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Multimillion-dollar whitewater paddling park closer to reality, not far from Springfield
A section of the Illinois River near Siloam Springs, Arkansas, is on track to be turned into a whitewater paddling park — funded largely by the Walton Family Foundation.
The park, once completed, will be about 2.5 hours southwest of Springfield and just across the Arkansas-Oklahoma border, about four miles from Siloam Springs.
Missouri, renowned for its paddling streams and rivers, has no purpose-built whitewater paddling parks.
As envisioned, the park will provide paddlers a series of whitewater rapids built with native river stone to funnel a section of the river into a 1,000-foot curved side channel with seven or more challenging drops. The course could be used by canoe and kayak paddlers and people on inner tubes and rafts.
It's planned to be built near an old dam, which in years past backed up water to create Lake Frances, where Siloam Springs got its water.
But the once-popular recreation lake silted in over the years, and flooding damaged the dam. The Lake Frances White Water Park will provide a new recreation opportunity for the region while also helping repair and correct damage to the dam to make it safer, according to Ed Fite.
Fite is vice president of scenic rivers and water quality with the Grand River Dam Authority, which is working with Siloam Springs, the Walton Family Foundation and the Corps of Engineers to develop the 30-acre park.
"This project will clean up what many folks have known as an eyesore and environmental issue, and if it comes off as we envision, it would not only mitigate those deficiencies but lend itself to the quality of life and a robust economy in Northeast Oklahoma and Northwest Arkansas," Fite said in an email.
Fite said the proposed project has been in the works for a number of years.
"While we’re making headway, it isn’t a done deal at this point," he said. "Seeking authorization and curtailing increasing costs has been a challenge. Final design is about 30%-40% complete."
The park envisions boat launching areas, public restrooms, parking areas for campers and large vehicles, a beach and viewing areas overlooking the course.
It's close enough that it will probably appeal to Springfield paddlers, according to Marty Zerr, president of Springfield-based Ozark Mountain Paddlers. He said several OMP members have driven even farther, to a whitewater park in Oklahoma City.
"I've been to the Oklahoma City whitewater park, and five or six others have been down there, too," Zerr said. "The Oklahoma City one is a little over my head. It's pretty intense when those pumps are running."
The Lake Frances White Water Park will rely on the river's natural flow, not pumps.
Much of the cost is being covered by the Walton Family Foundation, the charitable arm of the Walton family, which owns Walmart.
Foundation spokesman Luis Gonzalez said the foundation so far has only provided funding for design and permitting.
"A white water park would provide residents of northeast Oklahoma and Northwest Arkansas with a national-caliber quality of life amenity that also has the potential to attract visitors," Gonzalez said in an email. "Improving access to the river's natural scenic beauty would also give the community a vested interest in water quality."
Don Clark, Siloam Springs community development director, said the project will be a boon for the northwest Arkansas town of 17,000 people.
He said Siloam Springs already has a small but popular kayak park for novices. The Lake Frances White Water Park will provide more challenging paddling conditions over a much longer course.
The city and Siloam Springs Water Resource Authority are partners in the project. The city will contribute $700,000 to help rehabilitate the dam. Grand River Dam Authority is contributing a similar amount through in-kind services, Clark said.
"We have the resources and we're close to the river," Clark said. "It's a great opportunity for us to expand and highlight the area, not only for locals but for people who will want to visit the white water park and our city. The city of Siloam Springs has a lot to offer." | <urn:uuid:c0afa268-aae5-4f64-9e9b-7cf26520594f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.news-leader.com/story/news/local/ozarks/2019/03/29/multimillion-dollar-whitewater-paddling-park-closer-reality/3288187002/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.953518 | 895 | 1.734375 | 2 |
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Interest in supernatural phenomena was high during Charles Dickens lifetime. He had always loved a good ghost story himself, particularly at Christmas time, and was open-minded, willing to accept, and indeed put to the test, the existence of spirits. His natural inclinations toward drama and the macabre made him a brilliant teller of ghost tales, and in the twenty stories presented here, which include his celebrated A Christmas Carol, the full range of his gothic talents can be seen. Chilling as some of these stories are, Dickens has managed to inject characteristically grotesque comedy as he writes of revenge, insanity, pre-cognition and dream visions, he indulges also in some debunking of contemporary credulity. | <urn:uuid:d276610b-685b-43b2-a196-1970885331f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://savina.com.vn/complete-ghost-stories | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.971768 | 203 | 2.140625 | 2 |
PPBio: one year of investments in groundbreaking solutions
Since its creation in March 2019, 10 investments representing R$ 9.3 million in support have been made
By Henrique Saunier
Translated by Felipe Sá
Photo: Disclosure/Valentina Ricardo
Idesam’s first year leading the Bio-Economy Priority Program (PPBio) has already resulted in many advances and positive results in supporting Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) projects in the Amazon. Even with some obstacles, the program has been structured to meet its mission of connecting the two major potentialities of the region: the Industrial Hub of Manaus (PIM, in Portuguese) and the Amazonian biodiversity.
Since its creation in March 2019, 10 investments representing R$ 9.3 million in support have been made, thanks to PIM companies that believed in the initiative, which offers fast and innovative ways for the industry to approach the Amazonian biotechnology. These results are also the outcome of an intense work carried out by Idesam on the approximation and simplification of the theme (investments in bio-economy) for industries.
In the initial stages of PPBio (before the pandemic of the new coronavirus), the program team registered more than 20 visits to companies, participation in 07 events, trips to introduce the program in other states of the Western Amazon, besides a Bio-Economy Business Connection with the participation of 20 project proponents and 5 potential investors.
Another great achievement of the program in its first year was the creation of the Database of Bio-Economy Projects, which added over 70 proposals interested in obtaining resources to advance its research. The proposals are not only aligned with the needs of the productive processes of the industries but also meet the demands of society, including solutions to fight COVID-19.
“Projects with high social and environmental features are identified with indicators for measuring positive impact. All these types of relationships between PIM and RD&I companies are a rather straightforward way to invest in RD&I in the region”, says Karol Barbosa, an analyst of the Bio-Economy Priority Program.
Most of the proposals enrolled in PPBio are focused on production processes and services related to the various sectors of the bio-economy, including also initiatives to prospect for active ingredients and new materials from the Amazon biodiversity. Businesses of social and environmental impact, synthetic biology, nanobiotechnology and bioinformatics are other segments that comprise the scope of the projects presented.
Investment in practice and next steps
The new coronavirus pandemic may have brought uncertainty and delayed the development of projects in the public and private sector, but it has also instigated the need to mobilize the innovation sector to find effective combat solutions and changes in legislation to facilitate access to these resources.
Even with some difficulties, PPBio got to support relevant projects of companies from the Amazon, such as Biozer, which has raised resources to develop a cosmetic line that uses açaí and copaíba as raw material, benefiting communities located in the interior of the state of Amazonas.
“With the diversification of investments from the priority program, there is a favorable ecosystem for the development of products and processes in this segment. In addition, the development of new economic alternatives in the region is essential, due to this inconstancy and attacks on the Zona Franca model (in reference to the PIM)”, highlights Danniel Pinheiro, from Biozer.
Since March 2020, PPBio has enabled the selection of initiatives by the supporting companies and the closing of partnerships to start the development of the projects. Among the projects with great potential for investment are solutions for diseases such as diabetes, projects focused on fish management, social inclusion technologies for family farming, forest management, cosmetics and new technologies for fighting fires. All projects attend the regulation of RD&I of CAPDA/Suframa. | <urn:uuid:e659c05c-f586-470d-9674-abf0a0455f4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://idesam.org/en/conteudo/noticias/programa-prioritario-de-bioeconomia-um-ano-de-investimentos-em-solucoes-inovadoras/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948396 | 809 | 1.601563 | 2 |
returns a Delta-polynomial
DeltaPolynomial (p, q, R,opts)
a differential polynomial
a differential polynomial ring or ideal
a sequence of options
The opts arguments may contain one or more of the options below.
notation = jet, tjet, diff or Diff. Specifies the notation used for the result of the function call. If not specified, the notation of R or of ideal is used.
memout = nonnegative. Specifies a memory limit, in MB, for the computation. Default is zero (no memory out).
The function call DeltaPolynomial (p, q, R) returns the Δ-polynomial generated by p and q, which are regarded as differential polynomials of R, or, of its embedding ring, if R is an ideal. See DifferentialAlgebra for the definition of Δ-polynomials.
The numeric coefficients of the returned Δ-polynomial are normalized: their gcd is equal to 1, and, the leading one is positive. It is required that the leading derivatives of p and q are derivatives of some same dependent variable.
This command is part of the DifferentialAlgebra:-Tools package. It can be called using the form DeltaPolynomial(...) after executing the command with(DifferentialAlgebra:-Tools). It can also be directly called using the form DifferentialAlgebra[Tools][DeltaPolynomial](...).
The triangular case: the least common derivative of the two leading derivatives is different from both of them.
The non-triangular case: the leading derivative of the second argument is a derivative of the leading derivative of the first one.
Download Help Document
What kind of issue would you like to report? (Optional) | <urn:uuid:b736bf9b-b23e-43b5-87fb-c4ad77c28a41> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jp.maplesoft.com/support/help/maplesim/view.aspx?path=DifferentialAlgebra/Tools/DeltaPolynomial&L=J | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.835075 | 508 | 2.015625 | 2 |
He’s the master of harmony and counterpoint, he could effortlessly compose an amazing concerto or cantata, but what if Johann Sebastian Bach was on social media?
To celebrate the 330th anniversary of the great composer’s birth, we’ve imagined what his Facebook page might have looked like.
So sit back and enjoy the Baroque master’s status updates and life events in full Instagram, wall-post and emoticon glory.
. 1687 ~ Jean-Baptiste Lully, French composer, died. He was an Italian-born French composer, instrumentalist, and dancer who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France. He is considered the chief master of the French baroque style.
. 1840 ~ Clara Wieck wrote a letter dated today to Robert Schumann. Part of it said: “When I heard Liszt for the first time…I was overwhelmed and sobbed aloud, it so shook me.”
. 1842 ~ Carl August Nicolas Rosa, German violinist and composer. In 1873 he founded the Carl Rosa Opera Company.
. 1911 ~ Herman Jadlowker became the first opera singer to perform two major roles in the same day at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City.
. 1920 ~ Fanny Waterman, DBE is a piano teacher, and the founder, Chairman and Artistic Director of the Leeds International Pianoforte Competition. She is also president of the Harrogate International Music Festival.
. 1925 ~ The first Japanese radio station, Tokyo Shibaura, began broadcasting.
. 1930 ~ Stephen Sondheim, American composer and lyricist of musicals
More information about Sondheim
. 1936 ~ Glen Campbell, Singer and studio guitarist
. 1937 ~ Johnny Ferguson, Singer
. 1943 ~ Keith Relf, Recording artist of The Yardbirds
. 1943 ~ George Benson, American jazz and pop guitarist and singer
. 1947 ~ Harry Vanda, Guitarist with The Easybeats
. 1948 ~ Andrew Lloyd Webber, British composer
More information about Lloyd Webber
. 1948 ~ Randy Hobbs, Bass with The McCoys
. 1948 ~ The Voice of Firestone was the first commercial radio program to be carried simultaneously on both AM and FM radio stations.
. 1956 ~ Sammy Davis, Jr. starred in the play, Mr. Wonderful, in New York City. The critics were unkind, saying that they didn’t care for the production. Audiences, however, gave it ‘thumbs up’ and the show went on to be one of Broadway’s more popular musicals — catapulting Davis into the limelight. His father had already launched him into the vaudeville spotlight when Sammy was just three years old. By the time he was Mr. Wonderful, SammyDavis, Jr. had played vaudeville and the nightclub circuit singing and dancing his way to the top over a twenty-eight-year period. He entertained us for sixty-two years! 1956 ~ Perry Como became the first major TV variety-show host to book a rock and roll act on his program. The ‘Incomparable Mr. C.’ booked Carl Perkins for the show and Perkins sang Blue Suede Shoes. 1962 ~ The play, I Can Get It For You Wholesale, opened on Broadway. It featured a 19-year-old named Barbra Streisand. She stopped the show at the famed Shubert Theatre in New York City. Streisand starred as Miss Marmelstein. Audiences kept coming back for more of Barbra for 300 performances.
. 1980 ~ The first CD (compact disc) was put on sale by RCA. The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums.
. 1980 ~ Pink Floyd started a 4-week run in the #1 slot on the pop charts with their smash, Another Brick in the Wall. When the boys popped open their gold record and threw it on the stereo, they heard Flowers on the Wall by the Statler Brothers.
. 2015 ~ Norman O. Scribner, founder and artistic director of the Choral Arts Society of Washington, one of the region’s preeminent symphonic choirs, died | <urn:uuid:368ed1af-b610-475f-af58-ca4690fe2776> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://oconnormusicstudio.com/2015/03/22/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955884 | 912 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Within the last few days you may have heard that Twitter is self-reporting a potentially catastrophic event that could have been a major blow to online security. From all appearances and claims by Twitter, they escaped any hacker intrusions and your online access credentials have not been compromised. The Twitter PR machine has been running overtime this week, and the company is now sending out emails to all registered users advising them to change the login password. Here’s the scoop.
Whenever user access credentials are created for your Twitter account, the actual password you choose is converted by an algorithmic function using what’s called “hashing.” In short, it takes whatever password that you create, such as “mypassword,” and converts this clear text set of characters into a one-way hash. In layman’s terms, the original password you created can’t be recovered from the hashed version of your password. This on-the-fly hashing is not supposed to be recorded showing both the clear text characters and the actual hashed version, and it should never be stored on Twitter servers. Only the actual hashed password should be stored within the database. That hashed password would then be “read” each time you log in to your account to make sure it is really you.
Twitter is now reporting that the password-to-hashing process was accidentally written to and saved on a database system log that, if dowloaded through a hack, could put all Twitter users’ credentials at risk. Twitter believes they removed the log before anyone accessed it. But, out of an abundance of caution…or fear (probably justifiable in this day and age)…Twitter is now emailing users suggesting they change their passwords. Click the button at the bottom of this post to read Twitter’s email.
Multiple Accounts - Same Password?
The problem is that most users re-use identical passwords for many services to which they subscribe…online bank access, PayPal, Social Security, social media, etc. Are you guilty of this? The downside is if hacked, your user access credentials invariably wind up on the dark web and are for sale in a micro-second. The assumption hackers make is that users do not change their passwords across multiple platforms. They then program their brute force hacking system bots to crawl the web looking for login screens, and they try different user names but with the same password over and over again until they break in or are blocked by sysadmins or firewalls. These brute force attacks can number in the tens of attempts, or thousands of attempts over a very short period of time. Many systems employ a fixed number of failed attempts before it sends up a security alert, and your account may be blocked until you call front line support to unlock your login screen. On the other hand, if you used 123456 as your password, your goose could be cooked! To fix this problem you can create unique user access credentials, including passwords, for each online service you use. Don’t use “admin” or “123456” as hackers use these first in any attempt to break into online services. Use between 14 and 24 random characters to make it even harder for hackers to “guess” your credentials. That way, if there is a data breach in one system, your other platforms will have far less risk for a wholesale intrusion
From personal experience I know it is a real pain to create a new password for Twitter or any online account, let alone 10-20 accounts if you counted them all. While this Twitter incident may have had no third-party intrusion into this database log, I would highly encourage you to change your Twitter password. In this day and age, you really need to be proactive in protecting your online identity. We recently learned that Facebook allowed profiling of its user community by a third-party vendor, and others may have done the same thing. Frankly, you are your own first line of defense against hackers. That means you must take passwords and user names seriously. Change them at least every 90 days. Don’t store them in a file on your computer. And, cross your fingers that your cloud-based service providers (banks, healthcare providers, Spotify, Apple, OneDrive, Dropbox, etc.) are focused on securing your online identity, too. | <urn:uuid:41b80703-abce-4b55-aa3a-3d86553696cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://commlinks.com/2018/05/twitter-comes-clean-and-users-need-to-react/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.946698 | 889 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Your Guide to Teatulia® White Tea
HOW IS WHITE TEA DIFFERENT FROM BLACK OR GREEN TEA?
White tea is made from the buds and unfurled leaves from the newest growth on the tea plant. The leaves are handpicked then quickly and meticulously dried, so they are not allowed to oxidize (be exposed to oxygen) as long as leaves plucked for green or black tea production. This minimal processing and low oxidation results in some of the most delicate and freshest tea available.
HOW TO BREW
Teatulia White Tea can be brewed from loose leaf tea or convenient pyramid tea bags filled with whole leaf tea. For the perfect cup of hot tea (or glass of iced tea), follow these brewing instructions:
LOOSE LEAF TEA
Steep 2 grams (about 1 tablespoon) loose leaf tea in 8 oz. of just boiled water for 2 to 3 minutes.
For iced tea, steep 4 grams (about 2 tablespoons) in 8 oz. of just boiled water, then pour over ice.
PYRAMID TEA BAGS
Steep 1 pyramid bag in 8 oz. of just boiled water for 2 to 3 minutes.
For iced tea, steep 2 pyramid bags in 8 oz. of just boiled water, then pour over ice.
White tea is generally thought to be lower in caffeine than green or black tea. A cup of Teatulia White Tea contains about two-thirds less caffeine than a cup coffee.
WHAT'S SPECIAL ABOUT TEATULIA WHITE TEA?
Award-winning taste: Teatulia White Tea is a delicate brew that is at the same time robust and totally satisfying. When brewed, it is a sweet, medium-bodied delicacy with notes of abundant white flowers and peach blossoms and lovely a nectarine connotation. The tea industry has recognized Teatulia White Tea with a 3rd place award in the North American Tea Championship’s white tea category.
Organic and sustainable: The Tetulia region of Northern Bangladesh is home to (and namesake of) Teatulia’s own USDA-certified organic tea garden. At nearly 2,000 acres, we’re proud that our tea garden is one of the largest of its kind in the world. We cultivate our white tea using natural farming methods that don’t harm the environment. And we package our white tea using environmentally responsible packaging, made from recycled and compostable materials.
COOKING WITH WHITE TEA
Enjoy Teatulia White Tea outside the teacup in one of these delicious white tea-infused recipes: | <urn:uuid:93639806-2b31-490b-8fb8-93a40288ca2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.teatulia.com/buy-organic-white-teas-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.873285 | 549 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Our research is editorially independent but we may earn a commission for purchases made through our links.
If you’re a fan of stargazing, you might want to put some of these destinations on your travel bucket list to enjoy some of the best that can be had in the entire world. They offer some of the darkest, clearest, light pollution-free skies in the world, making for some especially unforgettable stargazing.
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Tonopah claims to have the distinction of being the very best place for stargazing in the country – and USA Today confirmed that by naming it No. 1. Located 215 miles north of Las Vegas, the town has mapped out roads known as “star trails,” from which you can see more than 7,000 of the sparklers in the dark night skies, including the Milky Way on a clear, moonless night. Even the most inexperienced stargazers will probably see a whole lot more than expected. Just travel the star trails after the moon sets, let your eyes adjust and then gaze up and lose yourself in the nation’s darkest skies. While those in bigger, brighter cities are used to seeing only 25 to 50 stars because of light pollution, the skies here are truly incomparable. Those with good eyes will be able to see stars as faint as visual magnitude +7.0, which is the faintest of stars visible to the unaided eye.
Yosemite National Park offers lots of breathtaking scenery and outdoor activities to enjoy during the day, and it also offers the ideal backdrop for stargazing after dark. High above the towering ancient sequoias, and miles away from city lights, the sky here is known as one of the best places in the world for watching Perseid meteor showers. Glacier Point is a popular spot for taking in the show, and throughout the summer, amateur astronomers an often be seen setting up their telescopes on Saturdays. You’ll also get an unforgettable look at faraway galaxies and the twinkling stars of the Milky Way. Over at Wawona, Yosemite Valley and Tuolumne Meadows you can enjoy an astronomy walk or talk too. Many of the park’s onsite accommodations, including Tenaya Lodge, offer packages that include an astronomer, telescope, and transportation to an ideal viewing spot as well as hot beverages and snacks.
Visiting Haleakala National Park and the Haleakala Crater while on Maui is a must for many reasons. At over 10,000 feet above sea level, this is where you can experience some of the most dramatic sunrises and sunsets throughout the islands. On the two-hour drive to the summit, you’ll pass through as many ecological zones as you would on a drive from Mexico to Canada. This is also one of the best places for stargazing after dark. Rangers lead guided walks from May through October, or you can pick up a star map at the park headquarters. Because of the high elevation, it’s usually quite cold at the top, so be sure to bring something warm to wear, preparing for unpredictable weather.
One of the most stunningly beautiful places in the U.S., there are few spots in Arizona for stargazing where you’ll find a landscape that is as dramatically colorful as Sedona’s. The giant red rocks soar into the nearly always brilliant blue sky that has inspired artists and photographers for decades. Explore the hidden canyons, bike or hike the miles of red rock trails, indulge in treatments at a world-class spa and even experience the powerful transformational energy centers known as vortexes. After dark, the haze-free and often cloud-free skies make for some of the best stargazing around. The area is renowned for some of the best observing conditions in the country due to virtually no light pollution, high altitude and over 300 dry clear nights each year – in fact, it’s an International Dark Sky City. Sedona Star Gazing also hosts special events that offer the chance to experience an unforgettable evening of stargazing guided by professional astronomers who use some of the largest custom-built and state-of-the-art telescopes and high-powered laser pointers to guide guests around the night sky.
Reminiscent of the Gobi or the Sahara, Great Sand Dunes National Park sits between the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the San Juan Mountains. While this park is stunning during the day, home to unique land forms that are the tallest dunes in the country, rising up to more than 700 feet in height, half of the experience here is coming after dark. Spend your days hiking to the top of the dunes to soak up the incredible panorama of endless dunes, or try out unique activities like sand-sledding or sand-boarding. Nighttime at Great Sand Dunes can include dunes exploration under a bright full moon, viewing thousands of stars on a clear moonless night, listening for owls along the foothills, or viewing migrating amphibians on a rainy night. With its combination of dry air, little light pollution, and high elevation, Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve is an incredible place for stargazing.
This UNESCO-listed nature reserve situated off the coast of Baja California is a must-see for its dramatic sheer red cliffs, windswept sand dunes and flawless turquoise bays. The wildlife found here is just as exceptional, with the chance to view humpbacks and gray whales, swim with manta rays and sea lions and then spend your nights at the only lodging on the island, Baja Camp, which is open from May to October. It’s non-stop fun 24-hours a day, with more outdoor recreational pursuits that you can handle, excellent wine, gourmet meals, and some of the best stargazing around.
Tucson is famous for its outdoor adventure opportunities that include hiking and mountain biking, rock climbing and caving. It’s also one of the best spots on Earth for stargazing. The Kitt Peak National Observatory, known for possessing one of the most extensive collections of research telescopes on the planet, sits high above the Sonoran Desert, offering visitors the chance to view some of the most incredible night skies through its Nightly Observing Program at the visitor center.
There are plenty of great stargazing spots in Europe, but France is one of the best for starring in your own space odyssey. Here you can camp in unique “bubbles,” that are made up of recycled materials. They’re eco-friendly, and they are deflated at the end of each season to ensure minimal impact on the surrounding pine forest. Although the bubbles are obviously sheer, there are no worries about privacy, thanks to the secluded locales. Choose a special package to heighten the experience, with options like gourmet dinners, organic wine, massage, and, of course, a telescope and star chart for the best in bedtime stargazing. While the property is fairly isolated, there are a number of fun places nearby to explore, like Aubagne, popular for its potter makers, as well as the nearby town of Allauch which overlooks Marseilles.
Joshua Tree National Park is known as the ultimate playground for stargazers. It offers the best opportunity for Southern Californians to find the darkest skies with clear nights nearly every day of the year due to the low desert humidity and absence of light pollution. Visitors are often astounded when getting a glimpse of the night sky in such an unpolluted state. That’s something that’s been recognized by the National Park Service for many years, with frequent stargazing get-togethers hosted throughout the year. Check the park’s event schedule for upcoming “My Night Sky” events that help visitors understand what they observe. Telescope manufacturer, Celestron occasionally sends some of their professionals out to the events to help “demystify the technology” behind the instruments and to help users get familiar with using them on their own. A variety of telescopes, including powerful computerized models as well as more basic tools for stargazing are used. If you want to get out and enjoy it on your own, just bring a pair of binoculars. To help identify all of those objects you’ll find, a star chart is also essential as it will reveal the location of many celestial objects so that you’ll know what you’re looking at.
The western Canadian province of Alberta is renowned for its dark night’s skies, and Jasper National Park is arguably the best of the best for stargazing thanks to its remote location, far from city lights. From September through April, the sky bursts into a blaze of color after dark, with dazzling red, purple, green and white rays of light. On a clear night here, you’re pretty much guaranteed to enjoy a stellar show, that often includes the appearance of the Northern Lights. In 2011, 97 percent of the 4,200-square-mile park was officially designated light-pollution free, as the second largest sky preserve in the world.
While you might want to avoid Death Valley in the summer, with temperatures that rise to 120 degrees or even hotter, the rest of the year can be a pleasant time to visit and experience the world’s largest dark sky reserve. As the sun sets here in the California desert, the dark night reveals the massive expanse of the Milky Way at its finest. If you arrive in springtime, during the day you may be able to take in one of the most spectacular displays of colorful wildflowers too. With the right conditions, the desert will be filled with a sea of gold, purple, pink or white flowers.
Cherry Springs State Park in Pennsylvania offers some of the darkest night skies east of the Mississippi. It was named a Gold-Certified International Dark Sky Park in 2008, one of only a few in the entire country. Despite its proximity to urban areas, as the park sits atop a hill surrounded by the 262,000-acre Susquehannock State Forest, you’ll find a 360-degree view of the night sky, totally free of light pollution. In the summer, sky tours are offered on Friday and Saturday nights, though the Night Sky Viewing area is always open. | <urn:uuid:da3d407a-3641-4df1-84b3-6460c6190583> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tripstodiscover.com/best-places-in-the-world-for-stargazing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948031 | 2,152 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Sikh youth Jugraj Singh who hoisted the Sikh religious flag (Nishan Sahib/Kesri Flag) on the Red fort during the Republic Day violence has been felicitated by the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) for the act. SGPC member handed over the amount of Rs 1 lakh to Jugraj’s family says the official Twitter page of SGPC Amritsar.
#SGPC honoured the family of #Sikh youth Bhai Jugraj Singh who hoisted the #KesriFlag on #RedFort with Rs 1 lakh. SGPC member Bhai Manjit Singh handed over this appreciation amount to the family of Bhai Jugraj Singh. pic.twitter.com/t9EU6M8WCp
— Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) (@SGPCAmritsar) June 30, 2021
Ideally, no flag other than the tricolor is to be hoisted at the Red Fort and hence this act is against the law of the land. That a Sikh body would felicitate someone for an anti-national act is a worrisome sign. The SGPC has also been supporting the so-called farmer’s protest that clearly has the backing of Khalistani elements. Only recently, the SGPC provided financial aid to the family of a farmer they believed had been “martyred” while returning from the farmer’s protests.
Through such acts, the SGPC is only legitimizing Khalistani elements and pushing Sikh youths towards it. Khalistani movement is a threat to Bharat’s sovereignty as it has close ties with Islamic Jihadi groups. The movement which first gained steam in the 1970s petered out by the 1990s. However, it has now been gaining ground again. Back then the movement had Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale as its face and Khalistanis received ample support from Pakistan’s ISI.
As pointed out by an article in National Interest:
The Khalistan movement in its new avatar is even more dangerous because it is projecting an image of a secular and liberal movement of a Sikh minority fighting against India’s oppressive Hindu majority for its right to self-determination. Further, the SFJ, by lending support to Kashmir separatism and some of India’s populist civil rights movements with dubious ties to Islamist groups and Khalistani groups, is projecting an image of a civil rights movement with firm beliefs in Western liberal values. However, at its core, it continues to be a violent and extremist movement with no tolerance for liberal values like free speech, multiculturalism, democracy, and human rights.
When Sikh organizations like the Akal Takht and SGPC give legitimacy to Khalistan, Sikh youth are bound to go astray. It is an undeniable fact that Khalistan is not only against Bharat’s national interests but against the very foundation of Sikhism itself. Therefore, when the SGPC declared Bhindranwale a ‘martyr’, it sent a wrong message to the Sikh community. Now, by legitimizing anti-national acts of Sikh youths like Jugraj Singh, SGPC is creating space for Khalistanis and Islamic Jihadi organizations to radicalize the youths of Punjab.
(Featured Image Source: SGPC Amritsar Twitter Page)
Did you find this article useful? We’re a non-profit. Make a donation and help pay for our journalism. | <urn:uuid:fc7b8274-bfdc-4033-9e94-9b5fdc7a8118> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hindupost.in/dharma-religion/sgpc-honors-sikh-youth-for-hoisting-sikh-flag/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948054 | 733 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Care of the Earth is nothing new to the Sisters of Providence. It is part of the Constitutions and Rules of the congregation – number 28, to be precise: “…Recognizing that we humans are a part of the whole created universe, we accept the challenge to promote an integral ecology. (Pope Francis) As we foster the human, social and environmental connectedness of God’s creation, we become more authentic signs of God’s loving Providence.”
During this year of significant international milestones in caring for creation – the fifth anniversary of Pope Francis’ encyclical, “Laudato Si,” the fifth anniversary of the Paris Agreement to combat climate change, and the 50th anniversary of Earth Day – it has simultaneously been a time of significant suffering due to health, justice, economic and environmental inequities.
In response to the increased and changing needs of our times, the Sisters of Providence have refocused their Earth ministry. A new Earth Committee will build on the work of the prior Reclaiming Earth Committee to support an updated mission statement: to foster action for the healing of our common home by deepening our understanding of Constitution #28 and facilitating the response to Laudato Si and integral ecology by the Sisters of Providence, Associates, Companions and friends.
The committee is made up of sisters with deep roots in Earth advocacy: Sisters Annette Seubert, Charlene Hudon, Margaret Botch, Marilyn Charette, Mary Kaye Nealen, Sue Orlowski, and Karen Hawkins. As a committee, they will be identifying specific steps for personal and provincial movement toward “Laudato Si’s” Goals for Ecological Conversion, below.
- Response to the cry of the Earth: work toward carbon neutrality through greater use of clean renewable energy and reduced fossil fuel use; support efforts to protect and promote biodiversity and guarantee water access for all.
- Response to the cry of the poor: defend human life from conception to death and all forms of life on Earth, while giving special attention to vulnerable groups such as indigenous communities, migrants and children at risk of trafficking and slavery.
- Ecological economics: support sustainable production, fair trade, ethical consumption and investments, investments in renewable energy, divestment from fossil fuels and limiting any economic activity harmful to the planet or people.
- Adoption of simple lifestyles: reduce use of energy and resources, avoid single-use plastics, adopt a more plant-based diet, reduce meat consumption and increase use of public transportation over polluting alternatives.
- Ecological education: redesign curricula around integral ecology, create ecological awareness and action, promote ecological vocation with young people and teachers.
- Ecological spirituality: recover a religious vision of God’s creation, promote creation-centered liturgical celebrations, develop ecological catechesis and prayers and encourage more time in nature.
- Emphasis on community involvement and participatory action around creation care at all levels of society by promoting advocacy and grassroots campaigns.
“As a member of MJP Earth Committee I am eager for us as a province to delve more deeply into our constitution #28 and to understand integral ecology at a deeper level,” says Sister Annette Seubert. “Our Earth today cries out for us to respond to the care of our common home. Creation cries out in devastating fires, high winds and tropical storms; our suffering people cry out in illness and deaths from COVID 19 and racial inequality surfacing black lives matter protests, violence and white supremacist activities; our consciences cry out for justice and transformative soul-making. I believe God is inviting us to change our minds and our hearts, and to invest our energies into responding to the most urgent need of our world today; climate change and its impact on the whole of our Earth community.”
Integral ecology defined: everything is connected
Pope Francis’ encyclical, “Laudato Si,” chapter 4, describes integral ecology as the interconnectedness of environmental, economic, political, social, cultural, and ethical issues.
Because everything is connected, we must take a holistic approach to what is both an environmental and human crisis: “…genuine care for our own lives and our relationships with nature is inseparable from fraternity, justice and faithfulness to others.” (LS n 70)
Our current patterns of connecting people to each other do not make it possible for everyone to live well. Integral ecology requires “an integrated approach to combatting poverty, restoring dignity to the excluded, and at the same time protecting nature.” (LS n 139)
“If everything is related, then the health of a society’s institutions has consequences for the environment and the quality of human life. Every violation of solidarity and civic friendship harms the environment. In this sense, social ecology is necessarily institutional, and gradually extends to the whole of society, from the primary social group, the family, to the wider local, national and international communities.” (LS n 142)
Nature’s Abba prayer
Chants of praise are sung in tongues of birds
and beasts, hallowing the creator whose isness
they proclaim in the skies and on Mother Earth,
Fish and fowl and all four-legged ones await
their daily sustenance and with eagerness nourish
themselves with what Providence provides.
Trees and plants sink deep their roots and extend
their branches to quench their thirst and receive
nutrients their being needs to sustain life.
May humanity learn to join in like engagement of table
fellowship, sharing bread and food, shelter and medical
care so all people can gratefully receive their basic needs.
May the two-legged ones ask forgiveness for destroying
the balance of all this livelihood. May they learn to live
their existence with one another and not against.
Let all humankind be led from their paths of violence
and destruction to proclaim Justice-making for all and
come to celebrate our common home.
May all peoples be inspired to respect the diversity among
us and work for God’s KINDOM coming among all creation.
May they join nature’s praises that all may be one enjoying
the simple gifts of life. Amen. So it is, and so be it.
-Annette Seubert, SP 10/18/20 | <urn:uuid:1ae1abba-d3df-42f0-a42c-d1cd7479b3b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sistersofprovidence.net/earth-committee-moves-toward-ecological-conversion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.912454 | 1,315 | 2.359375 | 2 |
The Scottish government appears ready to approve a banned insecticide blamed for destroying bee populations for use in Scottish salmon farms, according to internal documents seen by the Guardian, as MEPs warn of its potentially “devastating” impact on aquatic life.
The insecticide is one of three nicotine-based, or neonicotinoid, chemicals banned by the European Union in 2018 for agricultural use on crops, a decision upheld this month by the EU’s top court, the European court of justice, which rejected an appeal by the Bayer chemical multinational. The ban does not apply to rivers or the sea.
US government scientists have described the insecticide imidacloprid as an “environmental hazard” that can be “very toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects”.
An investigative news site, The Ferret, first revealed in March 2020 that the Scottish fish farming industry was planning to use imidacloprid to kill the sea lice that can infest caged salmon.
A series of emails, released under the Freedom of Information Act, reveal the Scottish government appears to be smoothing the path for CleanTreat – a system that uses the insecticide to rid farmed salmon of sea lice, to be accepted for regulatory approval in Scottish fish farms.
Annabel Turpie, director of Marine Scotland, the agency of the Scottish government that manages fisheries, has said she would help with the environmental regulators on the new system, which uses imidacloprid. In correspondence with officials on 1 March 2021, Turpie wrote: “I’ve said we’ll help with engagement with Sepa [Scottish Environment Protection Agency] and MSS [Marine Scotland Science] on the CleanTreat technology.”
On 10 March she referred to actions of the Scottish government’s Sustainable Aquaculture Innovation Centre (SAIC) “around support to navigate CleanTreat through the system”. She was “aware the intention is for CleanTreat to come forward the second half of the year, assuming regulatory approval”, she said, but that an application had not yet been submitted. There was an “expectation” that Benchmark, the fish farm biotechnology company that makes CleanTreat, would “bring it onto an existing site for approval”, she said.
Later in March, Turpie was briefed by officials ahead of a meeting with a fish farming company, suggesting lines she could take, including that the CleanTreat technology would be given “welcomed consideration”.
“We can’t circumnavigate Sepa’s consideration as they have to follow legal process,” the briefing said. “But there is a newly invigorated dedication within SG [Scottish government] and across regulators to support innovation in the aquaculture sector – am confident this will be given welcomed consideration when an application is received.”
This week, the European Commission were urged to withdraw a draft regulation authorising safe limits of imidacloprid for farmed fish, amid warnings of its “toxic” impact in rivers and waterways. A resolution by a Green MEP, to be put before the commission’s environment committee for a vote on Thursday, calls for imidacloprid to be instead listed as an emerging environmental contaminant for which no maximum levels can be set for aquatic use.
Grace O’ Sullivan, Green MEP for Ireland South, who tabled the resolution, said she was “very concerned” about the potential use of the insecticide in salmon farming as a treatment against the sea louse, a small crustacean that feeds on the mucus, epidermal tissue, and blood of host marine fish.
“This is particularly worrying in Scotland, which has a large salmon aquaculture industry and tradition, but also for the EU, where the commission is proposing to establish a maximum residue level (MRL) for imidacloprid.”
“This MRL will allow companies to apply for marketing authorisation for the product, and apply it in the salmon farming industry in particular, where it will in all likelihood spill into the marine environment to the detriment of ocean health and biodiversity.”
O’Sullivan, a member of the European parliament’s environment committee, said her objection called on the commission to withdraw its draft implementing legislation and include imidacloprid in a list of “pharmacologically active” substances, for which no maximum levels can be fixed for the aquatic environment.
“There is increasing evidence that the use of imidacloprid has a devastating impact on rivers and waterways, not only affecting crustaceans and insect species but also soil organisms and bird populations,” she said. “Its use in Japan has already led to a dramatic collapse of fish stocks that have not recovered.”
Concern is growing over the potential impact on aquatic life of non-agricultural use of the pesticide, including as a flea treatment in pets, after a study last year found imidacloprid in two-thirds of English rivers.
Benchmark described CleanTreat as a “breakthrough” development for the salmon farming industry. It is a filtration system that would remove chemicals from fish farm treatment water in a “closed contained system” on ships before purified water is returned to the sea.
Dave Goulson, a biology professor at Sussex University, and part of the team that identified the neonicotinoid in 66% of 20 English rivers analysed by the Environment Agency in 2016-18, said: “Most members of the public think they have been banned and the problem has been solved. But with its use on dogs [as a pet flea treatment] and now in fish farms, it’s like the wild west.
“These chemicals are incredibly poisonous – the novichok for insects,” he said. “It takes a billionth of a gram to harm aquatic life, so even tiny traces would have major impacts on marine life.”
The CleanTreat system, which claims to remove imidacloprid from water “clearly needs to be tested by an independent laboratory”, the professor said.
Don Staniford, the campaigner behind Scottish Salmon Watch, which obtained the emails under freedom of information legislation, said: “The Scottish government are paving the way for this toxic chemical to be used even before the environmental risk assessments are published. They should be on the side of science and the environment, not on the side of a Norwegian-owned company peddling a banned neonicotinoid.”
A spokesperson for the Scottish government said it routinely promoted innovation across the economy, including in fish farming. This included providing “procedural and technical” guidance to private-sector organisations in industry.
All aquaculture farms are regulated and must meet “strict guidelines to ensure the environmental effects are assessed and managed safely”, the spokesperson said.
Any new product must undergo “rigorous testing before any approval is granted”, including by Sepa, they added.
“Any use of the new medicine imidacloprid would require authorisation from Sepa, which has received no application to use imidacloprid, nor has it had any pre-application discussions about this.”
A spokesperson for Sepa confirmed it had had “no pre-application discussions, nor received an application to discharge imidacloprid” as a trial or otherwise from Benchmark or any other companies.
The spokesperson said: “Trials of any new medicine that would involve a discharge of residues into the environment would require authorisation, and discharges into the sea from land, fish pens or well-boats require a permit from Sepa.”
A spokesperson for Benchmark said: “CleanTreat is an award-winning and validated water-purification system, which safely removes sea-lice medicine from treatment water in a closed contained unit before returning purified water back into the sea.
“We are currently focused on launching our new sea-lice solution, BMK08, which is used together with CleanTreat, in Norway. At this time we do not have any scheduled trials for BMK08 in Scotland.”
BMKO8 medicine uses imidacloprid, according to Benchmark. | <urn:uuid:91f18bcf-2440-4df9-a3a8-b9f3308c7424> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://unicaus.com/business/novichok-for-insects-may-be-approved-for-scottish-fish-farms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955179 | 1,762 | 2.5 | 2 |
In earlier posts, I examined two of the first three Dungeons & Dragons adventures to reach print: Temple of the Frog and Palace of the Vampire Queen. To explore D&D’s origins, some modern players have tried playing these dungeons.
Don’t. Temple of the Frog plays as half spy mission and half Chainmail miniature battle. Players looking for classic D&D will only find a total party kill. Palace of the Vampire Queen demonstrates why Gary Gygax thought adventures wouldn’t sell. Any dungeon master could easily create a similar monster zoo from TSR’s Dungeon Geomorphs and Monster and Treasure Assortments.
But Palace was just one of two adventures that reached print in June of 1976.
While still in college, Jennell Jaquays, writing as Paul, started The Dungeoneer fanzine. For the first issue, Jaquays wrote F’Chelrak’s Tomb. The pioneering adventure and its successors proved memorable. Looking back at The Dungeoneer, Jaquays said, “It’s the adventures that stand out, and not simply because no one else was doing mini-adventures in 1976. When I read comments about the magazine or talk to fans (old and new), no one talks about the monsters, or the art, or the magic items and rules variants. It’s always the adventures.”
If you want to enjoy an adventure in the spirit of ’76, explore F’Chelrak’s Tomb. The tomb fits the early game’s style: It capriciously slays characters and drops magic like candy from a parade, but it also packs enough ideas to fill a game session with wild fun.
Jaquays published 6 issues of Dungeoneer, sold the fanzine, and then started work at Judges Guild. There she penned early, classic adventures like Dark Tower and the Caverns of Thracia.
About the tomb
As soon as dungeon masters turned from megadungeons to smaller sites, they started devising tombs. F’Chelrak’s Tomb boasts plenty of save-or-die moments, but it lacks the menace of its contemporary from Origins 1975, Tomb of Horrors.
Instead, F’Chelrak’s Tomb offers the chaotic whimsy of a Deck of Many Things. One room features a gallery of objects shrouded by sheets. When revealed, each object has some crazy effect. A sculpture of the Medusa might change the revealer to stone. A statue of a gorgeous woman could change the revealer’s gender or come to life and become a lover or slave. A great stone face might polymorph the revealer into a monster, grant a point of constitution, or split a character into good and evil versions. A statue of Death disintegrates the revealer. “No resurrection is possible!” One sheet covers an artifact: a shield that doubles as a mirror of life trapping. When the owner traps too many lives, the mirror makes room by freeing Morac, a 9th-level chaotic evil lord. I suppose he wants his shield back. (I didn’t know chaotic evil was an alignment in 1976).
If left on the floor, the sheets can animate and attack because, obviously.
The adventure rests on more than the gallery. A new monster merges the Human Torch with kobolds. Some vertical architecture calls for cross-section diagrams. Traps, tricks and interesting curios litter the place.
Like the Tomb of Horrors, F’Chelrak’s Tomb comes from a time when players aimed to beat dungeons and they kept score in gold. In this spirit, the dungeon can win by stumping players with the puzzle in the first room, by hiding key paths behind secret doors, or by tricking players into leaving after they loot a false crypt. (Today, trying to trick players into dropping out of an adventure seems unthinkable.)
The early presentation
When Jaquays punched F’Chelrak’s Tomb out on a typewriter, no one had presented such a dense and intricate dungeon. To understand the tomb, I needed to unscramble the descriptions.
The entire adventure spans just four pages, including a page of maps. Maps (titled “Charts”) number 1 and 3 use a familiar overhead perspective. Maps 2 and 4 show vertical cross-sections on the same graph paper, making them look like overhead maps too. Cross-section 2 puts the high-point at the top, but 4 puts its high-point on the right. The key for map 3 lists numbered locations, interrupts those numbers with a list of numbered objects, then revisits the same locations with a lettered list of traps and secret locations. This dungeon starts as a puzzle for the DM, but it can be deciphered.
Explaining the tomb to modern standards would take at least 12 pages of text. Jaquays does it in 3 by leaving all the details to the imagination of the DM. What will F’Chelrak or Morac do if they get loose? What are the stats for an attacking sheet? (Hint: Use the rug of smothering.) If an unlucky character get polymorphed in to a monster, what one? DMs must find the most fair or interesting answer to many questions.
F’Chelrak’s Tomb ranks as the first published adventure that remains playable in something like its original form. You can get a PDF copy of the original adventure in The Dungeoneer Compendium at the Judges Guild.
F’Chelrak’s Tomb today
Using original D&D rules, I estimate this adventure would challenge a party of level 4-6.
You could also run this adventure using fifth-edition rules.
If you wanted to run this adventure as a one-shot with the feel of the early game, let the players take a party of 12, 2nd-level characters. In 1976, adventuring parties tended to be large. Many PCs will die, but that only captures the spirit. Although many of the monsters in the tomb pose a grave threat to such low-level PCs, the PCs enjoy overwhelming numbers. Nonetheless, To reduce the chance of total party kill, put only 2 manticores in room 4. Somewhere in the adventure, give survivors a rest to heal and level up. If F’Chelrak finds them, they may need to run. That qualifies as smart play.
If you want better combat encounters and a lower body count, start each player with a 5th-level character. Make the following changes:
- Replace the 10 gremlins with magmin. The gremlins penalize melee attacks by melting weapons, but 5E characters would sweep them away with spells and ranged attacks.
- When the players take Morac’s shield, release 6 specters rather than just 1.
- In the flooded tomb, put 3 ghouls rather than inventing a water gargoyle. Keep them hidden in the dark water so that only water-breathing PCs can easily confront them.
- Make F’Chelrak a level-9 magic user based on the mage stats. If he possesses one of the PCs, he will study the rest of the party before attempting to reclaim his treasure from the party. | <urn:uuid:9fbaee75-9765-46cc-a361-ed8485f05e46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dmdavid.com/tag/fchelraks-tomb-the-earliest-dd-adventure-that-remains-playable/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.926222 | 1,530 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Thousands of Brits have taken time off work throughout 2018 due to work-related stress, depression and anxiety
With Christmas just around the corner, the festive spirit has made Brits more relaxed, apart from a slight concern for their bank accounts, the usual issues and worries are on standby. However, recent figures from the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) show that almost 600,000 workers are suffering from work-related stress, depression or anxiety in 2018. Simultaneously, 15.4 million working days were lost due to work-related stress this year.
With this year coming to an end, the online marketing specialists at Reboot Digital Marketing Agency have decided to investigate what are the most common reasons why Brits felt stress at work this year and the ways in which they’ve decided to deal with it.
A survey asking 1,274 Brits about the most common work stressors they had in 2018 have revealed the following:
The top work stressor Brits had in 2018 was an excessive workload, with 84% saying this was the biggest cause of worry for them this year. Unrealistic expectations came second at 79%, as employees feel overwhelmed by the need to constantly impress their superiors. 76% of Brits taking part in the survey have been bothered by a co-worker’s lack of competence, while 72% struggle to find a work-life balance.
Other stressors that made the list were: lack of progression opportunities (63%), lack of job security (59%) and a negative company culture (42%).
When it comes to the ways in which Brits dealt with stress at work this year, the results show the following:
76% of people taking part in the survey have confessed that they destress by complaining to another person, whether it’s a friend, family or even a co-worker, while 70% admit to taking frequent toilet breaks to get away from their work space. Some Brits have resorted to actively searching for a new job (66%) while others have asked to work from home (44%).
Other ways Brits dealt with work-related stress in 2018 include: seeking help for emotional stress (anxiety/depression), they simply stopped caring (37%) and taking regular baths to destress (12%).
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Must Read >> Workplace wellbeing predictions for 2019 | <urn:uuid:cdc4eeb4-30af-430b-896e-c97b35482ca9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/top-reasons-for-work-related-stress-in-2018/55723/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.972427 | 484 | 1.5 | 2 |
A major national survey of hospitality workers has revealed how COVID-19 ripped wide open the rotten foundations on which the hospitality industry is built, with the hospitality union vowing to use the Federal Government’s IR Working Group process to fight extreme levels of casualisation.
Hospo Voice, the United Workers Union’s digital union for hospitality workers, has released data today from its nationwide #RebuildHospo Survey with 1158 hospitality workers*. The data shows insecure employment, combined with endemic wage theft, acted as a force-multiplier when the industry collapsed on 23 March 2020.
United Workers Union National President Jo-anne Schofield, who sits on Christian Porter’s IR Working Group on casualisation, says it was a “national disgrace” 78 per cent of hospitality workers are casual, the highest rate for any group of workers (ABS 2019 Data**).
The survey shows workers experienced extreme levels of financial distress when the pandemic forced the industry into shutdown overnight. Hospo Voice says these impacts on workers are directly linked to casualisation:
- 35% had to borrow money from friends or family
- 32% had to access their super
- 30% had to ask for rent reduction or deferral
- 20% had to go without essentials
- 12% had to go to a charity or foodbank
- 10% had move out of their house
- 7% suffered a relationship breakdown
The survey also found that when the pandemic struck 47.5 per cent of hospitality workers had less than a month’s savings in the bank to cover rent, food and bills.
A key contributor to the low pay and consequential low savings of hospitality workers is wage theft, with 82 per cent of those surveyed having been affected by wage theft. Workers reported the following examples:
- 51% were not paid penalty rates
- 45% were paid below the award minimum
- 38% were paid cash in hand and therefore missed out on other entitlements
- 37% have unpaid super
- 35% paid on salary but not paid for the overtime worked
- 31% were not given the tips they received from customers
Over the last three years Hospo Voice helped lift the lid on major wage theft scandals including those with celebrity chefs Shannon Bennett, George Calombaris and Neil Perry. The union warmly welcomed Victoria’s new wage theft laws and vowed to campaign for similar laws from coast to coast.
Comments attributable to Jo-anne Schofield, National President United Workers Union:
“Insecure work is the elephant in the room in the hospitality sector – it supercharges this industry’s other biggest issues, like wage theft and sexual harassment.
“When you’ve got no job security, who’s going to speak up about being ripped off, or a safe respectful workplace?
“And of course when something like COVID-19 strikes, if you’re casual it means you can be plunged into poverty overnight – which is exactly what happened for countless workers.
“COVID-19 has torn wide open the rotten foundations on which this industry is built. Now, as the hospitality industry reopens, this is one of the top issues our members want to address. It’s time to rebuild the hospitality industry to be better and fairer.
“Without hundreds of thousands of hospitality workers being stood aside, we would not have been able to cope with the public health crisis. It’s time to repay our debt to these workers so they can avoid further hardship.
“Hospo workers deserve jobs they can count on, and our members are going to fight like hell to make sure the Federal Government tackles this issue head on.”
Comments attributable to Claudia Levi, Queensland-based cafe worker and Hospo Voice member:
“The cafe I worked for had been underpaying me over two and a half years. I missed out on weekend and public holiday rates and I was paid below the legal hourly minimum. I worked out they owed me at least $18,000.
“That wage theft meant that when Covid hit I didn’t have that money to fall back on. You start to realise how much you are owed and how much you missed out on and how hospitality employers have been taking advantage of their staff.
“Covid really opened my eyes to just how insecure all our jobs are in hospitality. With casual employment you have to stay silent about wage theft and about abuse and sexual harassment or you will have no job.
“We need more permanent jobs in the industry, so we have more security and real rights we can enforce.”
*Hospo Voice’s #RebuildHospo Survey was conducted online with 1158 hospitality workers across Australia in early June, 2020.
**2019 ABS figures show 77.9% of ‘hospitality workers’ are casuals. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Previousproducts/B01ACCD5C5C23B22CA2575DF002DA5AA?opendocument
Media Contact: 1300 898 633, [email protected] | <urn:uuid:55afff99-2d88-4d3f-93dc-a934450739a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://unitedworkers.org.au/media-release/national-survey-shows-devastation-for-hospitality-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.959107 | 1,079 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer Protection District Protecting Our Priceless Water Supply
This story was written by the Our Gem Collaborative team for the CDA Press on Sunday, April 4, 2021. Read the original article.
The Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie (SVRP) aquifer covers about 370 square miles in northern Idaho and eastern Washington. It is composed of ice age flood deposited gravels, cobbles, and boulders and is filled with water. The SVRP aquifer is considered unconfined, meaning it has no protective layer of clay or rock above it to keep out pollutants that are spilled on the ground surface. In fact, our geology is so porous that Hauser and Rathdrum Creeks flow only a short distance before soaking into the aquifer.
The aquifer water is not stagnant however, an elevation change of nearly 600 feet from the northern Rathdrum Prairie to Lake Spokane keeps aquifer water flowing underground south and west to Coeur d’Alene, Post Falls, and into Washington. Because of the permeable nature of the aquifer, groundwater flow velocities can reach approximately 50 feet per day. Along this route, there are multiple large interchanges of water with the Spokane River. Since Spokane River water comes directly from Coeur d’ Alene Lake, protecting Lake water quality also protects the quality of the vast reservoir of drinking water in our aquifer.
The Kootenai County Aquifer Protection District (APD) Budget and Policy Board was approved by voters and established by the Board of County Commissioners in 2007 for the protection of the groundwater quality in the Rathdrum Prairie aquifer. The APD Board is singularly concerned with protecting the aquifer from contamination and depletion. They determine how funding should be spent, they encourage cooperative efforts among relevant agencies, and they develop an annual budget and funding requests for the District. There can be up to 11 Board members, nine of which must meet specific criteria. Current APD Board membership can be found at kcgov.us/336/Aquifer-Protection-Board.
Funding for the District comes from a fee for every “parcel” of land in Kootenai County that is within the aquifer boundary. By statute, the fee can range from $5.50 to $12.50 per parcel, per year, and is collected with property taxes. The APD parcel fee has never been more than $8.
Aquifer Protection District funding is typically used for:
- Department of Environmental Quality well testing throughout Kootenai County’s aquifer boundaries. This process monitors water quality trends and checks for deterioration in aquifer quality.
- Panhandle Health District for their Critical Materials Program that monitors businesses that handle or store large volumes of hazardous liquids that could leak into our aquifer. Panhandle Health District staff do an excellent job educating and assisting those businesses in meeting requirements.
- The Confluence Project, a yearlong high school science project focused on critical thinking skills and hands-on expert guided study of groundwater, snowpack and surface water. Student research is highlighted each spring at the Youth Water Summit that attracts about 500 student presenters.
- The Spokane River Forum, a bistate annual scientific conference bringing together agencies and organizations devoted to maintaining water quality and quantity in the Spokane River. The forum enables broad sharing of research results and cooperative efforts to preserve and enhance water quality.
- Production of the Aquifer Atlas to educate the entire region about the formation, history, function and vulnerability of this incredible water supply. The Atlas is available at your local library, in schools, at Department of Environmental Quality and Panhandle Health District offices and your local Chamber of Commerce. The Atlas is updated every few years with the next edition slated for 2021. | <urn:uuid:af34479a-1263-401f-9de6-f0da1feee728> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.uidaho.edu/cda/cwrc/our-gem/articles/svrp-aquifer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.929656 | 785 | 2.59375 | 3 |
About 50 people gathered at the Halifax Central Library Saturday afternoon to take part in hijab day, an event that invites people to try on the hijab to foster understanding between cultures.
“We realized a lot of people don’t know what the hijab is, the idea behind it,” said Maram Saidi, one of the event’s organizers.
“We figured it’s good to bring the community together to acknowledge differences and to bring us together to remember that we’re all human and we’re all the same.”
The event featured a panel discussion and an information booth. Two members of the Halifax Regional Police were there to provide security.
Saidi said she was surprised at the large crowd and hopes it helps get rid of the common misperception that women wearing the headscarf are oppressed.
“We have normal lives. We go to work, school, we hang out with friends,” she said. “We do this as submission to God, we do this for God, not anyone else.”
Saidi said she’s never been targeted for wearing the hijab but many of her friends have experienced racist comments in the city.
In an interview with Information Morning, she said since the attacks in Paris, it has been more difficult to wear the hijab and she’s even considered self defence classes, just in case.
“I am a little bit worried but I do have a lot of hope in Halifax,” she said. “I was born and raised here. I feel like this is my home and everyone here is part of my community.” | <urn:uuid:313ddeff-5b36-4c14-9ae0-c73110a686a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://themuslimtimes.info/2015/11/22/hijab-day-in-halifax-canada/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.974928 | 344 | 2.15625 | 2 |
The Smoke Free Partnership is a large European coalition of NGOs that works on EU policy analysis and advocacy, mobilising decision makers to make tobacco control a political priority.
Brussels, 30 June 2022 - Smoke Free Partnership (SFP) welcomes the European Commission’s Delegated Directive that will prohibit flavours in heated tobacco products (HTPs) and will impose mandatory labeling requirements, as for cigarettes, for HTPs in accordance with Art. 11 of the EU Tobacco Products Directive 2014.
The full statement is available below.
Here is the first SFP newsletter of 2022! Here you will find highlights of the last months, as well as key materials and events.
In February 2022, the advertising agency Mediatransports twice refused to allow the French public health group, ACT-Alliance contre le tabac to advertise in the Parisian subway and railway stations. The blocked advertisements are from ACT’s latest campaign “Change their future” which denounces the tobacco industry’s exploitation of young people.
Health is the first victim of Tobacco products. Nonetheless, tobacco products influence much more than one's health. As you will see in this document made by the World Health Organisation, tobacco's influence can be witnessed in world poverty, gender inequality, or even inequality between and in countries.
Discover SFP's work throughout 2020 in our latest Annual Report.
SFP is joining its voice to 11 organisations to support the report developed by the European Parliament’s Special Committee on Beating Cancer (BECA); and call on Members of the European Parliament to adopt the report during the plenary vote of February with no weakening of its recommendations on cancer prevention. | <urn:uuid:c8f08d46-265a-455b-9c3c-79e94caca817> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smokefreepartnership.eu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.943206 | 342 | 1.679688 | 2 |
EMERGENCY SCHOOL CLOSING
If schools are closed for emergency situations, the closing will be announced on local radio WEOL 233.5261 or WOBL 988.4886 as well as local television stations. It will also be posted on the Lorain City Schools website and communicated via text and robocall.
EMERGENCY DRILLS AND PRACTICES
As part of Lorain City Schools’ commitment to the safety of all children, students in the preschool program will participate in all drills and practices including fire drills, tornado drills, lockdowns and evacuations. If you have any questions regarding these procedures, please contact your child’s school. | <urn:uuid:40599485-f0a7-41a2-aac6-ae212e7f678d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lorainschools.org/Safety1.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.939306 | 140 | 1.625 | 2 |
Agenda 2030 is a commitment by all countries to achieve sustainable development by 2030 for all, ensuring that no one is left behind, including marginalised communities like LGBT and sex workers. However, the stark reality is that, even in normal times, these vulnerable communities in Asia and the Pacific, often suffer a host of inequities and discriminatory laws. Grappling with stigma and discrimination, they often constitute the populations-on-blindspot when it comes to accessing health services (including sexual and reproductive health services), livelihood, social security and societal acceptance. COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated their situation and driven them to the wall, not just in terms of their physical vulnerability to the disease but also in terms of the above factors.
"Many of us from the LGBT community are experiencing the impact of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) on our lives. Recently, I went for my three-monthly HIV and STIs (sexually transmitted infections) tests at the local clinic and found that the STI test was not available as all the nurses were deployed for COVID-19 work. This is just one of the many examples where basic sexual health services for people are not available. Also livelihood has been impacted in a big way. Many trans-women have no connection with their families. So they do not have any safety net and many of them who do busking and/or sex work, are not able to earn..."
These are some of the concerns shared by Professor (Dr) Dédé Oetomo, Adjunct Lecturer at the Faculty of Business and Economics, Universitas Surabaya, Indonesia. He is a noted scholar, educator and a longstanding activist in research, education and advocacy in the fields of language and society, HIV/AIDS and sexuality, mainly at GAYA NUSANTARA Foundation, APCOM and the Coalition for Sexual and Bodily Rights in Muslim Societies (CSBR). He was the keynote speaker at the sixth #APCRSHR10 Dialogues, co-hosted by the 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Reproductive and Sexual Health and Rights (APCRSHR10) and CNS.
Mental health and well being
In these times, mental health and wellbeing of the gay men has taken a beating, feels Roy Wadia, Regional Communication Adviser at UNFPA Asia Pacific Regional Office (who spoke in his individual capacity). As many of them are ostracised by their families, they depend upon each other for social support. But in the present lockdown times, as they stay indoors and maintain social distancing, this support system which was there in the community in form of safe spaces - like drop in centres - is no longer available to them. This has resulted in a deeper sense of isolation.
Then again, though staying with family might be a good option for many of us in times of such crises, the family may not be a very safe space for those who have been denounced by their own kin due to their nature of work or distinct sexual orientations and gender identities. Sonal Mehta, Regional Director at International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) South Asia, voiced her genuine concerns for the safety of lesbians who are at increased risk of getting abused, exploited and violated by their own family members in such a situation.
Livelihood and social security
For Prof Dede the most important issue is that of livelihood. Young gay men, other men who have sex with men, and trans-women sex workers have been driven out of work due to COVID-19. Also, many LGBT members are employed in small and medium enterprises in the informal sector, most of which are shut right now due to the lockdown. But whether they will be able to re-open at all in future (due to huge economic losses incurred), once the lockdown is lifted, remains to be seen.
Prof Dede shares the example of a group of trans-women in Jakarta who have offered their services to a hospital to sew masks. It is of help to the hospital and it also means some temporary employment for these women. Some gay men have volunteered their services to local hospitals. In return they at least get 3 meals a day. Similar small efforts are happening in other countries too to keep the home hearth burning.
The situation of sex workers is no better. Dr Smarajit Jana, the driving force behind Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee (DMSC) - the largest sex workers' collective in West Bengal state of India - shared the plight of sex workers who are presently facing great hardships. Most of them are still in the red light districts as they could not move because the lockdown declaration was too sudden. So they have to live there without any earnings. "But as we requested all sex workers not to entertain clients even if someone comes (to avoid COVID-19 infection), we have the moral responsibility to at least ensure that they have enough to eat as long as they are unable to earn their living. We are somehow managing (through donations of well wishers) to provide food items to around 17000 of them. But we are not sure for how long we will be able to sustain our efforts. Even frequent hand washing is not feasible in some areas as water is in short supply and hand sanitisers are too expensive", he said.
The Asia and the Pacific SDG Progress Report 2020 shows that, as it is, the region is already lagging behind in all the 169 targets of the 17 sustainable development goals, including those around ensuring universal access to sexual and reproductive health services.
In the words of Prof Dede, "The majority of LGBT people are still not able to access sexual health services in a rights-based manner. During the past 4-5 years, things have actually regressed in terms of attitudes towards gay men, other men who have sex with men and trans-women, especially in Muslim majority countries, like Indonesia and Malaysia. There is a fear psychosis coupled with lack of knowledge around HIV, STIs and other sexual health matters, and they do not learn about them until they have already had the disease. Sometimes they do get medication but sometimes it is too late. Although healthcare workers are trained to not discriminate against LGBT community, and services for HIV and STIs are available, stigma is still there. This makes many community members reluctant to turn up to a clinic. The problem is more acute for lesbians and trans-men for whom even getting a PAP smear test becomes a daunting task."
Need for progressive laws
The region abounds in discriminatory laws and policies for LGBT communities. Barring a few sparks - like decriminalisation of consensual sex between same sex adults by repeal of Section 377 in India, India's Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, Marriage Equality Act in Taiwan guaranteeing constitutional right to same-sex couples to marry, Registered Life Partnership Act in Thailand - nothing much has changed during the past few years.
Singapore Supreme Court recently refused to change the Section 377A of the Penal Code that criminalises sex between consenting adult men. In Indonesia verbal attacks, attempted legal harassments and conservative laws are a reality for LGBT groups. A rise in right-wing governments is also pushing the sexual and reproductive health agenda backwards in some countries.
However the backlash at government level has helped the LGBT communities gain allies at the societal level. More and more human rights lawyers, media professionals, progressive young clerics, (and a few non-conservative politicians too) are now advocating for LGBT rights. Social media is abuzz with discourses on the rights of sexual minorities, as well as the rights of minority religious sects and minority ethnic groups. All this is resulting in positive changes at local society level - though not at national government level - in some countries, like the Philippines. In Prof Dede's opinion, societies are easier to manage, but politicians are not.
The COVID-19 pandemic is not just affecting the LGBT communities but is impacting the whole world. But, as Prof Dede points out, crises tend to make us think about opportunities. Perhaps this pandemic has given us a chance to strategize in a more focused way to put all marginalised communities, including LGBTs, at equal level with other members of society in all our development efforts. Unless we really address the needs of the most vulnerable, we will not be able to progress collectively as a human race.
(Shobha Shukla is the Managing Editor of CNS (Citizen News Service) and writes extensively on gender and health justice related issues. She is also the Coordinator of APCAT Media (Asia Pacific regional media network to end TB & tobacco and prevent NCDs). Follow her on Twitter @shobha1shukla or visit www.citizen-news.org) | <urn:uuid:717f9a7d-e1c8-4e84-af79-cd76675c5ece> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/opinion-details/3577 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.968969 | 1,794 | 2.75 | 3 |
Crabs are aquatic crustaceans that can be found in any of the Earth's oceans as well as in fresh water, and sometimes on land. These decapods are recognizable by their thick exoskeleton and large front claws. Crabs vary in size from only a few millimeters in width to over 12 feet, with the world's smallest crabs measuring less than an inch across their carapace.
The pea crab (Pinnothera faba) is the smallest crab in the world. Female pea crabs measure half an inch across at their largest, and male pea crabs are significantly smaller at less than a third of an inch wide. This small size, and a circular exoskeleton, earn the pea crab her common name. Pea crabs are parasitic, and spend their lives infesting mollusks, using oysters, mussels and clams to provide safety, oxygen and food. These tiny crustaceans do not feed on the mollusks themselves, but eat zooplankton and food elements the bivalves ingest.
Coral Gall Crab
The tiny coral gall crab (Hapalocarcinus marsupialis) grows to only half an inch across her carapace; this size allows the female coral gall crab to slip into small depressions in live coral reefs. The coral grows around the gall crab, trapping her inside. Water and nutrients flow into the gall, and the coral provides security from predators. The female gall crab is an obligate symbiont, meaning that in order to survive she must successfully locate a coral pit and form a gall.
The flattop crab (Petrolisthes eriomerus) stands in line with the world's smallest crabs at half an inch across his shell. A bottom filter feeder, this crab is commonly found along the shores and coastal waters of the eastern Pacific ocean, venturing as far as 300 feet below the surface to feed on the ocean floor. Ranging from California to Alaska, the flattop crab prefers strong currents and plenty of places to hide; rocks and kelp beds provide the most common nesting grounds.
Marsh Fiddler Crab
The northwestern shores of the Atlantic Ocean are home to the marsh fiddler crab (Uca pugnax), the most common species of fiddler crab in the world. This minuscule crustacean ranges from half an inch to just under 1 inch across, and can be found on beaches from Florida to Cape Cod. Fiddler crabs are easily distinguished by their single large claw, or chelea. Either one of the male fiddler crab's chelea will grow until it is half the crab's body weight.
- Walking Sideways: The Remarkable World of Crabs; Judith S. Weis
- Evergreen College: The Pea Crab
- New Records of Gall Crabs from Orchid Island, Taiwan, Northwestern Pacific; Tsui-Ping Wei, Jiang Shiou Hwang, Lee-Shing Fang [PDF]
- University of Michigan Museum of Zoology: Marsh Fiddler Crab
- Natural History of The Pea Crab in Wellington Harbour, New Zealand; J. B. Jones [PDF]
- Causes and Consequences of Thermal Tolerance Limits in Rocky Intertidal Porcelain Crabs, Genus Petrolisthes; Jonathon H. Stillman | <urn:uuid:a9e9d53e-ff8b-4554-8a33-54aeaa8aefa2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://animals.mom.com/worlds-smallest-types-crabs-4950.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.913258 | 718 | 3.796875 | 4 |
Hidden messages that promote products in films once caused a moral panic. But is the much-feared technique really effective? The BBC's Phil Tinline helped devise an experiment to find out.
On 12 September, 1957, at a studio in New York, a market researcher in the Mad Men mould called a press conference.
James Vicary astonished the assembled reporters by announcing that he'd repeatedly flashed the slogans "Drink Coca-Cola" and "Eat popcorn" throughout a movie, too fast for conscious perception. As a result, he claimed, sales of popcorn had risen 18.1% - and Coke by 57.7%. This, he declared, was "subliminal advertising".
Vicary thought his fellow Americans would cheer this prospect - annoying cinema and TV ads could now be replaced with his imperceptible flashes. But on both sides of the Atlantic, his announcement sparked fear and outrage. "Welcome," cried one American magazine, "to 1984."
His story took a more serious blow when the manager of the cinema involved told Motion Picture Daily that the experiment had had no impact. In 1962, Vicary finally confessed that he hadn't done enough research to go public and that he regretted the whole thing.
But a nagging anxiety about the supposed power of subliminal advertising has never gone away. Ever since the 1957 panic, it has been banned in the UK. So is all this anything more than a hangover from sci-fi-style Cold War worries about mass brainwashing?
Psychologists have long agreed that flashing words too quickly for the conscious mind to register can have some limited effects in the lab.
And at the University of Utrecht in 2006, a team of experimental social psychologists, Johan Karremans, Jasper Claus and Wolfgang Stroebe, did manage to make subliminal advertising itself work - in strict laboratory conditions, provided a series of limiting factors are in place.
Their work suggested that subliminal advertising was only effective with products that people knew of and somewhat liked. The flashes made the brand name more '"cognitively accessible", their theory went, so it wouldn't work with very high-profile brands - you couldn't make a brand like Coca-Cola much more familiar to people than it already is.
They replicated their results, and published their findings in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
But the crucial question, raised by Vicary's dubious claims, and never finally settled, is this - can you take all this out of the lab, beyond its strict controls, and reproduce it in the messiness of real life, on a mass scale?
No-one, apparently, has attempted this since the 1950s. So, as part of a BBC Radio 4 documentary, we decided to carry out a public test.
Working under the guidance of Stroebe, I devised an experiment in which 98 participants volunteered to take part. Stroebe and his colleagues' research suggested that if you knew subliminal advertising is at work, it was ineffective, so it was only afterwards that what was being tested was revealed.
Also, the Dutch research indicated that advertising a specific drink brand with subliminal flashes was only effective if the audience actually wanted a drink. So it had to be a brand that was perceived as thirst-quenching.
So a pre-test survey was conducted to find a drink brand that might work. As with Stroebe's pre-test, the responses suggested that Lipton Iced Tea fitted the bill.
When the volunteers arrived, they were given crisps in an attempt to make them thirsty. They were sat in a theatre and divided into two groups, half with red blindfolds and half with black.
They were shown the same three-minute clip from the BBC/Kudos drama Spooks twice, but each time one group wore the blindfolds. The clip watched by the group with red blindfolds contained a 10-millisecond flash, every five seconds, of the word "Lipton", using a technique developed by BBC Research and Development
The participants, members of the audience of Radio 4's science show The Infinite Monkey Cage, were then offered a choice of two drinks - Lipton Iced Tea or a brand of mineral water - and asked to complete a questionnaire.
Strikingly, there was no significant effect.
For all participants, a few more people in the test group picked Lipton, but not enough to be statistically significant. When we removed those likely to have been immune to the subliminals - ie those who would have picked Lipton anyway, and those who dislike it and would never pick it, slightly more people in the control group picked Lipton, but this difference was not significant either.
- The test group watched a clip which included subliminal flashes of the word Lipton
- The control group watched a clip without any flashes
- The participants were then asked whether they wanted to drink Lipton iced tea or mineral water
- Test group (all participants): 46% chose Lipton, 54% water
- Control group (all participants) 37% Lipton, 63% water
- Results refined to exclude those who would definitely have chosen Lipton, or who would definitely not have chosen it
- Test group (refined) 53% Lipton, 47% water
- Control group (refined) 61% Lipton, 39% water
- Experts agreed the differences were not statistically significant
Given that we know this does work in the lab, there are many possible reasons why there wasn't a significant result in the public version.
Despite the crisps, a substantial number of the participants said they weren't thirsty. Maybe people didn't see enough of the flashes. Maybe the clip was too short, or not positive enough. Maybe a brief shot of someone drinking water had a counter-influence. Maybe it would have worked better with another brand. And maybe a larger sample was needed than was possible in the situation.
Or perhaps it was the subliminals themselves. Even if everything else is in place, getting the timing of the flashes right is very tricky.
If they are too fast, they are not even subconsciously perceptible. If they are too slow, some people would notice them - which would be disastrous for any advertiser trying this for real.
The experiment also suggested that stringing subliminals across an entire movie would be very laborious. The clip from Spooks was picked because it is full of fast cuts and moving camerawork. This, Stroebe advised, would help mask the subliminals, making them less consciously detectable.
But over the course of a whole film, the speed and transparency of the subliminals would probably have to be varied widely to make sure the audience didn't spot them. The most viable strategy would be to insert them only in the last few minutes before the end.
So this experiment did not finally disprove the notion that subliminal advertising could theoretically work in public.
But what it did demonstrate is that, while the fear of subliminal advertising may be based on a kernel of scientific truth, in practice this would be a devilishly tricky thing to pull off.
If, after months of preparation, with willing volunteers, with the distribution of crisps to induce thirst, we still couldn't achieve a result, the chances of achieving anything on a mass scale don't appear very attractive.
Furthermore, even if the subliminals had influenced choice immediately after the film, it is very doubtful that there would be a lasting effect on their drink purchases after they left the cinema.
And balance the low chance of success against the catastrophic PR (and legal) risk of getting caught doing this, and you'd have to be a true Mad Man to try it.
More from the Magazine
- What is it that really offends people about advertising? (July 2012)
- Ads from America's real-life Mad Men (July 2012)
- Where is the world's best billboard site? (November 2014)
Can You Spot the Hidden Message?was broadcast on 19 January on BBC Radio 4 at 16:00 GMT - listen to the programme on BBC iPlayer
Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox. | <urn:uuid:4cc7fcde-bccf-40cb-bbdc-e11e53c582cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30878843 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.9743 | 1,702 | 2.1875 | 2 |
April 9, 2021
UCalgary research team tackles patient safety and experience
Patient safety is a critical component of a quality health-care system and is often measured by the occurrence of adverse events such as hospital falls, IV-site infections, and accidental punctures during surgery. Capturing these adverse events is crucial to understanding the safety of health care and ultimately improving it.
A World Health Organization advisory group identified 153 adverse events that may be used as potential patient safety indicators (PSIs). But measuring these PSIs isn’t easy. All it takes is a misspelled word or a wrong code for the PSIs to be missed when analyzing the data. That’s why PSIs are largely under-reported in hospital data and health surveillance systems.
Goal: Improve collection of accurate data
But an international team based at the Cumming School of Medicine (CSM), led by Dr. Yuan Xu, MD, PhD, is tackling the problem head-on.
“Our goal is to better count adverse events in health data so we can potentially identify them earlier, even while individuals are still in the hospital,” he says. “Our goal is to improve patient safety and experience.”
The team recently received a $1.2-million Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) project grant for a four-year project that will pair computer algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with patient data from electronic medical records (EMR) in Alberta, to capture the true numbers.
The team’s first step is developing the EMR-based algorithms. Step two is using AI to automate the detection of the adverse events. Finally, the team will assess their work using clinical expert reviews conducted on a dataset of 10,000 EMR charts from Calgary to ensure their findings translate to the clinic.
Best possible experience for patients
Following completion, the project should allow improved monitoring of adverse events and patient safety surveillance, giving decision-makers the information they need to improve health-care systems.
Dr. Cathy Eastwood, PhD, a co-principal investigator of the study and a former front-line nurse, is glad to be part of the project.
“Medical professionals all seek to help patients, but sometimes harm can occur,” she says. “This project will allow us to accurately identify and count the number of adverse events in electronic medical record data for the safest care possible for patients.”
Dr. Yuan Xu, MD, PhD, is an assistant professor in the departments of Oncology, Community Health Sciences and Surgery and a member of the CSM’s O’Brien Institute of Public Health.
Dr. Cathy Eastwood, PhD, is an adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Community Health Sciences and operations manager at the Centre for Health Informatics at the CSM. She is also a member of the Libin Cardiovascular Institute. | <urn:uuid:07ec2f96-1e6b-4aa9-9b3f-2a4d938742c7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://werklund.ucalgary.ca/news/ucalgary-research-team-tackles-patient-safety-and-experience | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.940574 | 600 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The use of the sun as a source of energy for heat, lighting as well as drying of clothes over the years have proven reliable. Solar power technology is not a recent innovation. It dates back to the 1800s when solar panels sole goal was to heat water and produce steam to run heavy machinery.
In the last 200 years, energy preferences have gradually changed. People took it upon themselves to find out how the sunlight harvesting and transformation process into electricity occurs. It is exciting how solar energy has made it this far.
Yet, this journey didn’t happen overnight. It took great a set of minds and a good number of years for you to sit and enjoy this mobile and state of the art technology. Alexander Edmond was the man behind solar energy. He ascribed that shining beams of light on a piece of an electrode immersed in a solution that is conductive results to the creation of an electric current.
The solar systems present today, sold by Aztech Solar, boast of being the most advanced. Or even better, with the recent manufacturing of solar batteries, this technology allows you to comfortably handle your electrical operations independent from traditional forms of energy. Technological advancements of the solar industry in Australia had a set of challenges as well. In the mid-twentieth century, there was exponential expansion and improvement of the motor vehicle industry. These motor vehicles needed fuel thus major investment in the production of petroleum and coal. This boost in the petroleum and coal industry put a damper on green and clean energy that we get from solar power.
How Solar Panels work
Light processing compounds from particular metals bring about the emission of electron cathodes on the surface of the material. Light arresting compounds cause the materials to receive electrons. A calculated combination of both compounds causes electron configuration by easy flow through a conductor. It is through this process that electricity is produced.
This a summary of the common photovoltaic (PV) effect which means the conversion of sunlight to electricity in the form of protons.
Below is a round-up of the great innovations in their order:
- 1839 – Edmund Becquerel, a physicist from French discovered the photovoltaic effect. This concept tried to explain the process through which generating of electricity uses sunlight.
- 1873 – An prolific English engineer, Willoughby Smith realised that photoconductivity was possible when selenium was in its solid-state. It led to a discovery by a Natural Philosophy Professor William Grylls together with Adams Richard Evans Day three years later. He discovered that precise illuminating of an intersection between selenium and platinum results to a photovoltaic effect.
- 1878 – Augustin Mouchot shocked the world with the invention of a solar-powered generator which took place at a Universal Exhibition in Paris, France. He achieved this with Thomas Edison’s phonograph.
- 1883 – Unveiling of the first photovoltaic cell. It had a lions’ share of efficiencies but still an American, Charles Fritts who used selenium placed on a thin film of gold.
- 1905 – An innovation based on photoelectric effect technology. With the recognition of seminal paper on the photon theory of life-giving him a win in the Physics Nobel Prize later in 1921.
- 1918 – A crystal silicon invention by Jan Czochraslski that led to the creation of silicon-based cells.
- 1954 – There was an invention of the first photovoltaic cells by Bell Labs who are also responsible for the inventing of mobile phones and later on modems. They received the credit of being the first to manufacture a device that can transform natural sunlight into electrical energy. Their work forms a basis for the solar technology used today.
- 1955-60 – Hoffmann Electronics are responsible for creating a chain of solar cells with increased efficiency. 14% to be precise.
- 1983 – Production and installation of PV grow globally exceeding 21.3MW.
- 1985 – NWS University, photovoltaic engineering headquarters makes headlines with 20% silicon cells efficiency.
- 1992 – German engineers break headlines by launching the largest renewable energy program in the world. Intending to achieve 25 GW at the latest by 2011, Australia makes known a new renewable energy target less than 10 years later.
- 2013 – Construction of a 579 MW all solar power station in California, USA. Besides sitting on a 13 square kilometres, it was home to a whopping 1.7 million solar panels. It was completed in 2015 and was considered the largest solar power station in the world.
- 2015 – Tesla solar pack unveiled to the public. That year alone, more than $US800 million was made.
- 2016 – Both Tesla Powerwall and Tesla Powerpack released in Australia and offered for sale by Aztech Solar.
- 2020 – Sell of REC Alpha Series (375W) by Aztech Solar in Australia.
Future of Solar Power
For history to exist, there is always a future. As per the global trends, there is much potential for technological advancements of solar and power energy.
- Since the 2000s, the photovoltaic solar-based system manufacturing system has brought about a whopping 40% annual growth in Australia.
- European Union estimations infer that solar-based PV energy could project up to 13% increase.
- Thousands of jobs created for both citizens and non-citizens annually correspondence of every 10 MW.
- Last year alone, solar PV energy produced could comfortably supply an entire state with its electricity requirements.
- As compared to other forms of energy like gas and petroleum, solar is 90% environment friendly. This arrived at by because there are no harmful emissions to the environment.
Massive incorporation of solar energy into the current energy fields will ensure user friendly and affordable energy thus reducing electricity importations.
Not only in Australia but also around the world, solar power has rapidly developed over the years. The potential need for using energy from the sun to supply electricity needs is increasing exponentially.
There are several myths associated with the very existence, inventions and consumptions of solar energy. Solar is affordable and environmentally friendly when compared to other forms of energy generation and it is the most preferred means of electricity by Aussies.
Ultimately, solar panels let you generate power near the point of use. Unnecessary movement costs of travelling with the quest of distributing electricity to remote areas are void. If you want to go solar, Aztech Solar is a phone call away. | <urn:uuid:ab02cbfc-b269-478f-885d-714128207d5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aztechsolar.com.au/a-brief-history-of-solar-panels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.945648 | 1,329 | 3.25 | 3 |
Participants show how they feel by drawing a face on a tangerine Source:
Each team member gets a sharpie and a tangerine with a sticky note asking: 'How do you feel? Please give me a face'. After all are done drawing you go around and compare the works of art and emotions. It's a light-hearted way to set the stage.
Draw a speedboat onto a flip chart paper. Give it a strong motor as well as a heavy anchor. Team members silently write on sticky notes what propelled the team forward and what kept it in place. One idea per note. Post the stickies motor and anchor respectively. Read out each one and discuss how you can increase 'motors' and cut 'anchors'.
Variation: Some people add an iceberg in the back of the image. The iceberg represents obstacles they already see coming.
What would make the next iteration a perfect 10 out of 10? Source:
Prepare a flip chart with 2 columns, a slim one for 'Rating' and a wide one for 'Actions'. Everyone rates the last iteration on a scale from 1 to 10. Then they have to suggest what action(s) would make the next iteration a perfect 10.
Gauge participants' satisfaction with the retro on a scale from 1 to 5 in minimum time Source:
ALE 2011, Corinna Baldauf
Put sticky notes on the door with the numbers 1 through 5 on them. 1 is the topmost and best, 5 the lowest and worst.When ending the retrospective, ask your participants to put a sticky to the number they feel reflects the session. The sticky can be empty or have a comment or suggestion on it. | <urn:uuid:aa2de412-1647-4d60-b07f-e3adf89e5f8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://retromat.org/en/?id=114-19-20-125-14 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.916449 | 359 | 1.96875 | 2 |
For the second year in a row, Forbes has named Vladimir Putin the most powerful man in the world, with President Obama coming in second and China’s Xi Jinping at third.
With the ranking, Forbes admits that Putin isn’t necessarily topping the list for positive reasons.
“No one would call Vladimir Putin a good guy. In 2014 he strong-armed his way into possession of Crimea and waged an ugly proxy war in neighboring Ukraine, during which an almost certainly Russian-supplied surface-to-air missile downed a civilian jetliner. But as the undisputed, unpredictable and unaccountable head of an energy-rich, nuclear-tipped state, no one would ever call him weak.”
Forbes insists that the rankings aren’t a “lineup of the most influential or anointing a new establishment. It is an evaluation of hard power.”
Putin was also named The Advocate’s Person of the Year this week, much in the same way that Adolf Hitler was named Time’s Person of the Year in 1938. The “honor” was bestowed upon him because, according to The Advocate, by “driving the governmental, religious, and popular disdain for gays and lesbians, the Russian president became the single greatest threat to LGBTs in the world.”
In mid-September, an annual gay-rights festival in St. Petersburg had to cancel most of its events after bomb threats and “attacks that saw antigay protesters squirt festivalgoers with an unknown gas and green dye.” And LGBT Russians continue to be harassed, attacked, or murdered.
“On September 7, Yekaterina Khomenko, a 29-year-old lesbian who taught tango lessons to same sex couples … was found dead in her car,” reported the Advocate, with “a four inch slash across her throat. Police initially called her death a suicide.” With Putin likely in power until 2024, it doesn’t appear that things are going to get better for the LGBT community any time soon.
Coming on the heels of these “accolades,” Putin is apparently exhibiting some of that “hard power” Forbes values so greatly.
According to the Guardian, Russian troops have now entered east Ukraine.
“A column of 32 tanks, 16 howitzer artillery systems and trucks carrying ammunition and fighters has crossed into eastern Ukraine from Russia, the Kiev military said on Friday,” the Guardian said, noting that violence has continued sporadically since a truce was reached in early September.
“We are aware of the reports of Russian troops and tanks crossing the crossing the border between Ukraine and Russia,” a NATO military officer told Reuters. “If this crossing into Ukraine is confirmed it would be further evidence of Russia’s aggression and direct involvement in destabilising Ukraine.”
Most powerful man in the world, but at what cost? | <urn:uuid:f2097bca-1a02-4f7a-851c-0d19979d431b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://trofire.com/2014/11/07/forbes-names-putin-most-powerful-man-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.964378 | 614 | 1.890625 | 2 |
No one wants to see their loved one have surgery, even a furry loved one. Sometimes surgery is necessary in order to keep your pet healthy. Greenfield Veterinary Clinic serving Greenfield WI is here to calm your fears and make sure your pet gets the very best surgical care possible. Our doctors take each procedure seriously, whether it is a simple spay/neuter or a more complex lifesaving procedure, you can rest assured that your pet is in good hands.
We are equipped to perform many different kinds of pet surgery at our facility serving Greenfield and Milwaukee. Our team will customize a surgical approach for your individual pet to address their specific issues. We understand that each pet is different and each pet surgery will be different too.
Common Surgical Procedures at Our Pet Clinic
A few of our more common surgical procedures include:
Gastropexy- This procedure is used when a dog’s stomach expands due to excessive liquids, gas or organs. During this procedure the stomach is attached to the abdominal wall to relieve the “bloat.”
Tumor removal- When a pet develops a tumor is can be quite troubling to its owners. Because not all tumors need to be removed our vets will examine the tumor to determine if it does or does not need to be removed.
Lacerations- If your pet experiences a deep cut or laceration; they will need immediate vet care. Our team is prepared to administer stitches or surgical repair to get your pet well.
At our pet clinic we perform both traditional surgery as well as laser surgery. Traditional surgery usually entails anesthesia and surgical instruments. These procedures can have a long recovery time as well. Laser surgery is usually much less invasive and recovery time is quicker.
Many pet owners are concerned with the post-surgical care which they will be responsible for following their pet’s procedure. Our team will walk you step by step through follow up care. We are always available to answer questions or concerns you may have post-surgery. Before your pet leaves our facility, we will make sure you have been properly trained on how to care for them after their procedure.
Our team is available for follow up visits if you and your pet should run into any problems.
We are Just a Call away
You can contact us by calling our friendly staff today (414) 282-5230. Come to Greenfield Veterinary Clinic it’s always a pleasure to serve Greenfield WI and Milwaukee. | <urn:uuid:a81557af-d1d4-40fc-a866-51e349cd0e82> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.greenfieldpetvet.com/services/pet-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.952628 | 517 | 1.695313 | 2 |
If you’ve ever visited one of our many impressive hospitals here in Boston, you may have noticed several have an area of the building, which facilitates an aura beyond what we traditionally recognize as “medicine”. Healing gardens have become a popular asset to health care facilities around the country promoting the idea that green spaces can positively affect the outcome of a patient’s condition. Typically located on rooftops of buildings, these areas often nourish lush plant life and flowers, offering visitors a chance to heal the body to relieve physical ailments. These needs can be fostered through the spiritual, social, behavioral and psychological facets of an individual and have been known to be quite successful in boosting the overall positive energy in visitors.
Mass General Hospital Healing Garden - photo via C7A
Interestingly enough, health agents have gone beyond simply setting up pretty gardens to gaze upon and instead have come up with an entirely new division of alternative therapy, which surrounds itself around the importance of growing. As defined by the American Horticulture Therapy Association, “Horticulture Therapy is the engagement of a person in gardening and plant-based activities, facilitated by a trained therapist, to achieve specific therapeutic goals.” This practice may be experienced in a “sensory garden”, an alternative type of plant system that is designed to specifically affect the senses of taste, touch, sound, sight and smell. Often, water features such as small waterfalls or running riverbeds are added amongst plants specifically chosen for their texture and aroma.
Luckily, Boston is loaded with healing gardens that have been of great assistance to hospital patients for some time now. Facilities such as the Dana Farber, Mass General Hospital and the Virginia Thurston Healing Garden in Harvard, Massachusetts are some of the most stunning examples we cherish in our city. | <urn:uuid:ff1faa14-fc12-40c5-bd13-d2be32bb0cd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.exoticflowers.com/blog-0/what-are-healing-gardens | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.954465 | 369 | 2.46875 | 2 |
A native Australian grass that “plays dead” during droughts and selectively culls its own cells to survive could provide genetic keys to help world food crops like chickpea withstand global climate change.
QUT researchers have been studying the native grass, Tripogon loliiformis, because of its amazing ability to survive extreme environmental stresses.
Like other so-called ‘resurrection plants’, the grass has the ability to withstand desiccation (being dried out) for prolonged periods but can be revived by water.
(Resurrection plant being brought back to life after receiving a small amount of water: Link to video)
But scientists have never known how these plants actually do it – or if the existing plant cells really do come alive again from a dormant state, or if its new growth is separate from the old cells.
In a paper published today (December 4, Brisbane time) in PLOS Genetics, QUT scientists Professor Sagadevan Mundree, Dr Brett Williams and their fellow researchers have proved sugar manipulation and the controlled sacrifice of cells are keys to the native grass’s survival.
Previous experiments elsewhere had found that even after losing over 95 per cent of its relative water content, the dead-looking outback Queensland grass was still alive and pre-existing tissues again flourished when provided with water.
They found the grass (when hit by drought stress) accumulate trehalose (a non-reducing sugar found in plants) which it then used to trigger autophagy – a process which allows the orderly degradation and recycling of plant cells.
Professor Mundree said autophagy was primarily a survival mechanism that allowed removal of damaged proteins and recycling of nutrients, however, prolonged stress could result in excessive autophagy and death.
“The resurrection plant controls the levels of autophagy to prevent death upon drying,” Professor Mundree said.
“Our analysis directly linked the accumulation of trehalose with the onset of autophagy in dehydrated and dried out T. loliiformis shoots.
“Presumably, once induced, autophagy promotes desiccation tolerance in the grass, by recycling nutrients and removing cellular toxins to suppress programmed cell death.
“These findings illustrate how resurrection plants manipulate sugar metabolism to promote desiccation tolerance and may provide candidate genes that are potentially useful for the development of stress tolerant crops.”
Dr Williams said the research had implications for global food crops such as chickpea and rice.
“It’s an important step along a genetic path that we hope will lead to scientists being able to develop more robust crop varieties that can withstand the uncertainty of climate change whilst still producing maximum yields,” he said.
“Global climate change, increasingly erratic weather and a burgeoning global population are significant threats to the sustainability of future crop production, but resurrection plants present great potential for the development of stress tolerant crops.”
The research team includes Professor Mundree, Dr Williams, Dr Lalehvash Moghaddam, Isaac Njaci and Hao Long (all from QUT’s Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities), who also collaborated with Distinguished Professor Martin Dickman and Assistant Professor Xiuren Zhang (both from the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University).
The article Trehalose Accumulation Triggers Autophagy During Plant Desiccation can be accessed here: http://ow.ly/Vs5MK
Media contact: Mechelle McMahon, QUT media officer, 07 3138 9449 or firstname.lastname@example.org or Rose Trapnell, 0407 585 901. | <urn:uuid:5680b221-74a6-4cda-ad98-318230a6ff06> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.qut.edu.au/news?news-id=100705 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.912513 | 761 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Table of contents
- Vitamin D Life
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome reduced by weekly 50,000 IU of vitamin D or 8 weeks – April 2020
- Carpal Tunnel syndrome 2.3X more likely if low Vitamin D - Aug 2019
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome relief for 24% getting 600,000 IU injection of Vitamin D
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is associated with both low vitamin D and few receptors– Jan 2018
- Vitamin D levels much lower if CTS - May 2017
- Carpal tunnel syndrome triggered by low vitamin D - March 2016
- Could Vitamin D be Linked to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? MedPageToday
- The evaluation of vitamin D levels in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome - March 2016
- Somewhat better recovery from CT Surgery if take a paltry 1,000 IU of Vitamin D daily - April 2019
- See also web
Vitamin D does relieve pain and inflammation
Might try topical vitamin D (cream, spray, patch or oil) directly on the CTS
See also Vitamin D Life
- Inflammation and Vitamin D several studies
- Muscle inflammation 17X more probable if vitamin D deficient – Feb 2013
- 100 percent of rheumatoid arthritis patients with very low vitamin D had very severe RA – Jan 2013
- Overview Pain and Vitamin D
- 400,000 IU of vitamin D reduced adult pain and improved quality of life – March 2014
Electrophysiological Evaluation of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Female Patients After Vitamin D Replacement
Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020 Apr 9;S0004-282X2020005008201. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20190193.
Hikmet Saçmaci 1, Nermin Tanik 1, Özlem Balbaloğlu 2, Tülin Aktürk 1, Levent Ertuğrul Inan 1
Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life
Note: study appeared to have 4 different dosing: 50,000 IU D weekly, 6,000 IU daily with D2 and D3
They did not separate out the results (probably did not reach statistical significance if looked at separately)
Vitamin D levels achieve was 32 ng - thus about half did not have enough to make a diffeence
Objective: The effects of vitamin D on the central and peripheral nervous system continue to be investigated today. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate pain and electrophysiologic response in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) who have undergone replacement therapy due to vitamin D deficiency.
Methods: Fifty female patients diagnosed with mild and moderate CTS and accompanied by vitamin D deficiency were included in this study. Nerve conduction study (NCS) was performed before and after vitamin D replacement, and the patient's pain was evaluated with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Results: When NCS were compared before and after treatment, there was a statistically significant improvement in the median distal sensory onset latency (DSOL) and sensory conduction velocity (CV) and motor distal latencies (DML) values (p=0.001; p<0.001; p=0.001, respectively). At the same time, there was a decrease in the VAS values in patients (p<0.001). When the two groups were compared there was an improvement in DSOL and sensory CV in both groups, but in DML only in moderate CTS group.
Conclusion: In this study, it was shown that mild and moderate CTS patients had an improvement in pain and electrophysiological parameters after vitamin D replacement. Replacing vitamin D in early stages of CTS may be beneficial.
Vitamin D Deficiency Increases Risk of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Posted on August 30, 2019 by Korea Bizwire in Health & Wellness
SEOUL, Aug. 30 (Korea Bizwire) — A lack of vitamin D could increase the risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, which causes muscle weakness and numbness in the hands, a local study has revealed.
A research team at Seoul National University (SNU) Bundang Hospital analyzed the link between vitamin D and carpal tunnel syndrome among 135 female patients who visited the hospital between 2011 and 2014 and 135 women who visited the hospital for medical checkups.
The results showed that women with low levels of vitamin D were about 2.3 times more likely to develop carpal tunnel syndrome than normal groups.
In addition, the lower the vitamin level, the earlier in age the disease was reported.
In particular, the effects of deficiency were even greater in groups under the age of 50, and the risk of developing carpal tunnel syndrome was found to be about five times higher.
“A lack of vitamin D can cause upward adjustment of the receptor to compensate for the deficiency, which causes the proliferation of intravenous wall cells and connective tissue,” the team explained.
“That’s why the tunnel eventually becomes cramped and affects the incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome,” the team added.
Follow up research has also confirmed that supplementing vitamin D deficiency can help recover from carpal tunnel syndrome surgery, which broadens the wrist tunnel.
After checking vitamin levels prior to surgery, the team corrected the deficiency by treating patients who were deficient for six months.
As a result, the recovered group showed better results in the DASH test which evaluates postoperative results of carpal tunnel syndrome.
“Vitamin D is good for keeping your nerves healthy as well as your bones and muscles, so if it’s hard to supply enough food and sunlight, it’s better to take nutritional supplements,” said Prof. Gong Hyun-sik, a professor at SNU Bundang Hospital who led the research team.
D. M. Park ([email protected])
Role of vitamin- D in carpal tunnel syndrome
Shailesh Gupta1’[email protected], Ravindra Gupta2
Consultant, Gupta Hand Surgery Centre, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 2Assistant Professor, Index Medical College, Indore, Madhya
24% had substantial relief to full relief of CTS (12 out of 50) and deferred CTS surgery
- Duration of symptoms was 1 month to 1 year (avg 6 months)
- Associated medical illness: hypothyroidism in 4 patients & diabetes in 9 patients
- 19 patients had no significant relief but for now they opted for conservative management (inj corticosteroid with night splints in 11 patients & only night splints in 8 patients)
- 8 patients ultimately underwent surgery to get relief from symptoms
In order to evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 we have evaluated around 50 patients in whom vitamin D deficiency was found & were suffering from CTS. They were all given deep intramuscular 6 lakhs unit of vitamin D. Out of this 12 patients had a substantial relief to full relief in whom surgery was deffered. The idea of writing this paper was a further study is warranted to prove its larger role in many compressive neuropathies & metabolic neuropathies if it can lead to clinical improvement in patients can save some of them from surgery
Cliped from PDF
CTS may be classified into three stages:
- Mild: less than 1 year duration with absent weakness & atrophy with normal two point discrimination & EmG & NCV
- Moderate: duration may be less than or more than 1 year. Minimal presence of weakness & atrophy. Possible abnormality in two point discrimination examination. No to mild denervation in EMG test. No to mild decrease in velocity in NCV testing.
- Severe: duration is more than 1 year. Marked presence of weakness & atrophy. Marked abnormality in two point discrimation on examination.
During 1st author’s yearly regular health check-up a deficiency of vitamin D was diagnosed. His level was 7 (normal reference range 30 to 100). So 1st author took an injection of 6 lakh unit of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) deep intramuscular. To author’s surprise the tingling & numbness disappeared suddenly. Till now 1.5 year has been passed & he is still asymptomatic.
Rest is in the PDF
Expression of vitamin D receptor in the subsynovial connective tissue in women with carpal tunnel syndrome.
J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2018 Jan 1:1753193417749158. doi: 10.1177/1753193417749158. [Epub ahead of print]
Kim K1, Gong HS2, Kim J2, Baek GH2.
Measurements were made at the time of Carpal Tunnel Surgery
Studies suggest that low vitamin D levels are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. We aimed to evaluate whether level of vitamin D receptor expression in the endothelial cells of the subsynovial connective tissue is associated with clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome. We obtained the subsynovial connective tissue from 52 women with carpal tunnel syndrome during surgery and performed immunohistochemical analysis of vitamin D receptors in the endothelial cells of the subsynovial connective tissue. We explored correlation of vitamin D receptor expression with clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome, such as age, symptom duration, symptom severity and electrophysiological severity. Diverse range of vitamin D receptor expression was observed. Vitamin D receptor expression was independently associated with distal motor latency.
This suggests that vitamin D receptor expression may be associated with disease progression, as prolonged distal motor latency reflects severity of the disease. Further studies are necessary to explore the role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptors in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.
PMID: 29329504 DOI: 10.1177/1753193417749158
The Effect of Vitamin D Levels on Pain In Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.
Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2017 May 25. pii: S1877-0568(17)30142-1. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2017.05.003. [Epub ahead of print]
Demiryurek BE1, Gundogdu AA2.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and vitamin D deficiency are two discrete common clinical pictures that can cause chronic pain. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of 25 (OH) D deficiency with electrophysiological findings and severity of pain in patients with mild CTS.
The consecutive patients admitted to our laboratory with the symptoms of CTS between May 2016 and August 2016 were enrolled in this study. According to their electrophysiological examination results, only the patients with normal conduction results and ones with mild grade CTS were included. Demographic data, the results of the electrophysiological studies, vitamin D levels (our laboratory normal is > 20 ng / mL), duration of pain and pain intensity due to CTS which was assessed with visual analog scale were collected.
Totally, 76 patients (36 patients with mild CTS and 40 without CTS) were included. In the mild CTS patients, vitamin D levels were significantly lower than those electrophysiologically normal patients (p = 0.003). The relationship between gender, duration of pain and vitamin D levels were evaluated in the normal and mild CTS group. There was no significant relationship between the pain and vitamin D levels in the normal group, while vitamin D level was significantly lower in the mild CTS group (p = 0.730 and p = 0.002; respectively).
Vitamin D deficiency increases the pain intensity in patients with CTS. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency in these patients may play a role in pain relief. Further studies involving analyses of post-Vitamin D replacement therapy are warranted to confirm the association between vitamin D deficiency and pain due to CTS.
PMID: 28552837 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2017.05.003 Publisher wants $36 for the PDF
Revies of study by Vitamin D Council June 2017
Note that CTS pain decreases with increased Vitamin D
Does vitamin D deficiency trigger carpal tunnel syndrome?
J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2016 Mar 31.
Tanik N1, Balbaloğlu Ö2, Ucar M2, Sarp U3, Atalay T4, Çelikbilek A1, Göçmen AY5, Inan LE1.
1Department of Neurology, Bozok University Medical School, Yozgat, Turkey.
2Department of Physical Treatment and Rehabilitation, Bozok University Medical School, Yozgat, Turkey.
3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Yozgat State Hospital, Yozgat, Turkey.
4Department of Neurosurgery, Bozok University Medical School, Yozgat, Turkey.
5Department of Biochemistry, Bozok University Medical School, Yozgat, Turkey.
Vitamin D deficiencies are associated with a variety of chronic diseases. The goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D levels and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS).
This study included 90 patients with mild to moderate CTS and assessed their routine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Additionally, the pain level of each subject was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale and the Douleur Neuropathique 4 Questionnaire (DN4).
The severity levels of CTS were at a 75% mild level in the vitamin D deficiency group and a 47.1% mild level in the vitamin D normal group, with a significant difference between groups (p = 0.008). Correlation analyses revealed positive correlations between body mass index and DN4 scores (r = 0.499, p = 0.025) and between vitamin D levels and CTS severity (r = 0.364, p = 0.004) in the vitamin D deficiency group.
The present findings demonstrated that CTS may be triggered by vitamin D deficiency, and that the severity of CTS was correlated with vitamin D levels in the deficiency group. Additionally, there was a correlation between weight gain and neuropathic pain intensity in CTS patients with vitamin D deficiency. The present findings indicate that vitamin D levels should be assessed in CTS patients.
Could Vitamin D be Linked to Carpal Tunnel Syndrome? MedPageToday
Reporting on poster at American Society for Bone and Mineral Research meeting. (Oct 9-12, 2015)
Women (< age 50) with carpal tunnel release had vitamin D levels of 17 nanograms
Control women had vitamin D levels of 21 nanograms
The association did not exist for women > 50 years old
Publisher wants $40 for the PDF of the published paper Dec 2015
Neurological Sciences, pp 1-7
Azize Esra Gürsoy , Halide Rengin Bilgen, Hümeyra Dürüyen, Özge Altıntaş, Mehmet Kolukisa, Talip Asil, Azize Esra Gürsoy
1. Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakif University, Vatan Caddesi, Fatih, 34093, Istanbul, Turkey
2. Department of Neurology, Şişli Etfal Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
3. Department of Neurology, Niğde-Bor State Hospital, Niğde, Turkey
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). 25(OH)D levels were checked in 108 consecutive patients with CTS symptoms and 52 healthy controls. All patients underwent nerve conduction studies and completed Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BQ) symptom severity and functional status scales to quantify symptom severity, pain status and functional status. There were 57 patients with electrophysiological confirmed CTS (EP+ group) and 51 electrophysiological negative symptomatic patients (EP− group). 25(OH) D deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/ml) was found in 96.1 % of EP− group, in 94.7 % of EP+ group and in 73.8 % of control group. 25(0H) D level was found significantly lower both in EP+ and EP− groups compared to control group (p = 0.006, p < 0.001, respectively). Although mean vitamin D level in EP− group was lower than EP+ group, statistically difference was not significant between EP+ and EP− groups (p = 0.182). BQ symptom severity and functional status scores and BQ pain sum score were not significantly different between EP+ and EP− groups. We found no correlation with 25(OH) D level for BQ symptom severity, functional status and pain sum scores. 25(OH) D deficiency is a common problem in patients with CTS symptoms. As evidenced by the present study, assessment of serum 25(OH)D is recommended in CTS patients even with electrophysiological negative results.
References are online, free
95% of people with CTS had Vitamin D <20 ng (vs 74% of people without CTS)
The Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency Correction on the Outcomes in Women After Carpal Tunnel Release
The Journal of Hand Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2019.03.008
Studies suggest that vitamin D supplementation improves myelination and recovery after nerve injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether correction of vitamin D level leads to better surgical outcomes in women with both carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and vitamin D deficiency.
We retrospectively reviewed 84 vitamin D–deficient women with CTS who underwent carpal tunnel release and then received daily vitamin D supplementation of 1,000 IU vitamin D for 6 months. We also reviewed 35 control patients who were vitamin D–nondeficient at baseline and thus did not receive the supplementation. At baseline and 6 months after surgery, we measured serum vitamin D levels, the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, motor conduction velocity, and grip and pinch strengths. We compared the outcomes of CTS related to vitamin D levels. We also correlated baseline and follow-up vitamin D levels with the assessed parameters.
At 6 months, 59 patients became vitamin D–nondeficient (≥ 20 ng/mL) and 25 were still vitamin D–deficient (< 20 ng/mL). Patients who became vitamin D–nondeficient had subtle but better DASH scores than patients who were still vitamin D–deficient or the control patients. Vitamin D levels at 6 months were found to have significant correlation with the DASH score at 6 months. Vitamin D levels at 6 months did not have significant correlation with motor conduction velocity or grip and pinch strengths.
Women with CTS and vitamin D deficiency showed subtle but better DASH scores after surgery when vitamin D deficiency was corrected by supplementation.
- The effect of vitamin D levels on pain in carpal tunnel syndrome Oct 2017
Vitamin D level was significantly lower in the mild CTS group P=0.002 (vs controls)
- Does vitamin D deficiency trigger carpal tunnel syndrome? Nov 2016 YES
“The present findings demonstrated that CTS may be triggered by vitamin D deficiency, and that the severity of CTS was correlated with vitamin D levels in the deficiency group.”
Free PDF online
- Life Extension Magazine reports that Low Level Laser Therapy
"One study showed LLLT to be as effective as surgical treatment for mild-to-moderate CTS, while another demonstrated the procedure to be as cost-effective as surgery "
Note: I designed and made a LLLT for my wife's painful Lymphodemia
It has worked extremely well for > 5 years.
- Natural home remedies: Carpal tunnel syndrome is one of many websites discussing CTS treatment
Ice & heat; Bromelin, St. John’s Wort,, Flaxseed oil, Curcumin, Magnesium, Does not mention vitamin D
- Natural Carpal Tunnel Remedies Tendonitisexpert.
"Carpal Tunnel Symptoms absolutely can come from being Vitamin D deficient. It doesn't make a lot of sense, but I've seen it. I've seen all sorts of pain and problem of all sorts, even debilitating pain and problem, that goes away entirely or partially by getting back up to appropriate Vitamin D levels." | <urn:uuid:cee781e1-4a41-4a61-898d-48ba9edcf03c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vitad.org/Carpal+tunnel+syndrome+and+low+vitamin+D | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.929167 | 4,351 | 1.804688 | 2 |
The benefits of pipe jacking are well established. By choosing pipe jacking over open-cut construction, owners can have a precisely installed pipeline with less disruption to the public – and at a competitive price, with less noise and lower emissions.
While the benefits of pipe jacking are apparent, they don’t come without some risk. Everyone is familiar with the adage, “a chain is only as strong as its weakest link.” While that principle can apply in many different scenarios from business to sports, it literally applies to pipe jacking.
In pipe jacking, each pipe segment is thrust into the ground, one after the other, building a “pipe chain” underground of increasing length and weight thus incrementally building stress in the pipe. Any failure of an individual pipe segment or joint at any point along the alignment can have potentially devastating consequences to a project, especially in urban areas or on water crossings where accessing the pipeline via a “rescue shaft or tunnel” can be difficult, if not impossible.
Historically, there has been limited knowledge of pipe jacking among owners and engineers, particularly when it comes to what makes an acceptable concrete jacking pipe. This is understandable considering the niche nature of pipe jacking in general and microtunneling in particular. Due to the critical nature of each pipe segment along the pipe string, concrete pipe that has been well suited for open-cut construction for decades simply does not meet the demands of modern pipe jacking.
Today, pipe jacking and microtunneling contractors need jacking pipe built with the end use in mind. Jacking pipes need added strength, joints that allow the pipe string to curve, and gaskets that prevent the ingress of water, soil or bentonite.
This doesn’t mean that jacking pipes need to be complicated in their design or manufacture. There are several pipe manufacturers in North America that make pipe segments that meet the expectations of pipe jacking and microtunneling contractors. We spoke with Robert Ward, an engineer and co-founder/owner of Ward and Burke Microtunnelling, who shared his experience related to concrete jacking pipe for microtunneling projects in the United States and Canada. Ward and Burke Microtunnelling is a member of the North American Microtunneling Association (www.NAMicrotunneling.com), an organization of contractors that promotes education and dialogue on issues related to microtunneling.
“The first thing that an owner should consider is that in many cases the jacking pipe is the final permanent product – nothing else is of any interest in the long run,” Ward said. “Therefore, it is far and away the most important part of the microtunneling process.”
Indeed, upon its commissioning, the jacking pipe might be the final permanent product and carry water, sewage or other utilities, so the longer it lasts, the more cost-effective the initial installation becomes. In addition, that means fewer disruptions to the public for future repair or replacement. It is important to remember that the jacking pipe may also be a casing pipe for a permanent product pipe such as PVC, DIP, etc. Sometimes the annulus between the casing and the final pipe is backfilled rendering the casing pipe temporary in nature, but if the annulus is not filled, the jacking pipe is a permanent structure. In all situations and uses, having a high quality jacking pipe is critical to having a successful project.
So, what are the characteristics that comprise a good concrete jacking pipe? Ward identifies several areas he sees as key. While currently there is not a standard specification for microtunneling pipe, Ward says that parts of several existing ASCE and ASTM standards can be combined to make good reinforced concrete jacking pipe for microtunneling projects. Ideally, these disparate sections will be combined into a single standard that design engineers can cite when writing specifications for microtunneling projects, especially those with difficult geology, long drives, or curves.
Rigidity: The first characteristic needed for a competent jacking pipe is rigidity, Ward said, and that leads to concrete. “During construction, the pipe is going to encounter obstacles that are going to put point loads on it, and that pipe needs to stay in a circular shape,” he said. “The TBM is rigid and it cuts a circle, so it makes sense that whatever you are pushing behind the TBM should also stay a circle. Concrete is rigid and stays in a circle when it gets point loaded.”
Joint Design: “One of the keys to successful microtunneling is reducing the friction so you maintain low jacking forces,” Ward said. “The way to do that is by injecting bentonite around the outside of the pipe. The bentonite often needs to be injected somewhere between 40 and 100 psi. Therefore, the gasket has to be able to withstand 100 psi of external pressure – not 13 psi which is typical for open cut pipes.”
The pressure is key in keeping the annulus open, thus preventing sand and soil from gripping the pipe and increasing friction along the pipe string.
Typical concrete piping systems use gaskets that are designed to keep groundwater out of the pipeline, but do not account for the bentonite lubrication systems. “Some people think that if they are tunneling in dry or shallow ground that they can make do without a gasket capable of resisting higher pressures, but that is not the case. It has nothing to do with groundwater. Failure to resist bentonite pressure will result in sand and soil coming into contact with the pipe, and consequently, pipes getting stuck.”
Steerable Pipe: Curved drives have been common internationally for a number of years, and over the past five years have become commonplace in the United States and Canada. The ability to perform curved drives can eliminate intermediate shafts or avoid obstacles, resulting in more cost-effective projects.
Even if the designed alignment is straight, the ability to steer is an important characteristic for microtunneling pipe. “The pipe needs to be capable of negotiating a 500-m radius curve, regardless of whether the tunnel is curved or straight in theory,” Ward said.
That requires the pipe’s tailskin extending 7 in. to allow the flexibility for the joint to open and close without losing pressure on the gasket. According to Ward, where the tailskin is embedded in the wall of the concrete pipe, it needs an angle that acts as both an anchor and a waterstop. Additionally, the tailskin needs a studded anchor every 12 in. welded to it around the perimeter or rebar anchors welded to the tailskin for the purpose of preventing the tailskin from coming loose and allowing water to leak around it. Finally, a hydrophilic strip glued onto the inside of the tailskin is needed to act as an additional waterstop. (See Figure 1: Typical Joint Detail for Concrete Jacking Pipe)
Axial Loads: In pipe jacking, the ability of the pipe to accept axial loads is key to success. The pipe has to be able to be pushed through the ground without any failures. Regardless of the length of project, a stout pipe is needed because, in an imperfect world, difficulties arise and a microtunneling contractor may need to apply extra force to keep the pipe string moving.
Furthermore, concrete jacking pipes should be wet cast vs. dry cast, Ward said. Although dry cast pipes, typically used for open cut projects, have the same ultimate strength as wet cast, wet cast pipes have a higher resistance to strain and can carry an axial load of approximately 2,000 tons on an 84-in. pipe on a radius of 1,500 ft.
“From our experience, when strain exceeds 0.002, dry cast concrete pipes begin to lose their ability to resist load,” Ward said. “Wet cast concrete pipes have very little drop off in their ability to resist load and can continue to carry load even at strains exceeding 0.002 and up to 0.005 or more. ACI/ASCE designs for an ultimate strain capacity of 0.003, but it is still good to know there is sufficient load capacity above this strain in a ‘doomsday’ scenario.”
“High strains on the pipe are not an everyday occurrence, but you have to prepare for the day when things go wrong,” Ward said. “You may need to push really hard on the pipe to get you out of a tight spot, and wet cast pipe will be able to take those loads.”
Another benefit of the wet cast process is the smooth exterior of the jacking pipe. This smoother pipe surface reduces the skin friction on the pipe string, thereby lowering the required jacking force being applied to the pipe to complete the drive.
Pipe Wall Thickness: In addition to its rigidity, concrete pipe is well suited for pipe jacking projects because of its wall thickness. The thick walls of concrete pipe give an ability to accommodate intermediate jacking stations (IJSs or interjacks), which are typically installed on long microtunneling drives as a means of applying thrust in addition to the jacks at the entry pit. Interjacks are placed periodically along the pipe string between pipe segments and this additional thrust capability serves almost as an insurance policy in case an extra push on the pipe string is needed.
The diameter of the interjack cylinders is approximately 6 in., and a wall thickness of at least the diameter of the interjack cylinders is needed.
“Concrete pipe, with its thick wall has an inherent economic advantage over all other products because it can be used with interjacks at very high loads,” he said. “Again, you might not need to use interjacks often, but when you need them you don’t want a pipe that gives up.” Compared to other pipe materials, interjack stations in concrete pipe tend to be more economical to fabricate, install during jacking and then to remove when the jacking is complete.
Sourcing the Pipe: Ward says that many concrete pipe manufacturers are more than capable of delivering high-quality jacking pipe. The crucial aspect is creating a high-quality mold. The tolerance of jacking pipe needs to be higher than typical open-cut concrete – on the order of 1/16th of an inch. Ward and Burke has worked with concrete pipe manufacturers in the United States and Canada that are producing world-class concrete pipes for world-class projects.
“Once you have the mold set up, the pipe is simple to make,” Ward said. “It doesn’t cost a lot more to make the right pipe, and it will save you a lot of money vs. getting the pipe stuck.”
Industry Standards: There has been some discussion within the industry about the need to write a new specification related to concrete jacking pipe, but Ward says that existing documents can be used as guidance for making concrete pipe that meets the needs of microtunneling contractors, beginning with ASCE 27-00, and its follow-on ASCE 27-17: “Standard Practice for Direct Design of Precast Concrete Pipe for Jacking in Trenchless Construction.”
“ASCE 27-17 is the bible for microtunnelers,” Ward said. “You need to know it and abide by it.”
For strength of the pipe, ASTM C76-19: “Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe” can be used as a reference document. The standard identifies five different classes of pipe, with Class V being the most robust. Ward suggests using Class V pipe for all pipe jacking projects (except when tunneling in beach sand or rock, where Class IV may be acceptable).
Standards regarding the gaskets for pipes up to 50 psi pressure rating can be found under ASTM C361-16: “Standard Specification for Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe.” AWWA’s C-300 pipe specification should be used for cylinder encased microtunnel concrete pipes for pressure ratings between 50 and 150 psi.
ASCE has also published the book “Standard Construction Guidelines for Microtunneling,” which covers the planning, design, pipe materials and construction of microtunneling (CI/ASCE 36-15).
By choosing properly designed pipe for the job, owners can achieve successful projects that meet the demands of the public for generations to come.
Robert, Ward, co-founder of Ward and Burke, was the source of this article on behalf of the North American Microtunneling Association (NAMA). NAMA and its members endorse the contents of this article. | <urn:uuid:060e85c9-7612-448e-bdea-a320c7b5b564> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tunnelingonline.com/what-makes-a-good-concrete-jacking-pipe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.943116 | 2,672 | 2.015625 | 2 |
NIMH · Depression
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Apr 6, 2010 . Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, . Affective symptoms represent the core symptoms of a depressive mood, . no symptoms of depression, finds a new study in the journal Human Reproduction. | <urn:uuid:9c328c0c-eea5-4378-bbf2-e8cf4bbacaec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://ozuheci.opx.pl/journal-articles-on-symptoms-of-depression.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.773455 | 2,940 | 2.359375 | 2 |
George Bush’s most steadfast backer in the March 2003 preventive war invasion and occupation of Iraq has been British Prime Minister Tony Blair. The Bush-Blair dynamic duo act is, however, about to end. Blair is soon to resign his post in favor of the Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown.
Like the date on which British, U.S., and all other foreign occupation troops will leave Iraq, the exact month and day of the hand-over of #10 Downing Street remains undeclared. But pressure is sure to mount for some declaration on both points because of remarks by top British military official General Sir Richard Dannatt.
Sir Richard, who became the UK Chief of the General Staff (CGS) only last August, said in an October 12 interview with London’s Daily Mail that UK forces should leave Iraq soon because the very presence of foreign troops exacerbates the security problems. Sir Richard also drew attention to the swift change in the level of tolerance of the Iraqi public toward the foreign occupation. The military campaign we fought in 2003 effectively kicked the door in. Whatever tolerance we may have had in the first place has largely turned to intolerance after 42 months. Dannatt also opined that planning for the occupation phase was poor, probably based more on optimism than sound planning.
Within 24 hours, Sir Richard was again speaking to the British press, clarifying what he meant by soon and refuting the media’s contention that his original interview represented a break with the government’s position. He did not call for a timetable for withdrawing all troops, yet he expressed concern that morale in and recruiting for the ground forces have been damaged by the war and the loss (to date) of 119 UK personnel. The demands of occupying Iraq have caused a fair pressure on ourselves, Dannatt said. We don’t want to be there two, three, four, five years. We’ve got to think about this in terms of a reasonable length of time.
Set against the most recent comments by the Pentagon hierarchy, Dannatt’s revisions strike a distinctly discordant note. On October 11, the U.S. Army Chief of Staff General Peter Schoomaker told reporters that the Army had contingency plans for staying in Iraq through 2010 with the same number of deployed combat troops as now. In an October 12 Pentagon press conference, General George Casey, the senior U.S. commander in Iraq, revealed that he had been prepared this past summer to recommend that some of the then-130,000 U.S. troops could be withdrawn. But the increased sectarian violence over the past four months, particularly in Baghdad, actually has required extending tours for some units and repositioning othersand this even before the usually bloody month of Ramadan started.
At the same press conference, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld reminded the press that General Schoomaker is not in the command chain that sets the troop levels for Iraq (and for Afghanistan). The chain in Iraq runs from the ground commanders to General Casey to U.S. Central Command commander, General John Abizaid. From there it goes directly to Rumsfeld and Bush. And only last month General Abizaid stated that no reduction of troops in Iraq would take place before next springat the earliest.
Dannatt professed to be puzzled by the stir following publication of the original interview, contending that other, well-known UK officers had earlier made the same or even harsher criticism. Indeed, in early January 2006, retired General Sir Michael Rose, who commanded all UN forces in Bosnia in 1994, called for impeaching Tony Blair. And General Sir Michael Jackson, Dannatt’s predecessor as CGS and deputy NATO commander in the late 1990s under U.S. General Wesley Clarke, had earlier called for withdrawing UK troops from Iraq.
Dannatt, however, is to date the only active duty senior officer in either the UK or the United States to have come close to an explicit call for removing foreign troops. After Sir Richard’s original remarks became public, retired Major General Patrick Cordingly, who commanded the UK’s Desert Rats in the first Gulf War in 1991, commended Dannatt for speaking out.
Neither Downing Street nor the Ministry of Defence (MOD) publicly challenged, let alone attacked, Sir Richard. Blair’s office said foreign troops were in Iraq at the express wish of the Iraqi government and under a UN mandate, while a MOD spokesperson said the military had a clear strategy. This moderate response contrasts sharply with how, just before the U.S.-led invasion took place, Deputy Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz rebuked then-U.S. Army Chief of Staff Eric Shinseki for telling Congress that several hundred thousand troops would be needed to occupy Iraq.
Blair may force Dannatt to leave or the CGS may resign on principle. One long-serving MOD civilian, in a private communication, observed that Sir Richard’s stand caused a bit of a stir and that most opinion is with him although there may not be many that speak out. UK public opinion, the source continued, is increasingly supporting the proposition that now that the Iraqis have their own democratically elected government, it’s time to let them use it and take responsibility for their own country.
Alternatively, the Ministry of Defence could declare substantial progress and withdraw some troops. Two of the four Iraqi provinces once controlled by the UK contingent have been handed back and are being run by Iraqis. Blair will want to leave on a high note, and he’s not got much to crow about other than these two returned provinces.
One thing seems certain. Even though the signature B-B relationship will survive the coming regime change in the UK when Brown replaces Blair, the intensity of UK enthusiasm for staying on in Iraq will diminish. With casualties mounting, with the generals beginning at last to criticize the war and the effects of combat, Brown will find himself under enormous pressure to set a timetable, declare an exit strategy, and bring the UK troops home.
And should the Republicans lose control of the House or Senate in next month’s election, George Bush may have to declare victory and follow the lead of the British: out the door that was kicked in on March 19, 2003. | <urn:uuid:cfc3701d-5e1f-4157-96e3-90a1d663b134> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ips-dc.org/breaking_up_that_old_gang_of_mine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.960255 | 1,299 | 1.515625 | 2 |
A rock bolt is a long anchor bolt, for stabilizing rock excavations, which may be used in tunnels or rock cuts. It transfers load from the unstable exterior to the confined (and much stronger) interior of the rock mass. Srons Engineers are the largest manufacturers, suppliers and exporters of all types of Rock Bolts in Germany. Rock Bolts are also known as Hot Rolled Rock Bolts, NC Rock Bolts, Hollow anchor bolts, R Thread Rock Bolts, T Thread Rock Bolts, CT rock Bolts, Welded wire mesh Bolts, Drill System Accessories, Mechanical Anchor, Resin Rock Bolts, SN Anchor, Soil Nails, Soil Nails Rock Bolts, SN Bolts, Hollow Bar System etc.
Srons Engineers, the Indian manufacturing company, holds vast experience in this domain and is involved in manufacturing of a wide assortment of Full Threaded Hot Rolled Bars & Tie Rods. Thease Bars are used for anchor systems used for tunnels, transmission lines and antennas, excavation shoring, retaining walls, dam tie-downs and buried structures, turbine tower anchor bolts systems etc. Our Hot Rolled Threaded Bars offered can be made available by us in different finish sizes. Hot Rolled Threaded Rods are long rods with continuous threading entire its length.
Glued steel fiber refers to loose hooked end fibres glued together in a row way. The big difference between loose and glued fibers is that the former is easy to block together and the latter is easy to disperse uniformly. Due to excellent tensile strength, bending and shearing strength, high tenacity, resistance against the cracking, impact and fatigue, glued steel fibres widely used in building, road, bridge, tunnels, airport runway, water conservancy projects, precast, military projects, blast resistant structures, etc.
We also supply and distribute our products range to others states of Germany like in Europe, Berlin, Hamburg, Munich(Munchen), Cologne(Koln), Frankfurt am Main, Stuttgart, Dusseldorf, Dortmund, Essen, Leipzig, Bremen, Dresden, Hanover(Hannover), Nuremberg(Nurnberg), Duisburg, Bochum, Wuppertal, Bielefeld, Bonn, Munster, Karlsruhe, Mannheim, Augsburg, Wiesbaden, Gelsenkirchen, Monchengladbach, Braunschweig, Chemnitz, Kiel, Aachen, Halle (Saale), Magdeburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Krefeld, Lubeck, Oberhausen, Erfurt, Mainz, Rostock etc. | <urn:uuid:c854cd9b-279c-4dcf-8fdf-e23f92ea6700> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sronsrockbolts.com/self-drilling-anchor-rock-bolts-manufacturers-exporters-germany.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.861636 | 561 | 1.664063 | 2 |
A Brief History
On May 14, 1796, English scientist Edward Jenner used pus scraped from a cowpox pustule to inoculate his gardener’s son, the first ever vaccine used. Cowpox is a disease similar to smallpox, but much more mild, similar to chicken pox.
Jenner and others observed the fact that milkmaids frequently got cowpox, but never seemed to get smallpox, and smallpox was a deadly disease that killed about 20 percent of Europe’s population (with about 60 percent of that population getting the disease).
Purposely infecting the boy with cowpox and after the boy recovered exposing him to smallpox resulted in no smallpox infection. Voila! History’s first vaccine. Other people had observed this cause and effect before Jenner, but Jenner being a doctor and a researcher made the practice official. Widespread use of smallpox vaccines resulted in a decrease in the spread of this killer virus and by 1979 smallpox was declared eradicated from the earth by the World Health Organization.
In a 2002 countrywide BBC poll, the United Kingdom voted Jenner one of history’s 100 Greatest Britons. Just to be on the safe side, scientists keep samples of smallpox under lock and key just in case they are needed if there is any new outbreak of smallpox from an overlooked source.
Thanks to researchers like Jenner, Pasteur, Salk and Sabin, we have a myriad of vaccines today to inoculate us against forms of plague, forms of hepatitis, tetanus, rabies, various viruses, and a host of other maladies. Sometimes ignorance and false rumors result in resistance to the use of vaccines, such as the Lucasville Prison Riot in Ohio and the reluctance of backward peoples in the third world (mainly Africa and Asia) that are afraid to be inoculated for fear the vaccine is a nefarious American plot to poison them. False rumors in the US have been promulgated about the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (that prevents genital warts and the onset of Cervical cancer) making parents reluctant to have their girls vaccinated.
Edward Jenner is remembered and celebrated as the “Father of Vaccination” and it has been said that he saved more lives than any other person (although one would think Louis Pasteur would be right there with him.) If you ever travel overseas, especially in the US military, you will get so many inoculations you will be stunned! Cracked fact: American pioneers used a form of biological warfare by giving Native-Americans blankets that had been intentionally infested with smallpox in order to kill off the Native population. This technique was fiendishly successful and millions of Native-Americans died of smallpox.
Question for students (and subscribers): Have you ever been vaccinated? Please let us know in the comments section below this article.
Your readership is much appreciated!
For more information, please see…
Marrin, Albert. Dr. Jenner and the Speckled Monster: The Discovery of the Smallpox Vaccine. Dutton Juvenile, 2002. | <urn:uuid:162c9070-dba4-4864-b283-a51b7e07d84c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.historyandheadlines.com/may-14-1796-edward-jenner-inoculates-boy-first-vaccine-ever/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.946108 | 647 | 3.171875 | 3 |
After long research and development, the first version of the Converse All Star basketball shoe was produced in 1917. The first All Star converse boots were in natural brown with black trim. In the 1920s, All Star was made in a black cloth or leather version. Converse All Star boots have become the first mass-produced basketball shoes in North America. The boot consisted of a thick rubber sole and a cloth, sometimes leather upper that covered the ankle. The Converse boots were also used by the US military during the Second World War for military exercises. Converse shoes are nowadays used as a common shoe around the world and their popularity is constantly rising. | <urn:uuid:475f167e-c698-4c8e-afa3-48de761bfc83> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.swis-shop.com/converse | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.978186 | 135 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Though quite rare, canine flu can be a significant issue. Learning more about it can help you protect your dog from this highly contagious disease.
Humans aren’t the only species who suffer from the flu. Dogs can get it too, although the virus strains are different from those that infect us. While human flu is pretty common, canine flu is actually quite rare. Still, as a dedicated dog parent, it’s a good idea to have a working knowledge of canine flu, especially since many conventional veterinarians may try to pressure you into having your dog vaccinated against it (even if he’s at low risk – see below). Let’s look at what dog flu actually is, how it’s diagnosed and treated – and how you can help prevent it from affecting your own dog.
What is Canine Flu?
Canine influenza is a highly contagious viral infection affecting dogs (and very rarely, cats – these few cats were likely exposed to infected dogs). Currently, two strains of canine influenza virus have been identified in the US — H3N8, and H3N2. However, influenza viruses are able to quickly mutate and give rise to new strains that can infect the same or even different species. Both H3N8 and H3N2 can be traced to strains known to infect species other than dogs. At some point, these viruses acquired the ability to infect canines and to be transmitted from dog to dog.
Canine H3N8 influenza was first identified in 2004 and was found in racing greyhounds in Florida. This strain is believed to have developed from an equine H3N8 influenza strain that jumped from horses to dogs. Canine H3N2 influenza was first identified in March of 2015, following an outbreak of canine respiratory illness in Chicago. Prior to this, reports of canine H3N2 influenza virus were restricted to South Korea, China, and Thailand, and likely arose via the direct transfer of avian influenza to dogs. There is no evidence that either strain of canine influenza (H3N8 or H3N2) can infect humans.
Clinical Signs of Dog Flu
Like other mammalian influenza viruses, canine flu causes an acute respiratory infection in dogs. There is no “season” for canine influenza, and infections can occur at any time of the year. Clinical signs typically appear one to five days after exposure to the virus.
Dogs can have mild or severe cases of canine flu. It often resembles canine infectious tracheobronchitis (“kennel cough”). In fact, milder cases of canine flu resemble kennel cough that may last for several weeks.
Dogs that are more severely affected will be lethargic, have a fever, and show respiratory signs such as sneezing, discharge from the eyes or nose, and of course coughing. Some dogs exhibit clinical signs of pneumonia, such as a high-grade fever (104°F to 106°F) and increased respiratory rate and effort. Thoracic radiography (chest x-rays) may reveal the consolidation of lung lobes.
Canine influenza is transmitted through droplets/aerosols containing respiratory secretions from coughing, barking, and sneezing. Dogs in close contact with infected canines at kennels, shelters, and grooming or daycare facilities are at increased risk of infection. Canine influenza can also be spread indirectly via objects (food and water bowls, etc.) or people who have been around infected dogs. It is important to clean and disinfect objects that have been in contact with an infected dog to avoid exposing other canines to the virus. Likewise, people who have been in contact with an ill dog should wash their hands and clean their clothing to avoid spreading the virus. The virus can remain viable on surfaces for up to 48 hours, on clothing for 24 hours, and on hands for 12 hours.
Most dogs exposed to canine influenza virus become infected, with approximately 80% developing clinical signs of disease. Although most dogs recover without incident, some deaths have been reported.
Diagnosing Canine Flu
While canine flu resembles other respiratory illnesses, especially kennel cough, and can be suspected based on clinical signs or the confirmed presence of the virus within the community, testing is needed to confirm the diagnosis.
At present, the most reliable way to diagnose canine influenza is through blood tests taken several weeks apart. However, the virus can also be detected on swabs from the nose. Treatment must begin while awaiting lab results, as it’s generally expected that the tests will confirm the diagnosis rather than make the initial diagnosis.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment: With canine flu, treatment is typically supportive, and includes fluid therapy and antibiotics as needed to prevent/treat secondary bronchopneumonia. From a holistic perspective, immune support is critical. Maintaining adequate blood levels of vitamin D3 (via lab testing) may reduce the chance of infectious disease (e.g. canine flu) as well as inflammatory and cancerous diseases. Vitamin C has a long history of providing antioxidant and immune support for viral diseases, so adding vitamin C to the treatment protocol may be helpful. Anti-infectious and immune-supporting herbs such as Oregon grape, goldenseal, Echinacea, marshmallow, astragalus, cat’s claw, ginger, lemon balm, oregano leaf, and olive leaf are among my favorites.
Anti-infectious and immune-supporting herbs such as Oregon grape, goldenseal, Echinacea, marshmallow, astragalus, cat’s claw, ginger, lemon balm, oregano leaf, and olive leaf are among my favorites.
Prevention: The best way to protect your dog from contracting canine flu is to ensure he has a healthy immune system (wholesome diet, adequate exercise, minimal stress, minimal toxin exposure, etc.) and to keep him away from other dogs as much as possible if and when canine flu is active in your area.
Facts About Canine Flu
- Dog flu tends to be a rare disease that moves slowly through the canine population.
- Risk factors include having dogs in closely confined conditions such as in boarding kennels, daycare settings, and animal shelters.
- The morbidity rate (percentage of dogs becoming ill if exposed to the virus) can be high (60% to 80%).
- The mortality rate is very low, especially if aggressive treatment is begun at the first signs (prolonged treatment can be expensive, so I always recommend pet insurance to help cover unexpected expenses such as this). Death occurs mainly in dogs with a severe form of disease (pneumonia or septicemia).
- Supportive care, antibiotics when needed, and immune-supporting supplements such as vitamin D3 ensure the best chance of cure.
- Most dogs recover from canine influenza within two to three weeks.
- Secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia, dehydration, or other health factors (e.g. pre-existing pulmonary disease, immunosuppression, tracheal collapse, etc.) may necessitate additional diagnostics and treatments.
- To prevent transmission of the virus, dogs infected with canine flu (as well as other dogs in the household) should be kept away from other dogs for at least four weeks.
Should You Consider Canine Flu Vaccination?
Vaccination is available for both strains of dog flu. It can decrease the risk of a dog contracting canine influenza. As in people, the vaccine may not prevent an infection, but it may reduce the severity and duration of illness. The canine flu vaccine (two initial doses are given three or four weeks apart, with annual revaccination if needed) can be administered to healthy dogs that are more than six weeks old. Vaccinated pets are less likely to develop lung lesions, and will be contagious for fewer days.
However, the canine influenza vaccine is not recommended or needed for most dogs. In general, the vaccine is intended to protect dogs at risk for exposure to the virus, which includes those that participate in activities with other dogs or are housed in communal facilities (boarding and training facilities), particularly where the virus is prevalent. Consulting with your veterinarian can determine the risk of exposure and if vaccination is appropriate (in my practice, exposure is so unlikely that vaccination is not needed for my current patients).
Though it can be a serious disease, canine flu is relatively rare, and most dogs recover with prompt treatment. | <urn:uuid:fddbf7ab-d357-441d-b8ff-558a10a6ba18> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pawsandclawsanimalhospital.com/canine-flu-what-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.94974 | 1,747 | 3.359375 | 3 |
A Game Plan for Big Cabinet Jobs
Good shop drawings, the right materials and accurate machine setups are the keys to success
Synopsis: John W. West explains starts big jobs (like putting in a library) by making painstaking measurements on story poles, choosing materials, and tuning up his equipment. He details the options for materials and how they vary and what he does to tune up tools. He offers tips such as building for the outside dimension of the box. All the work you do ahead of time, he says, will pay off during assembly, and that includes prefinishing the pieces. Side information addresses using a cabinet-saw jig to square up sheet goods.
Over the years, I’ve built close to 20 libraries for residential clients. To me, these rooms of cabinetwork and millwork are interesting for their variety. A library—more than any other room in a house—brings together a lot of different components. Case work, shelving, drawers and pull-outs, frame-and-panel doors, glass doors, paneling, and unique moldings all make up the finished job. Case work may vary from simple bookcases to more elaborate storage units for television and audio equipment. But in the end, they’re all just plywood boxes dressed up to look good.
For a large and complicated job like this one (see the photo above), I always measure the room twice, on two separate days, to reduce the chance of making a mistake in laying out and sizing the work. By checking the two sets of measurements against one another, any discrepancy will show up readily and may have to be resolved with a third visit to the job site. I used story poles (scraps of lumber on which all the job-site conditions are marked) for many years because they’re almost foolproof. But lately, I’ve developed another system that works more efficiently for me.
To lay out and design a room like this one, I start with a set of drawings from the architect that have been approved by the clients. The drawings show scaled elevations, or front views, of how they want the room to look. To figure out exactly how cabinets and paneling and moldings will all fit together, I use those drawings to make my own in a larger scale based on the measurements taken at the site. From my first set of drawings, I make another set of free-hand shop sketches where I figure out the joinery details and the actual cut size in overall dimensions of every cabinet, door, wall panel and piece of molding that will make up the job. From those shop sketches, I make cut lists that show every piece of plywood or lumber by finished size—thickness, width and length—and the number of pieces of each. There are still many times when I will draw out some details full-sized, especially when I deal with angles or curves or I want to be sure something is going to look right.
From Fine Woodworking #127
For the full article, download the PDF below: | <urn:uuid:6df7b42f-1d67-42b2-9494-05b807c90d60> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.finewoodworking.com/1997/12/01/a-game-plan-for-big-cabinet-jobs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.950629 | 627 | 2.171875 | 2 |
B2B e-Commerce guide for dummies
Ecommerce is set to touch its new horizon as by gaining major shift in online shopping industry for products and services. B2B means business to business e-Commerce digital market that deals with one company to another which is currently known as a trillion dollar industry. As it is gaining a lot of momentum and as per the records 78% B2B retailers have been selling online for at least 2-5 years.
It’s essential to build your B2B e-commerce site by having an entire picture of how your buyer navigates from the initial visit to final purchase, and then implement strategies to help them move toward the destination quickly. Without proper investment in the B2B buyer’s journey, companies will miss opportunities to attract and convert B2B visitors to long-term customers.
B2B ecommerce is not just about creating an appealing website to get people to buy your stuff. B2B ecommerce is about a customer’s experience with your products. It is about how to help other businesses find the products and services they are looking for as easily and intuitively as possible.
Though, B2B e-Commerce is less explored business model and still in initial phase but it shows steady growth in very near future. So, spending on B2B e-Commerce solutions has shown a remarkable growth in recent years withdrawing B2C pace.
To successfully manage B2B e-Commerce, you require grouping of your products and services and see how you can optimize each other in modern world. So, to optimize e-Commerce business aspects you can successfully create a plan which consists of:-
1. Reaching to your target audience
2. Maximizing your ability by scaling
3. Optimizing your marketing efforts
4. Staying updated with modern B2B business models
Your B2B e-Commerce business also maters with the partner you choose. As, right partner can level-up your business but selecting them is a tricky task as this model is complex than the other and need custom requirements depending on type, size, location, targeted geographies and certain other factors.
So to improvise your B2B e-Commerce solutions there are certain term that are need to deal upon:-
- Does customization suits your requirement?
- Features to help your business goal
- Easy integration with tool that you are already using
- Pricing should not be too high
- Should be able to provide scalable solution
- Capable enough to manage B2B clients from diverse industries
B2B ecommerce helps you as a business as it transmits and organizes data and reduces time for business actions as ecommerce websites take the place of physical storefronts that limit you to local customers. | <urn:uuid:90f54070-5741-4bbb-9206-29254d7a7fa5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.webcluesglobal.com/b2b-e-commerce-guide-for-dummies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.954751 | 569 | 1.570313 | 2 |
When foreigners know I am the chief teacher of a Chinese language school, they always describe their frustration in the Chinese study. I clearly felt they worked so hard but were quite disappointed with progress. I cannot help asking a question: “Students’ failure to achieve their Chinese study goals; whose fault is it?” I have observed, over the past decade of Chinese teaching that many hard-working and passionate Chinese teachers are not aware of the difference between western study and traditional Chinese teaching.
Here are the most common setbacks from learners:
Point 1: During my study, on each topic of my textbook there are specific expressions and dialogues to match the particular context. It feels like the road ahead of Chinese learning is endless, just like the situations I will encounter in everyday life.
My comment： “Real communication requires spontaneous and flexible responses. A lack of specific vocabulary does not necessarily pose challenges in Chinese speaking as long as we can manage to express our meaning clearly. Hence, teachers should set their teaching goal as enabling their students to create their own expressions freely, rather than simply regurgitating textbook phrases”
Though enlarging your vocabulary is crucial, it is not as vital as adopting the Chinese way of thinking. Grammar instruction should concentrate on know-why, as opposed to know-how, so that students can understand the logic of sentences, borne out of Chinese logic, and hence create their own expressions freely. Only by thus doing, can a foreigner speak Chinese as naturally and fluently as a local.Free chinese speaking classes:https://handymandarin.com/. Learn chinese youtube:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVElMaC_qim1yqhQnhZMHaA | <urn:uuid:81b4951b-947b-4c7d-9c7e-6d6db6ca5f55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://handymandarin.com/learn-mandarin-online-resolution-no-2-common-setbacks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.963765 | 360 | 2.109375 | 2 |
The IPCC published the final part of its Sixth Assessment (“AR6”), the Working Group III report, on April 4, 2022. The IPCC's Working Group III report contains assessments of how the energy transition can reduce emissions in the context of an updated outlook for global warming. Together, the three reports of AR6 comprise over 6,000 pages of material, so we have chosen to focus our coverage on the Working Group III report, which we present in two episodes.
In this first episode on AR6, we speak with one of the lead authors of the Working Group III report, energy researcher Benjamin Sovacool of the University of Sussex. We discuss some major advances in AR6 over the AR5 report of eight years ago; the gaps between our national climate action ambitions, what is really needed to limit warming to 1.5 or 2°C, and some ways that those gaps can be closed; how market-based financial approaches can be harnessed to reduce carbon; the importance of equity and “just transition” strategies; the challenge of path dependency and technology lock-in; how political economy can inhibit taking action on climate; the roles that non-government actors and individuals can play in the transition; and the various ways of decarbonizing transportation and providing better low-carbon mobility.
Our second episode on AR6, Episode #173, will review the updated figures for the remaining carbon budget, and consider the pathways and probabilities for limiting warming to 1.5 and 2°C.
Dr. Benjamin Sovacool is Professor of Energy Policy, Director of the Sussex Energy Group, and Director of the Center on Innovation and Energy Demand at the Science Policy Research Unit (SPRU), part of the School of Business, Management, and Economics at the University of Sussex in Brighton, UK. Professor Sovacool works as a researcher and consultant on issues pertaining to energy policy, energy security, climate change mitigation, and climate change adaptation. His research focuses on renewable energy and energy efficiency, the politics of large-scale energy infrastructure, designing public policy to improve energy security and access to electricity, and building adaptive capacity to the consequences of climate change. He is the author of more than 380 refereed articles, book chapters, and reports, including solely authored pieces in Nature and Science, and the author, coauthor, editor, or coeditor of 18 books on energy and climate change topics.
Recording date: March 25, 2022
Air date: May 11, 2022
Geek rating: 5 | <urn:uuid:14b16731-e7ab-465e-becc-8fd8a5220281> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://xenetwork.org/ets/episodes/episode-172-ipcc-ar6-part-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.920358 | 512 | 2.15625 | 2 |
BY TAFADZWA KACHIKO
AUSTRIAN-BASED co-founder of Artivive, an augmented reality (AR) tool used in digital art, Codin Popescu is scheduled to visit the country for a number of workshops set for October 24 and 25 at the Italian Cultural Centre in Greendale, Harare.
The workshops directed at bringing forward art in new media are being organised by Wada Collective, a group of young artists fronted by Chamunorwa Mararike, Dananayi Muwanigwa, Tamuka Chigeda, Colin Meda, Alfonso Masiyiwa and Sandiswe Buhle.
Wada Collective’s projects manager Mararike told NewsDay Life & Style yesterday that the workshops are aimed at empowering artists practising classical art to embrace digital art will also be graced by an award-winning Italian illustrator.
“Locally many artists have not yet embraced the new technology, so we want to share as much information as possible through the workshops that will educate artists and aspiring artists above the age of 16 on current digital techniques in art creation including digital painting and augmented reality,” he said.
“Digital art is a skill that must be learnt in order for our works to be marketable globally.”
Mararike said areas to be covered include foundations of illustration and character creation, digital illustration techniques, foundations of graphic animation, advanced graphic motion graphics techniques, foundations of augmented reality and augmented reality techniques.
He said there were also plans to take the workshops to Bulawayo in November after a positive response.
Artivive, the software co-founded by Popescu and Sergiu Ardelean in January 2017, is being used by more than 25 000 users exhibiting in 75 countries around the world.
It offers a new and innovative way for the audience to interact with exhibitions with visitors having to use only their own smartphones or tablets in order to experience the layer of augmented reality. | <urn:uuid:16006952-fd9c-4ba7-b5c1-6b5442c2cb18> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/10/digital-art-experts-set-to-impart-skills-to-local-artists/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.954944 | 414 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Johannesburg – The Stage 4 loadshedding (better understood as Stage 4 de-industrialisation) announced on 9 June 2021. The state maintains its monopoly on electricity generation and distribution to the ultimate cost of South African citizens’ businesses and lives. 20-year-long deals with power ships are not the answer. The Free Market Foundation (FMF) proposes market- and consumer-prioritising measures that must be implemented without delay.
Such reforms include a simple legislative change that can take place within less than two months, to allow ordinary people and firms to generate, distribute, and transmit electricity, subject to safety and efficiency safeguards.
Eskom motivates the reintroduction of rolling blackouts at Stage 4 by referring to unit breakdowns at Medupi Power Station, and the breakdown of two units at Duvha Power Station. The government must allow other companies to enter the market, to both allow Eskom more time for proper maintenance, as well as giving consumers more choice as to their electricity needs.
To invest and grow, both local and foreign investors and businesses require certainty that if they choose to put down roots in South Africa, they will have reliable electricity. “At present it appears that the state is unwilling to let go of its electricity monopoly,” argues FMF Deputy Director Chris Hattingh. “Traffic jams and accidents, the dangers from being exposed to cold weather, and the closure of business and the concomitant increase in joblessness are the result.”
“Over the last few years there has been much talk of the structural reform South Africa needs to adopt, to arrest its alarming decline – in no area is radical reform needed more, than in electricity generation and distribution,” says Hattingh. He continues, “Citizens will not be able to recover from the economic devastation of 2020 while held hostage by the country’s state-enforced monopoly in electricity. First quarter 2021 numbers indicate that the economy expanded by 4.6% on a quarter-on-quarter seasonally adjusted basis – a positive sign, absolutely, but it will be merely a blip over the rest of the year if economic activity is cut off at the knees with every blackout blow.”
Citing poor service delivery by the local municipality, on 8 June the dairy group Clover announced that it was closing South Africa’s biggest cheese production plant in Lichtenburg, in the North West. “How many more will see the current bout of blackouts as reason to invest elsewhere in Africa, or indeed other parts of the world?” asks Hattingh.
To provide immediate relief, and set South Africa on a more stable path, the FMF proposes that government implement the following two steps without delay:
- Implement the licence-exemption threshold for distributed-generation plants to 50 MW with immediate effect (not only 10 MW, as government has indicated previously). Exemptions must include the allowance to sell excess electricity to others.
- Change one word in the 2006 Electricity Regulation Act: From “No person may, without a license, … operate any generation, transmission or distribution facility” to “Any person may…” This simple legislative change will make loadshedding a thing of the past.
FMF Board member and engineer Terry Markman says, “Mining companies, farming communities and others must be allowed to generate their own electricity. But most important, they must also be allowed to distribute this off grid to nearby communities and businesses. Within a few years there will be a surplus of electricity and blackouts will be a thing of the past”.
South Africa’s unemployment rate – currently sitting at 43.2% – will only increase if businesses do not have access to cheap, reliable electricity. By allowing competitors to enter the market, better services and cheaper options will be the result, without endangering the poor’s access to Eskom-provided power. Only companies that meet consumer demands will succeed. | <urn:uuid:54841eb9-073e-4a28-8504-33ee221ba574> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://min-met.com/blog/fmf-proposes-immediate-reforms-to-stop-rolling-blackouts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.948222 | 823 | 1.773438 | 2 |
How do I remove black sludge from my RV tank?
Directions for Cleaning an RV Black Water Tank:
- Close the gray water tank valve the night before cleaning.
- Clean your toilet.
- Connect your hose.
- Slowly turn on the water.
- Pull the black water tank valve.
- Slowly turn the water on more.
- Close the black water tank valve.
- Open black water tank valve again.
How often should you flush your black tank?
Speaking of which, you should dump your black tank every 3 or 4 days to once per week when actively using your RV. Doing so more frequently doesn’t allow enough time for the solid waste to break down into more easily manageable (and drainable) sewage.
How much Borax do I put in a black tank?
You can also add 1 cup of the original “blue” Dawn dishwashing detergent. Or, add 1 cup of eco-friendly laundry detergent to the black tank when you add the water softener. This helps to further clean and deodorize the tank. Many RVers also include ¼ cup Borax to the black tank along with the detergent.
What happens if you put bleach in your black tank?
Diluted Bleach is Safe for Sanitizing Your Black Tank Bleach is a strong chemical that kills the bacteria in your black tank, causing that lovely odor. However, too much of it can damage the seals and gaskets in your RV. Plus, it also kills the good bacteria that help break down the waste in your tank.
Can I use vinegar to clean my RV toilet?
Yes, you can put vinegar in an RV toilet. Vinegar in combination with baking soda is great for cleaning and whitening the toilet bowl.
What will dissolve feces?
Household Bleach Bleach works better than many products and is essential in case the toilet clogs is so severely. What is this? All you have to do is pour about two cups of household bleach into the bowl. Wait for it to dissolve the poop, then flush.
Should you poop in your RV?
RV toilets are designed to handle all human waste, including your poop. If you are properly maintaining your black tank and RV toilet, plus using plenty of fresh water when flushing, you will be able to poop in your RV without experiencing clogs or smells.
Is Borax safe for RV holding tanks?
Rather than buy nasty and expensive chemicals for the waste tanks try using a 1/2 cup of good old Borax laundry detergent and 1/4 cup of water softener. The Borax detergent helps control odor and cleans the tank.
How do you clean a RV black tank?
Step One: Make sure the tank valve is tightly closed.
How do you flush a RV black tank?
Make the Cleaning Solution. We always recommend a simple sanitizing solution of water and bleach for cleaning the blackwater,graywater,and/or freshwater tanks.
How to unclog RV black tank?
Some RVers suggest dumping lots of ice water into your black tank before heading out for a bumpy or long drive.
How to treat your black water tank right?
Benefits of Full Hookup RV Parks. Even if you don’t leave your RV tank valves open,it’s still great to stay at full hookup parks. | <urn:uuid:17cc1d1b-eb3a-4699-b8bc-7b8107b10fea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ottovonschirach.com/how-do-i-remove-black-sludge-from-my-rv-tank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.900623 | 708 | 1.78125 | 2 |
On 19 March, a number of things set in or relevant to the Doctor Who universe were released or published.
- 1966 - "The Return" was first broadcast on BBC1.
- 1966 - Part one of the TV Comic story Plague of the Black Scorpi was first published.
- 1977 - Part four of The Talons of Weng-Chiang was first broadcast on BBC1.
- 1977 - Part one of the TV Comic story The Fire Feeders was first published.
- 1987 - The novelisation of The Ark was first published by Target Books.
- 1987 - The Doctor Who Illustrated A to Z was published in paperback by W.H. Allen.
- 1992 - DWM 185 was released by Marvel Comics.
- 2001 - The audio story The Stones of Venice was first released by Big Finish Productions.
- 2005 - BBC Two celebrated the return of Doctor Who with Doctor Who Night.
- 2008 - Adrift was first broadcast on BBC Three.
- 2008 - The Doctor Who: Battles in Time comic story Designs of the Dust was first published.
- 2008 - In Living Colour aired on BBC Three.
- 2009 - DWA 107 was first released by BBC Magazines.
- 2012 - The Dæmons was released on Region 2 DVD.
- 2014 - DWDVDF 136 was first published by GE Fabbri Ltd.
- 2014 - Toby Hadoke's Who's Round 49 was released online.
- 2015 - Audiobook versions of Doctor Who and the Deadly Assassin and Corpse Marker were released by BBC Audio.
- 2015 - The Essential Doctor Who: The Master was released by Panini Comics.
- 2021 - The Lonely Assassins was first released by BBC Studios.
- 2021 - 2020: The Movie was first transmitted during BBC One's Comic Relief night.
- The Stones of Venice. Big Finish, via Internet Archive. Retrieved on 9 April 2001. | <urn:uuid:dfc98d82-4eba-495c-9e9e-be6934d61d72> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tardis.fandom.com/wiki/19_March_(releases) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.935927 | 473 | 1.84375 | 2 |
“One thing is for sure,” declared an influential American critic and record industry analyst, Bob Lefsetz, in a recent post on the topic of streaming music. “One service will dominate, it’s where we’ll all go, because we want to share, we don’t want to be left out.”
“Streaming music, it’s kind of like the moon race, everybody wants to get there first,” says Casey Rae, an adjunct professor at the University of Georgetown and a vice-president of the Future of Music Coalition, an advocacy group for musicians. “It seems like an open contest, but it’s really not.” The winner, Rae told Quartz, “is probably going to be a company that has other properties, that doesn’t need to depend on the streaming platform itself.”
A clearer picture of what Apple and Google are trying to achieve in streaming music should emerge in coming months. But Rae, of the Future of Music Coalition, says that the odds are already stacked in their favor, and not just because they can absorb the high costs of royalties. The standalone services “are the services that are the most vulnerable, because they’ve got licensing costs and you also have got ISPs trying to put caps on users and the whole net neutrality issue,” he explains.
What this means is that, owing to changes in US regulation, content companies may soon be forced to pay internet service providers extra to stream audio and video content to users without annoying time lags. That would put even more pressure on their margins.
If so, the streaming music business (or at least the on-demand form) may well be destined to become a loss-leader for other, more lucrative business activities, Rae says. And it wouldn’t be the first time music has been used this way. Rae points out that in the days of CDs, retail electronics chains like Best Buy sold albums at a discount to get customers in the door so they would buy cameras and music players. | <urn:uuid:c47a8cdf-d032-4d49-9acc-ac32d09c4ba8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.futureofmusic.org/pressmention/epic-battle-streaming-music-about-begin-and-only-few-will-survive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.960483 | 438 | 1.820313 | 2 |
The traveller is responsible for finding out regulation of the countries they are visiting and the airlines there are travelling on regarding all medication. Your doctor will not have this information nor are they responsible for providing this. This applies to prescribed AND over-the-counter medications. Patients should do this well in advance: Local regulations (e.g. in Turkey, China and Singapore) may require them to get a licence for carriage of ANY personal medication. They may need a doctor’s letter and to get this translated by an authorised body for any medication to be carried.
Letters provided for travel are not part of the GP NHS service but your GP may be willing to provide this for a fee (check with reception) or if they are too busy may redirect to a private travel clinic.
The following are not available on an NHS prescription (private travel clinics can help with these):
- Malaria prophylaxis
- Vaccines for Japanese encephalitis, Tick-borne encephalitis, Yellow fever, Rabies (unless the person is at occupational risk e.g. bat handler or is having post exposure prophylaxis, in which case this is provided under the NHS).
- Sunscreens (these are only prescribable on the NHS to patients with specific medical conditions e..g vitiligo, genetic disorders, radiotherapy, chronic or recurrent herpes simplex labialis”
Within Europe Government advice is that a patient must be able to prove controlled medication belongs to them to travel into or out of the UK. This requires a letter outlining use and countersigned by ‘the person who prescribed the drugs’. If carrying more than 3 months’ supply, they will also need a Home Office licence:
Requests for extra supplies of medication for patients who wish to travel abroad
For visit longer than 3 months the patient should be advised to register with a local practitioner. Check with the manufacturer that medicines required are available in the country being visited. Some medicines can be purchased without a prescription from pharmacies in some countries. They are entitled to an NHS Prescription to cover the time until they get to the destination and find an alternative supply of that medication abroad. This will never be for more than 3 months.
Just in case medicines
GPs are not responsible for the prescribing of ‘just in case’ items for conditions which may arise while abroad or travelling. Travellers are advised to purchase medication they may need or if is a prescription only item this may be issued at the discretion of the doctor on a private prescription. | <urn:uuid:b205b553-ff39-4bee-89e8-47eede8c518b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bridgesmedicalpractice.co.uk/pages/Advice-About-Medicines-When-Travelling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.923279 | 563 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Kashmir is known globally not only for its rugged natural beauty, but for its rich local traditions of unique traditional handicrafts and artwork, from papier-mâché to walnut wood carvings. But in a world when mass-produced manufactured goods have become the default, Kashmir’s tens of thousands of artisans are struggling to keep up.
To revive Kashmir’s famed but fading handicrafts, especially at a time when lockdowns have devastated sales, the Jammu and Kashmir government’s handicraft department has embarked on a “Craft Safari” initiative that many artisans in the region see as a ray of hope.
“If all goes well, Kashmir’s centuries-old handicrafts will once again thrive, giving the region’s culture and heritage a much-needed boost while also giving local artisans a fresh start,” says Tariq Ahmad Zargar, director of the Handicrafts and Handloom Kashmir division.
Last year, these local craft traditions helped the city of Srinagar secure a place in UNESCO’s Creative City Network, joining around 300 cities. Launched in 2004, the network’s purpose is to advance cooperation among members in working toward sustainable urban development. The designation, in the Crafts and Folk Art category, recognizes that Srinagar has placed its creative and cultural industries at the center of its strategy for this development.
Srinagar city’s strong artistic legacy and culture date back to the 14th century. Nearly 40,000 registered artisans work in fields from carpet weaving to copper wares, producing hand-made crafts in styles unique to the region. Over decades, handicrafts have become a vital part of the city’s economy and social fabric, generating employment and stimulating economic growth. Experts say the handicraft industry has the potential to provide stable jobs for the local populace — provided improved marketing and promotion measures are put in place.
A painted wall hanging made on a carpet loom by an artisan in Srinagar. (Photo by Bilal Hussain)
Due to the lack of market, ongoing territorial conflict in the contested region, Covid-19 lockdowns as well as the ubiquity of machine-made crafts, Kashmir’s ancient cultural crafts have been slowly dying for the past few decades. As a result, the younger generation isn’t attracted to learning many of these skills and taking up the profession; some families that had specialized in specific artisanal methods for generations are now selling off their small businesses and moving on from their region’s legacy.
Now, some local artisans say that initiatives like the Craft Safari have shown to be a step to revive the fading art and a hope for young artisans.
The Craft Safari is a guided tour that takes a group of people— tourists, tour guides, academics, journalists, employees, students and others— to see the artisans of Srinagar city at work. These artisans are still practicing the centuries-old unique handicraft in various mediums, including papier-mâché, wood carving, ceramics, silverware, copperware, NamdhaKari textiles and silk carpets.
“The safari is aimed to take potential buyers directly to the artisans,” paper mache handicraft instructor Ishfar Ali says. “The artisan also gets the chance to interact with the customers and assess the market needs to bring necessary changes to cater to market demand.”
Zargar tells Next City that the purpose of the craft safari is to take visitors to the artisans themselves and show them exactly what it takes to make the crafts.
“An aim drives us that people should directly buy it from the artisan,” Zargar says. “This will pass the economic benefits to the artisans, with least involvement of middlemen.”
Syed Amjid Ali has been working as a handicraft artisan in Srinagar for over 40 years. Through the craft safari, he says, government officials have also started visiting the artisans. Travel agents, too, have begun calling the artisans. Besides simply raising awareness of Srinagar’s artistic heritage among tourists, Ali says, the artisans have also made sales through these safaris.
Abdul Majeed Dar, an artisan who produces paper mache items, tells Next City the increased sales are no small matter.
“Since the people from all walks of life have started visiting us through the safaris, my sales have gone up significantly and I am unable to cater to the demand,” he says.
The ongoing conflict and lockdowns have affected the sector. The Indian government revoked Kashmir’s special status on August 5, 2019 and put restrictions on movement and communication for many months. With landlines, mobile phones and internet services blocked even during normally-lucrative festival seasons, local businesses, especially in the handicraft sector, took a major hit.
But just as artisans prepared to restart their trade, another lockdown was imposed in 2020 as the pandemic brought life to a standstill throughout the world. Lockdowns have cost the region $7 billion, according to the Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry, a local trade organization.
Pashmina artisan Ghulam Mohammad Baigh, who is part of the fifth generation of his family to specialize in the craft, says that the three decades of the territorial conflict had marred the handicraft industry in the region and the latest two lockdowns in 2019 and 2020 badly hit the sector.
An artisan in Srinagar demonstrates Kashmir's traditional fine needle work on a shawl. (Photo by Bilal Hussain)
It was only the support of the local community that allowed the industry to survive. “During the lockdowns, locals used to buy Pashmina from us and that kept artisans and craft alive,” Baigh says.
With many machine-made crafts also inaccurately being sold as handmade, artisans have also formed local associations that successfully secured geographical indications, certifying legitimate handmade goods for many of their products and helping protect their livelihoods. Of Srinagar’s 10 unique historic crafts, seven have received geographical indications — hand-knotted carpets, paper mache, pashmina, Kani shawls, Sozzani, Khatamband and walnut wood carving — helping curb the mis-selling of machine-made crafts under the tag of handicrafts.
To add value to the creative city of crafts and folk art, UNESCO asks cities to engage in measures that improve the living and working conditions in the creative field’s area of interest, ensure long-term prosperity of local artisans, and make it easier for people from low-income families to learn and practice traditional crafts and folk art.
To join the Creative Cities network, Srinagar officials worked with local artisans to develop an application that outlined an action plan for projects and policies that would launch in the next four years. The “Craft Safari” initiative is at the core of this strategy.
In many ways, the UNESCO recognition is merely a marketing move, seeking to draw more tourists to the city and to buyers to its artisan workshops. But the move also shows that the city sees its skilled artisans as a worthy investment, core to its urban cultural identity and development. City officials say Srinagar had been working to join the list for four years. The city had hired an agency in 2018 to consult with all local stakeholders, including both its artisan and trade bodies as well as government agencies working on commerce and handicrafts.
With the global recognition of the rich craft legacy of Srinagar in the form of UNESCO status, Mariam Shah, Assistant Professor at the University of Kashmir’s Economics Department, expects a change at the grassroots level for the artisans.
The low wages in the sector, the absence of protective labor laws and worker unions, and the presence of powerful exploitative intermediaries have caused uncertainty and financial disparity for workers at multiple levels. Shah anticipates the city’s strategic revitalization efforts might be able to relieve the problems caused by the craft sector’s informal, unregulated economy.
While a healthy and prosperous ecosystem needs to be nurtured around these crafts, Shah stresses that the state needs to safeguard the interests of the workers who have kept these skills alive in the most trying circumstances in this region.
“Initiatives like Craft Safari are important interventions and will create a direct link between the artisans and the government and weaken the hold of middlemen in the system,” Shah says.
Bilal Hussain is an independent journalist in Srinagar, Kashmir. | <urn:uuid:679fe3e7-3aa6-40ba-815b-3c0032dd47bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nextcity.org/urbanist-news/for-kashmirs-local-artisans-a-craft-safari-offers-a-lifeline | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.945244 | 1,809 | 2.703125 | 3 |
W.Va. records first swine flu-related death
Published 11:43 am Friday, September 4, 2009
HUNTINGTON, W.Va. (AP) — State and local health officials say West Virginia has recorded its first swine flu-related death.
Cabell-Huntington Health Department Director Dr. Harry Tweel said a 51-year-old Kanawha County man died Thursday night at a Huntington-area hospital.
Tweel said he could not identify the man, but added that he had underlying medical conditions.
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Tweel said the state’s laboratory confirmed the man had the H1N1 virus.
Department of Health and Human Resources spokesman John Law confirmed that the man’s death is the first swine flu-related death in West Virginia.
Law said the DHHR will work with local health departments to urge residents to wash their hands frequently and cover when sneezing and coughing. | <urn:uuid:a42b0ffb-1771-42d5-8f28-33942ddb42ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.irontontribune.com/2009/09/04/wva-records-first-swine-flu-related-death/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.960604 | 202 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Decorate with paint or glitter for pretty accents, or fill with your favorite stuffing, casserole, soup, or custard for a fun appetizer. These tiny, delicious pumpkins are 3″–4″ across and 2″ tall. Compact vines grow 6–10 fruits on each plant. Can be grown in a large container and trellised to grow vertically. When grown in containers, use one that is at least 5 gallons, and 18″ deep; only 1 plant per container. Vines grow up to 3′-5′ long. Botanical Interest’s® Jack Be Little Pumpkin Seeds have been verified by The Non-GMO Project.
This packet sows up to 6 mounds.
95 days to maturity.
Outdoors: Sow 2-4 weeks after your average last frost date, and when soil temperature is 70°–90°F.
Indoors: Not recommended except in very short growing seasons. Sow 2-4 weeks before your average last frost date. Sow in biodegradable pots that can be planted directly in the ground. Transplant after your average last frost date, when weather is warm and settled. | <urn:uuid:f5dbdd45-f1f0-426b-a9a0-c90f4cf6f478> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://martinshomeandgarden.com/shop/product/pumpkin-jack-be-little-seeds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.898056 | 251 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Customer loyalty is often considered the “Holy Grail” of marketing. After all, it costs far less to keep a current customer than it does to attract a new one. But what exactly is customer loyalty, and how can eCommerce businesses nurture it?
In today’s competitive marketplace, customer loyalty is essential for businesses to survive and thrive. A loyal customer is one who continues to purchase a product or service from a particular company, despite the presence of cheaper alternatives. Some may find your prices more convenient or your brand, service, or products of better quality.
Whatever the reason, one thing is certain — customer loyalty is the key to long-term success for any business. It is what keeps customers coming back, time after time. But how do you create customer loyalty? And more importantly, how do you maintain it?
Well, one way is through eCommerce email marketing. Read on and learn tips to creating loyal customers with email marketing!
Best eCommerce email marketing practices to increase customer loyalty
In order to understand the process of creating customer loyalty, it is important first to understand what motivates customers to remain loyal to a particular brand. Among the major drivers of customer loyalty are emotional attachment, perceived value, convenience, and satisfaction.
Emotional attachment is driven by factors such as a sense of belonging, a positive customer experience, and trust. Perceived value is driven by factors such as competitive pricing, quality of products or services, and effective marketing. Convenience is influenced by factors such as the availability of products or services, easy-to-use website or app, and free shipping. Finally, satisfaction is determined by factors such as courteousness of staff, resolution of problems, and delivery of promises.
Now, with this understanding, let us take a look at the best eCommerce email marketing practices you can employ to ensure you are on the right track to increasing customer loyalty through these drivers.
Offer personalized content and product recommendations
Personalized content helps to show customers that you know them and value their business. You can use customer data to segment your email list and send relevant messages that are tailored to each group. For example, if you sell women’s clothing, you could send one group of customers information about new arrivals in their size, and another group could receive information about upcoming sales. You can also use email to recommend products based on what customers have bought in the past or shown interest in. For example, if a customer buys a pair of shoes, you could recommend socks or tights as an accessory.
Don’t joke with customer service
Providing excellent customer service is essential for any business that wants to build customer loyalty and maintain a good reputation. One way to provide outstanding customer service is by prioritizing email communications. In today’s fast-paced world, customers appreciate the convenience of being able to reach out to a company via email and receive a prompt response. Moreover, emails allow businesses to resolve issues quickly and efficiently, often without the need for costly phone calls or in-person meetings. Also, it provides a written record of the conversation that can be referred back to if necessary.
Send incentives to inactive customers
Inactive customers are those who haven’t shopped at your store or interacted with your brand in a while. It is important to reach out to these customers and try to win them back, as they can be valuable members of your customer base. One way to do this is by sending incentives through email. You can approach this in a few different ways! Include a coupon code in your email signature, or send out periodic emails with discounts and special offers. You can also offer incentives for referrals, such as a discount for every new customer that they refer to your business. Whatever approach you choose, it is important to be creative and personalize your offers so that inactive customers feel valued and appreciated.
Come up with an attractive customer loyalty program
Loyalty programs are a great way to reward your best customers and encourage repeat business. You can program an email containing information about a loyalty offer to be triggered once a customer makes a certain number of purchases.
There are many different ways to run a loyalty program, and the best approach will vary depending on the type of business. For example, you could offer a discount for customers who make a certain number of purchases within a certain period of time. Or, you could offer a loyalty points program where customers earn points for every purchase they make and can then redeem those points for discounts or other rewards. Another option is to give VIP treatment to your best customers, such as early access to sales or exclusive invitations to events. Ultimately, the goal is to create a loyalty program that provides value for both the customer and the business.
Create customer-exclusive offers and promotions
A key part of building customer loyalty is creating exclusive offers that customers can’t find anywhere else. Now when you send these tailored offers via email, it ensures that only your most loyal customers have access to the best deals, helping to create a sense of exclusivity and VIP treatment. Of course, you will need to make sure that your emails stand out in customers’ inboxes so they don’t get missed or deleted. One way to do this is to use eye-catching visuals and engaging copy. You could also consider offering a discount for customers who sign up for your email list. Just make sure that your email list is well segmented so you’re only sending these offers to targeted customers.
The Bottom Line
Email marketing is an incredibly powerful way to build customer loyalty and keep customers coming back for more. But it is not as simple as blasting your customers with a never-ending stream of promotional emails (though we do love a good sale). It takes careful planning and execution to create an email marketing campaign that will keep your customers engaged and interested in what you have to offer.
At Reas Marketing, we specialize in creating email marketing campaigns that drive results. We know how to capture your audience’s attention and hold it long enough to convert them into loyal customers. If you’d like to learn more about how we can help you achieve this, please contact us today. We would be happy to discuss our services with you and answer any questions you may have. | <urn:uuid:d021e74c-8541-4961-957b-bd72f2d21a15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://reasmarketing.com/how-to-build-customer-loyalty-with-ecommerce-email-marketing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.952607 | 1,282 | 1.71875 | 2 |
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What is Natural Health? (part 1)
I hear this a lot, “What is this whole ‘natural health’ thing about anyway?” …so, I thought it might be a good topic to cover. We’re gonna ask a lot of questions and try to explain the answers in real life terms – with as little woo-woo, crunchy talk as possible.
Generally, prior to the 20th century “medicine” was natural; the body was allowed to do its job in fighting off sickness and remedies were made from plants that the body recognized as natural foods. There were some points in history where curiosity was stronger than common sense and strange healing methods were experimented with. Most of those methods (think leeches and blood-letting) started out with logical assumptions but ended, well, not so “well”.
Technological advances (some very good!) led to a new form of “medicine” created chemically in laboratories. The not-so-good result is that most of the pharmaceutical drugs concocted are not recognized and accepted by our bodies as natural and, therefore, cause “side-effects”. Many side-effects are not acute (immediate & pressing) but work more like a devilish form of dominoes that slowly cause negative sequential reactions. Unnatural living habits and diets create the need for unnatural symptom relievers.
Natural medicine (also called naturopathic medicine or naturopathy) simply tries to utilize the wisdom of our forebears and the natural resources provided us to bring balance to the body. Historically all around the world our ancestors have understood the basic principles of health that seem to have been forgotten in the shadow of modern technology:
“Gracious words are like a honey comb, sweetness to the soul and health to the body”, was a proverb spoken by King Solomon, King of Israel. Another of his proverbs says, “A merry heart does good like a medicine.”
An old Irish proverb says, “A good laugh and a long sleep are the best cures in the doctor’s book.”
“The best six doctors anywhereOld English Nursery Rhyme
And no one can deny it
Are sunshine, water, rest, and air
Exercise and diet.
These six will gladly you attend
If only you are willing
Your mind they’ll ease
Your will they’ll mend
And charge you not a shilling.”
There are many more examples like these but the point is that natural medicine is just that – natural. You would think that natural things would be natural to people but somehow, things have gotten a little misleading in the natural health field. A lot of misconceptions surround this topic so I would like to clarify a few of them.
Let’s get the pressing matters taken care of first, shall we? Concerning natural health…
- Question: “Do I have to eat granola?” Answer = No.
- Question: “What if I don’t like Birkenstocks?” Answer = Don’t wear them.
- Question: “Because you use herbs does that mean you are a witch? Do you make potions?” Answer = No. Not a “bad” one or a “good” one.
- Question: “If I follow natural health recommendations must I move to a nudist colony?” Answer = Please don’t.
- Question: “If I do ‘natural’ things, should I move to Colorado and smoke the weeds?” Answer = Live wherever you like but we don’t suggest smoking anything except BBQ.
- Question: “If I use natural medicine do I have to drive a Subaru?” Answer = Only is you need to haul a lot of herbs around in the back and want good gas mileage and need a car that has room for your bike on back and your kayak on top.
- Question: “Exactly where is my aura?” Answer = Probably parked in the garage next to the Subaru.
Now that your mind is at ease, let’s talk about what natural health does mean. “Natural health” actually describes the way to live in abundant wellness by choice. It is how we maintain good health and also how we correct health imbalances by utilizing a holistic approach to life. “Holistic” means we consider the whole person and their condition of well-ness or dis-ease.
To explain how natural health works for us first we must understand what we are and how we were made. We don’t have to know every nuance of anatomy and physiology to understand how we generally function. Knowing how we were made helps us to understand how to keep healthy or how to bring ourselves back to a place of wellness if we’ve gotten away from it.
Once you know how something works you can see how to fix it! To explore the way natural health works we’re going to answer several questions:
How are we made; how does our health naturally function?
How do we naturally stay healthy or return to wellness?
What do we use to naturally fuel our bodies?
What do we use to naturally heal?
If it required a degree and license to know how to live and to live well God wouldn’t have created us to procreate. We can do this thing called life! My passion is to enable you to take back the control of your own health-care and that of the loved ones you care for. I’m not only suggesting that it’s simple but that we can actually find the path back to abundant wellness! So, wanna join me? Let’s take a look at each of these questions one at a time…
Next time we’ll talk about…
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Drug Addiction and the Enabler
It is not uncommon in most cases of addiction in Ledger that the individual's habit is influenced entirely or partially by someone in their immediate environment. An enabler is either a knowing or unaware participant in the individuals struggle with drug addiction, and is someone who makes their addiction possible or less difficult to continue on. The act of enabling is often carried out out of "concern" or "worry", but is more harmful than good in the end. A good example of an enabler is a family member or partner who gives a drug addicted individual any kind of financing, housing, transportation, and may even obtain the individual's drug for them. The thinking behind this is often that the enabling is helping the person to be in a safe and stable scenario, instead of being on the streets or in harmful situations.
Enablers are frequently the crucial component in an addicted individual's life which is actually making the drug addiction possible. Reversely, enablers can also be the key to helping someone get off of drugs once the enabling is discontinued. As soon as the enabling has been discontinued, drug addicted individuals will often find that it is no longer possible to continue their habit and will reach a crisis point. This is why an enabler must recognize the situation immediately and instead of prolonging the individual's addiction, get them into an effective drug rehab facility in Ledger. Only then will both the enabler and the drug addict be able to go on with their lives in a much healthier and sane manner.
Drug Intervention and Drug Rehab
Drug intervention and drug treatment in Ledger are invaluable resources that can help families and loved ones of drug addicted individuals. Addiction can take over a person's will, mind and body to the point where they cannot cannot make correct decisions on their own, and this often reaches a point of crisis where they will need an intervention from those who love and care about them. In Ledger, drug rehab facilities work with professional interventionists who can help organize and hold drug interventions so that the addicted individual can finally find his way to treatment that will save his life.
Most drug interventions can be orchestrated and held within a matter of days or even hours as needed, and professional interventionists are trained at handling even the toughest cases to get individuals into drug treatment. The alternatives are grim, and most people who don't receive such an intervention will lose their lives to addiction. Once the person is confronted by means of a drug intervention, they will understand how much love and concern their families and loved ones have for them and what they stand to lose if they don't get help. Once the addicted individual can see solutions rather than addiction problems, they will more often than not accept treatment help and start their path immediately in drug rehab and to a fresh start.
Do I Need a Drug Rehab Facility
Individuals in Ledger can get captured in the routine of addiction so rapidly, that before they know it their addiction has spun out of control and they can no longer handle their behavior or choices regarding their drug use. One day someone might be using drugs "socially" and within just a brief amount of time, absolutely nothing else seems to be important. This is because drugs induce both bodily and mental dependence that causes individuals to make drugs a lot more important than anything else in their lives.
While this can be tough to comprehend for most who don't have a problem with drugs, individuals that are "good" people can quickly get caught up in the routine of addiction; a cycle that can rarely be stopped without suitable treatment at a drug rehab facility in Ledger. At a drug rehab program, individuals will be able to initially detox safely and control withdrawal symptoms with the aid of specialists and medical staff. More importantly, they will be able to tackle things which brought about their drug use which include all psychological and emotional issues. Layer by layer these difficulties can be resolved, so that there is no chance the individual will fall prey to drug abuse once again in the future.
Drug Addiction and Codependency
Drug addiction and codependency go together, and numerous family members and loved one's of addicts in Ledger find themselves affected in an addicted individual's addiction. This can go so far that it reaches the stage where the codependency is an addiction in itself. Addiction at times causes both the drug addicted person and those closest to them to produce these unhealthy codependent relationships, which can lead to great mental pain and eventually destroy these relationships entirely. Codependency can be hard to recover from, particularly when those affected forget how to function normally in the relationship and become fully absorbed in drug addiction and its effects.
The only way to quit and recover from drug addiction and codependency is to find treatment at a drug rehab program. Numerous times, it is not only required for the individual who is in fact using drugs to search for treatment, but also for the men and women in their lives who have become codependent to seek treatment as well. There are numerous drug rehab programs in Ledger which not only deal with drug addiction but unhealthy codependency, which can help restore these relationships and prepare friends and family for a more healthy relationship once treatment is completed.
What are Different Drug Rehab Options?
For individuals who are addicted to drugs, trying to beat the addiction on your own without help can be a losing battle. Usually the only hope that drug addicted individuals have is professional drug treatment at a drug rehabilitation center in Ledger. Because there are many things to be considered when selecting an effective drug rehab center, it is helpful to know what different drug rehab options are available in Ledger and which one will be the most effective in each particular scenario.
Several drug rehabilitation facilities in Ledger are based off the premise that addiction is a disease. While this type of drug rehab option may be effective for some, there are drug rehab options which successfully treat and completely resolve addiction during the course of treatment so that drug addiction never plagues the person again. In effect, these drug rehab options have proven time and time again that in fact addiction is not a disease but a condition that is 100% treatable and curable.
Most drug rehab options that treat addiction in this way are in-patient and residential drug rehabilitation programs which utilize different types of counseling, behavioral treatment and education over an extended period of time, typically 90 days or more. Treatment services are delivered until the recovering addict is able to leave treatment knowing that they will never feel the need to use drugs again and can live a happy, productive, drug-free life.
What is Drug Rehab?
Drug rehab in Ledger is often an addicts only option to ever recover from addiction, because all other attempts at quitting have failed. If they don't decide to seek help at a Ledger drug rehab facility, the alternatives are typically intense suffering not only for oneself but for one's friends and family. This can include legal troubles and a general deterioration of one's life in general.
What should be realized is that addiction is a complicated condition that requires rehabilitation. A quality treatment center offers the intensive treatment needed which addresses all areas of the addicted individual's life so that they can make healthy decisions and effectively solve their problems. For example, if there was abuse in one's childhood or from one's partner, this could easily predispose someone to drug addiction. Social inequities commonly result in substance abuse, so that the person can "cope" and feel more comfortable and accepted in social settings. Drug rehab helps deal with these types of issues, which are the real reasons the individual began using drugs in the first place. Once these issues have been handled through drug rehabilitation, the person will be able to make it through life without using drugs as a crutch.
Drug Rehabilitation and Detoxification for Withdrawal Symptoms
One of the reasons drug addicted individuals find it difficult to stop using drugs once they start using them, is because of physical and psychological dependency that inevitably occurs when the individual uses drugs long enough. It no longer becomes a matter of "willpower" because their bodies and minds will actually produce extremely uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms when they try to stop using drugs. This is called drug withdrawal, and is a major roadblock for people who wish to stop using drugs. Addicts will become very ill during withdrawal and can even die in in some cases, as seizures and strokes can occur with certain drugs and with alcohol. Depression is a very typical withdrawal symptom, which can become so extreme that the person may commit suicide.
To ease certain withdrawal symptoms and to make detox a safer process, it is important that drug addicted individuals who wish to quit do so in the proper environment such as a drug treatment center. Drug rehab facilities in Ledger can not only see individuals safely through the detoxification process and help minimize and ease withdrawal symptoms, but also ensure that the individual doesn't relapse back into drug use. After detox has been completed, addiction professionals in Ledger will then ensure that all underlying psychological and emotional issues tied to the individual's addiction are addressed so that they stay off of drugs once they leave the drug rehab center.
How Much Does a Drug Rehab Cost?
It can be difficult enough to get someone to want help and agree to enter a drug rehab facility in Ledger. Coming up with the money to pay for drug treatment can sometimes be a problem, but one that can be overcome if one considers the many possibilities available in Ledger. Depending on which drug treatment option is chosen, the cost of drug rehab can vary considerably from program to program. Some outpatient and short term drug rehab programscenters]]] for example may be state or federally funded and may even be free of charge. These types of programs are also commonly the least effective however, a fact which should be considered over cost.
More long term drug treatment facilities in Ledger which have proven to be the most effective are residential and inpatient drug rehabilitation programs which require a stay of at least 90 days. These types of drug rehabilitation centers are typically more expensive due to the fact that these facilities are private drug treatment programs and supply their clients with all food and shelter for the duration of their stay. These programs typically cost anywhere from $4000 to $20,000, depending on the length of stay and the amenities offered.
How Long is a Drug Rehabilitation Program in Ledger?
Individuals progress through Drug Rehab in Ledger at various rates, so there is no way that an exact pre-determined length for recovery can be set .However, research has shown unequivocally that the recovery success rate is much greater in long term residential Drug Rehabilitation than in short term drug rehabilitation. Generally, for residential or outpatient Drug Rehab in Ledger, treatment for less than 90 days delivers a very limited amount of effectiveness, and treatment lasting longer is recommended for maintaining the most positive results. The reason that a longer duration of drug treatment is advisable is because it takes time to detox from drugs and reduce drug cravings. It also takes time for the addict's brain to begin to heal. A longer Drug Rehab Program in Ledger, MT. also gives the addict time to be able to sort out the underlying issues of why they began to use drugs to begin with. Long term Drug Rehabilitation is optimal because it takes time for the addict to learn new behaviors and skills and to be educated in relapse prevention. In terms of how long a Drug Treatment Program in Ledger should be, the person's willingness is also a factor. Just the fact that the person is willing to remain in Drug Rehab for a prolonged period of time, is a good indicationthat they truly desire to get better.
Many people in Ledger might believe that long term Drug Rehabilitation is expensive, but if the individual continues using drugs or alcohol it will cost everyone involved much more, and not just financially. An individual in Ledger, Montana that needs drug treatment should not talk themselves out of a long term drug treatment facility based on cost alone. A person in Ledger should not compare the price of the freedom from drug addiction with the one time cost of an effective Drug Rehab Program.
20 local and nearby drug treatment listings in Ledger, Montana: | <urn:uuid:0108df38-966d-468c-8381-4a1101b7390a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.drug-overdose.com/Ledger-MT-local_and_nearby_treatment_listing_directory.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.961675 | 2,461 | 2.515625 | 3 |
The damage caused by powerful storm surges triggered by Hurricane Ida is expected to amount to about $18 billion in insurance payments in the US and the Caribbean, according to catastrophe modeling company Karen Clark & Co.
The figure is close to the lower end of early calculations revealed by insurance experts while the cyclone was still roaring earlier this week, and represents the first estimate from one of the majors in the risk-modeling sector.
According to the firm, some $40 million worth of the insured loss would be in the Caribbean and the rest from wind and storm surge losses in the United States.
Making landfall in Louisiana as a category 4 hurricane on Sunday, Ida brought howling 150mph winds, lashing rain, and up to 16 feet of water surging onto the Gulf Coast and up into New Orleans and beyond.
According to the earlier estimates, insurers were expected to take a hit of up to $30 billion in claims from Hurricane Ida. Moreover, the losses will reportedly surge due to the growing costs of lumber and labor amid the Covid-19 pandemic.
The experts highlight that the wide-ranging estimates are still projected to be far less than the $87 billion in claims from Hurricane Katrina back in 2005.
The forecast covers damage to privately insured residential, commercial, as well as industrial properties and automobiles, excluding boats, offshore properties or losses that come under the US National Flood Insurance Program.
For more stories on economy & finance visit RT’s business section | <urn:uuid:9b558f96-a239-46e3-9589-1aa6b8e794b6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://heavyshiftnews.com/hurricane-ida-may-cause-18-billion-in-insured-losses-industry-experts-say/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.954808 | 301 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Microsoft is bringing OpenCL and OpenGL support to DirectX, for both Windows and Windows Subsystem for Linux, enabling machine learning and data parallel computing in everyday business applications.
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There\’s a lot more to the modern GPU than high-speed, high-resolution graphics. They\’re powerful compute engines, using their many cores as a way of implementing massively parallel processing algorithms, handling big data analysis and complex numerical computing problems, or supporting machine learning with neural network implementations.
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Tasks like these used to need supercomputers — custom hardware designed to process large amounts of data as quickly as possible. But with GPUs in desktop computers and laptops (and even in modern servers), we can fit what used to need millions of dollars of hardware into much smaller and more affordable devices. While much GPU-based compute has been focused on scientific computing in high-end workstations, a new generation of desktop applications are starting to take advantage of GPU technology to add new features.
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There are many good reasons for keeping high-performance computing local: dealing with high-latency connections to cloud resources; user privacy; working within local regulatory constraints, for example. With machine learning essential to assistive technologies like voice recognition, or helping power document search and management, there\’s a growing demand for local GPU-based applications, using a mix of technologies. Simple APIs like Windows\’ ONNX-based WinML make it easy to handle inferencing in models created using cloud-based training services like those on Azure.
Compute in DirectX
Microsoft\’s DirectX has already added compute support with its DirectML and DirectCompute features, alongside its C++ AMP extensions. You can use these in your code to connect applications directly to your GPU\’s compute capabilities. They\’re low-level technologies that require specific hardware support to work well, although they are significantly faster than using other Windows programming techniques.
DirectX isn\’t the only set of GPU APIs with compute capabilities, so Windows support for additional GPU technologies is important. The open-source Mesa 3D libraries are a commonly used implementation of the core OpenGL and OpenCL specifications. Mesa 3D is widely used, but until recently graphics hardware vendors needed to ship both DirectX and Mesa 3D drivers, more than doubling the work needed to deliver drivers for Windows. As many cross-platform GPU compute workloads depend on OpenCL, lack of support from many lower-cost GPUs made it hard to port code to Windows.
Bringing Mesa3D to DirectX
Microsoft recently announced that it was working with Collabora to deliver a new Mesa 3D layer on top of DirectX 12. Building on existing translation layers, it\’s a way of allowing hardware vendors to focus resources on their DirectX drivers, knowing that developers can still use Mesa 3D for OpenCL calls. The new layer gives you access to an OpenCL compiler and runtime that connect directly to DirectX. The result should be near-native speed, with familiar tools that reduce the work needed to port code to Windows.
Collabra is partnering with Microsoft to build OpenCL and OpenGL mapping layers, bringing OpenCL 1.2 and OpenGL 3.3 support to all Windows and DirectX 12 enabled devices.
With OpenCL support soon available for all Windows GPUs, what applications will take advantage of these new features? Adobe has been putting in GPU-accelerated machine learning in applications like Photoshop and Lightroom, while Corel has added AI-powered brushes to its natural material Painter. By opening DirectX\’s GPU compute to cross-platform APIs like Mesa3D, it\’s going to be easier for tools like this to deliver the same features across PC, Mac and Linux.
Adding GPU support to WSL 2
It\’s not only Windows apps that will be able to take advantage of GPU compute on Windows 10. At Build 2020 Microsoft announced that it would be supporting GPU virtualisation in upcoming releases of its Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). This ensures that code running in WSL 2 will be able to take advantage of your PC\’s graphics hardware, allowing you to use the GPUs in modern devices like the Surface Book 3 with technologies like TensorFlow.
Microsoft will be shipping a new Linux kernel driver that maps the Windows display driver to a Linux device, with a direct connection to your PC\’s GPU. Your Linux code will be able to connect directly to GPU resources, so if Windows isn\’t using the GPU, a WSL Linux application can use it all. It\’s an approach that should work well on devices like the Surface Book 3, with both integrated and discrete graphics capabilities.
By making the new Linux driver compatible with the Windows driver, Microsoft can bring DirectX 12 to WSL. You get access to most of its features, apart from displaying pixels on a screen. That shouldn\’t be too much of an issue, as you\’ll still be able to use your PC\’s GPU for compute and for offline rendering. The modules to implement the APIs remain closed source, so you won\’t be able to modify them.
OpenCL in WSL
This approach allows Microsoft to bring its DirectML APIs to Linux, with support for both inferencing and training. Developers will be able to use familiar open-source machine-learning platforms in WSL to build, test, and train models that can then be exported using technologies like ONNX for use in WinML applications running under Windows. Microsoft will be releasing a build of TensorFlow with DirectML support for hardware-based model training.
Most Linux applications don\’t use Microsoft APIs, instead working with the Khronos Group\’s open standard APIs, with OpenCL providing GPU compute capabilities. WSL 2\’s GPU support will include a version of the popular Mesa library that can access the new GPU virtualisation drivers, allowing familiar Mesa calls to OpenCL to run on Windows PCs. OpenCL is designed to work across different brands of GPUs, so if you want to access Nvidia-specific features, you need to use Nvidia\’s own CUDA. Microsoft will be including CUDA support in WSL, with a version of libcuda that works with the new GPU drivers.
AMD has recently unveiled drivers that support WSL GPU-acceleration, rolling out an updated preview of its Adrenalin Radeon DirectX 12 drivers. As the updated DirectML adds support for model training as well as inferencing, you can take advantage of the latest high-end GPUs to work with familiar machine learning frameworks in either Windows or a WSL 2-hosted Linux distribution. You can start experimenting with it in the latest Dev channel (what used to be the Fast Ring) Windows 10 builds.
Unifying GPU support in Windows makes a lot of sense. Vendors can reduce support costs, while Microsoft can finally offer a cross-platform GPU solution that simplifies porting code from many different platforms (both for productivity and for gaming) to Windows. With tools like TensorFlow available to Windows, and with the ability to train ML models on workstation PCs, it\’s going to be interesting to see how machine learning and data parallel computing arrive in our everyday business applications. | <urn:uuid:71c22a6e-75d3-42cd-9429-eb83e6603153> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.windows7-8activator.com/windows-10-pcs-why-the-new-key-to-faster-desktop-applications-is-your-gpu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.905779 | 1,598 | 2.484375 | 2 |
Session Type: Abstract Submissions (ACR)
Background/Purpose: Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis (JSS) is characterized by Raynaud`s phenomenon (RP) and digital ulcers (DU).Conventional therapy includes calcium channel blockers (CCB). A growing number of vasodilators is available for treatment of refractory patients but there is no clear evidence of the best option. To aid clinical decision-making, an expert consensus was undertaken. Our objective was to identify the best therapeutic options and define the sequence of 2nd line vasodilators for RP and DU.
Methods: Steps in the process of consensus were: a) Identification of expert panel (EP) members, b) Identification of 2nd line vasodilators c) selection of outcome measures to define RP and DU improvement, d) systematic literature review; e) summary report of the latest scientific evidence f) expert consensus meeting; g) rating of the strength of evidence. RAND/UCLA appropriateness method was used for rating the medical decision: items were rated on a 9-point scale for each drug option. There were 2 scoring rounds: 1) anonymous and independent rating of the appropriateness of vasodilators based on scientific evidence and best clinical judgment. 2) Differences in scoring were discussed at a face-to-face meeting in a second rating round. Consensus was reached on appropriate / inappropriateness.
Results: The EP included 10 physicians from a tertiary center who are involved in the care of patients with JSS: 3 pediatric rheumatologists, 2 dermatologists, 1 pediatrician, 1 gastroenterologist, 1 nephrologist, 1 nutricionist, 1 pharmacologist, and a moderator. The EP identified 4 drugs for analysis: bosentan, iloprost, sildenafil, and trepostinil. Outcome measures were selected according to the literature references and EP judgment. RP improvement definition: ≥ 30% improvement according to the physician (in a visual analogue scale, VAS) and ≥ 30 % improvement in at least 2 patient-related domains (pain or function). Patient domains were: a) number of episodes, b) pain in a VAS, c) function (impaired activity of daily living, VAS), d) RP episodes average duration (in minutes). DU improvement definition: a favorable change in all physician- and patient-related domains: patient’s domains: a) pain (VAS) b) function (VAS); physician´s domains: a) ulcer activity (VAS) b) horizontal and transverse DU diameter (in mm). Systematic literature review was performed independently by 5 EP members and guided by the moderator. All articles in English were eligible. Data bases included PuBmed and Cochrane. The search strategy included all relevant terms: bosentan, iloprost, sildenafil, trepostinil, RP, DU, combined in different sets of keywords. The summary report of the scientific evidence included 25 articles. Ranking of papers according to the strength of evidence showed: 1a (1 paper), 1b (7), 2b (2), 3b (2), 4(8), 5(5). After second scoring round consensus was reached: 1st appropriate indication Iloprost; 2nd bosentan, 3rd sildenafil; 4th trepostinil.
Conclusion: The EP reached a consensus on vasodilator drugs, providing direction for common dilemmas in the pharmacologic treatment of RP and DU in refractory patients.
M. M. Katsicas,
R. A. G. Russo,
« Back to 2013 ACR/ARHP Annual Meeting
ACR Meeting Abstracts - https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/consensus-what-agent-to-use-when-first-line-vasodilatadors-fail-in-raynauds-phenomenon-or-digital-ulcers-secondary-to-juvenile-systemic-sclerosis/ | <urn:uuid:f7aadc06-c99b-4bd9-801f-3b37861bde0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/consensus-what-agent-to-use-when-first-line-vasodilatadors-fail-in-raynauds-phenomenon-or-digital-ulcers-secondary-to-juvenile-systemic-sclerosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.901212 | 869 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Trichomoniasis is among the most common acute sexually transmitted curable illnesses, which is disseminated worldwide generating a lot more than 170 mil instances annually. WHO estimations that a lot more than 170 million instances are reported Rabbit Polyclonal to CHML every year ; of the, 18.5 million result from Latin America . In Mexico, a lot more than 125,000 fresh instances are reported yearly . infects both genders. In males this infection is often asymptomatic; nonetheless it could cause urethritis, prostatitis, cystitis, epididymitis, and infertility. In ladies chlamydia normally causes symptoms of vulvovaginitis and urethritis with genital discharge, discomfort, dysuria, and abdominal discomfort. Vaginal secretion can also be yellow-green, itchy, frothy, and foul-smelling . In women that are pregnant this disease continues to be related to early rupture of amniotic membranes, early delivery, and low delivery weight . Individuals with trichomoniasis are even more vunerable to develop HIV seroconversion . is definitely pyriform and grows in microaerophilic circumstances when cultured. They have two main phases: flagellated and trophozoite . Up to now, there is absolutely no understanding of resistant cysts forms . doesn’t have mitochondria, rather they have hydrogenosomes, organelles without DNA, created by three chromatic granules . Energy requirements are given from the change of blood sugar to glycerol and succinate in the cytoplasm, JNJ-26481585 manufacture accompanied by the subsequent transformation of malate to pyruvate, hydrogen, and acetate in the hydrogenosomes [9C11]. has the capacity to destroy monolayers of epithelial cells isolated from human being genital mucosa by detaching them, lysing them [12C14], or by phagocytosis [15, 16]. Engbring and Alderete reported which has a high specificity to bind and then mucosal epithelial cells from the genitourinary system. This process is definitely mediated by proteases within the parasite’s surface area. Some authors possess recognized and characterized many cysteine proteinases and adhesins that take part in adhesion and cytotoxicity from the parasite towards the vagina and ectocervix [18, 19]. Even though pathogenic systems of are unfamiliar, there are a few factors linked to its harmful impact, also its capability to proliferate and harm sponsor cells [20, 21]. At the moment, several parasite substances have been recognized as JNJ-26481585 manufacture the reason for harm in cells and cells from the sponsor [20, 21]. Many hydrolases have already been explained in and known as lytic element, which can ruin cells and nucleate erythrocytes aswell as acting particularly on phosphatidylcholine recommending a task of phospholipase A2. Vargas-Villarreal et al. shown immediate and indirect actions reliant of hemolytic phospholipase A?(A1 and A2) in subcellular extracts from , , , , and . This activity is definitely essential in physiological and pathophysiological procedures in mammalian cells such as for example sphingomyelin digestive function in lysosomes . Ceramides are participating as second messengers in cytokine inducing apoptosis [30C32], cell differentiation , and in the immune system and inflammatory reactions . The primary objective of the research was to recognize sphingomyelinase activity in the full total draw out, P30, and S30 subfractions of Stress Stress GT-15 of was softly donated to us by Dr. Fernando Anaya-Velzquez from your Experimental JNJ-26481585 manufacture Biology Institute, Chemistry Faculty, Guanajuato University or college, Mexico. It had been managed under cryopreservation and reseeds 3 x per week inside our lab in PEPHS moderate, supplemented with 10% (v/v) bovine serum and Diamond’s vitamins-Tween 80 combination . Any risk of strain of continues to be in three pipes at the same time. The best development tradition was inoculated 5 103 trophozoites/mL in three fresh tubes with new PEHPS [7, 36, 37]. Trophozoites found in the tests were cultivated in suspension system in spinner flasks [7, 21, 38]. 2.2. Planning of Subcellular Fractions The subcellular fractions had been prepared as explained previously . Quickly, pellet comprising trophozoites harvested from your spinner flasks had been suspended in two quantities of Hank’s well balanced salt remedy BSS (0.7?mM CaCl2, 5.5?mM Blood sugar, 120?mM NaCl, 5.3?mM KCl, 1.7?mM MgSo4, 1?mM Trizma bottom, and pH 7.5). The trophozoites had been disrupted with a power motor-driven Potter-Elvehjem Teflon-glass homogenizer JNJ-26481585 manufacture (Bellco, Cup Inc., NY, USA) and triggered at 1000?rpm, representing the portion total draw out (TE). This portion was separated in two parts; the first 3?mL of draw out was divided in 0.5?mL aliquots and stored in ?70C until required. The rest of the TE was centrifuged at 30,000?g during 15?min in 4C. The resultant supernatant (S30) was kept until being utilized. The pellet (P30) was resuspended with 1 quantity BSS, distributed in 200?= 0.29) were produced by exposing the TLC plates to iodine vapors for 10?min . To recognize the [14C]-sphingomyelin, [14C]-phosphorylcholine, and [14C]-choline places, their respective comparative migration coefficients (proteins for 1?hr incubation in 36.5C (U SMase/mg/hr). The sort of SMase activity was. | <urn:uuid:85f648e5-c942-452a-b543-7921808749af> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://kn-62.com/trichomoniasis-is-among-the-most-common-acute-sexually-transmitted-curable-illnesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.936392 | 1,339 | 2.203125 | 2 |
A new technique is presented for the incorporation of ionosonde observations into GPS ionospheric tomography. This approach greatly improves the vertical resolution of the images when using independent incoherent scatter radar observations as ground truth, addressing a traditional weakness of tomographic techniques. Ionosonde observations are used to set vertical basis functions adaptively within the inversion as well as providing electron density information for direct assimilation. The technique also improves slant total electron content (TEC) accuracy in the vicinity of the ionosonde. An experiment was performed in the equatorial region of South America as a 6-day case study due to the availability of incoherent scatter and ionosonde data during this period. Preliminary results were validated with the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar and independent GPS slant TEC observations. Using the incoherent scatter radar as ground truth for the vertical profile, the new technique reduces mean NmF2 error to -0.07 × 10 11 electrons/m 3 compared with 0.27 × 10 11 electrons/m 3 in a control run with no ionosonde data, while root-mean square error is now 0.5 × 10 11 electrons/m 3 compared with 1.0 × 10 11 electrons/m 3 in the control. The new technique also results in 0.1 km mean error in hmF2, compared with -3.9 km in the control, while root-mean square hmF2 error is around 40 km in both cases. Using independent slant TEC observations, the mean error is -0.36 TECU compared with 0.64 TECU in the control run, while root-mean square error is 3.55 TECU down from 4.02 TECU, suggesting the new technique also improves TEC values. | <urn:uuid:c2e1139e-1d89-4b06-a5ea-bfbd04a7eea4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/the-use-of-ionosondes-in-gps-ionospheric-tomography-at-low-latitu | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.881656 | 371 | 1.789063 | 2 |
Baby Head Shape: Easy Innovative, Options You Need to Know Now
March 16, 2020
Hosted by Marie Biancuzzo, RN MS IBCLC
Plagiocephaly (flat-head syndrome) affects as many as 47% of infants. If you’ve seen babies wearing helmets, you know how common this condition is. Maybe you’re wondering: My baby has an unusual head shape; does he need a helmet? Wait! Those helmets cost thousands of dollars and the cost is seldom, if ever, covered by insurance. Can you treat plagiocephaly without a helmet? Join Marie and her guest, plagiocephaly expert Andrew Dorough, DC, as they help you to realize you’re the only one who can find the best solution if your baby has a flat or unusual head shape. Is plagiocephaly just cosmetic? Should you do nothing and believe he will outgrow it? Should you do something now or wait until later…or doesn’t it matter? Does his head shape have anything to do with his continued feeding difficulties? In this episode Marie and Dr. Dorough will help you to follow your gut, ask the right questions, consider all of the treatment options, and understand how chiropractic care can help.
Born to be Breastfed
New shows weekly on VoiceAmerica Health and Wellness Channel
Every new mother hears that breast is best. Many decide to breastfeed so their baby has the best. But soon after birth, the days are often fraught with sleep deprivation and conflicting messages from peers, family members, and health care professionals. Later, negative messages from the media and critical comments from family members and others may trigger mothers to question their decision. Feelings of inadequacy, intimidation and societal pressure to wean can cause mothers to give up breastfeeding before meeting their goals.
The aim of this show is to empower parents to overcome the barriers that keep them from beginning or continuing to breastfeed. Through discussion of hospital practices, milk supply, medications, returning to work, milk storage options, and more, this show will provide an informed and supportive voice for new families and established families, so that they can take charge of their breastfeeding experience from conception through weaning.
Marie Biancuzzo, RN MS IBCLC
Marie Biancuzzo started helping mothers, babies and families to succeed at breastfeeding more than thirty years ago. Fondly remembered for decades by mothers, she earned their trust by helping them to cut through the misinformation, bust the myths, and believe in themselves. Among her peers, Marie has received international recognition as a clinical expert, book author, and national-level change agent. She was a founding member of the United States Breastfeeding Committee, the past president of Baby-Friendly USA, and the founding editor of Nursing for Women's Health.
Marie has both depth and breadth of expertise from having worked in community and teaching hospitals, with mothers and health care providers, in nearly all subspecialties of maternal infant health. From the mother’s hospital bedside to the university classroom, Marie has honed her skills at helping people be good consumers of health care information.
A native of the Rochester, New York area, Marie now resides in the Washington DC area but crisscrosses the country as Director of Breastfeeding Outlook, the education company she founded in 1998. Through her courses and seminars, Marie works to help nurses and other professionals learn how to help families with breastfeeding and related perinatal topics. Recognized for her warmth and personable teaching style, Marie continues to provide direct assistance to mothers, as well.
Marie writes weekly for her blog, The Gold Standard Line. | <urn:uuid:72791ef5-0f0d-4b56-9e47-3cdfc271e571> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.voiceamerica.com/episode/122360/baby-head-shape-easy-innovative-options-you-need-to-know-now | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955513 | 764 | 1.859375 | 2 |
What is Nabtrade ? And How To Use ? it’s Safe ?
Now in this post we are going to see all about it ie can we use it ? And is it safe? We are going to see all about such different types of information so you continue to read this post completely.
There is no doubt that you will definitely get the answers to these questions as you continue to read this post completely.
So if you want to know about it completely then definitely you should continue reading this post completely. There is no doubt that you will definitely be able to know all about it as you continue to read this post.
What Is Share ?
After knowing how much a company is worth, they divide the company’s value into several shares. And each share is fixed at a fixed price.
This means that the price of each share is set at the same level depending on what the company is worth.
And whoever holds the most shares in a company can be the person who owns them the most in that company.
Especially those who own more than 51% of the shares can definitely be the person who has more rights
What Is ExChange ?
Generally the meaning of exchange in Tamil is exchange. That means buying and selling of shares of a company is what we call here as exchange.
That means you are investing in a company. Investing here means buying shares of a company.
Generally all people think to buy a company stock when its price is low so you buy a stock from a company at that time.
Next, generally everyone here would think that the company should grow and the stock price should rise.
So let’s assume that the price of a stock that you have bought has gone up, so now you can see how you can profit from that stock.
If you invest in a company and the price of that stock goes up, you will certainly not make a profit while you hold it.
And you have to sell those shares again. This means that you are now selling the stock at a higher price that you paid a short amount of money for.
This is what we call an exchange when you are constantly buying and selling.
What Is Government Corporation ?
That is, government corporation means that the government corporation has bought more shares in a company and it is called a government corporation.
That is, when the government owns 51% of the shares in a private company, the company is called a government company.
As I said earlier, when the government has more rights in this place then the company is called a government company.
Normally the owner of a company is the person who owns the majority of shares, so in this case the government holds 51% of the shares and the company is also called a government company.
What Is Nabtrade ?
First of all let’s see all about it now i.e. let’s start to see what is Nabtrade and of course know all about it.
What this website is being used for we can say that this website is being used for you to buy shares in a company online and to sell your purchased shares.
And not only this website but this company also gives you an app so you can use it to buy and sell shares very easily through your android mobile.
If you are investing in a company, you are buying shares of a company, so if you buy shares of a company, you will want to sell it when it is doing well.
So at that time we can say that this website and app is being used for you to sell. And now in this post we can see all the different information about it.
What is the minimum amount to trade ?
They say that you can buy shares of a company for as little as US$500 using this website and app.
That means you can use this website to buy shares of a company when its stock is at $500 USD.
Does nabtrade have any monthly fees ?
If you ask if the company will charge you any monthly fee, they will tell you that they will not charge you any fee. So surely there is no alternative opinion that you can trade using it and you can trade by paying only a nominal fee. | <urn:uuid:9f6b6618-c427-428d-8cfa-98d5312d2b9a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://karaicentralbio.com/what-is-nabtrade-and-how-to-use-its-safe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.975802 | 862 | 2.234375 | 2 |
- October 26, 2018
Drivers across California may be able to breathe a sigh of relief. State officials have decided to ban the deadly X-Lite Guardrails that have been responsible for dozens of accidents across the state.
The controversial guardrails have been the cause of considerable woes for many families and the California Highway Patrol in recent years. Their potentially-flawed designs have directly resulted in dozens of deaths.
Here’s all you need to know about the ban of X-Lite Guardrails in California.
X-Lite Guardrails Have Been a Problem for Some Time
According to The Barnes Firm car accident attorneys, California joins the ranks of 12 other states who have also made moves to ban and start replacing all X-Lite Guardrails from highways. Safety advocates say many deaths across America have been attributed to thees faulty rails. A number of recent high-profile fatalities are what finally prompted the government to take some action.
One of the most prominent incidents was the death of Gonzalo Martinez on Interstate 8 near San Diego. After losing control of the vehicle, an X-Lite Guardrail pierced the windshield. It traveled through the entire car, extending 20-feet out the rear of the car before it came to a halt.
There have been similar cases of the Lindsay X-Lite Guardrail impaling a vehicle rather than protecting the driver. Finally, state lawmakers in California have determined the X-Lite Guardrails on California highways is a threat to all motorists.
Why Were X-Lite Guardrails Installed in the First Place?
According to the Lindsay Corporation, the X-Lite was designed as an approved piece of smart technology to prevent road deaths. The guardrail was created to act as a kind of accordion, whereby it would bend and distort to absorb most of the impact force from a crashing vehicle.
Guardrails are typically installed to limit driver harm in the event of an accident. These particular X-Lite guardrails passed multiple road safety tests, but many opponents claim these tests were inefficient, and often failed to test head-on collisions, the top cause of fatalities involving X-Lite guardrails.
What To Expect in the Future
Although the X-Lite guardrails won’t be installed on any more highways, many of these guardrails will remain in-place along California highways.
The process of replacing them, in California and elsewhere, is often time-consuming. The guardrails can’t simply be removed (since that would also leave major safety gaps). Therefore, they must be replaced with a safer design that also meets roadway engineering standards.
The Barnes Firm always urges drivers to exercise extreme caution on the roads. This is especially true during this current period.
If you have already experienced an accident or injury relating to the X-Lite Guardrail in San Diego, an experienced (practice area) attorney can help you get compensation for things like:
- Medical bills
- lost wages
- pain and suffering
- transportation costs
- and more
For more information on receiving compensation for a car accident injury, contact The Barnes Firm to for a free consultation with an experienced car accident attorney in Los Angeles, San Diego, or the Bay Area.
The Barnes Firm (800) 800-0000 | <urn:uuid:689985d4-845d-4e68-9369-aca92f9726d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thebarnesfirm.com/california-bans-x-lite-guardrails-multiple-fatalities-across-america/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.947625 | 697 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Minister of Health, Prof. Isaac Adewole, has called on Nigerians to always engage in physical exercises to reduce the risk of having the deadly disease.
According to him, any form of physical activity that is consistent will promote healthy living, reduce obesity and sedentary lifestyle, and other non-communicable diseases.
The Minister made this call in a message delivered in Abuja on Sunday to commemorate the 2018 World Cancer Day which is marked globally on February 4th every year.
Prof. Adewole, said this year’s theme “We can. I can”, was geared towards exploring individual and collective drive in reducing the global burden of cancer.
“The campaign outlined actions that communities and individuals could take to save lives, achieve greater equity in cancer care and make fighting cancer a priority at the highest political level,” he said.
On individual’s role in fighting cancer, Adewole said: “Individuals could make healthy lifestyle choices by engaging in weekly physical activities for at least two and half hours for adult and an hour for children.
“Other lifestyle modifications that the minister mentioned included avoiding tobacco smoking and chewing, eating a healthy diet, limiting alcohol intake and staying safe under the sun.”
He also emphasized high index of suspicion for early symptoms and signs of cancer was key, because “finding cancer early makes it easier to treat and cure.”
Reeling out roles expected from communities in the fight against Cancer, the Minister praised various organisations and professional bodies that have dedicated sporting programme not to rest on their oars.
Adewole also said that communities should dispel myths that led to stigma and discrimination against people living with cancer among them.
He called on governments to commit adequate resources to reduce cancer death and provide better quality of life for patients and survivors. | <urn:uuid:3dee5cbc-a1b0-45da-9bc0-c78522cab063> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://arewa.ng/world-cancer-day-minister-tells-nigerians-what-to-do-to-avoid-deadly-disease/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.966691 | 377 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Women don’t just watch football, they play it. Take Adrienne Smith, a wide receiver for the Boston Renegades, a women’s semiprofessional team. Smith averages 24 yards per catch and has scored a touchdown in almost every game this month. Like many of the Renegades, she keeps her income flowing with a day job. Smith has two startups, a tour group for Harlem called Harlem Hip-Hop Tours and gridironqueendom.com, a website for women’s football. Download spoke with Smith about her digital habits.
You admit you don’t like to be tackled — that’s why you stay in shape, lifting and sprinting. How do you track your workouts?
I use an app called SenseMe that I downloaded from the Google Play store. It’s a pedometer and fitness tracker and also counts calories, automatically detects how long you sleep, and detects heart rate and pulse. I use a pen and paper to record my weights when lifting, but a lot of my teammates use a FitBit to keep track of exercise goals.
The Boston Renegades season just started in April — how does the team review game strategy?
Our team uses Google Hangout to do chalk talks. Coaches will go over defensive schemes and plays. Film of our practices is uploaded on huddle.com; that’s where we review footage of our games.
It helps to see yourself on the screen and get that out-of-body perspective. I can see where I need to improve.
With two startups to track, how do you manage all the information on these platforms?
I’m exploring Hootsuite to manage the social media aspects of the companies. And I have to applaud Instagram for finally allowing for multiple accounts without having to log back in and out. I also use ifttt.com (If That Then This), a way to create simple connections between Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and other apps. That way, if I post on Twitter, it can automatically be posted on Tumblr, for example.
Do you see all-female football gaining fans?
I do, and I’m heavily into Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram as they allow us to quickly create a community of female football enthusiasts. Wherever women are playing football — Poland, Finland, or Brazil — we can post pictures and videos of the game. It’s almost like we are one big team.
Know about an interesting job
or workplace? Tell us about it at email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:2ebac85f-7eca-492a-b6ef-a177026f9e02> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/05/05/for-fitness-and-strategy-tech-scores-with-this-wide-receiver/KUr0olLxi2Jx9GpDKl0PCL/story.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.936042 | 538 | 1.507813 | 2 |
§ Motion made, and Question proposed, "That a Supplementary sum, not exceeding £114,000, be granted to His Majesty, to defray the Charge which will come in course of payment during the year ending on the 31st day of March, 989 1909, for the Expenses of the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland."
§ MR. HAZLETON (Galway, N.)
said that in rising to propose the reduction in the Vote for Irish primary education which stood in his name upon the Paper, he did not think it necessary to cover the general ground that had so often and so well been covered before on this question. The defects of primary education threatened, he feared, to become a stock subject of debate on the Irish Estimates. He could imagine no worse fate for any good cause, for it was very frequently the case that the oftener a subject was talked about in the House the less attention was paid to it, and the more it was misunderstood. Hon. Members had heard so much of this on previous occasions that the moment it was mentioned now they flow elsewhere, leaving the Solicitor-General to bear the burden practically alone. He did not, however, blame the English and Scottish Members for not taking an interest in Irish primary education. It was no concern of theirs. They had not to pay for it, their people had not to suffer under it, and they had no incentive towards seeking to have its condition improved. That, however, was not the case with the Nationalist Members, and they were there to raise the question once again, in spite of the discouragement of an indifferent House of Commons, an irresponsible Board of Education, and a hostile Treasury. He did not propose to cover the general ground that had so often been gone over. To those who took an interest in it a general statement of the case was hardly necessary, because they were already familiar with it. For those who did not take that interest it was still more unnecessary, because it would be merely waste of time. He would, therefore, content himself with a brief survey of the main points with which they had to deal. Their complaints as formulated up to last year, against the condition of primary education in Ireland, might be classified under three heads, the first concerning the school teachers, the second concerning the school buildings, and the third concerning the school programmes. Concerning the teachers, they had pointed 990 out for many years that compared with similar classes of teachers in England and Scotland, they were scandalously underpaid. They were unduly subject to dismissal, and they were unfairly deprived of the ordinary right of citizens. With regard to the school buildings, they had pointed out that the condition of a very large number of primary schools had been for long a disgrace to any civilised authority, ill-ventilated, unheated, providing totally insufficient accommodation, and very often in a shocking state of disrepair. With regard to the school programme, the foremost of their complaints had to do with the treatment of the Irish language, and the attempt which was made to strangle it as soon as it had acquired a foothold in the schools. The first question he proposed to consider was how far their complaints under these three heads had been met by the Government. He was glad to be able at the outset to acknowledge that under each of the three heads there had been an important improvement. There had been a distinct advance along the lines they wished to see followed, and the realisation of some part at least of those reforms which they had so long and so earnestly pressed upon the attention of the right hon. Gentleman. He did not want it to be understood for a moment that they were satisfied with the progress that had been made under any one of these heads. They had asked for simple justice, and had merely received an instalment. It was only right and fair and reasonable to acknowledge that where others had failed the present Chief Secretary had succeeded in improving the conditions under which primary education in Ireland was being carried on. For instance, the right hon. Gentleman had restored the fees for the teaching of the Irish language which were withdrawn by the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Dublin. Under the head of school buildings he had procured an additional grant of £40,000 a year for three years. Under the first head, that of school teachers, he had secured a new grant, an addition of £114,000 a year to the salaries. He was not going to enlarge upon the virtues of the right hon. Gentleman as revealed by these facts. He contented himself 991 with placing them upon record. He was glad to be able for a brief moment before plunging into the criticism which it was absolutely necessary to make even with regard to the virtues of the right hon. Gentleman to acknowledge what the right hon. Gentleman had done in this direction. The question he wanted to draw attention to was that of the salaries of the teachers in the National schools. In March of last year the present Secretary took upon himself the role of prophet and said—I am afraid, although I shall continue to press the case for an increase in the pay of the teachers as strongly as I can, and although I expect to get a contribution towards that object, it will not be on a scale which will give satisfaction to hon. Gentlemen opposite.The Chief Secretary was right. He had secured an increase of £114,000, but it would be no news to him that not only the amount of this increase but its allocation would cause something more than dissatisfaction. Dismay was the only word that could properly describe the effect which this proposal had had amongst the teachers, particularly amongst the very large number of them who had been absolutely deprived of all benefit under the proposal. The demand of the teachers and of the National Board was for an increase amounting altogether to somewhere about £400,000. Of course they were told that Ireland was a poorer country than England, and that wages ought to be lower; and they were reminded that the schools were smaller, proportionately very much more numerous, and therefore more costly. But in this as in most other matters the British Government had reduced discrimination against Irish interests to the point of a fine art. All that was required by any standard of comparison before it was set up by the Government was that it must tell against Irish interests. For instance, on the basis of population, when Ireland was being enormously under-represented in that House they were told that population was not a proper basis for representation; but as soon as the population test began to tell against Ireland they were told it was the only sound principle. Then when it was shown that according to the taxable capacity of Ireland they were being overtaxed to the extent of nearly £3,000,000 a year they were 992 reminded that expenditure was the proper test, and not taxable capacity, to apply in the case of Ireland. In this case the population basis would tell in favour of the teachers and of an increase in their salaries. Therefore, it was not to be entertained. Likewise, if they turned to all the ordinary bases of comparison such as average attendance, the number on the school rolls and similar tests, they found that the one which was inevitably acted upon by the Treasury and by the Government was that which told most against the interests of the teachers and of education in Ireland. With regard to the increase of £114,000 the same criticism applied. It was the least possible increase that could be given, allocated in the worst possible manner. £14,000 of this sum was to go to teachers in schools having an average attendance of, at least, seventy, and the remaining £100,000 to teachers in schools having an average attendance of not less than thirty-five. The provision that no teacher under the National Board in Ireland was to have any share or part of this increase unless his school had an average attendance of thirty-five was of so extraordinary a character that he could hardly realise or believe that it had been seriously put forward. If there was to be a serious attempt to stick to it on the part of the Government he would tell the right hon. Gentleman frankly and at once that far from allaying the present discontent, far from remedying the present injustice, the proposal would accentuate both in the highest degree, and create an agitation of new and exceptional violence. It could not be otherwise when it was seen that this provision about an average attendance of thirty-five meant the absolute exclusion of 2,867 teachers from any share in this increase of salary. When it was remembered that these 2,867 teachers in the small schools were those who were most urgently in need of some increase in their salaries because in most cases at present they had not even a living wage, the cruelty and the meanness of the provision stood out in the strongest light. He did not believe that the right hon. Gentleman himself could approve of this contemptible action. He did not 993 believe that even the National Board could approve of it, and he believed that neither he nor they were responsible for it. He ventured to assert that as usual it was the ugly hand of the Treasury that had deprived this concession of its good effect by committing this horrible injustice on the teachers of the small schools. £20,000 more, a mere bagatelle compared with what they were entitled to, would have brought them under the benefits of this increase and avoided the creation of an intolerable situation which could not possibly be allowed to continue. The Committee would wait with interest to hear what explanation the right hon. Gentleman had to give of this business—how it was that he consented to such a proposal. Even if he failed to secure the necessary £20,000 that would have provided these 2,867 teachers with the increased salary, if the Treasury defeated him in his efforts to get that, surely it was his duty and the duty of the National Board to see that the £114,000 was so divided that no teacher would be excluded from a share of the grant. That at least was not an unreasonable attitude. But of this the right hon. Gentleman might rest assured, that the present arrangement could not be allowed to stand. Speaking on behalf of his colleagues he told him that they were not going to abandon the teachers of the small schools in Ireland to the rapacity of the British Treasury. The development of the small schools had been part of the settled policy of the National Board in the past. Through its power of the purse the Treasury had interfered more than once in the most flagrant manner with questions of educational policy altogether outside its province, and threatened now to push its prerogative to an altogether unconstitutional extent. They resented very strongly its action in this matter, and they would resist it resolutely to the end, for they could not and would not allow the question to rest until justice was done to those unfortunate people. The whole business illustrated very forcibly the utter hopelessness of this country ever being able to handle Irish affairs effectively or efficiently. They demanded an increase of salary for their ill-paid teachers. They gave them an increase of 994 £114,000, but they did it in such a way as to accentuate instead of to remove existing grievances and injustices. The fact was, of course, that do what they would, they could not govern Ireland successfully from Westminster. The Chief Secretary would no doubt inform them when he rose to speak that he tried his best to get the £20,000 for the teachers of the small schools, but that the Treasury told him that it had no money. No money! That was always the cry, and yet they were going now to spend £700,000 or £1,000,000 a year in Ireland on old-age pensions, without even asking them if they wanted it, merely because it suited English policy, and without any thought or concern as to whether they in Ireland could put that huge amount to better advantage in some other direction. He had, in what he had said, confined himself mainly to the one question of salaries, because he thought that at this moment to introduce other matters might tend to obscure that important issue. When all was said and done, the question of salaries was one of vital importance, because the efficiency of education depended largely upon the teachers, and the efficiency of the teachers depended largely upon their salaries. They wanted to attract the best material they could to the profession. They wanted to level up the standard of teaching. To do so was all the more important now that there was a reasonable hope of University facilities being extended to a large section of the Irish people who had hitherto been excluded from its benefits. However he might have failed in other directions, it looked as if it were in the sphere of education that the right hon. Gentleman would leave behind him the most lasting memorials of his rule in Ireland. As an educationist of distinction, the knowledge of that fact must be some satisfaction for the trials and difficulties of his position, but it ought all the more to impel him to leave no effort unmade to strengthen the foundations on which the work he had done for Irish education rested He urged him in this matter with all the earnestness at his command to do his utmost to remove without delay an injustice which, if allowed to go on, could not fail to impair and might imperil the future of Irish primary 995 education. He begged to move the reduction standing in his name.
§ Motion made, and Question proposed, "That a sum, not exceeding £113,900, be granted for the said Service":—(Mr. Hazleton).
§ MR. J. MURPHY (Kerdy, E.)
said he desired to second the Motion Which had been moved in such an eloquent and clear manner by the hon. Member for Galway. He had had a close connection with primary education, and there were some points he wished to put to the right hon. Gentleman in order to elicit a clear and definite statement, not only on the Supplementary Estimate, but on the entire question of primary education in Ireland. The debate was wisely and properly to be confined to a discussion in the first instance of the amount and distribution of the Supplementary Estimate, but there were other issues and other matters in connection with primary education upon which it would be well that the right hon. Gentleman should express his views and opinions. No harm would be done by recalling to the Committee what had happened in Ireland during the last few years. The Chief Secretary had broken the record, and attended a meeting in Ireland at which he delivered a speech that raised the expectations, not only of the teachers, but also of everybody connected with education in Ireland. They were all gratified with what he said in that speech, and they trusted him; and if they had been disappointed it certainly was not his desire to throw the blame upon the right hon. Gentleman. To a large extent he regarded the Chief Secretary as a strong man struggling with fate, and he would not be surprised if his mind was not something of a congested district in regard to Ireland. The question of primary education was one upon which the right hon. Gentleman's views were expressed most definitely and clearly, and they had the greatest possible hope at the time in regard to his future action. They had moved to reduce this Vote merely as a formality, because if they had the power their desire would be to increase it by £300,000. The hon. Member for Galway had pointed out that the claim put forward by the teachers was for 996 £400,000 in reference to salaries and improvements in their position. That was also the claim of the Commissioners of Education in Ireland, the body who had charge of primary education, who insisted that £400,000 was required to deal with the urgent grievance of the teachers' salaries and other matters connected with education. To meet this absolute necessity they had been presented by the Treasury with an Estimate of £114,000. The distribution of that sum was a matter about which there was likely to be serious dissatisfaction in Ireland, and it was most desirable that attention should be called to the fact that while not only were the representatives of Ireland, but also the Commissioners of Education, and, he hoped, the Chief Secretary himself, of one way of thinking as to the amount of the grant and as to the distribution of it, the Secretary to the Treasury, or the Treasury themselves, stepped in and over-rode the opinions and the representations of everybody connected with Ireland in the matter. That was a disgraceful condition of affairs, and it represented how hopeless and disgusting was the condition in matters of education, as in other matters, when they came to be discussed before the House. The hon. Gentleman who represented the Treasury knew nothing whatever about primary education in Ireland, and his predecessor was in the same position. When a Question was asked, the hon. Gentleman said that the Treasury had so decided the matter against the wishes and opinions of everybody in Ireland. That was a condition of affairs which the Chief Secretary should not allow to continue. The greatest dissatisfaction existed in Ireland in reference to the exclusion of 2,860 teachers of small schools from the proposed distribution of the Supplementary Estimate. The small schools had been created and the teachers put in them by the policy which was carried on in Ireland by the Commissioners of Education and the Irish Government, and it certainly could not be in reason for the Treasury or anybody else who undertook the government of Ireland to say that these teachers should now be left out in the Cold and receive no share of the money that was being distributed in Ireland in connection 997 with education. The difficulty he was in in discussing the matter was this. He observed that in the Vote for public education there were two subheads, E and H, under which certain money was voted for certain schools in Ireland. The two sums added together, there was a difference of £20,320 of increase over last year's expenditure for dealing with schools the average attendance of which had been between twenty and thirty. That kind of school would practically cover all the excluded schools, and the sum he had mentioned was exactly the difference between what would be necessary to include in the distribution all the excluded teachers. It was rather difficult for the Irish Members to discus this question without knowing exactly whether that £20,320 was meant for the excluded teachers, and whether, if it was given, it would be equal compensation to them for the other sum to be distributed among the remaining teacher in Ireland. Perhaps the Chief Secretary would indicate in some way whether he was right in thinking——
§ THE CHIEF SECRETARY FOR IRELAND (Mr. BIRRELL,) Bristol, N.
Will the hon. Gentleman allow me to call his attention to the sum in Estimate E, where there is an increase of £26,260?
§ MR. J. MURPHY
said that was the increase under Subhead E, but there was a decrease of £6,000 under Subhead H, and of course when both were taken together there was an increase of £20,260.
§ MR. BIRRELL
said he was afraid the £26,260 represented simply the normal increase in the capitation fees paid to teachers under the existing regulations, and that it would not in any way be free to make up the deficiency from which the excluded teachers would suffer.
§ MR. J. MURPHY
said that that statement enabled him and his friends to know where they were. It showed that a substantial number in Ireland were to be excluded. That was a most unsatisfactory condition of affairs. These small schools existed in every part of Ireland. He knew one in the Gap of Dunloe which was placed there for the advantage of a limited number of children, the average 998 attendance of whom could not possibly come up. It was a question there of having a small school or no school at all. That case was similar to many in nearly all the other parts of Ireland. Most of these small schools were schools which could not be amalgamated, and therefore the teachers in them would have a hopeless existence if they were now to be told, as they were told by the present distribution of the Supplementary Estimate, that they could hope for nothing in the way of the betterment of their salaries and their position generally. What the representatives of Ireland should demand to-day was not a distribution of £114,000 among all the schools of Ireland, but that the right hon. Gentleman should insist on the Treasury giving the remaining £20,000 necessary to deal with all the teachers in a similar manner. It ought to be in the power of the right hon. Gentleman to tackle the question and to bring the Treasury to recognise that Ireland had that claim, and to deal with it justly and properly. It was a question of the greatest concern to a vast number of the poorest people in Ireland. He hoped the right hon. Gentleman would see that Ireland got this £20,000 for the purpose of the present Estimate. If he was able to get it one of the difficulties of the situation would be overcome. They would have an opportunity of having every class in Ireland receiving the same benefit under the present Supplementary Estimate, and while, of course, all the Members from Ireland would be in agreement that it was not sufficient or so large as it ought to be, and while it would not prevent them from asking more, it would certainly give them the feeling that a first instalment of justice had been done, and the teaching body in Ireland would recognise that nobody was about to be excluded. Supposing he right hon. Gentleman allowed the Treasury to maintain their present attitude as to the distribution of the money, what was going to be the result? There would be 3,000 discontented teachers in reland, forming a third of the entire body. These teachers would be in a condition of unrest, and they would lave behind them the entire sympathy of the Irish representatives, and a storm would be raised over the matter which 999 would destroy the good which was being done by the right hon. Gentleman in obtaining the grant for other sections of people. All parties in Ireland and the representatives of Ireland in this House were unanimous on this matte. The last meeting which he addressed regard to primary education was presided over by a Catholic bishop, and resolution was moved by a Presbyterian minister, seconded by a Methodist, and supported by people of all political and social conditions in Ireland. Surely if they presented a case of that description to the right hon. Gentleman and his Government, and if they could say without fear of contradiction that the distribution suggested by the Treasury would go against the opinions and the feelings of all these classes in Ireland, and the necessary changes were not made, it became a hopeless task to discuss any question in the House. He believed that the intentions and the efforts of the right hon. Gentleman were well-directed in most matters connected with Ireland, and he appealed to him to do something in connection with this question which would remove the feeling of unrest and dissatisfaction and place the distribution on an equitable basis. He wanted to know how the assistant teachers in Irish schools, of whom there were a large number, were to be affected by the distribution. It was really not quite clear what was intended to be done with them. As the distribution stood at present it would appear as if the teachers of large schools were not only to get bonuses but capitation grants into the bargain. He wished to get an explanation from the right hon. Gentleman of the proposal in both those respects. By doing so the right hon. Gentleman would put at rest the doubts and suspicions of a large number of people in Ireland. The question of teachers in small schools and of assistant teachers was of great importance to about 13,000 people in Ireland, and, therefore, he hoped the right hon. Gentleman would make quite clear what he proposed to do in carrying out the distribution of the increased grant. Turning to the question of primary education in Ireland, he believed that the Irish Party had not receded one single bit from their attitude in reference 1000 to the constitution, administration, and the whole position of primary education, notwithstanding anything that had happened since the subject was last discussed by the House of Commons. Speaking for himself and for a large body in Ireland they felt that the constitution of the Irish Education Commission was not only wrong but un representative, and they desired as much as ever that it should be changed into something like a representative and intelligent authority. They could never have a sensible and proper system of primary education in Ireland so long as the Board was constituted of men who were past their prime and capacity. He had a special complaint against the Chief Secretary. During the past year there was a vacancy on the Board. Perhaps the right hon. Gentleman thought he could do nothing to improve the Board until the opportunity came to sweep it away altogether However, the Chief Secretary placed upon it General Butler. General Butler had spent all his life in the Army, with, he understood, a very creditable record; but he did not think it was quite the thing for primary education in Ireland that such a gentleman who had spent most of his life abroad in another service, should be brought in, or that he would be in a position to communicate what was necessary in relation to primary education to the Treasury and the Government. He knew perfectly well that General Butler had given many evidences of a keen knowledge of educational matters, and he merely mentioned his name in this connection as an indication of the settled policy of the Government in reference to the constitution of the Commission. He hoped that if another opportunity occurred the Chief Secretary would try another method and endeavour to place on the Commission someone belonging to the new ideas in relation to education in Ireland—someone who understood the present desires of the younger generation and who would be in touch with their wants and requirements—while he was waiting to make a greater change on that body. He believed that one such man could effect many changes of importance in regard to primary education. Questions were arising from day to day 1001 which at present there was no opportunity of considering. Dr. Starkie, he under stood, was practically the Board or matters of routine and detail. Dr. Starkie had a peculiar reputation in certain sections in Ireland, but when one came in contact with him it was found that he was not so bad as he was painted; and that if a case was put before him he was inclined to give it consideration. But it was not for him, or the Irish representatives, or the unfortunate people of Ireland connected with education to hunt after Dr. Starkie and explain every requirement. The Board ought to be so constituted that the resident officials would be in the position of seeking what was the right thing to do. Let him give a case in point. A rule had been made by the Commission making it practically impossible for a teacher in Ireland to hold a licence. He acknowledged that all Members interested in education believed that that was a right and necessary rule. He himself did not think that teachers ought to seek to obtain a licence in the future. But he thought that it was most unjust for the Commission to make the rule retrospective, and victimise a man who happened to marry a lady who had a public-house, and obtain a licence in that accidental manner, and in consequence of that had his salary kept from him by the Commission for a considerable time. In fact, no appeal which had been made to the Commission in regard to the matter had moved them. That was not an isolated case. There were more people in Ireland who had had licences in their possession in the way he had mentioned, and it was grievously unfair and improper that the Commission should withhold salaries in such cases. There was another point in connection with primary education in Ireland which affected not only the teachers but the children. The question of the maintenance and the methods of cleaning and heating the primary schools in Ireland had been often put before the Chief Secretary and the Commission, and he was personally disappointed that something had not been placed on the Estimates with the object of making the schools clean, warm, and comfortable. The teachers, much as they desired higher salaries—as was the way with 1002 ordinary human beings—had always put forward claims for greater assistance in connection with the cleaning and heating of the schools, but these had not been conceded; and so long as they had the power to call attention to this question they would press it forward and insist upon its being dealt with in a proper way by the Treasury. There was no difficulty about the money; there ought to be no difficulty about the money; and really it was annoying to find the President of the Board of Agriculture and the Secretary for Education rushing to the Treasury and other Departments for money to build up voluntary and technical education which would be utterly useless as long as primary education was in its present poor and needy position in Ireland. He put it to the right hon. Gentleman with all the force he could, that he should disregard most other claims dealing with education in Ireland until he had put on a proper, sensible, and well-conducted basis the education of the poor who were the most necessitous in the country from an educational point of view. He put it to the right hon. Gentleman that while lie said that he could not control the Education Commission good as a wink to a nod was as many of the officials in Ireland; and if he would nod to Dr. Starkie that when that gentleman was dealing with his inspectors he should induce them to adopt a sympathetic attitude to the teachers instead of the method of continuous faultfinding, it would effect a good deal in he way of smoothing over difficulties and improving the education in the primary schools. The teachers should be able to look upon the inspectors as their friends, who would have regard to their virtues and not always to their faults. He desired to put the question of the supplementary grant in the first place, but the whole question of primary education in Ireland was pressing and urgent, and the settlement of it would be watched with interest. They still remained in regard to primary education where they were a year ago. The subject was calling for reform, and the Irish Party were determined to use all their efforts to rouse public opinion until there would be a storm in Ireland that would succeed in obtaining a 1003 system of primary education well supplied with money, well constructed, leading the youngsters of Ireland to being properly equipped for their position in life, and giving them such an education as they required, deserved, and had shown themselves capable of benefiting by.
§ MR. WALTER LONG (Dublin, S.)
It will be convenient if at this early stage of the debate I speak as an Irish Unionist representative and for the Irish Unionists. They most cordially and unanimously support the view put forward by the hon. Gentleman who has spoken with regard to the new grant of £114,000. With all the criticisms of the hon. Gentleman it must be understood I do not altogether agree. I have had the honour of holding the office of Chief Secretary for Ireland for some time and was brought into close contact with Dr. Starkie and the National Education Board; and I have seen a good deal of Dr. Starkie and his colleagues. Of course it is very easy to criticise any body of public men, whatever their duties and functions may be; but I think it would be well if all public bodies discharged their functions as efficiently as the Irish Board of Education. Dr. Starkie is, in my opinion, one of the most earnest and devoted servants of education to be found in this or any other country. I regret that a cause so important as this should have been brought forward in a House which does not appear to be very interested in what is going on. I cannot help noticing that there are a wonderful number of seats vacant on the benches opposite. I know that one of the causes of the absence of some Members of Parliament on this occasion is that they cannot serve on Grand Committee all day and come here also in the afternoon, and therefore we have a thin House to discuss a question of vital importance. The hon. Members below the gangway are very kind. So far does their kindness carry them that they will do what I should have thought hardly any supporter of the Government would do. They will break the Government up into compartments and seek to draw distinctions between the Irish administration and the Treasury.
§ MR. J. MURPHY
said the right hon. Gentleman was stating the exactly 1004 reverse position to that on which he insisted, namely, that the Treasury and the Irish Government were the same.
§ MR. WALTER LONG
The mover of the Motion stated that this was not the Chief Secretary, but the horrible hands of the Treasury again, and that they knew the right hon. Gentleman would do everything that he could. I cannot take that view. The Government must be regarded as a whole. It is impossible to shelter the Irish administration behind the Treasury. With regard to the old controversy between the Irish administration and the Treasury this is not the first time by many that it has been raised, and no doubt we shall hear more of it in years to come. But I hold very strongly that it is the duty and function of the Treasury to decide what money shall be allocated to the different parts of the United Kingdom for different purposes, but that when it comes to the distribution of that money in the countries concerned, the Treasury have no right to speak upon that matter. I earnestly beg the Chief Secretary, who has the reputation of being a strong man, to take this occasion to assert his right as head of the Irish administration to take the money allotted by the Treasury and make the most of it, and to get more if he can. This is not one of those occasions of which it has been said that all the Irishmen are agreed for the moment because they are going to get more money out of the Treasury. That is not the reason for the agreement between the Irish Unionists and Nationalists on this occasion. Our reason is that not only do you fail to do good by the change that you are making in the system of education, but that you may do very great harm. I am astounded when I find the sum is put at another £20,000. The Estimate that was shown to me was rather larger, but we may take it that £20,000 would cover the difference in regard to these small schools. It is, therefore, inconceivable that when you have made up your mind to give a grant of £114,000 you should spoil your whole scheme for £20,000. Assume that the object of this change is to bring about a reform which in the opinion of every educationist in every part of 1005 the United Kingdom is a wise reform. If it be possible to secure so far as you can the amalgamation of small schools you secure economy and educational improvement. But in the Irish case this reform is an impossible one for two reasons. First you have the religious difficulty, which makes amalgamation impossible, and then you have the still greater difficulty—a difficulty which is insuperable—that in some parts of Ireland, notably in the South and West, the schools which come below the average attendance of thirty-five are the small schools in the scattered districts in which the children cannot come to them except under conditions which would make school attendance absolute cruelty. But even supposing that it were possible and advisable, I protest against this way of doing it. If it is believed by the powers that be that amalgamation of schools is necessary, by all means amalgamate them, but do it in the right way. If you cannot do it without punishing somebody, punish the right people. Here you are doing it in the wrong way and punishing the wrong people. You are not seeking to give special advantages to any amalgamation by way of examination. Your amalgamation should be carried out with advantage to the schools concerned, but you are seeking to do it by punishing these small schools who have nothing to do with it and who by their own energy, ability, and industry have done much to make up the shortcomings of the system. Yet the teachers of these schools, the most unselfish and most devoted class in the whole of the land, are the people you are punishing for the sake of £20,000. We are told that out of the 13,000 national school teachers some 3,000 will be affected. In Connaught there are 1,418 National schools, and 607 of these will be excluded from the benefits of the new capitation grant, the average attendance in them being 26.7 and the total number of children attending no less than 16,257. It is almost incredible that for the sake of £20,000 or £30,000 you are going to inflict an injury so grave on the younger generation of the Irish people. It is sometimes said that Ireland ought to contribute more to the cost of educa- 1006 and that the cost is larger in proportion to other parts of the country, but there are difficulties existing there which create an inevitable necessity for a larger number of schools than exists elsewhere. I do not think that against either of the churches in Ireland the charge can be made that they have not put their hands into their pockets and paid generously for the provision of educational facilities. Surely you are not going to spoil the generosity of a grant like this by making it fall so much below the necessary amount as to do harm where harm will be most felt and where the people are the least able to protect themselves. I welcome the increased grants as an improvement in the condition of the teachers in the larger schools, but they are the strongest of the teaching body and best able to defend their own rights. The teachers in the smaller schools are the weaker members of the community, least able to defend themselves, yet they are the victims selected for this treatment. It is not because we are united for the purpose of making a joint raid upon the public purse that we ask the Government to reconsider their policy. I do not know who in Ireland would be found to approve of this change. I am sure the National Commissioners have done their best to prevent it. No education authority in Ireland approves of drawing this unusual and unmerited distinction between the two classes of teachers, and in regard to the children there can be but one opinion. I am informed that if the change is insisted upon it will result in the destruction of some of the smaller schools. I do not know whether efforts can or would be made to preserve them. I am assured that there is great risk of some of them being overwhelmed. We are entitled to ask the Government what is their policy in the event of this result following from the alteration in the grant. In England and Scotland if you destroy by legislation or administration the voluntary schools, you have a substitute ready to hand, and machinery to provide schools at the cost of the public, but you have no system of that kind in Ireland. If the benches opposite had been fuller, if the majority of the Members of the House were present, to whatever party or 1007 creed they belonged or whatever views they had upon denominational education, they would be convinced that a gross act of injustice is being done and that every effort should be made and influence brought to bear to induce the Government to change their ground before it is too late. The case is simple in the extreme. There is much to be done for the improvement of the condition of the teachers in national schools; there are heavy arrears to be undertaken in regard to many conditions of elementary schools in Ireland. I admit that everything cannot be done at once, but if you are taking a step forward, if you are really going to do something effective in the cause of education and improving the condition of the teachers, then let your policy be general, let it apply to all concerned, in order that it may leave behind it no rankling feeling of injustice and soreness, and you will have done something not only to help the teachers but the children.
§ MR. WILLIAM REDMOND (Clare, E.)
said he did not suppose that there was any single phase of Irish government which so completely showed how the country suffered from lack of self-government as the question of education. There was, of course, general agreement that in no country in the world was the subject so much one of national interest, and so carefully watched as in Ireland. Yet it was perfectly true to say that in Ireland the cause of education had suffered probably more than had any other matter concerning the national daily life of the country. He re-echoed the wish of the right hon. Gentleman who just sat down that the Benches opposite had been better filled, for hon. Members would then have seen that there was good reason why the Irish people so passionately desired to be allowed to manage their own affairs, in their own country, and without, reference to that House. The voice of Ireland was one upon this matter. The hon. Members for Galway and Kerry represented the Nationalist Members in urging the matter upon the Government, and they had been supported by the right hon. Member for South Dublin, who led the Unionist Party in Ireland. They found that from East and West, North and South of Ireland, Unionists and Nationalists, 1008 Catholics and Protestants presented a unanimous case to the Government. It certainly would be most interesting to hear what the reply of the Chief Secretary could possibly be to the demand that had been put forward. They were sometimes told that no matter how well disposed the Government might be, they found it impossible to carry out their good intentions because of the action of the Treasury in refusing to grant sufficient money to carry out what everybody in Ireland believed to be necessary. That might have held good with the Government of the right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Dublin, but were they to be told that the Treasury which was now under the control of the Liberal Government, the Government which had expressed its entire sympathy with the Irish people in their national demands, was still to pursue the old tradition of denying to the Irish people what was necessary to meet their requirements in a matter so vital as education? He yielded to nobody in his belief that the Chief Secretary and many of his colleagues were deeply in sympathy with the demands of the Irish people, but the right hon. Gentleman must allow him to say, with every possible deference, that the time had really come when the great majority of the people of Ireland would refuse to continue their belief in the sympathy of the present Government unless they saw some practical effect given to it in such a matter as that which they were now discussing. The right hon. Member for South Dublin, had pointed out, in enforcing arguments already used by hon. Members on the National benches, that it was a piece of absurdity for the Government to spoil the entire work, which they proposed to carry out in granting £114,000, by excluding that very class of national teachers who stood most in need of something being done. What did the Chief Secretary think would be the result in Ireland if the present expressed intentions of the Treasury was carried out, and the majority of school teachers received no improvement of their position, while two or three thousand of the poorest and most deserving of national teachers received no increase in their pay as well as no improvement in their position at all? The natural 1009 result would be the utmost dissatisfaction from one end of the country to the other. He appealed to the Chief Secretary to set up a precedent Let him stand up at that box and tell the Secretary to the Treasury that this was a matter in which the Department must meat the unanimously expressed desire of the Irish people. They knew that there were differences of opinion as to other matters in which the Treasury was approached daily from Ireland for money—matters relating to the building of labourers' cottages, for the erection of artisans' houses, for forestry, and for numberless other matters; but in this matter of education there was absolutely no difference of opinion whatever in Ireland, and they ought clearly to understand where they were before the discussion was brought to a close. Was the Secretary to the Treasury prepared to get up and say that on this matter, involving some £20,000 extra—it was impossible to give an exact figure, but it had been ascertained that £20,000 would enable the same benefits to be given to all teachers in Ireland under the improved scheme—the Government would run the risk of causing dissatisfaction and of really spoiling the concession which had been made? Were they to go back to their constituents and say that not merely a Tory Government, but the Liberal Government, the Government which had voted for Home Rule, were determined to penalise two or three thousand of their poorest, most needy, and most deserving national teachers in Ireland, because the Treasury of this great Empire refused to complete the scheme with an additional £20,000 or more? If that was the message with which they were to be sent back to Ireland, nobody could be surprised it there should be a wave of indignation from one end of the country to the other. Though he should personally regret any act of discourtesy towards the Chief Secretary, he very much doubted, if they were sent home with such a message, that the right hon. Gentleman would be again so enthusiastically received as he once was by the national teachers of Ireland. He had no doubt that the right hon. Gentle- 1010 man had done his best in the matter, but he himself should see that the whole force of the Cabinet was brought to his assistance; and he thought if only as a matter of courtesy, that there should have been more Members of the Cabinet present. The Chief Secretary was not all powerful. He knew that the right hon. Gentleman had to resist influences brought against him; and he knew also that the Chancellor of the Exchequer might claim that at the present time he was engaged in serious work connected with his department. Still, the fact remained that while discussing a question which vitally affected the national well-being of Ireland, there was an entire absence of Members of the Liberal Party, and of every Member of the Cabinet except the Chief Secretary, who had with him the Secretary to the Treasury and one of the Irish Law Officers. [Mr. LLOYD-GEORGE entered the House at this moment.] He was very glad to see that the right hon. Gentleman had come in, because at any rate it added one to the audience of four. The Chancellor of the Exchequer understood this question, he had no doubt, already. But he would make a personal appeal to him to see whether, even at the eleventh hour, it was not possible to make some alteration which would do even-handed justice. He did not wish to ask for any favour in the matter. He did not believe that there was a man in the House of Commons on the other side who denied the fairness and justice of the proposition which they submitting. The Chancellor of the Exchequer knew that after very many weary years of agitation, after numberless Questions in that House, and debate after debate under numerous Governments, at last they had secured a recognition of the fact that the national teachers in Ireland were a body of public servants extremely underpaid, that in proportion they were paid far worse than the school teachers in England, or Scotland, or Wales. They had secured a recognition of the fact hat not only in common justice and fairness to the teachers, but also for the welfare of the children under them, their salaries should be increased, and 1011 their position improved to some extent. They got the recognition of their contention that the national teachers ought to be better treated, but everyone knowing the requirements of education would support their claim that £114,000 was inadequate, and even such as it was it did not make provision for any improvement whatever in the condition of 3,000 of the poorest and most deserving of the national teachers. That was not a proposition which could possibly give satisfaction. The schools below thirty-five in average attendance were the most needed schools. They were quite as necessary and useful as the largest attended schools, yet simply because the average was not more than thirty-five, they were to continue to have unjust treatment. They were told it was all because the Government stopped short of an additional grant of £20,000 a year. That was a position which could not be defended. Was the Chancellor of the Exchequer going to allow the Treasury to put their hand to this matter, to make as far as they were willing to go, a complete job of it, and not to benefit one man because he happened to have 50 or 100 scholars, and to leave another man in a state of practical destitution simply because the inhabitants were sparse, and he could not get more than thirty-five scholars? The position could not possibly be defended, and he appealed to the Chief Secretary to do his best. He believed he always did his best, but after all, could they not in these matters sometimes come to the point of insistence? Sometimes in Ireland men were called to task because they used extravagant and violent language. They were told it was unconstitutional and that nothing was to be gained by it. But a situation of this kind was of itself, without the addition of any other injustice, sufficient to make people, from one end of the country to the other, rebel. There was no civilised country where such a proposition could be made in reference to education, as was now calmly put forward by the Treasury. The injustice perpetrated on 2,000 or 3,000 of the most deserving men would not be tolerated and it would make the whole task of the Government in every other direction much more difficult. 1012 There would undoubtedly be unrest, and whatever benefit there might be in the suggestion of the Government would lose all virtue. The besetting sin of English government towards Ireland was always that when a concession was made to the just and right claims of the people it was never made freely, generously, and ungrudgingly. There was always something which spoilt the good contained in the concession. There they had the same story again. He was grateful for the concession, as far as it went, but it was accompanied by a situation fraught with the greatest injustice to the most deserving class. He appealed to the Chancellor of the Exchequer to see whether the grant could not be enlarged. The teacher of the small school had to work as hard as the teacher of the large school. Let them not go back to Ireland with this fresh proof of the injustice that was now asked to be put upon the teachers of Ireland by helping a certain class and leaving unhelped the most deserving portion of the whole community. He had written a public letter to the Chief Secretary, but he supposed he made it a rule never to read letters addressed to him. Last winter in bitter weather he had visited many National schools on the borders of Clare and Galway. It was enough to go to any man's heart and soul to see on a wet, chilly day, the poor children in schools without any provision made for the proper heating of the room. In one school, a new one, with good roof and windows and stone walls, there was no fire of a proper kind, and the children, many of whom had walked long miles in the rain and mud, sat there all day practically shivering with their teeth almost chattering. It was hard to find turf anywhere in Ireland last year—the weather was so wet, but in some cases the children had actually brought with them in their poor little arms, sods of turf, which smouldered in the fireplace without any spark or gleam of red fire. One teacher he knew spent the money that he could ill afford in trying to keep the children warm, and the managers of many schools also out of their own resources helped to heat the schools. It was said that this was the greatest Empire the world had ever seen, though he had 1013 his doubts about it. Anyhow it was one of the richest. Our fleets were everywhere and our flag flew everywhere. The other day when the French President went to the Opera, £2,000 was spent on decorating the walls of Covent Garden with flowers. The other day an hon. Gentleman wanted to insist that the Union Jack should be unfurled over every school in Ireland and Great Britain. They could hoist what they liked over them so far as he was concerned, but let them keep the life in the blood of the children and light fires in the schools. If they hoisted flags over some of these schools that he knew they would probably try to light the fire with the flag. The report of Mr. Dale, the educational expert, showed that what he said was perfectly true as to the lamentably deficient state of these schools in regard to heating, lighting, and sanitary arrangements. It was not a large point, but it went very near the life of the people. The Chancellor of the Exchequer occupied one of the greatest positions of the Empire, which he had won by his ability, and those who had seen his career, admired the way in which he had come to the front by his own unaided efforts. But with all that, what he admired most about him was that in his great position he retained a vivid recollection of his days in the Welsh land that he came from when he was, perhaps, a more or less poor boy there, and he knew what the poor had to suffer. He appealed to him in Heaven's name, whatever might be left undone, to see to it that next winter every school in Ireland was from a sanitary point of view put in order and had a good fire. If the Chancellor of the Exchequer did this, his name would be regarded with deep respect in Ireland, and they would say that there was at last at the head of the British Treasury a man who in the midst of all his great work had a heart to feel for the sufferings, the requirements, and the needs of the little ones who went barefooted along the road in order to get that knowledge which their parents were anxious they should have. He felt very strongly upon this point because he had investigated the matter for himself. In a letter which he wrote to the Freeman's Journal he invited the Chief Secretary to deal 1014 with the matter and he asked the Government to see that next winter, at any rate, this state of things should be rectified, and that in future the schools of Ireland were properly ventilated and put into a proper sanitary condition. If this were done it would have the effect of benefiting the children, enabling them to learn more, and it would also make the burden of the national teachers of Ireland much lighter.
§ MR. JAMES CAMPBELL (Dublin University)
said he desired to raise his voice in support of what had been said upon this question. The small schools referred to had been created and maintained as the result of the express legislation of that House. In 1892 after a protracted struggle between successive Governments, the different religious denominations in Ireland held out for denominational education of the strictest kind, although temptations on the basis of undenominational schools were offered. In the end the Government felt overcome by the universal opposition, and recognised that the only system upon which primary education could be run in Ireland was on strictly denominational lines. The necessary consequence of that policy was the springing up of small schools containing on an average of anything from twenty to forty pupils. Anyone who knew anything of the state of Ireland, particularly in the west and south, and many counties in the north, must recognise the fact that there were many places in which the members of a particular religious denomination could not get within a radius of three or four miles more than about twenty or thirty children to attend a particular school. If they closed up that school or did anything that would render it impossible to carry it on, inevitably they would leave those twenty or thirty children without any provision for education or else they would compel them against the express wishes of their parents and the approved policy of Parliament to attend schools under a different religious management and of a different persuasion altogether from that in which their parents believed. Accordingly in many parts of the North there were schools under Roman Catholic management where the 1015 entire children within three or four miles of the school did not exceed anything from ten to thirty. On the other hand, in the West of Ireland there were small isolated communities of Protestants, and the same in the South, where they found it impossible if those schools were to be conducted under teachers and managers of a different religious persuasion to run them with any prospect of getting more than twenty to forty pupils. Parliament had recognised this principle and from time to time had held out attractions and inducements to those various religious denominations in Ireland to fall in with the national school system on the understanding and undertaking that Parliament would support and retain those small schools. In the year 1892 there was passed a National Education Bill for Ireland which expressly recognised that a capitation grant was to be provided in schools of an average attendance of 10, and a salary for a teacher was to be provided in schools with an average attendance of 20. From that day under the authority and sanction of Parliament any number of those small schools had been founded in different parts of Ireland where the average attendance was anything between 10 and 40. He did not know who was responsible for the principle upon which the grant of £114,000 had been allocated. They had been told that in the allocation of the grant no teacher was to get any bonus unless there was an average attendance of 70 in his school, and that the extra capitation grant of 5s. a head to each child was to be confined to schools with a minimum attendance of 35. It was self-evident that such an allocation and distribution must do grievous injury and wrong in the very quarters where it would be felt the most, and to the very persons who stood most in need of some benefit. While he agreed that those teachers in schools with an average attendance of 35 or 70 were undoubtedly in an unfavourable position as contrasted with the teachers of England and Scotland, and that undoubtedly they had a claim upon the Treasury for a substantial addition to their salaries, it could not be denied that they were in a stronger position than their poorer brethen who were receiving 1016 the salaries of third-class teachers in schools where the attendance was between 10 and 20. It was an extraordinary thing that the principle should be adopted which necessarily excluded from any benefit the very class of people in the very class of schools which stood most in need of help. He had been deluged with remonstrances and complaints because it was evident that the allocation now proposed was a new policy and effected a new departure. Evidently the idea in the mind of the Treasury was that it they were to allocate this grant on the lines proposed in the Estimate, the result necessarily would be the closing of a number of the smaller schools, and in the long run the Treasury would save what they granted this year a few years hence, because by the closing of schools they would save the salaries of a large number of the present teachers. If there was any idea of that kind abroad, or in the mind of the Treasury, he could assure them that it would meet with unanimous opposition from every quarter in Ireland, because if there was one thing more than another that the parents of children in the national schools in Ireland were determined upon, to whatever creed they belonged, it was that those schools should be under the management of persons of the same religion as the parents who sent their children to them, and that the children should have the fullest opportunity for training and teaching in the religion professed by their parents. That had been the idea and the principle of all denominations in Ireland in connection with primary teaching in elementary schools. He quite agreed that the Report referred to by the hon. Member for Clare, made by Professor Dale, showed that a great deal might be done in certain quarters in the way of amalgamation with a view to economy and efficiency. He also agreed that in some towns there was a multiplicity of schools, and a good deal could be saved by reducing the number of schools in some of the larger towns. That, however, was not the complaint they made. What they complained of was the new development in this particular allocation, because it would affect not merely the schools in towns whose average attendance might be below the required figures, but also those 1017 in the rural part, including the small schools and the country schools, and they would be most hit. Those were the schools and the portions of Ireland that were least able to stand or submit to such an injustice or inequality. He had had a communication from the Diocesan Board of Education in connection with his own Church in different parts of Ireland, and one and all told him that if this policy was persisted in, if this scheme of allocation was forced upon the people in Ireland, it would raise a storm of indignation and protest, not merely on the part of the teachers who were pecuniarily interested, but on the part of the parents of children and all those religious people who took any interest whatever in primary education in Ireland. While he did not pledge himself to the accuracy of the figures which had been given, yet, if it was a fact that an additional sum of £20,000 would have remedied this injustice and prevented the inequalities in the proposed allocation and distribution, it seemed to him to be absolutely impossible to explain or understand the action of the Treasury or anybody else who might be in the slightest degree responsible for the proposition. If it was the case that an additional sum of £20,000 added to this £114,000 would have enabled the distribution to be made among the teachers of all schools, all he could say was that it seemed to him a more miserable or a more miserly act on the part of the British Treasury it was impossible to conceive. While he was very glad to support the remonstrance made in the interest of the teachers themselves, he warned the right hon. Gentleman that there was a much larger and greater question involved in the matter—not merely that which affected the rights and the status of the teachers, but that which affected the rights of the children themselves. He understood that it was the feeling of all sections of people in Ireland that they never would consent to have forced upon them, after fifty years of an opposite policy, by indirect means, a new departure of this kind. The system which had prevailed up to the present was that the parents should have the right to insist that their children should be taught in schools which were under the management and 1018 control of members of the religion to which they themselves belonged. He would urge the right hon. Gentleman to consider that if this policy of amalgamation was to be insisted upon and forced upon the country, at least it should be confined to any district in which it was possible for the children of any particular schools which had been closed to get education in an adjoining school under the same management within reasonable distance. There were cases with which hon. Members from Ireland were familiar, where in the west, south, and north of the country it would be impossible to get a school within a radius at all reasonable or acceptable—a similar school and under similar management. It was for these districts and managers that they made the appeal to the right hon. Gentleman. At the same time he did not intend to overlook the present demand of the teachers themselves for justice in this matter. He joined with his colleagues from Ireland in making this appeal to the right hon. Gentleman and the Treasury, asking them not in this small and miserable manner to make a departure which would be opposed to the sentiments of every person in Ireland who took an interest in primary education and was inconsistent with the ordinary elements of justice and fair play due to the unfortunate teachers involved.
§ MR. JOHN O'CONNOR (Kildare, N.)
said he was pleased to observe that when the hon. Member for Kerry said there ought to be no difficulty about money the Chief Secretary cried out "Hear, hear." Evidently from that endorsement of what his hon. friend said the Chief Secretary was not the originator of this parsimonious treatment. The right hon. Gentleman knew well that the Treasury had always treated the demand of the Irish people in respect to education in the same parsimonious spirit. The Commissioners of National Education in Ireland has asked for £400,000 in order to improve the position of the national school teachers of Ireland, and at all events to make them approach the condition of the national school teachers of England and Scotland. The Government had not acceded to the request of the Commissioners of National Education in this respect, any more than 1019 they had acceded to the requests in respect of other matters in connection with primary education in Ireland. In their report for the year before last the Commissioners asked that they should have £100,000 per annum for five years in order to bring the schools into a sanitary condition, and last year, after a delay of building and repairing for more than four years, this niggardly Treasury through their mouthpiece the Chief Secretary for Ireland gave £40,000 for three years in order to meet the demands. His hon. friend the Member for East Clare had drawn a picture of the condition of things in the schools of Ireland. It was not the first time that hon. Members from Ireland had harrowed the feelings of sympathetic Members by describing the miserable and insanitary conditions of these schools. It was impossible that the children attending the schools could receive the full benefit of the education the teachers were willing to give them under these miserable conditions, and yet the Treasury, when approached by its own representative in Ireland for the purpose of getting money in order to remedy this state of things, instead of giving £100,000 for five years, gave this miserable £40,000 for three years. How did this compare with the manner in which primary education was dealt with in England? Between 1902 and 1906, as the Estimates showed, the grants for primary education in England increased by no less than 45 per cent., and last year's Estimates contained on the top of that an additional sum of £200,000. Scotland, in the four years 1902–05, received an increase in its educational grants for primary education of no less than 52 per cent., and on the top of that there was an increase last year. During that period of four years the increase for primary education to Ireland was only 1 per cent., and now when the Treasury pocket was opened at last and they recognised the claim of the Irish teachers, what did they give? A miserable £114,000, which was only an increase of 9 per cent. on the amount previously granted. England and Scotland were revelling in luxury in the matter of education grants, while Ireland with its increase of 1 per cent. within the period referred 1020 to had meted out to it a further increase of 9 per cent. That was the manner in which Irish demands were met by the Treasury. What was the reflection that was forced upon one's mind by this condition of things? They knew that Ireland was contributing more than its proper share of the revenues of these countries to the extent of between £2,000,000 and £3,000,000 per annum. It was common knowledge that the English Treasury had its hand deep down in the pockets of the Irish nation, and that by the exertions of its officials in the Revenue Departments it had extracted from the pockets of the Irish people this exorbitant overcharge, and when they asked for a return in the cause of education—which after all was the greatest cause of the Empire—it was meted out to them in doles, while the English and the Scottish people were getting all they wanted in that respect. There was a grievance in regard to the way in which Ireland had been treated in respect of educational grants. The grants were based on attendance. The grants made to Ireland before the time of Sir Michael Hicks-Beach in the '70's were made on the basis of her contributions to the Imperial revenue. While that state of things continued Ireland had, as compared with the other countries, not very much reason to complain. Ireland got something like her proper share, but it would never have done to have Ireland in such a favoured condition, and accordingly, agreeing to a suggestion which came from Scotland, Sir Michael Hicks-Beach changed the manner of making the grants and placed it upon the basis of attendance and not of contributions to the revenue. From that day to this the manner in which these grants had been made had militated against Ireland in educational matters. That would be to the advantage of Scotland, 75 per cent. of the population of which was urban compared with 25 per cent. in Ireland. He would like to know what would be the effect of this increase of 5s. capitation grant upon the teachers that it would touch. The position revolved round the condition of the teachers, and his submission to the Committee was that their condition was bad all round. That had been recognised for many years. Mr. Bryce on 29th 1021 March, 1906, when admitting that educational matters in Ireland should be looked into, said that their conditon was bad. He said—Let us begin at once with the condition of the teachers and the state of the schools.The present Chief Secretary when addressing the school teachers of Ireland in conference on 4th April last year, said—Well, now, ladies and gentlemen, I state unhesitatingly that you Irish teachers can invite the most careful examination of your claims, because anyone who has acquaintance with the work you have done must admit that the scale of your salaries is most meagre and insufficient, and that your chances of promotion are not only poor but disheartening.It would only be necessary to point out to the Committee what was the difference between the position of the national school teachers in Ireland and that of the school teachers in England and Scotland, when the Committee would see what was in the mind of the two last Chief Secretaries when they said that the position of the school teachers of Ireland was bad. The average salary of male teachers in England was £160 3s. 9d.; in Scotland, £179 6s.; in Ireland, £102 19s. 6d. The average salary for female teachers in England was £109 13s. 6d.; in Scotland, £90 6s.; and in Ireland, £82 11s. 9d. The assistant teachers in England had an average salary of £114 per annum; and it would, therefore, be seen that the assistant teachers in England had absolutely been getting a higher rate of salary than the principal school teachers in Ireland. He submitted that that was a state of things that ought not to be allowed to exist, and those figures must have been present in the mind of the Chief Secretary when he made his demand on the Treasury for this miserly grant of £114,000 in order to bring the salaries of the Irish teachers up to a higher figure. He contended that the right hon. Gentleman had not fulfilled the promise made to the teachers last year, and the promise made by Mr. Bryce to the Members of the House. He could go on quoting extracts from the speech of the Chief Secretary. It was a very hearty and sympathetic speech, and one for which the teachers were very grateful and for which they on the Irish Benches were none the 1022 less grateful. So much on the subject of the teachers generally. But he must emphasise to some extent all that had been said in respect to the teachers who were eliminated from the benefit of the concession. From an Answer given to a Question put by the hon. Member for East Kerry it appeared that the concession would not affect 2,858 schools in Ireland. That was the number of schools that had an average attendance of less than thirty-five scholars, and necessarily the number of teachers who would not be benefitted would be 2,858, not counting the assistants. Very strong language had been used in regard to this subject by the right hon. and learned Member for Dublin University. He had stated at the outset of his speech that the Chief Secretary had cheered the statement of his friend the Member for East Kerry that there ought to be no difficulty about the money.
§ MR. JOHN O'CONNOR
said that the sense in which his hon. friend used the expression was that there ought to be no difficulty about the money; and then he backed that up by saying that there was no difficulty about the money, and that was cheered by the right hon. Gentleman. The debate, so far as it had gone, ought to strengthen the hands of the Chief Secretary in his demands on the Treasury. He did not need to say, to stiffen his back, because the right hon. Gentleman had a good stiff back, and he had the best intentions and the best goodwill towards the community for the government of which he was responsible. The debate ought, therefore, to help him in any future demand the right hon. Gentleman might make on the Treasury. He was pleased to see that the right hon. Gentleman had a representative of the Treasury beside, him, and he hoped that the debate would also have its due effect on that hon. Gentleman. What was the position of the 2,858 teachers who were disqualified from getting any benefit from the concession? They could not rise in the ranks of their profession as could the Scottish and English teachers, who had a larger 1023 attendance in their schools. In order to acquire promotion to the first grade of teachers there must be an attendance of at least seventy, or of fifty to be promoted to the second class in the first division. All those teachers in Ireland who had an attendance of thirty-five were disqualified from ever rising to the first division, and were doubly damned because they could not receive the 5s. capitation grant. Their position was, therefore, hopeless. What incentive had these men to improve themselves? With no hope of promotion, they would not study. What incentive had they to teach the children carefully when they had no prospect of reward? Therefore, the Government as a whole, by their conduct, seemed to indicate that they did not care three straws for the children of Ireland, or whether they were taught well or ill. Sixty per cent, of the schools of Ireland had an attendance of under fifty, and their teachers, therefore, could not aspire to any higher position, while their assistants had no incentive to improve themselves or give a better education to the children. What was to be done for the assistant teachers of Ireland? They were still poorer, and had even smaller salaries than teachers of the third grade, and those teachers whose school attendance was under thirty-five. The rule seemed to be: "The poorer you are, the less you will get; those who have least get less, and those who have much will have more." So long as those schools were allowed to exist, no matter how small they were, the teachers ought to be adequately rewarded and not treated worse than an ordinary labourer. When a labourer was dismissed he could go elsewhere for work, but there was nothing done to encourage good men to enter the teaching profession. In the case of 60 per cent. of the teachers of Ireland there was nothing before them; they were condemned to remain in the same position the whole of their lives. He, therefore, joined with his colleagues and the hon. Gentlemen above the gangway who had expressed themselves as dissatisfied with the grant. He had not entered into the manner of the distribution of the grant as he was in hopes that when the Chief Secretary came to the House to fulfil his 1024 promises to the teachers and to the House itself, he would come forward with a noble scheme. But instead of that he produced a miserable amount which would not meet the requirements of the case, thus indicating that the Irish nation would not get anything more from this Government than any other which preceded it.
§ MR. BARRIE (Londonderry, N.)
said the grant made by the Treasury for this matter was admittedly short of the requirements, and cruel and harsh in its application. Nothing that had been said to-day was too strong with regard to the case of the school masters who had been rigorously excluded from participating in this grant. Reference had been made by the last hon. and learned Gentleman to the fact that the salaries of the teachers in Ireland were greatly lower than they should be. Even with tht grant they were still less than those of teachers in England and Scotland, and the principle of the new grant seemed to be that: "To him that hath shall be given more, and to him that hath little even less shall be given." What they all felt that afternoon was that they ought to treat honestly and adequately the persons who were serving the State, the men and women who had entered their positions, not attracted by the emoluments, but expecting those emoluments to be increased from year to year. They got £40,000 last year for the improvement of school buildings, and that grant would be continued for two years more. It was miserably inadequate—but they were thankful for it—and they could do with another £100,000 to bring their schools up to the standard of those in England. They found that some 3,000 teachers were not to benefit in the slightest degree from the change which was being made. He represented a religious minority in Ireland and the religious community to which that minority belonged had made no small sacrifice to maintain their schools, and if the further grant now asked for was refused the additional burden would be found ultimately to fall upon them. In answer to a question that afternoon, the Chief Secretary had said that he was not responsible for the allocation of the money.
§ MR. BARRIE
said he understood him so to state, but if the Chief Secretary was responsible he would like to know on whose advice he had acted. He hoped it was not yet too late to give them the further £20,000 they wanted. He was sure the teachers who would gain by the present plan were generous enough to say that inadequate as their gain was they would rather it was whittled down than that some 3,000 teachers should get nothing at all. He hoped that that important matter would be pressed home as it had been that afternoon. They had had very guarded language used from the Nationalist benches and they had been told that if a Unionist Government had been on the Treasury bench it would probably have been less guarded. He was not going to deal with that, but a Member of the present Government, the Vice-President of the Board of Agriculture, addressing a meeting a few days ago, had said that someone had suggested that if the Chief Secretary and he were much longer in Ireland, Ireland would be run at a loss, the inference being that the Vice-President of the Board of Agriculture and the Chief Secretary made a great impression on the Treasury. He would like to see a little more evidence of that in the grant they were then dealing with. He felt very strongly that in that miserably inadequate grant the Government was not sufficiently responding to the claims of the friends of education in Ireland.
§ MR. POWER (Waterford, E.)
thought a great deal might be said of the advantages of large schools in every country. In the first place it was easier to get more competent teaching and better sanitary arrangements, but in these matters they had to be practical and look at things as they were and not as they would like them to be. He hoped that the refusal to give to the teachers of the small schools in Ireland the compensation or the increase which they were entitled to receive was not the thin end of the wedge towards abolishing the small schools altogether, but it looked very like it. If the teachers were starved out of those schools the consequence must be that by degrees the schools would be closed up, and 1026 the people in the districts served by them left without education. Anyone who knew anything about educational matters at all would agree that three miles of road was too long for children who had to tramp to school and tramp back again, particularly in bad weather. Many of these mites went to school none too well fed and without any provision for lunch during the day. While they stood up for these schools it must be remembered that they were not responsible for the legislation that had made the population so sparse in Ireland. Such as these schools were they must continue to exist if the people were to receive education. He could not understand the allocation of the money which it was proposed to make. If there was one profession the members of which must be carefully selected, it was the teaching profession. Schoolmasters required a great deal of tact, a certain perception of character, and an undounded supply of patience. Anybody who did not possess that was unfit to bring up children. The present system was no encouragement to people of good class to become schoolmasters and mistresses. The future of Ireland depended upon the proper education of the rising generation. It was impossible to overrate the importance of good teachers. Not only was it their duty to teach ordinary subjects but also to impart morals and manners to the children and if proper persons were required to impart information to and educate the young they must be paid respectable salaries. In Ireland they were wedded to a denominational system of education, and the Government would have a united Irish opposition against them in opposing a system which tended to close up many of the schools and destroy the denominational system. To destroy it by legislation would be the worst thing the Government could do. His hon. friend near him had referred to the condition of the schools, and to the wretched provision made for heating them. Of his own knowledge he had seen poor children, in the County of Tipperary, which was by no means an impoverished county, walking to school with only one sod of turf under the arm for the purpose of kindling it to give them warmth during school hours. That sort of thing should not exist in a civilised country. They 1027 now had an increased number of cottages with their ground attached erected throughout the country, and he thought it very necessary that children attending the schools should be taught something of agriculture. It would be a very wise step if the Department of Agriculture acting in conjunction with the Education Department endeavoured to take measures by which there would be imparted to the children some useful and practical information on agriculture. For his own part he would be pleased to see attached to all these schools a system which would give the people information as to the best way of cultivating small plots of ground, information which they could afterwards put into practice. He believed that if these small plots were worked properly, the people would find it better to live in their own country than to fly to other lands which they enriched with their labour. He thought with proper attention to that matter a better knowledge of how to cultivate these plots might be imparted, which would be of great advantage to the community as well as of great advantage to those who attended the schools. The salaries paid to teachers in Ireland compared most unfavourably with those paid in England, Scotland and Wales. In regard to this question of education, he recalled the time when Lord Randolph Churchill was over in Ireland. He was a man always observant of what occurred in Ireland, and took a great interest in that country. They did not see eye to eye with him in many respects, but at the same time he was a man who had the interests of Ireland at heart. He had sat with him in that House for a good many years, and he did not remember hardly ever hearing him say any unsympathetic word as to Ireland. Lord Randolph Churchill went through many schools in Ireland, and he recollected his stating that the Government had lost a great opportunity in not utilising the system which prevailed in the towns of Ireland conducted by the Christian Brothers. That body had a very admirable system; it was ready to hand, and he could never understand why some use had not been made of it. The people having become wedded to a certain system of education, surely 1028 that which was pursued by the Christian Brothers might be utilised with great advantage. Nothing could be more derogatory to this country than that for generations it should have endeavoured to foist on the people of Ireland a system of education which was abhorrent to them. If the people of Ireland were to some extent uneducated it was because the British Government had insisted on their adopting a system of education in which the people did not believe and which was abhorrent to them. He ventured to submit these remarks to the Chief Secretary, whose interest in education they all appreciated. Perhaps, before this session was over, the right hon. Gentleman would be able to solve the question which had baffled many statesmen before him. If he did that it would be a proud feather in his cap. He ventured to urge upon the right hon. Gentleman not to take the backward step which he was at present about to take—a step which would deprive the poorest districts of what they believed to be absolutely necessary. The adoption of the course the Chief Secretary was now taking would, he feared, be the thin end of the wedge in the direction of abolishing schools which were certainly necessary owing to the depopulation of the country caused by the British system of Government.
§ MR. BUTCHER (Cambridge University)
said the Chief Secretary must have been impressed by the striking unanimity which had been shown that afternoon by all the representatives from Ireland. It might be said that whenever there was a raid to be made on the Treasury, Irish representatives were unanimous; but in this case he could assure the right hon. Gentleman that it was something which went far deeper than that. It was the feeling not only that the action of the Treasury was parsimonious, but that it was also unjust; and it was the injustice of it even more than the parsimony of it, to which they desired to object. For himself, he objected to both. He had held for a long time that the national teachers in Ireland were the most ill-paid body of servants of the United Kingdom; and the thing which, to his mind, was 1029 to be condemned under these proposals which they were discussing, was that the most ill-paid men belonging to the most ill-paid body were precisely the men who were to be sacrificed. The Chief Secretary would remember a deputation to the Treasury about a year ago, on which occasion the case of these teachers was put to the late Chancellor of the Exchequer, and he thought he might say that it was done with unanswerable force. The old official defence which the Treasury used to put in for the ill payment of Irish teachers, was at that time abandoned. The old defence mainly was that because the schools were remote and the pupils few, therefore the teachers should be mulcted for these peculiarities of the country. He had always thought that an unsound defence, and he hoped it was now practically abandoned. But they had before them the fact already alluded to, that 3,000 out of the 13,000 teachers, and very nearly 3,000 schools out of 8,000 were to be excluded from the increased grant. That meant that about a third of the schools and about a fourth of the teachers of Ireland would get no share of the benefit of this increased grant. Therefore, this was not merely a personal question. From the personal side it seemed to him grossly unjust. But there was also another side to it. It had been suggested several times that afternoon, and he had no doubt truly, that the proposals of the Government were intended to initiate a much larger reform in the whole school system of Ireland, in regard to the amalgamation of schools. Personally he thought there was considerable room for a reform as regarded that system. He thought that in many cases small schools might be amalgamated, and with great advantage to the scholars who attended them. There were cases both in the north and south of Ireland where by amalgamation they might get an efficient school in which there would be two trained teachers instead of one untrained teacher. But any such reform must be carried out with the utmost care, for otherwise it would strike down to the root of religious liberty. Owing partly to the physical character of the country, and partly to the distribution of the 1030 population, and of the different classes of population, there were over a large part of Ireland districts in which it was imperative that they should have more schools than existed in similar areas in England. There were places in the South and West where there were scattered minorities living among large majorities, differing on religion. In the South and West of Ireland the minority was generally Protestant. There were similar Catholic minorities, though not so many, in Ulster. The conviction of everybody in Ireland was that in these cases they must protect the religious liberties of the minorities. He knew that in connection with the movement for the amalgamation, a good many schools had come to be very anxious about their future. In his own county of Kerry, there was a Protestant school at Kenmare—a parish which spread over twenty miles. The next nearest Protestant school in the adjoining parish was seven and a half miles off, and the next again from that was twenty-one miles off. A school inspector had been down there making inquiries as to whether that school could be abolished and cease to receive the Government grant. In connection with that particular school £250 had been spent on building a teacher's house, and £200 had been spent on the school building, out of a loan by the Board of Works, the repayment of which was privately guaranteed. These persons naturally looked with anxiety to this new policy, which they had never had any reason to anticipate. He was not for one moment saying that the policy reducing the number of schools in Ireland could not be equitably carried out. But it was a profound mistake to mix up these two things together the increase of the teachers' salaries and with it the new policy of suppressing small schools. It involved great personal injustice, caused very great apprehension, which went deeper than personal interests. If the policy was to be one of amalgamation let them have the policy properly articulated before them. Let them know exactly what it meant. But in attempting to reform the whole school system let 1031 them not do it by simply starving the existing teachers. He could not imagine anything more dangerous in a country like Ireland, from the point of view of statesmanship, than to create a discontented class out of the men in whose hands lay the upbringing of the youth of Ireland.
§ MR. T. M. HEALY
said the hon. Gentleman had spoken about the parsimony and injustice of this grant. He wanted to ask about its legality. He wanted to know when did C. Hobhouse become the King, Lords, and Commons of Ireland. This was a most extraordinary constitutional question which seemed to underlie this very audacious document which had been issued to Members. There was in Ireland a body called the National Board and that body worked under statute. There had been subsequent Acts passed for regulating the manner in which the National Board should do its duty and in which the moneys of the National Board should be distributed. He wanted to know when it became either the law of Parliament or the law of the land that a Treasury clerk could, by inserting a direction in an Estimate for which there was no constitutional warrant and no statutory authority, fetter the hands of the Chief Secretary and of the National Board. They could not legislate by Estimate. That Committee was merely a Committee upon which the Appropriation Bill would afterwards be founded. The Appropriation Bill would not contain any reference, he took it, to the words which were used in the Estimate and yet forsooth the Estimate they were told was to have statutory effect. The Government were granting a sum of £114,000. Was that done under an Act, and if so, under what Act was its distribution provided for? Was there any Act showing this:— "(a) Bonuses for scale for year ending 31st March, 1908,number of teachers paid by personal salary who are employed in schools having an average attendance of seventy pupils and above, approximate numbers; 510 teachers at £5; 415 teachers at £10; 140 teachers at —20; 150 teachers at £30; total, £14,000. (b) Extra capitation grant, 5s. per unit of average attendance of pupils, three to fifteen years of age, to teachers in 1032 all schools having an average attendance of not less than thirty-five pupils for the year ending 31st March, 1908; approximate attendance, 100,000; grand total, £114,000. Whitehall, Treasury Chambers, 22nd June, 1908.—C. HOBHOUSE." Was that statute? If it was not statute, why did they not bring in their Bill in order to warrant and enforce the distribution of this £114,000 in the manner provided by the Estimate? He did not say he was very familiar with the Irish Education Acts, but when he saw this extraordinary note he began to wonder how they were being governed, and accordingly he turned to the last Act regulating the distribution of grants in Ireland, the Act of 1892. Section 18 provided for the manner in which the grant was to be allocated—After the financial year ending 31st March, 1892, there shall be paid out of moneys provided by Parliament an annual grant, in this Act called the school grant, in aid of education in elementary schools conducted in accordance with the regulations of the Commissioners of Education, £410,000 or such other amount as Parliament may determine, having regard to the amount of the fee grant under the Intermediate Education Act, 1891.That was an English Act, and it simply provided, as far as he could make out, that there should be paid out of moneys provided by Parliament, the sum of 10s. per child, and accordingly the Irish Act went on and provided how that money should be distributed in the Fourth Schedule—The school grant shall be applied by the Commissioners in accordance with the regulations to be made by them, with the concurrence of the Treasury, first, in augmenting by 20 per cent the existing rate of class salaries of teachers and of assistant teachers, and by 3s. 6d. the capitation grant to teachers; second, in granting a bonus of £9 to each male and £6 10s. to each female of five years standing; third, in awarding third-class salaries to each teacher of a school having an average attendance of twenty to thirty children.So that the very case of schools having from twenty to thirty children was contemplated by the Fourth Schedule of this Act of 1892, and a special provision was made for it, and this they were told was exactly the class of children who were now to be excluded from all benefit whatever under this grant—Fourthly, the residue shall be distributed as a capitation grant as nearly as possible in proportion to the average number of children daily attending the several schools in aid of 1033 whom salaries or other money payments are paid by the Commissioners.If any subsequent statute had been passed after that Act of 1892 he would be much obliged if the Secretary to the Treasury would refer him to it. But if no subsequent statute had been passed he wanted to know by what authority this Parliament discriminated between the kind of teachers and the kind of school that this money was to be divided and distributed amongst. They must have a discriminatory statute. Where was it? That brought him to this question. Were they governed by the Chief Secretary for Ireland or by the Secretary to the Treasury? He would have apprehended that this Minute would have been signed by some Irish authority. He was not aware that C. Hobhouse had ever seen Ireland in his life. When last they heard from him he was coming from India and he got this job on the Indian Ocean somewhere. Was it on the Indian Ocean that he picked up this method of distributing these Irish moneys? Certainly it was an extraordinary thing if that hon. Gentleman without any statutory authority whatever could propose to allocate this money. He did not blame the Chief Secretary in the least, and he dissociated himself from some of the criticisms recently passed upon him for his handling of this question. He thought he was doing his best and he trusted he would not take his criticism as personal to himself. But he thought the time had now arrived for them to make some stand on the constitutional aspect of the matter, and on that question he would like to refer to another incident that had taken place owing to the conduct of the Treasury in Ireland in the present year under this very Act of 1892, because this was just as base a scandal on the public of Ireland as they had already committed in regard to the teachers. In 1892, when compulsion was first applied to Ireland, the Members at that time, and notably Mr. Sexton, criticised the Act considerably as it was going through. It was provided for the first time that parents should be fined for not sending their children to school where there were schools within two miles radius. That was entirely novel in many parts of 1034 the country, and accordingly Mr. Sexton inserted this Amendment in the Act of 1892—The expenses of school attendance committees and the salaries and expenses of the officers shall be defrayed by the local authority out of the local rate, and any revenue from penalties under this Act in the place or district shall be applied in relief of the local rate.It was almost inconceivable. When he thought of the meanness of it, the illegality of it—it was almost impossible to use a word to describe the chicane of this transaction. England passed an Act on the faith that when this fine was inflicted the money arising from the fine should go in relief of the local rate. A Conservative Government passed the Act and, as long as they were in power, so long the fines were handed over to the local authority in accordance with the statutory enactment. In came the Liberals and in came the hon. Member for Tyrone, flush from election in a popular constituency, and in came the Attorney-General for Ireland, flush from election by Irish votes in Liverpool. These two gentlemen were ordered by some Treasury clerk to reverse this Statute. It was all very fine to say they had the Treasury's orders. They got a postcard from Downing Street. Was there no such thing as independence in the Irish Office? They reversed the action of the Conservative Party which had almost acquired the force of custom because it had been in existence for something like thirteen or fourteen years, and they dug out the Pines Act passed in 1850, and said, "The King cannot give up his revenue without express words," and as His Majesty's name was not mentioned in the Irish Education Act of 1892, Parliament was only poking fun at the Irish people when it said that any money derived from fines should be applied in relief of local rates. They paid the Attorney and Solicitor-General to argue that the Statute of fifty years before overrode the Act of 1892. It was said that the King could not surrender his revenue. How was it he surrendered it under a Tory Government? How was it he surrendered it from 1892 to 1908? How was it these changes to the detriment of the country were only made when the Liberal Party with Liberal law officers elected by popular constituences were sent to deal 1035 with these questions? Was Dublin Castle an annex of Downing Street? Was there no such thing as a personal equation to be found in that building or a Law Officer bold enough to say "I will not argue that foul is fair." What was good enough for the Right Hon. John Atkinson for fourteen or fifteen years ought to be good enough for the hon. Member for North Tyrone. He had said there should be a Committee of Parliament sitting upstairs to watch the Treasury day after day. When this scheme was in embryo and these little clerks—it was difficult to speak of them with respect—when these little animalculæ in the Treasury were planning how to swindle the country—that was the time when they needed to be alert. The time had now come when they should learn distinctly who was master in Ireland. Was it the Chief Secretary or the Lord-Lieutenant or the Irish Law Officers or some gentleman on the Indian Ocean who on his arrival at Port Said happened to find he was made King of Ireland?
§ MR. MOORE (Armagh, N.)
said he regretted that the action of the Government should fall so hard upon the smaller schools of Ireland. He spoke with a certain amount of feeling because owing to circumstances with which they were all familiar the effect on the small schools would fall more heavily on those of the Church of Ireland than any other. Since the year 1902, public monies had been devoted to schools which had a legal statutory limit of not less than ten and not more than twenty, but now apparently without any sanction of the Legislature the administrative custom of fifteen years was to be abandoned with the result that the smaller schools would be squeezed out of existence. That required some explanation. At present there was a mystery about it, but there were so many mysteries surrounding the action of the Chief Secretary that one more did not matter much. Was this policy adopted in order that it should fall more heavily upon the Church of Ireland than upon any other Church? Was it intended to squeeze out three-quarters of the schools of one particular Church, and that a Church which was politically opposed to the Chief Secretary? He would like to hear it justified on the ground of fairness. 1036 The Chief Secretary would find when the result of his proposed policy became known there would be a regular outburst on the part of those people who for the past fifteen years had been working to maintain the schools to which he had made reference. He joined in the general complaint as to the deplorable and disgraceful sanitary condition of the school houses. The Government had full knowledge of it but remained absolutely indifferent so far as action went, and even the National Members had done nothing. It was left to the Member for East Down to bring in a Bill for the heating and ventilation of schools in Ireland.
§ MR. MOORE
said that Mr. Dale's reports were four years old. The Chief Secretary never raised a finger to further the Bill. He held the Bill in his hand, and he thought it was a modest and useful measure which would have met the real difficulty. They ought to have a little more sympathy in this matter from the Government, and he hoped that hon. Members from Ireland who were supporting the Amendment would show that they meant business and go to a division. He remembered a similar occasion since this Government came into power when the same arguments were used as had been used on the present occasion. He regretted to say that the Amendment was withdrawn at that time. He hoped there would be a division that night, for the Chief Secretary had done nothing to meet the representations which had been made to him as to the necessity for improving the sanitary condition of the schools. The Government were entitled to credit in one matter—namely, the relaxation of the rules of the National Board as regarded the civil rights of teachers. Three years ago teachers were not allowed to go to fairs, to talk to their neighbours on politics, or to do a single thing which ordinary intelligent persons were allowed to do. These conditions which ought to have been removed long ago, had now been relaxed, and this had given great satisfaction to the teachers 1037 throughout the country. He though that the men who were charged with the responsibility of the education of the youth in their districts, who were consulted on matters of law, medicine divinity, and everything else, should no be subjected to the irritation of having to observe such rules.
§ MR. MOORE
said he was informed by schoolmasters, friends of his own, that the rules had been relaxed. One of his friends told him that he had received communication on the subject; he die not know whether it was a circular or a letter, and the teacher was, therefore going to attend a political meeting. He did not know the special rule to which the hon. Member referred. [An HON MEMBER: The meeting was in North Armagh.] The meeting was not in North Armagh. He asked the right hon. Gentleman to use his influence in another matter, that was, in securing fixity of tenure. The Roman Catholic teachers were in a better position than the Protestant teachers in this respect, for their managers had assented to a form of contract under which any matter of conflict was left to the arbitration of the highest authority of the diocese. The Protestant teachers, unfortunately, had been unable to agree with their managers on any court of arbitration, and he asked whether the Commissioners had taken any steps to heal this administrative sore.
§ MR. BIRRELL
said the difficulty was that the Commissioners could only put in an arbitrator who was likely to meet with the consent of both parties. They were, however, trying to solve the difficulty.
§ MR. MOORE
was satisfied with this statement, but complained of the ludicrously inadequate salaries paid to the teachers in Ireland. If there must be an allocation, it seemed to him that it might be carried out at small expense. He was told that the sum of £15,000 would be ample to provide inducements to teachers who had gone to the trouble and expense of obtaining University 1038 degrees. If a teacher had gone to that expense, he ought to get the reward of merit in his own profession. He was not sure of the exact military term which was used in this connection, but he thought the teacher ought to get something in the nature of brevet rank for having so qualified himself. It would encourage the teachers, and it would have a tendency to bring additional students to the new universities. They were all agreed that teachers in Ireland were worse paid on the whole than policemen. He believed there was a Report in favour of increasing the pay of the police, and he was not sure that there was not to be legislation on the subject. [An HON. MEMBER: It has been promised.] It was on the tapis at any rate. While the police were to have their salaries raised, the unfortunate teachers who were engaged in schools with an attendance of less than thirty-five were shut out altogether, though the teachers in schools with over that number might get someing more. He did not think it would take very much to give the teachers in the small schools an increase also. It was recognised that in education they had the real salvation of the country, and it seemed illogical and unjust that the people who were trained to impart it should be left impoverished in this way.
§ MR. MURNAGHAN (Tyrone, Mid.)
complained of the large number of elementary schools in Ireland which received no assistance whatever from the State. It was bad enough to underlay teachers, but it was worse to deprive large number of the school-going children of any capitation grant whatever. The older members who had sat through the discussions of Education Bills had been told that every child born within these realms was entitled as a birthright to be furnished with at least the rudiments of education. That might be the case, and he believed that it was the case in this country and Scotland, but certainly it was not the case with regard to thousands of boys in lost of the towns of Ireland. He had tried to get from the Chief Secretary by question a report as to the number of school-going children in Ireland, but he was only able to get a return of those 1039 who attended the national schools, and model schools; he had obtained no information whatever as to the Christian Brothers' schools which were to be found in almost every town in the South and West, and also in many towns in Ulster, some of which contained to his knowledge several hundred pupils. He referred to the schools of the Order of Christian Brothers, which he believed gave education annually to from 15,000 to 20,000 boys. In 1892 the Minister who was then Secretary to the Treasury, speaking on this subject, after visiting the City of Cork declared that the Christian Brothers' schools were admirable and well-conducted. In passing, he might say that these schools, as regarded internal arrangements and sanitary accommodation were as complete as any in the United Kingdom, and that as regarded the teachers, there were none more efficient to be found in this or in any other country. That Minister declared that to refuse to make to these schools the same grants as were given to other voluntary schools was a state of things that could not be justified or defended. In 1896, Mr. Jackson, who was now a Member of the Upper House, but was then Chief Secretary for Ireland, was in charge of an Education Bill, and during its progress through this House he was confronted by the Nationalist Members, led by Mr. Sexton, with criticisms of certain provisions of his Bill, and particularly with a demand for a capitation grant for these schools. He promised that he would take steps to have the Christian Brothers' schools brought into line with the other schools in the matter of payment. On the strength of that assurance the Irish Members withdrew their opposition and the Bill passed. It might be only another illustration of broken promises given by Ministers, but Mr. Jackson, when charged with failing to give effect to promises while in office, replied that his term thereafter was very short and that he had handed over the carrying out of the arrangement to his successor, then Mr. Morley, who no doubt was as sympathetic to-day as he was then in regard to this matter, when he declared himself a strong supporter of the demand for a grant to the Christian Brothers' schools. Mr. Morley admitted that these 1040 schools were absolutely entitled to the Education Grant, and when pressed by Irish Members to give effect to the pledge given by his predecessor that he would do all he possibly could; and while he could not go so far as to give a solemn pledge, yet he would give an assurance that he would do what he could to have a regulation framed to meet the case and secure a contribution from the Education Grant to the Christian Brothers' schools. The right hon. Gentleman added that for himself, he did not wonder that the Irish members took every opportunity of pressing the claims of these voluntary schools on the attention of every British Government, whether Liberal or Tory. Fifteen long years had elapsed since that was said by Mr. Morley, and the demand for recognition of the schools had lain dormant all the while. He did not know why, unless other larger and more controversial questions had been brought forward and overshadowed this modest educational demand. However, he thought the time had now arrived when this claim should be pressed upon the House. Here perhaps it was right for him to say that he was giving expression to his own views and that he only spoke on his own behalf; the Christian Brothers themselves had made no application on the subject as far as he was aware. They had had no public meetings to further their claims; they had written no letters to the newspapers, or indeed made any complaint that the State was taking advantage of their silence and self-denial to evade a duty the performance of which in ordinary schools would cost about fifty thousand pounds a year. They were satisfied with silently doing their duty, and quietly carrying out the rules of their great founder, working with patience and hope. But that was no reason why Irish public men should allow them to be overlooked. Hence the thought had come to him as one who held for these humble men a high regard and whose children had been benefited ay their teaching, to renew now the application made sixteen years ago by the then representatives of Ireland, full of the belief that the present Chief Secretary was likely to be sympathetic n the matter. While no doubt these schools would be carried on whether the 1041 Government aided them or not, because Catholic parents who supported them would continue to make sacrifices to do so, was it right or fair that their labours should go unrewarded as far as the Treasury was concerned, or that wealthy England should take advantage of the conscientious scruples of Irish Catholics or of the silence and self-denial of the teachers in order to deprive Ireland of the sum required to educate her Catholic boys? As he had said, the Christian Brothers' schools contained from 15,000 to 20,000 boys; they were studded all over the cities and towns of Ireland, and many of the children went three, four, and even six miles to attend because their parents knew that their children would not only get a safe and sound education in the different branches of knowledge, but that their moral fibre would be strengthened, and their character formed by the example and admonition of their teachers—all which was for the benefit of the national weal. He assumed that the Christian Brothers were willing to adopt the same conscience clause in their primary schools as had been in use for the last twenty-five years in their intermediate schools, and no doubt they would be open to inspection and examination of pupils so that really there ought not to be much difficulty in framing a rule under which the grant would be available. In 1892 the Commissioners submitted two propositions but neither was acceptable to the Government. That was how the matter was when Mr. John Morley took office and that was how it stood to-day. He understood that the two obstacles in the way of the "Brothers" getting the grant were emblems and books. They refused to remove the cross, and they insisted upon using their own books. The Government need not ask the Christian Brothers to hide the cross behind a screen. That they would never consent to. They would follow faithfully the rules and regulations of the good man who founded them 100 years ago, and their mission would continue whether or not State aid was granted. He thought at this time of day there should be no insistence that the Emblem of Redemption should be removed from the schools. And as for their books, he would ask the Chief 1042 Secretary to look over them, and was willing to leave to him the decision as to their fitness, both from the literary and moral standpoints. This was a question easy of settlement, because it did not require legislation but sympathetic treatment, and could be done by the Chief Secretary and the Treasury. That being so, he hoped something to remove the grievance would be done without delay. He felt sure the Chief Secretary would have the support of Lord Morley if he brought the matter before his colleagues in the Cabinet, and it was full time that an end was put to the educational inequality which placed upon Catholic parents the burden of educating their boys while the education of Protestants was paid for by the State.
§ MR. SLOAN (Belfast, West)
said he was a member of the deputation of the teaching profession which waited on the Prime Minister when Chancellor of the Exchequer. They were then told that not only the schools and the salaries of the teachers, but the whole problem of primary education would be investigated. It was, therefore, with the greatest disappointment that they now found that in the Supplementary Estimate of £114,000 the most needy and probably the most useful class was to be excluded from the grant. He thought the question of primary education was going to be treated in a universal manner, and that the policy was not going to be to assist one part of the profession to the detriment and destruction of another. He did not think any Irish Member would suggest that the proposed increase in the salaries of the teachers who came under the conditions of the £114,000 grant was in any way too large, nor would it be suggested that it should be taken away. What they suggested was that the system under which primary education was carried on at the present time should not be more aggravated than it was. The only logical way out of the difficulty was to see that while the salaries of one portion of the teachers were increased, injustice and great hardship was not meted out to that section which was the worst paid. He would like to know whether hon. Members considered it just that teachers who were receiving from £120 to £200 1043 should get by the allocation of this grant an increase of £15 or £20, while the teachers of £56 got absolutely nothing. It was lamentable that in the effort to remove the legitimate grievances of the Irish national schools, further friction, dissatisfaction, and in the teaching profession itself a great amount of jealousy should be created. From the Northern point of view small schools were not only desirable but absolutely necessary, and while he agreed that in some cases the amalgamation of schools would promote economy, they were bound to face the fact that small schools were absolutely necessary. If they were not available the children would be left without education, and, therefore, in a far worse state than at present. If Scottish and English Members had listened to this debate untrammelled by party ties they would, from an educational point of view, have voted for the poorer teachers in the rural districts of Ireland having some of the benefit of the grant. He had been specially asked by the Protestant Teachers' Union of the North of Ireland to bring before the Chief Secretary the very hard conditions under which they suffered on account of attendance. It was quite true that the Catholics had a more complete system than the Protestant teachers for preventing the arbitrary dismissal of a teacher, by means of arbitration. The Protestant teachers were liable to be dismissed without even knowing the charge which had been made against them. The teacher did not know what charge was made against him, and they had no power over the National Board to interfere. He did not wish to make any attack on the National Board. He thought that it had done its duty, though it was somewhat antiquated; but reform became absolutely necessary when it refused to make a rule or reguation which would give the teacher an opportunity of defending himself against a charge which might involve his dismissal. The hon. Gentleman who seconded the Motion had referred to the Commissioners of Education. He must say that he judged of a man as he found him, and he had always found Dr. Starkie courteous and desirous to do what he considered to be in the best interest of the Board, and at the same 1044 time to do his duty as a public servant. He did not blame Dr. Starkie; he blamed the Government which permitted such a system to exist. Were the Government powerless? Could they not help them out of this dilemna? These teachers were serving the State under difficulties, and reports were made against them without their having an opportunity of defending themselves. They knew what human nature was, and how there might be malice and spite operating on the part of a manager against the teacher. It was not fair that these teachers should be paid an inadequate salary, and that they should be put into a category where there was no fixity of tenure, and where there was no defence against possible malice on the part of one man against another. That House was the only place where those things could be remedied. He knew that the Chief Secretary was communicating with the Board of Education, and that he referred these matters to that body. He did not expect that the Chief Secretary was capable of looking after the whole of the numerous boards in Ireland, but he might have subordinates to assist him. Surely here was a grievance on the part of a class of servants in respect to which the Chief Secretary should exercise not only his judgment, but his authority and power, by letting the National Board understand that a condition of things would not be tolerated any longer in which private circulars were supplied as to the characters of the teachers, good or bad, and which might contain charges of which the teacher never heard, and therefore had no opportunity of answering. In British justice, and under the Liberal Government of reform, the teacher with £56 a year, who taught in a hovel, or a mud cabin called a school, with an attendance of thirty-five, and who was not considered worthy of an increase of salary, even he should be given an opportunity of defending himself against the arbitrary conduct which had sometimes been used against him. There ought to be some way out of this system, which was cruel and absurd. Public money was being spent, yet there was no power over the people who received the money, nor power to see that they who received it paid it to the teacher. 1045 He knew of the case of one manager who took a dislike to the teacher. He went on his holidays, and the warrant for the teacher's salary was sent on to him, and not to the person who had done the work. The manager put it in his pocket, where he kept it for almost a month, so that the teacher did not receive the money he had earned, though he needed it to furnish himself with the necessaries of life. Why should a national teacher have to wait for a month before he received his salary? Why, a Cabinet Minister was not kept waiting in that way. The National Commissioners might be a little proud in their own way; in fact, as constituted they were outside public criticism. Let a Member put a Question down in that House with regard to the National Board, and where did that Question go? It went to Dublin Castle, to the very people who made the change, and it was they who gave the answer. And the Chief Secretary read to the House what was given to him in this way, so that the Member who asked for information was just as far forward as when he put the Question. He appealed to the right hon. Gentleman not to refuse this request which was being made for a paltry addition to the grant. A sum of only £20,000 or £25,000 was required to bring these 3,000 teachers up to the level of their colleagues, and he thought that the Government which supplied additional sums for old-age pensions might at least afford this small amount. The Government had with one stroke of the pen added £300,000 to the sum which they had set aside for old-age pensions, to meet what was considered a case of hardship, yet they were refusing this paltry sum which would put these teachers in the same position as their colleagues. He appealed to the Irish Solicitor-General and to the Chief Secretary, who were sitting in a House from which Liberal and Tory Members were absent, and where only Irish Members were in their places, as though in a Parliament at College Green, to grant out of the £3,000,000 which came from Ireland to this country in taxation, this paltry sum of £25,000. Surely the Government recognised the reasonableness and justice of the demand, and had authority sufficient to grant it, not merely because 1046 it was backed by the unanimous voice of Ireland, but because it was just in itself, and that the justice of the case was reason sufficient for the additional grant.
§ MR. HARRINGTON (Dublin Harbour)
said it was not his intention to prolong the debate, and he would not have intervened but for the observations made by the hon. Member for North Armagh. The hon. Member had congratulated the Chief Secretary on the changes which he had made, and had made a reference to the independence which he had shown. But he wished to refer to two cases which were most prominent before the people of Ireland last summer. One was the case of a teacher who had got married to a publican's daughter. The National Board refused to pay his salary, and said they would continue to do so as long as he continued to be connected with a public-house. There was nothing in the rules to justify that action. Their rule was that they were not to give a salary to a teacher so long as he was connected with a public-house, and they refused to pay so long as his wife was connected with a public house. But that was no reason why they should have kept that man's salary for two years. Fortunately, the teacher was able to maintain his position. The manager was in touch with him, and he kept on the school. A short while after complaint was made to the present Chief Secretary, and at length the Board itself gave way, and paid the teacher the salary which they had kept from him for two years. The other case which was referred to by the hon. Member for North Armagh was one of the most shameful cases of a man's dismissal that was ever known. He was a teacher at one of the Rathmines schools. He had occupied the position for twenty years; he was of the first division and first class by a special resolution of the Board. That was in 1896, when the Board had power to take in consideration a teacher's special services He was promoted in view of his excellent service, but the manager took occasion to dismiss him, and he appealed to the Archbishop, who refused to sanction the action of the parish priest. The next time the inspector visited the school, he gave a 1047 hostile report, the first ever given to the school. Immediately after that, the National Board went to dismiss the teacher, but it was put off for six months. The next time the inspectors went, not to examine the school, but to see him personally, they again presented a hostile report. In neither of these examinations, which were held for the purpose of dismissing the teacher and nothing else, was a pupil examined. It was the plain duty of any board to have given that man first a copy of the complaint against him and next a copy of the reports, especially having regard to the fact that they had themselves on their own Motion raised this man to the highest rank which they could give him for highly-efficient service, and a year or two afterwards dismissed him from his school. He did not look for another school, of course; he decided to have done with the Board. They would have sanctioned him in another school, but the whole thing, it was perfectly plain, was not to carry out the rules of the Board but to do away with the appeal to the Archbishop. They were able now to insist that a teacher must get a report, and if he desired another inspection he could get it, and he had practically three appeals now, so that it was impossible that they should do what they had done in the past. This unfortunate teacher who was dismissed from his employment without any compensation was altogether thirty years in the service of the National Board; he was only forty-two years of age, and consequently was without a pension, and without any consideration he was cast out of the service, though, without a doubt, it was entirely his fight and the attention drawn to it that settled the question of the future management of these schools.
§ MR. LARDNER (Monaghan, N.)
said he agreed with the hon. Member for South Belfast when he said that this grant was spoilt. In his county there were 188 schools, only eighty-eight of which participated in these grants, and only sixteen of which got the bonus given to schools with an attendance of over seventy, and the bonus, with the exception of one case, was only £5. The maximum bonus under the Estimate he saw was £30. That was undoubtedly an illogical and inequitable state of affairs, 1048 but the case became much more illogical and inequitable when they took a specific case that had come to his knowledge, a case of a high-class teacher in a small school. He had the highest possible qualifications, and the very best reports from his inspector, but he had the misfortune to have under thirty-five in average attendance. He knew two other teachers who had anything but good reports, but they had the good luck to have over thirty-five on the roll, and they participated in this capitation grant from which the first-class teacher was excluded. They were told that the rain fell on the just and the unjust, but in this case the Treasury trickle seemed to be reserved for those who were perhaps less deserving than this unfortunate man who was serving one of the noblest purposes possible in a backward and poverty-stricken country. There was a multiplicity of small schools, and, therefore, education was more expensive in Ireland than it ought to be. The Chief Secretary had said that this was absolutely essential if the people were to get any education at all, and he fully agreed that the charge was not to be laid to their door. It was the Commissioner of Education themselves who were responsible. But the Treasury seemed to have made up its mind to starve out the small schools, and they would starve education in such constituencies as his. If in the past they had allowed this wrong system to grow up and to grow strong, they had accepted the responsibility for it, and they were bound to maintain it; it was their bounden duty to pay the teachers, the men who put brains into the children, a better salary than they paid the men who beat the brains out of them—the Irish constabulary. Not alone was the grant of £114,000 too small, but the additional £20,000 was too small. Had the whole thing been doubled they would not be giving nearly the salary which was paid to the Scottish, teacher. The Scottish and Irish rural districts were very much the same, but the average attendance in Ireland was lower because in certain seasons of the year children had to work on the farms, though if they took the maximum roll at a time when there was no work going on in the country, they were responsible for the education of more boys and girls 1049 than teachers in similar schools in Scotland. The teachers, the people, the Irish Party and the councils were protesting against the basis of the division of this money. The Commissioners of Education themselves were protesting. The Chief Secretary on one occasion told them to formulate their demands. There was one solitary Minister and one solitary Liberal on the benches behind him, and Irish Unionists and Nationalists were joining in a demand to give them £20,000 to enable one-third of the teaching profession to be fairly treated.
MR. K. DUNCAN (Lanarkshire, Govan)
said that as the subject of finance was associated with all their great reforms it might not be amiss for one who represented the Conservative Party and who was a representative of Scotland, to state his opinion in regard to the finance of this question. It had been said that one desire was to strengthen the hands of the Chief Secretary for Ireland in dealing with the Treasury. The right hon. Gentleman was known to be a thinking man and an honest man, and he was generally credited with a desire to do something really effective for the good of Ireland. He would say nothing to discredit that belief, but if the Chief Secretary really wished to go forward he should rid his mind of the idea that either England, Scotland, or Ireland would grudge money for education. Was not education really the most important subject they had to deal with? After the parents themselves the teacher had the most to do with the making of the coming generation. He had a strong feeling of reverence for the spirit of loyalty that forbade them to quit their old church when they thought she was perhaps not altogether what they desired. Religion was international and had to deal with men and women of all countries. At one time they heard a great deal about what were humorously called the three R's, but he hoped to see the adoption of the three D's—duty, discipline and drill; he would even venture to add a fourth in Development, of which they were not afraid in Scotland. It was the hope of some of them that Ireland would go forward, retain its religion, and also welcome the spirit of knowledge. 1050 It was a rapidly growing opinion in Ireland that education must be dealt with not in a niggardly but in a generous spirit.
§ MR. SHEEHY (Meath, S.)
reminded the Committee that when the late Government were in power with a full treasury the money exhausted not in social reforms or upon education, but at the behests of the Jingo Party in war. He complained of the inadequacy of the sum allocated for this grant, although he did not think it lay in the mouth of the Tory Party to complain of what the Government were doing for education in Ireland. They complained, as they had a perfect right to complain, not merely of the inadequacy of the money allocated, but of the manner in which it was to be spent. They complained of the old practice by which anything given to Ireland with the right hand was immediately obliterated with the left. They complained that the schools in the districts which most needed assistance were being left in the worst position by the manner in which the money was to be distributed. The process of amalgamation would go on, and by that very process many schools in Ireland would be shut up and made useless, all because the population of Ireland did not enable these schools to be filled with an adequate number of pupils. This was a question which affected not only the poor districts of the west of Ireland, but also the richer counties of Kildare and Westmeath. It was a very strange thing but it was a fact that more money was being spent on the constabulary in Ireland than upon education. They claimed that the money spent upon intermediate education in Ireland was purely Irish money, and there were other monies ear-marked for education which, had been used for other purposes. All they were getting in return for all that was £114,000. He would not complain so much if that money was going to be administered fairly and properly, but the way it was proposed to administer the money would only lead to a worse condition of affairs in the rural districts where the children had to tramp many miles in order to get to school. The manner in which the money was allocated made it worthless, and the education 1051 system dangerous. Under those circumstances he hoped the right hon. Gentleman would consent to alter the allocation, because if he did not great harm would be done to education. Every hon. Member who had taken part in the debate had spoken condemnatorily of the allocation which had been adopted. The National Board of Education was a most extraordinary product of British legislation, but even they were opposed to the allocation proposed. It was this kind of blundering which was constantly arising, that created bitterness, whereas, if the people of Ireland were treated fairly, no such bitterness would be engendered. The Government were not only allocating an insufficient sum, but they were allocating it wrongly, giving it to those who could well afford to do with less and giving nothing at all to those who deserved it most. Inspectors had gone down to places in the West of Ireland for the purpose of arranging the amalgamation of schools, shutting up one in one place and sending the children to another school. He had heard threats made that if these inspectors went on in this way they would not have a very easy task in the future. If the present allocation of the money was adhered to be was afraid a very serious injury would be done to primary education in Ireland.
§ MR. DILLON (Mayo, E.)
thought that the debate had convinced the Government that for once the Irish representatives were unanimous, and not only they but the entire body of the Irish people. The present Supplementary Estimate and the accompanying Note indicating the distribution of the money were an indication of a most singular condition of affairs even under the singular government of their country. There was a body called the Board of National Education which had control of primary education. It was a nominated Board that was quite independent, and was not responsible even to the Irish Government, and certainly not to the Irish people. They had continuously protested against it and had sought to have it abolished or amended. The extraordinary fact emerged in this debate that even that Board had not 1052 had its way with regard to the distribution of the money and that all the negotiations had been conducted in the dark and behind the backs of the Irish people. Not one single man among the representatives of Ireland had been let into the secret or consulted in any way. He would like to ask the Chief Secretary, what was the opinion of the National Board on the matter. What had been the nature of the communications that had passed between the Board and the Treasury? Would the right hon. Gentleman lay the correspondence on the Table? It had been said that to attempt to separate the responsibility of the Chief Secretary from that of the Treasury was to throw dust in the eyes of the Irish people. No doubt the correct constitutional theory was that the Government was responsible as a whole, but as a matter of fact the Treasury interfered with the government of Ireland incessantly and most mischievously and exercised an undue influence over Irish affairs. He contended that the Treasury had no right to interfere with the distribution of this money. What right had the British Treasury to cross over to Ireland, or even without crossing, to engage in long-winded correspondence with Irish Departments as to the use of money which had already been granted, or was about to be granted, to Ireland as if those gentlemen who sat at the Treasury had special knowledge of the needs of Ireland? He thought it was the most monstrous thing he had ever heard of. Whatever might be the constitutional theory, he asked the Chief Secretary to compare what was done in respect of Ireland with the administration of English Departments. Compare, for instance, the attitude of the Treasury towards the Board of Education with the intolerable system which had prevailed in Ireland. If the Board of Education in England obtained a Vote of money from Parliament, as they did very easily whenever they wanted it, they were not subjected to the strain and stress in dealing by the Treasury which Irish Departments were subjected to. When the English Board obtained a grant of £1,500,000 for the purpose of carrying out their views on primary education—he thought it was for a purely political purpose—there was no more correspondence between the 1053 Treasury and the Board of Education. They distributed the money as they thought fit. But look what happened in Ireland. He would take one instance—the grant for the building of Irish schools. For fifteen years a correspondence went on between the Treasury and the Board of National Education in Ireland. Again and again when the representatives of Ireland raised the question they were told that it was still under discussion. They were not shown the correspondence. It was not published. During the period covered by the correspondence the whole question of school building was hung up, and many schools were allowed to fall into a ruinous condition. Whatever the constitutional theory might be, the practice in Ireland was entirely different from that in England. He did not acquit the Chief Secretary of all responsibility in this matter, because he had always recognised the solidarity of the Government; but they knew that the Treasury had interfered, and in so doing they had exhibited gross ignorance of the conditions of Irish life. He warned the Chief Secretary that an attempt to carry out these conditions would create a condition of absolute, chaos and revolt, not only among teachers, but among the whole body of the population, irrespective of their religious beliefs or political opinions. As a Home Ruler he was not sure that he ought to object to such a policy, because it would afford an example of the British Treasury against the whole of the Irish nation, and that would be rather a wholesome state of affairs. What they complained of, first of all, was that Ireland was not treated in the same way as England and Scotland. If Ireland were treated on equal terms with England and Scotland, the amount of the grant for teachers would be £400,000 instead of £114,000. The result of the differentiation was that many of the best teachers were leaving Ireland in order to obtain payment upon a higher scale elsewhere. It was impossible to defend a system under which English and Scottish teachers were paid 40 or 50 per cent. more than were teachers in Ireland. He did not sympathise with those extremists who suggested that the Chief Secretary should be abused and attacked. The right hon. Gentleman was the fifth 1054 occupant of his office since the agitation for the better payment of Irish teachers was started, and he was the first who had done anything in this matter, and, therefore, to hold him up as a malefactor was idiotic, and it was a course not calculated to make other Irish Secretaries follow on the same lines. He was not going to dwell on the insufficiency of the grant. So far as the grant went they ought to be thankful for it, for it was some result of the agitation which had been carried on. When he turned to the question of the proposed distribution of the grant, really language failed to express his opinion. The grant was accompanied by a Note unlike anything he had ever seen in any previous Estimate. The Note had already been quoted. Those who taught in small schools with an attendance of under thirty-five were to get nothing at all. Language failed him to express his opinion of that. The teachers in the small schools in Ireland had, owing to the recent changes and to the method of promotion, been cruelly dealt with under the present system. In his view, the national teachers of Ireland, under the old system, although the salaries were very poor, had great incentives. Promotion was open to them; if they were able men, they could rise in the ranks of their profession, even if they had only twenty-five pupils. He had known some of the ablest of the whole body of Irish teachers who were employed in these small schools, and whose reputation had spread over all Ireland. When the new system of grading was introduced seven or eight years ago, those unfortunate teachers from no fault of their own at all, but from want of influence—and indeed those things were done from influence, and not by merit—could not get promotion to larger schools. They were condemned to remain in the lowest ranks of their profession all their lives, no matter what their abilities might be. That was a system which he had condemned for years. These teachers were already in a very bad position, but when this instalment of justice which had been looked forward to for several years by the teachers of Ireland—this £114,000— came along, these men were informed that because they were poor they would get nothing; and that the 1055 men who had the largest schools, comparatively, were to get all this money distributed among them. A more monstrous and grotesque system never was submitted to a Committee of the House. He had had communications from various parts of Ireland showing how some of the ablest teachers in the country in those small schools were barred out from promotion. The proposal before the Committee discriminated against these men. It had been said by one or two of his colleagues that if £20,000 were added to the grant, it would enable a grant to be given to the small schools; but he did not think that that would meet the necessities of the case. It would only amount to about £6 a year, and that was a very poor offer to make to the poorest and most unjustly treated of the Irish teachers. His objection lay not only to the exclusion of all the small schools from the distribution grant, but to the whole method of distribution. A teacher with 200 pupils would get from £10 to £15 additional salary, and a special bonus of 5s. a head, which would amount to £40 or £50; while a teacher of one of the small schools, who deserved more consideration from the grant, would only get £6. He suspected that the new distribution was adopted as a matter of policy, but these poor men had no power over the education policy of the Board of Education. If the Government policy was to amalgamate small schools, let it be openly declared; to amalgamate the small schools in Ireland by starving the small school teachers, who had no influence on the policy of the Government, was monstrous cruelty. It acted unfairly to the masters of the smaller schools and to the assistants of the larger schools. The right hon. and learned Member for Dublin University, who had joined the Nationalist Members in this matter, had a theory as to the cause of the existence of the small schools in Ireland. He said that it was necessitated by the provision of small schools for the different religious sects. That might apply to Ulster to a great extent, but he absolutely denied that it applied to the provinces of Connaught and Munster. It was a total misconception on the part of the hon. and learned Gentleman. The cause of small schools was the character of the country, mountainous and with bad roads, 1056 and the sparse population. Ireland was in its present condition, or the greater part of it, a country of small schools, and it must remain so unless they adopted the system which was followed in some parts of the United States of consolidating small schools, and organising a system of transportation by means of char-a-bancs or cars of children from the scattered districts to central schools. If they penalised the teachers of these small schools, which in absolute fact were a necessity of the country, they were declaring war on the only system of schools which could serve the population. Did anyone who took an interest in primary education deny the fact that the teacher in a small school—say with only thirty children—ought to be a better teacher than the master of a larger school? He deserved the utmost consideration instead of being punished as under the present system. In a large school the pupils were divided into classes, and the head master did not take them all himself. He had assistants. But the man who had only twenty-five pupils had to divide them into five or six classes, and take them all himself, which was the hardest work possible. Another consideration which had been forced upon his mind was that in a great many districts owing to this starvation of the small school teachers there were no educated men now except the priests and rectors. It was peculiarly unfortunate that that should be the case. When he was a boy, in his own district in the County of Mayo there was one of the most efficient teachers he had ever known in the course of his life. Boys came from places thirty to forty miles distant to get their education from him, and were content to board in the hovels of the peasants. That man rose under the old system to be master of a school, with a salary of £230 a year, while he was still quite a young man. His influence over the whole parish was extraordinary, and numbers of his boys succeeded remarkably in businesses established throughout the district, simply from the training they had got. Now, under the present system all these poor parishes were condemned to put up with the refuse of the teaching profession, because, once there, the schoolmaster was without hope of promotion. Over his 1057 school might be written the legend of Dante hung over the gates of Hell: "All hope abandon ye who enter here." When a man got into a small school, ambition was killed; he had no incentive to study or to make his school a success. Therefore, under the present system the Education Department were doing everything in their power to discourage and destroy education over a large portion of Ireland. He had a letter from the President of the Western Union of School Teachers, who said that the country was in a state of absolute revolt over this matter. This gentleman gave him the following figures:—In County Galway there were 390 schools. Of these, 138 had an attendance of under thirty-five pupils, and therefore got no benefit from the grant. In County Leitrim there were 197 schools, of which 118 were entirely excluded from the benefit of the grant, or more than 60 per cent., although Leitrim was a very poor county. In County Mayo there were 387 schools, of which 138 were excluded; in County Roscommon there were 230 schools, of which 104 were excluded; and in County Sligo there were 202, of which 109 were excluded. In the province of Connaught there were altogether 1,418 schools, of which 607 were entirely excluded from the benefits of the grant. The effect of this proposal would be not in any degree to satisfy the schoolteachers but to arouse a perfect storm of indignation and anger throughout the country. A speech of the Chief Secretary had been quoted, in which the right hon. Gentleman stated that Ireland was necessarily a land of small schools. That was undoubtedly true, but he asked the right hon. Gentleman to imagine the feelings of the teachers who were now being met with this slap across the face. He had received a letter from a teacher in which it was stated that to teach a small school more skill and ability were needed than to conduct a large school, and that letter was written by a gentleman who had taught successfully in both classes of schools. The Irish Members were opposed to the whole system of education in Ireland, they objected to this nominated Board, and they hoped before long to see it swept away and some form of authority established in Ireland responsible to the 1058 people. But pending this reform, they demanded that the fullest information should be given as to the communications that had passed between the Irish Board of National Education and the Treasury, and that they should be laid on the Table of the House. Then there was the question of grants to school buildings. There again the Chief Secretary had done a very substantial thing. They were ten or twelve years fighting to get the building grant for the Irish schools and they were never able to get a penny until the present Chief Secretary came into office. He had obtained for them £40,000 a year for three years. That was not £100,000, but it was better than nothing, and he protested against the theory that because they did not get the whole that they asked for they were therefore to reject and repudiate it—and belabour and beat the man who had given them what they had got. They were, however, promised that they would have a large additional grant from the Irish Development Fund. He remembered that when this fund was commenced he always believed it would be grabbed for all kinds of improper objects. They were promised a considerable addition to the £40,000 a year. But he found that in the Estimates for this year the distribution of the Development Grant was most singular and extraordinary. According to the Estimate there was a balance to the credit of the grant from last year of £91,000, to which was added £185,000, making in all £276,000. Then came the distribution which was made by the Lord-Lieutenant. In the course of the distribution came national school-buildings; £25,000 was the balance of a grant of £70,000, towards the cost of rebuilding necessitous schools in Ireland. That would have given, between the Development Grant and the grant direct from the Treasury, £65,000 towards the building of new and the rebuilding of old schools. That was not £100,000, but it was a good way on. But what was their horror and astonishment to find a reduced Estimate issued only last week, according to which the balance was not £95,000, but £51,000. The £40,000 had disappeared and there was no explanation. That was the result of this kind of finance, and when 1059 he turned to the distribution the unfortunate schools were the sufferers. National school buildings got £5,000; 20,000 had disappeared. What had become of the £40,000 and the £20,000? He objected to the disappearance of the balance of £40,000 and still more strongly to the fact that the loss was immediately saddled on the grants for repairing these unfortunate national schools. Of all the various conditions there was none which illustrated so much the necessity of Home Rule for Ireland as that of education. The education of Ireland had been ruined on every hand by that House. There was not to-day in the whole civilised world a more disgraceful system of education than that in Ireland, and that after 108 years of the government of that House. Yet when they brought forward this supreme and vital question they were faced by an absolutely empty House. It was an intolerable scandal that in these matters which Englishmen did not and could not understand, they would not take the trouble to listen to the debates, and that Irishmen, should not be allowed to settle these matters for themselves.
persisted and on being called on by the Deputy Chairman he asked if the hon. Member was at liberty to raise the whole question of Home Rule.
§ THE DEPUTY-CHAIRMAN (Mr. CALDWELL,) Lanarkshire, Mid.
As I understand it, it is an incidental allusion.
§ MR. DILLON
said that after more practice in Committee Rooms upstairs the hon. and gallant Member would know what order meant. The debate had been an illustration of the extraordinary attempt to control the affairs of Ireland when great vital questions were treated as the question of education had been treated that day. It was not until some great disturbance arose in Ireland that they could in any 1060 way get the attention of the House of Commons.
§ MR. BIRRELL
We have had a long and interesting debate, in which, of course, there has been a great deal of repetition of arguments, owing to the undoubted fact that everybody has been of the same opinion. That, consequently, has prevented that variety of view which one often notices on Irish questions. I have had a good deal of advice given to me to which I have listened attentively as to the whole duty of a Chief Secretary. Some of the speakers have indicated a view that it is the duty of a Chief Secretary to make himself the spokesman of all the just and legitimate financial demands of the country. I quite agree with that, and I think if my conduct were known, I should be found to have discharged the whole duty of a Chief Secretary in this matter. When one goes to see the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and make these demands, he, of course, meets you with courtesy and consideration, but he points out that you are not the only one of his colleagues who presses demands upon him, he points to the several financial conditions of the country and indicates pretty plainly that he cannot give you an undue preference, adding that were he to concede the demands which he might conceive just and proper, bankruptcy and deficit would stare him in the face. Then the question arises, having regard to these statements, what is the Chief Secretary to do? He has only one course open to him; which course occurs naturally to his mind every week, and that is to tender his resignation, and say he will not be responsible any longer for the government of the country unless his fair financial demands can be instantly met, and that unless all other claims are put on one side and special attention given to him, he will take his seat with a light heart on a back bench, and indulge in that freedom of criticism which is generally noticeable on the part of those who have left the Government. My own opinion is that a person who is always threatening resignation is, after all, somewhat of a coward, and unless he is satisfied that he can do no good in the position he occupies, he had better remain there and bear the brunt of all 1061 criticism directed against him. The right hon. Gentleman the Member for South Dublin, my predecessor in office and, therefore, always very friendly disposed, so far as political differences will allow, to a man in my position, pointed out—and I accept his view—that it would be absurd for a Chief Secretary to repudiate his colleagues of the Treasury. He has no right to do so, and that was why I admitted that I had a direct responsibility for this Estimate. We do not live in watertight compartments, we are bound one to the other. It is not until you go to a back bench that you have freedom of criticism. If on any particular point you are over-ruled by a Government of which you still remain a member, because the financial necessities do not admit of your request being granted, you have got to put up with it and allow yourself to be criticised and even abused for not having done more for the country you represent. I quite agree with that view. Then the right hon. Gentleman expressed a view with which I do not know if, constitutionally, I can altogether agree. He said that although I was bound to the Treasury, if I succeeded with the Treasury and got a grant of money for Irish purposes, I could waive all their terms and conditions on one side and say: "The money is mine and a fig for your conditions. You promised me £114,000, and it is not for you, but for me, for the Irish Government, to decide what is to be done with it." I cannot agree with that, because one cannot deny the right of the Treasury—it is not necessary to have a few animalculæ in a back room—one cannot deny the right of the Chancellor of the Exchequer——
§ MR. BIRRELL
I will come to that. This is entirely new money. It is not subject to any existing Act of Parliament. It is quite open to the Irish Government and to the Treasury to endow Ireland with new money, and it is open to the Treasury to impose in the Resolution by which the money is voted what terms it likes, which terms become, under the Appropriation Act, part of the law of the land.
§ MR. BIRRELL
It is, at all events, news to me that, if new money is granted by way of a Supplementary Vote on an original Estimate for education in Ireland, it is immediately bound by previous statutory conditions with regard to money paid over to the National Commissioners or anybody else. I imagine, this being new money, it is open to the Treasury to impose what terms they like as to its disposition. I, therefore, cannot altogether agree with the right hon. Gentleman. After all, however, these are matters of constitutional law and learning and are a little bit beside the mark. I do not think it can be taken as a maxim admitted by everybody that, once the Treasury has acceded to the demands of a Chief Secretary with regard to a particular grant for education, it is not for them to impose terms as to the manner in which that fund is to be distributed.
§ MR. BIRRELL
I do not know. It is the Treasury, and that is why I accept the responsibility for this Estimate myself. I apprehend the Treasury would have the power. It goes without saying that any branch of the Government which has the control over money, would have the right to say: "We give you this money upon certain conditions as to its disposition, because we are anxious to procure a particular result." I cannot imagine what power there is in the Constitution to prevent that being done. I pass away from that to the merits of the question. I say at once that I presume the reason, as it has always been explained to me, of the conditions of this Estimate is that the Government is anxious to reduce the number of unnecessary schools in Ireland. No-Body disputes that the figures with regard to schools in Ireland are rather remarkable as compared with Scotland. For example, you find the two countries with practically the same population. In Ireland, with an estimated population of 4,399,000, there are 8,659 schools, 1063 while in Scotland with an estimated population of 4,652,000 there are only 3,240 schools. Therefore, in two countries with practically the same population and, in some respects at all events, in some parts of the country with very similar physical conditions, you have an enormous disparity in the number of schools. I quite agree when you come to investigate the circumstances of the two cases, these figures, although obviously striking, are not really so forcible as some people might suppose, because you find, for example, when you examine the last census, that there are forty towns in Scotland which have a population of over 10,000 each and with a total population of 2,369,705; that is, 52.9 per cent. of the entire population live in towns, whereas Ireland, with a total population nearly equal to that of Scotland, had only twenty-one towns having a population of over 10,000, with a total population of 1,033,232, or 23.2 per cent. of the entire population. In other words, more than one half of the population of Scotland is found in fairly large towns, while under one quarter of the population of Ireland is found in towns of the same size. At the same time, everybody who knows anything about Ireland knows that there are in different parts of the country an unnecessary number of schools. I am not speaking of the desire to send Protestants to Catholic Schools or vice versa, but of schools under the same management. Undoubtedly there are surplus schools in Ireland, and it is a most desirable thing, although a most difficult thing for anybody really interested in the financial position of Ireland, to reduce those schools. I quite agree I have not very warmly attached myself to the terms imposed by this Estimate. I think in all these cases you ought to consider the geographical circumstances and position of the school, and you ought not to punish a school simply because it happens to be in a part of the country which is sparsely inhabited and where you cannot possibly, under any circumstances, have a large average attendance, and where in point of fact you have to make up your minds between having no school at all and having a small one. At the same time I cannot allow it to go forth that there is not a very grave 1064 necessity for the reduction of a very considerable number of these 8,000 odd schools in different parts of Ireland. Nobody, I think, can claim to consider himself an educational reformer in Ireland who is not most anxious to do everything that can be done to reduce the number of these schools. That is one view which has to be borne in mind. Now we come to the actual Estimate. Although I quite agree that there is very much to criticise, I must say that had there been more people in the House they might almost have been led to believe, from what has been said, that the Government are taking away from school teachers pecuniary increment which they at present enjoy instead of making an increase thereto. It has been said that the effect of the proposed distribution will be to shut up schools, but I am not prepared to concede for a moment that those schools will be closed, even although the teachers in them have to go on receiving their present somewhat insufficient salaries. After all, the Committee must recollect that what we are discussing is an additional grant of £114,000 by way of increment to the salaries of school teachers. I quite agree the Irish people are entitled to have a voice in this matter. We are here to consider the most fair mode of distributing this not inconsiderable sum of money. You cannot meet altogether the demands of Ireland. I own I was slightly surprised to hear that a sum of £400,000 would have to be forthcoming before you could place the salaries of teachers in the rural parts of Ireland on the same footing as the salaries of the teachers in the rural parts of Scotland. I do not think that would bear investigation. I think on examination it would be found that there is very little difference, if any, between the salary of a teacher of a comparatively small school in Scotland, and the salary of a teacher of a comparatively small school in Ireland. I am quite willing to admit that £114,000 does not meet the necessities of the case, but, at all events, it is quite as large a sum as was in my mind when I went into the lion's den and addressed the teachers of Ireland. I am bound to say I have always found confidence is strictly observed in Ireland. If you are addressing people there, and you 1065 tell them in confidence you hope to get it for them, they always respect your confidence most scrupulously. I certainly gave many of the teachers cause to believe that some such sum as this—a sum not much exceeding £100,000—would be the very most I should be able to do for them for some time to come, and, though they did not say they would take that as a full discharge of their claims, they did not feel the profound discontent which the language of some speakers in the debate would lead us to suppose. They live on a small income, and they are desirous to get an addition to it to which they are clearly entitled. I think, therefore, so far as the amount of this Estimate goes, it is quite as considerable as in the bottom of their hearts they anticipated getting. It took a good deal of getting, and I certainly pleaded their cause with far greater pertinacity and emphasis than I ever pleaded any cause with which I had personally to do. Therefore, I am glad I have got this sum. It must be remembered also that there was £40,000 given for three years for the building of schools, and the schedule to the Irish Universities Bill. This Government has also produced a Budget which undoubtedly from an Irish point of view is the best they ever had. The reduction of the sugar tax will leave £340,000 a year to fructify in the pocket of the Irish peasant, and, in a literal sense, sweeten the cup of many a poor peasant in Ireland. And then it has been calculated that old-age pensions will represent a sum of something like £700,000 in the case of Ireland. So that, after all, great as has been our debt to Ireland and cruel as has been its treatment, owing chiefly to the ignorance of Ireland in this House in times gone by, I really think we are entitled to say we are doing our best to repay the debt. We have, therefore, got to consider now the best mode of distributing this fund. I cannot at present hold out any promise that it will be enlarged by one penny. I will not play the role of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. He has played it himself at this box a good many times during the last week, and we all know what he says, and, having regard to other demands on the Treasury for purposes 1066 connected, it may be, with land purchase, certainly with the Congested Districts Board, with afforestation and other things, it would be very foolish of me to quarrel with the hand which is to feed me. It is all very well for the right hon. Gentleman opposite to ask why we should spoil a good job for a miserable £20,000 a year. There are so many miserable £20,000 a year, and they mount up to a considerable sum. Of course were education the only thing which had to be done for Ireland I quite agree it would be a contemptible policy to spoil a good thing by parsimony, but parsimony is sometimes not parsimony at all, but stern necessity. At all events I stand by my colleague in this matter and share his responsibility, happily in a less degree as far as the national finance is concerned, and I am not authorised to increase this fund this year. Therefore, the question simply is, how is it to be distributed. The hon. Member for Mayo said he thought he was entitled to know the opinion of the Commissioners on this subject. I do not mind tolling him that the Commissioners favoured drawing the line at schools of twenty instead of thirty-five. The schools in Ireland with an attendance under ten are only eight; under twenty, 434; under thirty, 1,467; and between thirty and thirty-five, 908. These are the figures of the schools. Now I am bound to confess that I personally very largely share the views expressed by many Members in this House. I am no enemy of small schools, assuming always that they are small by virtue of the physical conditions of the locality. When I was at the Education Office I was often appealed to by small schools which had been suppressed, by perfectly justly economic considerations of county councils—I was appealed to to allow them to continue and I had in my time four or five of those appeals. One appeal was for a school in Bedfordshire where the country is in many parts very bleak and exposed, the roads very high and the weather very often exceedingly severe from falls of snow and otherwise. I never had one of these appeals without being convinced in those cases that those small schools were doing an exceedingly good work, and that the suppression 1067 of them would have meant the suppression of an influence for good. In all those cases my bias was strongly in favour of keeping up the small schools. Here in Ireland I agree in the great majority of cases in the South and West these small schools must exist, and they are most admirable and useful institutions. We might gather from the hon. Member for Mayo that the Government ought to give the biggest amount of the grant to the teachers with the smallest number of pupils. But the teacher with 200 pupils, under him does not get the grant for the whole 200—he might get the capitation fee for about seventy, and the balance is divided amongst the assistant teachers. So he is not such a capitalist as that. But when you come to consider the lot of a teacher with a class say of twenty, I quite agree his duties are most interesting, and he has an opportunity of impressing his personality upon his pupils, and if he is a man of fine character and generous disposition, they will learn more from him than they would do from the teachers perhaps in a very much larger school where there is not the same room for personal influence. The teacher with only twenty pupils, if he is a man of fine character and generous disposition, and takes all the classes, has a greater opportunity of impressing his personality upon his pupils, and he cannot expect the same remuneration as the man in a big school in a crowded locality with all the diverse duties imposed upon him. I feel that you must strike a distinction. Some men think it is better to be a country curate than a bishop. At any rate, the clergyman has the opportunity of enjoying the same simple natural life as the people amongst whom he lives. It is quite impossible to give the teachers in the smaller schools a slight superiority in capitation fee over those in the larger schools. I really think the teachers in the smaller schools derive certain advantages and benefits from their natural, simple lives, and they do not expect so large a remuneration as those who live in crowded localities. I quite agree with what has been said about the grading rule. Having had an opportunity of discussing the point with the Commissioners I think that any rule that 1068 prevents promotion or stereotypes a man for ever in a particular class of school is, in my opinion, a great mistake. It may very well be that a young teacher develops his teaching abilities better in a small school when he takes all the classes and exercises sole control. But if he is stuck there for the rest of his life, without chance of promotion, that would be a harsh rule. The Treasury, however, has nothing to do with that, but I will certainly see whether some reconsideration may not be given to the point, although I have no control over the Board of Commissioners. I think it is not only a harsh rule, but it is a very foolish rule in the interests of the Treasury. I now come to the question of what is to be done in regard to this matter. The Commissioners propose that the capitation fee should be divided in a way that would leave out 442 schools. I have been brought up in the Court of Equity, where I was taught that equality is equity, and equity is equality, and my own natural disposition is to see this sum, extracted not without toil, distributed amongst the teachers, but whether all the teachers should be included, or whether those in the schools of under twenty scholars should be left out, is a matter which requires to be most carefully considered. Unlike one of my colleagues I cannot take the sense of the House whilst standing on my legs. There is not much in the point, but it must be borne in mind that I cannot get any more money. If I do what I have promised, the capitation fee will have to be reduced, but I really think there is sufficient solidarity and esprit de corps among the teachers to be willing for the present to submit to this reduction. I do not know that I can usefully say more than that now. The course I propose to take is to withdraw the Estimate in its present shape and, after consultation with the Commissioners of National Education, to bring it up again in a form including all schools. I must repudiate the idea suggested by an hon. Member from Ulster that there is in the policy of the Treasury any hostility to the schools of the Church of Ireland. Whatever the Treasury may be, and it has many faults, it at any rate is a most undenominational body, and the idea that the Treasury would wage war upon the 1069 schools of a particular denomination in order to destroy them is altogether out of the question. Undoubtedly what the Treasury has in mind, and what every educational reformer in Ireland must have in mind is the desire to reduce the unnecessary number of schools in particular parts of Ireland. I could give instances, but I do not want to rouse the denominational spirit. In some places there are as many as four schools belonging to four different Protestant denominations. The object to be aimed at—unpopular though it may be—is to get the children of these districts into two schools—if not into one—instead of into four; and I am glad, to notice a disposition among some of the Protestant bodies to bring about a reduction of school staffs by amalgamation. The duplication of staffs is a great and undoubted evil, arid it cannot be denied that we were justified in putting a certain amount of pressure upon the Board to pursue that subject. Whether the right way of putting on that pressure was to reduce the increments of the teachers is a subject which it is not now necessary for me, having acceded to the general wish of the House, to deal any further with. I hope, however, I may be allowed to obtain the first Vote on the Paper, and then I will bring up the Supplementary Vote in the form I have suggested.
I am afraid I do not quite understand the point of order. The question put from the Chair is the Supplementary Vote.
§ MR. T. M. HEALY
Quite so. You only put the question, as I understand 1070 it, that the sum of £114,000 be granted to His Majesty for the service stated. You do not attach to it all the embroidery attached to it by the Treasury.
§ MR. DILLON
The Chief Secretary offered to consult all parties. If the Vote is withdrawn now, we shall have an opportunity of saying something about it again. If we vote the money now, we shall not be able to do it.
§ MR. BIRRELL
I cannot agree to withdraw the Vote now, for I want to say a word upon a question which excites very strong interest. It was referred to by the hon. Member for East Clare, namely, the sad state of many of the schools in Ireland, particularly in wet and cold weather. The weather in Ireland is not particularly cold, but it is extraordinarily wet. I have seen the thing for myself, and I know about it from conversation with inspectors. They have often told me that in going into one of these schools on a soaking wet day, and finding the children cowering in clothes saturated with damp round a miserable turf fire, they felt that, in the interest of the children themselves, the best thing was to tell them to go home and forego the inestimable benefits of education for that day. That is a very shocking state of things, and, of course, a claim has been put forward for the heating of the schools. But it is impossible to overlook the fact that in Ireland there is no such thing as a school rate, and that it was undoubtedly always contemplated that the form which the local contribution would take would be in seeing, as a matter of parochial pride, that the schools should not be in the lamentable condition in which I have solemnly to admit they are. Prone as I am to love everything Irish, I cannot in this matter exonerate the local authorities from considerable responsibility. The sums required are not large. The people left to themselves 1071 are a generous people—the most generous I have ever been brought into contact with, most generous to one another; but they have got the notion that everything that has to be paid for in connection with the schools should come from the British Exchequer, and they have forgotten—I do not blame them; people do forget these things—perhaps some of them did not even know, that it was certainly always the understanding that, there being no school rate in Ireland—though there are rates now for labourers' cottages and the like which they bear with astonishing patience—they should look after the comfort of the children. I think they ought to have brought home to them that it is something of a shame that they should allow the children to whom they are so deeply attached to incur the risks of tuberculosis and those other terrible diseases which ravish the children of Ireland, and that they have as much obligation to the children and their school-house as to anything else they hold dear. Although I have pressed this case, and I daresay shall continue to do so, I find it difficult to resist the argument that it is really a matter in which the Irish people might, at no great cost to themselves, be brought to take a personal care and interest. I have at all events, failed in obtaining the grant I sought for. I would have liked to have been able to make some proposal in regard to this; but I hope the words I have said will not be taken amiss by any Irishman or lover of Ireland. Other little matters have been referred to. I listened to what the hon. Member said about the Christian Brothers. He told me the other day that he might take the opportunity of referring to them. I have seen what has been said by my predecessors at different times in regard to them, but I do not require to learn from them, for I have seen for myself whilst in Ireland, the schools of the Christian Brothers over and over again. I have seen their famous school 1072 in Cork. Everybody who sees their schools appreciates their value, and the part they have played for many a long day in Irish education. Although I am on terms of friendship with the Christian Brothers they have never approached me and I am not certain what their views are. I think they value their freedom. The hon. Member was careful to say that he did not represent their views to me. I also wish I had a little more freedom myself, for I value it. They do a great work in Ireland. Parents prefer their schools partly because they carry out their work in their own way without being bothered by the public authorities. Although so far as inspection as to the value of their educational work is concerned, they have been willing to submit to it, I am not sure what their views are on the subject, and were they to present them to me, I should consider them most sympathetically, I do not think that the books used in the schools represent the difficulty it was at one time. I think we have got past that, always assuming that the books are educational and up to the mark. I cannot think that there will be any difficulty on that ground, because the opinion is exploded as to children using the same books from the north to the south of Ireland. With reference to the sacred emblems of religion, that is a matter I am not now going into. I do not know what the feeling in Ireland now is on the subject, but I certainly share the opinion expressed by more than one of my predecessors upon the value of the work done by the Christian Brothers, and were I assured that they were desirous of parting to some extent with the complete freedom which they now enjoy I would be willing to consider any proposal they might make. Having regard to the great work they do in Ireland, I think it would be impertinent on my part to express anything more than I have done.
§ MR. BIRRELL
I am sorry that, this not being on the Vote, I have not the material before me to answer the hon. Member's Question. I have taken a note of what the hon. Member said, and I expect that I shall be able to tell him of the missing £35,000 when inquiry has been made. Something was said about an appeal in the case of Protestant teachers. That is a very important question, and I am all in favour of a schoolmaster feeling that he is not liable to be dismissed by the arbitrary will of anybody, because we all know that in scholastic matters tempers are often short and hasty things may sometimes be done. In the case of the Catholics there is a willingness to submit any case of dispute to the bishop of the diocese. Roughly speaking, it may be said that the appeal to the bishop is satisfactory. The only thing is to find an equally satisfactory appeal in the case of the Protestant community. I understood the hon. Member for South Belfast to say that the teachers were prepared with an appellate jurisdiction but that the managers did not agree; but I am quite willing to put the case again to the Education Commissioners.
§ MR. BIRRELL
I know that difficulties have arisen. I quite understand that the teachers and the managers are not quite agreed at present as to whom they should appeal to; but I will refer it again to the Commissioners, and I hope some satisfactory appellate Court will be found. It is, however, a little too much to put on the Commissioners 1074 the duty of finding a Court for two rival parties in which each has equal confidence, and it would be rather difficult to force a Court on one of the parties if that party was indisposed to accept a decision of that Court as final. It is a matter for negotiation, but it is a most important matter to come to some speedy decision about. My hon. friend the Member for East Kerry was a little troubled about the licensed house question. I am bound to say that I think it is preeminently undesirable that any one occupying the position of a teacher should be directly or indirectly, or even accidentally, connected with a public house. I am assured by the Commissioners that their rule has not really had any retrospective effect, and, therefore, I must, for once, stand by the recognised authorities. I feel that this debate has been useful, though I do not know whether there will be any sore hearts over it. I believe that the Committee has exercised a wise judgment in being so comparatively unanimous on the subject; and I hope good will come out of a decision which will, at all events, not carry with it to anybody the sense of injustice. I am quite with the decision of the House that the Government has done its best.
§ MR. WALTER LONG
said that the Chief Secretary had made a reference to a remark he had made earlier in the debate in which he thought the right hon. Gentleman had somewhat misrepresented him. First of all, he wished to congratulate the right hon. Gentleman on the dexterous way in which he had extricated himself and his colleagues out of a somewhat difficult position. He was very glad he had seen fit to change the attitude of the Government and make the valuable concession he had promised, but he regretted very much that the right hon. Gentleman was not able to go a little further and get the extra £25,000 which would have enabled the 1075 poorer teachers in the smaller schools to get a pro rata addition without deducting anything from the teachers in the larger schools. The right hon. Gentleman had poured contempt on his description of the £20,000 that was wanted for the smaller schools, but the right hon. Gentleman had forgotten that earlier in his period of office he had extracted from the Treasury a promise of £680,000 to sweeten the Government of Ireland—a great portion of which was intended for education.
§ MR. BIRRELL
If the right hon. Gentleman wants to know the sad history of the past, that £650,000 was calculated on the basis of giving £100,000 to education.
§ MR. WALTER LONG
said that Ireland no doubt would have benefited enormousl by getting the £650,000, but the right hon. Gentleman might have been able to get the extra £20,000 or £25,000 for the smaller schools. He was, however, very glad that the right hon. Gentleman had made the concession he had. With regard to his view that the Irish Government ought to maintain their own right to distribute the money conceded by the Treasury, the Chief Secretary said that the Treasury had only exercised its constitutional right. With great respect to the right hon. Gentleman, who was a high constitutional authority, he did not admit that for a moment, his view being that where a Government Department, whether it was the Irish Government, the War Office, the Admiralty, or any other, had established its right to Government money for a particular purpose it rested with the Department to distribute the money for the purpose defined. Supposing that the Treasury granted money for educational purposes in Ireland, it would be quite wrong for the Irish Government to spend it, for instance, in the establishment of hospitals, but it should have 1076 the right to decide how it should be applied educationally. That was exactly what had happened in this case, because it was the Chief Secretary and not the Treasury who had announced the change of policy to which they had listened. Therefore the action of the Committee was a vindication of the view he had put forward, and he hoped that the step the right hon. Gentleman had taken would help in asserting the right of every Minister to distribute money granted for a particular purpose within his own Department in the way that he thought most beneficial, efficacious, and just. He thought that the Chief Secretary had somewhat misunderstood his hon. friend behind him when he referred to the Church schools. His hon. friend had not for a moment suggested that there was any covert attack made on the Church of Ireland schools. What his hon. friend referred to was that in some parts of Ireland the operation of the Supplementary Estimate would have a severe effect on Church of Ireland schools. They had held very strongly that if the money were distributed as had been proposed it would operate very unfairly on a very deserving class that could not defend itself, and he rejoiced that the Chief Secretary had receded from that position.
§ THE FINANCIAL SECRETARY TO THE TREASURY (Mr. HOBHOUSE,) Bristol, E.
said that he spoke on behalf of a Department that must always be an unpopular one, because it had to control rather than encourage expenditure. After an experience of a month or two at the Treasury he would not have ventured to lay down any rule unless he had had behind him the experience of the Department. He ventured to assert that during the time of office of the late Chief Secretary it had lever been successfully held by any Department that the Treasury was not entitled not merely to interfere in the 1077 gross amount of the sum to be expended, but to criticise the method in which that sum was to be spent, and to make conditions that it should be spent in a certain way.
§ MR. WALTER LONG
said it was well known that the Treasury and the various Departments had their negotiations, and in every case there was behind all the authority of the Cabinet, who settled whether the Department or the Treasury was to have the final word.
§ MR. HOBHOUSE
said that that imparted an aspect which the right hon. Gentleman had not put before the House. Nothing had been said of the power and authority of the Cabinet.
§ MR. T. M. HEALY
said he had no hesitation in thanking the Chief Secretary for the efforts he had made to improve education in Ireland. He recognised that he had made great efforts, and that he had given great assistance to the national schoolmasters; he had given them about three times as much as had been given to University education. There was, however, no doubt that the Treasury had been a curse in the life of Ireland, and he thought they must take some stand against the growing attitude the Treasury was assuming of attempting to legislate for the country. That was why he now said it would be better from the constitutional point of view that when grants were given to Ireland they should not have a fresh Estimate put forward and a fresh attempt at legislation. He denied altogether that the Treasury was entitled to say how this money should be spent. The Appropriation Act had been referred to as legalising what had been done in this case. He denied that. He recollected that when Mr. Gladstone, in 1881, sought to increase the salaries of certain resident magistrates he argued that it was legalised, first, by the passage of a 1078 Resolution in Committee, and then by the Appropriation Act, but in the result the Comptroller-General disallowed the amounts, and Mr. Gladstone brought in a Bill to legalise the payments, and it was defeated. That was not a precedent in favour of the Government, but against them. To bring forward a fresh Estimate and to say that by it schools with twenty or thirty scholars were to have money allocated to them in a particular way would be illegal. The Treasury must remember that Ireland had certain rights under the Act of 1817 by which the Irish and British Exchequers were amalgamated. The Chief Secretary misinterpreted the feeling of the Nationalist Members if he supposed they were ungrateful to him.
§ MR. T. P. O'CONNOR (Liverpool, Scotland)
expressed a hope that next year the Chief Secretary might be able to increase the amount of the Vote. The right hon. Gentleman having met the Nationalists in regard to the allocation of the grant, he advised his hon. friend to withdraw the Amendment.
§ MR. BYLES (Salford, N.)
said that year after year Irish Members brought before the House the gross inequality with which Ireland was treated in regard to education, and they were met with sympathetic speeches by the Chief Secretary, but still with a non possumus. The right hon. Gentleman had told them that while he was called the King of Ireland he was not the King of the Cabinet, and that he could not get what he wanted. As an English Member he listened year after year to these stories of injustice with sorrow and a sense of shame. Parliament had been justly charged with gross injustice. Why should a child because he was born on the other side of the Irish Channel be handicapped in his opportunity for primary education? He knew these country schools in Ireland where the little children with bare feet, 1079 and often scantily clothed, stood on the clay floor, their only comfort being the miserable turf fire, and then he thought of the council schools in England, and the infinite opportunities given to the English child, and he wanted to know why the Irish child should be treated with this inequality. The English nation ought to feel their responsibilities in this matter and to be ashamed to be charged with gross injustice. They ought to say: "We are rich and they are poor. We are a big country, and they are a small and despised people." ["No."] He would be only too glad if that word could be withdrawn, but he was only too afraid there was some truth in it. They were in the minority, and they came a great distance to plead their case, but they kicked against the pricks and could do nothing. They came and laid their case before the Government and were met with a non possumus. ["No."] He thought hon. Members next year would have very nearly the same tale of injustice to unfold. If it were not so, he would be only too glad. He asked Members of English constituencies to consider this argument. The Irish child had just as strong a claim as the English child and ought to be just as well educated.
§ MR. O'DOWD (Sligo, S.)
said he knew female National teachers of high training—teachers who had increased the efficiency of their schools to a considerable extent, but whose services as principal teachers were discontinued solely because the average required by the Commissioners of National education could not be reached. This meant, in a number of cases, the abolition of separate female schools, and the practical dismissal of teachers. Parents who objected to have their daughters sent to mixed schools were placed in a position of great inconvenience, especially in rural districts, where children had had to travel for miles in order to reach female schools. He hoped the matter would be inquired into.
§ Motion, by leave, withdrawn.
§ Original Question again proposed.
§ Motion, by leave, withdrawn.
§ £670,818, to complete the sum for Public Education, Ireland.
§ Resolution to be reported upon Monday next; Committee to Sit again upon Monday next. | <urn:uuid:350c3ec9-858d-4542-af56-d974f113719b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1908/jul/02/class-iv | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.991186 | 39,417 | 2 | 2 |
The beauty with happiness is that it means different things for different people. For some people happiness is about living life to its full and living in the moment. To others, happiness is about helping people. Within society most people relate happiness to wealth and money. We live in a modern age where money is perceived to bring us the most happiness and without it people often worry and stress that they won’t be able to function. Money can bring us short term happiness but does not bring long term happiness for the pure fact that once you achieve a certain amount you will constantly want to achieve more. Your level of happiness will keep growing and growing and you will never feel as though you have reached your highest level.
Some people spend their whole lives trying to find happiness and I believe that perception plays a large role within this process. How you perceive the world will influence your level of happiness. Do you perceive happiness to be a social construct? Does society influence your view of happiness? What makes you truly happy? When trying to find happiness we think about what makes our friends or family happy. We spend very little time thinking about ourselves and being honest. As human beings we are naturally biased to remembering negative events. Therefore if you told someone to write down all the good and bad things that have happened over a week, they are more likely to remember the bad. Reflection plays an important role within happiness. How often do you reflect on the good things that have happened over your day, week, month or year? When you achieve a goal do you praise yourself for the goal? Most people who achieve their goals don’t give themselves enough credit.
So what is happiness? Happiness is unique to you. It is not a specific definition that has been constructed by society. It is not about trying to please others. Happiness is about understanding what makes you feel good. Happiness can lead to more success, better health and longevity. Did you know that out of 145 countries Panama leads the world in overall wellbeing? Costa Rica and Puerto Rico came 2nd and 3rd. This is related to the Global well being index that looks at 5 main elements:
The terms wellbeing and happiness are often used interchangeably. People associate high levels of wellbeing with high levels of happiness. Next time you think about happiness why don’t you think about these 5 constructs. | <urn:uuid:c36b807f-5921-49ff-9530-cba188dcc3b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://believeperform.com/what-is-happiness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.977529 | 478 | 2.90625 | 3 |
An issue that deserves our attention has recently surfaced in the debates between the Republican Party candidates who hope to unseat Sen. Mark Begich in the Nov. 4 general election. That issue is the 100-year-old income tax system which can only be described as a ridiculous, complex and intrusive mess. It is burdensome to tax filer, destructive to the economy and custom designed to invite political motivated abuse and corruption. It is broken beyond repair and the time has come to correct a 100-year-old mistake.
Here are some facts about the income tax for voters to consider. Our Founders rejected a tax on earnings three times in the Constitution. Federalist Papers indicate they believed government could be funded adequately and unintrusively by taxing consumption. Near the end of the 19th century the Supreme Court ruled an income tax unconstitutional. In the early years of the 20th century progressive presidents aggressively advocated a constitutional amendment to allow a tax on income. The 16th Amendment was narrowly passed by the Congress and ratified by the states in 1913. At first the tax filing form was simple, and as sold, the rate was very low affecting only the very rich. Contrast that to what we have in 2014.
In 2014 we have 74,608 pages of tax codes filled with special interest, written by lobbyist, rubber stamped by legislators that unfairly burden the middle class. The income tax system is administered by America’s largest bureaucracy, the IRS with a $13 billion annual budget. Both Democrat and Republican administrations over the years have used the IRS to harass and punish those considered political enemies. I suggest you read Frank Chodorov’s 1954 classic, “The Income Tax: Root of All Evil.”
The income tax is a direct confiscation of earnings by government. Employers must take a government imposed share of employee earnings before the remaining earnings can be disbursed. The income tax burdens individuals and businesses and penalizes production, saving and investment. Karl Marx was a big fan of the income tax. The second plank of the communist manifesto demands a heavy progressive income tax.
The United States has the highest corporate tax rate in the world (40 percent) which places American businesses at a disadvantage that cannot be overcome in the competitive global economy. This has forced thousands of businesses to flee to offshore locations. It has resulted in millions in the labor force to lose jobs and the treasury to lose tax revenue. The global elite are holding a total of $18 trillion in offshore banks. Much of it belongs to Americans who are hiding it from the IRS. Imagine what those kinds of money would do to boost the economy and create jobs if it was invested onshore. The United States would become the investment capital of the world if we did not have such a punitive tax system. We could even pay off the $18 trillion national debt. We need to get rid of all of this game playing once and for all.
Candidates Mead Treadwell and Joe Miller, with real world business experience, and not yet afflicted with beltway dogma, seem to understand how burdensome the income tax system is on working Americans and how damaging the system is to the U.S. economy. In public debates they have voiced support for a bill pending known as the FairTax®. The FairTax® Plan replaces all federal income and payroll based taxes with an integrated approach including a national retail sales tax. A Family Tax Refund Allowance (called a prebate) is dispersed at the beginning of each month to ensure no American pays federal taxes on spending up to the poverty level.
Through companion legislation, the 16th Amendment is repealed. This nonpartisan legislation (H.R. 25 / S. 122) abolishes all federal personal and corporate income taxes, gift, estate, capital gains, alternative minimum, Social Security, Medicare and self-employment taxes and replaces them with one simple, visible, federal retail sales tax — administered primarily by state sales tax authorities. The IRS is disbanded and defunded. The FairTax taxes us only on what we choose to spend on new goods or services, not on what we earn. The government would not know how much you earn, how you earned it, how you spend including who you donate to. The FairTax is a fair, efficient, transparent, and intelligent solution to the frustration and inequity of our current tax system.
It is not in the DNA of those who hold power to voluntarily relinquish it. I’m convinced if voters understand FairTax®, they will demand it, and; only if demanded will it be enacted into law. It will return the power from the politicians to the people as our Founders intended.
The primary opposition to replacing the income tax comes from what is oft referred to as the “Washington Establishment.” Affiliation is informal but the term applies widely to members of Congress, all of whom deny membership. The primary goal of the typical congressperson is reelection. Repealing the income tax would work against re-election of many incumbents as they would lose contributions from K Street lobbyist.
If you ask an incumbent why they don’t support the FairTax®, the likely response is “I favor comprehensive tax reform” and/or “the tax laws need to be simple.” Recognize that as lip service. I have been hearing that refrain my entire adult life — I’m 81. As long as there is an income tax lasting reform and simplification ain’t going to happen. We had significant simplification in 1986 during the Reagan administration. Since 1986, there have been 14,000 changes to the income tax laws.
To learn more about the FairTax® visit www.FairTax®.org.
Wiley Brooks is the Alaska State Director for Americans for Fair Taxation. | <urn:uuid:41f69fa0-3c7a-4b9a-8b6a-8290a08874cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.homernews.com/news/time-to-fix-income-tax-system-with-fair-tax-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.964003 | 1,176 | 2.5 | 2 |
Boxing, as a combat sport for high competition, requires every boxer to have perfect physical capacity to perform competitive activities without diminishing his/her effectiveness, even when fatigue appears.
This requirement to produce a constant positive performance has been one of the main challenges for both boxers and trainers, as the absence of consistency prevents the athlete from being able to achieve success in the ring.
The lack of consistent performance makes it clear that, despite being in perfect physical condition and eating properly, mental preparation is a major and influential factor to achieve the goals set during training and competition.
Mental preparation is a complex psychological construct, but can be identified in boxing as the training of personality traits, psychological factors and habits – attention, concentration, self-esteem and self-confidence, courage, focus, analytical skills, decision making, endurance, positive attitude, resilience, motivation, among others – that boxers use as a strategy to cope and optimize their performance to win the fight.
The mental preparation strengthens the personality structure of each boxer to be able to adapt to the high competition environment, in a way that can even overcome a defeat or a bad performance. Likewise, this preparation allows the effective management of physical energy in endurance training where the willpower plays an important role. It also allows to support the physical pain due to the effort and the blows received during a training and/or competition.
A mentally prepared boxer is one who directs his motivation towards success and not one who avoids failure. He is the one who, after failing in one punch, quickly overcomes it and seeks to deliver the next one. He is the one who, if defeated, takes it as an opportunity to improve his preparation for the next challenge.
He is a boxer who is self-confident and trusts his skills when it comes to conducting a fight, whether it is a championship fight or not, under difficult conditions. He is a boxer who can make mistakes, but never doubts himself, but takes it as an experience.
A mentally prepared boxer who knows when to become defensive or offensive, when to intimidate or pressure in the ring to get the desired results.
For all these reasons, and many others, the mental preparation in boxing should be part of the integral training for the boxer to achieve a better performance, paying attention to his emotional and affective needs that may interfere with his performance and his adaptation to his real needs, but most importantly, a visualization of success and excellence, because his attitude is what allows him to stand out from others. | <urn:uuid:18408882-7d6b-43cb-b366-b2d2ae5fa7fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wbaboxing.com/boxing-news/mental-preparation-in-boxing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.97313 | 507 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Lonely Planet: Researchers Discover Wandering World That Doesn’t Orbit A Star
A team of astronomers at the University of Montreal has uncovered a cosmic first — a planet without a star to orbit. Though stargazing scientists have theorized the existence of planet-sized objects that don’t orbit any star for years, today’s announcement is the first confirmed sighting of a so-called “free-floating planet,” CFBDSIR2149, which meanders about a cluster of stars known as the AB Doradus Moving Group. While It wanders through this group of stars, though, it doesn’t call any of them home, seemingly preferring a life on the rails, not unlike some glorious space-hobo.
There have been other candidates for “free-floating planet” status in the past few years, but without solid data on the age and mass of these objects, astronomers have been unable to clearly define whether they are large planets or brown dwarf stars — small stars that, for whatever reason, fail to fully ignite. Working from data provided by the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope and the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, the University of Montreal team was finally able to pin down the pertinent measurements for CFBDSIR2149 and confirm that it is a planet, not a failed star.
The wandering planet is very young as far as planets go — between 50 and 120 million years old — and is a pretty big beast of a celestial body, with researchers estimating its mass to be somewhere between four and seven times the mass of Jupiter. Even at that enormous size, CFBDSIR2149 is still definitely a planet, falling well short of the 13 Jupiters worth of mass that would be necessary to classify it as a brown dwarf star.
The confirmation of this first wandering planet leaves researchers thinking that they might be more common than once thought, and the University of Montreal team is hopeful that they will find more objects like this in the future, as planets without home stars could offer valuable lessons on the ill-understood process of just how planets — and solar systems — take shape in the cosmos.
- We miss the days when Pluto was a planet
- There could be a whole lot of free floating planets out there
- Gliese 581g has a star, and we want to go to there
Have a tip we should know? [email protected] | <urn:uuid:931fd300-a95c-4a39-b37a-8983a474dac1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.themarysue.com/wandering-planet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.939837 | 513 | 3.546875 | 4 |
A good general education is useful. A satisfactory standard of English is important, together with the ability to handle money with confidence.
It is useful to have experience of cash handling and customer service and of working in a field where health and safety is paramount.
Candidates selected from the initial applications complete some online assessments and if successful, then attend an assessment centre. The next stage is an interview.
If successful at the interview, you have to pass a medical examination which would include testing for alcohol and drugs.
You must be generally fit and healthy, with good eyesight and hearing.
You will require a satisfactory criminal record check from Disclosure Scotland to show that you are suitable for this type of work. Contact Disclosure Scotland for details on the type you would need.
You must be at least 18 years of age.
ScotRail, which operates 2,300 train services per day across Scotland, is the main employer. But there are also national rail companies operating in Scotland such as Virgin Trains, Cross Country and TransPennine.
People 1st is the Sector Skills Council for the hospitality, passenger transport, travel and tourism industries.
Careers That Move is in association with People 1st and the UKSP. It is the careers website for passenger transport and travel.
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Composting and recycling improvements in the works
By Jason Starr
A 2,500-foot waterline extension down Redmond Road, approved by the Williston Selectboard in the fall, will enable the Chittenden Solid Waste District to power its composting operation, construct a new administration building and, one day, build an automated recycling center.
The town’s water line currently ends at IBM Road — the entrance to GlobalFoundries. The extension will take it into the district’s composting center, where much of Chittenden County’s food scraps are processed into gardening products for sale under the Green Mountain Compost label. Along the way, it will pass the sites of a proposed new administration building and recycling center, which would replace the district’s current recycling center on Williston’s Avenue C.
With Vermont’s universal recycling law taking full effect in 2020 — prohibiting food waste from being thrown in with landfill-bound trash — the volume of food coming into the district’s compost center has surged. So has its water needs to process the material into compost. The district had already outgrown the capacity of a man-made pond it built on-site and has been trucking in water, purchased mostly from Williston’s supply, to keep the facility producing compost.
“We literally have thousands and thousands of gallons of water delivered a year,” CSWD Executive Director Sarah Reeves said. “It’s expensive and cumbersome, and it’s dependent on transportation … We want to have water available as needed rather than waiting for Mother Nature or a trucking company to be able to help us out.”
The district will pay for the extension and be responsible for any breaks or repairs, according to Williston Public Works Director Bruce Hoar.
“It will technically be the Town of Williston’s line but, through an agreement, they’ll be responsible for it,” Hoar said.
In addition to bringing in a reliable water source, the district has plans to build a second access road to the compost facility to separate individuals dropping off food scraps from commercial haulers bringing in truckloads of material. An application for the project is on the Development Review Board’s Feb. 8 agenda.
“We want to pull vehicles off Redmond Road a bit sooner and make traffic through the site less confusing,” Reeves said.
The other main use for the water line will be to serve a proposed new office building planned for a vacant parcel south of the compost center.
“We have outgrown our administrative office,” said Reeves. “It is maxed out as far as how many people can work in that location. The time has come for us to have a new, modern facility.”
‘It’s time to get machinery and technology to do the sorting and have people doing quality control and making sure the machines are doing their job.’
Sarah Reeves, CSWD executive director
An application for the 10,000-square-foot building and parking lot is on the Development Review Board’s Jan. 11 agenda.
Further into the future, CSWD administrators have plans to site a new recycling center next to the proposed administrative office building. The current recycling center — known as the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) on Avenue C — is owned by CSWD and operated by Casella Waste Systems.
According to Reeves, it is the only recycling processing center of its size in the country that still relies on hand sorting. A new center on Redmond Road would automate the process.
“People are touching every single bottle and can, and having to sort them. It’s highly inefficient,” Reeves said of the existing facility. “It’s time to get machinery and technology to do the sorting and have people doing quality control and making sure the machines are doing their job.”
The Avenue C facility is currently processing twice the amount of material it was built to handle, she said.
CSWD administrators are planning to propose the new recycling center to its board of directors for approval as a first step.
“This would be critical infrastructure that is really needed in Vermont … and we’re really excited about the possibility of being able to leverage some of the federal infrastructure dollars that were just approved this past year to be able to help with the construction and equipment,” Reeves said. | <urn:uuid:6ecf3026-d8e1-4652-97ed-572580ff16e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.willistonobserver.com/cswd-presents-redmond-road-expansion-plans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.954827 | 927 | 1.992188 | 2 |
As we approach a fall semester that most probably is going to continue to be, at least in part, a virtual experience for many of us, there are many issues for information technology managers to consider. Cybersecurity is one of those.
Over the past few years, cybersecurity has become a prime concern at all levels of society, from small town municipalities to the development of cyberwarfare commands in all branches of the military. Passwords are quite literally the key to many IT systems.
Passwords have become longer. Eight to 10-character passwords are now the recommended standard, with a dozen character passwords common. Beyond an eight-character password, passwords that are simply longer are not necessarily better–although mathematically, yes, it will take a supercomputer a longer time to generate the password via a brute force attack. In fact, NIST states that in many cases a six-character digital password is acceptable.
End users are much more likely to need to write their passwords down as they increase in length–making physical discovery easier. I do hope the days of writing your password on a sticky note under your keyboard are over, but many users still need to write down a password when they are forced to change it regularly or follow arcane complexity rules.
- Make them tell you no - June 21, 2022
- 3 ways universities can work with the student in mind - April 12, 2022
- How to get the most out of your decision-making process - February 14, 2022 | <urn:uuid:7d7037c0-6f1b-442b-9db9-a7b565a96e3f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ecampusnews.com/2020/08/04/balancing-cybersecurity-and-user-productivity/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.959308 | 300 | 2.78125 | 3 |
It's time to make up a bunch of awards and hand them out to the most deserving people, places and things in the real estate, architecture and neighborhood universes of New York City! Yep, it's time for the 13th Annual Curbed Awards! Up now: the biggest preservation battles of the year.
The war to save New York is one that will never end, but every year there are battles won—and battles lost. A garden is saved, but a view is surrendered; residents of historic districts fight to preserve their neighborhoods' charms, while developers argue that change will ultimately prove better in the long run. Here, take a look back at some of the biggest preservation battles of 2016, some of which have been resolved—the Landmarks Preservation Commission finally acted on its backlog, for instance—and some of which are only just beginning.Read More | <urn:uuid:def4d95a-15c8-4f38-8b90-b7b1a9f56f87> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ny.curbed.com/maps/nyc-historic-preservation-landmarks-battles | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.969032 | 173 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Emotional Intelligence – Love The Dance Between Your Head & Heart
Emotional Intelligence – The Dance Between your Head and Heart
Emotional Intelligence has been defined as the ability to monitor and distinguish different emotions to guide thinking and behaviour. I also see emotional intelligence as a dance between the head and the heart. How many times have you experienced a battle between what your mind wants and what your heart desires?
The mind may strive for the next big thing, for example; a bigger house. Yet having a bigger house brings more stress, higher bills, more time spent cleaning! However, your heart may desire a much simpler life, with less stress and have more time and energy for family, friends and activities. Emotional intelligence means having balance between the head and the heart.
Here I explain a little more about the dance between the head, heart, how our identity is expressed through our emotions and how to become emotionally intelligent.
When your head and heart are not ‘singing off the same song sheet’
When your head says one thing, yet you feel something different, emotional chaos occurs. Emotional stress builds when we don’t express our true feelings. It is like water pressure building up inside a blocked pipe, too much and it bursts. I am not saying that you will burst! But, our health suffers when our emotions are suppressed, when you put a’ lid on’ your emotions.
Our Identity is Expressed through our Emotions
We express our identity through how we articulate our emotions. Emotional intelligence means to be aware of how we are feeling and also others. When our emotions are repressed we are suppressing who we are. Congruent communication is key in becoming emotionally intelligent. Inconsistency in our communication, not saying or behaving how we feel, leads to all kinds of trouble. Anxiety, depression, relationship issues, stress, illness and pain in the body can all result from a lack of consistency in how you are able to express your authenticity emotionally.
One of my clients came to me because they were having trouble with expressing their true feelings to a family member. She thought she would upset this person if she told her that she felt frustrated with his behaviour. However, his behaviour continued as he had no idea what was going on and my client bottled up her feelings so much it cause her headaches and anxiety.
When you become emotionally intelligent, you can see both sides to the story. In my clients case she could not understand why her partner was behaving like he was and all it did was cause frustration, but he was frustrated too! It took her to realise that they were stuck in this pattern of frustration and by changing her behaviour, they were able to both see what was causing the problem.
I am here to help you make sense of your emotions, see your purpose, and help you bring cheer back into your life. Release stress and pain in your body, calm your mind and regain your health. Bring back emotional balance to your life. More details on my website.
What does it mean to have a high level of emotional intelligence?
Cultivating a high level of emotional intelligence is second nature for some, but for others it is a tricky thing. You can learn to be emotionally intelligent, to balance your heart and mind. But it takes practice, commitment and a willingness to improve your life.
Emotional intelligence is the ability to see another persons perspective. To be able to put yourself in their shoes without getting involved in the emotion of it. Being empathetic not sympathetic. In other words, to be sensitive to others feelings without this impacting yourself.
Knowing your own emotional patterns and triggers is hugely beneficial. This means you can discern what is yours and what is another persons emotion. So, when you are faced with highly charged situations, it is easier to understand the bigger picture and make the right choices. Becoming emotionally intelligent also means that you learn how to say no and make better decisions in your life, relationships and career.
Emotional intelligence of your body – Your Body Speaks To You
Our bodies transmit emotions. When we are emotionally intelligent it also means that we are in touch with our body, whether you are conscious of this fact or not. It is a reality that unexpressed emotions get trapped in our bodies. Passionate feelings left unexpressed will build up and create disturbance in our bodies. Often leading to some kind of pain, illness and even injury. Learning to question why you have a pain in your body, can give you great insight into the emotional patterns of your life.
We carry through emotional patterns of our parents and often they get mixed up with our own. Many times in my practice I see people who have pain in the body being a part of a persons ancestral patterning. When pain does not go, I will often refer back to the patterns of the parent.
Why it is Important to Cultivate Emotional Intelligence
There are so many positive reasons why you should cultivate emotional intelligence and here are just a few:
- Better health and stronger immunity resilience
- Healthier relationships and family dynamics
- Choose a better life path
- Make better decisions
- A better judge of character
- It becomes more difficult to offend you
- You learn how to say no
- You will let go of mistakes
- Cultivates self-awareness and self-regulation
- Your empathy skills greatly improve
- Improved social skills
- Express yourself authentically which means less stress and illness
How can you improve your emotional intelligence
Become the observer of your own life
What I mean by this is, develop an awareness of your behaviour around others. Be aware when you start to feel unsettled emotionally or your thoughts become chaotic. Start to recognise those people or situations that uplift you or deplete you. You may also start to realise the pain that you have in your body is related to a situation or a person in your life! Watch out for the ‘pain in the neck’!
Pay attention to what triggers your own emotions. Realise who or what triggers you into reacting negatively or positively.
Question your actions and reactions
It is very helpful to review your actions and reactions around other people. Maybe you went out with a group of friends and realised that you were feeling anxious before you went. Why was that? What were you anxious of? Then ask yourself how did you feel going into a situation and how did you react. Of course you don’t want to become obsessed with self analysis, but if you are having problems with your relationships, you would do well to review the situation.
Take responsibility for your feelings
Your emotional behaviour comes from you, not from anyone else. It may be triggered by another persons actions or inaction, but it is your responsibility. Take responsibility for how you feel and how you behave. Being responsible for your emotional behaviour is a giant step forward and will have a positive impact on your life.
Would You Like My Help to Bring Back Your Health & Well-Being?
In my work as an energy healer, I help a person restore fragmented parts of themselves to restore health and happiness.
This means that if you choose to work with me either online or in person, together we will look for the energetic root cause of your problems in health, life, or relationship challenges.
For a more spiritual approach, I bring in Shamanic Healing to clear deep-rooted emotional blocks from your past and, Polarity Therapy which includes body treatments to release pain, stress and blocked emotions and combine this with holistic counseling.
Choose to work with me online where I combine distant healing, holistic counseling, and coaching. So, you get clear about your path and re-energised about your future, as well as shift disturbed emotional energy.
Through my own personal life experiences, I know what it is like to be physically, mentally, emotionally, and spiritually fragmented.
Using my experience of 20 years in practise I combine different techniques and skills to clear the blockages in your system and bring back harmony.
You can learn more about my journey to the work I do today on my About Page.
Would you like to transform your life?
You may also like my previous article on Ho’o pono pono – An Ancient Healing Tradition from Polynesia – To make a wrong right or The Hidden Magic of the Urban Shaman
If you would like to know more about holistic health, you may like to visit my Bite-Sized Health Series page for videos on healthy Supporting your Immunity Resilience and Clearing Stagnant Energy.
My next article is Spiritual Intelligence – Combine Wisdom and Compassion for a Better Life
Follow my Instagram page for free videos and more information here
Or Facebook page here | <urn:uuid:c51a3762-faaa-4956-80c5-9f39f07744e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://janeyseaman.com/emotional-intelligence-love-the-dance-between-your-head-heart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.961365 | 1,784 | 2.0625 | 2 |
On February 1, 2013, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals decided Myers v. Baltimore County, Maryland [i], in which the court defined some boundaries regarding the reasonable use of a TASER. The facts of Myers taken directly from the case are as follows:
Ryan Meyers was forty years old at the time of his death. He had been diagnosed with bipolar disorder at the age of fifteen, and struggled with this mental illness throughout his adulthood. He “dropped out” of school after the ninth grade, and lived with his parents his entire life. Prior to the events at issue, the Meyers family had contacted law enforcement authorities on five occasions to have Ryan forcibly detained and transported to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation, including three times during the previous ten years.
On the evening of March 16, 2007, Mrs. Meyers placed a telephone call to a “911 operator” to report that Ryan and his brother, William Meyers, Jr. (Billy), were engaged in a fight. When the 911 operator attempted to obtain additional information from Mrs. Meyers, she did not respond. However, the 911 operator heard “screaming in [the] background.” Based on this telephone call, officers from the Baltimore County Police Department (the Department) were dispatched to the Meyers’ residence (the residence).
Officer Vincent Romeo was the first officer to arrive at the residence, where he found Mr. Meyers and Billy in the front yard. Mr. Meyers was holding a towel against his face to cover a laceration on his nose, which also was swollen. Mr. Meyers informed Officer Romeo that Ryan was inside the home, and that Mrs. Meyers had fled and would not return until the police had removed Ryan from the premises. From his vantage point on the porch of the residence, Officer Romeo could see that Ryan was pacing inside the house carrying a baseball bat.
Before attempting to enter the residence, Officer Romeo spoke with Billy about the events that had occurred. Billy stated that when he arrived at the house that evening, he heard his mother exclaim, “Stop, Ryan. You are hurting me.” Billy responded by punching Ryan, and a fistfight ensued, causing Mrs. Meyers to contact the police. Billy also told Officer Romeo that Ryan “has problems upstairs and he’s bipolar.”
Officer Karen Gaedke later arrived at the residence in response to Officer Romeo’s request for additional assistance. Officer Gaedke was familiar with Ryan’s mental illness, having recently arrested him due to an incident at a nearby convenience store. After Officer Gaedke arrived at the residence, she and Officer Romeo began speaking with Ryan to convince him to surrender peacefully, but he rebuffed their efforts, stating, “No, you’re going to kill me.”
Officer Romeo concluded that Ryan would not voluntarily leave the residence, that he was in an “agitated state,” and that he posed a threat to the officers’ safety because he was carrying a baseball bat. Accordingly, Officer Romeo contacted a police dispatcher, asking that an officer trained to use a taser be sent to the residence.
Officer Stephen Mee, who was authorized by the Department to use a taser, responded to Officer Romeo’s request. Upon arriving at the residence, Officer Mee unsuccessfully engaged in a dialogue with Ryan in an attempt to have him surrender voluntarily. Thereafter, Officer Mee, Officer Romeo, Officer Gaedke, and Officer Andrew Callahan, IV, who also had responded to the scene, (collectively, the officers) gained access to the home by using a key provided by Billy. Billy entered the home at the same time and was a witness to the events described below.
Upon entry, Officer Mee ordered Ryan to drop the baseball bat. According to Billy, Officer Mee deployed his taser almost immediately after ordering Ryan to drop the bat, without giving Ryan time to comply with the officer’s command. However, it is undisputed that Ryan was holding the bat when he first was struck by the taser’s probe, and that Ryan may have taken a step toward the officers immediately before the probe made contact with his body.
During Officer Mee’s first three deployments of the taser, the device was in “probe mode,” during which two probes attached to thin electrical wires were fired from the taser, causing an electric shock to be delivered to Ryan upon contact. The first taser probe fired by Officer Mee struck Ryan on his upper body, registering a shock of about 60,000 volts that lasted five seconds. Ryan, who was about six feet in height and weighed about 260 pounds, did not drop his bat or fall to the floor in response to the first taser shock. Officer Mee stated that, after the first taser shock, Ryan was still holding the baseball bat and took two more steps toward the officers. According to Billy, however, Ryan went into convulsions and exclaimed, “I give up. I give up. Stop. Stop. I give up.”
Officer Mee again directed his taser in probe mode at Ryan, resulting in an additional 60,000-volt shock that lasted five seconds. This second taser shock caused Ryan to drop his bat, but he remained standing and again advanced toward the officers. Officer Mee directed his taser at Ryan a third time, delivering another 60,000-volt shock that lasted five seconds and caused Ryan to fall to the ground.
After Ryan fell, Officer Mee, Officer Callahan, and one other officer sat on Ryan’s back. While the other officers remained seated on Ryan’s back, Officer Mee fired his taser a fourth time in probe mode.4 Officer Mee thereafter changed the taser’s mode from “probe mode” to “stun mode” and, during a period slightly exceeding one minute, delivered six additional taser shocks to Ryan, which each lasted between two and four seconds.
After Officer Mee’s tenth use of the taser on Ryan, the officers observed that Ryan appeared to be unconscious. Thereafter, an ambulance, which had been requested after Officer Mee first used the taser, arrived at the residence. The responding paramedics found Ryan in a state of cardiac arrest, and they were unable to revive him. [ii]
Regarding Ryan’s conduct during the fourth through tenth use of the TASER, there was conflicting testimony. A description of the conflict, taken from the case, is as follows:
The parties gave conflicting accounts regarding Ryan’s actions during Officer Mee’s use of his taser for the fourth through the tenth times (the seven additional taser shocks). According to some of the officers, Ryan was actively resisting the officers’ efforts to place him in handcuffs. These officers testified that Ryan was able to regain control of the baseball bat while he was on the ground, and tried to bite the officers when he again lost control of the bat. These officers further testified that Ryan stated loudly during the struggle, “I want to die, I want to die,” and “[j]ust kill me cause I’m going to kill you.”
Officer Gaedke, however, provided a different version of the events that occurred after Ryan fell to the floor. She testified in her deposition that after Ryan fell, officers were sitting on Ryan’s “[u]pper body, lower body, [and] middle body.” She further stated that during this time, instead of screaming at the officers and attempting to bite them, Ryan said nothing and was “[s]tiffening up and keeping his body rigid and keeping his hands underneath of his body.”
Billy’s testimony concerning the extent of Ryan’s resistance also conflicted with the testimony provided by the male officers. Billy testified that after Ryan fell to the floor, he merely tried to move his legs while the officers sat on his back. [iii]
The Myers’ filed suit against the officers and the county under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for violating Ryan’s right to be free from excessive force under the Fourth Amendment. The court split the case, first hearing motions regarding the liability of the officers. It is important to note that at this stage of a case during motions for summary judgment and qualified immunity, the court is required to view the facts in a light most favorable to the plaintiff. Thus, at this stage, any conflicting testimony is weighed in favor of the plaintiff’s version of events. Later, if immunity is denied, it will be up to a jury to determine whose version of events is most credible.
The district court, held that the officer that used the TASER was reasonable in administering the first three shocks but the fourth through tenth shock were a violation of the Fourth Amendment and unconstitutional. However, the district court held that that the law was not clearly established; therefore the officers were entitled to qualified immunity. The plaintiff’s appealed to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals.
At the outset, the Fourth Circuit held that the officers had probable cause to arrest Ryan and they were let into the house by a key provided by Billy; therefore, it was not a Fourth Amendment violation for them to enter the residence to arrest Ryan.
Next, the court noted that qualified immunity was appropriate for officers Romeo and Gaedke, as they are not responsible for the manner in which Officer Mee used his TASER.
Thus, the issue before the court was whether Officer Mee was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment in the manner in which he used his TASER on Ryan during the course of the lawful arrest.
Regarding the first three TASER applications, the Fourth Circuit stated:
We conclude that Officer Mee’s first three deployments of his taser did not amount to an unreasonable or excessive use of force. During the period that Officer Mee administered the first three taser shocks, Ryan was acting erratically, was holding a baseball bat that he did not relinquish until after he received the second shock, and was advancing toward the officers until the third shock caused him to fall to the ground. Under these circumstances, Ryan posed an immediate threat to the officers’ safety, and was actively resisting arrest. See id. As aptly stated by the district court, “Officer Mee was faced with the task of subduing an armed, agitated, physically imposing suspect in the confined space of a living room without risking his own safety or that of his fellow officers.” Accordingly, we conclude that Officer Mee’s first three uses of the taser were objectively reasonable and did not violate Ryan’s Fourth Amendmentrights. [iv] [internal citations omitted]
Regarding the fourth through tenth application of the TASER, the court first noted that:
We also have stated in forthright terms that “officers using unnecessary, gratuitous, and disproportionate force to seize a secured, unarmed citizen, do not act in an objectively reasonable manner and, thus, are not entitled to qualified immunity.” Bailey v. Kennedy, 349 F.3d 731, 744-45 (4th Cir. 2003). [v]
Applying the rule above to the facts viewed most favorably to the plaintiff, the court observed that at the time of the fourth through tenth TASER shocks, Ryan was unarmed and “effectively secured with several officers sitting on his back.” [vi] In light of this, the court held:
In such circumstances, the seven additional taser shocks administered by Officer Mee were clearly “unnecessary, gratuitous, and disproportionate.” See Bailey, 349 F.3d at 744-45. Thus, based on the present record, because Ryan did not pose a threat to the officers’ safety and was not actively resisting arrest, a reasonable officer in Officer Mee’s position would have understood that his delivery of some, if not all, of the seven additional taser shocks violated Ryan’s Fourth Amendment right to be free from the use of excessive and unreasonable force. [vii] [emphasis added]
Thus, the court held the officer acted in violation of the Fourth Amendment with the fourth through tenth TASER shocks. Further, the court held that the law was clearly established such that a reasonable officer in Officer Mee’s position would have known he was violating the constitution; therefore, he was not entitled to qualified immunity.
The Bottom Line
It is unconstitutional to use a TASER on a suspect that is unarmed, effectively secured with several officers on his back, and who is not a threat to officers or others, and not actively resisting arrest.
Uses of force are governed under the objective reasonableness standard of Graham v. Connor. [viii] In Graham, the United States Supreme Court stated that there are three factors that should be considered when determining if an officer’s use of force was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The three factors are as follows:
The severity of the crime at issue;
Whether the suspect posed a threat to the officer or others; and
Whether the suspect was actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.
Note: Court holdings can vary significantly between jurisdictions. As such, it is advisable to seek the advice of a local prosecutor or legal adviser regarding questions on specific cases. This article is not intended to constitute legal advice on a specific case.
[i] No. 11-2192, 2013 U.S. App. LEXIS 2282 (4th Cir. Decided February 1, 2013)
[ii] Id. at 3-9
[iii] Id. at 9-10
[iv] Id. at 20-21
[v] Id. at 25-26
[vi] Id. at 26
[vii] Id. at 26-27
[viii] 490 U.S. 386 (1989) | <urn:uuid:c6cc0887-8372-4baa-837d-4f5137b3144c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.llrmi.com/articles/legal_update/2013_myers_v_baltimorecountymd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.984243 | 2,952 | 1.507813 | 2 |
This document provides a reference of 42 knowledge units as required and applied in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) professional work environment that can be understood across Europe. An intrinsic link with the EN 16234-1 (e-CF) is an essential characteristic of this document.
The document is created for application by:
— educational institutions, learning programme and certification providers of all types including:
• Vocational and Educational Training (VET);
• Higher education (HE);
• Continuous Professional Development (CPD);
— ICT service, user and supply organisations;
— ICT professionals, managers and human resource (HR) departments;
— social partners (trade unions and employer associations), professional associations, accreditation, validation and assessment bodies;
— market analysts and policy makers; and
— other organisations and stakeholders in public and private sectors.
This document is provided as one fundamental building block of ICT Professionalism for Europe.
The prime objective of this document is to provide a significant contribution to the broad concept of ICT professionalism founded upon four building blocks, body of knowledge, e-CF competence, professional ethics and education and training. Complementary to the EN 16234-1 (e-CF) that provides an efficient and broadly accepted common European language about ICT professional competence, the European ICT Foundational Body of Knowledge (ICT BoK) makes an additional contribution to ICT professional knowledge, increasing transparency and maturity of the ICT Profession across Europe.
Specifically, the document provides a structured library of knowledge elements applicable to ICT professionals across a broad spectrum of disciplines. The knowledge elements are identified as either:
a) common knowledge applicable to all ICT professionals regardless of speciality;
b) base knowledge that provides a foundation and underpins each of a range of different disciplines/specialisms;
c) specialised knowledge pertaining to in-depth, very specific expert knowledge.
Although providing and adding value to all stakeholders, knowledge defined by this document, provides a particularly useful perspective and entry point for educational institutions seeking to participate in ICT professional competence development. As a natural extension to EN 16234-1 (e-CF) dimension 4 knowledge examples, this document further facilitates the use of the shared European language for ICT Professional competence. By expanding the knowledge content of the EN 16234-1 (e-CF), it adds value to its application alongside further connected references. | <urn:uuid:536c9320-7a64-4a6a-a537-6c92218bff71> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.evs.ee/en/evs-en-17748-1-2022 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.895192 | 493 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Homebrew Gaming and the Beginnings of Vernacular Digitality
The overlooked history of an early appropriation of digital technology: the creation of games though coding and hardware hacking by microcomputer users.
From the late 1970s through the mid-1980s, low-end microcomputers offered many users their first taste of computing. A major use of these inexpensive 8-bit machines—including the TRS System 80s and the Sinclair, Atari, Microbee, and Commodore ranges—was the development of homebrew games. Users with often self-taught programming skills devised the graphics, sound, and coding for their self-created games. In this book, Melanie Swalwell offers a history of this era of homebrew game development, arguing that it constitutes a significant instance of the early appropriation of digital computing technology.
Drawing on interviews and extensive archival research on homebrew creators in 1980s Australia and New Zealand, Swalwell explores the creation of games on microcomputers as a particular mode of everyday engagement with new technology. She discusses the public discourses surrounding microcomputers and programming by home coders; user practices; the development of game creators' ideas, with the game Donut Dilemma as a case study; the widely practiced art of hardware hacking; and the influence of 8-bit aesthetics and gameplay on the contemporary game industry. With Homebrew Gaming and the Beginnings of Vernacular Digitality, Swalwell reclaims a lost chapter in video game history, connecting it to the rich cultural and media theory around everyday life and to critical perspectives on user-generated content
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- Open Access
- No Access | <urn:uuid:619b4efb-a2e9-4e9c-acb1-dd5e8c26bb49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/5152/Homebrew-Gaming-and-the-Beginnings-of-Vernacular | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.918382 | 339 | 2.59375 | 3 |
What is a PR agency?
A pr agency in Melbourne is basically and opposed version in order to the advertising agencies. Its purpose is not only to promote the companies, but also the individuals that are present there with the help through the use of editorial coverage. This is the kind of media that is named earned or free media. The TV programs, magazines, websites have appearing stories that are compared to the advertisements of paid media.
What is a PR do?
A public relation agency or you can even call it public relations specialist have its own purposes and its functions. For example maintaining a positive public image, approve or a representing the organization and to create a review of the present. Dad is liked by others. It develops the social media program and shapes it in such a manner that the clients and the people working for them has an increased awareness of the goal of the client.
How much is a PR agency per month?
Average monthly retainer fee for the services of public relation agency ranges around 25,000 per month to 30,000 per month. Large Corporation spends a lot of $1000 per month in order to the recognizing industry. Public relationships from
How much do PR agencies charge?
The public relation agency agencies is a whole committee and they have a lot of people working for them. However, they charge around $500 for a limited time, such as an hour and smaller agencies or consultants may charge little to around $125 Daughter. And average you can take around $150 to $250. Depending upon the time that you get use of the PR companies. For example, making sure that you hold great information about what a PR agency is and what does a PR client mean, followed by the purposes that they hold as well as making sure that you hire someone who holds great information about. These who have had their previous experiences in the same field so that they do not end up messing with the clients or with the agency since it’s a very big responsibilities and only hire people who are qualified enough or who have had communication skills, handling skills and. Management
What are the four types of public relations?
The different types of public relations, our media relations, crisis, communications, online and social media communications, internal communications. Upon asking if there is a good girl. Yeah?
PR specialist, or being or ranking in this specialist is one of the third best. Creative jobs in the category of media, since it not only brands skill and talent to the person, but also a lot of exposure and income rate. It’s not glamorous, but it’s a very hard working job where there’s numbers are exciting. | <urn:uuid:2f1155f1-72db-4860-b334-47c31ba1fdc1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://leapenhi.com/how-much-is-a-pr-agency-per-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.967838 | 539 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Car manufacturers set green targets for manufacture of vehicles - but Land Rover has gone the extra mile and applied ambitious eco standards to their popular men’s eyewear range.
For Eyes in the Kumeu Shopping Village are proud to introduce Land Rover frames made from sustainable materials derived from castor seed oil; non-GMO, BPA free, and sustainably farmed in arid areas to combat deforestation. The material supplier is an active member of the ground-breaking PRAGATI initiative in India which works to improve working conditions, create awareness for sustainable farming and increase yields due to more efficient farming practices.
The innovative resin offers outstanding performance; 20% lighter than traditional resins, durable and resistant to impact and environmental stress cracking.
In addition, all Stainless Steel used on new releases has a high recycled content, a rare innovation in eyewear and sourced from a specialist supplier to ensure the highest quality for optical use. | <urn:uuid:3792a5ff-ece1-4ace-bada-3444cc4d3ff7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kumeucourier.co.nz/news/851/17/Driving-Eco-Eyewear-Land-Rover-Specs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.922781 | 191 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Taiwan sends experts to assist
A technical team from Taiwan’s International Cooperation Development Fund (Taiwan ICDF), with expertise in urban planning, heritage management, community-based project development, and eco-museum project development, has concluded a workshop for Belizean planners, professionals and academics at the House of Culture in Belize City.
The four-day workshop ended on Thursday, February 16. It was a prelude to implementing the $11 million Belize City Master Plan Project proposed for downtown Belize City.
The Belize City Master Plan came out of an urban development study of Belize City conducted by the Government of Belize with a grant from the Inter-American Development Bank in 2010.
This plan calls for creating an urban development strategy and plan for Belize City for the next 20 years.
The Belize City Master Plan concluded that urban sprawl, poor and inadequate land use and the absence of urban planning have caused a gradual breakdown of the City’s capacity to address the present-day needs of its population.
The City is even less able to perceive and address future needs. The project proposes that urban development in the city must not only be based on re-defining and improving the modern urban fabric of the city. The aim must also be to rediscover the true value of Belize City, and use it as a foundation to revitalize the City, using downtown as a catalyst for development to achieve the vision set by Horizon 2030.
Because Belize City was the first mainland settlement of the country, and the first capital (discounting the early settlement capital of St.George’s Caye), it has faced severe challenges in the past three centuries from political change, natural and man-made disasters, which have impacted on its primacy as the largest urban center in the country.
The plan therefore addresses the basic needs of Belize City today and provides some tools to plan for tomorrow. | <urn:uuid:226f374e-cc22-4a70-ab99-591c90756609> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ambergriscaye.com/forum/ubbthreads.php/topics/430893/belize-city-master-plan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.935866 | 400 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Stop counting other people's money and concentrate on what you want
Your neighbor pulls up in a sweet new ride. Your co-worker announces she's taking yet another trip abroad. Your best friend upgrades to a bigger house in a better area of town.
You're pretty sure these people don't make a lot more than you do.
So how are they able to spend that kind of money?
Maybe they're up to their ears in debt, or they're trust fund babies, or they'll never be able to retire. Or maybe they've figured out the secret to money, which is: You can have anything you want. You just can't have everything.
The new car, that house and that exotic trip are the shiny end results of a series of decisions hidden below the surface. What we don't see, typically, are the trade-offs — or their consequences.
That's important to remember when we're stewing about someone else's spending. Economists and psychologists say we care about our status, especially relative to our peers, and what we consume can be a way of keeping track. We may lose self-esteem if we fear our consumption is below the average of our group and gain self-esteem if we think our spending is above average.
That dynamic helps lead to the phenomenon of "conspicuous consumption," first identified by economist Thorstein Veblen in his 1899 book "The Theory of the Leisure Class." Veblen coined the term to describe how newly wealthy people bought luxury goods to display their economic power and boost their social status.
Economists have since confirmed that conspicuous consumption, peer pressure about spending and concerns about "keeping up with the Joneses" aren't limited to the wealthy. Some believe that reading and sending signals about financial status permeates our lives — take a quick glance at your Facebook feed.
"A lot of our decisions are based primarily on this comparison effect," says behavioral economist Fernando Zapatero of the University of Southern California's Marshall School of Business in Los Angeles.
Measuring ourselves against others can spur some people to economic success, Zapatero believes. That competitive "how can I do better?" impulse drives them to work harder, invest more and persevere through difficulties.
It also can lead people to waste money on things that aren't really important and miss out on the things that are, financial planners say.
Certified financial planner Lisa Kirchenbauer of Omega Wealth Management in Arlington, Virginia, says "mindless spending" is a problem for some of her new clients. Many have little idea where their money is going and a nagging anxiety that they're squandering it on the wrong things.
"Sometimes we will have clients ask us, 'Is this what everybody else is spending on housing? Does this seem reasonable?'" Kirchenbauer says. "We're trying to help them make intentional choices about what's important to them, versus their neighbor or their family members."
Kirchenbauer, who also is a registered life planner, first asks her clients to track their spending. She recommends budgeting tools such as Mint, Quicken or YNAB.
Then she asks about their values and helps them set goals based on those values. A free online tool that can assist do-it-yourselfers is Life Planning for You, created by George Kinder, a pioneer in holistic financial planning who also wrote a book with the same title.
Defining financial goals can help people change their behavior, Kirchenbauer says. If they want early retirement, for example, they may discover their high spending and low savings make that impossible. If they want their goal badly enough, they're more willing to cut spending on stuff they care less about, she says.
Ultimately, people need to decide for themselves what's essential and what's not, says Marguerita Cheng, a CFP at Blue Ocean Global Wealth in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Cheng finds some of her fellow advisers to be judgmental about people's spending. Hiring a house cleaner could be a discretionary expense for some, for example. For a working mother with three kids, a housekeeper "could be essential for her sanity," Cheng says.
Being more mindful about spending returns our focus to where it should be: our own decisions and our own lives, rather than others'. But if the envy bug bites again, Kirchenbauer recommends realizing that other people's lavish lifestyles may not be all they seem.
"They may have a lot of debt. Maybe they're going to work to 75," Kirchenbauer says. "Just because they have these things, you don't know what's behind it."
Liz Weston is a columnist at NerdWallet, a certified financial planner and author of "Your Credit Score." Email: firstname.lastname@example.org. Twitter: @lizweston. | <urn:uuid:71643526-5404-4d9d-a302-79aa15e722ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vcstar.com/story/money/business/2017/08/12/stop-counting-other-peoples-money-and-concentrate-what-you-want/546434001/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.967293 | 1,006 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Art of Soaring Drawing Intensive
Art of Soaring Drawing Class For ages 5-13 June 20-June 24 10:00-11:30 a.m.
Following a historical art timeline, our young artists will explore classical and modern drawing techniques invented throughout the ages. We will journey, pencil in hand, with the Greeks, drawing superheroes not unlike their deities, learn cross hatching and other shading skills used by Leonardo da Vinci, travel with Winslow Homer to create a plein air landscape from his perspective, investigate still life Impressionism with Monet and Cézanne, craft self portraits in the style of Mary Cassatt and Picasso, and dabble in scribble art much as Jackson Pollock did.
We will culminate our time travel with a group mural, influenced by Jacob Lawrence and Diego Rivera. Source: A Child’s Introduction to Art, by Heather Alexander Art Elements that will be introduced: *Figure Drawing/proportions *Still Life/texture *Plein Aire Landscape/perspective *Portraiture/drawing from collage *Modern Age Scribble Art *Post Modern/ Pop Group Mural Art
$75 for the week
Scholarships are available | <urn:uuid:89b82aa6-055a-4dd3-85e1-1c27e2e5b1f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://opalcentercg.org/events/art-intensive | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.880092 | 253 | 2.25 | 2 |
Is it really possible to overcome Candida imbalances eating a fruit-based lifestyle plan?
A while ago, I created a video where I shared how I balanced my symptoms of Candida in a matter of days WITHOUT the anti-Candida diet, eating ALL the fruit I cared for.
Since then, the video went viral and it has inspired tens of thousands of people to discover an alternative way to overcoming their Candida issues … along with fatigue, gut imbalances, and other health challenges.
Today, I’m answering the most common questions about Candida and what you need to do to balance it.
Here’s the video where I talk more about it:
What is Candida?
Candida is a fungi that naturally lives in and on your body.
When Candida levels go out of balance, they can cause many health problems, including the breakdown of the wall of the intestine, which is also known as leaky gut.
They can release toxic by-products into your body, causing a whole host of other serious health issues as well.
What causes Candida?
There are various reasons why you may have elevated levels of Candida, including:
- A diet that’s high in fat and animal products.
- Consuming a lot of alcohol.
- Taking oral contraceptives.
- A high-stress lifestyle.
- Taking antibiotics that killed too many of your friendly gut bacteria.
- One of the major reasons why people experience Candida and blood sugar related issues is because of unhealthy diets that are high in fat.
How I cured Candida … with fruit!
I’ve been following a fruit-based mostly raw food plan since 2009 and with the help of this lifestyle I was able to remove my Candida symptoms in just 3 days!
Prior to this delicious lifestyle, I followed an anti-Candida diet for 2 years with no success.
I was tired of constant sugar restrictions, cravings and subsequent binges.
I tried endless supplements, herbs, superfoods, tinctures, colonic cleanses, and many other approaches, but they didn’t help me with my Candida problems.
And then … I discovered an unconventional system that healed my Candida … with fruit!
As well as balancing my Candida very quickly, I dropped 10lbs in weight eating all the carbohydrates I cared for.
I also recovered from severe adrenal fatigue, hypoglycaemia, digestive and hormonal problems.
I was able to overcome infertility, conceive our beautiful daughter, and even became an athlete and completed a marathon!
A high-carbohydrate and low-fat plant based lifestyle that’s based on fruit is the ideal way to cure Candida without any sugar restriction.
Ready for your big health leap?
I’m excited to invite you to our FREE online training.
During this masterclass, I’ll walk you through the 5 steps our clients use to reverse gut health issues and balance their hormones … while never restricting themselves of carbohydrates and sugar.
Looking to balance your hormones, reverse your health challenges and drop weight naturally? Join our free online masterclass and discover the 5 steps our clients use to create the health, body and life of their dreams ... | <urn:uuid:39f7da32-6f7f-4eaf-9105-aad038e1e43a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rawsomehealthy.com/cured-candida-3-days-questions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.941755 | 674 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Birth & up. Observe shapes and colors with this 8-piece set of Perception Cubes! These cubes measure 1.25" and are made of durable acrylic, making them ideal for all ages. The cubes can be used on a light table to observe color mixing. When cubes are held at an angle, many squares and rectangles appear inside for fascinating visual effects! The colorful sensory cubes make great additions to sensory stations and quiet corners. The tough acrylic also makes them ideal for water play. The cubes… More »
2 years & up. Introduce children to the fun of scientific discovery with their first microscope. With award-winning design, this Nature View Microscope is an exciting method of introducing STEM learning into the classroom. The three interchangeable lenses offer differing perspectives of the ten detailed nature slides. Encourage children to explore the different settings and become familiar with this beginner's microscope. The base plate rotates for varied viewpoints. Lenses include magnified,… More »
2 years & up. Help children strengthen their expressive and receptive language as they learn to talk about feelings and emotions with these easy-to-hold, double-sided mirrors. One side is a regular mirror and the other side is a "fun mirror" that warps reflections giving an amusing appearance. Each unbreakable, non-glass mirror measures 4"H x 6"L.
18 months & up. Enrich children's science exploration with color paddles. Children will enjoy color mixing on a light table or outdoors in natural sunlight. Translucent 5.5"L colors paddles in six vibrant colors: red, yellow, orange, green, blue, and purple. Set of 18 includes three of each color.
Promote safe practices with these comfortable Full Coverage Adjustable Clear Safety Goggles for Science Experiments. These safety goggles are great for use with messy science experiments or even water balloon fights. Go over safety tips and practices before activities that require safety goggles. These goggles are vinyl and feature a secure strap. One size fits all. Available individually or in a set of 3.
18 months & up. Spark curiosity with each sound! Pairs of hardwood triangular prisms have identical sounds and matching musical notes. Place blocks upside down, hiding the musical notes, and have children shake and listen to match the sounds. No batteries required. Each prism measures 2.5" x 2".
12 months & up. Encourage your children to explore their senses with this set of Multicolor Wooden Discovery Blocks Manipulatives with Different Textures. Children will enjoy discovering the different textures, sounds and colors to stimulate touch, feel and sight senses. The durable wood makes these blocks last through hours of play. Encourage your children to make patterns and identify the colors of the blocks they play with. This activity block set consists of 3 visual blocks, 3 auditory blocks… More »
2 years & up. These versatile hardwood-framed stacking blocks have six stacking squares and smooth, rounded corners and edges for safety, with inset magnified acrylic windows. The magnification stacking blocks are ideal for exploring natural, tactile, and other detailed materials found inside or in nature. This set also promotes fine motor skills and block play. Encourage children to build their own unique structures. Enhance STEM-based activities with this set, perfect for group or individual… More »
Young children are born scientists with an innate desire to analyze and investigate the world around them. Creative Investigations in Early Science helps educators expand and encourage young learners' inquisitive nature as they explore the physical, life, and earth sciences. Paperback. 100 pages.
2 years & up. Take learning to the outdoors with these engaging All Weather Activity Idea Cards for Exciting Outdoors Adventures. This card set has been designed to offer portable inspiration whatever the weather. Printed on durable plastic, each pack contains 30 photographs with activity ideas on the reverse. This set encourages outdoor learning, exploration, and gross motor skills. The cards come on a sturdy metal ring to keep them organized. | <urn:uuid:bdb4846d-711d-41ec-ba7d-a2192a0da2ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kaplanco.com/shop/science/inquiry-and-investigation?age=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.915459 | 834 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Block on Trump's Asylum Ban Upheld by Supreme Court
A federal appeals court rebuked President Trump's latest travel ban against people from Muslim-majority countries, saying the executive order "drips with religious intolerance, animus and discrimination."
The U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals said the First Amendment forbids government from establishing "any religious orthodoxy, or favor or disfavor one religion over another." In ruling on International Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump, the appeals court affirmed a federal judge's issuance of a nationwide preliminary injunction against the controversial executive order.
"Congress granted the President with broad power to deny entry to aliens, but that power is not absolute," Chief Judge Roger Gregory wrote for the divided court. "It cannot go unchecked when, as here, the President wields it through an executive edict that stands to cause irreparable harm to individuals across the nation."
During arguments, the president's lawyers urged the court to look only at the text of the executive order and not at Trump's campaign statements. The executive order does not ban Muslims, only nationals from Iran, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Somalia, and Yemen.
However, the Fourth Circuit majority said Trump made it clear in his campaign for the White House that he would target Muslims. The court cited his "Statement on Preventing Muslim Immigration," which proposed a "total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering the United States until our country's representative can figure out what is going on."
Trump retracted the statement from his campaign website, but only after he had won the election and issued his first and second travel bans. He wrote his first executive order a week after he took office, but an appeals court affirmed an injunction against it two weeks later.
The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeal is considering whether to uphold another injunction against the second order, which the Fourth Circuit enjoined in its 10-3 ruling.
In both circuits, judges have divided on the issue. Fourth Circuit Justices Paul Niemeyer, Dennis Shedd, and Steven Agee dissented from the majority, saying the president's campaign statements should not have been considered in weighing his subsequent executive orders.
In the Ninth Circuit, judges splintered over whether to hear the issue en banc. During that debate stemming from the first travel ban, Judge Alex Kozinski aligned with the dissenters.
Meanwhile, Reuters reports that the president's attorneys will seek Supreme Court review.
Meeting with a lawyer can help you understand your options and how to best protect your rights. Visit our attorney directory to find a lawyer near you who can help.
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Create an account allows to take advantage of these benefits: | <urn:uuid:99a69854-c718-48c3-b0ab-4a477b3423b0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.findlaw.com/legalblogs/fourth-circuit/4th-circuit-rules-against-trumps-2nd-travel-ban/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.968242 | 566 | 1.75 | 2 |
Almost every other day now, the spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs seems to issue a statement condemning some international body or the other that criticises the unjust actions of the Indian state. The latest of these are the arrests of activist Teesta Setalvad and journalist Mohammed Zubair.
Arindam Bagchi puts forth the usual bromides: India “strongly objects...”, India “rejects...”, India is a pluralistic, diverse society committed to rights. (Many of these statements come up if you do a Google search for India + Bagchi + rejects).
These statements harmonise quite beautifully with the platitudes about the importance of free speech, Gandhian values, the robust nature of Indian democracy, and the like, that are routinely uttered by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on his frequent international jaunts.
Back home, though, Indian authorities routinely violate the basic constitutional rights of citizens, arresting journalists, activists, opposition leaders, and ordinary citizens on ludicrous charges and then conjuring up absurd reasons to keep them incarcerated.
Whether it is the Central Bureau of Investigation, the Enforcement Directorate or the police in Bharatiya Janata Party-ruled states, there is now not even a half-hearted attempt by these institutions to pretend to be autonomous any more. In effect, they serve to put into action the orders of the BJP, at hand to quash anyone who is considered a threat – or just a mere annoyance.
The arrests of Setalvad and Zubair are another move in the long endgame of settling scores that Modi and Shah set in motion a while ago. Their goal was not hard to discern: it was to get even with every individual that they considered to have been responsible for Modi’s political exile in the aftermath of the Gujarat riots of 2002 and Shah’s incarceration in the Sohrabuddin Sheikh fake encounter case.
Having grabbed the Indian mainstream media by the scruff of its neck soon after 2014, Modi and Shah, through various proxies, quite quickly rendered ineffectual a whole host of Indian celebrity television journalists, all of whom figure prominently in the Hindutva imagination as Congress sympathisers given their apparent support for liberal and secular values.
The next target has been the whistleblowers and human rights activists who sought to hold Modi and Shah accountable for the Gujarat model of communalisation-conflict-and carnage. Former Gujarat police officers Sanjiv Bhatt and RB Sreekumar, and Setalvad are now all in jail, while journalist Rana Ayyub has been relentlessly harassed and on occasion prevented from leaving the country.
The Setalvad and Zubair arrests are also a significant step on the part of the BJP towards completely dominating the flow of information, a crucial aspect of what activist-politician Yogendra Yadav recently described as the modality of total politics. In this model, there is no space for an independent or autonomous media, nor for any consensus about truth norms, nor, indeed, for inconvenient facts.
In German political and legal theorist Carl Schimitt’s argument about political theology as the governing principle of modern political order, all power ultimately flows from the sovereign.
It follows, then, that all truth is also determined by the sovereign as are the criteria for what counts as truth. Control of the arenas where truths are contested – which necessarily include legacy and new media, given their centrality to present-day life – accordingly become essential to the exercise of modern political sovereignty.
The immediate provocation for Zubair’s arrrest may have been payback for highlighting the comments made by BJP spokesperson Nupur Sharma about Islam; remarks that resulted in considerable international embarrassment for the Modi government.
The larger purpose, though, is to signal that the BJP will now not brook anyone or any organisation that questions its version of the truth, whether that concerns the scores of destroyed temples that allegedly lie submerged beneath mosques, the grand successes of the Tughlaqesque folly of demonetisation or India’s valiant response to China’s incursions into national territory.
The retribution meted out to social media organisations such as Twitter and Facebook over the last few years by the Indian government for occasionally daring to hold Hindutva voices and BJP officials accountable for spreading fake news or engaging in abusive behaviour reflects the same imperative. So does the exhaustively documented program of the BJP to implement a revisionist, Hindu nationalist account of Indian history at every level of the national educational system and even in universities abroad through its Hindutva affiliates in the US and elsewhere.
Questioning the BJP’s version of any event, past or present – and of Modi’s grand proclamations about India’s future under his stewardship – is now blasphemy of the same order as “hurting religious sentiments”.
Finally, the act of arresting Setalvad and Zubair, covered avidly by television channels, is pure totalitarian theatre.
Like his kindred authoritarian spirit, former US President Donald Trump, Modi has an intuitive sense of the histrionic. Like Trump, Modi is given to elaborate bouts of self-pity, often reducing himself to tears in front of an audience at the memory of his own struggles. Like many a strongman, Modi meets several criteria that Peter York, author of Dictator Style: Lifestyles of the World’s Most Colorful Despots, describes in this article, whether it involves wearing ostentatious brands on his person or destroying historical monuments to replace them with buildings that many consider to be monstrosities.
Central to the aesthetics of authoritarianism is the public disciplining and humiliation of enemies. The Income Tax department’s needling of actor Sonu Sood, the repeated summoning of Congress leader Rahul Gandhi by the Enforcement Directorate, the made-for-television arrests of Modi critics fall within this category. But in the Indian context they are be cloaked in the language of democracy, constitutionality and rule of law.
India’s refutations of international criticism bring to mind the efforts of the late Iraqi President Saddam Hussein’s information minister, Mohammed Saeed Al-Sahaf, who boldly claimed on television that there were no American tanks in Baghdad, even as said non-existent tanks could be seen rolling in the background.
In much the same manner, there is no censorship in India, no violations of minority rights, no unconstitutional arrests, and no quashing of religious freedom. India just needs to be a little more convincing in letting the world know.
Rohit Chopra is an Associate Professor of Communication at Santa Clara University and the author most recently of The Gita for a Global World: Ethical Action in an Age of Flux. | <urn:uuid:d0ebe7e7-c2ee-4044-bdba-8f9d7ccfb802> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scroll.in/article/1027566/opinion-indian-democracy-is-marching-towards-authoritarianism-under-the-garb-of-pluralism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.932874 | 1,384 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Dear Haijin, visitors and travelers,
We are on our way to the end of this month and are sailing on the Nile in our papyrus boat towards the source of The Nile. It has been an adventure already and it will become (I hope) even better.
I am already busy with preparing our new list of prompts for September in which I hope to tell you more about the constellations and their mythological meaning and background. I have decided to give this new month of CDHK also a title. Because of our journey through the universe I have decided to give this new month the title "A Space Odyssey" after that well known song of David Bowie.
|Our New CDHK Logo for September 2015|
Ok ... back to the present, the future can wait. Today we have the first of three (regular) prompts in which we will discover why The Nile has three names, Blue Nile, Yellow Nile and White Nile. And the first is Blue Nile. I have asked myself why this name, Blue Nile, is given to The Nile in Ethiopia.
The Blue Nile, ʿAbbay but pronounced Abbai’ is originating at Lake Tana in Ethiopia. With the White Nile, the river becomes one of the two major tributaries of the Nile. The upper course of the river is called the Abbay in Ethiopia, where many regard it as holy. Some Ethiopians have long identified the Blue Nile as the River Gihon mentioned as flowing out of the Garden of Eden in Genesis 2 and "encircling the entire land of Cush".
The Blue Nile is so-called because during flood times, the water current is so high that the river turns almost black (in the local Sudanese language, the word for black is also used for the color blue).
|Credits: Blue Nile Falls|
resonates through the canyon
Blue Nile Falls
What an idea that this part of The Nile is seen as the river Gihon which once was flowing out of the Garden of Eden. It's possible because their have been scientifical projects that stated that the Garden of Eden once was somewhere in Ethiopia. Isn't that great. We are sailing over the river that once was flowing through the Garden of Eden. This must be a mystical experience.
I feel the Garden of Eden
sailing The Nile | <urn:uuid:753c7e90-4262-4877-b416-4ce06aede68a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chevrefeuillescarpediem.blogspot.com/2015/08/carpe-diem-802-blue-nile.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.96238 | 493 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Exploring the myriad ways in which we go about preserving what might otherwise be forfeited. Whether trained specialists or lay people who care about something, preservationists come from every stratum of life. The archivist, the linguist, the local town historian. The paleontologist, the heirloom seed-saver, the family photographer, the Monuments Men. Old two-by-two Noah and taxonomist Linnaeus. The suburban girl who collects enough yard sale books to build up a library and thereby safeguards that most fragile of things: knowledge. All can be preservationists. This issue includes contributions from Diane Ackerman, Elizabeth Robinson, Peter Gizzi, Kyra Simone, Heather Altfeld, Richard Powers, Arthur Sze, Joanna Ruocco, Andrew Ervin, Julia Elliott, Jessica Reed, Peter Orner, Erin Singer, Daniel Torday, Toby Olson, Mary Jo Bang, Troy Jollimore, Maya Sonenberg, Rae Gouirand, Mauro Javier Cardenas, Nam Le, Maria Lioutaia, Bryon Landry, Rae Armantrout, Robin Hemley, Madeline Kearin, Donald Revell, S. P. Tenhoff, Debra Nystrom, Donna Stonecipher, Robert Karron, Andrew Mossin, J’Lyn Chapman, Frederic Tuten, and Marshall Klimasewiski.
- 2018 Conjunctions
- Book Quality:
- Date of Addition:
- Literature and Fiction,
- Usage Restrictions:
- This is a copyrighted book.
Choosing a Book Format
EPUB is the standard publishing format used by many e-book readers including iBooks, Easy Reader, VoiceDream Reader, etc. This is the most popular and widely used format.
DAISY format is used by GoRead, Read2Go and most Kurzweil devices.
Audio (MP3) format is used by audio only devices, such as iPod.
Braille format is used by Braille output devices.
DAISY Audio format works on DAISY compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream.
Accessible Word format can be unzipped and opened in any tool that supports .docx files. | <urn:uuid:508f7c95-ade3-477f-a013-a3ca758ca610> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kenya.bookshare.org/en/bookshare/book/3707800 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.798234 | 522 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Healthy Smiles for the Entire Family
Periodontal Care in Richmond, TX
Grand Mission Dentistry
Periodontal disease is a common oral ailment that can lead to severe discomfort and major damage if left untreated. The professionals at Grand Mission Dentistry are equipped with state-of-the-art technology to not only detect and treat the disease but tell you how susceptible you are to developing it.
Overall Gum Health
Did you know that unhealthy gums affect more than just your teeth? If left untreated, gum disease has been linked to serious health problems such as heart disease, stroke, and even diabetes. It is also widely believed that gum health is an accurate indicator of overall health! Since great health starts with a healthy mouth, you can trust our dedicated staff to keep your gums in fighting shape.
OralDNA and Bacterial Testing
Thanks to the cutting-edge OralDNA testing technology available at Grand Mission Dentistry, you no longer need to be in the dark when it comes to the health of your gums. OralDNA testing is an easy, cost-effective way to measure the amount of harmful bacteria in your gums which could lead to painful and severe complications. Periodontal disease, or gum disease, is a leading factor in tooth loss for adults – but through the use of this simple and painless DNA testing, our experts can determine if you are at risk and stop the disease in its tracks. | <urn:uuid:53b6ce37-e2dc-477f-9894-6b2f205b1505> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://grandmissiondentistry.com/services/periodontal-care/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.945702 | 301 | 2 | 2 |
House rebuilding costs have increased by average of 7.3% nationally over last 18 months
Increases range from 5% in Dublin to 9% in the North West
Rise in costs means homeowners may face increased insurance premiums
Chartered Surveyors urge consumers to check their homes are adequately insured using the SCSI’s House Rebuild Calculator
Friday 19th March 2021. The latest Guide to House Rebuilding Costs published by the Society of Chartered Surveyors Ireland (SCSI) shows that national average re-build costs have increased by an average of 7.3% over the past 18 months.
The Guide to House Rebuilding Costs, which is used by homeowners to calculate the rebuilding costs of their home for insurance purposes, shows the increase in rebuild costs ranges from 5% in Dublin to 9% in the North West.
Although Dublin recorded the lowest increase, the capital has the highest rebuild costs while the North West, which recorded the biggest increase, has the lowest.
The increases in Cork, Limerick, Galway, Waterford and the North East ranged from 6% to 7%.
Tomás Kelly, Chair of the Quantity Surveyors Group in the SCSI, who is based in Galway, said the main reason for cost increases was compliance with new Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) standards requirements and an increase in the cost of building materials.
“We fully support the introduction of NZEB standards and recognise the key role they will play in helping to reduce CO2 emissions and reducing energy costs over the long term. However, from a building perspective, they do come with an upfront cost. For example, if you’re rebuilding a house – or 25% or more of it – the ‘envelope’ or surface area of the home has to be bought up to a B2 BER rating. The envelope is the total surface area of the house which leaks heat, so it includes external walls, windows, doors, the ground floor and roof or ceiling. Replacing heat pumps, temperature control systems, heat recovery systems all add mechanical, electrical and plumbing costs to the rebuild process.”
“In addition, Brexit has led to supply issues with building materials and increased the cost of a range of products, including insulation and timber products, mesh, structural steel, plasterboard and metal studs, to mention just a few. The construction industry has adapted well to working safely in the era of covid and the new protocols have not led to significant cost increases for one off residential rebuilds” Mr Kelly said.
The Society believes the variation in the costs increase is due to increased competition between contractors in Dublin while it also reflects what is happening in the wider property market with prices stabilising in Dublin but still rising in the regions, though coming off a lower base.
Base Rebuild Costs
Increase on 2019
|Dublin||95sq.m x €2,290 = €217,550||€218K||€10K|
|Cork||95sq.m x €1,841 = €174,895||€175K||€10K|
|Galway||95sq.m x €1,811 = €172,045||€172K||€9K|
|Waterford||95sq.m x €1,721 = €163,495||€163K||€12K|
|Limerick||95sq.m x €1,791 = €170,145||€170K||€10K|
|NW||95sq.m x €1,491 = €140,410||€140K||€10K|
|NE||95sq.m x €1,855 = €176,225||€176K||€12K|
Fig 1 The average minimum rebuilding costs for a standard 3-bedroom 95sq.m semi-detached house around the country. These are the base rebuild costs only. Additional items such as kitchen, built in wardrobes, floor finishes, and a garage, if the property has one, also need to be factored in. The rebuild costs of such items will vary from house to house.
While price increases may have moderated in Dublin, not surprisingly the capital still has the highest rebuild costs. According to the figures the cost of rebuilding a 3-bed semi in Dublin, is €218K, while the cost of rebuilding a similar house in the North West of the country is €140K, a difference of €78K. Put another way the cost of rebuilding a 3-bed semi in Dublin is €2,290 per sq.m versus €1,491 per sq.m in the North West.
Enda McGuane, who is Chair of the Western Region of the SCSI warned that homeowners may well face pro rata increases on their home insurance premiums off the back of these increases.
Mr McGuane, who is a chartered property and facility management surveyor and Managing Director of Winters Property Management in Galway, said it was really important that homeowners check they have adequate insurance.
“The reality of the situation is that if the rebuild cost of your home is €280K and you only have it insured for €210K, in the event of a catastrophic event such as a fire, you will be facing a shortfall of €70K. However, what a lot of homeowners don’t realise is that if in that situation there was a partial loss, which cost €80K to repair, the insured party would only receive €60K and face a shortfall of €20K. This is because the homeowner in question has only insured their property to three quarters of its rebuilding cost.”
“That is why it is important for homeowners to put aside ten minutes, to check our easy to use rebuild calculator and to ensure the reinstatement costs required on their home insurance premiums are adequate and fully in line with current figures with regard to house type and location.”
“It’s also important that homeowners reassess their cover to take account of any changes such as home office extensions or garden offices. These have become increasingly popular with more people now working from home, but they need to be included in the house insurance. While premiums may rise as a result of these rebuilding cost increases, I would advise consumers to shop around to ensure they are getting the best value” Mr McGuane said.
Valuation Vs rebuilding costs
The SCSI said that it’s very important that homeowners understand the difference between a valuation and rebuilding costs. A market valuation is the expected amount another person would pay for your property if it was placed on the open market.
The rebuilding costs are associated with the cost of building or replacing the dwelling. The SCSI says these figures can be very different so it’s important that the SCSI calculator is not used for valuation purposes. If you require a market value assessment go to www.scsi.ie and search for a valuer or auctioneer/agent using our ‘Find an Expert’ search facility.
A House Rebuilding Calculator and the 2021 Guide to House Rebuilding Costs is available free of charge at: | <urn:uuid:18b2f6c3-efe9-476a-8384-1f0cdbede4e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://winterspm.com/house-rebuild-guide-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955742 | 1,507 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Ah, the great outdoors. Once you strap on your hiking boots, you can head to a world without distractions, deadlines or even wifi. Unless you’re climbing Mount Fuji, that is — The Washington Post’s Jacob Bogage reports that the iconic Japanese mountain will offer free internet access to climbers.
The addition of 72 hours of wifi access to climbers is a bid to increase tourism to the mountain, writes Bogage, who notes that wireless internet can help climbers check alerts, use GPS and take stunning Instagram photos as they hike.
It’s the latest in a series of far-flung places that now offer wifi, Bogage reports: everywhere from Everest to the North Pole now offers wireless internet. Wifi is even available at the South Pole, writes TNW News’ Josh Ong, though it only gets about eight hours of access per day due to its reliance on satellites.
Worried that you’ll pass someone Skyping or finishing up a work email as you summit Fuji? It could happen, but internet access on the mountain won’t be available everywhere. PCMag’s Angela Moscaritolo writes that the wifi, which is being provided by a Japanese mobile phone provider, will only be available during the summer months — and its existence beyond summer 2015 is unclear. | <urn:uuid:d8e769cf-8de7-480e-9b14-e1eb743ed90e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/theres-wifi-mount-fuji-180955907/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.92315 | 270 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Program Length: 4 years
Location: St Francis Xavier University
Admissions Req: For high school students in general, the minimum requirements include an overall average of 70% in Grade 12, with no marks below 65% in required subjects. There are more specific requirements for Canadian and US students and for International students
Note: students with an admissions average of 85% and over are eligible for a StFX entrance scholarship worth at least $5,000 over four years of study
Highlight: Degrees in Mathematics are growing, and are expected to be in demand in the future. Mathematics degrees are important for teaching, finance, economy, government, and even computer science. There are so many options to explore with math. One option is teaching. If you are someone who is serious about Math and exploring higher Math, and are also considering teaching and love the idea working to both cultivate better math skills in students who are already advanced and just a greater affinity for Math in students who “hate” or “can’t do” it, then this smaller more personalized mathematics program might be perfect for you! With its small class sizes, there is a larger focus on mentorship and CO-OP options that can inform both your skills and your path! Mathematics degrees can be as flexible and rewarding, as they are academic; they are the foundations of careers ranging from art to science. Interested in pursuing a degree in mathematics? Apply to the Math and Statistics Program at St. Francis Xavier University, and equip yourself with the skills you need for your future! At St. Francis Xavier University Co-Op education is a hugely important, and this holds true, even for subjects as abstract and theoretical as mathematics. Located in the small (and very beautiful) Canadian Atlantic Province of Nova Scotia, the school has a vast Co-Op network that extends across Canada and Internationally. So, future mathematicians, or current math lovers who are less sure of what they want to pursue with math, consider applying to the mathematics program at ST Francis Xavier University for a little more clarity and a lot more opportunity!
Cost: CANADIAN STUDENTS,
Nova-Scotia Residents: $9,625.11CAD
Non Nova-Scotia Residents:$10,908.11CAD | <urn:uuid:8e68dba9-32d6-4aab-8e62-06615eb52a8c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://building-u.com/programs/math-and-statistics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.949197 | 476 | 1.898438 | 2 |
An International Certificate For english
The EUROCERT English Proficiency Certification Program is jomtly developed and sponsored by the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and the Dutch Institute for Educational Measurement (Cito), and will be administered throughout Europe by Cito. It measures English proficiency - specifically listening, reading, writing and speaking, and utilizes the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), the Test of Written English (TWE) and the Test of Spoken English (TSE). There are two levels of certification: Certified and Certified with Honors. EUROCERT measures proficiency at an advanced level. The different components of EUROCERT, i.e. the three-part TOEFL, the compound TSE and the essay-type TWE are discussed. Evaluation of language proficiency seems to be possible firstly by observing authentic language behaviour and secondly by an examination of the tacit knowledge that underlies language behaviour. It is not possible to make a choice between the two approaches on mere theoretical grounds. Generally, it is recommended to incorporate different techniques of measurement in a test in order to avoid method effects. The EUROCERT battery tries to meet this requirement.
Article language: Dutch
Published online: 24 March 2014 | <urn:uuid:1f33970c-d688-49a6-b882-0e23c050a4db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://benjamins.com/catalog/ttwia.31.15wee | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.903601 | 296 | 2.515625 | 3 |
In the last 20 years, Information Technologies (IT) has made exponential leaps to bring more products and devices into our lives. From smartphones to smart homes, cities, and even countries – we keep discovering new ways to integrate smart devices to enhance and simplify our tasks and activities.
The development of the Internet of Things (IoT) plays a big role in building our modern future. The proper distribution of computational power helps us optimize energy consumption, prolongs the battery life of less demanding devices. The dynamic environment created by IoT is full of hardware that has different requirements. Meeting them with optimal programming and the most suitable power source creates a harmony of devices that complement each other with a joint network.
However, no matter how small some devices might be, the environment built around hardware has many security threats. The protection of IoT devices often remains an afterthought for their owners. With so many targets, cybercriminals can bombard the network with DDoS and other attacks.
Today we will address the dangers of unprotected routers and IoT devices and the safety precautions you can take to limit their exposure.
The emergence of smart environments brings convenience and opportunities to the table, but changes bring unique problems. Here we present the examples of new cybersecurity threats and the tools to ensure their safety.
Telnet – an old wound that plagues internet safety
Telnet is an application layer protocol that provides a two-way communication channel between devices. With a designated port 23, it remains a part of old technology with many security flaws. Telnet still affects modern servers, routers, and IoT devices. But why exactly our technology today still has not adapted to fix these problems? Let’s discuss the ways to stop Telnet security breaches, as well as the consequences of ignorance towards these issues.
Even though we can already replace unsafe communication networks with encrypted protocols, such as SSH, many manufacturers go out of their way to save time and money instead of ensuring the security of produced hardware. The control and communication between small but efficient devices are the keys to creating smart environments. This is the main reason why Telnet is still a very vulnerable wound in our technology. A larger quantity of devices forces us to use cheap hardware that cannot shake away this problem.
And the issue is way bigger than you might expect. Even if you leave a single device with an open port 23 and factory-set login credentials, cybercriminals can use it to start a chain reaction that forces an entire network into a shutdown. This issue can be resolved by using a forward proxy, but most users are unaware of the magnitude of threats that affect these simple devices. If you’d like to better understand the differences between proxy types and the best circumstances for their use, check out the blog post by Smartproxy.
Why would anyone start a Telnet attack?
IoT devices and routers that are exposed to these DDoS and other attacks often become bots when a cybercriminal uses Telnet as a free passage to install malware. Attacks on unprotected devices can sabotage a smart business environment and leave it vulnerable to other security breaches. A hacker that manages to infect one device has a much clearer path to other routers and devices on the same network.
If you believe that your devices have no value to an ambitious hacker, think again. Even if you enjoy smart appliances to bring casual convenience and comfort into your home, the expansion of IoT devices into every field of our lives has brought many new opportunities to cybercriminals.
By injecting malware into unprotected devices, the ever-growing botnet sweeps the world of IoT like a plague. One unprotected device can lead to attacks on your network, which get used for the hacker’s personal gain and the further growth of the botnet. However, a forward proxy can drastically reduce the exposure of your devices.
China and its usage of IoT show the danger of botnets and unprotected devices on a much grander scale. If we do not protect our routers and other hardware, the army of bots will keep growing. As an authoritarian government, China already shows glimpses of a dystopian future of devices infected with government spies. Many countries already experience large-scale botnet attacks, which create new and unique threats to national security. While a single hacker can create direct damage to your well-being through these devices, large botnets only see your device as an addition to the system for further crimes.
The necessary steps for basic device protection
To start off, make sure that none of your routers and IoT devices remain vulnerable to basic Telnet attacks. To stop these threats, make sure to disable Telnet, FTP, and other insecure, unencrypted communication channels.
A lot of internet users that start working with IoT devices and other smart appliances for the first time never see such small pieces of technology as legitimate security threats. Even as a part of a bigger network of devices, a security breach does not look as likely nor deadly as it does with bigger, frequently used electronic devices. Because of it, a lot of cheap hardware remains with factory-set login credentials, leaving an open door for hackers.
By hunting these devices, a single hacker has managed to expose over 500 thousand IP addresses and login credentials of various smart devices.
You can make your smart appliances much safer if you always change default router admin logins and close off Telnet and any other remote access if you are not using them. For an additional layer of safety, make sure to use a forward proxy to protect the network identity of these devices. This is especially important if you have a lot of personal data traveling between your appliances. Use these tips to protect yourself and avoid involuntary contributions to IoT botnets!
Binary Blogger has spent 20 years in the Information Security space currently providing security solutions and evangelism to clients. From early web application programming, system administration, senior management to enterprise consulting I provide practical security analysis and solutions to help companies and individuals figure out HOW to be secure every day. | <urn:uuid:7243ce18-1acc-4077-bdd1-8b6599cdb3d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://binaryblogger.com/2021/08/24/an-abundance-of-it-devices-how-do-we-ensure-their-protection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.940696 | 1,205 | 3.265625 | 3 |
When it comes to personal banking, most people have at least one checking and one savings account, which is pretty much all anyone needs. However, many people choose to open more than one bank account for various reasons. Here are a few benefits of maintaining two or more bank accounts.
- Makes Budgeting Easier
People generally take on more financial responsibilities as they get older, like mortgages, utility bills, expenses for children, and more. This can make it challenging to keep track of finances when all of the earnings and spending are concentrated in one bank account. This is precisely why people, especially married couples and families, choose to open an additional checking account. A popular strategy is to dedicate one account to bills and another account to “fun” funds. Some married couples may choose to maintain a joint account for shared expenses and their accounts for discretionary spending.
- Takes Advantage of Perks
Different banks offer different perks to draw in customers. For example, one bank might have more ATMs available in the local area, while another offers higher interest rates for savings accounts. Some banks will waive foreign transaction fees, which is an attractive perk for those planning to travel outside the country. For those who are already set on opening an additional bank account, it makes sense to shop for one that allows access to a different set of benefits.
- Keeps Emergency Fund Safe
Every household should have an emergency fund. Many people feel more comfortable keeping their emergency funds in an entirely separate account, reducing the risk of accidental spending. It may also be a good idea to stash an emergency fund in a high-yield account, such as a CD or money market, which allows the funds to generate interest.
- Organizes Savings Goals
For individuals trying to save money for a specific goal, it can be very strategic to open a separate savings account. Some common examples include saving up for vacations, a down payment on a home, or an upcoming wedding. Keeping a separate account for different goals makes it easier to prioritize savings, track progress, and keep a record of contributions, especially when an individual is saving for multiple goals simultaneously.
Disadvantages to Having Multiple Accounts
According to Sofi experts, the answer to “how many bank accounts should i have?” depends on “your ability to balance organizing your finances with balancing your checkbook.” Some disadvantages of maintaining multiple bank accounts include increased instances of incurring fees and an increased risk of accidental overdrafts. It requires some advanced organizational skills and discipline to minimize these disadvantages.
An additional bank account can be a valuable tool for multiple reasons, but it’s not always necessary. Opening an extra bank account is just one of the ways people can take advantage of resources and improve their financial literacy. But most importantly, you need to find a reliable financial institution willing to address your concerns. So, start searching for the best banking services to gain maximum benefits. | <urn:uuid:d037596c-f09c-4c89-9954-e0bd30a05648> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.contactfolks.com/4-reasons-to-have-multiple-bank-accounts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.950396 | 594 | 1.9375 | 2 |
On the 9th day of the 9th month, we honor Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) Awareness Day as a symbol of the 9-months of pregnancy that a woman should remain alcohol free. Over the last decade, awareness efforts have grown and September is now set aside as International FASD month. FASD is an umbrella term describing the range of effects a person can experience as a result of alcohol exposure prior to birth. Statistics are alarming, as it is estimated that approximately 40,000 babies are born each year with FASD. We encourage everyone to learn more about the St. Louis Arc’s FASD prevention program and watch the FASD Awareness Day Lunch and Learn. | <urn:uuid:a23523fb-dede-4dca-a488-21b86d0735ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.slarc.org/fasd-awareness-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.958639 | 146 | 3.21875 | 3 |
As most will know, China was the epicentre of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020. Its was the one country to take the most drastic measures within its own borders. The situation right now is stable and even optimistic. The downside to these measures was having the borders closed to the outside world.
This was good news if you decided to stay in China. Schools returned after an extended lockdown and salaries soared due the shortage of teachers. Bad news if you were one of thousands of teachers wanting to get back or come to China for the first time. During this time, China was closed to almost everyone except Chinese nationals.
Since July 2020, the borders opened slowly, flights increased and visas were issued. However in November, due to increased imported COVID-19 cases, Chinese authorities reversed their decision. While the borders have not closed entirely, the obstacles getting to China have mounted.
This is very frustrating if you are caught in the middle, however there is method with the madness. While COVID-19 has not eradicated, it’s at a level that allows people to live normally.
When it comes to COVID, China doesn’t pull any punches. Returning teachers are placed in centralized quarantine for 14 days (here’s a Guide to Returning to China and Surviving Quarantine) and some schools are also enforcing a further 7-14 ‘keep away’ rule. Teachers are reporting strict regulations being placed on teachers, students, and parents. So far, these measures have been effective.
Teaching and living in COVID – China is no more stressful than doing the same at home. In fact, it’s arguably a less stressful due to the lack of COVID cases.
Even with these restrictions, it would be fair to say life has returned to a resemblance of what it was pre-COVID. | <urn:uuid:a2aedde6-324f-4fb7-bd6a-7a146c00cb42> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chinabyteaching.com/is-china-safe-in-2022/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.981583 | 380 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Ford will eliminate about 20 percent of the workforce across its European operations in a sweeping overhaul that reflects the challenges facing automakers in the region.
The restructuring, which has been announced piecemeal, will involve reducing its manufacturing footprint in Europe to 18 facilities by the end of 2020 from 24 at the beginning of this year.
Germany, the UK and Russia will be hardest hit by the cuts, which total about 12,000 staff and workers employed at joint ventures, Ford said Thursday.
"Separating employees and closing plants are the hardest decisions we make," Stuart Rowley, Ford's president of Europe, said in a statement.
Ford, struggling in the region's crowded and mature market for years, has been particularly hard hit by falling car sales in the UK as a result of the uncertainty surrounding the country's exit from the European Union.
The challenge of investing in electric, hybrid and autonomous vehicles -- while having to overhaul combustion engines to meet tougher clean-air rules -- has forced Europe's automakers to slash fixed costs and streamline their model portfolios. For example, Ford has or will cut the C-Max and Grand C-Max minivans and the Ka+ small car.
Underscoring the industry's woes, industry association ACEA on Thursday lowered its forecast for sales across the region, saying deliveries are likely to fall 1 percent this year. That compares with a previous prediction of 1 percent growth. | <urn:uuid:dc651860-bb03-4046-bb28-f3d408f03653> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://europe.autonews.com/automakers/ford-cut-about-20-europe-workforce-bid-boost-margin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.955096 | 287 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Captain Stephen B. Luce, USN (at right), Commanding Officer, USS Hartford
In the Captain's Cabin on board Hartford, at Hampton Roads, Virginia, 1 March 1877. The other officers present are not identified. Photo mounted on a stereograph card. Note the flags in the background and the lamp over the table. Donation of Chaplain C.M. Drury. U.S. Naval History and Heritage Command Photograph. | <urn:uuid:62980cf4-584b-4ef5-9dd6-33e84fb968bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.history.navy.mil/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-48000/NH-48028.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.891654 | 97 | 1.617188 | 2 |
The latest report from the International Energy Agency confirms this: the call for a way out of the climate-compatible health crisis has not been heard. Despite activity restrictions still in place, the year 2021 has seen such a rebound in CO emissions2 related to fossil fuels that the 2020 trough has already been erased. Plus 6% and a total of 36.3 billion tons sent to the atmosphere. A figure boosted by the price effect: in 2021, gas began the now explosive rise in its prices, which shifted electricity production to coal, which emits even more CO2particularly in the United States and Europe.
The rebound in 2021 is spectacular, since, with more than 2 billion tonnes, it is the strongest ever recorded in history.
Despite the effects of the Russian war in Ukraine, 2022 is likely to set a new emissions record. And this inability of the world to truly commit to phasing out fossil fuels can also be seen in public and private efforts for low-carbon, renewable and nuclear energies, and energy savings. These efforts may seem significant, since the IEA lists around 400 billion per year for the period 2021 to 2023. But this represents only 40% of those considered necessary to achieve carbon neutrality in 2050.
the IEA is going green
We understand, then, why the IEA publishes recommendations that seem to date back to the years 1973-1976 aimed quite simply at saving energy by quickly mobilizing anti-waste means. Hence, for example, this table where we find measures such as the reduction in authorized speeds on the motorways, carpooling, the use of teleworking, public transport and cycling. And even to prefer the night or high-speed train to planes… it’s like reading an eco-friendly manifesto.
If we look in more detail at the origin of the tremendous rebound in fossil fuel consumption in 2021, the underlying reasons for it are brought to light.
the coal, alone, is responsible for 40% of the growth in emissions, with 15.3 billion tonnes in total. Those due to fossil gas (an adjective probably more effective than that of “natural” if we want the population to become more aware of its climate effect) reached 7.5 billion tonnes, therefore above the level of 2019. While emissions due to oilwith 10.7 billion tonnes, remains well below the pre-pandemic level due to the restrictions still in place for tourism, in particular air travel (which means that the resumption of this activity, long awaited in some poor countries , will cause additional bounce).
If we look by geographical origin, it is in China that we must look for one of the largest increases in emissions, with more than 750 million tonnes between 2019 and 2021. In 2021, Chinese emissions reached 11, 9 billion tons, 33% of the world total. But before shouting haro on Chinese, it is useful to compare two pieces of information.
The first is that of the virtual disappearance of extreme poverty (in the UN sense, people living on approximately less than 2 constant dollars a day) in some thirty years in China, as shown in the following graph:
Reconcile this crucial information with the evolution of CO emissions2 related to fossil fuels in China over this period, leads to a simple conclusion: it is with and thanks to these energies that this major result was obtained:
The increase in Chinese emissions in 2021 is largely due to electricity consumption, which increased by 10%, faster than GDP, which was “content” with 8.4%. This increase corresponds to a production of 700 TWh (total French consumption in 2021 was 468 TWh), half of which comes from coal. To judge the growth potential of Chinese electricity, it suffices to compare the electricity consumption per capita in China, less than 5,000 kWh per year, and in the United States, more than 12,000 kWh (about 7,000 kWh in France, these figures are rounded to the nearest thousand).
India, another very populous and still very poor country, has seen its CO emissions2 of 2021 exceed those of 2019, with in particular a 13% increase in electricity generated from coal compared to 2020.
These figures show that the increase in low-carbon electricity production, despite new records (8,000 TWh produced by renewables in 2021, i.e. 500 more than the previous year, including 270 for wind power and 170 for solar) is still far from being able to take over from coal and gas. | <urn:uuid:20898d42-9204-442d-87bd-bde9b64a77c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://balneariostarragona.com/the-covid-effect-already-erased-science%C2%B2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572021.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814083156-20220814113156-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.956008 | 925 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Industrial techniques. (a) Zone refining on a water-cooled hearth. (b) Electron-beam zone-refining arrangement. (After R. F. Bunshah, ed., Techniques of Metals Research, vol. 1, John Wiley and Sons, 1968)
Energy absorbed during fracture versus temperature. Brittle materials absorb much lower energy during fracture than ductile or tough materials. Some materials exhibit a brittle-to-ductile transition that depends on the test temperature.
Scanning electron microscope image of a transgranular cleavage fracture surface in a steel tested at a temperature below its brittle-to-ductile transition. The arrow indicates the likely fracture initiation site.
Language skills involve comprehension, speech, reading, and writing. The motor speech area (Broca's area) in the brain initiates speech motor functions. The Wernicke area aids in the interpretation of language. The primary motor cortex is…
Graphene structure. One-atom-thick sheets of carbon known as graphene are promising materials in nanotechnology for applications ranging from electronics to medicine. (Credit: Bumbasor/iStockphoto/Getty Images) | <urn:uuid:fff377d0-d9ee-48d1-aed5-729aacbeef35> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.accessscience.com/search?topics=Anthropology+%26+Archeology&topics=Science+Theory+%26+Philosophy&topics=Military+Science&topics=Chemistry&topics=Computing+%26+Information+Technology&topics=Navigation&topics=Physics&topics=Psychiatry+%26+Psychology&topics=Engineering+%26+Materials&start=0&%3Bstart=0&%3Btopics=Computing+%26+Information+Technology&types=Image+Gallery&types=Image&%3Brows=10&%3Btypes=Briefing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.845783 | 241 | 3.25 | 3 |
Planet Aid today unveiled a massive 70,000 square foot rooftop solar power–generating installation at our Milford, Massachusetts facility. One of the largest roof-mounted solar arrays in the state, the solar panels will generate nearly 700,000 kWh per year.
State and local representatives attending the inaugural event spoke highly of Planet Aid’s initiative and for its contribution toward saving resources and the environment.
This renewable source of power will save approximately 28,000 barrels of oil from being burned, and help to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by 12,000 metric tons, which is equivalent to saving over 1.3 million gallons of gasoline or planting more than 11,000 acres of new forest. The array will also contribute to Massachusetts’ goal of lowering greenhouse gas emissions down to 15% of 1990 levels by 2020.
Participants at the ribbon cutting were able to tour the rooftop facility and observe a real-time display of the power being produced. They were also given the opportunity to tour an exhibit that showed the extensive rehabilitation Planet Aid had performed over time on the site of the formerly vacant warehouse. That work included the removal of nearly 13,000 tons of petroleum contaminated soil.
News item from Planet Aid | <urn:uuid:d68a56e7-5d53-4f0f-962c-d8d843cb1669> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2017/09/planet-aid-goes-solar-milford-massachusetts-facility/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.94815 | 246 | 2.453125 | 2 |
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