched against nucleotide database of NCBI. The ribosomal RNAs with maximum species number in tophit were selected. The respective ribosomal RNA sequences for different species were retrieved from database and only top 100 hits were retained. These hundred hits were aligned to each other using clustalW. This alignment was converted into Nexus file format which was used as input into BEASTV1.10.466. BEAUti was run with strict molecular clock and GTR substitution model. After running BEAUti it’s xml file was loaded into BEAST to generate tree file. This tree file was loaded into TreeAnnotator to generate MCC tree. Final annotated tree was visualized with FigTree Package. In the similar manner, the phylogenetic analysis was carried out with a chloroplast gene, photosystem II protein D1, whose sequence was available across 74 species found closest to P. kurrooa in the BLAST hit. For fourth level analysis, Amino Acid Identity (AAI) profiler67 was used. AAI-profiler uses proteome data to taxonomically classify a species. Therefore translated protein sequences from transcripts were used as input for AAI profiler. It takes fasta file of protein sequences as input. Using SANSparallel it searches for each query protein in the Uniprot database. Based on the hit for all query proteins in each species, amino acid identity (AAI) is calculated. If AAI is found higher than 95% then species are considered to be same. AAI generated three kinds of plots: scatterplot, barcharts and krona plot.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study including sample collection was conducted according to India’s Biological Diversity Act 2002 which permits bonafide Indians to use biological resources for scientific research88.
All the raw data used in this study is submitted to NCBI SRA data repository under the accession number PRJNA660113. All secondary data used in this study are available in supplementary data files provided along with and also made available through the related server at https://scbb.ihbt.res.in/picro-db/.
Basic local alignment search tool
Benchmarking universal single-copy orthologs
Differentially expressed genes
Enzyme commission codes
Expressed sequence tag
Fragments per kilobase of exon per million
Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes
Eukaryotic orthologous groups
Long intervening non-coding RNAs
Long non-coding RNAs
Open reading frame
- PFAM HMMs:
Protein families hidden Markov models
Plant metabolic network
Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction
Reads per kilobase of exon per million mapped reads
Single molecule real time sequencing
Small nucleolar RNA
Trans-acting small interfering RNA
Transcription factor database
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We are thankful to CSIR for supporting this study. TS is thankful to Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for Junior/senior research fellowship. NKS is thankful to CSIR Network Project HCP010 for his fellowship. GP is thankful to DST for INSPIRE fellowship. We thank Supriya Awasthi for her help during repeat analysis. This manuscript has CSIR-IHBT MSID # 4685.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
The authors declare no competing interests.
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Sharma, T., Sharma, N.K., Kumar, P. et al. The first draft genome of Picrorhiza kurrooa, an endangered medicinal herb from Himalayas. Sci Rep 11, 14944 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-93495-z | <urn:uuid:8683c5d6-321a-41aa-a2c0-bbcfa12b0eec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-93495-z?error=cookies_not_supported&code=86fef988-6d95-4af9-890c-143e6caef2c8 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.92057 | 21,672 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Theri There page from 2007-04-02. Discussion: https://therithere.dreamwidth.org/13728.html
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A therian’s response, interrupting: “COUGAR!” They’re jumping up out of their chair with excitement. They can’t believe someone just asked them their favorite question in the world. | <urn:uuid:57ee8298-8f3b-4a43-b4bc-86ce8bb2e65b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tapas.io:443/episode/364304 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948754 | 220 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Mobile speed camera warning signs will be removed from NSW roads as part of an overhaul of our road safety laws.
Currently, warning signs are located 250 metres ahead of and 50 metres after each mobile speed camera car, giving motorists an opportunity to check their speed. But new changes to the law mean motorists in NSW will no longer be warned when they approach a mobile speed camera on the road.
Minister for Transport and Roads, Andrew Constance and Minister for Regional Transport and Roads, Paul Toole announced the changes to NSW’s mobile speed camera program on 19 November 2020, which include increased enforcement hours, as well as a reduction in high visibility uniforms on vehicles and the removal of mobile speed camera warning signs.
The 45 mobile speed cameras currently in use in NSW will have their hours tripled under the new laws, from 7000 hours per month to 21,000 hours. Warning signs for fixed speed cameras will remain in place.
Mr Constance said the signs would be removed over the next 12 months in an effort to change the culture and behaviour of motorists.
“This isn’t revenue raising, this is about saving lives,” Mr Constance said.
“We’ve seen it happen with our world-leading mobile phone detection program, where the rate of people offending has steadily declined.
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The changes could save between 34 and 43 lives a year, according to independent modelling from the Monash University Accident Research Centre.
Mr Constance said people need to understand they can be caught anywhere on the road network at any time doing the wrong thing.
But although the NSW Transport Minister said the government wants motorists to experience the same threat as the random breath test, the NRMA said warning signs are imperative and play an important role in reducing crashes in high-risk locations.
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Early plant disease detection using hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning and IoT
Leveraging artificial intelligence algorithms to reduce environmental impact and spraying rate of horticultural production.
Plant diseases are responsible for major economic losses in yield and quality affecting agricultural industry worldwide. Disease control strategies are widely focused on spraying pesticides uniformly over cropping areas at different times during the growth cycle. These control strategies, though effective, have adverse economic and ecological effects, introducing new pests and elevating chemical resistance.
Plant disease prediction per pixel. Left image is the color camera. In the right image, pixels coloured green were classified as control and those coloured red were classified as diseased using a hyperspectral camera.
In this project*, CSIRO’s team, led by Dr. Peyman Moghadam, is working on developing artificial intelligence algorithms for early plant disease detection using hyperspectral imaging and wireless sensor networks (IoT). Hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning provides an opportunity to develop fast and non-invasive methods of detecting plant diseases and potentially discriminating between different disease types (e.g.,virus, fungus, bacteria) before the human eye can see them.
According to Dr Moghadam, “the key benefits of the project include early disease identification, reduced use of pesticides, real time precision management such as selective spraying, and real-time continuous decision making to assist growers in better managing inherited risks associated to horticultural production”.
The Robotics and Autonomous System Group is extremely well positioned to deliver this type of project given its experience in the AgTech sector, as well as a highly skilled team which includes world class researchers and engineers.
Having the ability to demonstrate a suite of technologies in the agricultural domain, the Group is open to partnerships and collaborations for research, development, and commercialisation.
For more information, contact Dr Peyman Moghadam.
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Moghadam, Peyman; Ward, Daniel; Goan, Ethan; Jayawardena, Srimal; Sikka, Pavan; Hernandez, Emili. Plant Disease Detection using Hyperspectral Imaging. In: 2017 International Conference on Digital Image Computing: Techniques and Applications (DICTA); 29 Nov-1 Dec 2017; Sydney, NSW, Australia. IEEE; 2017. 1-8.
*This project (VG15024) has been funded by Hort Innovation, using the Hort Innovation vegetable levy research and development levy and contributions from the Australian Government, co-investment from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organisation (CSIRO), the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (QDAF). Hort Innovation is the grower-owned, not-for-profit research and development corporation for Australian horticulture. | <urn:uuid:17f24f53-386b-457d-81d8-de5565670a0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://research.csiro.au/robotics/early-plant-disease-detection-using-hyperspectral-imaging-combined-with-machine-learning-and-iot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.903052 | 606 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Parker had so many friends and never got enough of a chance to say thank you for all they did all year long. After the humans had gone to bed, Parker set up a great feast with all the extra food they’d gathered.
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May 07, 2015 A grader is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface. It is commonly called in names such as road grader, a blade, a maintainer and motor grader, Graders are mostly been used in road construction for construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel roads.The grader typically consist of three axles, with the engine and cab situated top, the rear axles
Mar 07, 2012 Alot of times even as mucky as it gets, i can almost walk across the top of the mud. Now i am 350pounds, most of these skid loaders have a ground pressure of 3.5psi. Also i wouldnt say they dont have traction. I was pushing a junk pile farther down into a ditch that my 806 wouldnt move. The tracked skid loader i had would push and push and push.
optional single-lever loaderauxiliary with metered roller switch for auxiliary optional Electrical Voltage 12 volt 12 volt Alternator Rating 90 amp with canopy 120 amp with cab 120 amp with canopy 150 amp with cab Lights 4 halogen 2 front and 2 optional rear 32,500 candlepower each turn signals and fashers, 2 front and
Feb 07, 2021 Image Loader. A loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move aside or load materials such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, woodchips, etc. into or onto another type of machinery such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railroad car.
Oct 18, 2017 Construction plant ampamp equipment is one of the biggest investments carried by construction industry. Knowledge about owning cost ampamp operating cost is must before equipment
Nov 15, 2013 Why the most-read construction stories include Danfoss buying Eaton Hydraulics, taking advantage of 2021s 3 equipment challenges, building a foundation 17
Dragline excavators are heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface mining projects. A Variation of the same basic machine is the Front Shovel excavator also used in Civil engineering and Mining projects. 1 History 2 Front Shovel Excavators 3 UK Preserved Machines 4 Operation 5 Draglines in mining 6 Limitations 7 Examples 8 UK Built Operated Machines 9 UK Largest Machine and most ...
With advantages such as fuel-efficient engines, lockup torque converters, and a dedicated steering pump, you do more while burning less fuel. Redesigned Cab The operator station is more spacious than previous models featuring additional legroom, an improved HVAC system, extra storage and a heatedventilated adjustable seat.
If youre in the market for Cat loaders or any other type on Cat-brand construction equipment, you should investigate the benefits of renting your machinery. When dealing with The Cat Rental Store, youll find many advantages to renting your equipment from a
Jan 28, 2020 9895. A backhoe loader is a heavy construction equipment that consists of a tractor-like unit fitted with a loader-style shovelbucket on the front and a backhoe on the back. Backhoe loaders can tackle landscaping jobs of all sizes and types, such as digging up trees and moving them to new locations, even keeping the root ball intact.
May 28, 2019 The front loader can also be replaced with different brooms, plows, and forklifts. In some cases, a backhoe can even serve as a crane by looping the straps of a lifted object over the dipper stick. The term backhoe can be confusing because the digging bucket is actually on the front of the machine.
advantage amp disadvantage of front loader construction equipment. Loader arms z-link vs. parallel lift - Equipment World. Jul 26, 2018 The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Jul 26, 2018. The excavator has the advantages of fuel saving, no tail, lateral arm shift, automatic idle speed, comfortable driving, flexible operation and small volume ...
ENCE 420 Construction Equipment and Methods Spring 2003 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Maryland, College Park CHAPTER 7. SCRAPERS ENCE 420 Assakkaf Slide No. 1 TRACTORSTRACTORS--PULLED SCRAPERS Tractor-pulled scrapers are designed to load, haul, and dump loose materials. The advantage of tractor-
advantages. Front and center is a new, fuel-efficient EPA Final Tier 4 FT4EU Stage IV Isuzu engine that meets rigid emission standards no diesel particulate filter needed. Generous swing torque, dig force and lift capacity. Spacious cabs designed for operator comfort and productivity. Standard upperstructure handrails
The backhoe loader comes with a front bucketshovel and a small backhoe in the rear and is attached to a tractor. It is mostly used in small construction sites and is an asset in urban engineering work. ... It is different from other construction equipment. A Road Roller which is also known as roller-compactor is used to compact gravel, dirt ...
Mar 29, 2018 Scrapers. On any construction site you will see a wide variety of heavy equipment, and one of the largest are scrapers. While some machines you see on sites, such as bulldozers and backhoes tell you just what they are designed to do by their appearance, the scraper, with its upfront cab pulling a large wagon, doesnt give anything away.
Highly qualified specialists. Individual approach to every client. Accuracy in carrying out various tasks. Responsibility of each employee for their work. High efficiency in the performance of tasks. Work only with original quality materials and world manufacturers. One of the best prices offers on the market.
Jan 03, 2002 Re Quick-release loader buckets. Its not a Kubota, by my EarthForce has a skid-steer style loader quick-attach. Theyre pretty bullet-proof. No real disadvantages, other than the fact that any mechanical device needs lubrication and periodic maintenance. In my opinion, the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
Nov 27, 2018 S amp C is a group specializing in the production of front actuators for construction equipment and has been a successful strategic partner with Doosan Infracore since 1999. It collaborated with a well-known Japanese construction machine manufacture as a partner four years ago. Among the current flagship products are its auto ripper and vibro hammer.
921G WHEEL LOADER. The agility and performance of a site loader with the power and capacity of a production machine, the CASE 921G wheel loader 255 horsepower 190 kW 45,070 pounds is the link between both worlds delivering fast cycle times, powerful breakout forces and high operating capacities capable of playing well in all industries.
Payload Weighing System. The Payload Weighing System for John Deere wheel loaders is factory installed and fully supported by your John Deere dealer. Available for the 744L, 824L, and 844L Wheel Loaders, its fully integrated with our JDLink machine-monitoring system, so you can track and visualize payload data.
Among other operations, medium Cat front loaders have applications in stockpiling, truck loading, material handling, and general construction. Large Cat Wheel Loaders. A large Cat front loader offers multiple advantages. These models improve worksite productivity by transporting more material, and they have long uptimes between service cycles.
Power shovel is construction equipment whose value is to excavate the earth and load it into the trucks or other hauling equipment waiting nearby. They are capable of excavating all classes of earth, except the solid rock without prior loosening. Basic Parts and Operation of Power Shovel
Oct 21, 2014 Advantages Of Using Tractor Front Loaders 1. advantages of using tractor front Also called a front end loader, bucket loader, scoop loader, or shovel, the front loader is a kind of tractor that is usually wheeled and makes use of a large square tilting bucket on the end of movable arms to lift and move product around.
Backhoe loaders come with many advantages that make them a favorite of companies looking to improve their capabilities at a lower cost. Take a moment to review this used backhoe loader buying guide before making a purchase. Youll learn more about the advantages of investing in used backhoe loaders and find out how you can find equipment with all the qualities and performance youre
Nov 04, 2019 The most common backhoe-loader setup is a loader bucket on the front and a standard bucket on the back. The combination of these two attachments make it
Generally, cranes comes-attached back to the trucks lorry and it works to lift construction equipment to the construction site. Wheel Loader. Last but not the least the wheel loader is one of the must-have equipment for most the construction sites. You can find wheel loader also known as a front loader, skip loader or bucket loader on most ...
Oct 28, 2013 The market for backhoe loaders is a mixed bag depending on whom you talk to, as some manufacturers are seeing a skid steercompact track loader and mini excavator combination erode a bit of the machines role. Backhoe OEMs, however, are still strongly committed to the category, refining couplers for attachment use, tweaking transmissions for added speed and efficiency, and continuing
Advantage Ag amp Equipment, the areas New Holland Ag Dealer, announces it is consolidationg stores to make an agricultural superstore in Mt. Vernon, Ohio. The decision came out by looking at the growing market areas amp planning to better serve our current and new customers.
Sep 19, 2017 In 1977, Caterpillars production lines rolled out 10 pilot models of the worlds largest, most powerful dozer, which would change the face of the equipment market. The Cat D10 dozers radically different undercarriage, design, high weight and horsepower answered the call from large mining and big heavy construction operations for a more ...
The cost of owning and operating construction equipment is affected by factors such as the cost of the equipment delivered to the owner, the severity of the conditions under which it is used, the cares with which the owner maintains and repairs it and the demand for used equipment when it is sold which will affect the salvage value.
Apr 30, 2013 Premium Undercarriages Designed to Reduce Wear. A number of equipment manufacturers have developed premium undercarriage systems to address a primary source of undercarriage wear, namely, external wear on the bushing. The John Deere SC-2 design, for example, fuses super-hard metallic slurry to the outside of the bushing. | <urn:uuid:88fb42e6-5700-4607-966a-4997d4afffa9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blairczyta.pl/news/2661845_25305.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.930434 | 2,371 | 1.59375 | 2 |
The Internet offers revolutionized just how people day. Millions of people employ dating sites every year. While many worth mentioning people find out little regarding online dating, others are wrong about the task. While the vast majority of people don’t have any knowledge about online dating sites, they have read urban https://mybeautifulbride.net/latin-brides legends, hearsay and the most convincing advertisements. In fact , the majority of us aren’t actually aware that there are things such as „online going out with statistics. inch
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There are many common myths about internet dating. While the net is a secure and comfortable way to fulfill a new person, it can also be risky. Despite the rewards, there are also numerous risks. A lot of people exactly who date within the Internet are certainly not very trusted. It’s not recommended to date people on online dating sites websites should you be sensitive. As well as the dangers of making love are serious. So , how do you protect yourself? | <urn:uuid:b902627c-6ff4-495a-93f2-3b22298404a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://nabasniowej.pl/blog/the-reality-about-internet-dating/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.963775 | 656 | 1.789063 | 2 |
The USS Constitution, the world’s oldest commissioned warship afloat, is undergoing a two-year restoration that started last week. Launched in 1797 in Boston, “Old Ironsides” is the ultimate achievement of 18th-century technology, says Northeastern Distinguished Professor of History William Fowler, who is an expert in maritime history and the history of Boston.
Fowler shared these five interesting facts you may not know about the vessel:
The birth of the U.S. Navy
The USS Constitution was one of the original three vessels built that launched the United States Navy. Built in Boston, the vessel took three years to complete and the $300,000 price tag was well above the $100,000 originally appropriated.
A name fit for a president
President George Washington selected the name Constitution for the frigate. He chose from a list of names supplied by Secretary of War Timothy Pickering. Other suggestions included President, Congress, Defender, and Liberty.
Good as new
The last time the USS Constitution underwent a restoration was in the 1990s. Fowler estimated that 10 to 15 percent of the vessel is still the original live oak used in the initial construction. Most of that is located along the keel because it has been submerged in salt water for hundreds of years and never exposed to the elements.
Return to Boston
In the late 1890s the USS Constitution was docked in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, and served as a barracks ship. That is until Congressman John “Honey Fitz” Fitzgerald, the grandfather of President John F. Kennedy, decided it was time to bring it back home to Boston, where it has been ever since.
The pride of a city
Fowler noted the city of Boston should be very proud to call the USS Constitution its own. “She is basically the equivalent of a nuclear aircraft carrier of the 18th century, the best of the best,” Fowler said. “Boston should be particularly proud because we built her and she’s still here.” | <urn:uuid:505022a7-f6d5-4803-8763-162c86a919c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.northeastern.edu/2015/06/15/take-5-facts-you-may-not-know-about-old-ironsides/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.963565 | 418 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Board games and card games can be a lot of fun for 12 year olds to play with friends and family! Personally we thing they are great and we them by a large margin over things like video games or another TV series! They can improve their social skills and even provide an educational experience. At the same time shopping for your kiddo can be time consuming, stressful and difficult.
In order to help you save time in gift shopping for your child we’ve put together a review of the top board games for 12 year olds.
Our list is a lot shorter than many other reviews to make sure that we include only the best of the best. Therefore, you’ll be able to have your searched narrowed down and make a decision quickly without experiencing information overload.
Criteria Used in Our Evaluation of the Best Board Games
Most board games have been made with the purpose of being entertaining. At the age of 12, the kinds of things that your child finds entertaining may have changed compared to just a few years ago.
In our review, we’ve included options that include the kind of humor that will have them laughing for hours with friends and family.
While keeping kids entertained with a board game is important, it can also give you a good opportunity to find games that have a more educational value to them as well. This could include brain teasers or games that require more thinking.
1. Trivial Pursuit – Family Edition
This game has 1,200 questions which means that your child has plenty to play with for a while. It’s a fun game that kids can play along with friends and family.
All of the materials used to make the game are safe for kids. It can also be played with two people against each other or teams facing off.
2. Building Maze Game
With the magnetic pieces and two balls available, kids can have fun coming up with a unique maze system. The balls can be used to race throughout the maze board in different directions by tilting it.
We found it to be a very hands on game. Whoever’s the first person to make their ball reach the end wins. There are so many possibilities for different mazes with this game to keep children playing for a while.
3. Five Second Rule
The 5 Second Rule game has 150 brand new cards to make sure that the game remains fresh for kids. Players pick a card and read out an easy topic before pressing the 5 second timer.
The other person is given 5 seconds to give the name of 3 things that are within the topic. It’s a very fast paced game that kids can have fun playing with in groups of 3 or more people.
4. Kids Against Maturity Funny Card Game
Kids and adults can have fun playing this card game together in groups. The game is filled with hilarious humor and innuendos that have children laughing nonstop.
Every person has 10 answer cards and take it in turn to select a question card. One person is nominated as the person asking the question and everyone else has to use their answer cards to come up with the best response. The winner of each round is decided by the player asking the question.
5. Double Ditto
Players can select a card to read out loud while everyone else has to note down 2 answers that they think the other participants will write too.
It can be a lot of fun for children to see how close or far off they are to matching their answers. The game is simple to play and fun for kids in groups of 4–10 people.
6. National Geographic Brain Teasers
With more than 100 pages available, this is a good game for 12 year olds since they are able to keep themselves busy for hours while having a ton of fun. The pages are made with vibrant images that make it entertaining to read.
It has been filled with a ton of brain teaser games that challenge your child’s cognitive abilities. Since it’s in the form of a game, kids can have fun while learning about new things.
Wrapping Up the Best Board Games for 12 Year Olds
Well those were our top games for twelve year boys and girls. We truly hope that our condensed list has helped inspire you in your search for the best games for your kids while also saving you time and stress.
Since it was shorter it may just be a starting point in your search but it should have given you a idea about the different types your son or daughter may be interested in. | <urn:uuid:3d667dd7-af3f-4e6d-9e09-a59e3520328d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smartshopperusa.com/best-board-games-12-year-olds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.969276 | 931 | 1.8125 | 2 |
SK 442426 Mapperley Brook, Reservoir Site. A small reservoir built about 1855 to supplement the water supply to the Nutbrook Canal. The dam was breached during the late 1880s to reveal a brick-built circular shaft about five feet in diameter on the north side of the breach and reaching the full height of the dam. This shaft survives and may either have served as a spillway, been connected with the sluice gear or represent an upward extension of an earlier mine shaft. (1)
Following problems with water shortages in 1854 on the Nutbrook Canal, a reservoir was built using Mapperley Brook as the main feeder. A 150 yard dam wall remains constructed of stone and cinders. This is of importance showing early canal construction techniques and should be preserved. During later mining operations on the construction described above, the dam was breached in the late 1880's. This was carried out to prevent flooding in the nearby underground workings. On carrying out this work an older circular brick mineshaft was revealed. This shaft approximately 5ft diameter, and stands 20ft high. It is thought to have been built circa 1820, and is an important structure showing early mine shaft building techniques. It should remain as a preserved Industrial monument on the site. (2)
Bibliographic reference: Fowkes, D. 1986. Derbyshire Industrial Archaeology - A Gazetteer of Sites. Part II - Borough of Erewash. p 43.
*Internet Web Site: Wood, R. 2003. A brief history of the Shipley West Reclamation Site. http://healeyhero.co.uk/rescue/pits/shipley.htm.
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Do you have any more information about this record? Please feel free to comment with information and photographs, or ask any questions, using the "Disqus" tool below. Comments are moderated, and we aim to respond/publish as soon as possible. | <urn:uuid:c9414e0a-a668-4ccd-839b-19097a7113ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://her.derbyshire.gov.uk/Monument/MDR5792 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.926672 | 562 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Brand Book Bites from Aaker on Branding
– the brain: One of the definitive voices on branding, David Aaker. Dave has published more than 100 articles and 15 books on branding, brand strategy, and brand management, including Managing Brand Equity and Building Strong Brands, two texts that have served as my bibles.
Listen to my conversation with Dave to learn:
- the Aaker brand vision model
- how to create brand energy
- his point-of-view on whether or not brands still have value in today’s age of nearly-perfect, ubiquitous information
– the best bits: The whole book is a sort of greatest hits album since it contains some of Dave’s best thinking from the past 25 years. Five themes are used to organize the brand-building principles:
- Recognize that brands are assets with strategic value.
“When brands are considered assets, the role of brand management radically changes, from tactical and reactive to strategic and visionary. A strategic brand vision linked to both the current and future business strategies and providing a guidepost for future offerings and marketing programs becomes imperative.”
- Have a compelling brand vision that guides and inspires.
“All too common is what I call the product-attribute fixation trap, in which the strategic and tactical management of the brand is excessively focused on product attributes and functional benefits…Functional benefit strategies are limiting because they often confine the brand, especially when it comes to responding to changing markets or exploring brand extensions.”
- Bring the brand vision to life.
“One of the key challenges for most brands globally is to create energy and visibility…Connecting a brand to a customer sweet spot raises the brand way above the noise emanating from firms shouting ‘my brand is better than your brand.’”
- Maintain relevance.
“Creating brand energy should be a priority for nearly every brand; inadequate energy means a reduced chance of being visible when purchases are being made, a perception of being old and boring and not-for-me, and a deterioration of the brand image.”
- Manage and leverage the brand portfolio.
“We should not be under the illusion that the goal is to create and protect brands. Rather, the goal should be to create and leverage a brand portfolio to enable the business strategy to succeed.”
– the brand story: Dave highlights Dove’s “Campaign for Real Beauty” as an example of connecting a brand to a customer sweet spot.
“The Real Beauty campaign resonated at several levels. It connected with an issue of deep concern with the customer base – their own appearance and self-confidence. Additionally, it addressed the insecurity and self-esteem issues of young women with which customers could empathize. It struck a chord. It provided a higher purpose to the brand and a shared interest with customers.”
– the bottom line: If you haven’t read Dave’s previous books, this is a terrific introduction; and if you have, it serves as a helpful refresher. Either way, it’s a resource all brand builders should have in their library.
This is my newest “brand book bite” — check out the full collection of write-ups and author interviews here.
Denise: Hello, this is Denise Yohn, and welcome to the Brand is Business Bites podcast. The Brand is Business Bites podcast gives you a taste of insights and information about brands, businesses, and the people who work on them. It is available on iTunes. For more stuff for your brain to chew on, please visit my visit at deniseleeyohn.com.
It is my pleasure to welcome back to my podcast one of my favorite authors David Aaker. Dave serves as Vice Chairman of Prophet, a brand building and growth consulting firm, and he has published more than 100 articles and 15 books on branding, brand strategy, and brand management, including “Managing Brand Equity” and “Building Strong Brands”, two texts that have served as my bibles. Dave has a new book out, “Aaker on Branding: 20 Principles that Drive Success,” which is kind of like the greatest hits album, since it contains some of Dave’s best thinking. I’ve asked him here, today, to talk about it. So welcome, Dave!
Dave: I’m glad to be here. Thanks for having me.
Denise: Well, I want to start with where your book starts, which is a definition of a brand. You write, “Far more than a name and logo, it is an organization’s promise to a customer to deliver what the brand stands for, not only in terms of functional benefit, but also emotional, self-expressive, and social benefits.” Then you go on to say, “But a brand is about more than delivering on a promise, it is also a journey, an evolving relationship based on the perceptions and relationships that a customer has every time he or she connects to the brand.” So in terms of developing and managing a brand, this definition seems to suggest that there is a task of defining your brand promise, then delivering on it and then cultivating a relationship based on it. Do I have that right?
Dave: Yes, that is definitely right. It starts with a brand vision, and I have a brand vision model. I used to call it the “The Brand Identity Model,” but I got a do-over with this new book. And my model has a certain philosophy, and it can be captured by saying that a brand is not a three-word phrase. It is not a fixed set of attributes. It has often a dozen different elements to it, and those don’t have to be tailored to the brand’s context. So if personality or organizational values or something aren’t important to your brand, there is no sort of box you have to check to put that in there. And also my model suggests you should have priorities. Some of those elements are more important than others. It also suggests you should have a brand essence, essentially a theme. It is optional. It doesn’t work in all cases.
Denise: But then it seems like once you have defined that, that is almost, I want to say, the easy part. But that is only the starting point, right?
David: Yes. Then you have to deliver, and one of the things we demand of a brand vision is that each element have a proof point. And if it doesn’t have a proof point, it has a strategic imperative. That means there is a program in place and funded to deliver a proof point. So you need substance behind it. It’s not just something that you think the market will like or makes you feel good. It has to have substance.
Denise: Wow! Okay. Your book has 20 principles that drive success, and again, your book is called “Aaker on Branding.” I want to talk about the principles in your book, maybe through two lenses, like the ways that branding has changed over the last quarter century and the ways that it has stayed the same. Let’s actually start with what has not changed. What are some of the timeless principles that have been key to brand building in the past and will remain key going forward?
David: Well, actually almost everything has changed. I mean, the brand has always needed energy, but today, energy and breaking out of the clutter is more important than ever. If your brand lacks energy, it is not only going to lack an intense relationship with a customer, but it is also going to just lack visibility. So we need energy. Important then and even more important, now, is authenticity and trust. You have to really be sincere and believable, and it helps to have a higher purpose in that regard. And it helps to be able to handle difficulties and controversies well in that regard. So there is a lot that is the same, but it is more intense now. The importance of breaking out of the clutter has always been there, but now, with social media, you really have to have something that is worth listening to and that is worth re-telling.
Denise: So how do you advise people who want to create energy around their brand? How do they figure what is the right way to do that?
David: The best way is to have innovation around your product or your offering. If you make hot dogs or insurance, that’s not even feasible. So what you have to do is to find programs with energy, like the Avon Walk for Breast Cancer, for example, or find something with energy and attach yourself to it. Coca Cola did recently with their FIFA trophy tour, where they went around the world and exposed the trophy to people in something like 190 countries. And that has a lot of energy, and FIFA has a lot of energy. So that is the fall back way to create energy for your brand, finding something with energy and attaching your brand to it.
Denise: Are there more inherent or intrinsic ways of maybe discovering or unearthing an energy that is more within your own brand?
David: Well, again, the gold standard is product innovation, but again, most people can’t be an Apple and all those talked about products. But there is another way to create interest and something worth telling, and that is the [inaudible 00:07:22] stories. And I talk about what I call “Signature Stories.” Those are stories that are strategic, that really reflect the brand’s essence, as opposed to tactical, that are just helping you communicate a point. Sometimes those stories can have a life of their own, and they can create a form of energy by saying that there is real substance behind the organization. There is organizational value. There is a history. There’s a heritage. And that is another form of energy.
Denise: Okay. Dave I wanted to ask you a question that I get asked pretty often, and it has come up actually in the last year. Because of the nearly ubiquitous, some would say, nearly perfect information that is out there about products, that some folks may suggest that because of that information, the role of brands and the role of branding has diminished and will continue to become much less important than just actual information. Where do you stand on that issue?
David: Yeah, my friend Emanuel Rosen at Stanford wrote a book proposing that. I wrote a blog that gave my response, and basically, it is… If you read his book carefully, he doesn’t really say that. He says that is true in only a limited set of circumstances, very limited. A very small percentage of your purchase and use experience fit into that category. But even for those, most people don’t have the time or the interest to do research, so they will fall back on plans. Even if they do, the relevant brands are those that will get researched. And to be relevant, you have to be visible, and you have to be able to be considered. So there is some truth in the argument, but it applies in a very small set of circumstances. Therefore, I don’t think it is a huge force in today’s marketplace.
Denise: That makes a lot of sense to me. Well, Dave, I want to thank you for continuing your legacy of writing definitive books on branding and brand building with the latest book “Aaker on Branding: 20 Principles that Drive Success.” Would you please tell our listeners how they can find out more information about the book and how they can buy it?
David: Yes, the book is a compact overview of branding. So it is a good way to catch up, and it is a good way to learn, if you have a staff that needs that. It is available at Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and hopefully in the business book stores.
Denise: Great, and I would also encourage everyone to take a look at Davidaaker.com and follow Dave on Twitter. Dave, you are such a source of information, and I always learn something every time you write something. So I want to thank you for being with me, today here, and thank you for being such a great inspiration and teacher to me through the years.
David: Thank you, Denise. I have learned a lot from you, as well. | <urn:uuid:096e9e89-aa93-4103-97b6-5c4a1280f35a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://deniseleeyohn.com/brand-book-bites-aaker-branding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.96707 | 2,610 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Facts About News And Verse Revealed
More than any individual else, perhaps, the managing editor is the one responsible for getting the paper out on a daily basis. The managing editor is likewise in charge of making sure the paper's content is the very best it can be, as well as that it fulfills that paper's standards of journalism. Relying on the size of the paper, the handling editor could have a number of assistant handling editors.
Task editors are those directly liable for the material in a details section of the paper, such as neighborhood, service, sports, features, or national insurance coverage. They are the editors who deal straight with press reporters. | <urn:uuid:beedb3ac-f083-4716-b0e5-6a62be22a43c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newsroom-hbo22198.jaiblogs.com/38212020/indicators-on-news-and-verse-you-need-to-know | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.951946 | 135 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in Europe, accounting for one out of every five cancer-related deaths. Due to its relationship to tobacco use, many early-stage lung cancer patients also show seriously impaired lung function. Surgery may be contraindicated for some of these patients because it increases the likelihood that they will later need chronic mechanical ventilation (a machine that generates a controlled flow of air into a patient’s airways).
Moreover, up to 10 percent of lung cancer patients who are treated successfully with surgery will later develop a second primary lung cancer. For these unfortunate individuals, a second surgery may not be an option, and non-surgical therapies that target the cancer while sparing normal lung tissue are urgently needed.
Over the past two decades, such non-surgical therapies for lung cancer have grown increasingly sophisticated. Among the proven lung-sparing strategies are endoscopic laser therapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). These treatments are specifically recommended for patients with cancer in the bronchi or central airways (also referred to as endobronchial disease). At least half of all lung cancer patients will have some evidence of cancer in this part of the respiratory tract.
People with lung cancer in the central airways often have bulky tumors, which means tumors measuring 10 centimeters in diameter or larger. Since these tumors can block the bronchi, they can seriously limit breahing. Not suprisingly, these bulky lung tumors generally carry a poor prognosis.
Unfortunately, most of the estimated two million new cases of lung cancer diagnosed each year worldwide will be in an advanced stage. Although PDT is not considered a definitive “curative” therapy for these advanced cases, it often relieves the strangling sensation produced by a bulky tumor’s blockage of the airways.
This means that PDT can provide major relief of symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath. Many patients with advanced-stage lung cancer may benefit from PDT as part of the management of their disease. Such a non-surgical strategy can greatly improve the patient’s quality of life.
Recent Explorations of Photodynamic Therapy
PDT entails the administration and activation of photosensitizing agents in cancer tissues to trigger the production of reactive oxygen molecules in the presence of light. This so-called photochemical reaction ultimately kills the tumor and can also help activate the anti-cancer immune defenses. The best photosensitizers will accumulate in the tumor while being rapidly excreted from normal, healthy tissues.
As an example of the logic of PDT, recent studies at the First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University in Zhangjiakou, China, focused on PDT’s ability to kill lung cancer cells, using a photosensitizer that is abbreviated as DTPP. The researchers found that DTPP-PDT had a very significant killing impact on lung cancer, while no effect on the lung cancer cells was observed with either light treatment or the photosensitizer alone, as reported in the January 2015 issue of Lasers in Medical Science.
In another recent study, scientists at the University of Waterloo in Ontario (Canada), focused on MPPa, a second-generation photosensitizer derived from chlorophyll a. They were able to show that MPPa, when activated by laser light, had substantial ability to kill chemotherapy-resistant human lung cancer cells. Even at relatively a low doses of light, the researchers observed very effective killing of the lung cancer cells. Such findings are remarkable given that chemotherapy resistance is so common in patients with advanced-stage lung cancer.
The Waterloo study’s results may suggest that MPPa-PDT could offer a potential treatment for difficult-to-treat lung tumors—especially those that fail to respond to conventional chemotherapy, as reported in the 5 March 2015 Journal of Photochemistry & Photobiology B. Of course, such studies provide only preliminary forms of evidence and cannot be used to guide clinical decision-making for people with lung cancer. Such guidance can only come from clinical research.
The Clinical Picture: Can PDT Really Help?
This brings us to the most recent clinical study of PDT for patients with lung cancer. Scientists from First Pavlov State Medical University in Saint-Petersburg, Russia, reported on a randomized clinical trial focusing on the safety and effectiveness of neoadjuvant PDT (that is, around the time of surgery) and chemotherapy as well as the possibility for further surgery for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
This study enrolled 42 lung cancer patients who had stage IIIA or IIIB central lung cancer—that is, evidence of cancer in the central airways including the bronchi and part of the trachea (windpipe). For various reasons, these patients were not initially eligible for surgery but could be considered candidates for surgery following the neoadjuvant therapy.
The patients were randomly assigned to receive either neoadjuvant chemotherapy and PDT, or chemotherapy alone followed by surgery. Laser-PDT was performed with the photosensitizing agent chlorin E6 before each of the three courses of chemotherapy. There were 21 patients in each of the two treatment groups.
No PDT major complications occurred during the study. After neoadjuvant treatment, there was a partial response in 90% of the PDT arm, compared to only 76% in the No-PDT arm. Complete surgical removal of the tumor was subsequently achieved in 89% of the PDT arm compared to only 54% of the no-PDT arm—a statistically significant result.
The Russian study demonstrates that neoadjuvant PDT along with chemotherapy is both safe and effective, and it increass the likelihood of having a successful surgery in stage III patients with central non-small cell lung cancer, as reported in the September 2014 issue of Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.
In previous Discoveries articles, we have also explored the possibilty that Bremachlorin-PDT could be effective against lung cancer. We encourage you to look at the evidence for this photosensitizer, as it seems to show an exceptional ability to enter tumor cells, to limit the tumor’s blood supply, and to bolster the anti-cancer immune defenses as well.
Support us by buying our book, The Medicine of Light, and ebooks from our Photoimmune Discoveries eBook Series.
Rossi F, Bedogni E, Bigi F, Rimoldi T, Cristofolini L, Pinelli S, Alinovi R, Negri M, Dhanabalan SC, Attolini G, Fabbri F, Goldoni M, Mutti A, Benecchi G, Ghetti C, Iannotta S, Salviati G. Porphyrin conjugated SiC/SiOx nanowires for X-ray-excited photodynamic therapy. Sci Rep. 2015 Jan 5;5:7606.
Simone CB 2nd, Cengel KA. Photodynamic therapy for lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. Semin Oncol. 2014 Dec;41(6):820-30.
Nakajima T, Yasufuku K, Sakairi Y, Shibuya K, Yoshida S, Yoshino I. Successful treatment of lung cancer by multimodal endobronchial interventions. Respiration. 2014;88(2):144-7.
Blaudszun AR, Moldenhauer G, Schneider M, Philippi A. A photosensitizer delivered by bispecific antibody redirected T lymphocytes enhances cytotoxicity against EpCAM-expressing carcinoma cells upon light irradiation. J Control Release. 2015 Jan 10;197:58-68.
Liu J, Zheng L, Li Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Shen L, Zhang X, Qiao H. Effect of DTPP-mediated photodynamic therapy on cell morphology, viability, cell cycle, and cytotoxicity in a murine lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Jan;30(1):181-91
Wang H, Zhang HM, Yin HJ, Wei MQ, Sha H, Liu TJ, Li YX. Combination of a novel photosensitizer DTPP with 650 nm laser results in efficient apoptosis, arresting cell cycle and cytoskeleton protein changes in lung cancer A549 cells. Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Jan;30(1):77-82.
Akopov A, Rusanov A, Gerasin A, Kazakov N, Urtenova M, Chistyakov I. Preoperative endobronchial photodynamic therapy improves resectability in initially irresectable (inoperable) locally advanced non small cell lung cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2014 Sep;11(3):259-64.
© Copyright 2015, Photoimmune Discoveries, BV | <urn:uuid:1462fe01-49d6-4942-bab6-f1fd99bec0e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://photoimmune.org/lung-cancer-can-photodynamic-therapy-bolster-survival/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.919602 | 1,843 | 2.875 | 3 |
Researchers have demonstrated the ability to 3D print objects that can then change shape, even folding and unfolding, when heated through an electrical current or with ambient air temperature. You can see it in action in the video (above).
The scientists, with the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in California, used what they described as "smart ink" made from soybean oil along with polymers and carbon nanofibres, which they were able to "program" into a temporary shape at an engineered temperature that was determined by the chemical composition.
The technology, the researchers said, could have applications in healthcare, in aerospace for solar arrays or antennae that can unfold, and for flexible circuits and robotic devices.
Here, researchers Jennifer Rodriguez and Jim Lewicki examine a stent that can expand when exposed to heat.
The process of creating objects via 3D printing that can shift shape on their own is also known as 4D printing in the additive manufacturing industry.
Originally, "4D printing" referred to 3D printed objects that used "smart materials" that could then self-assemble. Now, the term covers 3D printed objects that can change shape and conform to their environment.
For example, a biomedical splint that can correct medical conditions and can change shape over time as a child grows is just one example of how 4D printing has been put to use in recent years.
Through a direct-ink writing 3D printing process, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory researchers produced several types of structures, including a stent that expanded after being exposed to heat.
The researchers with LLNL, however, said their version of 4D printing is unique in that it is the first to combine the process of 3D printing and subsequent folding (via origami methods) with conductive smart materials to build complex structures.
The research, published in the journal Scientific Reports, demonstrated a 4D material capable of creating boxes, spirals and spheres from shape memory polymers (SMPs) that can change shape when resistively heated or when exposed to the "appropriate temperature."
"It's like baking a cake," Jennifer Rodriguez (below), the paper's lead author and a post-doctoral reseracher in LLNL's Materials Engineering Division, stated in a news release. "You take the part out of the oven before it's done and set the permanent structure of the part by folding or twisting after an initial gelling of the polymer."
The researchers envision the new material creating extremely complex parts.
Using 3D printed smart ink, the researchers were able to produce several types of structures, including a bent conductive device that morphed to a straight one when exposed to an electric current or heat, a collapsed stent that expanded after being exposed to heat, and boxes that either opened or closed when heated.
"We have these materials with 3D structures but they have extra smart properties; they can retain a memory of the previous structure," LLNL staff scientist James Lewicki said. "It opens up a whole new property set. If you can print with these polymer composites you can build things and electrically activate them to unfold. Instead of a dumb lump, you are left with this sentient, responsive material." | <urn:uuid:95766933-2fb8-4d9c-9a4f-b2a1a71f72c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/news/hacking-maker/forget-3d-printing-heres-4d-printing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.9519 | 659 | 3.78125 | 4 |
One of the most common questions I receive when discussing a website project with a potential client is "will it be responsive?" For quite some time all the major search engines have been actively demoting websites that do not have responsive layouts. So, the answer to this question should always be "yes" regardless of the available budget.
What is Responsive Web Design?
Responsive design is in place when a website layout properly adjusts itself to the viewer's unique screen size. It has become immensely popular since the rise of smartphones in the early 2000s and became essential within the past several years.
How Does it Work?
The content of the website typically doesn’t change across devices. Instead, the theme carries detailed instructions on how to display that same content on different screen sizes. The good news is that almost any modern framework will incorporate responsive design elements from the start. Bootstrap, NationBuilder public themes, and most WordPress themes automatically adjust based on whether a computer, smartphone or tablet is in use.
When a webpage is loading the browser typically conveys which device or screen size is being used. Using mainly Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) the appropriate design elements are pre-configured for displaying the content. Website visitors generally remain blissfully unaware of this internal design working behind the scenes. They immediately see the end result in the form of a properly formatted website.
Why Should You Always Utilize a Fully Responsive Design?
There are a number of reasons why a web designer should always deploy a fully responsive layout. Let's quickly delve into what these factors are and why they are important.
1. User Experience Benefits
Have you ever opened a webpage on your mobile device only to be met with an advertisement filling the entire screen? In this situation you generally won’t be able to see the desired content unless you zoom out. Some visitors may take the effort to pinch the screen and find the close button, but many will simply browse to another site. Minimizing this drop-off rate is imperative to driving up page traffic.
There was a time not long ago when people would exclusively use desktop computers to view the web. In that sense working on user experience design was easier then because there was limited variation in screen resolution and height-to-width ratio. But now there are regular releases of new smartphones, tablets, desktops, laptops, and other devices to contend with. To ensure a high-quality experience a user needs to be able to view a page across all these devices with a consistent look and feel.
2. Search Engines Love Responsive Sites
Google ranks websites with responsive designs higher in its search results. Google’s spiders are capable of analyzing the website’s code and understanding whether its responsive or not. If it is responsive, then its rankings get a slight nudge upwards. Otherwise, the website is pushed to a lower rank.
It's fairly easy to understand why Google ranks a website with responsive design higher:
- Responsive sites have a single URL for the homepage. Non-responsive sites often have multiple URLs pointing to the same content but catering to mobile and desktop devices. Google’s search algorithms penalize duplicate content and using different URLs for same content still falls under the hard-to-interpret category for its search algorithms when they decide whether a website is genuine or a copy of another website.
- User experience is much better with responsive designs. Google wants to show websites delivering better user experience higher in its search results. In this sense, Google is subtly curating the content it promotes at the top.
- Google now uses a different search algorithm with a different set of parameters for mobile searches. A website which is not responsive risks the danger of being pushed down the rankings in mobile searches even though that site might be ranked higher in desktop searches.
Google holds 69.89% market share among all search engines. Simply put, nearly 70% of all internet searches are being conducted on Google. So, if your site is ranked lower due to its non-responsive design then you stand to lose significant amount of virtually free traffic to your website.
3. Mobile Traffic is Still Growing
Around 56% of all internet traffic is now from mobile devices and this percentage is growing every day. If you have viewers coming from social media referrals this traffic has even higher probability of being from mobile devices. This is simply because a majority of users now access social media on their smartphones.
If your website is not responsive, then all this traffic will have a low quality experience. This will not only increase the bounce rates (i.e. percentage of visitors who don’t navigate on your website past the page they initially landed on), but it will also have a serious negative impact on your repeat visitor stats.
4. Competitors are Already Mobile Friendly
If you have deployed a website recently then you should be in sync with what the industry and your competitors are already doing. With all well-managed websites going for responsive layouts in the past few years, the ones not yet optimized for mobile are bound to lose out to their competitors. If the same service or content is delivered by your competitor with a much better layout and superior user experience then why will people come to your website?
If you have a website and you want to ensure that it correctly adjusts for every screen size please get in touch.Prev: NationBuilder and WordPress... | <urn:uuid:3223ecb1-8a18-4cde-b6df-e52de6457ab1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.zacmaybury.com/why_responsive_web_design_isnt_a_question_anymore | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.93663 | 1,099 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Susan’s Thanksgiving Note – November 25, 2020
Scottish Blessing and Carthusian Prayer from 12th Century
I’m going to send an evening note before Thanksgiving this year. I’m working on this tonight and have these prayers and thoughts in my mind as I lay down. Some of you may read late this evening or during the dark hours of the night and possibly find comfort if I send early.
Below is a prayer written in the 12th century by a Carthusian monk, Guigo, whose writings are on contemplation and his words are easy to read and quick to enter the soul. He writes on our daily lives consisting of four rings on a ladder. Reading; meditation; prayer; contemplation. “A ladder of four rungs by which we may well climb to heaven. It is a marvelously tall ladder, but with just four rungs, the one end standing on the ground, at the other thrilling into the clouds and showing the climber heavenly secrets.” (http://www.umilta.net/ladder.html – Link to the writings of the monk, Guigo & his writings on the ladder to heaven.)
His prayer below is one of the most beautiful prayers I have ever read. One to print by hand and place with other treasures. Following this prayer is a Scottish blessing. A blessing to help us to enter this holiday season.
Lord, how much juice you can squeeze from a single grape.
How much water you can draw from a single well.
How great a fire you can kindle from a tiny spark.
How great a tree you can grow from a tiny seed.
My soul is so dry that by itself it cannot pray;
Yet you can squeeze from it the juice of a thousand prayers.
My soul is so parched that by itself it cannot love;
yet you can draw from it boundless love for you and for my neighbor.
My soul is so cold that by itself it has no joy;
Yet you can light the fire of heavenly joy within me.
My soul is so feeble that by itself it has no faith;
Yet by your power my faith grows to a great height.
Thank you for prayer, for love, for joy, for faith;
Let me always be prayerful, loving, joyful, faithful.
Guigo the Carthusian, 12th Century
May the blessing of light be on you – light without and light within.
May the blessed sunlight shine on you like a great peat fire,
so that stranger and friend may come and warm himself at it.
And may light shine out of the two eyes of you,
like a candle set in the window of a house,
bidding the wanderer come in out of the storm.
And may the blessing of the rain be on you,
may it beat upon your Spirit and wash it fair and clean,
and leave there a shining pool where the blue and Heaven shines,
and sometimes a star.
And may the blessing of the earth be on you,
soft under your feet as you pass along the roads,
soft under you as you lie out on it, tired at the end of day;
and may it rest easy over you when, at last, you lie out under it.
May it rest so lightly over you that your soul may be out from under it quickly; up
and off and on its way to God.
And now may the Lord bless you, and bless you kindly. Amen.
Silence. The few moments closing this day to collect our thoughts. A few moments to reflect on how fast the moments are passing and to consciously make an effort to notice the grains as they pass through our sand timer. Tonight. Tonight we have been handed our stone. Our stone to carve words for our epitaph. The words for the moments we will never have back. Do we have words worthy of inscription? Did we stop our incessant busyness to help someone find their own beauty in their day? Did we pour extra cream for our little cats? Did we notice the hands of who we love? The little chubby ones. The almost an adult and still a child hands that fly so quickly past. The hands of who we love? The hands of an older friend who is always hoping we stop to hold them? The hands of those we cannot be with – hold those hands in our minds? Beauty in something so small. Something so beautiful. Did we notice the eyes? Did we look behind the eyes? Details. Beautiful details. Details which make the moments given to us count.
Thank you for letting me enter your almost Thursday again this week and for coming to our store for your gifts. We will be ready to welcome you into our world with a smile. Have a beautiful Thanksgiving. Looking to the heavens for your peace. The peace that passes the understanding of any around you is promised. Our morning angel will be waiting to show us that the smallest grains of sand passing by can be beautiful. Susan
Latin for this week –
solum Deum prae oculis habentes – having only God before your eyes
a caelo usque ad centrum – from heaven all the way to the center of the earth
laetitia – joy, happiness
benigno numine – By the favor of the heavens. (Horace)
caelitus mihi vires – My strength is from heaven.
Tene quod habes – Hold what you have. | <urn:uuid:15d71f1a-815d-4a31-af6b-ef120ce3d5d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://susansbooksandgifts.com/prayers/scottish-blessing-and-beautiful-carthusian-prayer-from-12th-century-nov-2020/scottish-blessing-and-beautiful-carthusian-prayer-from-12th-century-nov-2020 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.940248 | 1,141 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Bottling the Wine
There is more to finishing the wine than bottling it.
When the wine is clear and all fermentation has stopped, siphon it into wine bottles and cork the bottles securely. Leave bottles upright for 3-5 days and then store them on their side at 55 degrees Fahrenheit for six months (white wine) to a year (red wine) before sampling. If not up to expectations, allow to age another year or more. While this is the essence of this step, there is actually a bit more to it.
It is assumed the wine will fall clear on its own within six months and perhaps another three rackings. Almost all wines will, but some may need help. Help means either cold settling or fining. It does not mean filtering, as only clear wines should be filtered. Filtering a cloudy or hazy wine will almost always clog the filters prematurely and could burn out a filter’s pump.
Generally, fining agents work because they possess one charge (positive or negative) and the cloudiness is caused by something that possesses the opposite charge. Opposites attract, creating larger (and heavier) particulates, which fall into the lees. If you use the wrong fining agent, it will repel the particulate and serve no purpose. Indeed, it could exacerbate the problem.
The best — meaning the most useful — general fining agents are (in my opinion) Bentonite, Kieselsol, Chitosan, and Gelatin. The first two are negatively charged particles that are useful in removing proteins and some metallic compounds. The latter two are positively charged and useful in removing tannin, phenols, anthrocyanins, yeast cells, and bacteria — all of which are negatively charged. Casein and Sparkolloid are also useful and fairly common finings. Both are positively charged agents. There are at least a couple of products out there that are two-part clarifiers. They contain both positive and negative charged finings, so if you really aren’t sure what is causing the problem and you’ve tried pectic enzyme without success, these products will usually work. In fact, I’ve never had one not work for me. The one I’ve used most often is a product is called Super Kleer K-C, a liquid, whose fining agents are Kieselsol and Chitosan (the “K-C” in the name). One 150-ml dose will treat 6 gallons of wine. Ten days later you rack the wine and, if desired, filter it at that time.
After the wine is clear, it must be stable before being bottled. Stable means all fermentation has stopped for good. An unstable wine can resume fermentation in the bottle and lead to disaster — a popped cork or exploded bottle.
Any wine that is absolutely bone dry will stabilize itself within a few days to weeks, as no food remains to keep the yeast alive. For bone dry wines (specific gravity of 0.990 or lower), allow them to sit for 30 days before bottling.
If the wine is not bone dry, it may be cold stabilized at 30-32 degrees F, for 3-4 weeks. This will kill all popular strains of wine yeast. If you cannot reliably reduce your wine to this temperature range for an extended period, you can chemically stabilize it.
Potassium sorbate, sold as a chemical or behind a product name such as Sorbistat K, is a commercial wine stabilizer that should be used in conjunction with Campden or its active ingredient, potassium metabisulfite. In other words, it works better with sulfites present than without, and it works better than sulfites alone. Potassium sorbate disrupts the reproductive cycle of yeast. Yeasts present are unable to reproduce and their population slowly diminishes through attrition.
Potassium sorbate is added in the amount of 1/2 teaspoon per gallon of wine. Sorbic acid results and stabilizes the wine. Usually the crushed Campden and potassium sorbate are dissolved in a cup or two of the wine to be stabilized and stirred thoroughly. Allow the stirred wine to sit a few moments and look for small white lumps of undissolved powder. If present, continue stirring until the wine is clear without any undissolved lumps. This is then added to the larger batch and stirred in well with a sanitized glass rod or wooden dowel.
Once a wine is stabilized it can be sweetened if desired. Sweetening a wine that hasn’t been stabilized is asking for trouble. Sweeten the wine any way you desire, but the most assured way of doing it is to make a simple syrup from two parts sugar to one part water and stir until the sugar is completely dissolved and the liquid is clear. It helps to use boiling water for making the syrup. Then add the syrup to the wine and stir well to integrate it. I add in stages, stir well, and taste — 1/2 cup, then 1/4 cup, then however more is needed to achieve the taste I desire. Do not add sugar directly to a finished wine. More than likely it contains a great deal of absorbed carbon dioxide, as explained in the paragraphs immediately following, and adding sugar crystals will cause it to erupt like a volcano with foam. After sweetening, reattach the airlock and let the wine sit another 3-4 weeks to be sure it doesn’t start refermenting.
It is not uncommon for wine to absorb carbon dioxide, the gas created as a by-product of fermentation. This especially tends to occur when fermentation slows to the point that bubbles escape the airlock at a rate slower than one bubble every 15 minutes. The positive pressure of CO2 in the headspace between the wine and the airlock bears equally on the wine and the liquid inside the airlock. Some of that CO2 is simply absorbed into the wine. The result is a wine that fizzes when poured. It may not fizz as much as a sparkling wine, but it greatly detracts from a wine that is supposed to be a still (nonsparkling) wine.
There are several ways to release this gas and return the wine to a true still wine. The simplest way is to simply stir the wine with a wooden dowel or a plastic rod. Stir the wine vigorously for about a minute and then replace the airlock and let the wine settle down for 30-45 minutes. Then repeat the procedure several times until the wine stops giving up CO2 gas. I use a plastic rod used to pull curtains closed. I heated one end of the rod in boiling water for a few minutes, layed the heated end on a wooden cutting board, and gently tapped it with a wooden mallet to flatten the end of it into a narrow “paddle” shape. I sanitize it and then put the paddle end into the carboy and attach the other end to an electric drill. This is undoubtedly safer than using a wooden dowel because the plastic cannot absorb bacteria or mold the way the wooden dowel can.
All wines benefit from bulk aging before bottling. The length of time a wine is bulk aged is up to you, but whites generally should be aged at least six months, Low acid, low tannin reds should be aged for 9-12 months. High acid, high tannin wines should be aged considerably longer. Aging is usually done under airlock, but long aging can be done in sealed carboys, the seal being provided by a solid bung or tapered cork.
You may bottle the wine with simple racking tubing. I insert the tubing into the bottle at the depth I wish the wine to rise to (1-3/4 inches if using 1-1/2-inch corks, 2 inches if using 1-3/4-inch corks. When the wine rises to that height, I simply lift the bottle above the height of the wine in the secondary. Flow stops and wine above the end of the tubing is siphoned back into the carboy. There are also valves that can be fitted to the end of the tubing and used to cut off wine flow at the appropriate time. Finally, there are bottling wands that fit into the end of the tubing and are inserted into the bottle. They contain a spring-loaded valve that is opened when the tip is pressed against the bottom of the bottle. When the bottle is filled to the appropriate height, the wind is merely lifted and flow stops. The choice is yours. Each method requires a few attempts to become expert at, but there is no rocket science involved and anyone can quickly master either of the methods.
Newly bottled wine should be stood upright for three days. During this period it is labeled and a decorative heat-shrink capsule may be fitted over the corked neck. After three days, it is stored on its side so the cork is fully in contact with the wine.
Bottled wine should be allowed to age in the bottle at least two and preferably three months to recover from the agitation bottling imposes upon it (so-called “bottle sickness” or “bottling shock”) and to develop a bottle bouquet.
More detailed instructions and advice on each of the steps outlined above can be found in the section of this website called “Advanced Winemaking Basics,” reachable in the navigation menu below. One should especially note the subsections “Winemaking Problems” and “Finishing Your Wine.”
Source URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20130228054829/http://winemaking.jackkeller.net/bottling.asp | <urn:uuid:56ca5ef0-c366-4773-8a04-b4344e3813ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://virtualvalerie.net/winemaking-the-basic-steps/bottling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.95136 | 2,018 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Social media plays a powerful role in our society and in our world. Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, Pinterest, YouTube, WhatsApp, Vine, and countless other social media channels are changing the way the world works. With this growing demand for social media, companies are actively hiring socially savvy professionals called social media specialists.
In the grand scheme of things, jobs in social media are relatively new. There are many different job titles in this niche and they all seem to have some sort of overlap. Community managers, consultants, analysts, marketers, experts, and specialists all work in this niche and maybe you can to. The key to finding the right social media job for you is to read the job description so that you know what you’re applying for.
This blog shines the spotlight on the job of social media specialist. Social media specialists don’t necessarily work for the big social media companies. Instead they work for companies of all shapes and sizes to help them grow their social presence.
According to FastCompany.com, “nine out of 10 US companies are now active on social networks.” These companies are able to tap into an social audience of over 2 billion active social media users located around the world. At no point in history have businesses been able to tap into such a broad target market so easily.
Due to the fact that social media is constantly growing and positively affecting companies around the world, there is a strong demand for social media specialists. Social media specialists work hard to:
- Drive traffic to websites
- Develop employer brands
- Manage web presence
- Establish an editorial calendar for posts, videos, and images
- Engage and interact with the social media audience
- Produce consistent, high quality content
- Convert fans to sales
- Analyze easily trackable social media performance via numerous statistics
- Create and implement a focused and goal oriented marketing plan
Finding a social media specialist job typically requires that you have social media experience. If you are active on social media, you have a good idea of how this niche works already. To gain professional experience you can find smaller jobs with small companies, build your own social media business, or earn a degree in social media.
As you start to search for jobs, learn how to boost your resume with social media skills. Then you can work your way up until you’re part of a team of social media specialists that work hard to reach millions of people every single month. There’s so much potential in this niche.
If you’re a socially savvy person who enjoys social media, pursue a job as a social media specialist. There are jobs with nearly every single company around the world. Social is the future and it’s here to stay.
Are you ready to build your career in social media? Search and apply for social media specialist jobs on the JobMonkey JobCenter today.
See Also: Find A Job Using Social Media | <urn:uuid:542d278b-1e70-476c-8e42-eb619736aea1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jobmonkey.com/spotlight-social-media-specialist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.930351 | 606 | 1.8125 | 2 |
By Bella Butler MANAGING EDITOR
BIG SKY – A survey recently released by the Big Sky Community Housing Trust largely reiterates what most resort town residents already know: Housing is a critical issue that impacts people across the community spectrum.
The set of surveys, one offered to Big Sky employers and one to employees, was intended to inform the housing trust’s future work as well as to characterize the local workforce, according to BSCHT Executive Director David O’Connor.
“It all comes down to helping us make better informed decisions and be better stewards of public and philanthropic funds,” O’Connor said.
Open between May 23 and June 15, the surveys were distributed through the Big Sky Chamber of Commerce, the housing trust’s own network, and employers as well as Explore Big Sky and is the first of its kind since 2017. Wendy Sullivan, a consultant based in California, will use the newest responses to update the Big Sky Community Housing Action Plan she prepared in 2018.
The employee survey received 645 responses and the employer survey received 106.
“I think [the response rate] is an emphasis of how pervasive the need is, and the deficit that our community is facing in housing,” O’Connor said. “I think it also is reflective that … this needs to be something that our community needs to address.”
One key takeaway from the survey O’Connor pointed to was that more than 90 percent of respondents said they live in Big Sky year-round and nearly 80 percent of respondents said they plan to work in Big Sky for more than two years.
“To me, that says that we have a lot of people that are living here that would like to be long-term participating members of the community,” O’Connor said. “That to me says something very important: that our housing need is not ski bums looking for a better place to live.”
He added that part of the housing trust’s goal is to help build a well-rounded community and house residents that keep Big Sky sustainable.
“That number to me says that our pent-up demand for housing would fill that gap,” he said. “If we can solve this housing thing, we can provide this community with participatory, long-term residents.”
Another data set that demonstrates the demographic diversity in Big Sky’s workforce O’Connor noted was that employee respondents reported living in a mix of housing types: 45.7 percent said they lived in condos, 26.6 percent in single-family homes, 14.4 percent in apartments and the remaining in dorms, motel and hotel rooms, campers and cars or friends’ homes.
“Conclusions like that help combat nimbyism that there’s us and there’s them and the housing-fit problem is their problem, whoever ‘they’ might be,” O’Connor said. “This says no, this is us as a community.”
Two other questions in the employee survey revealed that more than 45 percent of respondents said they would like to move into a new or different home in Big Sky within the next three years, and a similar percentage of respondents said they want to buy a home in Big Sky.
“Those are rubber-meets-the-road questions for the housing trust on this survey,” O’Connor said. “They did not give us responses that differ from what we perceive as our focus in the next five years, which is that ownership opportunities are the brass ring … We will not turn our back on rental opportunities if they present themselves, but what the community feels will be of the greatest long-term benefit to this community and its housing challenge is ownership—more accessible ownership.” | <urn:uuid:7b194b7d-cf27-4611-8bca-a0a9ab783380> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.explorebigsky.com/housing-survey-reveals-need-across-big-sky-spectrum/45016 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.971859 | 800 | 1.710938 | 2 |
As part of the West Hartford Public School “Unplugged” initiative, The Community of Concern committee and the PTOs are inviting the community to a free presentation of the film “Screenagers: Growing Up in a Digital Age” at 7 p.m., April 27th, in the Hall High School auditorium in West Hartford.
The age of digital media, smartphones and video games has created new headaches for many families.
The award-winning ‘Screenagers’, produced by New York-based filmmaker and physician Delaney Ruston, explores the impact of technology/ screen time on children’s development and offers ideas for creating balance in kids’ use of digital media. The movie profiles her own family’s struggles with smart phones, social media, video games. The film includes interviews with parents, teenagers, authors, psychologists and neuroscientists providing ideas on how we can empower ourselves to best navigate this digital world we live in.
Many parents and children struggle to manage the use of technology inside and outside of their homes, to find balance with devices and to deal with technology addiction. We hope through this screening, to educate the public and to open up a community discussion around media, screen time, technology and the positive and negative roles technology can play in families.
Who: The film showing is open to anyone who has an interest in the topic, including parents, teachers and students and individual adults.
What: Screening of the documentary “Screenagers” and post screening panel discussion
When: 7 p.m. April 27th, 2017, with a post screening panel discussion
Where: Hall High School Auditorium, 975 N Main St, West Hartford, CT 06117
RSVP: encouraged as there are limited tickets https://impactflow.com/event/presented-by-community-of-concern-hall-conard-ptos-2161 | <urn:uuid:6232caa6-4bc4-4866-b1d8-a1c02fd95044> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://we-ha.com/west-hartford-public-schools-showing-screenagers-movie-hall-high-school/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.927207 | 403 | 1.875 | 2 |
Load a simple grey shaded material. This is how the mesa with castle imported looks.
We want to have eco-paint grass over this mesa in specifics areas (the flat level areas where grass would grow easily.
To easily figure this out. We’ll load a new map to our material. Switch from Procedural to Mapped picture.
We’ll use a uv grid map. This will help us figure out what regions we want to have our grass grow.
Load this image file to your material.
Now your material is using the uv grid.
Here you can see how the uv grid lands on your mesa.
Here’s a down view of it as well.
Here is a black and white image we’ll use as our map for the grass. I created it in Maya using a 3d snow shader. Basically the snow (white) would only land on areas flat enough to stay on it.
Now if we place our UV grid image behind it. You’ll see where the snow is going to cover on our mesa.
We can now add our ecosystem. Under Simple material, switch to add an EcoSystem.
It will add an additional layer into your Material.
Now multiple tabs are created with the Ecosystem. We’ll only care about General and Density for now.
In the General tab, we’ll find the “Patch of Grass” plant species to populate our mesa.
Change its scale to 20 for our scene’s size.
Now go to the Density tab. Click on Variable Density and right click on grey sphere. Choose Edit Function.
This opens the Function Editor. All we care about is the Density node and clicking on the “Projected Texture Map” node.
Hook up the Density to the Projected Texture Map, by grabbing the left round button on the Density node and dragging it to the other node. A pop-up appears, select grayscale output.
Select the Project Texture map node. Now below we will load in our mask.
Find our mask.
Once loaded you will see an icon of the mask applied.
Now we can do a render. (I made my density percentage to 83%).
And aerial view
Now you can trim your snow mask if you want to conserve memory and render time for your shot’s specific coverage. Just paint out area we don’t see to be pure black.
This same technique can be done to add more populations like trees, shrubs, or rocks for example. | <urn:uuid:413ce315-4330-4880-9837-0e84188b8f2a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ericbouffard.wordpress.com/2016/03/14/vue-ecosystems-with-masks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.875463 | 546 | 1.929688 | 2 |
A culinary squabble, if you can call it that, has broken out in Italy.
The town of Amatrice, near Rome, is upset with a chef at a famous restaurant in Milan.
In fact, the town's deputy mayor, Piergiuseppe Monteforte, ridiculed the chef because he doesn't prepare his amatriciana properly.
What's amatriciana you might ask? Well the 1,000-year-old pasta with sauce dish originally comes from Amatrice and it has to be made according to a centuries old traditional recipe — according to folks in Amatrice.
Amatrice cried foul when Italian chef Carlo Cracco said on TV recently that he uses a secret ingredient, just a touch of sauteed garlic, to make amatriciano. That's just NOT OK with the people of Amatrice.
Italian Chef Lidia Bastianich is a good person to help sort out this kitchen kerfuffle. Her latest cookbook is called "Lidia's Commonsense Italian Cooking".
To understand why all the fuss over a plate of pasta, she says you need a little history:
"The original amatriciana, even before the tomatoes came from the New World, was a pasta dish made out of fresh pasta. The sauce was basically made from guanciale which is the cured cheek or jowl of the pig, and Peccorino cheese," she says.
Herders who went up into the hills with their sheep would take a bit of guanciale, add a little bit of wine and then add the pecorino cheese to make the sauce. But sometime around the 1500s, according to food historians, two ingredients native to America, tomatoes and chili peppers, were brought to Italy, and they were added to the mix. And that became the "original" recipe for amatriciana.
But notice how even that "original" recipe evolved over time. Tomatoes were added. So why the fuss over the addition of a little garlic for flavor?
Bastianich sides with the folks in Amatricia. "The world is becoming more and more homogenized in flavors, in everything, so Amatricia wants to protect their flavor and they're right," she says.
But as a chef, Bastianich defends her right to be creative with recipes. "Adding a little bit of your own flavor, or your own coloratura, what's wrong with that? That's what food is all about."
And just to throw a little gasoline on the fire, Batianich says she prefers to embellish her home-made amatriciana by adding a little bit of onion. "And I like the onions kind of nice and crunchy so when I bite into it I hear the crunch of the onion in the amatriciana."
She also adds a fresh bayleaf or two during the cooking and says jokingly, "Now they might have me crucified for that — but I like it."
What's so beautiful about Italian cuisine, says Bastianich, is its regionality, and the fact that every one of Italy's 20 regions has its own specialty. "So if you go into today's homes with grandmothers and mothers cooking, you'll see those original recipes reign, recipes that still reflect the regions that they come from. I think that's beautiful." She says when she visits Italy, "that's the flavor I want."
While it might be possible to officially protect authentic Parmesan cheese or Neapolitan pizza, Bastianich believes it would be more difficult to constrain chefs from being creative with traditional recipes. "You can identify a recipe and say this is an authentic recipe from Amatrice and give the exact amounts and yes, you could do that. But can you pressure the rest of the world, the chef world, to do that exactly? I'm sure that some of them will, but others will use that as a springboard to do more creative things."
Renata Rosso, a New York City-based Italian-American journalist, also sides with the city of Amatrice. She's says the old recipe, made with local ingredients, is the best. "There isn’t any garlic in the recipe, therefore if you add garlic, or any other ingredient, don’t call it Amatriciana. Call it something else, like Cracchiana, in this case, since the chef who stirred up the controversy and added the garlic is Carlo Cracco."
Rosso studies the history of food and ingredients wherever she travels in Italy. She says "Garlic overpowers the taste of other ingredients. It is a question of balance of flavors. In every dish, there must be a delicate balance among ingredients, none should overwhelm your palate." She says when in doubt, trust the local chefs, the home cooks in Amatrice who've been making the dish for centuries
In case you want to try to make amatriciano and judge for yourself, here's the original recipe for amatriciana, according to the mayor of Amatrice.
The ingredients (4 servings) are: 500g spaghetti, 125g guanciale (pork jowl) from Amatrice, a spoonful of extra virgin Italian olive oil, a drop of dry white wine, six or seven San Marzano tomatoes or 400g of canned peeled tomatoes, some chili, 100g of grated peccorino cheese from Amatrice, and salt.
And the recipe: Place the oil, chili and guanciale, chopped into small pieces, into an iron pan. Use only the soft part of the pork jowl, or else it is not sweet and delicious amatriciana. Sauté these ingredients in a pan. Add the wine.
Blanch the whole tomatoes so as to easily remove the skin, and then quarter them, remove seeds, and add to the hot pan. Season as desired with salt. Allow the sauce to cook over the heat for a few minutes.
Then boil salted water. cook the pasta till it's al dente (slightly firm). Drain and put pasta in a bowl. Add the grated peccorino. Then add the sauce to the pasta and if you like, sprinkle a little more peccorino as it is served.
Let's us know how the recipe turns out! | <urn:uuid:e38b2a90-5478-44b4-9143-798741a6b9e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://theworld.org/stories/2015-02-11/garlic-or-no-garlic-squabble-kitchen-over-how-make-traditional-amatriciana-pasta | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.956976 | 1,321 | 1.984375 | 2 |
- 1 Which side is Buda and which side pest?
- 2 Is Parliament on the Buda or Pest side?
- 3 Is the Budapest Parliament in Buda or Pest?
- 4 Is Buda east or west of the Danube?
- 5 Where should a first time tourist stay in Budapest?
- 6 What is the best district to stay in Budapest?
- 7 Should I stay Buda or Pest?
- 8 What does pest mean in Hungarian?
- 9 Which is the old part of Budapest?
- 10 Who built Budapest?
- 11 How is Budapest divided?
- 12 What is Budapest famous for?
- 13 What is the language of Budapest?
- 14 How old is Hungary today?
Which side is Buda and which side pest?
Buda is considered to be the calmer side of the city–while it’s not exactly dead, there tends to be much more going on, including nightlife, on the Pest side of the river. Buda tends to have a much more residential feel.
Is Parliament on the Buda or Pest side?
Arguably the most beautiful building in the city, Parliament sits right on the river front. You get a stunning view from the Buda side of the river, but it’s worth getting closer to wander around outside and take in the detailed architecture.
Is the Budapest Parliament in Buda or Pest?
It is situated on Kossuth Square in the Pest side of the city, on the eastern bank of the Danube. It was designed by Hungarian architect Imre Steindl in neo-Gothic style and opened in 1902.
Is Buda east or west of the Danube?
The Buda side of Budapest is located on the west side of the Danube. It’s a culturally rich and beautiful part of the city, housing some of the most unique architecture in the capital. It’s also the hilly side of the city, famously known for the Castle District and the impeccable views of Pest to the east.
Where should a first time tourist stay in Budapest?
The 6 Best Neighborhoods in Budapest for Tourists
- Castle District. The historic Castle District encompasses the hilly area on the Buda, or west bank side of the Danube River.
- Belváros & Parliament.
- Jewish Quarter.
- Óbuda & Margaret Island.
- Palace District.
- City Park & Around.
What is the best district to stay in Budapest?
The 5th district is the best overall neighborhood to stay in Budapest for tourists. Plenty of attractions, and loads of restaurants and cafés to enjoy. While it isn’t exactly a nightlife hub, the 5th is well-connected by public transit – you’ll be able to hop over to the Jewish Quarter if its bars you crave.
Should I stay Buda or Pest?
Buda – Definitely the classier and more residential side of the city, Buda is known for being a bit quieter and the place to go for a leisurely sightseeing experience. Pest – Known for being where all of the action happens – the place to be touristy, hang out and have fun.
What does pest mean in Hungarian?
The Slavic word pest means a cave, a rock cavity, subsumed into old Hungarian and denoting a kiln, as well as the cave of Hévíz, so Gellért Hill was originally named Pest Hill, and the river crossing at its foot was Pest.
Which is the old part of Budapest?
Buda Old Town, Budapest.
Who built Budapest?
The first settlement on the territory of Budapest was built by Celts before 1 AD. It was later occupied by the Romans. The Roman settlement – Aquincum – became the main city of Pannonia Inferior in 106 AD.
How is Budapest divided?
Budapest however has only been a city for a couple of hundred years, since the cities of Buda, Pest and Obuda united. Today, the city can clearly be distinguished into two: Buda and Pest, divided by the river Danube that splits the city into two.
What is Budapest famous for?
Budapest is one of the most photogenic cities in Europe. The dramatic skyline that Budapest is most famous for is peppered with 19th-century architectural wonders alongside the Danube River. Notable landmarks include the majestic riverside Parliament Building and a collection of stunning basilicas.
What is the language of Budapest?
– Hungarian: The only official language of the country, unrelated to any of the neighbouring languages. It is the first language of some 98.9% of the total population. – German: spoken by the German minority, especially in and around Mecsek Mountains, but also in other parts of the country.
How old is Hungary today?
History: Hungary has a long tradition in history – 1100 years. She is one of the oldest countries in Europe. The first groups of Hungarian people arrived to the current location in 896. King Stephen founded the independent state of Hungary in 1000. | <urn:uuid:3e868f6c-ed73-42ae-8b1a-6e6810d3eb53> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://absolutebudapest.com/faq/often-asked-which-side-is-pest-in-budapest.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.942854 | 1,086 | 1.671875 | 2 |
The mini tornado that hit the small village of Maureillas las Illas and Fourques last weekend left a fair amount of structural damage, but no harm to human or animal. Trees and power lines were ripped out, roofs, fences, gates and walls damaged by fallen trees and debris and and several small roads were blocked. Firefighters and army worked together in some appalling weather to restore transport and communications.
Hail up to 4 cm in diameter was reported
Children from the Maureillas ‘école maternelle’ are delighted to find they have at least a week of extra holiday tagged on to Christmas as repairs take place to a ravaged school building, caused by fallen trees in the playground. | <urn:uuid:2bcb7ac5-9d19-41dd-af49-44641f54a8c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://anglophone-direct.com/mini-tornado-maureillas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.965074 | 144 | 1.609375 | 2 |
As part of its activities to empower young talents and promote STEM subjects, the Wilo-Foundation is supporting the International WRO Final 2022 in Dortmund. The international robotics competition for children and young people will be hosted in Germany for the first time and will take place from 17 to 19 November on the premises of the Dortmund Trade Fair.
The WRO brings together children and young people aged 6 to 19. In various competition categories, the participants work together in teams and, assisted by a team coach, assemble a robot and, as a next step, program this robot. Finally, the teams and their robots have to complete various tasks assigned to them by the WRO organisers.
At the International WRO Final, which takes place in a different country every year, the top-performing 500 teams from more than 80 countries compete against each other in different disciplines with the robots they have assembled. The event also features a side programme on interesting STEM subjects.
Our funding partner:
The association TECHNIK BEGEISTERT (“technology inspires”) e.V., Menden, has been organising the international robotics competition World Robot Olympiad (WRO) in Germany since 2012 and is now also organising the WRO Final 2022. In addition, the city of Dortmund, the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, the Ministry of Economics, Innovation, Digitalisation and Energy, several companies, including IBM as a long-standing partner, and various foundations, mainly from the region, are supporting the 2022 World Final in Dortmund. | <urn:uuid:324bf770-582f-4d53-aacd-4f4703a0d48c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.wilo-foundation.de/en/funded-projects/education/wro-2022-robotics-competition-for-children-and-young-people.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.942798 | 315 | 1.578125 | 2 |
which earn me advertising fees or commissions.
As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
SRM Power Meter Overview
The SRM approach directly measures actual power produced by the rider. Certain other brands measure power in the bottom bracket or rear wheel, an approach which inserts additional mechanical losses prior to measurement.
Arguably the SRM approach of measuring power at the cranks is superior, because it measures actual power produced by the rider as close as possible to the source of that power (the feet). Such distinctions are probably of little interest except to the professional cyclist; more important to my training is consistency, not absolute accuracy.
SRM claims accuracy of 2% for power measurements. In my view, this is not entirely ideal for rigorous training (intervals), since 200 watts vs 204 watts is a significant difference equating to 30:00 vs 30:36. But perhaps a consistent pedal stroke reduces the error— SRM does not explain further.
Power transmitted to the rear wheels will be slightly less than as measured at the cranks (from mechanical losses), but given the stiffness of the cranks and the Trek Madone 6.9 SSL and the Lightweight Ventoux wheels of my bike, this loss is likely very small, and it feels that way on my bike.
SRM offers many different models. On the following pages the Shimano DuraAce 7900 and 7950 are discussed. Both are in personal use on my two Trek Madone 6.9 SSL road bikes.
Installation note for Trek Madone 6.9 SSL
A reader poses this question:
I have a Trek Madone 6.9ssl built in Di2 and now using a SRM crank (Shimano 7800 with 7900 rings). I was wondering if you have any tips on how to fix the cadence magnet under the BB? It doesn't seem to fit under the battery mount bracket. I couldn't see it on your pictures.
I did not install the magnet myself. From Neil at Palo Alto Bicycles, my trusted mechanic who installed the magnet and SRM crankset—
The cadence magnet for an SRM crank set will fit between the battery cradle and the Di2 specific Madone frame insert for the cradle mount. While the plastic part of the cadence magnet supplied from SRM is curved to match a normal BB shell, it will flatten out without issue. Just make sure that the magnet lines up with the dot found on the SRM spider. That dot indicates where the magnetic trip is for the crank computer to turn on. An alternative that is equally effective is to mount a magnet directly to the frame. Quarq, now owned by SRAM, uses this method with a simply two part epoxy putty to secure the magnet. It is a secure fastener that is ultimately removable it needed. Quarq/SRAM now make this magnet available after market and is currently available at your better LBS. | <urn:uuid:9690492d-f9f5-4755-bf03-deebd3e4a31d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://windinmyface.com/SRM.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.944535 | 614 | 2.078125 | 2 |
It doesn't matter whether you call it punch and die tooling, compression tooling or tablet tooling, the final product is still the same, MDC hopes to make the next set of compression tools! For industrial tool applications, new customers trust us every year to consult, design and provide the highest quality compression tools in the industry. MDC Mould is a compression tooling company with high quality level, provides various compression toolings and solutions for many industries and customers. The biggest Hydraulic press machine for MDC is 4000T which can provide customer with a guarantee that the tools perform at highest level and meet customer requirement.
Compression tooling is the process of tooling in which a preheated polymer is placed into an open, heated tool cavity. The tool is then closed with a top plug and compressed in order to have the material contact all areas of the tool. This process can produce parts with a wide array of lengths, thicknesses, and complexities. Compression tooling is used in agriculture, transportation, electricity, chemicals, building, construction, machinery and other fields. Compression tooling have no detail requirement for material appearance, no matter what shape material it is : Granular, powder, sheet or bulk are all molding into product.
Compression toolings include machine, mould bases, and tools.
MDC Mould is a China company specialized in making SMC, BMC, GMT, LFT, and Carbon Fiber, have abundant experience in tool designing and manufacturing. MDC have strict quality control system and high-efficiency work team, have many kinds of hydraulic press and oil temperature controller to make sure the compression moulding trial and parts production goes well. MDC provides various compression tools and solutions for many industries and customers. There are several different types of toolings in our business.
LFT is bulk molding material that feature continuous fiber filaments running the full length of the pellet allowing these materials to exhibit simultaneous improvements in strength, stiffness, and impact resistance over a wide temperature range.
Meanwhile, D-LFT (Direct-long fiber thermoplastics) is available for injection or compression molding. Most D-LFT systems, for injection or compression molding systems, feed glass roving (or other fiber) into a twin-screw extruder (TSE), where it is chopped by the screws as it is mixed with molten polymer and additives that have been metered in separately. To improve surface finish, some systems use knives to prechop the roving prior to entrance into the TSE. This method generally yields a shorter fiber, while the direct roving feed produces longer fibers and yields parts with higher structural performance. Each approach uses different and specialized screw designs.
MDC Mould have provided more than 116 customers with their customized toolings and provides post-compression tooling use guidance and maintenance services. Our tooling design team can anticipate possible problems during the design phase and deal with them. More than 20 years of market experience, enabling us to grasp the development information about the compression industry.
MDC Mould will be strict in polishing with the tool surface when manufacturing. Besides, the anti-rust agent will be sprayed before the tooling is shipped to reduce the loss of tooling when using.
Stainless steel is used for compression machine tooling. Our management of steel selection is very strict, and we will also do the hardening of steel. MDC imported advanced equipment, such as five-axis high-speed machining, tries to improve the precision of the tooling.
As the leading manufacture of china compression tooling maker, MDC make SMC tool, BMC tooling, GMT tooling and carbon fiber tooling. Carbon fiber tooling is used for Automotive industry and met development requirements of light weight applications such as carbon fiber hood tooling. Now MDC has already made oversized auto moulds, for example 12 meters of bus outer accessoriescity.
Email: [email protected]
Tel: +86 576 84616076
Fax: +86 576 84616079
Mobile: +86 13906573507(Mr. Wang)
Address: No.35-1, Qingfeng Road, North Industrial Estate, HuangYan, Zhejiang,China. | <urn:uuid:811f9dd6-8119-44c5-a05f-716c5f1e7f83> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.zjmdc.com/News/Mould-Blog/compression-tooling-tool.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.921995 | 884 | 1.5625 | 2 |
From Tuesday to Wednesday, 8,239 new infections were registered in Austria. This is slightly above the average of the past seven days of 7,193 infections. The 7-day incidence is currently 566.08. Currently, 86,280 people are actively infected.
In the past 24 hours, 204,091 PCR tests have been performed. This results in a positive rate of 4.04 percent.
In addition, 24 new deaths have been reported. Thus, the pandemic has claimed 18,100 lives so far.
The hospital is currently treating 1,452 patients—37 fewer than on Tuesday. Intensive care units continue to treat 111 people, the same number as Tuesday.
Regarding vaccination progress: 4,011 vaccinations were given on Tuesday. These included 149 first-time, 461 second-time, and 3,401 third-time vaccinations. According to the E-vaccination passport data, 6,130,358 people (68.3 percent of Austrians) have proper vaccination protection.
The protection rate (valid vaccination certificate) is highest in Burgenland with 74.6 percent. In Lower Austria, 70.5 percent of the population has valid vaccination protection. In Styria, 69 percent. After Vienna (67.3), Tyrol (66.2), Carinthia (65.1), Salzburg (64.4), and Vorarlberg (64.3), Upper Austria brings up the rear with 64 percent.
New infections in the provinces
Lower Austria: 2,088
Upper Austria: 1,189
- source: sozialministerium.at
This post has already been read 120 times! | <urn:uuid:779887ca-9bf6-428f-9fcb-6d5a97353686> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://austrianpress.com/2022/04/27/8239-new-infections-in-austria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.903659 | 391 | 1.867188 | 2 |
What would you be willing to begin doing now to help ensure that Kansans a half-century down the road will have a reliable source of water? That?s the question at the heart of Gov. Brownback?s call last fall to develop a 50-year vision for the state?s water supply and setting goals needed to achieve it.
Following a series of public gatherings, a discussion draft of the state?s ?water vision? was released earlier this month. According to the Wichita Eagle, the draft outlines more than 170 possible strategies under four main themes: water conservation, water management, technology and crop varieties and new sources of supply. One potential goal is to reduce statewide water consumption by 20 percent, likely through a combination of voluntary and involuntary measures?the cost of which has not been estimated. The draft also proposes pricing water ?such that it encourages conservation by identifying its true value.?
We?re kidding ourselves if we think reaching these conservation goals will come without a significant change in our lifestyle and likely a pretty good hit on our wallets. But the alternative?having an insufficient water supply to sustain basic personal and economic necessities?is far worse. We need a good plan and we?ll need to act on it. | <urn:uuid:4da97f05-3cfc-4a30-8f56-c08ea6c373e1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hillsborofreepress.com/opinion/editorials/foresee-a-future | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955387 | 250 | 2.25 | 2 |
Washington, D.C. — The National Association of Attorneys General (NAAG) is endorsing federal legislation (H.R. 3891) that would improve states’ ability to combat abuse and neglect of Medicaid patients. Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that provides medical benefits to millions of Americans.
Medicaid Fraud Control Units (MFCUs), the majority of which are in state AG offices, have long been in the forefront of health care fraud enforcement. Under current law, MFCUs may investigate and prosecute patient abuse and neglect only if it occurs in a health care facility or, in some circumstances, in a board and care facility. Other cases of abuse and neglect of Medicaid patients – such as in a home health care setting – fall outside the Unit’s authority.
Since the current statute was enacted decades ago, substantial growth has occurred in home and community-based services, office-based services, transportation services, and other settings that are neither health care facilities nor board and care facilities.
States electing to operate under the expanded authority of H.R 3891, if enacted, would be able to use their MFCUs to investigate and prosecute cases of abuse or neglect of Medicaid patients in non-institutional settings.
“H.R. 3891 proposes a common-sense change that will better protect an often-vulnerable population and will maximize the benefits and efficient use of MFCU assets,” reads the NAAG letter signed by 49 state and territory attorneys general and sent today to the bill’s sponsors in the U.S. House of Representatives. “We hope it can become law soon….” | <urn:uuid:f710783e-8507-4e88-945f-295630e0af20> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.naag.org/press-releases/attorneys-general-endorse-federal-bill-to-expand-authority-of-medicaid-fraud-control-units/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.939281 | 343 | 1.5625 | 2 |
In an effort to start the new year in the right frame of mind, I just finished reading Paco Underhill’s Why We Buy. I’ve been putting off actually reading the book for a while now because I thought I didn’t need to, having long since been familiar with his most famous theories such as butt brush and bending time. Now that I’ve finished the book, I can join the chorus of believers singing “You have to read Why We Buy!” What an eye-opener it was!
As a little teaser for those unfamiliar with Paco, his company conducts research on shoppers and shopping. Through the use of hidden cameras, watchers and surveys, he and his staff observe how shoppers interact with displays, store personnel, labels and hundreds of other variables. His clients include everyone from Wal-Mart to Neiman Marcus and newsstands to electronic super stores. Why We Buy is a compilation of the knowledge Paco has gained through 20-plus years of observing and researching shopping, and the book is filled with anecdotes, both good and bad, from stores you’ll know. Why We Buy tells you how long college-educated people read vitamin labels, how often trying something on converts to buying it, and why the front door is not a good place for shopping carts.
Wondering what any of this has to do with garden retailing? I thought you’d never ask. Why We Buy outlines the basic, universal philosophy behind shopping, and that philosophy applies whether you’re buying a computer or a potted plant, whether you’re on Rodeo Drive or Main Street. No matter who you are or what you’re buying, you can only carry so much, you can only read certain size type and you’re only going to stand in line so long. Therefore, if we know that narrow aisles in a department store, where people, especially ladies, have to brush up against one another, lead to lower sales then we can infer that narrow aisles in the pottery department will have the same effect. (This, by the way, is the basics of butt brush.)
Since the book’s examples are not from our industry, it does often require some thought to make the tie-in. This is not one of those easy reads where you can absorb everything by osmosis, but it’s certainly worth the effort.
So as I’m wont to do in the January issue, I find myself thinking about New Year resolutions for the industry, and this year, I’m going to focus on just one suggestion: explore the world of retailing beyond lawn and garden.
Part of this will of course mean reading Why We Buy. But it will also mean touring something besides garden centers, reading trade magazines from other industries and realizing that garden retailing is more than just having a great product.
I know it’s a pretty tall order, and everyone has just ssoooo much time. Still, I figure that if we can master this, we’ll be unstoppable.
Lastly, the staff of Lawn & Garden Retailer wants to thank our readers and advertisers. 2004 was another great year for us, and we’re looking forward to an exciting 2005. So from everyone at Lawn & Garden Retailer Bridget, Carrie, Catherine, Doug, Felix, Kelley, Mackenzie, Tami and Tim we wish you and yours a prosperous new year that fulfills all your wishes.
Bridget WhiteBridget White, Editorial Director | <urn:uuid:d8a8b4fc-ce71-4b4e-8a0f-b972b7a9d2f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lgrmag.com/article/just-one/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.944231 | 760 | 1.8125 | 2 |
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Did you know you live on the outside skin of a huge ball of rock and metal?
Well, probably. But itâs not that obvious, and it wasnât until the age of the ancient Greeks that anyone really figured it out (and, despite urban legends about Columbus and all that, the Greeks not only knew the Earth was round, but how big it was to astonishing accuracy).
However, if you travel much, the unbearable roundness of being on a spherical planet becomes obvious. All you need to do is look to the heavens. Barring that, look to this very cool photo taken by my friend Babak Tafreshi as part of The World At Night:
On the right is Orion above the Alborz Mountains in Iran, looking pretty much as it does from the United States. Then cast your gaze left, to the same view but from the island of Bruny, off the coast of Tasmania. To most people, it looks like Orion is standing on his head.
The difference, of course, is that the mountains in Iran are at a latitude of about 36 degrees north, whereas Bruny is at a latitude of 43 degrees south. Thatâs nearly a quarter of the way around the planet in latitude, but itâs literally a world of difference.
As you can see in the drawing, two observers see different orientations for Orion from different parts of the Earth. In the Northern Hemisphere (top), the observer sees Rigel (blue line) below Betelgeuse (red line), whereas in the Southern Hemisphere itâs opposite. Thatâs really all there is to it.*
There are other ramifications, too, like flipping the direction of the crescent Moon, which is really freaky, and the direction of motion of the Sun across the sky. But Iâll tell you, seeing Orion upside-down in the sky is probably the best part of this. It really reminds you that youâre standing on a vastly different region of a spherical planet, spinning and flying through space, and that we all see the same thing, but we see it differently.
If thereâs a life lesson in there somewhere, feel free to find it.
*Of course, you could claim this alone doesnât prove the Earth is round; it would still work for a slab, or a dodecahedron. True, but I think thatâs putting too fine a point on it. Besides, who would deny reality that obvious? | <urn:uuid:be8f2f19-f167-438c-aade-132335a4a975> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/flipping-out-over-a-round-planet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.95874 | 528 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Volkswagen is accused of having a subsidiary enslave people on a farm in Brazil in the 1970s and 80s. The company has now been invited to a hearing.
Brazilian prosecutors have summoned Volkswagen do Brasil to a hearing on June 14 about possible slave labor on a subsidiary’s Amazon farm in the 1970s and 80s.
This emerges from a message from the prosecutor responsible for labor law in Brasília on Monday.
The investigation began in 2019 after prosecutors received documentation from a slave labor research group at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. “We can assure you that we take the events described on the Fazenda Rio Cristalino very seriously,” said a spokesman for Volkswagen AG on request. However, due to a possible legal process in Brazil, they do not want to comment further.
The prosecutor responsible, Rafael Garcia Rodrigues, said Volkswagen was responsible for the alleged serious human rights violations committed on the farm known as “Fazenda Volkswagen” in Santana do Araguaia in the state of Pará.
Lack of medical care and poor nutrition
These are said to have included a lack of medical care, accommodation in inhospitable places without access to drinking water and poor nutrition. In addition, armed surveillance or debt bondage are said to have prevented workers from leaving the farm.
According to the investigator, the “Fazenda Volkswagen” was one of the largest companies in the rural Amazon region, and the car company wanted to get into the meat business at the time. It was founded in the 1970s and supported by the Brazilian military dictatorship that wanted to develop the Amazon. The farm was around 1390 square kilometers and had around 300 workers. The temporary workers responsible for the clearing, to whom the allegation of slave labor mainly relates, were not directly employed by the subsidiary. | <urn:uuid:60e5a978-6e66-4250-aae5-4d75669b3b73> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.blogbookworld.com/car-company-hearing-on-allegations-of-slave-labor-against-vw-in-brazil | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.975748 | 378 | 2.421875 | 2 |
The exhilaration of speed, nature and social enjoyment are captured on this Skiing Scramble Squares® puzzle, making it an outstanding gift for any ski enthusiast.
Scramble Squares are nine piece tessellation puzzles that are "Easy to Play, But Hard to Solve", for ages four to 104 in 56 styles of brilliant original art on topics of nature, sports, history, culture, science, technology, hobbies and activities.
The object of the Scramble Squares® puzzle game is to arrange the nine colorfully illustrated square pieces into a 12" x 12" square so that the realistic graphics on the pieces' edges match perfectly to form a completed design in every direction.
The full 9-piece puzzle creates an enormous number of possible combinations in a 3 piece x 3 piece pattern, but only one possible solution!
The package features an educational panel of information on the subject matter of the puzzle along with a trivia question.
Puzzle art by Greg Huber. Educational facts by Marshall Gavin.
This item has yet to be rated | <urn:uuid:f156132f-4769-4ceb-8fc0-d16da520bc56> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.puzzlemaster.ca/browse/novelty/11332-scramble-squares-skiing/quicklook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.890901 | 218 | 1.617188 | 2 |
What is Remote Surveillance?
Surveillance technology is more prevalent than you imagine. Apart from surveillance cameras and drones in public areas and RFID tags on your contactless credit cards, monitoring systems exist in many other aspects of our daily life. For instance, the ongoing pandemic skyrocketed the use of remote surveillance tools in the business. Based on ExpressVPN’s study, 78% of employers admitted using monitoring software to track their employees.
When it comes to surveillance and monitoring, an assortment of safety gadgets can be utilized to secure a home or business. A distant reconnaissance framework is a video observation framework that permits customers to monitor a house from a distance.
Numerous private specialists and law implementation organizations utilize the distant observation framework to track and prevent crimes. These people have access to video screens from a distance on their devices. These screens are commonly connected to remote security cameras that have been positioned in unnoticeable areas.
What are the different types of remote surveillance technology?
- Postal services
- Computer surveillance
- Surveillance cameras
- Social network analysis
- Aerial surveillance
- Biometric surveillance
- Data mining & profiling
- Human operatives
- Corporate surveillance
- Satellite imagery
- Identification and credentials
- Radio frequency identification and geolocation devices
Benefits of Remote Surveillance
You might be comfortable with the ordinary film scene of a security officer in a room full of screens with surveillance camera footage. With the technical advancement, clients are able to get to their surveillance camera footage without being in the actual area or a place nearby.
Let’s look at some popular reasons that people employ remote surveillance technology:
- Extra security
Since distant observation permits the client to screen their destinations from any place, it offers more security. Clients can just access and view the video accounts from the on-location video recorder with customary reconnaissance. The cameras will record what’s going on while the landowner is away. With far-off observation, clients can continuously see what’s going on from any web-associated gadget.
- Immediate security alerts
One of the issues with monitoring is that it requires steady observation of the surveillance cameras footage to prevent crime. Despite the fact that far-off reconnaissance permits the client to screen the cameras from any place, most people can’t look at their device all the time. There are therefore functions like movement recognition and sound detection to send immediate alerts to property owners when dubious action is recognized. Clients can be away from their property and cameras but still be alerted when suspicious events are detected.
Remote surveillance risks
- Third parties accessing company’s devices
Even though remote surveillance can track employers’ behavior, there are still aspects employers can’t oversee. Considering that remote workers have family members and friends entering their workspace, employers can’t truly control who has access to the company’s devices. This could easily lead to exposing sensitive data to unauthorized third parties and becoming a victim of the data breach.
- Diminished trust
Although it can boost productivity, constant surveillance may contribute to privacy issues and distrust among employees. Distrust can cause low morale, which can ultimately reflect on the quality of work and efficiency.
- Negative impact on mental health
ExpressVPN’s study showed that 56% of employees feel more anxious due to remote work surveillance, while 41% of them constantly worry they’re being watched. Surveillance can be an additional source of stress for some employees, and it can have a long-lasting negative effect on their mental health. Ultimately, a hostile work environment can lead to a high staff turnover.
Remote surveillance is becoming a popular technology since it offers property or business owners more assurance and adaptability compared to the traditional framework. However, employers should look into the potential adverse effects of this technology on their business and have an open conversation with their staff before implementing surveillance tools.
Read more on KulFiy | <urn:uuid:61fa3f79-085e-4128-bce4-197d1ee68329> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kulfiy.com/learn-about-remote-surveillance-and-its-benefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.92527 | 804 | 2.484375 | 2 |
[Answered] Which two continents feature 90% of the world’s rural population? is the most searched query on internet right now, there are so many curious people who are so eager to give the answer of the question that you are searching for on web. You can find the answer of the question [Answered] Which two continents feature 90% of the world’s rural population? below in this webpage:
[Answered] Which two continents feature 90% of the world’s rural population?
1 : Information about the question “Which two continents feature 90% of the world’s rural population?
…1. North America and South America 2. Australia and Africa 3. Africa and Asia 4. Asia and North America
Africa and Asia – The split between the world’s urban and rural areas is fairly close — about 46 percent of the population lives in rural areas. But that population isn’t as evenly distributed across continents. You might be surprised to find out that the vast majority — 90 percent — of the world’s rural population lives on just two continents: Africa and Asia. When you consider that China and India, the world’s two most populous countries, both are in Asia, that might make a little more sense. China and India collectively account for nearly 1.5 billion of the world’s approximately 3.4 billion rural residents. While the share of urbanization is growing quickly in Africa and Asia, other continents remain far more urbanized. Only around 19 percent of United States residents, for instance, live in rural counties, despite the fact that rural America accounts for 97 percent of the country’s total land area. The UN report states that as much of 68% of the world’s population is projected to live in urban areas by 2050.:
Thing to remember while taking answer of the question [Answered] Which two continents feature 90% of the world’s rural population? from our website is that we use algorithms that search answer of your question on the internet and online directories, and if you find or think that our tool have made a mistake then don’t forget to drop a comment below so other can have the answer too or you can discuss it below. Let your friends and family have the answer! | <urn:uuid:66b06517-6b79-4b2c-81f6-30e3fee261e3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://answereditnow.com/answered-which-two-continents-feature-90-of-the-worlds-rural-population/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.933087 | 478 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Llyn fishing in Wales: Wild brown trout in the hills
Fishing In Wales marketing manager Ceri Thomas shares his top llyn fishing venues, along with tips and tactics for wild brown trout fishing on the upland lakes of Wales.
What is a llyn?
Welsh for ‘lake’ a llyn is equivalent to a Scottish ‘loch’ or English ‘tarn’ and in Wales we are blessed with literally hundreds of them, especially in the mountains of North Wales and the more gentle hills of Mid Wales.
The majority of Welsh lakes are glacial in origin, although some are the product of ancient mining industries, which over the centuries have fallen into disuse and can be considered as completely natural waters. In some cases llynneodd (plural for llyn) have been converted into water supply reservoirs from their natural state with the addition of small dams.
When it comes to llyn fishing variety is key, no two are alike; even waters just yards apart can have vastly different characteristics. In Wales you will find deep, boulder strewn mountain lakes, circular cliff surrounded corrie pools, boggy peat stained lakes with ample weed growth, and gentle moorland waters, where the waves lap clean gravel shores. Each llyn in Wales is truly unique with a special character.
What lives in them?
It is rare to find a llyn without a head of natural wild brown trout. In some waters these fish originally colonised during the aftermath of the ice age, or were introduced by farmers, monks and Victorian sportsmen over the years. Some of the deep North Wales lakes even contain arctic char.
Fish size and quality can vary just as much as the physical properties of the llyn itself. Some contain mere stunted fingerlings, black in colour with bulging eyes, while others have plentiful golden trout of around half a pound with the odd larger specimen. A few can hold true leviathans. Though rare, fish of 4 or 5lb are a possibly on the right water on the right day. To put things into perspective though, a llyn fish of a pound can be considered a good one and a two pound plus fish a specimen.
Why fish a llyn?
For the angler seeking solitude, llyn fishing provides a taste of adventure in beautiful, remote surroundings. It is rare to see another human being, let alone another angler so exclusivity is almost guaranteed. The fishing can be, and often is fast and furious. Llynnoedd often tend to be found in clusters, so you can often sample a number of lakes as part of a grand day out.
What’s the catch? Some can require a bit of extra legwork to reach them. But if you are willing to walk and expend a bit of energy the rewards can be high. Thankfully the challenge of getting there is all part of the enjoyment, as are the wonderful views and stunning scenery that you will encounter on your journey.
Llyn trout food
Welsh upland lakes can literally swarm with fly life, which can include pond olives, sepia duns, caddis, leeches, and buzzer to name but a few. Terrestrial food sources such as heather fly, coch-y- bonddu beetle, cow dung fly and daddy long legs provide windblown nutrition. In some waters the margins teem with minnow and sticklebacks, providing extra protein for larger, predatory trout.
Thanks to acid rain and sheep dip being a thing of the past Welsh lakes have improving water quality, so fish populations in upland Welsh lakes are doing better than ever, with more and larger fish in many. Catch and release is also helping. So now is a great time to pay a llyn a visit.
Llyn fishing on the Fishing Passport
In addition to purchasing your tickets directly through a Welsh Angling club The Fishing Passport offers an easy, hassle free access to a wide cross section of llynnoedd all over Wales; from the moorland setting of llyn Bugeilyn in the Cambrian mountains with its famous ‘black finned trout’, to the majestic and almost bottomless llyn Dulyn of the Carneddau. All told there are three dozen superb lakes for you to choose from.
Not all are a hard walk – plenty of the Passport venues are easy to access and will suit less mobile anglers. For example the Teifi Pools offer a quality llyn fishing experience with tarmacked roads right up to the water’s edge. The Cambrian Angling Association has a fantastic selection of lakes, some of these are very accessible yet retain a wild feel, while others are a good hike into the mountains. Likewise Sgotwrs Ogwen has some excellent llyn fishing in the heart of Snowdonia.
Because you can book online with the Fishing Passport you are able to plan and time your journey with ease. This is a massive advantage if you are visiting some of the remote spots, where weather conditions and a long hike must be considered. Check out our ‘book fishing‘ section which links to the Fishing Passport, allowing you to purchase day tickets directly through a booking window that connects to the Fishing Passport site.
A few Welsh Llynneodd to try…..
Llyn Conglog – Situated in a remote upland plateau setting, high above Blaenau Ffestiniog at over 2000 feet altitude. This 18 acre llyn holds larger than average wild trout, with the chance of a real outsize specimen. It is rich in fly life including the famous sepia dun. A two hour walk is required here, but you can fish two other lakes (Cwmorthin and Cwm Corsiog) on the way up. We filmed a video on these lakes in autumn of 2020 which you can watch here.
Llyn Egnant – Part of the Teifi pools group, Egnant is easily accessible and an ideal place for anglers new to llyn fishing to try. It produces good sport all season and holds decent sized fish to 2lb as well as plenty of sporting half pounders. Pound fish are now quite common. Should the fishing be slow a short walk to llyn Hir or llyn Teifi can often change your fortunes.
Llyn Oerfa – An Aberystwyth Angling Association llyn, Oerfa (the cold lake) was created to power a local lead mine in the 1800’s. A fertile llyn, this lake produces some very special trout, up to 9lb in weight. It holds a mixture of wild fish, and a few stock trout that are introduced to grow on. It fishes well on a wet and windy day in the summer months, but most of the time expect dour fishing since the trout feed hard on the rich bottom food. Like all Aber AA waters, this lake has a fantastic coch-y-bonddu beetle hatch in early June, which can bring big fish to the surface, as can the prolific great red sedge hatch in the late evenings of summer.
Llyn Bugeilyn – A llyn of the ‘Great Desert of Wales’ at 1700 feet the moody moorland setting of ‘The Shepherds Pool’ is truly atmospheric. The peaty water of llyn Bugeilyn swarms with moderately sized trout, which are dark in colour much like the water. Fish from 8oz to 12oz are the general size. Although possible to access with a 4 X 4, it is a 1.5 mile walk along a track. On the right day fishing here can be fast and furious.
Llyn Llagi – A circular corrie lake where spectacular cliffs rise above the far bank. It is in the deeper water near these cliffs that the better trout can be found. There are plenty of fish in llyn llagi, up to 1lb. The fish exibit a wide variation in colour. On a calm day if the light is right, trout can sometimes be seen swimming over the shallow parts of the lake. Llagi is best approached from the Nantmor valley, from there it’s about a 45 minute walk through breath-taking countryside. For the truly adventurous the Llynnoedd Cwn (dog lakes) are another 30 minutes walk up into the mountains from Llagi. These hold surprisingly good sized trout.
In this blog I have barley touched the surface – there are just so many other llynnoedd in Wales well worth exploring, most of which are hardly ever fished. So why not be a llyn pioneer and give them a go?
TOP TIPS FOR LLYN FISHING
Walk and cast. Llyn trout like to occupy a small territory and will usually stick to it. Therefore, you must go and look for the fish. Cast and step your way along the bank covering as much water as possible. Make sure every new cast covers fresh water. The more fish you cover, the better your chances will be.
Bring the right flies. Classic traditional wet flies have been around for a long time for a reason; they are very successful on wild waters. So make sure you carry a well stocked box. Traditional wets including Black Pennell, blue and black Zulu’s, Bibio, Connemara black, Wickhams fancy, Black & peacock spider, Kate Mclaren, Mallard & Claret and my all time favourite, the Kee-hee should be in your box. A selection in sizes 10, 12 and 14 will see you well for all conditions.
Big wave, big fly. When the wind blows up on the hills it’s time to add a big, heavily hackled bushy bob fly to your cast. Make sure you bounce and draw your top dropper across the waves at the end of you retrieve – expect some savage takes. A big Bibio, Claret dabbler, Loch Ordie, Sedge-hog or the Goats toe (all in size 10) make for perfect ‘big wave’ dropper flies.
Ignore the nearer water at your peril. In upland lakes the fish are where the food is – that is very often in the margins. So never ignore the shallows, taking care to make short casts into the marginal areas before you even think about wading, and casting along the bank before targeting the deeper water.
Points point to fish. Points act as wind traps, funnelling food into calm water on their lee sides. Look for points, and fish the calm patches they create. Invariably good fish will be found on the sheltered side of points, picking off terrestrial food from the surface. To maximise your chances head for these areas and try dry flies.
Bring some lures. Wild browns are opportunists and will attack anything that offers protein. Tadpoles or woolly bugger type patterns that represent small fish, newts or leeches will work on their day, especially when the going is tough. Woolly buggers in particular are superb wild trout catchers in sombre colours such as black, olive and brown. A great way to cover all of your bases is to try a lure as your point fly with one or two traditional wet fly patterns above, as part of a team.
Words: Ceri Thomas
Images: Ceri Thomas, Adam Fisher & Alan Parfitt | <urn:uuid:fbb26bd6-d3ab-40fa-98e2-6afc1e2daa1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fishingwales.net/wild-brown-trout-in-the-hills-upland-llyn-fishing-in-wales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.935613 | 2,372 | 1.9375 | 2 |
The Scottish Rite Master Craftsman: Symbolic Lodge course will familiarize students with aspects of the development of Blue Lodge Masonry and explore some of its developing symbolism.
Albert Pike’s book, Esoterika: The Symbolism of the Blue Degrees of Freemasonry will be used as the primary text and several sections of the Scottish Rite Ritual Monitor and Guide (3rd Edition) will also be used.
TEXT BOOKS MUST BE OBTAINED SEPARATELY. Physical copies can be purchased HERE and Kindle editions can be purchsed in the Amazon Kindle Store.
Master Craftsman: Scottish Rite Ritual & History familiarizes students with the basic structure of the Scottish Rite as well as aspects of the rituals and symbols of the twenty-nine degrees (4°–32°) and honors of the Scottish Rite. Consisting of 6 lessons, it utilizes The Scottish Rite Ritual Monitor & Guide, third edition, by Arturo de Hoyos and A Bridge to Light, 4th edition, by Rex Hutchens as its textbooks.
This course is designed to give a Scottish Rite Mason a deeper understanding of basic history and a working knowledge of the organizational structure of the Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction-Mother Supreme Council of the World. The course will also answer many frequently asked questions about the Scottish Rite, giving a Scottish Rite Mason a broader grasp of the fraternity. Though the course is designed with a newer Scottish Rite Mason in mind, it can also be considered a review or refresher course for experienced Scottish Rite Masons. | <urn:uuid:170926ad-10f0-4ca2-97dc-1effa708347b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mastercraftsmancollege.org/courses | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.919162 | 316 | 2.046875 | 2 |
In August I decided to check out the cool new Internet Of Things. I bought a WiFi-enabled colorful LED lightbulb. It was a cheap Chinese one that costs almost nothing on Alibaba, but I paid probably around $50 on Amazon. It’s built by a company called Zengge. It turned out that my new lightbulb was a router, an HTTP server, an HTTP proxy, and a lot more. None of the vulnerabilities have been fixed as of the writing of this blog post. To help with testing out these vulnerabilities I created a Go library and command line tool. It can do a lot of what the Android app can do, but it can be used in scripts and by web servers. I strongly encourage someone to let people control their lights over the Internet and do a live stream of it.
Reported – September 1, 2015
First response – September 1, 2015
Acknowledged the issue – September 1, 2015
First attempt at fix – September 14, 2015
First attempt defeated – 3 hours later
Second attempt step 1 (new version released) – ~ October 13, 2015
Checked up on them, still not done, giving 1 month notice – November 18, 2015
Published – December 19, 2015
How it works
The lightbulb is normally controlled with an Android app. It joins your WiFi network and can be controlled locally or over the Internet. Control over the Internet is disabled by default. That’s one thing they did right. There are three ports: TCP 80, TCP 5577 and UDP 48899. 80 serves a broken page. 5577 controls the ligthbulb. 48899 controls the router.
The router port allows you to do anything. You can flash the firmware, use it as a proxy, read the WiFi password, make it join a different network, etc. This port is normally exposed only to the internal network. The commands are of the form
AT+ followed by the name of the command and optional arguments.
When you set up the lightbulb for control over the Internet it uses no encryption, but all it allows you to do is control the light, so it’s not that bad.
More information can be found in the README for the Go library.
Summary of Vulnerabilities
This system has the same threat model as the WeMo baby monitor by Belkin. It assumes that all devices on the local network can be trusted.
I believe that this threat model is insufficient for the following reasons:
- People let others onto their network often. This is especially true for offices, restaurants, coffee shops, etc.
- Malware on any machine behind the network can use its privileged position to attack the rest of the network.
- My favorite law of computer security is “If it should never be on the Internet, someone has put it on the Internet”.
The following summarizes my findings:
|Attacker||Control Lights||Replace Firmware||HTTP proxy||Read SSID + PASS|
|MITM on the Internet||Y||N||N||N|
|Anyone on the Internet**||Y||N||N||N|
* The “local network” is anyone on the Internet if you expose the device to the Internet.
** This is the one attack that Zengge is trying to fix.
Local network attacks
AT commands are accessible from the network with the hard-coded password
HF-A11ASSISTHREAD. They can be used by simply sending UDP packets on port 48899.
AT+UPURL command allows anyone with access to flash it.
Reading the WIFI password
AT commands allow anyone with access to read the WIFI password.
Use as a proxy
AT+HTTPDT command and other related HTTP commands can be use to make the lightbulb make requests on the attacker’s behalf, acting similarly to an HTTP proxy. This can give the attacker the ability to potentially make requests from behind whatever firewall or NAT the lightbulb is within.
By design anyone who has ever been on the same network as the bulb gets access to the remote control feature. They just have to remember the MAC address of the lightbulb. This is a separate weakness from the “Remote control over the Internet” section. This weakness makes it impossible to revoke an attacker’s access to your lightbulb once they know the MAC address.
AT+MDCH feature configures whether or not the bulb will go back into wifi AP mode if it fails to connect to an access point in STA mode. It has a few options:
- on – 1 minute
- auto – 10 minutes
- 3-120 – minutes to reset
The default is 10 minutes. This means that if you can take down the wifi it connects to for 10 minutes, you can force the bulb to enter AP mode. In most cases (unless the user configured it otherwise) the AP will be open and an attacker can connect and execute any of the local attacks.
Dangers of exposing the bulb to the Internet
If the lightbulb is exposed to the Internet, an attacker from anywhere in the world can get access to the user’s internal network vy performing the proxy attack described above. They can also geolocate them by using the MAC address of the router and looking it up in Wigle or some other wardriving database. Since they have the wifi username and password they can go to the location and connect to the same access point as the lightbulb. If these attacks are not sufficient, the attacker can flash the lightbulb with their own software that allows additional attacks.
Getting access to a user’s internal network opens the door to a large number of possible attacks. Describing them is beyond the scope of this document.
I tried scanning the Internet for Zengge lightbulbs with exposed management ports exposed and I found at last two. I don’t have a good Internet connection and I didn’t scan every IP, so there are probably way more than two out there. The information disclosed by the lightbulb allowed my to geolocate the owner of the IP address and know their WiFi SSID and password.
Remote control over the Internet attacks
There is no authentication that proves that someone is allowed to control a lightbulb. If you know the MAC address and the bulb is configured to listen to commands over the internet, you can control it.
The MAC address prefix that the lightbulbs use is
ACCF23, which is registered to hi-flying. The last 3 bytes of the mac address identify a unique device. These are 16777216 possibilities, so it would take on the order of a year to scan the entire namespace. However, the MAC addresses are very close to each other because they are assigned sequentially, so in practice you can limit your scan to only valid MAC addresses if you know one of the MAC addresses.
The first non-manufacturer byte of the mac address for a lot of the lightbulbs is 5F. Once you know that, you can easily do a scan of the 65536 addresses in a matter of hours.
This means that it takes very little time and effort to gain control over almost all lightbulbs with the “remote” feature enabled.
I tried this attack and got access to 541 lightbulbs. This was a few months ago, so there are probably even more now.
This attack is prevented in the Hue lightbulb by automatically discovering devices using the source ip. This is further strengthened by having a button on the bridge that users have to press to allow their device to become discoverable.
The commands from the phone to the server are “signed” using AES256. This is similar to Hue’s use of AES for encrypting connections from their bridge to their website instead of using public key cryptography. In this case it was much easier to get the AES key because it was in the Android app.
Local friend’s device takeover
When the phone queries the “Remote Settings” it receives a list of authorized devices for the currently light bulb. The api call is “GetAuthUserDevice”. This list contains the device id of every phone that is authorized. This is a problem because an attacker can use the device id to “log in” as the device. This makes the following attack possible:
- A has a light bulb LA
- B is friends with A and has light bulb LB at home
- B comes to A’s house and A lets B control LA
Now we have:
A, B -> LA
B -> LB
- A queries the list of devices that can control LA and gets B’s device id
- A can log in as B and control LB.
Zengge responded to me, acknowledged the “Remote control over the Internet” attack and started trying to fix it. Their first attempt to fix it was to rotate their shared secret and obfuscate it in their app. They sent me the obfuscated app and within 3 hours I was able to get the new secret out of it. This discouraged them from trying to obfuscate it and they started working on a real fix.
They released a new version of the app that modifies the registration process slightly. It makes the app wait for the lightbulb to connect to their server first, then when the app connects to the server the server can make sure that the request is coming from the same IP. That makes this particular attack fail because the attacker doesn’t have the ability to make connections from the same IP address as the victim.
It has been two months since they’ve released the new app and almost four months since I reported the vulnerabilities. They have not enabled the check on the server side yet, so all of the attacks I described still work. Considering the fact that the impact of this vulnerability is not very serious – controlling strangers’ lightbulbs – I decided to just release my findings. | <urn:uuid:fc7f900d-ecfe-4a69-97ef-7e71aaa5be80> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.viktorstanchev.com/2015/12/20/the-many-attacks-on-zengge-wifi-lightbulbs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.943144 | 2,154 | 2.140625 | 2 |
No matter how big & beautiful you make your kingdom, you can’t rule for long if you can’t secure it. We don’t know who told this, but this is appropriate for almost all the businesses today. Especially in IT industry, app security is something which should lead the priority list. It is not because people are afraid of this so called threat of internet, but in reality no one would like to take any chance when it comes to Business Data Security.
So to put some light on this topic, we are going to discuss few very important security practices that need to be taken care when you are developing a mobile application for your business.
During the development process of any kind of application, almost everyone follows certain pre-defined methods for development and same goes for deployment.
Some of the basic steps are;
Project planning, identifying the target audience and redesigning project, app development, testing and finally deployment.
Now, these are very basic steps and sometimes developers make mistakes in these simple steps which causes a huge problem for their and their client’s business.
In the mobile world where businesses like to give almost full control to their users on their device, it’s very important for application delivery team to have full control over their application as well.
But sometimes it does not happen and end result blows their mind. So in this blog, we are going to discuss few threats for your mobile application & how to make it more secure.
Unencrypted Local Storage
It is very standard for any application to store some amount of data for future access. But the real problem comes when something is stored and you are going to update the same data on the server. It might trouble you.
Let’s take Android’s local storage example to make it clear.
Android has SharedPrefs and SQLite storage and both are not automatically very secure. A simple shared preference storage would be something like this;
SharedPreferences sharedPreferences = getSharedPreferences(MY_PREF, MODE_PRIVATE);
SharedPreferences.Editor editor = sharedPreferences.edit();
Now, this will save user level unencrypted. If the user is on rooted devices, a user can modify this value at any time. Because rooted devices are not used by normal users and this user definitely knows where to look for information on his/her device.
Before any modification:
Weak API Access
In this case, it really doesn’t matter in which platform you are developing the application, if your API is not secure and if your application needs to communicate the server for accessing your business data, then this is a big issue. Let’s assume your server IP or API URL is in a geek’s hand & the first thing that geek would do with that is Denial Service Attack. If your server is unable to manage traffic, then your server will be down and you might lose real-time business information.
Imagine a scenario, when someone is completely dependent on your app and gets this kind of leak, how they are going to react. DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service Attack) is same, what GitHub faced last year & this was really bad for their business.
Basic but Important things to have on your server;
- Always validate inputs from client
- Register a unique session for each client
Weak Client-side Control
This problem arises when we take inputs from the users and not validate that. It could be any junk data or you may also get SQL injection, which can break your logics both on the client side as well as server side.
Basic but Important things to have in your application;
- Input validation
- Checks for the connection that user is on (Remember it is not always the user who sacrifices his/her device, there are others who monitor them.)
- Check for connection certificate
Putting Sensitive Data at the Wrong Place
Sometimes developers forget that whatever they are writing has to be at its own safe place, and most dangerous mistake done by any programmer is putting the salt key (used for encryption) in resources (string) file.
Now believe it or not but it is really very easy to extract apk file and keep all resource files exactly how it was during development stage in less than 2 minutes.
The most important thing which should be addressed before deployment is applying reverse engineering and then breaking the logics.
If you have a project all set for deployment and you deployed that without confirming or validating your code security, then there are high chances that hackers can almost completely backtrace your compressed code.
Basic but Important things to be done for code security
- Code obfuscation
- Always prevent hardcoded strings
- Have almost all of your business logic on server and app
Unprotected Network Connection
Your mobile app APIs must be there on any server or cloud server. You should have network security measures in place to protect your business data and prevent unauthorized access. APIs and people who are accessing them should be verified to prevent protect sensitive information going to the server.
You can use containerization method to create encrypted containers for storing data securely. Your network engineer should ensure penetration testing is done and right data is flowing to the server. If you want to add an extra layer of security, you can go for database encryption and encrypted connections with a VPN (virtual private network), SSL (secure sockets layer) or TLS (transport layer security).
Weak BYOD Policy
If you are allowing your employees to use their own devices in your work place, they can access sensitive data on their phone. Sometimes it’s difficult for the IT dept. to regulate access. You can go for MDM (mobile device management) option. This can give employees the advantage to work anywhere, but also give your IT administrators all the control.
You can make devices “risk-aware” so that apps trying to make certain transactions are blocked from doing such activities. The app can be coded to detect and block certain transactions from rooted devices. Implement a VPN to generate a secure connection that’s less likely to be vulnerable to hackers listening in over an insecure network.
So this brings us to end of this blog, but there are many more problems that need to be taken care by delivery team and that’s what we do here at Apogaeis. We have a talented team dedicated to develop world-class business applications and IT security solutions.
We are here to help you in addressing your technological requirements so that you can concentrate more on your core business. Let’s collaborate to build game changing business apps which can transform your business. Contact Here with one of our expert & get a free consultation right away. | <urn:uuid:96ff5112-7574-42ca-a9cb-b3174f287413> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.apogaeis.com/blog/how-to-secure-your-enterprise-mobile-applications/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.938633 | 1,418 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Space Viking (1963) starts out looking like a story of vengeance among the neobarbarian remnants of a collapsed Galactic Empire, and then becomes a meditation on the benefits of civilization and how that is distinct from technology. It contains a fundamentally flawed assumption about the way society works, but it’s a fast fun read. It isn’t my favourite Piper, but I’m fond of it and re-read it fairly often.
One of the things Piper’s very good at is taking a historical situation and translating it to space. Here as you’d expect, it’s the centuries after the fall of Rome, spread out across the stars. The obvious comparison in Asimov’s Foundation—and what a very different kind of book this is. Foundation is all about the centuries and society seen in stop-motion over time. Space Viking is one moment (about a decade) as time goes on heedless. Foundation is detached from time, seeing it from outside. Space Viking is immersed in it.
Another thing Piper is good at is having the one competent man (and it is always a man) who changes the world. Lucas Trask leaves his homeworld of Gram prepared to risk everything to seek revenge on the lunatic who killed his bride at their wedding. On the way to revenge, almost by accident, he builds a star-spanning trade empire, becomes king of his own planet, and realises that he’s become absorbed in building civilization and finds revenge an irritating distraction from that. Trask’s adventures completely change the history of six planets, and possibly more.
In a neat bit of worldbuilding, the Swordworlds, where the Space Vikings come from, are named after famous swords—the first one was Excalibur. The ex-Empire planets are named after gods of ancient pantheons. This means the reader can immediately and easily tell them apart without a scorecard—if a planet’s Baldur, you know it’s an old Empire planet, if it’s Durendal it’s a swordworld. All of the science fictional details make sense and fit together, the contragravity, the nuclear weapons, the wars on planets and in space. Time is given in multiples of hours, which is very authentic but which I find slightly irritating as it means constant mental arithmetic.
The thing Piper gets wrong, and which you have to bite your lip and ignore in order to enjoy the book, is the idea that when you take people out of a society the old society can never recover. If this were true, there would be no Einstein, no Tolkien, no Beatles, because the boldest and best people had already abandoned Europe for America and once that had happened no more intelligent people could ever emerge. It’s true that if all the educated people leave a planet it will temporarily collapse, but if some leave and the schools are still there, which is what we see, in a generation it won’t matter because genes don’t work that way. If you lose a thousand trained engineers out of a population of a billion, which is what Piper says, there’ll barely be a wobble. And the whole eugenics angle is even more distasteful.
One of the things Piper’s interested in here is showing how civilized planets collapse, and how barbarous planets become civilized. There are two examples of the first, Gram and Marduk. Gram is feudal and is decivilizing from the top down, as the leaders squabble and cheat the populace—timarchy decaying into oligarchy. Marduk suffers a classic democracy-collapses-into-tyranny modelled on the rise of Mussolini. Now this is all in Plato (what do they teach them in these schools?) and it’s all very pat—too pat. When you can choose your examples from anywhere you like it starts to look like dice loading. Any writer’s doing this with any choices, but it works better if it doesn’t look like special pleading. If it wasn’t for the whole eugenics thing putting me on edge, I’d probably have let this Platonic cycle thing slide past without thinking too much about it.
In any case, the story begins with a madman committing murder and ends with the same madman dead, and everything else, the rise and fall of civilizations and Trask’s journey back to being able to love, is what happens along the way. Like most Piper, this is a great book for teenagers. I gobbled it up uncritically when I was fourteen, and it did me no harm at all. My copy, with a horrible generic spaceship cover, was bought new for 85p.
Jo Walton is a science fiction and fantasy writer. She’s published eight novels, most recently Half a Crown and Lifelode, and two poetry collections. She reads a lot, and blogs about it here regularly. She comes from Wales but lives in Montreal where the food and books are more varied. | <urn:uuid:94db0803-4068-47b5-a224-58bd4c414f62> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tor.com/2010/04/03/qyakking-about-whos-civilized-and-whos-notq-h-beam-pipers-lemgspace-vikinglemg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.952583 | 1,055 | 1.625 | 2 |
Bullying is a problem in every community, and Red Deer is no different.
The school districts, however, have changed the way they look at bullying and the way they try to deal with the problem.
“In the good old days we did programs about bullies and would talk about what a bully is and how to identify a bully, but they just didn’t work,” said Stu Henry, deputy superintendent with Red Deer Public Schools.
Henry said there has been a noticeable shift in the last five to six years towards focusing on the opposite of bullying. The focus now is an emphasis on positive behaviour.
“We want to create a caring environment and we have been teaching the students how to collaborate with others and disagree appropriately,” said Henry.
He said there has been a great response to the new way of thinking. Added to this way of thinking is an emphasis on resiliency and teaching the students to overcome adversity.
“A student will say they are being bullied but they’re really not, it’s just the way they hear things being said or the tone in which someone says something.”
One thing Henry made clear was that bullying will never go away completely and that nothing anyone does can prevent it from ever happening.
“What’s important is what we do when it is happening. The best thing we can do as parents is just communicate with our kids and talk freely. Then our children will tell us that things are not going well at school,” said Henry.
He made it clear that the schools here in Red Deer are filled with caring staff members as well as councillors and education assistants.
“Somewhere in the life of every child is a trusted adult. When adults are aware of the problem, we can often put an end to it very quickly.”
There isn’t just one thing that students get bullied over, it’s a little bit of everything. Henry also added that it’s the way a student reacts to a comment that affects whether they construe it as bullying or not.
Sadly, Henry said some students never say anything to anyone and are bullied for an extended period of time.
“These students need to know that teachers are more approachable than ever and are so kid-friendly. I can’t imagine why a student or parent wouldn’t take the step to talk to one of them.”
When students are in elementary or middle school, Henry said the teachers try to instruct them on ways to deal with communicating with others and how to talk out a problem. “Depending on the comfort of the child we will either mediate the problem or just coach them in how to talk to the student they deem a bully. A lot of kids don’t want the adult to mediate, they just want to be taught how to communicate better.”
Henry said that with the older students, online bullying has become a whole new category of its own. “That’s another reason why open communication from parent to child is so important. You need to be able to communicate and monitor what your child is up to online. The gloves are off in the online world and what happens at school pales in comparison to what’s online.”
On a positive note, Henry pointed out that incidents of physical aggression are way down from the past numbers.
“If there’s one message for all parents it’s that as your kids get older make sure you keep those communication lines open and communicate daily about important things.”
For more information on bullying, visit www.bullyfreealberta.ca. | <urn:uuid:6458456d-7fbc-4ab9-888b-beefdb92d8fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.reddeerexpress.com/news/school-district-outlines-strategy-on-bullying/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.972012 | 778 | 2.609375 | 3 |
National Right to Work Act
*Updated on 2/25/21*
Bill name: National Right to Work Act
Bill sponsors: S. 406, sponsored by Sen. Rand Paul (R-KY), H.R. 1275, Rep. Joe Wilson (R-SC)
Summary: The National Right to Work Act would grant private sector workers the ability to opt-out of a union and prohibit unions from getting workers fired for not paying them. Right to work, under this bill, would apply to workers covered by both the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) and the Railway Labor Act (RLA).
Background: Currently, 27 states have adopted Right to Work laws. However, those laws apply only to workers under the NLRA and only in those states. The RLA- which governs railroad and airline employees- prohibits Right to Work even when adopted at the state level. The National Right to Work Act would allow all private sector workers to opt out of a union.
Separately, the Protecting the Right to Organize (PRO) Act introduced by Congressional Democrats would ban Right to Work laws entirely.
“We must continue to work towards promoting job creation and ending automatic unionism for the American people. 80% of people in our country support putting an end to dues as a condition of employment.”
–Rep. Joe Wilson
Bill Status: Rep. Joe Wilson just introduced the House version of the National Right to Work Act. The Senate and House versions of the bill have been referred to the Senate, Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee and House Education and Labor Committee, respectively. The National Right to Work Act is introduced in every Congress though the last attempt at floor consideration-during the 104th Congress- was halted by a failed cloture vote in the Senate.
VIDEO: “Dr. Rand Paul Re-Introduces the National Right to Work Act”
February 23, 21
PRESS RELEASE: “Dr. Rand Paul Reintroduces National Right to work Act”
February 24, 21
PRESS RELEASE: “Congressman Wilson Reintroduces National Right to Work Legislation”
February 24, 2021 | <urn:uuid:824d37fe-06bc-47ee-b3ad-a7753c337835> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://i4aw.org/resources/national-right-to-work-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.908649 | 553 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Article published in:Environmental Argumentation
Edited by Marcin Lewiński and Mehmet Ali Üzelgün
[Journal of Argumentation in Context 8:1] 2019
► pp. 65–90
The 2015 Paris Climate Conference
Arguing for the fragile consensus in global multilateral diplomacy
The paper applies argumentative discourse analysis to a corpus of official statements made by key players (USA, EU, China, India, etc.) at the opening of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. The chief goal is to reveal the underlying structure of practical arguments and values legitimising the global climate change policy-making. The paper investigates which of the elements of practical arguments were common and which were contested by various players. One important conclusion is that a complex, multilateral deal such as the 2015 Paris Agreement is based on a fragile consensus. This consensus can be precisely described in terms of the key premises of practical arguments that various players share (mostly: description of current circumstances and future goals) and the premises they still discuss but prefer not to prioritise (value hierarchies or precise measures). It thus provides an insight into how a fragile consensus over goals may lead to a multilateral agreement through argumentative processes.
Keywords: climate change discourse, COP21, environmental argumentation, Paris Climate Agreement, polylogue, practical argumentation
- 2.Research questions and data
- 3.Method and theoretical background: Practical argumentation
- 4.What shall we do now and why? Analysis
- 4.1The circumstances (c-premise)
- 4.2The desired state of affairs (goals)
- 4.3What needs to be done (Claims for action)
- 4.4Means-Goal premise
Published online: 14 February 2019
Aakhus, M., & Lewiński, M.
Atkinson, K., Bench-Capon, T., & McBurney, P.
Craig, R. T., & Tracy, K.
Van Eemeren, F. H., Grootendorst, R., Jackson, S., & Jacobs, S.
Eisenberg, E. M.
Fairclough, I., & Fairclough, N.
Felipe Calderón: Developing countries should not be seen as single bloc at climate talks” 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/08/felipe-calderon-developing-countries-should-not-be-seen-as-single-bloc-at-climate-talks
Fischer, F., & Forester, J.
Fløttum, K., & Dahl, T.
Fløttum, K., & Drange, H.
Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change” 2015, http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/
Ihnen Jory, C.
Jackson, S., & Jacobs, S.
James Hansen, father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks ‘a fraud’” 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud
Van Laar, J. A., & Krabbe, E. C. W.
Lewiński, M., & Aakhus, M.
Lewiński, M., & Mohammed, D.
Lewiński, M., & Mohammed, D.
Lewiński, M., & Üzelgün, M. A.
McBurney, P., Hitchcock, D., & Parsons, S.
Nerlich, B., & Jaspal, R.
Paris climate deal: reaction from the experts” 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/paris-climate-deal-reaction-experts
Pearce, W., Brown, B., Nerlich, B., et al.
Perelman, C., & Olbrechts-Tyteca, L.
Pickering, J., McGee, J. S., Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen, S. I., & Wenta, J.
Rodrigues, S., Lewiński, M., & Üzelgün, M. A.
Searle, J. R.
Statement by the President [Barack Obama] on the Paris Climate Agreement” 2015 available https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/12/12/statement-president-paris-climate-agreement
The world’s climate is in the hands of just three nations” 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/30/world-climate-india-china-us-renewable-paris-climate-summit
Üzelgün, M. A., Lewiński, M., & Castro, P.
Üzelgün, M. A., Mohammed, D., Lewiński, M., & Castro, P.
World leaders hail Paris climate deal as ‘major leap for mankind’” 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/world-leaders-hail-paris-climate-deal
Cited by 7 other publications
Laar, Jan Albert van & Erik C. W. Krabbe
Lewiński, Marcin & Mehmet Ali Üzelgün
Rodrigues, Soledade, Marcin Lewiński & Mehmet Ali Üzelgün
Üzelgün, Mehmet Ali & João Rui Pereira
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them. | <urn:uuid:4fa18158-91e1-4691-855b-ae9115946920> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://benjamins.com/catalog/jaic.18017.lew | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.707369 | 1,562 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Increasing Recycling Rates
541,000 tons of waste is generated every day in Latin America.* We’re helping recycle it.
By 2050, experts expect the already-high amount of waste generated daily in Latin America to increase by another 25 percent.* That’s why SC Johnson is taking action to help increase awareness of the importance of recycling and helping develop options for communities to recycle their waste.
In October 2021, we kicked off a partnership in Argentina with CEMPRE (Compromiso Empresarial Para El Reciclaje), a leading environmental group, and La Anónima, an Argentine supermarket chain, to increase recycling rates and capture more recyclable materials in the Patagonia region.
Along with an educational campaign and cleanup events, the effort in Argentina includes an innovative ecopoint collection center where families can drop off paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, aluminum, steel and tin cans for recycling. Centrally located near Muelle Piedra Buena to increase access to recycling, the ecopoint also offers an onsite composter for food waste and has a USB charging station for 10 cell phones.
Another program, launched in December, brought together La Ciudad Posible, CEMPRE, the Luxembourg Project, Karün the Municipality of Puqueldón and the Ministry of Environment for a "Recover and Transform" campaign in the Lemuy Island in the province of Chiloé Island in Chile.
This effort started with a local waste management diagnosis to raise awareness of plastic waste, which is being followed by programs such as the installation of ecopoints and education of local stakeholders to manage the processing of recovered material.
In both Argentina and Chile, the programs also sponsored beach cleanup events where local environmental groups, waste pickers and municipal staff collected trash from beaches while divers removed it from the surrounding waters.
The Argentine event was in Puerto Madryn, which is the largest breeding site for whales, the Magellanic penguin, elephant seals and sea lions. In Chiloé, Chile, the focus was Detif beach, which is also a protected natural area. Both are UNESCO World Heritage sites.
This is the first of seven ecopoint collection centers for cans, plastic and other recyclables that are being installed in the commune of Puqueldón in Chile. | <urn:uuid:e10d6943-04e3-4fcb-b9cf-a2e10bbec6fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scjohnson.com/en/better-world-accountability-report/bwar-story/2022/increasing-recycling-rates | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.924065 | 486 | 2.703125 | 3 |
AUGUSTA, Ga. (WJBF) — Ashley Gary drives back and forth from South Carolina to Georgia. Those trips are getting more expensive as the price of gas rises.
“It’s getting outrageous,” Gary explained. “I hope it starts going down soon. Before all of this, I could put maybe $45 in to fill it up. Now, it costs about $60 or $70 to fill up.”
“I hate that it’s going up because not everyone is fortunate to go along with the gas prices,” Wyshonda Cowins added.
Gas is not the only thing getting more expensive.
“‘I’ve noticed the biggest increase in meat,” Cowins said.
“The meat prices are sky high,” Anissa Handy added. “I’ve seen a $2 to $3 difference in some places.”
The price of meat, poultry, fish, and eggs increased by 11.9 percent compared to October 2020, according to the Labor Department.
Food, vehicles, shelter and everyday items are all getting pricier because of inflation. The country’s inflation rate for all items increased 6.2 percent over the last year. It is the biggest 12-month increase since 1990.
“Inflation can take a while to get under control,” Dr. Simon Medcalfe, a professor at Augusta University, explained. “It depends on policies that are put in place by the Federal Reserve. I think they’ll start raising interest rates quicker than they had planned.”
Medcalfe says supply and demand is driving up prices.
“There are obviously some supply chain issues with certain items that are restricting supply. That in itself pushes up prices. On the demand side, there’s a lot of spending going on — pent up spending — that’s pushing up demand.”
People are now shopping around to get the best price.
“I’m using apps from different stores to compare,” Cowins said.
“I’m comparing prices and using coupons,” Handy added. “I’m seeing if I can get it [items] delivered or picked up to see if that changes the price a little.”
But, prices may not level off quickly.
“It may take several years to truly get under control,” Medcalfe said. | <urn:uuid:5d00102b-98f4-4c47-93b1-714772558ae2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wjbf.com/news/inflation-rate-impacting-csra-residents/?ipid=promo-link-block2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948972 | 530 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Last week, we looked at about three considerations central to the process of reintegrating children from an orphanage, back to their community. Each step of the way, we work with leaders to ensure that we are able to get the best outcomes for the child, their family and their community. The safety of the child, clear communication, and good relationships with others in the village, are at the centre of all decision making. This week we look at the actual process of reuniting a child to their family.
The first step of reintegrating a child is to find out who the family is. In our line of work, this is called ‘Family Tracing’
1) Family Tracing
A lot of children in orphanages maintain some contact with their birth families. In fact, in many orphanages, children return to their family home during important national holidays, like Khmer New Year. However, there are often children who have lost contact with their families. It may be that their families have moved, that their orphanage directors refused to allow family contact, or that they were trafficked away from their families in the first place. Children are not always registered to orphanages with their correct details. Birth details can change between forms. Correct paperwork is not always filled out. And sometimes completely illegal processes take place, such as the creation of fraudulent birth certificates. The CIF reintegration social work team quickly learnt that sometimes investigation skills are also needed to track down the families from the small pieces of information that they do have.
2) Assessing the family and child.
Having a child that wants to return home, and a family that is ready to accept them, is just the first part of the process of reintegration. Assessing the family’s situation is a crucial next step. Noeut, our Outreach manager, explains:
“It’s not only about the family, it’s about the people around the family. It’s about assessing with the authorities, village chiefs, the communities. Parents might not tell the truth, but we can get more information with the community. We can assess the relatives for things like kinship care. For example, an aunty said I’m okay to take back my niece. But when we met with the community leaders, they said that the community was not safe for the children. So they encouraged us to look into other care options.”
Assessing the family is not just a once off, yes or no decision. Our social workers meet regularly with the family and community leaders to see if the barriers to reintegration can be lifted or if they are creating an unsafe place for a child. When the family is a good match, but the community isn’t, we consider options like relocation. This is what we ended up doing for the aunty above, when it became clear that the child wouldn’t be safe in that community. Sometimes the families will be a possible match, but the situation isn’t, which leads us to the next step.
3) Family visits creating reconnection
The next stage is to see if a family is able to form a good familial bond with the child. The parents or new carers will meet with the child, starting as a supervised visit for a couple of hours and slowly building up to staying with the parents unsupervised. These visits serve two purposes. Firstly it allows us to see how the child and parents are relating. Noeut observes:
“If a child stays with the family for a couple days, when we pick them up, we do small assessments to see what the connection is like. Are they excited to get rid of the child at the end of two days, or are they asking for more time with the children?”
Secondly, it helps a child learn about life in a family. The orphanage we were working with was based in Phnom Penh, the capital urban centre, but most of the children were from the provinces. This meant that the children did not have any memories or experiences of growing up in a rural environment. As Noeut explains, many of the children have no experience with chores or the expectations of family life.
Children live in the center with high standards – they maybe didn’t have to do anything or contribute anything to the center, but they have to contribute in a home. So we try to set up family visits to get used to the home environment.
4) Debriefing and counselling
After each family visit, the children meet with the social workers and, if they are open to it, a counsellor. The counsellor we use focuses on art therapy with children and so they are able to work through their feelings about the reintegration process and any concerns that come up. Most of the children met with the counsellor after every home visit. Our social workers were able to work with the counsellor to see which reconnections were going well and which needed more time. We also met with the families to see how they were finding the process and sometimes, our team were able to facilitate joint counselling sessions. Noeut recalls one such occasion:
“One of the girls said that ‘I don’t like my father. He smells bad, his hair isn’t cut,.’ We talked to the parents. At the time, we had to explain to the children the contributions he is making to the home and community, and [we were] going back and forth [with the conversation]. In this case we brought them to a family counselor and help them work out their difficulties with therapy and see if they can find the truth and find solutions together. Now they have found some solutions together and are working together to make the placement work.”
5) Family care plans
Poverty, unstable employment and migration, lack of access to education, mental health and addiction issues are all factors that cause parents to send their kids to orphanages. For some families, these factors will not have changed while their child was away. After we have assessed whether the families are able to provide a safe and loving environment for the child, and whether there is a bond that means they can live together, our team looks at what factors need to change to help this reunification be as successful as possible.
“With some families, they may not have occupations, so we have to look at how we are going to support them. We might look at capital to start a business, or help finding housing. We work a lot with the local authorities to find solutions to these problems.” .
This process meant that the social workers identified areas of family life that needed ongoing financial support. They worked with the orphanage donors to set up a three-year transitional care plan for the children, so that the families have time to set and work towards some goals. Our social workers then work with the families to help them work towards the goals they have set.
Once the child, the parents (or carers), the social work team and the local authorities are happy with the connection the child and parents have built, and are sure that the children will be safe in that environment, the child returns to live with the family. This is a great day of celebration for everyone involved.
7) Follow up
The social work team continues to meet regularly with the families to ensure that the child is safe in their environment. The staff continue to help the families work towards their goals and answer any parenting questions and issues they might arise. They meet with the child to see how they are finding being home. This follow up will continue until we are sure that there is a strong bond between child and family, and the family is financially stable and have completed the goals in their care plan.
So what about children who can’t go back to their families?
Of the 29 children who were reintegrated, 21 were able to go back to their birth families and 8 (all older teenagers) are in supported alternative accommodation. One of the children was reunited with her mother, until her mother died tragically and unexpectedly about 6 months later. That child had to start the process again, but is now living with extended family members. For children who cannot be placed with parents or extended family members, and who are too young for supported accommodation, we would use our normal processes for finding them a safe, loving foster care placement.
Reintegration is not so much a process, as a journey with each individual child and their family members or carers. At each stage, child’s voices need to be heard and listened to and families need to have the space to have their concerns validated too. When we create space for that, we create space for families to reconnect, to set goals and to work together to be a strong, healthy family and an important part of their community. | <urn:uuid:f7f119f4-49d9-43a1-9421-56a7c5afd449> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.childreninfamilies.org/the-long-and-winding-road-from-orphanage-back-to-family/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.979827 | 1,831 | 2.453125 | 2 |
Elevated soil temperature is detrimental for potato tuber yield, starch content and processing quality. The effects of cool soil temperature are less well understood. In a series of experiments, seed potatoes of several chip and fresh market varieties were planted in greenhouses having a 16-h photoperiod and day/night air temperature of 22/18 ËšC. Shortly after emergence, some pots were transferred to insulated boxes that contained cooling coils that wrapped around individual pots. With this system, soil temperature was approximately 9-13 ËšC in the cooled pots and 17-21 ËšC in the control pots. The aboveground shoot was not chilled. Tuber number increased consistently and substantially for plants grown with the cooled soil treatment. Total yield, however, was comparable between the two treatments. When stored at 13 ËšC, potatoes from the chilled soil treatment sprouted sooner than those from the ambient treatment, with larger tubers sprouting earlier than smaller tubers. Skin color of Red Norland was much less red with the cooled soil treatment, whereas skin color of Adirondack Blue was darker purple with the cooled soil treatment. These data clearly indicate that soil temperature influences tuber set and size profile. They also demonstrate that tuber temperature influences the biochemistry underlying accumulation of anthocyanin pigments in the potato skin. | <urn:uuid:8b82fe6e-6129-496e-aa7a-32ff1e5bed09> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://amr.swoogo.com/PAA2022/session/900882/cool-soil-temperature-increases-potato-tuber-number-and-alters-skin-pigmentation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.972816 | 270 | 3.078125 | 3 |
ONLY son of the late Robert Duncanson Mackenzie, of Caldarvan, ex-Convener for the County of Dunbarton, the senior partner of the firm of Mackenzie, Roberton & Co., solicitors, was educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh Universities. On the completion of his legal education in Glasgow and Edinburgh he became in 1871 a partner in the firm of Mackenzie, Gardner, & Alexander, solicitors in Glasgow, of which his father was then senior partner. Fifteen years later, on the retiral of his father from business, he himself became senior partner of the firm. In 1896, owing to the deaths of some of the partners in the firm of Roberton, Low, Roberton & Cross, formerly Towers-Clark, Roberton & Ross, Mr. Mackenzie's firm was invited to amalgamate with that firm, and arrangements to this effect were concluded. The two old-established firms, merged in one under the style of Mackenzie, Roberton & Co., now form one of the largest and most important legal firms in Scotland. Of this firm Mr. Mackenzie remains senior partner.
Mr. Mackenzie is a magistrate for the County of Dunbarton. In 1873 he married Miss Leila Hill, daughter of Mr. William Beveridge, Torrie, Fifeshire, by whom he has a family of two sons.
Index of Glasgow Men (1909) | <urn:uuid:6f881378-4741-4f94-944f-35562cc55a5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.glasgowwestaddress.co.uk/1909_Glasgow_Men/MacKenzie_Robert.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.972042 | 304 | 1.640625 | 2 |
As reported by Gartner, the Smart device sales will certainly account for 46% of all mobile phone sales globally by 2013. By 2013, touchscreen mobile tools will certainly account for 58 percent of all mobile tool sales globally and also extra than 80 percent in established markets such as North America as well as Western Europe.
Once our cellphones were just for making phone conversation. Today, even more people desire our smart phones to be completely packed with every possible attribute: Web access, MP3 abilities, general practitioner navigating, e-mail tools. As these supposed mobile phones end up being significantly prominent, some are anticipating 2008 will certainly be the year they go mainstream.
With the appeal of the apple iphone, it’s not a surprise that smart phone firms are mosting likely to be striking the marketplace quickly with their very own smart devices. Samsung, for instance, is launching the Tocco which is smaller sized as well as thinner than Apple’s design. It enables and also has a touchscreen for the dragging and also going down of widgets for the customer’s benefit.
In the very first 3 months of 2008, numerous components of the marketplace saw huge jumps in sales for these gadgets. Even more than 11.7 million smart devices were offered from January with March in Europe, Africa, as well as the Center East. That was up nearly 40% over the previous year’s initial quarter outcomes.
These Mobile phone gadgets give even more energy as well as enjoyment than standard cellphones. Individuals have lots of tools from which to pick, whether it is a multimedia giant, a messaging equipment, or a social networking device. It is as a result anticipated that the need for converged smart phones will certainly remain to expand faster than the general smart phone market.
Equally as the 3G apple iphone was preparing to make an extremely expected launch all over the world this July, the cellphone market launched its newest stats on the mobile phones and also their influence on the marketplace. According to Gartner, Inc, smart device sales have actually boosted worldwide by almost 30% simply given that 2007.
Therefore the opportunities of advancement in the area of smart device software program advancement are countless as well as in order to lead the competitors it is very important that companies involve with companions which can sustain them with the altering landscape of Smart device.
Although the apple iphone isn’t the only smart device on the marketplace, its success has actually plainly opened up the eyes of various other mobile makers concerning the wants and needs of customers. While mobile phones, like those produced by Blackberry, were as soon as taken into consideration just preferable by on-the-go company experts, customers today appear to like the concept of being regularly attached to the globe around them. They desire soldes ete moniteur information, enjoyment, interaction, songs, as well as navigating all involved a solitary, streamlined plan.
* The essential to opening Mobile is to make the most of its special anytime/anywhere enablement of details exchange. Smart devices are actually clever and also they are being significantly utilized for purchasing, recreation and also service tasks.
* It isn’t almost applications. There are vast varieties of mobile advertising tasks that can function well for your brand name.
Software application growth firms are taking on each various other to create more recent applications as well as widgets on these software program systems. YouTube for mobile, streaming information program, barcode visitors, video games are simply a few of the instances of applications established for smart devices.
Still at the leading edge of mobile phone sales, Nokia isn’t going to be left out of the smart device race. With integrated General practitioners as well as a good widescreen display screen, the phone will certainly fit in perfectly with the competitors.
* They have continuous, undisturbed accessibility to the web with mobile information solutions like the GPRS (basic package radio solutions) as well as 3G. You can download and install information from the web, link to the workplace intranet in addition to any kind of computer system to send out, get or integrate information.
* Smartphones are positioned for severe development in sales over the following couple of years. It is time to begin assuming regarding one if you do not have currently had a mobile technique.
* The majority of mobile phones integrate the attributes of Personal organizer (Personal Digital Aide) as well as normal mobile phones. You can arrange all your organization as well as individual emails in a smart device.
As reported by Gartner, the Mobile phone sales will certainly represent 46% of all cellphone sales around the world by 2013. The around the world market for touchscreen smart phones will certainly go beyond 362.7 million devices in 2010, a 96.8 percent boost from 2009 sales of 184.3 million devices, according to Gartner, Inc. By 2013, touchscreen smart phones will certainly represent 58 percent of all mobile phone sales globally as well as greater than 80 percent in industrialized markets such as The United States and Canada and also Western Europe.
* The vital chauffeur of mobile development is great gadgets as well as quick, cost effective information. They will certainly utilize it … a great deal if individuals have it.
The craze over mobile phones really did not begin in 2008. Within its initial year, the initial apple iphone marketed 5 million devices regardless of being readily available just in the United States as well as choose components of Europe.
As well as the very best information for phone manufacturers is that customers plainly do not mind paying additional for these included attributes. Bear in mind the apple iphone initially went for a huge United States $499 for the 4 GB design which was consisting of a price cut for authorizing a 2 year agreement with a provider.
Cellphone offered individuals raised movement and also much better network insurance coverage without cables. Individuals required for extra on their mobile phones which had currently come to be a crucial device. The mobile phone mobile makers brought out premium cellphones that incorporated the capability of a computer system as well as operated like a full amusement equipment.
Still at the leading edge of mobile phone sales, Nokia isn’t going to be left out of the mobile phone race. These Mobile phone tools offer even more energy as well as amusement than typical mobile phones. It is consequently anticipated that the need for converged mobile tools will certainly proceed to expand faster than the total mobile phone market.
In The United States and Canada, nonetheless, the increase is much more popular. Throughout the exact same duration, sales for mobile phones boosted by 106%. That implies their sales greater than increased in contrast to the initial quarter sales of 2007.
* A lot of smart devices are made it possible for with general practitioner (Gps) that assist in navigating. They utilize real-time or preinstalled maps as well as satellite imaging to assist an individual get to any kind of location anywhere without asking his method around. | <urn:uuid:d98da460-45bf-4d27-8be5-3f8d65457b07> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vpnyourvpn.club/the-htc-touch-dual-smartphone-pda/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.966789 | 1,415 | 1.640625 | 2 |
It’s not fair, when you’ve never had a pimple in your life, or certainly not since your teenage years, to be suddenly inflicted with breakouts and Acne in your 40’s or 50’s. Acne during this stage of your life is not often talked about – so let’s help you work out what you can do…
Forgive me, as this concern is complex and as I want you to understand everything I have to say. I also can’t give you a book so I have included a lot of links – extra reading when the insomnia of menopause is keeping you up – beats doing the ironing!
Most adult acne affects your chin and jawline, traditionally hormonal areas. It can actually affect anywhere on your face though, or might even be on your chest, back and shoulders – anywhere really. Unfortunately, there are no quick fixes, no immediate cures or magic pills. It needs to be controlled and managed carefully and individually. If you want to find out more about the general causes and treatment of your acne, have a read of the Acne article. Acne can also be a manifestation of Rosacea, which will be treated slightly differently. If you have reddened cheeks or chin (or other facial areas) that may be bumpy and/or pimply and your skin is quite reactive, discover how to reverse your Rosacea, whatever the stage, by also following the Rosacea link.
What is Acne in your 40’s and 50’s?
It is essentially the same as teenage acne in that your pores become clogged and then infected. However, as you’re likely to be cleaner than your teenage son (hopefully) and more sensible about your diet, what you drink and other lifestyle choices, it’s obvious there’s more to it that just cleanliness and pores.
- Hormone fluctuations.
- As your oestrogen levels drop, the previously masked testosterone is allowed to show its head, causing sebaceous glands to produce a thicker sebum, which changes the pH of the surface of the skin allowing bacteria to proliferate.
- Slower cell turnover creates a layer of dead cells on the surface of the skin as the natural exfoliation process slows.
- The skin has lost a lot of its ability to retain water and so is usually dehydrated. This impairs the cell’s ability to function as designed, with many nutrients along with the water also being lost. This contributes to an increase in the reactivity and sensitivity of the skin.
- Pores become larger as the collagen surrounding their openings becomes stretched, which in turn makes it easier for clogging and subsequent pimples to occur.
The combination of dead cell accumulation, thicker sebum and oil clogs pores. Giving you blackheads and whiteheads, dry, rough and dirty-feeling and looking skin.
Then, if the pore becomes infected you have… pimples!
When this process is combined with skin that is already a little impaired, dehydrated, sun-damaged and therefore ageing, it becomes more complex. Needing a wider variety of changes to treat it. You can read more about how skin changes as you age, particularly during the menopause years, following the Menopause link below.
Helpful links to find out more…
How to Manage this Blight on your Life!
Moisturise your skin
Hydration makes a bigger difference than you might think. All middle aged skin is dehydrated to some extent. As dehydrated skin ages faster and is more likely to show the signs of sun-damage, one of the first things you should do is to rehydrate your skin. This does not necessarily mean to just drink more water! It means giving your skin the tools to retain water. Often a combination of Hyaluronic Acid and nourishing moisturisers are a great start.
Find out more about Dehydrated Skin in the links below:
- Dehydrated Skin
- Best Products for Dehydrated Skin
- Products for Dry Skin Reviewed
- Dry Skin – Aspect Dr Resveratrol
Repair your skins past damage and imbalance
Repair your skin cell walls so the water stays in the cell and all the requirements for normal cellular function can pass through the walls as they are meant to. Starting with Growth Factors and Peptides is your go-to starting point.
Restore the skin’s pH to normal levels. This will help to restore the normal flow of oil or sebum to the surface, which is needed to protect your skin from infections and to lock in moisture, as well as keep it waterproof. Often this is linked to a prep-solution (or toner if you’re old school) which re-balances your skin.
Exfoliate your dead skin cells
Gently repairing the epidermal or top layers of the skin so that the dead cells on top are not accumulating will decrease the likelihood of a pore becoming clogged. Plus, it will allow essential restorative ingredients to penetrate the skin, rather than just sitting on top of the skin not effectively doing anything for you.
This is best achieved with the use of enzyme exfoliators and lactic acid cleansers, rather than scrubbing at the skin. Scrubbing and harsh products strip the skin, reducing the pH, enlarging the pores and upsetting the whole balance of the skin, which is what you are trying to change!
Find out more about Face Mask options in the links below:
Alternately view our range of Face Masks.
Once all of this has been achieved, the ‘garden’ of your skin needs to be fed. Lots of fertilisers, in the form of Vitamin C and B, Hyaluronic Acid, plus more – all antioxidants with the capability of beginning the process of healing in the skin.
Add extra nourishment back into your skin
Nourish with specialist serums. The serums for acne in your 40’s plus are a little different than for the usual teen with acne. This is because the teen skin will not be sun-damaged. It won’t have lived the life, experienced the stresses, the pregnancies, the loves and losses of the middle aged skin and so, your older skin needs a bit more love and attention. We recommend Growth Factors such as DNA repair, Stem cells and/or Peptides – use these as your saviour! Another Essential is Vitamin A serums matched back with Vitamin C, we recommend finding out more about Vitamin A and Vitamin C as well as other serum options in the link below.
Find out more about Serums in the links below:
UV and Environmental Protection
There is no point in putting all that effort into changing your skin if you don’t protect it – every day. No matter the season, the weather or if you are at the beach or not. UV’s are everywhere, damaging your skin and ageing you and, if you like to extrapolate, giving you pimples!
Choose a sunblock that is zinc-based, ‘cos that is an antioxidant in its own right! And certainly ours will not clog your pores or make your congestion and pimples worse. Here’s our recommendations:
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Consider Your Lifestyle Choices
You diet and alcohol, illnesses and medication play a large part in how skin ages, how well the cells function and how dehydrated it becomes.
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Hello there! It’s me again.
I’d like to share with you a few things about VR sickness we discovered as we were experimenting with FATED. We already broached this topic in the technical posts, but today, instead of talking about technology again, we’re going to talk about how to avoid this unwanted feeling from a design point of view.
As we were looking for the cause of the sickness, we found that it was mainly caused by the inner ear and the eye sending different messages to the brain at the same time. When the player is moving in Virtual Reality, the eyes inform the brain of the movement, but the inner ear, an authority on the subject, says otherwise. This is where the dizziness starts. Some actions have a greater effect than others, so by strategically choosing which actions to ask the player to perform, you can diminish the undesired effects. Some of these actions can be easily identified, including: height variations, rapid movements, acceleration and deceleration, rotation, and unprovoked movements.
By following a few basic rules, your level design can make a big difference on your game’s level of comfort.
Avoid making height variations in the environment.
Making the environment flatter will keep the player’s eye at the same height. This will also keep his inner ear stabilized, thus no weird feeling. This doesn’t mean that your environment should be totally flat, only that the part where the player is allowed to go should be “flatter”. After some testing, we also found out that a floor angle of about 10 degrees is still comfortable for the player. If you have a slope with a greater incline, a feeling of vertigo might start to set in, but this could differ from one person to another. So try to avoid making a VR game about running up and down flights of stairs. If you can choose between stairs and an elevator, go with the elevator. Also, downward vertical movements seem to be easier for the brain to handle. This is why roller coasters are so effective at creating a powerful feeling of vertigo and nausea.
Avoid making rapid movements.
When tweaking your character’s speed metric, consider a real-life scale speed instead of a fictitious one, to make the brain adapt more easily. Also, if you have elements like a moving platform or an open elevator, keep their movement slow.
Avoid acceleration and deceleration.
It is better to set a constant speed that will be achieved in one frame instead of accelerating over time. Stopping should also happen instantly. This works well with speeds that are not too high. But I can’t say for very high speeds, as I haven’t experimented with those kinds of parameters.
Don’t ask your player to rotate too much.
Try to avoid having the player make repetitive rotations. Completely avoid 180-degree rotations in you walkthrough if possible. Try to present the player’s options and interactions in front of him or in a narrow angle of perception. I don’t mean that all the game should be played in a corridor; this would be bad and boring. We didn’t make FATED like this. This is more about keeping in mind to avoid repetitive rotations than not making any.
Completely avoid unprovoked movements.
By “unprovoked movement”, I mean any movement that is not triggered by the player’s input. So, no surprise elevator, no sudden floor rotation, and, above all, do not take control of the player’s point of view like we see in so many first-person and third-person cut scenes.
These few simple rules can help avoid VR sickness in your game. It is only a matter of approaching level design with that in mind. I saw some of the game’s design change radically from a first-person adventure to a fixed standing experience or third-person point of view. This says a lot. VR sickness exists, and we can’t ignore it. We have to find a way to create our game in a way that makes this undesired feeling as absent as possible. I may be wrong, but I don’t think that technology will be able to counter this effect, as it is triggered by our own perception system. Trying different conceptual approaches may be the best hope we have of finding a solution to the issue, and if we want Virtual Reality to rise as a new medium, we have to create “sickless” experiences for the masses to enjoy.
Thanks for reading! If you have comments on what you’ve read here, or if you have tips and tricks that can help with VR sickness, please share them with us!
Philippe Dionne / Game Designer | <urn:uuid:64a3c0bf-88e6-476b-b792-15510ae51652> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.fatedgame.com/author/frimafil/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955941 | 1,004 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Five decades ago, bestselling books “flew” off the shelves in bookstores. If you don’t know or remember what a bookstore was, google Barnes & Noble—some of them are still around. One of these “airborne” publications was named Future Shock, written by the futurist Alvin Toffler and his wife Heidi. The notion peddled by the authors in this blockbuster was that change in the modern technological world was so rapid and overwhelming that people were simply too ill equipped to cope.
Just recently an article in Technology Review magazine related that, when confronted with “a setting which is unfamiliar, the human brain creates a new memory of it almost immediately.”
Researchers at the Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at MIT have identified a small region of the brainstem that “is activated in response to novel sensory stimuli,” which triggers the brain to store information pertaining to the new location.
The Picower study is interesting in a couple of ways. First, it can help to explain why certain architectural spaces are so captivating. Although the article does not mention this, perhaps the intensity of that initial encounter correlates with visual information provided by the new setting. My conjecture is that there is probably a happy medium between simplicity and complexity which occurs in an instant, where stimuli are optimal for creating a “lasting impression.”
The other interesting aspect pertains to the Tofflers’ book; I have never been convinced of its premise. It’s always appeared to me that people are more capable of dealing with rapid technological change than Toffler gave them credit for. I believe that the Picower study provides a window into a mechanism of the human brain which demonstrates that humans are not so fragile after all. Although this research deals only with spatial settings, maybe other areas of the brain function similarly. If this is the case, we have built-in defenses against “shock” treatment; maybe even Barnes & Noble can survive! | <urn:uuid:387ef18c-4b88-4b4d-97b9-539abe09c6f6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.todaycameearly.com/tce-blog/future-shock-and-picower | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.962983 | 409 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Cultivar Type：For Ornamental
Scientific Name：Camellia japonica 'Banse'
» English Description
Seibundō Shinkōsha, 1979, Senchinshū, p.122, colour photo, p.240, description: A very small size, 5 petalled single with a soft pink background, covered with a peppering and streaks of deep pink, a brush-like stamen cluster, deep yellow anthers. Mid-season flowering. Leaves, small, broad-elliptic, mid-green, apex acuminate, base obtuse, petioles hairy; plant bushy. Different reading: ‘Bansei’. Originated in Yamagata Prefecture, Japan. | <urn:uuid:a6fef72b-c272-44c4-af77-0628dc3cb8a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://camellia.iflora.cn/Cutivars/Detail?latin=Banse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.675504 | 227 | 2 | 2 |
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fortunately, many graduate programs provide some guidance by posting specific questions for applicants to answer. however, if you are still in need of ideas for an admissions essay, look no further.
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such fellowships typically require a background statement that is similar in some aspects to the statement of purpose. | <urn:uuid:857b6ac3-1ecb-4ed6-9066-06128975d95e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://helpassignmentwritingservice.info/graduate-school-admission-essay.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.945506 | 3,194 | 1.5 | 2 |
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Hidayatullah National Law University, Near Abhanpur, Uperwara Post, Raipur
Volume - 3,
Issue - 1,
Year - 2015
Credit rating is the rate of the rating company on the ability and finance position as well as history finance position to pay off the debts. Credit rating estimates all the finance position such as assets and liabilities, balance sheets, long terms assets and liabilities, debt-equity ratio and past of the company to pay the debts. With all these financial instruments, credit rating company gives the rating to the company of which it is rating and tell the investors as well as lenders about the financial position with its rating. Like normally credit rating gives company point 1 to 5 and 5 indicates that company has sound financially position whereas 1 indicates that company has poor financial position.
Credit Rating Agencies:
Credit Rating Agencies are essentially the corporations with specialized functions namely, assessment of the likelihood of the timely payments by an issuer on a financial obligation. In India the rating activities started with the incorporation of the Credit Rating Information Services of India Ltd. (CRISIL) in 1987 which commenced its operations of rating of companies in 1987-1988 and was promoted by Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Ltd. (ICICI) and Unit Trust of India (UTI). The second rating agency Investment Information and Credit rating Agency of India Ltd. (ICRA) was incorporated in 1991 and was jointly sponsored by Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) and other financial institutions and banks.
Cite this article:
Anushree Modi. Credit Rating and IPO Grading – Concept, Purpose and Procedure. Int. J. Rev. & Res. Social Sci. 3(1): Jan. – Mar. 2015; Page 04-06.
Anushree Modi. Credit Rating and IPO Grading – Concept, Purpose and Procedure. Int. J. Rev. & Res. Social Sci. 3(1): Jan. – Mar. 2015; Page 04-06. Available on: https://ijrrssonline.in/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2015-3-1-2 | <urn:uuid:7dcc8fa4-4ddb-4c23-8c0f-54225cbd284d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ijrrssonline.in/AbstractView.aspx?PID=2015-3-1-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.919627 | 495 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Online video games refer to any computer game that can be played by a player online and not only is this type of game played across the Internet but can also be played with a group of people all of which are connected to the same computer or Internet network. An online game is generally a video game which is either partially or fully played via the Internet or some other computer network. This type of game can include several genres and can even have hundreds of players connected to the same game.
There are two basic categories of online games and these are single player and multiplayer. The multiplayer online video games are those in which you can play with several people as against the single player. Examples of such games are the War craft games, the Second World War online multiplayer games, Crysis games, etc. The single player games include some of the classic titles such as Super Mario, Pac Man, etc. Most commonly the single player titles do not allow the players to interact with other players. This is often because the game is created with a multiplayer focus.
With regards to the type of platform on which the game is developed, there are basically two types to choose from. These are the PC and the Xbox consoles. Each one has their pros and cons and it is primarily up to the gamer to decide which type they feel will best suit their needs. Due to the fact that most people today own both the Xbox console and the PC, it has become common for gamers to play with both types of the video games at the same time. However due to the fact that the development for games on the PC is much slower than that for the Xbox console, the players are unable to take advantage of the rich graphical details available on the Xbox platform.
There is also the potential for compatibility issues between the PCs and the Xbox Ones. With the upcoming release of the Xbox One, Microsoft is expected to introduce support for the Linux platform. If this new feature becomes available for the PCs that are manufactured by Microsoft, then it would make gaming possible on the aforementioned two platforms at the same time. So far, the gaming experience on the Xbox one has been considered less interesting compared to the previous boxes.
However, if a gamer chooses to play the games using a website that has the Xbox platform as one of its features, then it would be possible for them to enjoy the game using either the mouse or the keyboard. Furthermore, if one chooses to play with the keyboard, then it would be even easier since the input methods that can be made use of include the WASD movement method as well as the arrow keys. The portal 2 portal game is the only one that uses the mouse as the main input device. Visit situs idn poker for more information.
The portal series has received critical acclaim since its inception. Even though the gameplay may seem a bit basic at first, players quickly find that the platform takes into account aspects of other genres that offer more complexity. Online multiplayer games such as Mario Kart prove to be a hit with gamers everywhere. The game manages to combine elements of the single-player and the multiplayer gaming. The game also manages to bring an element of fun to an otherwise typical genre. | <urn:uuid:143d48ea-c6af-4f46-bca4-8ac74cc56c41> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://dodge-vipers.com/the-best-online-multiplayer-games-for-wii-consoles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.978503 | 638 | 2.46875 | 2 |
Altitude of Vineyards The vineyard is divided into three lots of different ages ranging from the oldest at about 25 years old to the two most recent of 15 and 10 years of age. The vines are at an altitude of 420-440m above sea level and are to the south east of Montalcino in an area that is well ventilated with an excellent microclimate. The pebbly soil together with the altitude make the wine soft and well balanced in acidity.
Production per hectare The production of grapes per hectare of vineyard is between 25 and 40 quintals often notable differences from year to year due the weather conditions and bunch thinning. The annual production varies between 8,000 and 13,000 bottles of Brunello di Montalcino.
Production and training techniques The difference in ages of the vines determines their characteristics starting from the density of plants per hectare which, in the oldest vineyard is 3,000/ha with a planting distance of 3m while in the youngest vineyard there is a density of 5,000/ha with 2.5m between the vines. We use a simple cordon spur training system for the younger vines and a double cordon in the oldest vineyard where the distance between vines is larger. Pruning leaves only one bud, which results in a significant reduction in the quantity of fruit. After the green pruning and the following phases of flowering and fruit setting, we perform additional pruning called “green harvest” during which a first but essential thinning is carried out to ensure that each remaining shoot leads to the ripening of only one bunch. From this procedure comes an almost maniacal attention to the quality of every single bunch so that there is never an abundant quantity of grapes, but rather a focus on their exceptional quality. Additional sweeping of the vineyards, even during the ripening stage, guarantees a check on the quality of each bunch so that when the harvest time arrives, there is a low quantity but with very high quality. The harvest usually starts at the end of September or the beginning of October. The ripeness of the grapes is checked with frequent tests.
Vinification Vinification takes place in the cellar of the winery located next to the vineyards in 35-40hl stainless steel vats and usually lasts 28-30 days depending on the vintage. The fermentation occurs naturally in the days following the harvest where there is no temperature control, and it is for this reason we intervene only when hot temperatures require frequent pumping over and délestage, which cool the wine down.
Ageing After racking, the clean wine remains in the stainless steel vats for a few more months during which time the malolactic fermentation occurs very naturally before it is put in barrels. For ageing the wine, the winery has always used big 18-22hl medium toasted Slavonian oak barrels. Even today the barrels are located in two cellars: one on the estate where the oldest barrels are kept while the newer barrels are in the cellar in the historic centre of Montalcino.
Bottle Ageing Once Brunello has completed its ageing period in barrels, which often lasts up to 36 months, it is bottled where it ages until it.
Tasting notes The ruby red colour of a young Brunello attenuates during its evolution leaving hints of light garnet which change as the wine ages. The structure is rich in dry extracts which reach up to 32-33gr/l. Tannins are present but soft with a long finish. Brunello Salvioni is excellent with roasted red meats and skewers of wild game while the older vintages improve over time even as meditation wines.
Azienda Agricola LA CERBAIOLA di Salvioni Giulio
Sangiovese grosso 100%
Wine Enthusiast 100/100 - Falstaff Magazin 98/100 - CellarTracker 98/100 - Veronelli Tre Stelle Oro 97/100 - BIBENDA Cinque Grappoli - Quattro Viti Ais 95/100 | <urn:uuid:90870936-7209-4aaa-8e68-3656420d2d5f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://artetoscana.it/en/salvioni-la-cerbaiola-montalcino-siena/1349-salvioni-2016-brunello-di-montalcino-docg.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.938468 | 879 | 2.25 | 2 |
Namibian Transport Advisory Board Act, 1991
Act 23 of 1991
[Amended by National Transport Advisory Board Amendment Act, 1998 (Act 12 of 1998) on 11 June 1998]
ACTTo provide for the establishment of the Namibian Transport Advisory Board and the composition and functions thereof; and to provide for matters incidental thereto.BE IT ENACTED by the National Assembly of the Republic of Namibia, as follows:-
In this Act, unless the context otherwise indicates -“Board” means the Namibian Transport Advisory Board established by section 2;“committee” means a committee of the Board established under section 7;“member”, in relation to the Board, means a member of the Board appointed under section 5 and, for the purposes of sections 8 and 9 includes an alternate member appointed under section 6;“Minister” means the Minister of Works, Transport and Communication;“Permanent Secretary” means the Permanent Secretary: Works, Transport and Communication;“public service” means the public service mentioned in section 2 of the Public Service Act, 1980 (Act 2 of 1980).
2. Establishment of Namibian Transport Advisory Board
There is hereby established a board to be known as the Namibian Transport Advisory Board.
3. Objects of Board
The objects of the Board shall be the development, promotion and encouragement of transport in Namibia and the co-ordination of transport services in Namibia in order to ensure that transport services are carried on and maintained in, from or to Namibia in the best interest of Namibia and its inhabitants in the most effective and economic manner.
4. Functions of Board
In order to achieve its objects the Board shall make such investigations as it may deem necessary, and shall advise the Minister generally or in respect of a particular case, in relation to -
(a)the policy which is or should be followed in relation to transport in Namibia and the manner in which that policy is or should be implemented;(aA)the appropriate choice and combination of infrastructure investments, rail as well as road, transport system development, commercial and economic viability of different solutions and financial arrangements for infrastructure investments;(b)any measures which, in its opinion, are necessary in order to co-ordinate transport services in Namibia; and(c)any matter which in the opinion of the Board is connected therewith or which is assigned to the Board by the Minister.
5. Composition of Board
(1)The Board shall consist of 19 members appointed by the Minister, of whom -
(a)one member shall be a person who has wide knowledge and experience of, and ability in relation to, transport or aviation or industrial, commercial or financial matters and who shall be designated by the Minister as the chairperson of the Board;(b)five members shall be staff members in the public service of whom one each shall be designated by the Permanent Secretary, the Permanent Secretary: Finance, the Permanent Secretary: Trade and Industry; the Permanent Secretary: Agriculture, Water and Rural Development and the Permanent Secretary: Environment and Tourism;(c)two members shall be persons who in the opinion of the Minister are fit and proper persons to represent the interests of persons who are regularly making use of public and private transport in, from or to Namibia;(d)the other members shall be persons of whom -
(i)one is appointed to represent the interests of any company or other body established by virtue of an Act of Parliament with the object of providing public transport services, either by itself or through any subsidiary company;(ii)one is appointed to represent the interests of municipal councils;(iii)three are appointed to represent the interests of persons concerned in the transport industry;(iv)one is appointed to represent the interests of persons concerned in the tourist industry;(v)two are appointed to represent the interests of persons concerned in agriculture;(vi)one is appointed to represent the interests of persons concerned in the mining industry;(vii)one is appointed to represent the interests of persons concerned in the trade sector;(viii)one is appointed to represent the interests of persons concerned in the industrial sector.
(2)In order to make the appointments contemtemplated in paragraphs (b) and (d) of subsection (1), the Minister shall by notice in writing invite -
(a)in the case of appointments contemplated in paragraphs (b) and (d)(i) of subsection (1), the persons referred to in those paragraphs;(b)in the case of appointments contemplated in paragraph (d)(ii) to (viii) of subsection (1), the bodies which the Minister deems to be representative of municipal councils and the persons contemplated in that paragraph, as the case may be,
to submit to the Minister, within a period specified in the notice, the name of a person nominated for appointment.(3)If a person or body referred to in subsection (2) fails to comply with such invitation within the period specified in such notice, the Minister may, with due regard to the provisions of subsection (1), appoint as a member a person who in the opinion of the Minister, in the case of an appointment contemplated in paragraph (b) of subsection (1), may be designated and, in the case of an appointment contemplated in paragraph (d) of subsection (1), represents the interests of Transnamib Limited, municipal councils or the persons concerned, as the case may be.
6. Alternate members of Board
The Minister may, with due regard to the provisions of section 5, appoint for every member an alternate member, and an alternate member so appointed shall act in the place of the member in respect of whom he or she has been appointed during such member’s absence or inability to act as a member.
7. Committees of Board
(1)The Board may from time to time establish committees to advise it on the performance of its functions and may, with the approval of the Minister, appoint persons who are not members of the Board as members of a committee.(2)The Board shall designate any member of a committee as the chairperson thereof.
8. Term of office and conditions of service of members of Board
(1)Subject to the provisions of section 9 a member shall hold office for such period, but not exceeding three years, as may be determined by the Minister in general or in respect of a particular case, but may be reappointed at the expiration of that period.(2)A member who is not employed in the public service on a full-time basis shall be paid from moneys appropriated by law for that purpose, such remuneration and allowances, if any, and in respect of a journey undertaken for purposes of the business of the Board, such subsistence and travelling allowances and such reasonable losses suffered by such member by reason of his or her engagement in the business of the Board, as the Minister may determine with the concurrence of the Minister of Finance.(3)The remuneration and allowances determined under subsection (2) may differ according to the office held or the functions performed by the member concerned.
9. Vacation of offices
A member shall vacate his or her office if -(a)his or her estate is sequestrated or he or she compromises with his or her creditors;(b)he or she is in accordance with any law detained as a mentally ill person;(c)he or she is convicted of an offence and sentenced to a term of imprisonment without the option of a fine;(d)he or she by written notice to the Permanent Secretary resigns as a member;(e)he or she has been absent from two consecutive meetings of the Board without its leave;(f)he or she is removed from office under subsection (2).
(2)The Minister may at any time and without consulting any person remove any member from office if in the opinion of the Minister good reasons exist for doing so.(3)A vacancy on the Board caused by the death or the vacation of office of any member shall be filled by the appointment by the Minister, with due regard to the provisions of section 5, of another person as a member of the Board and any member so appointed shall hold office for the unexpired portion of the period of office of the member who has died or vacated office, as the case may be.
10. Meetings of Board
(1)Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), a meeting of the Board shall be held at the time and place as may be determined by the chairperson of the Board.(2)The Board shall meet at least three times during any period of 12 months as from the date of its first meeting.(3)The chairperson of the Board shall at the request of the Minister or on a reasoned request in writing of at least seven members convene a special meeting of the Board.(4)The majority of the members shall form a quorum for a meeting of the Board.(5)Whenever the chairperson of the Board is absent from a meeting of the Board the members present thereat shall elect one of their number to preside at that meeting.(6)The decision of a majority of the members present at a meeting of the Board shall constitute the decision of the Board and, in the event of an equality of votes on any matter the person presiding at the meeting in question shall have a casting vote in addition to his or her deliberative vote.(7)No resolution of the Board or act performed under the authority of the Board shall be invalid by reason only of a vacancy on the Board or of the fact that a person not entitled to sit as a member sat as a member when the decision was taken or the act was authorized, if the decision was taken or the act was authorized by the requisite majority of the members who were present at the time and entitled to sit as members.(8)The Board shall cause a record to be kept of the proceedings of the meetings of the Board.(9)The Board may make rules in relation to the holding of, and procedure at, meetings of the Board or any committee thereof.
11. Performance of administrative functions of Board
(1)The administrative and clerical work involved in the performance of the Board’s functions shall be performed by officers of the Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication made available by the Permanent Secretary for that purpose.(2)The Permanent Secretary may designate an officer referred to in subsection (1) as secretary of the Board.(3)Subject to the provisions of the State Finance Act, 1982 (Act 1 of 1982), the Board may, after consultation with the Permanent Secretary and on such conditions as may be mutually agreed upon, obtain the services of such persons as it may deem necessary to advise it in connection with any matter relating to its functions.
12. Investigations by Board
(1)The Board may by notice summon any person who in its opinion may be able to furnish it with any relevant information regarding any matter which is being investigated, or who it suspects has any book, document or thing relating to the matter which is being investigated in his or her possession or custody or under his or her control, to appear before the Board at the time and the place specified in the notice, to be questioned or to produce such book, document or thing.(2)A notice referred to in subsection (1) shall be signed by the chairperson of the Board or by an officer authorized thereto by the chairperson, and shall be served in the prescribed manner on the person concerned.(3)The chairperson or any other member present may -
(a)administer an oath to or accept an affirmation from any person summoned to appear before the Board or any other person who is present and who is willing to give evidence; and(b)put any reasonable question to such person.(4)
(a)Any person who has been summoned under subsection (1) and who without sufficient cause fails to attend at the appointed time and place, shall be guilty of an offence.(b)Any person to whom an oath has been administered or from whom an affirmation has been taken under subsection (3) and who refuses or fails to answer fully and satisfactorily to the best of his or her knowledge and belief all lawful and reasonable questions put to him or her or to produce any book, document or thing in his or her possession or custody or under his or her control when lawfully required to do so, or who fails to remain in attendance until excused from further attendance by the Board, shall be guilty of an offence.(c)Any person convicted of an offence in terms of paragraph (a) or (b) shall be liable to a fine not exceeding R 1 000 or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months or to both such fine and such imprisonment.(5)For the purposes of the questioning of any person appearing before the Board or the production of any book, document or thing by such a person, the rules of law relating to privilege as applicable to a witness subpoenaed to give evidence or to produce any book, document or thing before a court of law, shall apply.(6)The questioning of any person by the Board shall be conducted in private but the Board may with the consent of the person concerned authorize the presence of any specified person at the questioning of that person.
13. Expenditure by Board
The expenditure incidental to the performance of the functions of the Board shall, subject to the provisions of the State Finance Act, 1982 (Act 1 of 1982), be defrayed from moneys appropriated by law for that purpose.
The Minister may make regulations in relation to any matter which the Minister may deem necessary or expedient to prescribe for achieving the objects of this Act.
15. Short title
This Act may be cited as the Namibian Transport Advisory Board Act, 1991. | <urn:uuid:bd5a25e1-9cd2-46ce-b0b6-8cfa3f473825> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://namiblii.org/akn/na/act/1991/23/eng%401998-06-11 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.964117 | 2,838 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Sometimes it pays to wonder about the basics of life. WeWork did just that, by wondering about the very construct of an office. Before WeWork interrupted the market with common offices, offices belonged to the recognized norm. While it matched mid to large-sized firms, startups, as well as business owners went to a considerable negative aspect. Real estate lease, rental fee, furnishings, maintenance, and energy bills are a major portion of expenditures that can place major stress on firms with bootstrap company plans 37th and 5th wework.
However everybody needed to have a workplace and needed to sustain those recurring expenses. The only exceptions were those start-ups operating out of dormitory or garages, or writers functioning from cafes. If this was an obstacle for thousands of hundreds of small businesses and entrepreneurs, for WeWork, it was a substantial opportunity. They saw coworking areas as a practical organization version that could be scaled as much as develop engaging price efficiencies.
Today, WeWork is synonymous with coworking. Remote job as well as digital workplaces are currently obtaining normalized due to COVID-19. This new normal is not simply appropriate to local business however large ventures also. Coworking is below to remain irrespective of a firm’s dimension. What the pandemic compelled on the globe is what WeWork had envisioned virtually a years back.
Which leads one to ask, what is the WeWork company design? What did WeWork do in a different way? How does WeWork gain their revenue? Why did financiers bet huge on the company? Significantly, is its company version lasting?
What is WeWork?
WeWork was begun by Adam Neumann, Rebekah Neumann, as well as Miguel McKelvey. Although it was founded in 2010, its origins can be traced to Eco-friendly Workdesk, an environmentally friendly shared workspace that the creators had begun in 2008. What they began in a stockroom soon ended up being a coworking model that was spread to over 100 areas. After a year, they offered the business to their partner who was also the proprietor of the structure. From the revenues of that purchase, WeWork was birthed.
Today it’s possibly one of the most recognized name in the coworking market. WeWork has around 828 structures worldwide dealing with close to 600,000 participants. The company that has 6000 employees is now valued at around $3 billion. The business’s sub-brands consist of Increase by We, WeLive, as well as WeWork Labs, a startup incubator. Considering that February 2020, Sandeep Mathrani, formerly of Brookfield Residential or commercial property Partners, and GGP Inc. has been the chief executive officer of the firm.
What does WeWork Do?
WeWork offers adaptable coworking solutions to business owners, consultants, and also small companies. The company also has huge ventures as its customers. The firm rents room from property managers in cities, remodels it right into a coworking area with workdesks and private workplaces, and after that rents it out to local business and business owners. The business disrupted the commercial property sector by making it versatile.
Little firms and startups can not devote to the minimum practical rental fee needed for office as a result of two vital factors. They frequently do not have the financial data transfer to authorize lasting leases. Second of all, these business with restricted budgets and also manpower might not require big offices. Even after that, they are compelled to sign leases which brings about considerable redundancies and also reoccuring expenses. WeWork solved that problem by accumulating office. Currently, entrepreneurs really did not have to pay out outrageous rental fees for area they really did not need. They only had to spend for what they used, and also notably, when they used it.
By materializing estate adaptable, something unprecedented in the sector at a large scale, WeWork understood that it can tremendously increase the demand for common workplace, particularly in city locations. They additionally recognized that their options couldn’t be one-size-fits-all.
WeWork has a versatile suite of offerings that consist of hot desks, committed desks, personal office spaces, and custom-made rooms.
Hot workdesks are excellent for consultants who don’t have actually a taken care of routine and can make use of the center whenever they like. They can walk in and pick any available desk. This is valuable for service tourists who might need office for a day or 2. Committed desks are for those routine workers as well as organizations who might need space scheduled for them. For small companies that need their workers to sit together, WeWork provides exclusive office spaces that have all the facilities one would expect from a professional setup. They use privacy and exclusive access.
The firm likewise has a costs choice of custom-made rooms that are made for ventures that would certainly desire their office personalized. These workplaces are equipped with laboratories, board areas, and collections for senior management. For larger teams, WeWork provides the option of headquarters that includes personal floors, the alternative of exclusive branding, as well as the flexibility to have the layout customized.
WeWork’s unique design was just one of the elements that got it a great deal of limelights in the starting days. The emphasis got on establishing usual locations that would foster a feeling of area among the residents. For the creators, the ‘we’ in the firm name was not decorative or gimmicky. It mirrored their vision of a community of people, and also companies, all functioning as well as networking sympathetically.
It is necessary to note that WeWork is not an aggregator in the sense that Uber and also Airbnb are called aggregators. They are not a platform where need as well as supply meet. They are not combining buyers as well as sellers. They are the customers, and also they are the sellers. The firm isn’t in the business of just accumulating workplace and attaching them with entrepreneurs as well as small businesses. Uber does not own cars and also Airbnb is not in the business of purchasing properties. WeWork, on the other hand, leases area, converts them into practical workplace floors and then sublets them with differing amenities at various rate points.
This critical distinction indicates that WeWork has to make considerable financial investments ahead of time to get the home, retool it, as well as get the end product prepared. This delivery component likewise results in a scenario where the rate is relatively repaired, with little possible for variable and short-term premium fees based on rises sought after. But the firm believes that the substantial benefits they use negate any threats related to greater investments.
The universalization of the contemporary office can be mapped to the industrial age when supervisors and administration literally had to be located at the manufacturing facility properties. This made overseeing manufacturing easy. It also made sense to maximize source allowance by having all workers under one roofing system. All factory are based on this suggestion of price performances with centralization of people and also procedures. Yet in post-industrial cultures, an irreversible office seems like extra for the majority of markets. Definitely lots of companies in the manufacturing and also solution fields require their workers to be on-premise. For a number of other companies as well as organizations, it’s entirely feasible for the team to be off-site and still be useful as a group.
Besides, if the suggestion of the office was to connect individuals, what need does it serve when the workers are currently attached? This is really true for business owners, freelancers, as well as local business. WeWork makes specialist rooms available to them at a portion of the cost of conventional office space.
To begin with, business owners and also entrepreneur can conserve a lot of time with WeWork. Locating the best office space in a city is time-consuming. For small companies with restricted sources, this can be restricting, and also will usually result in sub-optimal leasing choices. With WeWork, they can begin quickly. There’s no looking around, no discussions with property managers, no settlements on lease.
Low Financial investment
There are no investments needed upfront. Renting office equates to considerable expenses on not just the lease but brokerage firm costs, interior design and also furnishings costs, on-site branding expense, etc. Entrepreneurs and also small companies save a significant amount of money when they go with the WeWork version that doesn’t need any one of these.
WeWork makes enormous sense for smaller procedures is that there are no added persisting costs. With a routine office, everything from energy expenses to protection charges to equipment upkeep costs to various other various expenses can amount to high month-to-month costs. The majority of these charges are independent of the dimension of the organization. Whether it’s a two-person startup or a small business with half a dozen people, there will certainly be these inescapable costs. But not with WeWork. This also means that local business and also entrepreneurs don’t have to stress over the typical operational concerns associated with office spaces.
Ease of access
The fourth advantage of WeWork is that most of its residential properties are in exceptional places. These are addresses that workers would certainly like to travel to, and also would certainly enjoy to show off. The right location also suggests that its incumbents don’t have to travel as well much or be compelled to work from even more busy parts of the city. Plus, the amenities WeWork offers are a great attraction for employees. When small businesses have workplaces that employees eagerly anticipate mosting likely to, furnished with preferable facilities, it also comes to be less complicated for them to bring in ability.
Lastly, freelancers and also entrepreneurs like WeWork for its feeling of neighborhood. The layout as well as insides are deliberately made to encourage communications. There is a stipulation in their app that permits customers to interact with each other via messages and messages. All these are meant to not just naturally lead to even more opportunities yet additionally a feeling of community. These 5 benefits are engaging worth propositions for those starting out or are leading local business. But their benefits are bring in renters beyond those from the gig economic climate. Huge enterprises have likewise partnered with WeWork for the apparent benefits the co-working giant offers. Numerous of them have begun using WeWork facilities as hubs for several of their localized employees. | <urn:uuid:cfa7317d-5469-4d64-a13f-473914e52d4b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.prodigemusic.com/37th-and-5th-wework/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.977646 | 2,152 | 2.28125 | 2 |
North Yorkshire County Council has established the multi-agency team, which is already building up what it describes as a “challenging” caseload.
The financial abuse investigation unit is being led by the council’s trading standards service and includes North Yorkshire Police and a safeguarding member of the council’s adult services.
It is the first in the UK to deal with vulnerability and financial abuse, and funds from the council’s public health budget have been used to pay for police members of the team as the focus is on supporting the health and well-being of vulnerable people who become the target of scammers.
It aims to protect the vulnerable from a range of financial abuse crimes from scam mail to doorstep crime, investment fraud, courier frauds, romance frauds or financial abuse by family members or carers.
Ruth Andrews, the head of North Yorkshire’s Trading Standards Fraud and Special Investigations Team, is leading the new unit.
She said: “If we don’t tackle the root causes, the loneliness and the isolation, then we are leaving people vulnerable to repeat victimisation. It’s about safeguarding as much as it is about pursuit of the crime.
“The adult at risk may be someone with learning difficulties or mental health problems, and we also know many of these frauds target older people.”
Among the cases the team is investiating is a 91-year-old widow in Hambleton who has lost £200,000 to mail scammers over the last two years. She believes the fraudsters are her friends, and as she is lonely, she does not want the letters to stop.
A second case came to light when a family was sorting out the house of relatives with dementia who had gone into a residential home. They found the house crammed with scam mail products that amounted to losses for the victims of more than £400 per week. They also found begging letters from the husband to the scammers asking for more time to pay and telling them about his wife’s decline in health.
The new team is working with the council’s health and adult services, banks and other financial institutions, as well as the voluntary sector such as Age UK, the Alzheimer’s Society and dementia support groups, to help identify victims and investigate and prosecute offenders.
The council has carried out a number of prosecutions in recent years. Between 2011 and 2014, the authority successfully prosecuted 29 defendants who were jailed for a total of 55 years.
The service also hopes to tackle the loneliness and isolation that often leads people to become repeat victims of doorstep crime and telephone and mail scams. The Yorkshire Post has been campaigning to raise awareness of the issue of loneliness and the serious health effects it can have since February last year.
One of the new unit’s initial major projects relates to scam mail. Based on information seized by the Metropolitan Police in London, the team now has a list of North Yorkshire residents who have answered scam mail and will work with banks and other financial institutions to pinpoint people who might be targeted. | <urn:uuid:94c2ff29-3525-4063-9d72-4c0b5ec38542> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/task-force-tackle-fraudsters-who-prey-elderly-and-lonely-1816284 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.97203 | 636 | 1.5625 | 2 |
ODOT seeks volunteers to clean up highways
Cleanup events are being organized around the state as part of the Ohio Department of Transportation’s Adopt-A-Highway litter program.
Each year, ODOT spends roughly $4 million to clean up trash along highways, according to a news release from the department.
“That money could be used to install 323 culverts, pave 40 miles of a two-lane road, install 340 miles of guardrail, or purchase 28 snowplow trucks,” the release said.
“While potholes remain a priority this time of year, our crews must also focus on litter pickup before the mowing season begins,” said ODOT Director Jerry Wray.
More than 392,300 bags of trash were collected last year in Ohio’s 88 counties.
Groups of volunteers are asked to clean two-mile sections of highways, four times a year for two years. These groups, on average, pick up 25,000 bags of trash, which saves the department $280,000, the release states.
Community groups can apply to adopt a section of highway or an interchange at www.transportation.ohio.gov. | <urn:uuid:a652c905-a258-4b76-a844-d85a035a8132> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cantonrep.com/story/news/politics/elections/county/2011/03/24/odot-seeks-volunteers-to-clean/42235519007/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948935 | 249 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Though graphic novels could have been included in our page on literature, we have placed them in a separate page given the popularity of the English Department's graphic novel course and because a lesson on Indigenous graphic novels could also be relevant to New Media and Arts courses.
As with film, Indigenous comics and graphic novels have two aims:
The cover of Jay Odjick's comic and television series Kagagi. Odjick has had a great deal of success and is from nearby Kitigan Zibi.
Cover of Red Wolf #1, published December 2, 2015. Marvel Comics
The graphic novel form is one that is particularly popular amongst First Peoples writers and artists as it provides an opportunity to visually work through cultural trauma while also connecting with younger generations who often enjoy this form more than traditional novels or even orature. Though Gord Downie's recent work with Jeff Lemaire received a lot of press, there are many Indigenous produced graphic novels that are worth a look. Below we offer a list of graphic novels, some print and some digital (to which we've provided hyperlinks), as well as a few articles and interviews on First Peoples graphic novels. | <urn:uuid:95c5855d-b01f-45ee-aaa8-a00d2bb81326> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cegep-heritage.qc.ca/our-learning-commons/the-indigenizing-project/content-resources/graphic-novels | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.98187 | 231 | 3.0625 | 3 |
EXTON, PA — The manufacturing industry in Chester and Delaware Counties was the focus Wednesday evening as several local manufacturers were featured in the “What’s So Cool About Manufacturing?” student video contest.
Over the past year, local students from eleven area middle schools teamed up with area manufacturers to create 2-minute video profiles that feature what the manufacturers produce, how they make their products, and how working in a technology-driven environment can be a rewarding career. Videos were reviewed by a panel of judges and the public cast more than 10,000 votes for the Viewer’s Choice Award during three days of online voting.
“What’s So Cool About Manufacturing? helps students not only learn about these careers, but also provides opportunities for students to explore them outside of the classroom, and gain necessary workplace readiness skills to prepare them for future internships and employment,” said Patti Van Cleave, Vice President of Workforce Development and STEM at the Chester County Economic Development Council (CCEDC).
Organized by CCEDC’s Manufacturing Alliance of Chester & Delaware Counties, the annual awards ceremony and manufacturing expo was held on Tuesday, April 6 at Penn State Great Valley. More than 200 people attended the event where the following winning schools and videos were announced:
- Outstanding Overall Video – Garnet Valley Middle School’s profile of New Way Air Bearings
- Viewer’s Choice Award – Penn’s Grove Middle School’s profile of R-V Industries, Inc.
The following schools and manufacturers were also recognized for excellence:
- Avon Grove Charter School’s profile CPV
- Delaware County Christian School’s profile of Onexia, Inc.
- Octorara Junior High School’s profile JGM
- Springton Lake Middle School – Team Gold’s profile of United Safety & Survivability Company
- Springton Lake Middle School – Team Red’s profile of Bender
Other student/manufacturer pairings included Collegium Charter School with Idemia Augmented Identity, Great Valley Middle School with Loparex, Owen J. Roberts Middle School with ifm Prover, and Phoenixville Middle School with Omega Design Corporation.
Sponsors of the “What’s So Cool About Manufacturing?” student video competition and awards ceremony include CCRES Educational & Behavioral Health Services as Platinum Sponsor; Delaware County Community College and RETTEW as Gold Sponsors; Aerzen, ifm Prover, Kreischer Miller, and Malvern Bank as Silver Sponsors; Penn State Great Valley as Event Venue Sponsor; with Red Carpets donated by Healthmats.com; and the Chester County Intermediate Unit and Chester County Technical College High School as Special Contributors.
All videos can be found at the “What’s So Cool About Manufacturing?” website at https://www.whatssocool.org/contests/chester-delaware/.
For more information about CCEDC’s youth programming, including summer career camps, go to https://steminnovationpa.org/.
Thanks for visiting! Looking for some Chester County pride? We got you covered! Shop our MyChesCo store and show your love for Chester County, Pennsylvania. We got shirts, hats, and more – all with a unique ChesCo flair. Plus, proceeds from each purchase helps support our mission of bringing reliable information and resources to the people of Chester County. | <urn:uuid:f03263dd-2a60-42d8-9fcb-80a0f3cbd1e2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mychesco.com/a/education/eleven-schools-from-chester-county-delaware-county-participate-in-whats-so-cool-about-manufacturing-video-contest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.936333 | 721 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Chuhachingnyu is a village situated in Aboi circle of Mon district in Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are total 383 families residing in the village Chuhachingnyu. The total population of Chuhachingnyu is 1,871 out of which 991 are males and 880 are females thus the Average Sex Ratio of Chuhachingnyu is 888.
The population of Children of age 0-6 years in Chuhachingnyu village is 523 which is 28% of the total population. There are 289 male children and 234 female children between the age 0-6 years. Thus as per the Census 2011 the Child Sex Ratio of Chuhachingnyu is 810 which is less than Average Sex Ratio (888) of Chuhachingnyu village.
As per the Census 2011, the literacy rate of Chuhachingnyu is 53.1%. Thus Chuhachingnyu village has higher literacy rate compared to 47.8% of Mon district. The male literacy rate is 56.98% and the female literacy rate is 48.92% in Chuhachingnyu village.
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act (Amendment 1998), Chuhachingnyu village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of the village.
As per the Population Census 2011 data, following are some quick facts about Chuhachingnyu village.
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 0% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 98.5% of total population in Chuhachingnyu village.
In Chuhachingnyu village out of total population, 1,134 were engaged in work activities. 67.5% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 32.5% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 1,134 workers engaged in Main Work, 665 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 34 were Agricultural labourer.
Below are the list of villages near Chuhachingnyu village in Aboi. | <urn:uuid:373cd0d7-3e60-43a9-98c0-5d71a945a6ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://censusindia.co.in/villages/chuhachingnyu-population-mon-nagaland-267038 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.911647 | 709 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Today is Professional Engineers Day!
On August 8, 1907, the first professional engineering license was issued to Charles Bellamy in Wyoming. Since that time, licensure has expanded, and professional engineers across the U.S. have committed to protecting public health, safety, and welfare.
Join us as we celebrate and show appreciation for our amazing team of Professional Engineers for the work they do each and every day.
Learn more about Landform and how we can make your next project a success from Site to Finish® at https://www.landform.net. | <urn:uuid:737cb276-8acd-4a9a-bc20-0a4d8237576e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://landform.net/professional-engineers-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.968274 | 114 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Creating Custom Graphs with Google Trends and pandas
In this article you will learn how to:
- Get data from Google Trends automatically using Python Pytrends (an unofficial Google Trends library)
- Visualise this data in Jupyter notebook using Matplotlib and pandas.
- Source control your notebook with nice diffs using GitHub and ReviewNB.
This article assumes you have some prior experience using Python and GitHub.
Setting up and getting data from Google Trends
First we need to install our dependencies. Run the following in your shell.
pip install pytrends
Now import all the modules that we'll be using by adding the following code to the first cell of the notebook.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import pandas as pd import pytrends from pytrends.request import TrendReq
Connect to Google Trends with the
TrendReq class, using this code:
pytrends = TrendReq(hl='en-US')
This initializes our Pytrends object and establishes a connection to Google Trends. The
hl(host language) is set to American English.
Creating a chart to visualise interest over time
Add the following code to a new cell and run it.
- The item
kw_listis always required, and supplies the list of keywords we're querying. You can specify a maximum of five items.
geodefines the location to limit the returned results. In this instance, the location is set to 'global' by using an empty string. You can narrow the results by using a two-letter (capitilized) country code.
timeframeis set to
'today 5-y'by default, which means from five years back until today's date. To avoid partial data for the currenty year, we explicitly set the timeframe to ignore results after the end of 2020.
Now, retrieve the 'interest over time' data with the following command:
time_interest = pytrends.interest_over_time() del time_interest['isPartial']
interest_over_time() method returns data as a pandas dataframe. We can delete the
isPartial (boolean) column from our dataframe, as we limited the time frame so we know that all our data should be complete. You can run
time_interest.head() to see a summary of our data.
You can plot this data using
time_interest.plot(), which returns a graph similar to what you see on the Google Trends website. But we want to customise our visualisation, which we can do as follows.
time_interest = time_interest.groupby(pd.Grouper(freq='Y')).sum() ax = time_interest.plot(kind='bar', xlabel='Year', ylabel="Interest", figsize=(10, 5)) ax.set_xticklabels([pandas_datetime.strftime("%Y") for pandas_datetime in time_interest.index]) ax.set_title('Interest Over Time', fontsize=20) ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('none')
- We use
groupbyto group the data, in our example by years (
freq='Y'). We add
sum()to aggregate the total interest by year.
- We plot our
time_interestgraph as a bar chart with
kind='bar'. Set the figsize to
(10, 5)(width by height in inches).
ax.set_xticklabels([pandas_datetime.strftime("%Y") for pandas_datetime in time_interest.index])in a list comprehension to get only the years from our dataframe as labels on the x-axis.
- Finally, we set the title for our graph using
ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('none')to remove the ticks we would otherwise get on the graph.
Your graph should look like this:
Saving our notebook and putting it in source control.
We've created a basic graph and now we want to do something more ambitious. In case something breaks, this is a good point to save our notebook and put it in source control (GitHub) so we can always come back to this working version if necessary.
Create a new repository in GitHub, and follow the provided instructions to initialise a local repository and push your notebook to GitHub.
Visualising interest by region
We've visualised interest over time, but let's also take a look at interest by region.
This time we'll create a pie chart showing the regions with the highest interest in our topics.
Add the following code to your notebook.
kw_list = ["stack overflow"] pytrends.build_payload(kw_list) regions = pytrends.interest_by_region() regions = regions.sort_values(kw_list, ascending=False)[:15] regions.head()
- As before, we start by defining a keyword list. This time, however, we use only a single query to visualise interest in that topic over different regions.
- We call
pytrends.interest_by_region()to get regional data as a pandas dataframe.
- We sort the data by interest, specifying
ascending=Falseto have the regions with the most interest first. In this instance, we limit the results to the top 15 regions that are interested in our specified topic.
regions.head()to see the data we're working with.
Now that we have our data, let's plot it using the following code:
ax = regions.plot(kind='pie', figsize=(10, 10), subplots=True, legend=False) ax = ax.flatten() ax.set_title('Interest by Region', fontsize=20) ax.xaxis.set_ticks_position('none')
Note that the code is very similar to what we used to plot the bar chart, the major differences being:
kind='pie'to specify we want a pie chart.
subplots=Trueenables us to plot the chart without having a y-column in our data.
legend=Falseremoves the extra legend, as the pie slices are already named by region.
- Our data is represented by a two-dimensional
np.array. We use
ax.flatten()to collapse the array into one dimension.
You should see a graph similar to this, which shows that X region has the most interest in stack overflow while Y region has the least.
Visualising what we have changed about our notebook
With another graph done, let's save our notebook and commit it to the GitHub repo, pushing the changes we've added:
git commit -a -m "Added regional interest pie chart" git push
Now we can review the changes on GitHub.
Open the latest change we've made on the notebook and click on 'load diff'.
We see a huge blog of JSON, which represents the minor changes we've made to the notebook. It would be nice if we could see the changes visualised in a nicer way, so let's move on to ReviewNB.
Adding ReviewNB to GitHub to visualise Jupyter Notebook diffs
ReviewNB is a GitHub app that creates visual diffs for Jupyter notebooks. Sign up on ReviewNB (a free account is fine) if you haven't already.
Follow the instructions from ReviewNB to add it to GitHub and grant access to your repository. You'll be directed to the ReviewNB interface. From here, select the repo and then the latest commit from the
When you open the notebook file, you should see something like this:
This is much nicer than the JSON blog we saw before. Now we can see exactly what has been changed in our notebook.
Creating a pull request and visualising it with ReviewNB
Let's create a pull request scenario for ourselves as this will help us familiarize the GitHub workflow.
Save your notebook and push it into the new branch we created using:
git commit -a -m "added a density plot" git push -u origin WIP
Open GitHub and you should see "WIP had recent pushes less than a minute ago". Click on the
Compare and pull request button. The next screen will allow you to write a comment and create a pull request.
After you have created a pull request, the
Conversation tab will open where you can have a discussion with collaborators about the pull request. Note that the
review-notebook-app bot has commented with a link to view our pull request on ReviewNB. Click on that link.
The link takes us to the
Changes tab on ReviewNB. From here we can see the changes we've added and add a comments on specific lines if we need.
Let's post a comment on the new graph. I've posted "Could you lower the graph height to 60% - 75% of what it is? There's too much open space". We can see our comment on the
Discussion tab, and if we head back to GitHub, we will see the same thing in
Finally, we can resolve the conversation and merge our WIP branch to main.
We created some basic visualisations with Google Trends data and Pytrends, but there's a lot more you could do. If you're stuck for ideas, maybe try
- Automating the report generation - emailing yourself trends data on a weekly or monthly basis.
- Trying out different kinds of visualisation - we used a Pie Chart because most people are familiar with them but they are often a bad choice. | <urn:uuid:94ed83cc-e0fd-48a5-b9e4-19a005c041a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ritza.co/articles/custom-google-trends-graphs-pandas-reviewnb/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.827644 | 2,206 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Homeschooling provides you with additional control within the influences affecting your son or daughter. The progression of your son or daughter is taken away in the arena of the unknown. You, and also you alone can decide what your son or daughter must do or learn. Tailoring the curriculum to match the requirements and interests from the child is among the most apparent benefits of homeschooling
Individual attention is yet another salient benefit of homeschooling. You will find no fixed hours of learning per subject. Which means that a young child has the benefit of setting more quantity of hours to the subject that appears tough with no additional pressure. How long required to learn each subject will rely on the capabilities and interests from the child.
The schooling from the child becomes an extended family activity. Parents get involved with all the learning procedure. Area outings and experiments become family activities. Thus, the kid receives more appeal time together with his parents. The whole family shares games, chores and projects. Family closeness becomes the main focus here. The kid can also be free from any negative pressure from peers while making options and choices.
Levels of competition are limited if this involves homeschooling. The kid needs not to prove his ability in relation to other children. His confidence remains intact. Since parents possess a deep knowledge of the youngster, they are able to plan the training program to pique the youngster’s interest. It’s also easy to work in difficult tasks with fun activities. A difficult hour with Algebra could be then a visit to the nearest museum. Learning becomes fun. Parents may also tailor the curriculum to match the training type of the kid. Some children learn through reading through, while some have to write, but still others need to visit objects for action.
Homeschooling enables parents to seize control within the moral and religious learning from the child. Parents possess the versatility to include their values and ideologies into the child’s curriculum. There’s no confusion within the child’s mind either because there’s no variation between what’s being trained and what’s being practiced.
Lastly, increasing more parents are becoming disillusioned using the public school system. They feel their youngsters are being pressed way too hard or not enough. Other worrying issues relating to discipline and ethics also make the school system less welcome. Many repudiate the academic philosophy of grouping children exclusively based on how old they are. Some parents themselves have unhappy reminiscences that belongs to them public school experience that inspires these to go for homeschooling if this involves their very own children.
Homeschooling is the easiest method to train a young child if you possess the time, the power and also the interest to follow-through together with his education. In the end, nobody can understand or thank you for the child a lot more than yourself.
Homeschool Classifieds Teams
4104 total views, 2 today | <urn:uuid:f653234f-ca9f-48a3-b124-c5f078f70eac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://homeschoolclassifieds.org/benefits-of-homeschooling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.963172 | 597 | 2.625 | 3 |
Simple Jack Cheese is a rich and creamy cheese that goes well with fruits. From the name itself, simple jack cheese is easy to make. It also has a short aging time. Here is a step by step guide to making simple hack cheese from home.
Aging Time: 3 months or more
Yield: approximately 450g of Simple Jack cheese
1. 3.7 L (1 gallon) of whole milk (not ultra pasteurized)
2. 1 cup of heavy cream
3. ½ teaspoon of MA 11 mesophilic starter culture or Flora Danica
4. ½ teaspoon liquid rennet diluted in ¼ cup unchlorinated water
5. Cheese salt
6. Butter or lard
1. Large pot
3. Curs knife or curd cutter
4. Large colander
5. Cheese cloth or butter muslin
6. Cheese hoop
7. Cheese press
1. Pour the milk into the pot. Slowly heat to 31.60 C (89°F) for 20 minutes. Using a water bath instead of direct heating is recommended.
2. Remove the pot from the heat. Sprinkle the mesophilic starter culture on the milk’s surface. Allow the culture to rehydrate for 5 minutes.
3. Gently stir the milk in up and down motion. Make sure to stir well to fully mix the culture to the milk.
4. Cover the pot and leave the milk to ripen for 45 minutes. Make sure you keep the milk’s temperature at 31.60 C (89°F) during the ripening process.
5. Add the rennet. Stir well in an up and down stroke.
6. Cover the pot and let it set for 40 minutes.
7. Check for a clean break. Cut the curds into ½ inch cubes. Allow to heal for 5 minutes and stir. The curds are fragile at this point so stir gently.
8. Gradually increase the temperature to 38.30 C (101°F) over the next 30 minutes. Constantly stir to prevent the curds from sticking together. The curds should become firm and shrink to the size of small beans after this process.
9. Maintain the target temperature. Ladle out some of the whey, leaving only an amount up to the curds’ surface. Continue to slowly stir for 45 to 60 minutes.
10. Pour some cold unchlorinated water (around 100 C or 50°F) until the temperature goes down to 260 C (79°F). Allow the curds to rest at this temperature for 4 minutes.
11. Line the colander with a damp cheese cloth or butter muslin. Put it on top of a large pot enough to capture the whey.
12. Ladle the curds to the cloth lined colander.
13. Toss and mill the curds with your hands for 30 minutes to prevent it from matting.
14. Add some salt and mix well with the cheese.
15. Line a cheese hoop with cheese cloth or butter muslin. Transfer the cheese into the hoop.
16. Press at 450 g (1 lb) of pressure for 15 minutes.
17. Remove the cheese from the hoop. Undress, flip and redress. Place it back in the mold again again. Press at 11 kg (25 lbs) for 10 hours.
18. Take the cheese out of the mold. Remove from the cheese cloth and air dry at 210 C (69°F) for 24 hours.
19. Rub butter or olive oil on the surface of the cheese. Bandage with cheese cloth. Age for at least 3 months, flipping it once a week. After aging, you may vacuum seal it and store it in the fridge until it is used for consumption.
Recommended Cheese Hoops for Simple Jack Cheese
Recommended Cheese Culture for Simple Jack Cheese
Try These Other Cheese Recipes, too | <urn:uuid:4271f40d-43f9-46f0-bea4-45cbc2937af8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cheesekettle.com.au/how-to-make-simple-jack-cheese/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.876112 | 826 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Chainsaw Spins Chain At Idle
Modern chainsaws delight us with their reliability, ease of operation and the presence of many special vibration suppression systems, automatic chain lubrication, and easy start-up. But even such a technique fails over time, especially if you do not service it on time and correctly. We suggest studying the characteristic breakdowns of chainsaws and methods for eliminating them with your own hands.
Signs of damage and self-repair of the chainsaw motor
One of the most frequent breakdowns of each chainsaw is a malfunction of its motor. Determining that the reason lies precisely in this is quite simple. Several symptoms may indicate this problem:
- The chainsaw does not start;
- The tool motor is unstable and very noisy;
- The motor manages to start, but it constantly stalls;
- The motor overheats very quickly;
- The chainsaw only works on the choke;
- The motor smokes a lot, and the power, at the same time, drops.
If you do not know how to make the chainsaw work quietly, then, first of all, you will need to study its design. Only after this can you start an independent repair of the tool.
To avoid such errors, you should once again study the order of starting a chainsaw with a cold engine. The algorithm of actions is as follows:
- Lower the throttle switch to the “Closed” position;
- Press the primer for pumping fuel into the carburetor several times;
- Pull the starter handle until resistance appears;
- After the saw starts and immediately stalls, move the choke lever to the “Open” position;
- Start the chainsaw again and let it idle a little.
If this does not help, then you will need to inspect the spark plug. If you saw a large amount of oil on it, then the part must be unscrewed and dried. After that, you will need to dry the combustion chamber, screw in the candle and try to start the saw again.
The correctness of the candle itself can be checked as follows. First, you need to connect a high-voltage wire to it, put the spare part on the cylinder and pull out the starter cable. In this case, do not grab the candle with your hands. If you notice a blue spark, then the candle is fully functional. Screw the part back into place in the chainsaw and restart the motor. If this also did not help, then it was the turn to check the ignition system and the wires connected to the candle.
If large spots of fuel are noticeable on the candle, you will need to check the tool carburetor. If a thick layer of black soot has formed on the part, then the problem may lie in the use of low-quality motor oil. Quite often this is the reason why the chainsaw spark plugs. The product must be replaced, and the candle thoroughly cleaned with a needle or awl.
When checking a candle, be sure to pay attention to the distance between the electrodes. It should be from 0.5 to 0.65 mm. Very often, too much distance between the electrodes is the reason why there is no spark.
How to properly adjust the chainsaw. Tips for beginners
In most service centers, chainsaws are adjusted using special equipment. Each model has its own optimal values for the angle of rotation of the screws. As a rule, chainsaws do not require frequent adjustment of carburetors. However, they may be required in certain cases:
- With strong wear on the pistons of the motor. This is precisely the reason why the chainsaw shoots;
- If clogging occurs inside the carburetor as a result of the use of low-quality gasoline and the failure of the air filter, in such cases not only adjustment, but also washing of the unit will be required;
- If the protective cover is damaged. This is often the reason why the chainsaw blows itself.
There are a number of signs that directly indicate the need for carburetor adjustment:
- The engine does not work at idle or the chainsaw does not start at all. The reason lies in the poor fuel mixture;
- The fuel consumption and exhaust gas volume sharply increased. This is a consequence of the supersaturation of the carburetor with the fuel mixture.
The carburetor tuning scheme may vary for different chainsaw models. But, despite this, the general principle remains unchanged.
- L. Stands for “Low” and is used to adjust low revs;
- H. “High”, and is responsible for working at high speeds;
- T (S, LA). Used to adjust the idle speed.
Before adjusting the chainsaw, make sure that the cutting chain of the tool is directed in the opposite direction from you. The chainsaw must be installed on a flat surface so that its chain does not touch other objects.
Before adjusting the chainsaw, carefully study the procedure specified in the operating instructions. Setting up the carburetor of the chainsaw consists of two stages. The base, in which the engine is not started and the final one, when the chainsaw motor has warmed up and is working. The procedure is as follows:
- Slowly tighten the screws L and H clockwise until they stop, and then turn them one and a half turns counterclockwise;
- Start the engine and let the chainsaw run for 10 minutes at low speeds;
- Next, proceed to the final setup. Before adjusting the idle speed of the chainsaw, you will need to unscrew the idle screw in a counterclockwise direction until the moment when the engine speed is minimal, the engine will work stably, and the chain will stand still. If the motor stalls in this position of the screw, the screw must be turned clockwise. If the idle adjustment on the chainsaw leads to the fact that the chain is spinning at idle, then the screw needs to be slightly rotated counterclockwise;
- Then you need to check the chainsaw for acceleration of the motor. To do this, gently press the throttle lever. If the revolutions are gaining slowly, then you need to slightly turn the screw L counterclockwise;
- Next, set the maximum engine speed. You can check them by the presence of failures in the ignition system. If they are, then screw H must be turned counterclockwise;
- After setting the acceleration and maximum revolutions, you need to again check the operation of the chainsaw at idle. The fact that you did everything correctly will be indicated by the lack of movement of the circuit at idle and the stable operation of the motor,
Having completed all the above steps, you can continue to work with the tool. To avoid adjusting the carburetor again in the near future, use only high-quality fuel and engine oil, and try to work with the chainsaw as carefully as possible.
Chainsaw chain lubrication system
There are several typical breakdowns of the chainsaw chain lubrication system. These include:
- Lack of oil intake or oil in too small a quantity;
- An excess of oil, which leads to its leakage.
Before you consider why the chain is not lubricated on the chainsaw, you need to carefully inspect and carefully rinse the oil supply channels to the tire. It is possible that precisely because of their clogging, the chain does not receive the amount of oil it needs.
Often the problem with oil leakage lies in the chainsaw oil pump. If it is faulty, then the entire assembly should not be changed immediately. Very often it will be enough to replace only the plunger. In other cases, adjusting the oil pump may help.
Why chainsaw is sawing crookedly. Reasons and repair
If during operation with a chainsaw, the tire with the chain leads to the side, then this indicates one of several common malfunctions:
- Chain teeth sharpened unevenly;
- The circuit used does not match the bus parameters;
- The chainsaw headset is subject to heavy wear.
In either case, the first thing to do is replace the circuit. To do this, you need to choose a part that will meet the parameters specified in the instructions for use of the tool or use our table to select chains of chainsaws. If even after that the chainsaw is sawed to the side, then you need to inspect the tool tire. In the event of an accidental impact, it could have shifted, and for repair it would be necessary to install the part as indicated in the images in the instruction manual.
We deal with typical chain saw chain breakdowns
Why does the chain fly?
Because of what it breaks, or why it pinches during prolonged work with a chainsaw. There may be several reasons why the chain breaks, but the most common of them is mechanical damage to the tire on which the saw element of the tool is held.
Why does the chain clamp on a chainsaw?
The reason for this also lies in the deformation of the tire. If it was squeezed as a result of the blow, then, accordingly, the teeth of the chain will be locked inside the groove of the tire. Also the reason that the chain does not rotate is the breakdown of the adjusting bolt, which is used when installing a new saw element. To understand exactly why the chain does not rotate, it is necessary to dismantle the tire and carefully inspect the internal structure of the chainsaw for debris inside it. You will also need to inspect the instrument’s air filter for clogging.
If the chain does not stop at idle
In this case, you will need to check the integrity of the screws holding the tire. It is possible that as a result of wear or impact of the thread on them it became unusable.
Chainsaw does not saw under load
Also, it makes strange sounds, then, most likely, the chain tension screws were deformed. For repair, defective parts should be replaced immediately.
Why is the chain stretched?
Most often, the poor quality of the saw element itself serves. If you notice signs of stretching, the part must be replaced immediately. | <urn:uuid:a0e4e76d-e884-4d48-b29d-2712f5b10a8b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chaika.net/chainsaw-spins-chain-at-idle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.941164 | 2,109 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Fujinomiya developed as the Shrine town of Sengen Taisha. Sengen Taisya is the official entrance of Mt. Fuji, while on the top of Mt. Fuji, there is the upper shrine of Sengen Taisha. The eastern half of Fujinomiya is on the slopes of Mt. Fuji. It has many springs fed from the pure waters of Mt. Fuji, and consequently the food produced from the water has rich flavours. Northern Fujinomiya has many dairies because the altitude is over 1,000m above sea level, and that is perfect for dairy cows.
Sengen Grand Shrine (浅間大社, sengen taisya) is the traditional entrance of Mt. Fuji, and the greatest of all 1,300 Sengen Shrines in Japan. Established by the 11th Japanese Emperor Suijin, it enshrines Konohanasakuya no Mikoto, the goddess of Mt. Fuji. On the top of Mt. Fuji, its penetralia is enshrined. The Sengen Shrine was ordained as the first shrine of Suruga from the imperial court, and many Shogun and politicians, such as Minamoto no Yoritomo, Ashikaga Takauji, Takeda Shingen and Toyotomi Hideyoshi each donated treasures here. The current buildings and gates were built by Tokugawa Ieyasu. Today, as the entrance of Mt. Fuji and for its faith, many people worship here.
The Shiraito Waterfall (白糸の滝, shiraitonotaki) is in Shizuoka prefecture, located on the west side of Mt.Fuji. Shiraito falls are about 60ft high and 600ft wide. There are hundreds of small waterfalls and each of them looks like a silk line. Shiraito means silk thread. The water comes from the ice of Mt. Fuji. In 1936, this waterfall was chosen as a natural monument, and in 1990, it was chosen as one of the 100 best waterfalls in Japan. There are many gift shops around Shiraito falls. The Otodome Waterfall is also right next to it.
Omiya Yokocho (お宮横丁) is a small food district located across the road from the entrance to
Sengen Taisha. It is known for Fujinomiya Yakisoba. Fujinomiya Yakisoba is a special chow-mein of
Fujinomiya. There are ten food stands and gift shops selling local food and gifts from Shizuoka. There
is also spring water from Mt. Fuji. It's great place for Yakisoba lovers.
Asagiri Highland (朝霧高原) is one of the greatest Mt. Fuji viewing spots, located on the north-west side of Mt. Fuji in Shizuoka Prefecture. The average altitude of the highland is about 800m above sea level. There are many camping spots and golf courses. Also, because of the cool weather, there are many ranches offering excellent milk products. Many people visit these ranches and take photos of cows with Mt. Fuji in the background. | <urn:uuid:99e48cb3-017b-446e-807d-fb15ac7b1fb5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mustlovejapan.com/subject/fujinomiya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.950169 | 697 | 2.75 | 3 |
People are curious to keep their plants indoor, especially in cities where they lack space for gardening. In cities, most of the people live in buildings that do not receive proper sunlight and do not even have a terrace.
While some of them have space and terrace but they wish to keep their plants indoor to take proper care of them and to feel that they are living with nature. In both cases, it is the love for plants that has inspired them to grow and live among them.
I was asked a similar question when one of my friend Ben brought a succulent plant from the nearest nursery. He wanted to keep the succulent plant in his room. To which I replied that if you want to keep it in your room then you will need to keep it at a place that receives sunlight.
I advised him to keep his gorgeous succulent plant near the southeast facing window. Succulents love bright light to grow. So it is better to keep them in sunlight.
No sunlight for a longer duration will kill your plants. Without light for longer duration will affect photosynthesis that is very necessary for the growth and development of plants. It will lead to discoloration of leaves, weakening of plant parts, and then will lead to the death of your plant.
Not every plant needs too much amount of sunlight. Few plants grow well in shade or indoors but keeping them for longer duration without sunlight is not good and they will eventually die.
If you are willing to keep them indoors for a longer duration then I will suggest you to use grow lights for plants.
Plants can survive indoors for longer durations if they receive light in the ideal required amount.
Either you can provide it by placing your plant at a spot in your indoor space that can fulfill your plant requirements of sunlight to process photosynthesis or you can use the technology and provide the light from grow lights.
You have to be wise and smart. Before planting any plant indoors try to find out sunlight requirements of the specific plant and the region in which they grow. You can read our articles to know about growing different house plants.
You can easily grow Snake plants, Jade plants, Aloe vera, Peace Lily, Pothos, Areca Palm, Boston Fern, Weeping Fig, Chrysanthemums, etc.
और पढ़ें: 13 BEST INDOOR PLANTS THAT WILL MAKE YOUR HOME HEAVEN
और पढ़ें: 5 BEST PLANTS FOR BEGINNER GARDENING
और पढ़ें: GROW SUMMER VEGETABLES IN YOUR KITCHEN GARDEN | <urn:uuid:ba9bebf3-9463-4b8f-9d37-6817281e9ff1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://agriculturereview.com/hi/2020/06/what-happens-when-a-plant-is-kept-indoors-for-a-long-time.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.96104 | 560 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Ageing of the Polish society means that every year more and more people will reach the retirement age. At the same time, the number of people of working age will be decreasing. In this context, it appears that the pension system reform implemented in 1999 introduced a not very fortunate principle to the Polish pension system.
Under the pressure of unionists, local or state governments gave up fast – after all, they are not private owners, who protect their firms against the threat of bankrupcy, but elective clerks financed by taxes!
The Economic Council to the Prime Minister of Poland has published its comments about the changes in the Open Pension Fund (OFE). Because the professors have subscribed to them, we cannot say that they are another act of audacity, but quite a reasonable analysis. The only problematic thing is the fact that from correctly diagnosed premises, the professors draw quite puzzling conclusions, which are difficult to agree with.
Finance Minister Rostowski claims that “the liquidation of the Open Pension Fund is not completely ruled out”. But he is far from being right. The liquidation of the Open Pension Fund is completely certain. | <urn:uuid:0717c39e-94da-4827-a519-e89291d1ab1c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://4liberty.eu/tag/open-pension-fund/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.966467 | 232 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Over the past few years there has been a huge movement on the building of homes. This movement has been in the modular home market.
What is a modular home you ask. Well, simply put it is a construction that is built in a factory, the parts are then taken to the designated location then placed together. These constructions are just as secure as a any built from ground up.
If you look at most new home communities today, many are actually built with modular homes. It is said this helps keep the cost of homes down. This is great for the first time buyer. But, also a great way for someone even looking to cut back on expenses.
If you see a huge trailer rolling down the street and it appears to have a structure on it, that structure is most likely a newly constructed modular home. Or actually the beginnings of it.
If you are interested in finding out about modular homes and where they might be constructed. You can do a huge search over the world wide web. There are tons of companies that construct modular homes. But, there may be a limit as to which ones will construct in your state or rather are allowed to do so. This is best is something you will need to look into.
It is best to make sure you make a list of what you are looking for in a new home. Write down the information so that when you call to talk one of the companies you have the information well organized.
There is a huge amount of information you need to have ready, the number of bedrooms, if you want a living room and a den, how many bathrooms, etc. In many cases, you can not get a garage. But, you might want to check with the construction company to see what amennities are available. | <urn:uuid:c30e236c-0d23-42fa-b7e1-0a661263a13b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.modularhomesnetwork.com/modular-homes.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.975601 | 364 | 1.53125 | 2 |
- This event has passed.
Time to Act! National Climate March
Saturday 7th March, 2015 @ 12:30 pm - 6:00 pm
The People’s Climate March last September was huge. With around 40,000 people marching in London, 400,000 in New York and many thousands more taking part across the world, together we made history.
2015 needs to be even bigger. The climate talks in Paris this December are crucial if we’re going to protect all that we love. Our movement is growing, and we’re more diverse and determined than ever before.
Across the UK people are already building change – from divestment of funds which prop up the fossil fuel industry, to frontline communities fighting unsustainable energy extraction and fracking, through to those paving the way for a transition towards a 100% renewable energy future which would bring about an estimated one million new climate jobs in the UK alone. We know what needs to be done; the solutions are here now. Climate must be at the top of every politician’s agenda.
Now is the time to act.
Join the scientists and medics bloc on March 7 to bring a message of urgency which cannot be ignored.
And together let’s continue to power up and celebrate our movement – locally, nationally and internationally – throughout 2015, and beyond.
Power concedes nothing without a demand. A reminder why it’s #timetoact2015 | <urn:uuid:9a3bb2ae-4e60-4947-8e87-b0b959454a98> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.medact.org/event/time-to-act-national-climate-march/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.7526 | 962 | 1.921875 | 2 |
4 tips from the ASToN Network about running experiments
ASToN is a network of 11 African cities that uses digital tools to overcome local and global challenges. The program is organised around 3 phases — Explore, Engage, and Experiment. It aims to provide cities with expertise and methodologies to learn through peer exchange, local stakeholder engagement and result-oriented approaches, in order to become more sustainable and inclusive places to live and work.
A couple of weeks ago, the ASToN network met online to reflect on their experiences of experimentation so far. During this event, cities discussed their journeys and shared recommendations on conducting experiments.
At ASToN, we define an experiment as a test devised to learn something. We believe this process is essential to improve the implementation of any full-scale project.
The experimentation process allows us to learn more about where and what we need to change in order to improve an implementation strategy, like the Local Action Plan each city is iterating with ASToN. By identifying and testing the riskiest elements of the plan, cities can engage in a hands-on experience of learning and adapting. It generates measurable and clear results and directs future actions that may differ from the original plan. It also provides cities with insights into what may occur when they will launch a given project, which allows them to revise their plan and improve it before the implementation phase.
Here are 4 tips from ASToN Cities, if you are looking to experiment before scaling-up your project.
1.Set clear objectives
One of our local coordinators, Pulicano Ayebazibwe , stressed the importance of identifying the purpose of the experiment and defining precise work hypotheses. Many members of the network agreed that this preparation and intentionality about learning was crucial to the experiment’s success.
Once the organising body has decided to undertake an experiment, certain objectives need to be set. To determine these objectives, David Adjei from the Municipality of Kumasi recommends the SMART approach: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-bound objectives. This system ensures that goals are precise and clear, and that their impacts can be evaluated quantifiably. Alani Lateef recommends that cities “decompose targets to actionable items”, in order to narrow down goals to something achievable in the time and resources available. According to our thematic expert, Bernard Binagwaho , pursuing the experimentation process “bit by bit” allows organisers to take immediate action and start to see “real” results.
2. Be ready to adapt
Martin Ssekajja states, “cities evolve at a tremendous speed, problems evolve with them [and] so must the approaches.” Despite any preparation work, there will always be unforeseen circumstances and events that destabilise the original plans.
By conducting experiments, and stopping to reflect and adapt after each experiment, cities can ensure they are prepared to meet changing needs and challenges. Flexibility is essential to ensure that the experiment plan can react based on the insights, and changing priorities.
Martin reports that the completion of the project should always come first. He states that the project should be flexible enough to withstand evolving team structures and changing conditions.
3.Do not underestimate administrative procedures
Procuring digital partners, equipment and other requirements has been a real challenge for ASToN cities. It can be easy to underestimate the quantity of work and time required to navigate this process and how it would affect the project’s schedules. As a result, some calls for tender were unfruitful, and this caused projects to slow down.
During our discussions, cities emphasised the importance of getting to know the procurement rules beforehand as they can vary wildly. Understanding how stringent the rules of this process are and how long it can take ease the process significantly. In some cases tender processes can be avoided as there may be alternative procedures that are more straightforward. As Hamadou Yalcoulye shared, keeping on top of the administration process and involving strategic stakeholders can greatly accelerate these operations.
Technical knowledge is also needed to put together the call for tender. For Wiem Amri , the terms of reference should not be overly specific in order to encourage applications from as many candidates as possible. This improves the probability of finding an appropriate partner, she says. Conversely, Oussem believes it is more pertinent to publish a precise call with non-negotiable terms to ensure the quality of the responses.
4.Engage stakeholders and communicate!
ASToN is designed to facilitate collaboration between stakeholders. Local action groups are one of the primary focuses of the project, and this can be used as a valuable resource to generate ideas. These groups are also essential to running successful experiments. Stakeholders should be involved in setting objectives for the experiments, as well as reflecting on what is being learnt.
To achieve successful outcomes, team members must communicate closely with one another. Diverse stakeholders complement each other and enrich the process, however, this multiplicity can also create confusion and disorganisation among participants. As Martin explains, “effective communication with the stakeholders” is a priority to ensure that everyone understands the insight generated through the experiments, and collectively agree on how it might change the implementation plans.
If you have experience conducting experiments, within local government or beyond, we’d love to hear from you. Get in touch with us at firstname.lastname@example.org
Pulicano Ayebazibwe is the Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Officer of Kigaliand the Local Action Group Coordinator.
David Abbam Adjei is the Finance Officer for the Municipality of Kumasi and a Member of the Local Action Group.
Alani Lateef is Program Analyst at the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Local Action Group Coordinator.
Bernard Binagwaho is the Africa & Middle East Director for Tactis and a Thematic Expert for ASToN.
Martin Ssekajja is the CIO at Kampala Capital City Authority and Local Coordinator for the ASToN Project.
Hamadou B. Yalcoulye is Member of the Regional Development Agency in Bamako and the Local Coordinator for the ASToN Project.
Wiem Amri is the Information System Manager for the Municipality of Bizerte and a Member of the Local Action Group. | <urn:uuid:2ee3b298-b939-452f-8129-696331b9740a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aston-network.medium.com/4-tips-from-the-aston-network-about-running-experiments-807aae9eabe5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.925608 | 1,352 | 2.140625 | 2 |
MBDA’s MMP (Missile Moyenne Portée) programme has passed a major phase in its development.
MBDA has just demonstrated the firing capabilities of its MMP missile in an operational configuration. The launch tests were carried out in a confined space in the presence of the operator, using his firing post, and the team leader.
The success of these tests, carried out in MBDA’s test tunnel at its Bourges facility in central France, has confirmed the safety of use of the missile and its firing post. The launches were carried out under hot and cold climatic conditions in order to demonstrate optimal function in various temperature environments thus representing different operational theatres.
In parallel, new warhead tests have confirmed the efficiency of MMP against targets representing latest generation Main Battle Tanks. Two rail firings were carried out at the beginning of the year at the French Direction Generale de l’Armement’s battlefield technology centre in Bourges.
The first firing validated the functioning of the lethality chain at maximum speed, a necessary step in order to replicate an impact under real conditions. A target equipped with a latest generation reactive module provided the principal challenge for the second firing. The explosive reactive armour was detonated during the test and the main armour behind was pierced, thereby confirming the superiority of MMP’s lethality chain.
MMP is a new generation land combat missile based on the concept of ‘fire and forget’ with the facility for ‘man in the loop’ operation. This allows for the destruction of different ground targets with very high levels of precision at ranges of up to 4km while at the same time minimising the risk of collateral damage.
The missile, which can be fired from a networked infantry firing post or from a vehicle turret, features a wide range of functions, one of which is firing on coordinates which allows non line of sight targets to be engaged.
Source / Author: MBDA | <urn:uuid:ec5a823f-8e44-4cef-b776-74eb68a5477e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.infolotnicze.pl/2014/04/25/mbda-demonstrates-mmp-firing-from-confined-spaces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.940631 | 406 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Ancestral Past is the Cause of Post Traumatic Stress
Your Ancestral Past can be the Cause of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Ancestral past can be the cause of post traumatic stress disorder. Post traumatic stress can create pain on all levels.
But, why is it that some people who experience traumatic events go on to develop post traumatic stress disorder and others do not? Post traumatic stress is a serious physiological, mental, emotional and energetic disturbance brought about by a shocking event.
Post traumatic stress means that a person who has suffered shock has not completed a natural cycle of physiological changes that is required for the system to balance. In other words energy is over charged or suspended in time.
Here, I describe why some people are destined to develop more debilitating symptoms than others.
The Cause of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
The causes of trauma are relative. Breaking a bone can evoke the same physiological response in the body as a person experiencing sexual assault or the effects of war. Post traumatic stress disorder can develop after a person has been exposed to a traumatic event and, even years after the event.
Causes of PTSD include:
- Major physical injury
- Psychological trauma, such as being exposed to a severely distressing event.
During the trauma, your body will react and primal survival mechanisms will be galvanised into action. Breathing will change and adrenaline will activate your senses.
The after effects of trauma is shock. Shock is when the energy of your body, mind, emotions is suspended in the time of the event. A sense of numbness/disconnection can occur.
In the aftermath that follows the traumatic event, it may feel like time has stopped, mentally, emotionally and physically. Life seems different.
It may be extremely hard to move on with your life, and you may feel like you are alienated from what is ‘normal’. A sense of withdrawal from all that you knew before may prevail. This feeling of disconnection is generally linked to your soul energy.
I am here to help with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. I assist you in clearing trauma, ancestral trauma and stress. Help you make sense of your mind and emotions, see your purpose, and aid you in bringing cheer back into your life. Release stress and pain in your body, calm your mind and regain your health. Bring back your spiritual connection. More details on can be found here.
The Natural Cycle of Fight or Flight
The natural cycle of fight or flight, which is a natural response to trauma, can be demonstrated in the study of how animals respond to stressful events.
Take the survival dance between a lion and antelope. As a hunter the lion when it is not hunting for food will be relaxed and at ease. However, when it is ready for its next meal, its physiological senses take over, it survival instincts are finely tuned to be ready to hunt. Adrenaline is enabled do that the lion can pounce into action, when the time is right.
As the hunted, the antelope will also be relaxed until its instincts alarm it to become alert, danger is near. Fight or flight responses kick in. Both animals are experiencing similar responses but, with different outcomes. One wants to fight the other flee.
When the chase happens, the antelope has a choice; it can freeze, play dead or keep running. In any case the flooding of senses or in other words the energy build up is the same.
To freeze is similar to becoming invisible, blending in with the surroundings and, like us holding our breath. To play dead is to fool the hunter that there is no need to do any more as there will be no response. If the antelope survives it will naturally discharge this extra energy and adrenaline by shaking uncontrollably to release any excess.
To keep running is a test of cunning and agility, adrenaline and energy is in abundance. If not caught the antelope will shake until the energy has discharged.
We Respond like Animals
Our responses to fight or flight are exactly the same as animals. With one big difference – our mind and emotions!
Far more complex than animals, our minds enable logic and reason, both of which prevail in our society. Logic and rational thinking is our adversary as well as a blessing.
In relation to post traumatic stress, our mind and emotions can play havoc. As PTSD is a survival response, it is not governed by the mind or emotions. Here in lies the problem. Attempting to make logical sense of the feelings of survival and fear, where our primal instincts are the only thing that mattered at the time to survive is almost futile.
But, we need our minds to help us get out of tricky situations. Indeed our minds are essential in survival . When we have a healthy distinction between what is imagined fear and what is real our minds can be most beneficial, when dealing with stress.
But, for some of us, our minds and emotions can get in the way of the natural cycle of responding to completing the stress response cycle.
When our minds are in total control during and after the event, thereby supressing our natural instincts for example to scream or shout can hinder the natural cycle of healing.
It is important to allow the natural release of emotional energy after the event. Shaking and shivering are physical reactions to shock. Yet so often our minds shut down the release of emotions, eventually keeping us in the trauma of the past.
We need to discharge this emotional energy.
The Ancestral Connection
We are made of energy, that is the underlying essence of all life. Energy then forms the matrix of our physical, mental, emotional and soul patterns.
Like we can inherit certain genetic diseases from our ancestors through our DNA. We also inherit energy patterns from our ancestors too.
Today I am talking about post traumatic stress disorder, but we can also be predisposed to inherit depression and anxiety for example. Which may be triggered by repeated ancestral life events.
If your ancestors suffered major injury or emotionally stress, such as war. It is the legacy of those patterns of unresolved shock that are held in the cells of the body. Therefore, unresolved shock in the cells of our bodies means that the underlying disturbed energy patterns are impacted too. These energy patterns are carried through your ancestral lineage.
It is a little more complex than this, but essentially you may be carrying the pattern of trauma from your ancestors.
Which means a predisposition to attracting trauma into your life, may well be because your ancestors did not resolve their emotional trauma in their life.
What are the Symptoms of PTSD
So, what are the symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder?
- Disturbing thoughts, feelings or dreams related to the events.
- Mental and emotional distress.
- Heightened negative emotions, such as fear.
- Not able to distinguish real survival fear and imagined fear.
- Dizziness and feeling numb, disconnected from feeling.
- A need for isolation. Feeling like you are being watched – paranoia.
- Emotional outbursts, change in personality.
- Feeling depressed and a constant feeling of anxiety.
- Feeling like you can’t breathe and feel trapped.
- Anniversary regression resulting in physical symptoms of shock. Like you are reliving the event.
- Shivering and feeling cold.
- Headaches, IBS (irritable bowel syndrome), digestive issues.
Through my own personal life experiences and having suffered Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, I know what it is like to be physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually fragmented.
Using my experience of 20 years in practise I combine different techniques and skills to clear the blockages in your system and bring back harmony.
You can learn more about my journey to the work I do today on my About Page. | <urn:uuid:110f47a5-f602-4914-8df2-e2532a525656> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://janeyseaman.com/ancestral-past-is-the-cause-of-post-traumatic-stress/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.934081 | 1,590 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Recently I carried the last of my father’s ashes into the Sierra mountains that he loved. His many glorious trips to those high-altitude wilds produced stories that to some extent defined his life. As a final remembrance, I delivered the dusty remnants of that life to a forest of enormous, ancient trees to leave beneath a pile of cones fallen from the canopy of pines. The wind sang his eulogy, welcoming his memory back to places that had seemed home to him. The pine needles received his remains to join them in becoming soil.
As I sat there contemplating this last gesture of remembrance, I gazed upward along the tall trunks through the swaying branches to the blue of the clear mountain sky hovering above. I saw then the forest for the trees. As my father’s remains literally joined the community of that mountainside, I came to realize that all of us, despite our station in life, despite what others may perceive of us, despite who we have been or may yet become, every one of us becomes the forest, just as every tree in its singularity embodies the complexity of the forest in a dramatic struggle to embrace a perfect balance of being. Ashes to ashes, dust to dust, the soil takes us in to become the nutrients feeding new lives, the saplings that in a century or two will tower above the forest floor as home, protector, food source for a million other new lives, each destined to become again ashes, dust, and the soil that nurtures the possibility of life on earth.
In the lives of trees we are reminded the elusive truth that we are never our singular selves, never completely taken over by our needy ambitions or petty attempts to squeeze the most from our brief time on this earth. We fool ourselves with the delusion of selfhood, forgetting that we have been, will be again, a forest tied by our roots to others, embraced by wind and sun and rain, battered by lightning and firestorms, by blizzards and raging flooded rivers, but always bound to the centuries of the forest life, the greater horizon of a breathing organic being that is always at once both ancient and new. | <urn:uuid:528fe1b7-16ce-460e-9ed0-fbe470cd05a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tsbremer.com/ashes-to-dust-soil-to-trees/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.971715 | 437 | 1.65625 | 2 |
For almost two centuries, Raffles Place has been the designated business centre of Singapore. Under Sir Stamford Raffles’ Town Plan in 1822, the hilly area at the southern side of the Singapore River was leveled to fill up the nearby swamps. It became the Commercial Square, which was renamed in 1858 as Raffles Place.
Despite the massive bombings during the Second World War, Raffles Place survived and quickly picked itself up again after the war as Singapore’s prime commercial district. It saw its biggest transformation in the past 50 years, where many of its old iconic buildings were rapidly replaced by modern skyscrapers.
Below are some of its best memorable landmarks that no longer exist today:
Chartered Bank Chambers
Along with the Mercantile Bank and Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, the Chartered Bank was one of the earliest foreign banks to be established in Singapore in the mid-19th century. Between 1895 and 1904, the Chartered Bank was located at the corner of Battery Road and Flint Street. It was later shifted nearer to Bonham Street where the bank headquarters continues to operate today.
The Chartered Bank Chambers, with its striking dome, was demolished in 1981. In its place, a new Standard Chartered Bank building (known as 6 Battery Road today) was constructed and completed three years later, becoming a new landmark at Raffles Place with its towering 44-storey and 174m-tall design.
Robinsons and John Little
The 114-year-old Robinsons Department Store was another iconic landmark at Raffles Place, having established at Singapore’s prime commercial area since 1858. It survived the Great Depression and the multiple bombings by the Japanese during the Second World War, and even acquired its competitor John Little in 1955. But the great fire on 21 November 1972 ended Robinsons presence at Raffles Place.
The unfortunate disaster, caused by a short circuit, claimed a total of nine life; eight of them perished after being trapped in the lifts. Robinsons also suffered more than $20 million in losses, as its consumer goods packed ready for the coming Christmas period were all destroyed in the burning flames that could be seen as far as Jurong.
John Little, on the other hand, was established in the mid-19th century. By the 1920s, it had expanded to many major cities in Malaya. During the Second World War, the Japanese forces took over the four-storey signature John Little’s Building at Raffles Place, renaming it as Dimaru to serve the Japanese population in Singapore. After the war, John Little reopened for business and became popular as a “meeting place” for Indian and Chinese merchants from the nearby Market and Malacca Streets.
In 1955, John Little was bought over by Robinsons. Its building, once served as the office for the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board between 1964 and 1970, was torn down in 1973. During the eighties, the oldest department store in Singapore relocated its business to Orchard Road and, later, focused on the smaller retail markets at the heartlands. Its legacy at Raffles Place, however, remained till today as its Spanish-styled facade was used as the design of the entrances for the Raffles Place MRT Station.
Other major department stores such as Oriental Emporium also left, as Raffles Place was transformed into a pure financial centre. The gaps were filled up by other banks, which began to see the rise of the skyscrapers. In 1980, the 190m-tall Shell Tower (Singapore Land Tower today) was built near where John Little used to be, whereas at the former site of Robinsons Department Store, the 63-storey OUB Centre (One Raffles Place today) was completed in 1986 as the tallest building at Raffles Place.
The Alkaff Arcade and the Ocean Building
Well-known as a waterfront landmark at Raffles Place, The Arcade, representative of the Arab influence at the prime commercial belt, was built by the famous Alkaff family in 1909 as Singapore’s first indoor shopping centre. Designed by the Swan and MacLaren Architects, the four-level building possessed a distinctive Moorish style, featuring domes, arches and atrium.
By the seventies, The Alkaff Arcade was bustling with retail and commercial activities even though the building was in bad shape. In 1978, it was demolished and replaced by a new 17-storey retail-and-office tower, after the Alkaffs sold their prized asset to Singapura Developments in the early sixties for $20 million.
Standing beside The Alkaff Arcade was the Ocean Building. One of the oldest landmarks in Singapore, the first Ocean Building had made its presence at the then Commercial Square since 1864. Its second-generation existed between 1924 and 1970, and was well-known for its popular Prince Restaurant. The third Ocean Building was completed in 1974 in the form of a $70-million 28-storey office and shopping complex. Today, the Ocean Towers and Financial Centre, the fourth generation of its legacy, stand at its place.
Change Alley, a narrow lane between the Winchester House and Singapore Rubber House, was once famous for its money-changers, both legal and illegal, and rows of little retail stores. It had existed for a century as a hotspot of trading activities that involved everything from clothes and bags to toys and souvenirs. During its heydays, visitors had to squeeze their ways through the congested walkways for their bargain-hunting.
The Singapore Rubber House was a 15-storey landmark that faced the Collyer Quay. It was previously known as the Shell House, which started as a five-storey building since 1920. The Winchester House, on the other hand, was built in 1906.
By the late eighties, the businesses at Change Alley had dwindled rapidly due to the decreasing number of foreign sailors and military personnel visiting Singapore. In 1989, the buildings of the Winchester House and Singapore Rubber House were demolished, bringing along with them the permanent closure of the old Change Alley.
Mercantile Bank Chambers
The magnificent grey building in front of The Arcade was the Mercantile Bank Chambers that stood between two streets of De Souza and D’Almeida. D’Almeida Street is still present today but De Souza Street was absorbed into the Ocean Financial Centre during its redevelopment in the late 2000s. The Mercantile Bank was first established in Singapore as early as 1855 under the name of “Mercantile Bank of India, London, and China”.
The building was later used as the office for the Prudential Assurance Company (1931-1941 and 1945-1962) and the Chartered Bank (1980-1984). In June 1984, the Mercantile Bank Chambers was demolished due to the construction of the Raffles Place MRT Station.
Malayan Bank Chambers
The former body of the Malayan Bank Chambers was the three-storey Whiteaways Laidlaw Building with its popular Whiteaways Department Store. In 1962, the building, then owned by the Malayan Banking Sdn Bhd, was refurbished with a distinctive facade, tapered-in windows and an addition of three storeys. It was torn down in 1999 to make way for the Maybank Building, a new 32-level office tower designed by SYL Architects.
Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Building
The Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank had its roots in Singapore as early as 1877. It established its first office building at Fullerton Square between 1892 and 1919, before investing in a new Neo-Classical styled tower completed in 1925. The new building lasted more than 50 years until 1979 when it was demolished and replaced three years later by the 21-storey Hong Kong Bank Building (HSBC Building today).
Bank of China Building
Once the tallest landmark at Raffles Place for twenty years between 1954 and 1974, the Bank of China was first set up at Cecil Street in 1936, before moving to its present site at Battery Road in the early fifties. In 1999, its former record-breaking tower was replaced by a new 37-storey Bank of China Building.
Raffles Place Park and Underground Carpark
In November 1965, Singapore’s first ever underground carpark at Raffles Place was officially opened by former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew. Able to accommodate 250 cars, the new carpark was expected to relive the traffic and parking congesting at Raffles Place, where its previous slots could only cater for 113 vehicles. There was also an underground subway leading directly to the basement of Robinsons Department Store, a feature welcomed by late night shoppers.
Costing a total of $500,000 constructed by the Public Works Department, the underground carpark also featured a rooftop garden known as the Raffles Place Park. Decorated with rows of lawns, shrubs and flower beds, the eye-pleasing popular landscape roof garden also came with ornamental fountains and a giant $58,000 flower clock donated by Japanese watch-maker Seiko.
The underground carpark was demolished in the 1980s due to the construction of the Raffles Place MRT Station.
The 50-Year Chronology of the Prominent Landmarks at Raffles Place:
1962 – The Alkaff Arcade was sold to Singapura Developments for $20 million.
1965 – Singapore’s first large-scaled underground carpark at Raffles Place was officially opened.
1966 – Oriental Emporium opened its department store at Raffles Place.
1970 – The Ocean Building was demolished.
1972 – Robinsons Department Store was destroyed in a fire.
1972 – The areas around Raffles Place Park was pedestrianised by the Public Works Department.
1973 – The John Little’s Building was demolished.
1974 – UOB Building (UOB Plaza 2 today) was completed.
1974 – Clifford Centre was completed.
1974 – The Ocean Building was completed as a new third-generation 28-storey office and shopping tower.
1976 – OCBC Centre was completed.
1978 – The Alkaff Arcade was demolished.
1979 – The old Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank Building was demolished.
1980 – Shell Tower (Singapore Land Tower today) was completed.
1981 – The new Arcade was completed.
1981 – The Chartered Bank Building was demolished.
1981 – Prominent waterfront landmark Maritime Building, formerly known as Union Building, was demolished.
1982 – The new Hong Kong Bank Building (HSBC Building today) was completed.
1984 – The Mercantile Bank Chambers was torn down due to the construction of Raffles Place MRT Station.
1984 – The new 44-storey Standard Chartered Bank building (known as 6 Battery Road today) was completed.
1984 – Tung Centre was completed at the former site of Maritime Building.
1986 – OUB Centre (One Raffles Place today) was completed at the former site of Robinson’s Department Store.
1987 – Raffles Place MRT Station was officially opened.
1989 – With the demolition of the Winchester House and Singapore Rubber House, Change Alley was shut down.
1992 – UOB Plaza 1 joined OUB Centre as the tallest buildings at CBD.
1992 – Hitachi Tower was built at the former sites of the Winchester House and Singapore Rubber House.
1995 – The Republic Plaza was the third building at Raffles Place with the height of 280m.
1999 – Malayan Bank Chambers was demolished.
1999 – The new 37-storey Bank of China Building was completed.
2000 – The Fullerton Building, built in 1928, was restored to become The Fullerton Hotel Singapore.
2006 – The 52-year-old Asia Insurance Building was bought over by the Ascott Group for $110 million, and renamed as Ascott Singapore.
2007 – The third-generation Ocean Building was demolished.
2011 – The Ocean Towers and Financial Centre was completed.
The Tallest Landmarks at Raffles Place:
1954 – Bank of China Building (18-storey, 87m tall)
1955 – Asia Insurance Building (Ascott Singapore today) (18-storey, 87m tall)
1974 – UOB Building (UOB Plaza 2 today) (38-storey, 162m tall)
1976 – OCBC Centre (52-storey, 198m tall)
1986 – OUB Centre (One Raffles Place today) (63-storey, 280m tall)
1992 – UOB Plaza 1 (66-storey, 280m tall)
1995 – Republic Plaza (66-storey, 280m tall)
Published: 28 July 2014
Updated: 06 August 2014 | <urn:uuid:f846a093-db9c-4e56-a787-06f3516330ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://remembersingapore.org/2014/07/28/old-and-new-raffles-place/?replytocom=183627 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.976177 | 2,650 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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