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Email or call for price.
The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the United States Federal Government. This print ISBN is the official U.S. Federal Government edition of this product.
14 CFR Parts 1 to 59 covers the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. In this volume, you will find rules, processes, procedures and regulations relating to the operations and legislation of the FAA including safety management systems, aircraft certification procedures for parts and product, airworthiness standards, noise standards, identification and registration markings and more.
Airplane, helicopter, other aircraft manufacturers, aircraft parts manufacturers, pilots, flight crew, including airplane/aircraft mechanics, air safety officials, policy analysts, and lawmakers may be interested in this volume, Additionally, American consumers, and students pursuing aeronautical science fields may find these updated primary source regulations helpful in their coursework assignments.
Other related products:
Other products produced by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
products can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/agency/279 Print subscription resources that relate to this CFR volume include the following
:Federal Aviation Administration Airworthiness Directives, Bk. 2: Large Aircraft
can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/850-003-00000-9?ctid
=Federal Aviation Administration Airworthiness Directives, Bk. 2: Small Aircraft, Rotorcraft, Gliders, Balloons, and Airships
can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/850-002-00000-2?ctid
=Aeronautical Information Manual: Official Guide to Basic Flight Information and ATC Procedures
can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/950-074-00000-1?ctid
=International version of Aeronautical Information Publication, United States of America
can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/products/sku/950-001-00000-3?ctid | <urn:uuid:f8a6f4d6-9212-4648-bab7-1948d58841cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kewandwillow.com/book/9780160931987 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.845639 | 465 | 2.046875 | 2 |
MERN Stack News Application with Tailwind CSS
Build a Full stack News Portal Application with React , Node , Express , Mongo DB
What you’ll learn
Creating Full Stack Applications with React , Node , Express , Mongo
Handling Complex data without state management tools like redux
Creating Mongo DB Models , Schemas
The most popular text editor for creating content like draftjs
Deploying a full stack application to live server without any cost
Hello, Welcome TO The Course MERN Stack News Application.
The Different Technologies we will use in this application are
- React – For Front End
- Tailwind CSS – For UI / Styling
- Node JS – For Backend Run-Time Environment
- Express JS – For Backend Framework
- Mongo DB – For Database
The topics that we will cover in this course are
- Complete USER authentication with Protected Routes concept
- ALL CRUD operations for the news items like create, read, update, delete
- Handling Complex data without state management tools like redux
- Creating Mongo DB Models, Schemas
- The most popular text editor for creating content like drafts
- Deploying a full-stack application to a live server without any cost
- States, Props, Routing, HTTP Calls In React
- In the complete application, we will use only functional/stateless components in React.
- For Styling and UI we will the latest and tending utility CSS framework Tailwind CSS.
- We will not use any external CSS frameworks or libraries like bootstrap/material UI etc.
- We will build every piece of the component in the application from scratch with Tailwind CSS
- We will learn to implement complex responsive layouts with tailwind CSS
Tailwind CSS is basically a utility-first CSS framework for rapidly building custom user interfaces. It is a highly customizable, low-level CSS framework that gives you all of the building blocks you need to build bespoke designs without any annoying opinionated styles you have to fight to override.
Who this course is for:
- Students who are passionate about full stack web development
- Students who want be a master in MERN
- Students who want build complex layouts without using any CSS Frameworks like Bootstrap , Material UI etc
- Making responsive applications with Tailwind CSS
- Deploying to Live Server
Created by K.Sathyaprakash Reddy
Last updated 2/2022
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Amazone Plants was founded in 2010 by Fred van Zijl and Lex Scheffers. Entrepreneurs at heart who believe it is most important to enjoy what you do. They combined their years of cultivation experience and chose to grow Anthuriums together. To do this, they bought and renovated a former chrysanthemum nursery. The ingenious cultivation system was put to good use for the potted plants. In the first few years, Amazone Plants supplied Anthuriums in a 17cm pot.
In 2019, Fred and Lex will say a final goodbye to the tomatoes, as they have decided to turn the tomato nursery into an Anthurium nursery. This expansion will create a larger cultivation area and increase the product range. The range previously offered Anthuriums in a 17cm pot size, but now they will also be available in 12 and 14cm. Amazone Plants supplies the three most important pot sizes and some of the new varieties are even grown exclusively by them. The nursery will expand from seven to 15 varieties in one go making Amazone Plants the place to come for Anthuriums.
In this modern company, Fred and Lex bring their years of experience of cultivation techniques, climate control and product knowledge, combined with an extensive network in the market. The Amazone Plants greenhouses are located a stone’s throw from the flower auction in Naaldwijk and are equipped with a mobile transport and delivery system (which was already used in chrysanthemum cultivation). The cultivation method using cultivation gutters on trolleys and the associated irrigation system is quite unique in floriculture. The misting system ensures an optimal climate in the summer months, and thanks to the assimilation lighting, Amazone Plants can supply beautiful Anthuriums with enough flowers during the winter months.
Sustainable at heart
Environmental sustainability is embedded in the corporate vision of Amazone Plants. The smart cultivation system ensures optimal conditions throughout the year. Biological control is used, the irrigation water is 100% disinfected and reused, and energy (gas and electricity) is used as efficiently as possible. Amazone Plants is a member of the Geothermal Heat Vogelaer project, one of the most sustainable energy sources, which will result in enormous CO2 savings. Amazone Plants no longer needs to use gas to heat the nursery but uses geothermal heat (naturally present in the deeper layers of earth). | <urn:uuid:e0d551d9-2aa7-4828-ae90-780fdb19cc7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://amazoneplants.nl/en/amazone-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942376 | 512 | 1.695313 | 2 |
27 Aug 2014 Training Workshop for Women Journalists in North Kivu
Communication for Peace
Democratic Republic of Congo
A survey of 789 women took place on issues of peace and security in the North-Kivu region. 24 women journalists were trained in techniques to lobby for peace, who went on to produce and broadcast 15 radio programmes.The project affirmed the urgent need to strengthen training in journalism practices with the aim of professionalising women journalists. It also identified the need to encourage the recruitment of women broadcasters in local radio stations and to intensify cooperation between women’s rights activists and women journalists. The project was successfully carried out in the context of the extremely dangerous situation facing women generally and women journalists and rights activists in particular. Violence, intimidation and discrimination limit women’s ability to participate in public affairs and to contribute actively to ending conflict.
|Final Report||Rapport atelier WACC| | <urn:uuid:9b053158-3940-4bb1-b6a0-135b924d5733> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://waccglobal.org/training-workshop-for-women-journalists-in-north-kivu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.945019 | 186 | 2 | 2 |
So, can dogs eat rutabaga? Yes! Rutabaga is a root vegetable high in fiber and minerals. The potassium and vitamin C in rutabaga is really good for your dog.
The vegetable is full of flavor and rich in taste. Smart Dog Owners use rutabaga for cleansing their pup’s digestive system as well.
A special yet healthy treat for your dog is necessary but it does come with a few caveats. The idea of feeding your dog everything that humans eat can be a little unhealthy for the dogs. Do know about the rutabaga cleanse for dogs?
But if you cook to soften the food and make it easily digestible, rutabaga is the perfect vegetable for this purpose.
While there’s no real harm in feeding your dog rutabaga, there are a few things you should be mindful of. Two things to consider: Can dogs have rutabaga?
The first is that this vegetable can cause gas in both humans and dogs. If you think your dog may be prone to this, start with a small amount and see how they react.
Besides that, some dogs may be allergic to rutabaga. If you notice your dog is scratching more than usual or seems to be in discomfort, discontinue feeding them this vegetable.
Moreover, rutabaga is a root vegetable and, like all root vegetables, contains a fair amount of sugar. Too much sugar can lead to weight gain and other health problems in dogs, so be sure to feed this vegetable in moderation.
What is Rutabaga?
Rutabaga is a root vegetable that is often mistaken for a turnip. It has a similar shape and size, but it has yellow or orange flesh that is sweeter and softer than a turnip.
Rutabaga is also known as Swedish turnip or wax turnip, and it is a member of the brassica family, which includes cabbage, kale, and Brussels sprouts.
This vegetable can be eaten raw, but it is most commonly boiled or roasted. It can also be mashed or pureed and added to soups and stews.
When shopping for rutabaga, look for one that is heavy for its size and has smooth, dull skin. Avoid any that are soft or have blemishes.Rutabaga can be stored in the fridge for up to two weeks.
How Many Rutabaga Should A Dog Have?
There’s no definitive answer to this question, as it will depend on the size and breed of your dog, as well as their individual nutritional needs.
However, as a general rule of thumb, you should aim to give your dog around 1/2 to 1 Rutabaga per day.
If you’re unsure how much Rutabaga is appropriate for your dog, check with your veterinarian for guidance.
Remember that Rutabaga is just one part of a healthy diet, so be sure to also include plenty of other fresh fruits and vegetables.
With a little trial and error, you’ll be able to figure out the perfect amount of Rutabaga for your pup!
Is Too Much Rutabaga Bad For Dogs?
While most dogs enjoy the occasional treat, not all human foods are safe for them to eat. This is especially true of Rutabaga, a root vegetable that can be harmful to dogs in large quantities.
Rutabaga contains high levels of oxalates, which can cause kidney stones and other health problems. In addition, Rutabaga is a rich source of fiber, and dogs who consume too much fiber may experience diarrhea or other digestive issues.
For these reasons, it’s best to avoid feeding Rutabaga to your dog. If you’re looking for a healthy treat for your furry friend, stick to dog-safe options like carrots or apples.
Can I feed my dog cooked Rutabaga?
Rutabaga is a root vegetable that is safe for dogs to eat in moderation. Cooked rutabaga is soft and easy to digest, making it a good option for dogs with sensitive stomachs.
When feeding your dog cooked rutabaga, be sure to remove all the skin and any other hard parts.
You can serve rutabaga plain or mix it with other soft foods like cooked chicken or rice. As with any new food, you can start by giving your dog a small amount to see how they tolerate it.
Rutabaga Nutrition Facts
One cup (about 170 grams) of boiled rutabaga contains approximately:
- 66.3 calories
- 14.9 grams carbohydrates
- 2.2 grams protein
- 0.4 grams fat
- 3.1 grams fiber
- 32 milligrams vitamin C
- 554 milligrams potassium
- 0.3 milligrams manganese
- 39.1 milligrams magnesium
- 95.2 milligrams phosphorus
- 0.1 milligrams thiamine
- 0.2 milligrams vitamin B6
- 81.6 milligrams calcium
- 1.2 milligrams niacin
- 25.5 micrograms folate
- 0.9 milligrams iron
Can dogs eat uncooked Rutabaga?
No, dogs should not eat uncooked rutabaga. Rutabaga contains a high amount of goitrogens, which are compounds that can interfere with the proper functioning of the thyroid gland.
When consumed in large quantities, goitrogens can cause hypothyroidism in dogs.
Hypothyroidism can lead to a number of health problems, including weight gain, fatigue, and skin problems.
If you suspect that your dog has eaten uncooked rutabaga, contact your veterinarian immediately.
Can puppies eat Rutabaga?
As a general rule, puppies can eat most human foods, including rutabaga. However, there are a few things to keep in mind when feeding your pup this root vegetable.
Rutabaga is high in fiber, so it may cause digestive issues if your puppy is not used to eating foods with a lot of fiber. It’s important to start slowly and increase the amount of rutabaga gradually over time.
Can I grow Rutabaga for my dog?
Growing vegetables for your dog may seem like a lot of work, but it can actually be quite simple. Rutabaga is a good option for dogs because it is packed with nutrients and fiber.
Want to know what are the best dog-safe pesticides? click here.
In addition, rutabaga is a low-calorie vegetable, so it is perfect for dogs who are trying to lose weight.
To grow rutabaga, start by planting the seeds in well-drained soil in early spring. Rutabaga is a root vegetable, so it does not need very much space to grow.
Once the plants have reached six inches tall, thin them out so that they are spaced about eight inches apart.
Rutabaga is ready to harvest when the roots are about three inches in diameter. Simply dig up the roots and wash them off before feeding them to your dog.
With a little effort, you can easily grow healthy and delicious rutabaga for your furry friend.
Are Rutabagas still good for dogs even if it has been stored for a long time?
As any pet owner knows, dogs are always eager to sample our food. Rutabagas are a root vegetable that is sometimes fed to livestock, but is it safe to give to our canine companions?
The answer may surprise you.
Rutabagas are actually quite nutritious for dogs, and they can be safely stored for long periods of time without losing their nutritional value.
So, if you have rutabaga that has been sitting in your pantry for a while, don’t hesitate to share it with your furry friend. Just be sure to slice it into small pieces so that they can easily digest it.
What Rutabaga recipe is best for my dog?
Although rutabaga is not a common ingredient in dog food, it can occasionally be found in certain brands of kibble or wet food.
However, you may be wondering if feeding your dog rutabaga is actually good for them. The answer may depend on the recipe.
Some say that boiled or mashed rutabaga is best, as it is easier for dogs to digest. Others believe that including raw rutabaga in your dog’s diet can help improve their digestion.
Ultimately, it is up to you to decide what recipe is best for your dog. If you are unsure, you can always consult with your veterinarian before making any changes to your pet’s diet.
Can Rutabaga kill my dog?
Rutabaga is not deadly to dogs but it can cause some serious gastrointestinal issues.
Dogs who eat too much rutabaga may experience vomiting, diarrhea, and bloating. In severe cases, rutabaga can cause an obstruction in the intestines.
If you suspect that your dog has eaten too much rutabaga, it is important to contact your veterinarian right away. With proper treatment, most dogs will make a full recovery.
However, if left untreated, gastrointestinal problems can quickly become life-threatening. As a result, it is always better to be safe than sorry when it comes to your dog’s health.
Other vegetables to serve with Rutabaga
While rutabaga is a perfectly healthy vegetable for your dog, you may want to mix things up a bit and serve other vegetables as well.
Some good choices include carrots, green beans, sweet potatoes, and squash. All of these vegetables are packed with nutrients that can help to keep your dog healthy.
Best of all, they can all be easily mixed with rutabaga to create a healthy and delicious meal.
Rutabaga, also known as Swedish turnip or yellow turnip, is a root vegetable that is often overlooked in favor of its more popular cousins, carrots and potatoes.
Fascinatingly, rutabaga is actually a very nutritious vegetable that is packed with vitamins and minerals.
In addition, it is low in calories and fat, making it an ideal food for dogs who are trying to lose weight. When feeding rutabaga to your dog, it is important to pair it with other nutrient-rich foods.
Some great pairing options include green beans, spinach, and broccoli. These vegetables will not only help to boost your dog’s nutrient intake.
Rutabaga Cleanse for Dogs
As a Smart Dog Owner, you have followed all our instructions and now your dog has taken a liking to the taste of rutabaga. How can you use this situation to your advantage?
Rutabaga cleanse for dogs is a highly beneficially for them. As we mentioned before, rutabaga is rich in minerals, vitamin C and diatery fiber.
Researchers have claimed that rutabaga for dogs can have anti-cancer and anti-inflamotory effects as well.
Getting your doggo on a primary diet of rutagaba can have immense benefits. it will not only boost their immune systems but will also cleanse their irinary track.
Just serve one rutabaga infused meal a day to your dog for about a week and see the difference in their health by yourself. You can thank us later!
Conclusion – Can Dogs Eat Rutabaga?
So, can dogs eat rutabaga? The answer is yes, but with a few caveats.
Make sure to chop the vegetable into small pieces so your dog can easily chew and digest it. And as always, monitor your pup while they’re eating this new food to make sure they don’t have any negative reactions.
Rutabaga is a healthy addition to your dog’s diet and provides them with plenty of beneficial nutrients, so feel free to give it a try. | <urn:uuid:313a9478-9752-45dd-9870-8cab97ff7429> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://smartdogowners.com/can-dogs-eat-rutabaga/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938123 | 2,517 | 2.640625 | 3 |
John the baptist fortold of the one who was coming after him,for John baptized with water and the one after him would baptize with the Holy Ghost and with fire! So what was this fire that Jesus would bring to the earth?
“John answered , saying unto them all, I indeed baptize you with water; but one mightier than I cometh, the latchet of whose shoes I am not worthy to unloose: he shall baptize you with the Holy Ghost and with fire: Whose fan is in his hand, and he will throughly purge his floor, and will gather the wheat into his garner; but the chaff he will burn with fire unquenchable”.(Luke 3:16-17).
When the disciples were discussing what had just happened at the tomb Jesus drew near them and they were not aware it was him. Their eyes were later opened to the truth when Jesus vanished out of sight, yet they spoke of their heart burning within them while he talked to them.”And it came to pass, as he sat at meat with them, he took bread, and blessed it, brake and gave to them. And their eyes were opened, and they knew him; and he vanished out of their sight. And they said one to another, Did not our heart burn within us, while he talked with us by the way, and while he opened to us the scriptures”.
The Holy Spirit burns within the Believer today just as it did in Jeremiahs day. Jeremiah was in such derision as people mocked and reproached him for the word of God that it burned within him that he had to speak it! “O Lord, thou hast deceived me, and I was deceived: thou art stronger than I, and hast prevailed: I am in derision daily, every one mocketh me. For since I spake, I cried out, I cried violence and spoil; because the word of the Lord was made a reproach unto me, and a derision, daily. Then I said, I will not make mention of him, nor speak any more in his name. But his word was in mine heart as a burning fire shut up in my bones, and I was weary with forbearing, and I could not stay”.(Jeremiah 20:7-9).
We have heard through the years of someone who is so set on speaking the words of God that they stop at nothing to get his word out………..They are on fire for the Lord we say, maybe without even knowing the previous passages, for it is true the fire of the Holy Spirit burns within the heart of the believer and we cannot rest at times til we speak what we are called to do……..God into all the earth and preach the word!
It is best summed up in the words of Isaiah “I have set watchmen upon thy walls, O Jerusalem, which shall never hold their peace day nor night: YE THAT MAKE MENTION OF THE LORD KEEP NOT SILENCE, and give him no rest, til he establish, and til he make Jerusalem a praise in the earth. Behold, the Lord hath proclaimed unto the end of the world, Say ye to the daughter of Zion, Behold, thy salvation cometh; behold, his reward is with him, and his work before him. And they shall call them, The holy people, The redeemed of the Lord: and thou shalt be called, Sought out, A city not forsaken”.(Isaiah 62:6,7,11,12). | <urn:uuid:08027faf-25d5-401d-8a89-abaf285fce7f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://precioussheepofrenown.com/2016/12/09/the-fire-of-the-spirit-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.988998 | 733 | 1.757813 | 2 |
How Are Hockey Goals Attached To Ice? The goals in hockey are attached to the ice by metal pegs. The back of the net is also anchored to the ice by metal pegs.
What holds a hockey net in place? A hockey net is typically held in place by metal stakes hammered into the ground, and/or large screws attaching it to the ice.
How do you tie a net to a frame? The specific knot used to tie a net to a frame will vary depending on the net’s mesh size, the frame’s dimensions and the materials from which they are both made. However, some common knots that can be used for this purpose include the clove hitch, the bowline and the sheet bend.
How much does a hockey net cost? A hockey net typically costs around $100.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do You Attach A Hockey Net?
To attach a hockey net, you must first find two posts that are sturdy and approximately 8-10 feet tall. You will also need a net, ropes, screws, and a drill. Drill holes in the posts and screw the ropes through the holes. Then, tie a knot on each side of the net. Finally, pull the net tight and tie it off.
How Does A Hockey Net Stay On The Ice?
A hockey net is heavy and has metal stakes that go into the ice to keep it in place.
How Do I Install Ez Goal Net?
To install the EZ goal net, you will need to use the included screws and bolts to attach it to your desired location. The net can then be easily attached or removed using the clips on the edge.
Why Do Hockey Goalie Leave The Net?
There are many reasons why a goalie may leave their net. One reason is that they may be pulled by their coach in order to give the team a better chance of scoring. Another reason is that the goalie may have been scored on and they are now playing as an outfielder in an attempt to make a save. Lastly, the goalie may have been injured and is now being replaced by a backup goalie.
How Do You Tie A Mesh Net?
How to tie a mesh net: 1. Fold the net in half, then tie a knot in the middle. 2. Take the left side of the net and tie it around the object you’re fishing for. 3. Take the right side of the net and do the same thing.
What Is The Size Of A Regular Hockey Net?
A regular hockey net is six feet wide by four feet tall.
What Is The Standard Size Street Hockey Net?
The standard size street hockey net is six feet wide by three feet high.
How Do You Secure A Hockey Net?
To secure a hockey net, use a variety of ropes or straps to tie the net to the posts.
Can You Move The Net In Hockey?
There is no one definitive answer to this question as it depends on the specific situation and game situation. Sometimes, a player may ask the referee to move the net if they feel it is in their way or is too close to the boards. However, if the net is properly positioned according to the rules, the referee will not typically move it.
How Do You Tie A Landing Net?
There are many ways to tie a landing net, but the most common way is to use a clinch knot.
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Fifty years ago today, Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army forces launched what would become known as the Tet Offensive. It was a far-reaching and well-coordinated campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian centers throughout South Vietnam, targeting U.S. military forces and our allies.
It was to be the largest offensive of the war, and the days of bloody fighting that would follow would lead to heavy casualties on both sides. Though the Vietnam War would continue for seven more years, the Tet Offensive is now widely considered to have been one of its most significant turning points.
“On this day, we honor and remember the sacrifices of those who fought in the carnage that was the Tet Offensive, as well as all of our Vietnam-era service members,” Oregon Department of Veterans’ Affairs Acting Director Sheronne Blasi said. “They fought for freedom and because our country asked them to, and are deserving of their place among America’s heroes.”
There are more than 100,000 Vietnam-era veterans living in Oregon today. They are the largest demographic of Oregon veterans by service era. If you or your spouse or parent is a Vietnam veteran, please contact the Oregon Department of Veterans’ Affairs or your local county veteran service office today for free assistance in accessing your earned benefits.
Contact ODVA at 1-800-692-9666 or 503-373-2085. | <urn:uuid:c2bd8a11-6909-4dba-9a4b-38f4128a1eef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://oregondva.com/2018/01/30/tet-offensive-one-of-the-vietnam-wars-most-infamous-episodes-began-50-years-ago-today-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964036 | 303 | 2.8125 | 3 |
This week, the Senate Appropriations Committee unveiled and unanimously passed out of Committee their budget for Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which begins on October 1, 2016. The House of Representatives is yet to introduce their version of the appropriations bill. While the Senate has proposed to fund some of the requests made by the President in his FY 2017 proposed budget, they did not see eye to eye on all points and have come up with different proposals to fund the main immigration agencies: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Customs and Border Protection (CBP).
First, the funding for ICE is a mixed bag. The President in his budget asked Congress to reduce the overall number of detention beds to 30,913—a reduction of over 3,000 from the current 34,000. Also, increase Alternatives to Detention to $11 million in order to place low risk individuals under various forms of daily supervision. Instead, the Senate Appropriations Committee chose to keep the number of detention beds at 34,000 but did include $10.5 million additional funding for alternatives to detention. Also included in the legislation is for ICE to brief the Appropriations Committee on progress related to the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) which replaced Secure Communities as the immigration enforcement program that relies on partnership between federal and local law enforcement agencies.
In the CBP budget the Senate Committee appeared to be skeptical of some of the funding requests that the President had included to increase transparency and accountability among the agency. The Committee did not include body-worn cameras or the $5 million request the President made for further study of the technology. The Committee also only provided for half of the 30 new criminal investigators that the President had asked for to investigate misconduct and wrongdoing within CBP, which has run rampant for years. The Committee continued to mandate that CBP hire and maintain 21,370 border patrol agents and 23,375 officers at ports of entry, despite the President asking for a slight reduction of 300 agents to 21,070 border patrol agents.
On the positive side, the Committee noted they are “frustrated by the lack of a strategy for assessing the results of” the investments made in border security as well as the lack of reliable measures to determine “border security effectiveness.” Therefore, they direct DHS to publicly release border metrics to the public. The bill also requires CBP to brief the Committee on how they are tracking the costs and effectiveness of CBP’s Consequence Delivery System which is series of controversial border and immigration enforcement programs designed to increase the penalties associated with unauthorized migration in order to persuade people not to return to the U.S.
Lastly, on the budget for USCIS, because the organization is largely fee-funded, the only resources allocated to the agency are for E-Verify, an optional internet- based system that allows businesses to determine the eligibility of their employees to work in the U.S. The Committee did not allocate funding for a $10 million request for the Immigrant Integration Program which helps prepare permanent residents for naturalization and promote civic integration. Instead the program will be funded through USCIS fees.
In the coming months, the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate will move their respective bills to fund the agency for next year. Due to the upcoming election, Congress has less time than usual to get these bills passed but some action will be required before the government runs out of funds on September 30.
Photo by Simon Cunningham.
FILED UNDER: Alternatives to Detention, Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security, featured, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, immigration funding, Priority Enforcement Program, Senate Appropriations Committee, USCIS | <urn:uuid:7d925808-af5e-4d34-9065-207e125bd738> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://immigrationimpact.com/2016/05/27/dhs-budget-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960737 | 759 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Out of every one of the games partook in around the world, hunting is viewed as one of the most perilous. Because of this, numerous security precautionary measures should be made to guarantee your security, as well as the wellbeing of people around you. This can’t be sufficiently underscored, as your life and the existences of your sidekicks should be safeguarded when you are going hunting, whether it is coon hunting, deer hunting, moose hunting or basic fowl hunting. There are a few classifications of hunting wellbeing you ought to remember, which comprise of the accompanying:
Hunting Safety Courses
Occasional Hunting Safety
Having the legitimate weapon and markdown leopard hunt hunting supplies to go hunting is the primary thought you should make while planning for an excursion. Assuming you are wanting to chase deer, you want to verify that you have a firearm or bow proper for deer. A standard gun, for instance, is viewed as an unseemly firearm type for deer hunting, while a crossbow or rifle are viewed as the right weapon to get everything taken care of. Taking a moose hunting rifle deer hunting would be viewed as unseemly, as these firearms are excessively strong.
As well as having the appropriate style of weapon, you want to verify you have all that you expect to clean and handle dress the creature you are hunting. This forestalls unnecessary excursions back to your truck or other vehicle. You ought to likewise verify you are wearing the legitimate apparel for the excursion. This normally comprises of the dazzling orange vests and caps, as well as other splendidly shaded attire so different trackers can see you without any problem. While cover might assist with keeping the deer from seeing you, it likewise keeps different trackers from seeing you. This can bring about your passing, as different trackers might confuse you with a deer or another creature.
At the point when you are hunting with a firearm, there are a few things that you want to remember. The wellbeing on the weapon ought to be on consistently, except if you are getting ready to shoot at your quarry. The weapon ought to constantly be pointed away from you and others, and never at your own feet. Being messed up is exceptionally awkward, and expects a medical procedure to fix the sensitive bones. This insurance ought to be taken whether or not or not the wellbeing on the weapon is on or off. Should the wellbeing come up short, it is a lot more secure to have the firearm fizzle where nobody will be hit.
The second essential thought you ought to make is continuously taking legitimate consideration of your weapon. A very really liked weapon shouldn’t failure to fire or present superfluous gamble to yourself and your sidekicks. A firearm that has not had this degree of care runs chance of failing, having a stuck barrel, or more terrible.
Hunting with a bow is something that takes a ton of expertise and energy to do. Because of this, there are similarly as many, while possibly not more safeguards a bow tracker should take in ready to securely chase. Before you go hunting with your bow, you really want to verify that your bow has been completely checked. In the event that the string or wire utilized on your bow looks frayed, supplant it before you are out in the field. While a snapped bow string normally just purposes gentle welts or cuts, having gear in top shape prior to going go on your trip is in every case best. On the off chance that you are utilizing a bow, you will need to verify that you have the legitimate arm watches with you, and that you are wearing them when you indent your bolt and are planning to kill the creature you are hunting. This safeguards you from wounds due to snapping strings or string bounce back.
One more part of bow security that you want to remember is verifying that you have a bow that accommodates your solidarity. While having the option to pull a heavier bow is viewed as an honorable symbol among numerous trackers, pulling a bow that is excessively weighty for you can cause difficult wounds that can require some investment to recuperate. On the off chance that you demand pulling a heavier bow so you can kill bigger prey, for example, deer, you ought to take the time and care to work up leisurely to the heavier bow. This can assist with forestalling stressed or torn muscles from here on out.
Hunting Safety Courses
Before you go out hunting, particularly on the off chance that you have not been hunting in some time, you ought to verify you partake in a hunting wellbeing course in your space. Security courses go over weapon wellbeing and dealing with, as well as educate or remind you the rudiments to the consideration and precautionary measures that ought to be taken. A considerable lot of these courses cover hunting regulations in your space, which you ought to be know all about before you go hunting. Hunting wellbeing courses are likewise really great for those people that don’t chase, however live in a space where a ton of hunting happens.
Occasional Hunting Safety
In certain areas, particularly vigorously forested regions, occasional hunting wellbeing is something that you ought to constantly remember. As numerous trackers are protesting in the streets during explicit hunting seasons, you ought to constantly verify that you are wearing splendid, effortlessly seen clothing so trackers can undoubtedly recognize that you are not a deer or one more kind of creature that they are chasing after. This applies whether you are a tracker, and particularly in the event that you are not on your own property. While hunting, you ought to continuously have consent from the land proprietors to chase on their property, so you won’t be in a space where there are probably going to be kids or people that could be coincidentally fired by one or the other firearm or bolt.
Assuming that you remember these things, you ought to have the option to go hunting without seriously jeopardizing yourself or others of injury or passing. On the off chance that you live in a space where hunting is famous, knowing hunting security rules can safeguard you also, as information is insurance with regards to weapons of any sort. | <urn:uuid:2a44d6d9-6a0f-4b16-8bd6-4495be401d60> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://presentersoline.com/where-is-the-best-country-to-leopard-hunt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.963757 | 1,269 | 1.851563 | 2 |
[Approximate Reading Time : 4 mins]
Boring writing doesn’t sell. Whether you’re starting your first book or the next exciting addition in a long series of novels, it’s essential to find a topic that appeals to your intended audience. Learn how to publish your book today by starting with an engaging topic.
Select an Audience
Who is your intended audience? Before you write what appeals to your readers, you need to have a targeted audience in mind. Consider an ideal reader based on the following factors:
- Interests and hobbies
- Political leanings and values
- Social media use
Your first draft of your intended audience profile may change, but it’s important to have a working definition of your audience. Next, use emotional connections to create a strong pull. You want your audience consist of highly motivated readers, and emotional appeals are some of the most powerful hooks for any book.
Use Your Available Resources
When you’re self-publishing, you need to find professional services that give you the same support as a large publisher. Amnet is a leading provider of author services in the form of editing, publishing assistance and project management resources. Contact us today to learn how to publish a book that appeals to your intended audience with less time and money invested. | <urn:uuid:b74ea0ea-ef78-43f2-8851-c8b1eed52a43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://amnet-systems.com/write-what-appeals-to-your-intended-audience/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.936251 | 281 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Search results are updated once every 24 hours and do not always reflect in-store availability. If the book you are looking for is not in stock, we are always happy to order it for you!
An illustrated picture book offering a playful introduction to yoga through dinosaurs.
The latest yoga picture book from bestselling author Mariam Gates introduces children to the joys and benefits of yogathrough dinosaurs! Triceratops, Pterodactyl, T-Rex, and others learn to bend, stretch, and breathe through a yoga flow. Instead of being sad, mad, or frustrated when things arent going their way, the dinosaurs practice yoga to feel better. The book features a parents guide to the depicted postures and a glossary of dinosaurs at the back.
As the creator of the celebrated Kid Power Yoga, Gates knows that teaching children yoga sets them up for better habits of flexibility, fitness, and self-soothing. With Dinosaur Yoga, kids can stomp, stretch, and snort their way to skills that will serve them for a lifetime. | <urn:uuid:861e4e44-dcae-4493-93a0-77a06188bf82> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.odysseybks.com/book/9781683643043 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.94176 | 215 | 2.171875 | 2 |
The Leader of Lewes District Council will be the keynote speaker at a London Climate Action Week event on Friday (July 1).
Councillor Zoe Nicholson’s speech will focus on the power of local action to help communities reach their net-zero goals at an online panel event from 12.30pm to 1.30pm called Pioneering new ways of investing at a local level to reach net-zero.
She said: “I am very pleased to be part of London Climate Action Week which is a great opportunity for those of us who are dedicated to taking action against climate change to connect and share ideas.
“Despite a lack of cohesive policies from government, in Lewes district we are making great efforts to achieve our commitment to being net carbon zero and fully climate resilient by 2030.
“On Friday, I look forward to talking about the importance of community support for projects like community energy and retrofitting at scale, and the role local authorities and community organisations play in meeting net zero targets.
“I am also keen to hear about work carried out elsewhere in the country towards meeting net zero goals.”
Organisations represented on the panel include Ethex, Postcode Innovation Trust, UK100, Thrive Renewables and Solar for Schools.
Councillor Nicholson added: “This is set to be an inspirational discussion for anyone interested in taking local action to tackle the global problem we are all now facing.”
Register to view the online event here: https://us02web.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_jyMQAGC2SLiOUCF3T5tApQ | <urn:uuid:04d174a5-f1b6-4825-a342-740d9a382249> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lewes-eastbourne.gov.uk/lewes-district-council-news/council-leader-is-primary-speaker-at-climate-action-event/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.934953 | 341 | 1.617188 | 2 |
GAF AG, the exclusive supplier in Europe of optical Indian Remote Sensing data from several missions, operationally provides ocean colour data from the Ocean Colour Monitor aboard the Indian Oceansat-2 in near real time to ESA.
After signing respective agreements with ESA and Antrix, the commercial arm of ISRO, GAF as the prime contractor in cooperation with DLR has upgraded the ground station in Neustrelitz to accommodate the reception of data from the Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM) aboard the Oceansat-2 Indian remote sensing (IRS) satellite. The integration and relevant tests were completed in 2015 as planned.
Since the start of the operational phase on 1st January 2016, OCM data from all the satellite passes within the five degree visibility cone of the Neustrelitz ground station has been acquired, processed to create system corrected image products and geo-physical parameter products, and delivered to ESA in near real time (NRT). Thanks to the wide swath of the OCM, Europe and the surrounding waters are covered every two days.
After registration, the data can be accessed free of charge through ESA’s EOLI-SA or through the Lite Dissemination Server. See earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/3rd-party-missions/current-missions/oceansat-2 GAF’s sub-contractor, the German Aerospace Agency (DLR), provides GAF with the satellite data reception service at its ground station in Neustrelitz. The Oceansat-2 activities in Neustrelitz are funded by and carried out under the Third Party Mission programme of the European Space Agency. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency.Download PDF: GAF_PR_Oceansat-2_OCM_102016.pdf | <urn:uuid:54e2a3b0-7ef3-4301-8f3b-61cb2fb619ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gaf.de/content/gaf-operationally-provides-ocean-colour-data-esa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.920827 | 385 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Britain has a long and distinguished history in many areas of human endeavor, but none is more impressive than their achievements in science. From the basic sciences in general, the names of Roger Bacon (1214-1294), Robert Boyle (1627-1691), Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727), John Dalton (1766-1844), Michael Faraday (1791-1867), and Lord Kelvin (1824-1907) rank among the greats of all time. It is no less the case in the fields of biology and medicine, where we will have much to say about people such as William Harvey (1578-1657), Stephen Hales (1677-1761), William (1718-1783) and John (1728-1793) Hunter, Edward Jenner (1749-1823), Sir William Hooker (1785-1865), Sir James Young Simpson (1811-1870), Charles Darwin (1809-1882), Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1912), Joseph Lord Lister (1827-1912), and many more.
The places associated with these men and women are inevitably scattered, and many more historical associations survive of some than of others. In recent British history, there have been two events in which great physical destruction took place. The first of these was their Civil War in the first half of the seventeenth century, and the second was in World War II (1939-1945). Regrettably, the history of biology and medicine did not escape these two disasters, and in addition, time and change have taken their toll. We must also note that it is only in very recent times that it was even thought desirable to preserve scientific monuments. Nevertheless, Britain is very richly endowed with such monuments.
Roads in Britain are generally good, and British Rail offers excellent service to most places. There are also many bus services. All road directions we give are from London, unless otherwise noted.
Location-35 miles southwest of London
Train-From London (Waterloo)
Road-Take the M3 or A30 towards Basingstoke. Near Camberley, turn off along the A321 to Aldershot.
Aldershot is the “military town” of England, where soldiers have been trained for over a century. However, there are also three excellent historical museums: dental, medical and nursing.
H.Q. and Training Centre
Royal Army Dental Corps
Phone: (0252)-24431 and ask for the Royal Army Dental Corps Training Center
Opening hours: Upon request at the main desk of the training center. No charge for admission.
Fortunately, the founders of this museum concentrated on dental history rather than military history, and the layout of the museum is chronological starting about 1660 and continuing to the present day. The whole museum is a remarkable documentary display of the advance of dentistry for over 300 years. Some of it is pretty grim! In addition to the various, and very interesting instruments, apparatus, etc., the visitor is reminded of the many problems and events which have affected dentistry directly and indirectly. For example, as early as the 17th century, military surgeons were required to preserve the soldiers’ front teeth so that they could bite through the cartridge when loading their flintlock muskets. With the advance of weaponry, and biting through the cartridge no longer necessary, the surgeon specialized in the preservation of the molars so that the soldiers could chew their food properly, and the front teeth were no longer considered essential! Vivid displays depict jaw and facial wounds so common in war (particularly in WW I with its trench warfare), and these involved the dentist in their repair. Quite contrary to popular belief, some remarkable “plastic surgery” was done in WW I, rather than having to wait for WW II, and much of this was done by surgeons and dentists working together. The leader in this area was the New Zealander, Sir Harold Delf Gillies (1882-1960). Of great interest also is a comparison of field dental units of WW II from British, American and German armies. One is struck at once by the enormous technical superiority of the German unit. In our opinion, this museum is a “little gem”.
Phone: (0252)-24431, Ext. Keogh 212
Opening hours: Monday-Friday: 9.00-16.00
No charge for admission.
One of the earliest recorded references to army medical doctors is found in the Greek poet Homer’s account of the siege of Troy (1190 BC), and certainly from that time onwards almost all armies have supplied some kind of medical care for their soldiers. This museum displays the development of that care, and consequently, is of great interest for the history of medicine in general.
The museum is relatively new, having been opened in 1981, but it is based on a much older one. Fortunately, it is being kept up to date under the able leadership of Lt. Colonel Roy Eyelons, who is the curator (1986), and there are even plans for expansion.
The displays are a blend of medical and military history, and are arranged chronologically in ten sections. The first section is from the earliest times to 1660, and the last from 1945 to the present. Some of the displays are very realistic and there is no attempt to hide the horrors of war, but great emphasis is placed on what the medical services can do to alleviate suffering. Some of the more spectacular items on view include the following: Hanoverian Army medical instruments from 1715, Napoleon’s dental instruments, water color drawings of the wounded at Waterloo (1815), a bullet extractor using electricity for detection, branding instruments used on deserters, iron lungs, mobile field anesthesia apparatus and a mobile surgery table with a mock casualty. All in all, an important museum in the history of medicine, and a good place to learn the important contributions made to medicine under the pressures of war.
Phone: (0252)-24431, Ext. 315 or 301
Opening hours: By appointment only, and it is necessary to phone in advance.
No charge for admission.
Within this training center for army nurses is a small museum devoted to the history of army nursing, and in fact, it supplies a history of nursing in general. A small pamphlet, as a guide, is available, and an excellent history of Queen Alexandra’s Royal Army Nursing Corps may be bought, and we recommend this.
This museum is a blend of military and nursing history, and tends to be photographic except for the displays of nurses’ uniforms. However, they have various artifacts of the nursing profession and some priceless objects such as the carriage used by Florence Nightingale (see under East Wellow, Middle Claydon and London, St. Thomas’ Hospital) in the Crimea. The displays are arranged chronologically, and at present, the museum is being redesigned and will, in due course, exhibit many new items from their un-displayed collections. This is the only Nursing Museum we are aware of, and is well worth a visit.
Before leaving Aldershot, the visitor will no doubt wish to see many other things there of historical interest. These are explained in a pamphlet entitled “Aldershot Military Town Trail”, which contains directions for seeing such diverse items as a Dakota preserved from WWII and a military horse cemetery!
Location – 35 miles South of London
Train – From London (Victoria) to Haywards Heath, and then by bus or taxi to Ardingly.
Road – Take the A23 going south from central London and join the M23 towards Brighton. Just past Crawley join the A23 again as far as Handcross. Then turn left (east) onto B2110 towards Balcombe, and follow this across the reservoir. At Ardingly turn left (north) onto B2028 to Wakehurst Place Gardens.
Wakehurst Place Gardens
Summer daily 10.00-19.00
Winter daily 10.00-16.00
Small charge for admission.
Wakehurst Place is a National Trust property leased to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food as an addition to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew (see under Kew). This supplies Kew with a much greater variety of growing conditions for various plants, and much larger facilities for botanic research. The gardens consist of 462 acres, most of which is natural woodland, in which the visitor can roam freely. This is an ideal place to see various species of trees, shrubs, etc., and their ecology in the natural woodlands of the area. Also there are extensive formal gardens, where there are large numbers of imported species – – all beautifully maintained.
It is here at Wakehurst that the Royal Botanic Gardens perform all their plant physiological research. They are particularly concerned with the physiology of seeds, seed germination and storage. They maintain a seed bank for many different types of people, including conservationists. They are concerned to find out how long various seeds can be stored and still remain viable. There is enormous variation between species, but most can probably be stored from 50-100 years.
Inscribed on the sundial within the gardens are the following lines by the American poet John Whittier (1807-1892), which expresses the attitude of those who love plants:
Give fools their gold and knaves their power
Let fortune’s bubbles rise and fall
Who sows a field, or trains a flower
Or plants a tree, is more than all.
Although the primary function of Wakehurst Place is scientific botany, it is also a very beautiful place and should not be missed.
Location-50 miles southeast of London.
Train-From London (Charing Cross)
Road-Take the A20 to the south, and follow this (or the M20) through Maldstone to Ashford.
Ashford, Kent, is not known to have been directly associated with William Harvey (see also under Folkestone, Canterbury and Hempsted), the man who discovered and proved the phenomenon of blood circulation. But the country of Kent is “Harvey Country”, so to speak, for it was here that he was born and brought up, and there are two things in Ashford which commemorate the memory of this giant of medicine.
Willesborough is a suburb of Ashford, which has a nice pub called “The William Harvey”. However, more important is the fact that in the garden of the pub, there is a fine statue of William Harvey. It has an interesting history. About 160 years ago it was sculptured by Henry Weekes, and stood outside the Royal College of Physicians in London. During WWII, the college was badly bombed and the statue damaged. While the debris was being cleaned up, and in some way, no one knows how, the statue found its way to the garden of this pub where it is today! It is well looked after and interesting to see. Also in Willesborough is the new William Harvey Hospital and outside the main entrance is a copy of the William Harvey statue at Folkestone. It is very impressive.
Location-105 miles west of London and 12 miles south of Gloucester.
Train-From London (Paddington) to Gloucester, and then by bus or taxi to Berkeley.
Road-Take the M4 to the west as far as exit 20 (which is where it crosses the M5). Take the M5 north to exit 14 and then join the A38 north to Stone. At Stone, take the B4509 (left) to Berkeley.
Berkeley (pronounced Barkeley) will remain celebrated for all time as the birthplace and home of one of mankind’s greatest benefactors, Edward Jenner (1749-1823), whose monumental work first brought under control the dread disease of smallpox, and which it would not appear has been eradicated from the earth- – we may hope forever.
Opening hours: April 1-September 30, every day, 11.00-17.30
October-Sundays only, 11.00-17.30
Small charge for admission.
In a world now devoid of this disease, it is really very difficult for us to understand the terrible scourge of smallpox. It was highly contagious, and many a doctor contracted it while trying to treat a patient. It killed thousands (particularly children) and left other thousands visibly and badly scarred for life. The disease was probably of eastern origin and was brought to Europe by returning crusaders in the 11th and 12th centuries. From there, in due course, it spread throughout the world. It was a major factor in the virtual extermination of the North American Indian.
Edward Jenner was born in Berkeley, where his father was vicar, but at the age of five, both his mother and father died leaving him an orphan under the care of his elder brother Stephen, another clergyman. At the early age of twelve, Edward was apprenticed to a surgeon, David Ludlow, under whom he worked for nine years. Then at the age of twenty-one, he went to London to study anatomy and surgery under the most famous doctor of his day, John Hunter (see under London and East Kilbride) with whom he corresponded until the latter’s death in 1793. In 1773, Jenner returned to Berkeley, established himself in medical practice there, and in due course, married Catherine Kingscote. Upon marriage, they moved into Chantry Cottage, where they lived (with only short absences) for the rest of their lives.
Jenner, following the accepted practice of his day, inoculated many of his patients against smallpox (using fluid from a smallpox pustule) but soon found that some patients were resistant to the disease, and learned further that these patients had apparently all had a disease contracted from cows, known as cowpox. This is a relatively rare and mild disease, though prevalent in Western England at the time, and Jenner found that amongst milkmaids and others having close contact with cows, it is generally believed that contraction of cowpox gave protection, if not complete immunity, against smallpox. Thus it occurred to Jenner that if patients were inoculated with the fluid of a pustule of cowpox, from which they would contract cowpox (hopefully in mild form), that this might confer immunity to smallpox. Furthermore, and most important, Jenner hoped to create a reservoir of cowpox by transferring the disease via inoculation from human to human. This indeed proved possible, and it also proved possible to artificially store and ship the fluid obtained from a pustule of cowpox.
Jenner was reluctant to try the crucial experiment, but finally on May 14, 1796 (perhaps remembering the famous advice of his former teacher, John Hunter, “But why think? Why not try the experiment?”), Jenner inoculated an eight year old boy, James Phipps, with the fluid from a cowpox pustule obtained from a milkmaid who had the disease. James contracted cowpox, but recovered within a few days. Then on July 1, the same year, Jenner inoculated him with smallpox and to everyone’s delight, the boy did not contract smallpox.
Jenner understood the importance and potential of his discovery, and in the following year, 1797, he sent a short paper on the subject to the President (Sir Joseph Banks) of the Royal Society. His paper was rejected! However, in 1798, he published, at his own expense, a short book describing the nature of cowpox and the immunity (not permanent) it confers against smallpox. The book was entitled: “An inquiry into the Causes and Effects of Variolae Vaccinae, a disease discovered in some of the Western Counties of Cowpox”. It was the result of enormous perseverance and careful reasoning, and is one of the great works in medical history. With its publication, Jenner may be considered the founder of immunology with all the blessings which since have followed from it. He also coined the word virus (Latin=poison or slimy liquid). The process of inoculation with cowpox quickly became known as vaccination (Latin: vacca=cow), and soon spread far and wide.
Mary, Countess of Berkeley (1767-1844), a very influential local woman, persuaded Jenner to vaccinate her large family of children, and through her, Jenner also vaccinated the royal children of George III. This helped enormously to spread and popularize vaccination. By 1801, it was being used extensively in the Persian Gulf and India, and Jenner personally sent vaccine to President Thomas Jefferson of the United States, who vaccinated his family and friends at Monticello.
Fame, honors, but little fortune were poured upon Edward Jenner after his discovery. Yet it is nice to record that despite this, he remained a simple country doctor in his native Berkeley. The British Parliament voted him a grant of money, which made life easier for him, and in 1804, although Britain and France were at war, Napoleon Bonaparte had a medal struck in his honor, and in 1805, made vaccination compulsory in the French Army. Also at Jenner’s personal request, Napoleon released some British prisoners, and in so doing is said to have remarked: “We can refuse nothing to that man”. Such was Jenner’s prestige.
Jenner’s wife, Catherine, died in 1815, and he later died of a stroke in 1823. Despite the fact that he could have been buried in Westminster Abby, he preferred Berkeley Church where his body lies today.
The Chantry (formerly Edward Jenner’s house) was bought by the Jenner Trust and the British Society of Immunology, and opened as the Jenner Museum in May 1985. There was previously a small museum in a little house on Church Lane.
The rooms comprising the museum are as follows:
1. Entrance Hall, with various items for sale and pictures depicting various events in Jenner’s life.
2. The Jenner Room, with cases of articles belonging to Jenner, including some of his instruments, manuscripts, photographs, paintings, prints, publications, family letters and his original handwritten will of 34 pages.
3. The Smallpox Vaccination Room, with pictures of people with cowpox and smallpox, cases of instruments used in vaccination, and cases of honors bestowed on Jenner.
4. The Study. Jenner’s original study, with his furniture, instruments, books, etc., all beautifully restored and displayed behind glass.
5. The WHO room. The World Health Organization Room, with displays depicting the work of WHO.
6. The Immunology Room, showing the history of immunology from a historical perspective.
7. There are also administrative offices and a conference room
Adjacent to the Chantry is the Jenner Hut or Temple of Vaccinia, where Jenner vaccinated the poor from far and wide, and also the village church where he and his immediate family are buried. His grave is near the altar. Jenner was born in what is now the town post office.
No visitor to Berkeley will want to miss Berkeley Castle, which adjoins the churchyard on the outskirts of the town. This is the private residence of the Berkeley family, but is periodically open to the public by the Berkeley’s permission. Incidentally, the Berkeley family goes back 800 years in a direct male line! Of great interest, also is that the Berkeley family has always been concerned with the support of potentially great men and their achievements, for not only did they sponsor Edward Jenner, but William Harvey as well. Of further interest is the fact that it was a member of the Berkeley family who gave his library to start the now famous University of California at Berkeley.
In addition to all these interesting things to see at Berkeley, we would recommend that visitors also take the opportunity to see the magnificent Jenner statue in Gloucester Cathedral, and the nearby and fascinating Wildfowl Trust at Slimbridge.
Location – 110 miles southwest of London, near Bournemouth.
Train – From London (Waterloo) to Bournemouth, then by taxi to Broadstone.
Road – From London take the M3 or the A30 to beyond
Basingstoke, and fork onto the A33 to Winchester. Follow the A33 around Winchester and then fork on to the M27 towards Cadnam. At Cadnam join the A31 to Ringwood and Wimborne Minster. At Wimborne Minster take the A349 towards Poole, but before reaching Poole take the small marked road to Broadstone.
Broadstone Cemetary is the final resting place of the great biologist and explorer Alfred Russel Wallace (1823-1913). Wallace died in a house he owned nearby, but it has now been completely demolished.
Alfred Russel Wallace was born in Usk, Monmouthshire, on the north side of the Severn in Wales. (The house in which he was born still stands, but it is privately occupied.) His family suffered periodic economic setbacks, but he appears to have had a happy childhood though a minimum of formal schooling. Wallace is an excellent example of a self-educated man. He never attended university, but by wide reading from the earliest age onwards he became a very knowledgeable person. For several years he worked with his brother, William, as a surveyor, but in 1848, at the age of 25, he set out on the first of his many travels to far away lands. From 1848-1852, he explored the Amazon basin, and collected and studied prodigious amounts of natural material which he took with him on the return voyage to England. However, disaster overtook the ship on which he was traveling. It caught fire and sank, and Wallace barely escaped with his life. All of his specimens were lost. Despite this, in the following year, 1853, he published his fascinating book “A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro.” The evidence is clear that from this time, perhaps before, Wallace was interested in organic evolution, and the mechanism of “speciation.” In 1854 Wallace set out for the Malay Archipelago, and for the next 8 years he explored and collected in the general region of what is now known as Indonesia. One of his specific aims was to study the geographical distribution of animals, with the hope of uncovering their evolutionary origins. He was eminently successful in his quest! In 1858, while Charles Darwin (see under Downe) was at work on his book, which was eventually to become “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,” Wallace wrote to Darwin and Wallace, and thus Wallace may rightly be described as the co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection. However, it was left to Darwin to put the theory forth in understandable terms, to document it with his overwhelming amount of evidence, and to explain its scientific implications. In 1862, Wallace returned to England, hailed as a great naturalist, and rightly so. In 1869 his experiences in Malay were put forth in his book “The Malay Archipelago: The Land of the Orang-Utan, and the Bird of Paradise. A Narrative of Travel with Studies of Man and Nature.” It is one of the best natural history books ever written. More important still, from a scientific point of view, was his work. “The Geographical Distribution of Animals” (1876). With this he founded the science of animal geography and it is still read by professional students of the subject today. It explains the mechanisms, on a worldwide basis, by which animals have evolved in their present habitats. Wallace wrote a great deal more in his long life of 90 years, and in some of these his curious religious views are intermingles with his scientific though. But it is for those works already mentioned, and his great theory of evolution by natural selection, that he will be remembered as a evolution by natural selection, that he will be remembered as a naturalist and scientist of the highest rank.
To find Wallace’s grave in Broadstone Cemetary, enter by the main gate and follow down the walkway. Less than 100 yards on the right, and near the walkway, you will see a large simulated tree trunk on top of his grave. He and his wife, Annie, are buried side by side here, and there are two simples’ plaques on the tomb giving their names, birth and death dates. It is a pleasant thought that the great, and widely traveled naturalist lies in such a beautiful place.
Location-55 miles north of London.
Train-From London (Liverpool Street)
Road-Take the A11 which leads into the M11 at Wanstead. Follow the M11 until it again joins the A11 until just beyond Great Chesterford, then take the left fork onto the A130, which leads via A10 into Cambridge.
The history of Cambridge goes back to Roman times, when there was a Roman camp. However, when the Domesday Book was compiled 1000 years later in 1086 AD, there were still only 400 houses in Cambridge. Today, its frame rests on its university, one of the truly great educational centers of the world. It is younger than Oxford, and it is probable that its history is a “community of scholars” goes back to 1209, when some scholars from Oxford settled there after being forced to leave Oxford because of “trouble with the townspeople”! But by the middle of the century, it could rightly claim to be a university. In 1284 the university’s first college, Peterhouse, was founded, and many more have been founded over the centuries. At present, there are 31 different colleges.
The university is basically a federal structure, in which the colleges are semi-autonomous, and all students must belong to a college. However, it is the university which imposes minimum entrance requirements, is responsible for formal instruction, conducts examinations, and confers degrees.
Cambridge is an exciting, dynamic, and very pleasant place, and for “first-time” visitors, we cannot recommend too strongly that as soon as possible they visit the Tourist Information Center. It is in Wheeler Street, an extension of Benet Street, which in turn runs off King’s Parade. It is open Monday-Friday, 9.30-17.30, Saturdays 9.00-17.00, closed Sundays. Not only is the Information Center a mine of information on all things the visitor needs, but in addition it conducts guided “Walking Tours of the Colleges”. These are normally at 11.00 and 14.00, Monday-Saturday, and last about 1 ½ hours. They are popular and limited to 20 persons each. Thus it is best to buy your ticket well in advance if possible. This tour will give you a marvelous introduction and orientation to Cambridge and its university. One of the many nice things about Cambridge is that it is still small enough and concentrated enough, that virtually everything the visitor may want to see can be reached on foot, and that is certainly the way to see it. The main life of the city is on either side of the central street of St. Johns- -Trinity- -King’s Parade- -Trumpington.
In contrast to Oxford University, Cambridge has always encouraged the sciences, and has produced such men as William Harvey, Sir Isaac Newton, Stephen Hales, Charles Darwin and Francis Crick, all of whom had an enormous impact on the development of biology and medicine. Within the various colleges, laboratories, museums, etc., science has flourished, and the visitor to Cambridge can see some of the places associated with the great development of biology which has taken place there. We must stress, however, that Cambridge University and its colleges are active educational and research institutions, and the visitor should respect this fact and not expect to be able to see everything on demand. The porters’ offices at the entrance to colleges, are however, generally cooperative, and will tell you what is open to the public and what is not.
It was here that William Harvey was a student between 1593-1599. His life,
discoveries and work are described under Folkestone. It is regrettable, however, that virtually nothing survives at the college that is known to have been associated with Harvey. It is not even known which rooms he occupied, but nevertheless, it is exciting to realize that Harvey once walked the courtyards and corridors to this college. There is a so- called “Harvey Court”, but it is modern and simply named in Harvey’s honor. Of particular
interest is their magnificent historical library with a fine collection of 16th and 17th century medical works from Padua, and there is little doubt that Harvey was aware of these, which in due course, led him to study at Padua, then the foremost medical school in the world.
The college library is not open to the public, but one may request to see it.
This was the college of Sir Isaac Newton who was a student here between 1661- 1665. However, he stayed on at Cambridge as a professor until 1701. Newton was of course not principally famous for biological discoveries, but his work in physics and mathematics was so great that it influenced all science, and it would be inappropriate to ignore him while we were describing historical scientific associations in Cambridge. The rooms that Newton occupied, while at Trinity College, are known. They are at ground level and the exterior aspect is usually pointed out by the guide in one of the “Walking Tours of the Colleges”. Of further interest is the fact that in the entrance hall of the Trinity College Chapel (usually open), there is a magnificent statue of Newton as a young man.
This is where Stephen Hales was a student. He is often referred to as the founder of plant physiology. His work is described under Teddington. Stephen Hales’ days as a student at Corpus Christi were from 1696-1700, but like Newton he stayed on at Cambridge, in his case until 1709. The only part of the College that survives from Hales’ days in the Old Court, which dates from 1350. The rest of the college is later than the 17th century. Stephen Hales unquestionably occupied rooms somewhere around the Old Court, but it is not known which ones. The Old Court can be found through an arch way to the left of the present Main Court. For those with more than passing interest in Stephen Hales, it is possible to purchase (for £1) at the college office, an excellent biography of him by the late Dr. A.E. Clark-Kennedy.
St. Andrews Street
This was the college of Charles Darwin. His life and work are described under Downe. Darwin was a student at Christ’s from 1827-1831, and his major field of study was theology. However, it was during his days here that his biological interests were established, mainly due to the influence of Professor John Stevens Henslow (1796-1861), a very distinguished botanist, with whom he became a close friend. They are off the main quad to the right, up a small flight of stairs, and they are referred to as G4. One may see the location, but the rooms are privately occupied. In the main dining room, which can usually be seen if not in actual use, is a magnificent portrait of Darwin by W.W. Ouless, alongside other portraits of Christ’s importance also at Christ’s is their superb historical library, which is the same library Darwin knew and used. They have, among other things, over 100 letters, written by Darwin, while he was a student at Christ’s. The library is not open to the public, but permission to see it can be requested.
This college is of recent origin and is located in a lovely old house which belonged to one of the sons of Charles Darwin. Of great interest is the fact that it was here that Gwen Raverat (née Darwin, and Charles’ granddaughter) was brought up, and it was the setting for her classic work “Period Piece”.
Opening hours: Monday-Friday only, 14. 15-16.45.
Children must be accompanied by an adult.
No charge for admission.
The department has had a long and distinguished history in the development of modern zoology. It is a research and teaching department, but they have a very fine Museum of Zoology as well. It is not intended as a Natural History Museum. All the main groups of animals are arranged systematically, and it emphasizes taxonomy, anatomy and ecology. It Is very modern, and the exhibits superbly displayed. The curator is Mr. R.D. Norman, and if he is not busy (unlikely!), you may ask to see same of their very special
collections, which include fish and birds (including some Galapagos Finches) collected by Charles Darwin. They also have slides of the appendages of Darwin’s famous collection of barnacles, which he used as the basic material for these two volumes on living barnacles, and two on fossil barnacles. The zoological museum is a fascinating place for those with an interest in biology and its history.
The Botany Department
Opening hours: Normal academic hours.
No charge for admission.
Historically this may be described as one of the homes of modern botany, for it is here for over two hundred years that botany has been pursued as a science rather than simply as an aid to medicine or as horticulture. This is an active department of teaching and research, but the visitor may ask to see their superb botanic library, and above all, their unique herbarium. Within this herbarium are the Galapagos plant specimens collected 150 years ago by Charles Darwin himself, and which played such a large role in helping him to unravel his theories on evolution. The “line of descent”, so to speak, for this collection was from Darwin to Professor John Henslow, to Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker to the Botany Department. Amazingly enough the collection is still not yet fully studied and documented. Within the library are some very fine busts of famous botanists which the visitor can see.
The Old Cavendish Laboratory
Free School Lane
It was here between 1951 and 1953 that Francis Crick and James Watson unraveled the structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA), the basic material of life, and this was certainly the most important biological discovery of this century. In addition to Crick and Watson, Ernest Rutherford, J. J. Thomson and James Clerk Maxwell all worked within the walls of the Old Cavendish Laboratory. Crick and Watson actually worked in the Austin
Wing (clearly marked), and on the wall outside the main entrance is a plaque
commemorating the distinguished scientific history of the institute. Of interest also is the little house where Francis Crick lived while working on the structure of DNA. It is at 19- 20 Portugal Place, and has a “golden helix” hung above the front door! It is a private residence but visitors can see the outside. Francis Crick was born in Northampton in 1916 of middle class business-minded parents, and he was the only member of the family to exhibit an interest and indeed passion for science. In due course (1937) he received a B.SC. Degree in physics from University College, London, and afterwards worked as a research student until the coming of World War II in 1939 when he became a physicist with the British Admiralty. It was here in the Mine Design Department that he demonstrated his ability to go straight to the central core of a particular problem. However, it was not until 1947 that he went to Cambridge and turned his attention to biology, as distinct from physics. He joined the Cavendish Laboratory and was admitted as a Ph.D. student, in 1949, working on x-ray diffraction of protein. Here in 1951 he became associated with a young visiting American biologist, James Watson, and together for two years they worked “on and off” on the structure of DNA. They were successful beyond their wildest dreams. James Dewey Watson’s career, up to this time, had been less spectacular than Crick’s, but he was regarded as a very able young biologist. Born in Chicago in 1928, he received, in due course, his B.S. from the University of Chicago, and his Ph.D. from the University of Indiana, and at the time he met and worked with Crick as a “visiting fellow” in various places in Europe.
On April 25, 1953, Crick and Watson published the British journal Nature, their classic one page article “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids”. In it they gave a diagram of what has become famous as the “double helix”, and in addition made a superb understatement, “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material”. Their theoretical structure and postulation proved to be correct, and with it a new era of genetic and molecular research, with all its implications, was ushered in. In 1962, Crick and Watson were awarded the Nobel Prize for their work, but it is important to point out that their achievements did not occur “in vacuo”, for the Nobel Prize also went to Maurice Wilkins, John Kendrew and Max Perutz, all of Whom contributed to this discovery. Many people have regretted that the prize was not also awarded to their co-worker, Rosalind Franklin, who died so tragically soon after this great event. Francis Crick and James Watson have both gone on to distinguished biological careers.
The Whipple Museum of the History of Science
Free School Lane
Opening hours: Monday-Friday 14.00-16.00
No charge for admission.
This is part of the University’s Department of the History and Philosophy of Science. Here in this museum are superb historical collections of microscopes, telescopes, mathematical instruments and apparatus of great variety, much of it used directly in medicine. There is also a library devoted to the history of science.
The University Botanic Garden
Opening Hours: Monday-Saturday 8.00-17.00
No charge for admission.
This botanic garden is under the direction of the botany department. Its main functions are research and education, as has been the case since its inception, but it is a very beautiful place as well, and a haven of peace and quiet- -reinforced by the signs which read “no dogs, no games, no bicycles, no transistors”! Founded in 1760, it moved to its present site of 40 acres in 1831 . At this time Professor John Stevens Henslow (see previously) was Professor of Botany. He was a very dynamic and farsighted young man, and set the tone for the whole development of the garden, which still goes on today. The research function of the garden has tended to concentrate on taxonomy, but much plant genetic work has also been done there, included that of Sir William Bateson. In recent years the research function has increased, and they also train very high quality horticulturalists. In addition to the many special gardens and glass houses, there is a systematic garden with over 80 families of plants represented, and the trees surrounding the outer edge of the eastern half are planted in taxonomic groupings. A systematic garden is one in which the plants are placed and grown in their natural and evolutionary relationships. Being primarily a research botanic garden, it naturally has an extensive library which is particularly strong in the history of horticulture of the 17th and 18th centuries. There are also many unique and valuable general holdings going back to pre- Linnean times. There is also an extensive collection of botanical serials, monographs, maps, etc., some extinct journals and very interesting floras. All in all, the University Botanic Garden is one of the best and most distinguished in the world, and continues to play a large role in the development of scientific botany.
The Cambridge University Main Library
Opening hours: Not open to the public except by special permission, but from Monday- Friday at 15.00, the public can be shown around the library.
This is a vast modern complex dating from 1934. It was designed by the architect Sir Gilbert Scott. However, the origins of the University Library go back to the 14th century, and it was well established by the beginning of the 15th century. Since then it has had a checkered history, but today is certainly one of the great libraries of the world, and is particularly strong in the natural sciences. It is one of five copyright libraries in Britain, and as such, is entitled to a free copy of every book published in Britain. Its historical collections in the natural sciences are probably unrivaled anywhere. A very interesting historical sketch booklet of the library is available, and for lovers of biology, there is also published a “Handlist of Darwin Papers” in the possession of the library. The university library is the main depository for the Darwinian papers and books. Some of these are at times on special display, but normally are not available to the public except by special permission for scholarly purposes. The Cambridge University Library played, and continues to play, a huge role in the ongoing development of the science of biology.
Opening hours: Tuesday-Saturday 10.00-17.00
Sunday 14. 15-17.00
Small charge for admission.
In addition to the foregoing places of biological interest, no visitor to Cambridge will want to miss the Fitzwilliam Museum. Unfortunately, this marvelous museum is having such financial troubles that they have had to close some of the galleries on alternate days- -very distressing for the short term visitor. This is not a museum of science, but a great art and antiquities museum.
Location-SS miles southeast of London
Train-From London (Victoria) direct.
Road-Pick up the A2 at Greenwich and follow this southeast through Rochester,
Gillingham, Sittingborne and on to Canterbury.
Canterbury, Kent, is famous for its Cathedral, and the fact that it is considered “the home” of Protestant religions. However, Canterbury has another claim to fame, namely that William Harvey (see also under Ashford, Folkestone and Hempstead) attended the King’s School as a young student. The King’s School adjoins the Cathedral and is closely associated with it.
The King’s School is a choir school, whose origins are lost in antiquity but certainly go back well over 1000 years. The main entrance to the school is through the 13th century gate off Broad Street, which leads into the Green Court, and the buildings of the school surround this. There are many other walking entrances, including some from the gardens of the Cathedral. There is even an older entrance gate dating from the 11th century, but it is now bricked over, though still easily seen.
In 1588, at the age of 10, Harvey entered the King’s School, and remained there for 5 years. He was not a King’s scholar, but a day pupil, and probably lived in Hawks Lane, which still survives, though the actual house he lived in is not known. All the memorabilia associated with Harvey which the school possessed have been scattered since Harvey was there. However, it is a fascinating place to visit and realize that William Harvey studied and walked in these same building and grounds four centuries ago. He is by far their most distinguished pupil! Of course, the visitor to King’s School will also wish to see the adjoining Cathedral, which is the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury and has a very long and interesting history.
Location – 15 miles south of London
Train – From London (Victoria) to Bromley South, then by taxi or bus #146 (infrequent) to the village of Downe.
Road – From Londo, take the A21 south at Lewisham and follow this through Bromley and on to Bromley Common (near Hayes) and then take the right fork onto the A233. Follow this for about 2 miles where there is a left turn on a small country road to the village of Downe.
Here in this village at Down House, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) lived and worked for the last 40 years of his life. The house is now a museum and is owned and operated by the Royal College of Surgeons.
Phone – Farnborough 59119
Daily 13.00 – 18.00
Closed Monday and Friday, also for the month of February.
Small charge for admission.
It has often been said that Darwin’s work, “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”, published in 1859, has had more effect on the way people thing than any other book ever written. Be that as it may, it certainly revolutionized the natural sciences, and biology in particular, and it is interesting to discover what sort of man brought about this revolution.
Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury (see under Shrewsbury) in 1809. His father was Robert Waring Darwin, a well-to-do country doctor, and his mother’s maiden name was Susannah Wedgwood, one of the daughters of Josiah Wedgwood, the founder of the famous pottery and china firm. Charles’ mother died when he was only weight, but apart from this he had a happy, though uninspiring childhood. He was no scholar, and because of this was often at odds with his father. However in 1825, at the age of 16, Charles accompanied his elder brother to Edinburgh University to study medicine. This only lasted two years, mainly due to his revulsion at operation performed without anesthetics. He left Edinburgh, and from 1827-1831, he attended Christ’s College, himself for the clergy. However, while at Cambridge, he became a close friend of a brilliant young botany professor, John Stevens Henslow, and it can be said that Henslow altered the course of Darwin’s life by instilling in him a deep interest in botany and natural science. Shortly after Darwin left Cambridge, with a poor degree, Professor Henslow recommended him for the post of naturalist on a naval ship about to undertake a long and difficult voyage. Charles was offered and accepted this position, and from 1831-1836, he sailed around the world in H.M.S. Beagle. The voyage of this ship, and the consequences for Darwin, has recently been told in the magnificent seven part B.B.C. production “The Voyage of Charles Darwin”. If it is possible to see it, we cannot recommend it too strongly. Certainly anyone who has seen it will want to see Downe. This voyage was the most important event in Charles’ life, for it was this that developed him into a mature and critical scientist, and gave rise to all his future theories.
After returning to England (which he never left again) in 1836 he wrote a great deal about his experiences as a naturalist during the voyage, particularly on zoology, botany and geology, and he quickly became known as one of the leading naturalist of his day. In 1839 he married his cousin Emma Wedgwood, and three years later they moved into Down House, where they lived for the rest of their lives. Here on this small estate they raised a family of 10 children (only 7 of whom survived to maturity), and here Darwin, who suffered from chronic ill health, found the peace and solitude he needed to study, to work and to write. It is appropriate to note that the world owes as much to his wife, Emma, as to Darwin himself. For it was she who nursed him for over 40 years and gave him the encouragement, peace and quiet to pursue his work. It is not generally realized that Darwin wrote over 20 books in his lifetime, and over 100 scientific articles. He was a meticulous and thorough worker, to whom time was of little importance in the development of his ideas. In 1837, one year after his return from the voyage of the Beagle, he started a notebook concerning his ideas on “The Transmutation of Species,” which later evolved into “The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection.” In 1842 and 1844 he wrote out complete sketches of his theories. These manuscripts survive, but they were never published in his day, he was far too cautious. Finally in 1858, while he was work on his book concerning evolution, and after receiving the famous letter from Alfred Russel Wallace (see under Broadstone), he and Wallace had a joint paper on the subject read before the Linnean Society of London. It was entitled “On the Tendency of Species to Form Varieties; and On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Means of Selection.” The reading, and subsequent publication of this paper, caused little interest, but when in the following year, 1859, “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection” was published the reaction was quite different. The world was in fact never been the same since, for it transformed not only all of biology and became its central theory, but it also transformed man’s way of thinking and looking at himself, often described as his place in nature. Darwin quickly became world famous, and although a great deal of abuse was showered upon rejected by the old. However they have stood the test of time, and all modern biology is founded on them. Despite his world-wide fame, Darwin died, and despite all the controversy that had surrounded him, so high had his esteem become that he was buried in Westminster Abbey, where the visitor today may see his tombstone.
Down House is preserved much as Darwin left it. The whole ground floor is open to the public (the upper floors are privately occupied) and comprises six rooms, the Hall, the New Study, the Drawing Room, the Charles Darwin Room, the Erasmus Darwin Room and the Old Study. The contents of each room are well marked, explained and beautifully displayed. They contain a wealth of information about the life and work of Charles and his family. Most of the furniture is original, including his desk and chair and his family. Most of the furniture is original, including his desk and chair at which he wrote many of his works, including “The Origin.” The Old Study is much as he would have known it each day as he went in to work, including its spittoon and sitzbath! Some of his personal library is still there. The ground floor of the house is truly a thrilling place, but after it has been seen, the visitor should not neglect to walk down to the bottom of the garden and around the Sand Walk, where Darwin used to walk almost every day, and which he called his “Thinking Path.” Down House is, so to speak, the “Mecca” of biologists, and will not disappoint anyone interested in the history of biology or even the larger of human history in general. Our enthusiasm for Down House was also shared by the Darwin family themselves, for in her “Period Piece,” Mrs. Gwen Raverat , a granddaughter of Charles Darwin, wrote: “For us, everything at Down was perfect. That was axiom. And by us I mean, not only the children, but all the uncles and aunts who belonged there —everything there was different. And better.”
Downe is full of stories about Charles Darwin, and there are other associations which the visitor will hear about, but it is worthwhile mentioning that despite the general hostility of the church and clergy towards Darwin and his theories, there is, on the side of the Church of St.Mary the Virgin, overlooking a sundial and the village square of Downe, the following inscription:
This Sundial is in memory of
Who lived and worked in Downe
For 40 years
He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Have lunch at the George and Dragon Pub (where Darwin himself drank his ale) and then walk along Luxted Road to Down House!
The Royal College of Surgeons of England
Lincoln’s Inn Fields
Phone – 01-405-3474
Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
Children are not admitted.
The Royal College of Surgeons, which incorporates the Hunterian Museum, was established in its modern form in 1800. It was based then, as now, on the humanitarianism, educational concepts and professionalism which John Hunter (1728-1793) established as the blueprint for medical training, and which became established as the blueprint for medical training, and which became the subsequent pattern followed by medical schools in both Britian and the United States. The major function of the Royal College of Surgeons can be summed up by saying that it is to maintain and improved the standards of surgery in all their varied aspects and it has played an enormous and world wide role in these respects. It is an entirely autonomous body, all of their funds coming from their Fellows and public subscriptions, but none from the government.
It is important to note that the college, including its magnificent Hunterian Museum, is an active working organization, and is not open to the general public. However, it is open to members of scientific societies. Other individuals and groups must make application is neither a natural history museum, nor a museum of medical history. Visitors require some basic knowledge of biology to appreciate it. It is not suitable for children and they are not allowed. Having said all this, we will add that the curator and the porter in charge at the front desk are generally cooperative. But they have responsibilities to the institution they serve, and the public must respect these.
John Hunter (see also under East Kilbride) can figuratively be described as the “Patron-Saint” of the Royal College of Surgeons. Just as his famous brother William Hunter (see under East Kilbride) established obstetrics as a medical science, so also did John put surgery into a scientific category rather than a “butchery procedure” practiced largely by barbers and other untrained people. He eventually became surgeon-extraordinary to King George III and in 1783 established his own medical school in what is now Leicester Square. Here the student had to undergo rigorous training, study animal and human specimens, attend lectures and practical classes, and do research. All the things we now take for granted in medical training. Honors poured in upon him, and over 1000 of his students spread his ideas and methods throughout the modern world. He died 1793 established his own medical school in what is now Leicester Square. Here the student had to undergo rigorous training, study animal and human specimens, attend lectures and practical classes, and do research. All the things we now take for granted in medical training. Honors poured in upon him, and over 1000 of his students spread his ideas and methods throughout the modern world. He died in 1793, probably from syphilis, with which he inoculated himself in order to distinguish it from gonorrhea. Dedication!—but unfortunately the experiment failed into the bargain! He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
By far the most important exhibit at the Royal College of Surgeons is the Hunterian Museum. Originally, Hunter’s collection comprised about 14,000 specimens, but time, and above all the World War II bombing of the college have reduced the number considerably. Nevertheless, there are still many thousands left and they are magnificently displayed in this lovely and fascinating museum. All the more, remarkable when one realizes that most of it is the work of one man and the specimens are 200 years old! Within the displays are dissections illustrating all the main basic structures and functions of the animal form. These include the endoskeleton, joints, and muscular systems, and nervous systems, organs of special sense, integumentary system, organs of locomotion, the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems, as well as ductless glands. One is immediately struck by the incredible skill of the dissections. Guide books to the museum are available, and there are also many other interesting publications on sale. The staff is dedicated, enthusiastic and helpful. All in all, a visit to the Hunterian Museum is a thrilling experience.
The Royal College of Surgeons also has a superb collection of the medical instruments of Joseph Lord Lister (see under Glasgow), many of which are on display in the lobby and can easily be seen. There is also a large statue of John Hunter which dominates the lobby, and there are lovely original portraits by Sir Joshua Reynolds and others. The library of the college (which can only be seen by special permission) is one of the great medical libraries of the world, with priceless holdings, including all Hunter’s publications, and most of his case books. Regrettably, his manuscripts are mostly lost.
Finally let us point out that in the central party of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, on the Kingsway side near where Sardinia Street enters, there is a new and lovely mounted bust of John Hunter.
EAST KILBRIDE (Lanarkshire), Scotland
Location-About 400 miles north and slightly west of London, and 10 miles east of Glasgow.
Train-From London (Euston) to Glasgow (Central) and then by taxi or bus to East Kilbride.
Road-There are two main routes from London to Glasgow:
1. Take the M1 north to Leeds, then join the A65 to Skipton and on to entrance 36 to the M6. Go north on the M6 around Carlisle and join the A74 which will join the M74. Take exit 6 which leads along the A74. Take exit 6 which leads along the A74 into Glasgow.
2. Take the Al to Scotch Corner and turn left along the A6 to entrance 40 on the M6. Follow the M6 north and join the A74, which will in turn join the M74. Take exit 6 which leads along the A74 into Glasgow.
To reach East Kilbride from Glasgow by car, take the A749 through Rutherglen to East Kilbride. Upon entering the latter, take the Calderwood turning, where there is a sign pointing to the Hunter Museum on Maxwellton Road.
Hunter Museum (or Hunter House)
Phone: -East Kilbride 23993 or East Kilbride 41111
Opening hours: There are no regular opening hours, but it is only necessary to phone in advance for an appointment. There is a Hunter Trust which administers the museum under the patronage of the Royal College of Surgeons and the University of Glasgow.
Small charge for admission.
Seldom have two such brilliant men come from the same family as William. (1718-1783) and John (1728-1793) Hunter, both of whom distinguished themselves as doctors, and left lasting contributions to medicine. Both were born in the little house, now referred to as Hunter House. For an account of John Hunter, see under The Royal College of Surgeons, London, but a brief account of William will be given here.
As a boy, William Hunter attended grammar school in East Kilbride, and at 13, he entered the University of Glasgow where he studied the humanities and the classics. After four years at the university, he was apprenticed as a medical student to a Dr. William Cullen in Hamilton. It is important to realize that in the 18th century, there were still no medical schools as we know them today, and a student of medicine simply picked up as best he could the knowledge of the day, which was not only very little but often wrong as
well. Dr. Cullen had a great influence on William, and as a result of this, he went on to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh, as well as in London and Paris. He was very impressed with the manner in which anatomy was taught in Paris, by dissection, and on returning to London in 1746, he set up his own anatomy school which was, for its day, of such high quality and so successful that it lasted until his death in 1783. As part of his
school, he set up one of the first anatomy museums in the world so that students could study the specimens, both normal and pathological on a year-round basis. In London, William went from medical honor to medical honor, and finally became obstetrician to the Queen, whom he attended during her first pregnancy in 1762, and it was in obstetrics that he made his greatest and lasting contributions. Prior to this time, obstetrics was based on a vast array of ignorance and superstition and was in the hands of quacks and untrained midwives. Hunter led the way in putting it on a scientific basis.
In 1774, after 25 years of study and collecting scientific information, he published his classic work “The Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus”. It was by far the best book on the pregnant uterus every published, and with it, obstetrics as a science was ushered in. It contained 24 magnificent engravings of the pregnant uterus by the artist Jan van Rymsdyck, and was dedicated to the King (George III). The original copy of this with text
both in Latin and English, together with the hand-done illustrations of the artist are housed in the Special Collections Department of the main library of the University of Glasgow on University Avenue. It may be seen by permission of the librarian, and it is worth the effort!
During his lifetime, and in addition to his museum specimens, William amassed valuable and extensive collections of books, pictures and coins, all of which he left to the University of Glasgow, where they can be seen today (see under Glasgow), and are very impressive. He died in London in 1783, but medicine, and obstetrics in particular, owes an eternal debt of gratitude to William Hunter.
On the outside of the Hunter House is a plaque which reads as follows:
The Birthplace of Two Great Scotsmen
William Hunter and John Hunter
Born 23 May 1718 Born 13 Feb 1728
Died 30 March 1783 Died 26 Oct 1793
Pre-eminent in Medicine and in Surgery.
The house, including the barn and garden, is much as it was in the Hunters’ day and has been nicely preserved, despite a modern development all around it. On the ground floor is a one room museum, with a wealth of interesting Hunterian material as well as various items of medial interest from the 18th century. The visitor can also see, by request, the tiny first floor room where both William and John Hunter were born. Hunter House is in a somewhat out of the way place, but the effort of going to see the birthplace of these two great Scotsmen is well worth it.
EAST WELLOW (Hampshire)
Location-85 miles southwest of London, near Romsey.
Train-London (Waterloo) to Romsey, and then by taxi.
Road-Take the M3 or A30 from London to beyond Basingstoke and join the A33 around Winchester. Then fork right along the A32 to Romsey. At Romsey, take the A27 towards Salisbury, but after about 2 miles, turn left to “The Wellows” and follow signs to East Wellow.
Church of St. Margaret of Antioch
It is in this churchyard that Florence Nightingale (see under St. Thomas’ Hospital, London) is buried. One might have imagined that so great a benefactor of mankind as Florence Nightingale, would have been buried in Westminster Abbey, but during her long life, she always spurned publicity and honors, and was no different in death. She is buried in a common grave alongside other members of her family. The grave is easily found, being only a few yards from the main entrance to the church, and has a prominent spire
above the tombstone with inscriptions on it of the family buried there. Florence Nightingale is inscribed simply as F.N. with her birth and death dates. Inside the church is a plaque dedicated to her, and on the porch is one of her famous lamps, which here family gave to the church. The reason Florence Nightingale is buried at East Wellow, is that nearby, her family owned a large house, Embley Park. It is now a school (Embley Park School), but the outside of the main building is much the same as in the 19th century, and still in the beautiful setting that Florence Nightingale knew. It is located on the south side of the A27, between The Wellows sign and where the road joins A31 near Romsey. The house is clearly marked at the main gate. There is no harm in driving in to see the exterior and its setting, hut the building itself is private.
EDINBURGH (Lothian), Scotland
Location-375 mites north of London
Train-From London (King’s Cross) to Edinburgh (Waverly). From Glasgow (Queens) to Edinburgh (Waverly). Road-Take the M1 or Al to Scotch Corner, and then fork right to Durham and Newcastle. At Newcastle, join the A696 to Ponteland, and at Otterburn, this joins the A68 to Dalkeith and Edinburgh.
Edinburgh is one of the most ancient and beautiful cities in Britain, which in addition to many cultural and political aspects, has a famous scientific history centered in its great university. During the 18th and 19th centuries, it had one of the most distinguished medical schools in the world.
Sir James Young Simpson Museum
52 Queen Street
Opening hours: Normal business hours. The museum is maintained by the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, but the house is used as a shelter by the Church of Scotland.
No charge for admission.
Sir James Young Simpson has a permanent place in the history of medicine, not only for his great contributions to obstetrics, but above all for his discovery in 1847 of the anesthetic properties of chloroform. This became the worldwide standard anesthetic for nearly 100 years, and has only been generally superseded in very recent times. Simpson was born at Bathgate, the son of a baker, David Simpson. It is said that his mother, who died tragically when be was only nine, decided very early on that young James should be the scholar of the family. He did not disappoint her! While in his early teens, he attended arts classes in Edinburgh, but very soon switched to medicine, and at the early age of 19, became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons. Soon after he was practicing medicine in Edinburgh, with a specialty of obstetrics at which he spend most of his life. It is of great interest that Charles Darwin and James Young Simpson were both medical students at Edinburgh at the same time. However, it is of even greater interest that they were both revolted by operations performed without anesthetics. Because of this, Darwin gave up medicine and went on to other things, but fortunately, Simpson decided to try to do something about it. It is worthwhile recording in this respect the actual operation which had such an influence on Simpson, because it will help the modern reader to understand how surgery has changed over the past 150 years. The operation was an amputation of the breast of a woman, and was performed by Robert Liston, one of the most famous surgeons of his day. The normal procedure for this was simply to lift up the soft tissue of the breast with an instrument resembling a hook, thus enabling the surgeon to sweep around the mass with his knife, hopefully in two clean cuts! Simpson, like other medical students (all males in those days), had seen other operations and was keen to see this one. However, as Liston picked up his knife, Simpson observed the horrified look of terror on the woman’s face and turned away leaving the room. In those days, one of the major attributes of a surgeon was the speed of which he could perform the operation. Operations had to be performed in a matter of seconds, rather than minutes, otherwise the patient would almost certainly die of shock. Liston was a master of the art, of whom Simpson himself remarked that “‘he amputated with such speed that the sound of sawing seemed to succeed immediately the first flash of the knife”.
From that moment onward, Simpson determined to try to do something to relieve the pain suffered in operations and since he specialized in obstetrics, he also quickly became concerned to try to relieve the pain suffered by women in childbirth. Doctors at that time had to be somewhat indifferent to the pain suffered by their patients for they could do nothing about it, but Simpson set himself the task of trying to reverse this, and was indeed successful beyond his wildest hopes. In the first half of the 19th century, mesmerism was popular as a pain reliever. Simpson tried this in 1837, and also other methods as they became available but all were very unsatisfactory.
In 1845, there were no safe or reliable methods of testing new drugs, but Simpson and his two assistants, Dr. George Keith and Dr. Matthew Duncan, undertook to test a whole variety of available drugs on themselves. Their method was simple, almost to the point of absurdity! After dinner at night, Simpson and his two assistants sat around the dining table, poured out a sample of a drug into a saucer, and proceed to smell it and describe its effects. They had same horrible experiences, needless to say, and on more than one occasion, Simpson nearly died from the effects of the drugs. However, they pressed on their quest, and after dinner on the 4th of November 1847, they all inhaled a sample of chloroform. Very rapidly they became unconscious and slipped under the table. Upon recovery, Simpson knew at once that he had discovered something important and hoped it would be the answer to his search. Within a week, he lectured on it at the university, within two weeks, it was used in an operation at the Royal Infirmary, and within a month, Simpson had used it on his female patients in childbirth. It must be pointed out that this was not really the first operation at which an anesthetic was used. The credit for this is usually given to the two American dentists Morton and Wells (see under Boston and Washington, U.S.A.) who used ether and nitrous oxide. As a result of their discovery (just prior to the discovery of chloroform)
Simpson also tried either in childbirth, but it proved dangerous and very unsatisfactory, while chloroform was quite the reverse, and proved to be very reliable One might have thought that Simpson would immediately have been hailed as a great human benefactor, but that was not the case. Many surgeons opposed the use of chloroform in operations, because they thought that the pain suffered during these was good for the patient’s character and “moral fibre”! However, it was for its use in childbirth that the worse abuse was hurled at Simpson Was he not flying in the face of Providence?- -for did not the Bible decree”- – in sorrow thou shalt bring forth children;-“ (Genesis ~:16). Needless to say, there were those (mostly men) who believed passionately that the pain of childbirth were also good for the woman’s character! Fortunately, Simpson himself was a devout Christian, and he patiently but firmly answered abuse by the critics, and the opposition gradually faded. The final “seal of approval” was given in 1853 when no less a person than (Queen Victoria (the titular head of the Church of England) accepted chloroform at the birth of her eighth child. In so doing, she did all women a great service.
The use of chloroform quickly spread around the world, a new era of surgery was ushered in, because speed was no longer a criterion, and women were relieved of the worst pangs of childbirth. But more than this, Simpson’s discovery and humanitarian attitude as an obstetrician, raised the status of women above that of some kind of “second class” human being. Unfortunately, Simpson’s fight is still not completely won. For his services to humanity, James Young Simpson was knighted by Queen Victoria in 1866 and when he died in 1870, the city of Edinburgh gave him a funeral the likes of which the city had never seen before nor since. It was hoped by many that he would be buried in Westminster Abbey, but his widow, remaining true to the nature of her husband as a simple man, declined the offer.
At 52, Queen Street in Edinburgh stands the house where Simpson lied for the last 25 years or his life, and where also he died in 1870. In his day, it was much more than a family residence. Here he and his assistants dealt with a constant stream of patients, and bedrooms were provided for those who came from a distance. There was also a constant influx or visitors, including medical men seeking advice. The outside of the house is marked with a plaque which reads as follows:
Sir James Young Simpson
lived in this house from1845 to 1870
and in 1847 discovered
the anesthetic power of
Most of the inside of the house is generally unaltered, but is now used for the purposes of the Church of Scotland. However, on the ground floor is Simpson’s dining room, in which the anesthetic properties of chloroform were discovered. It survives intact and is known as “The Discovery Room”. You can ask permission of the person on duty for the Church of Scotland to see the room, and they will also give you a pamphlet on the life of Simpson.
To us this room is an absolute gem in human and medical history, and still remains much as Simpson and his family would have known it. His huge dining table is still there, together with the cabinets and other furniture that he used while testing the drugs. On the mantle piece are his wood foetal stethoscopes, his crucifix which he used as a knife, his pill box, Lady Simpson’s bible, and his brandy decanter, into which he poured the chloroform on the evening of November 4, 1847. This can only be described as “true dedication”! In addition to this memorial to Simpson, the city of Edinburgh has erected a fine statue of him. It is considerably larger than life, and is located on the south side of Princes Street near the corner of South Charlotte Street. He is always depicted smiling, and this surely has some meaning!
University of Edinburgh
Old College South Bridge
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
The origins of the University of Edinburgh go back beyond 1583, but in that year, the first students in Arts and Divinity were formally enrolled and from that time onwards, it has had a distinguished history, particularly in medicine in the 19th century. Joseph Lister (see under Glasgow) was in Edinburgh both before and after his stay in Glasgow (1860-1869), which was where be did his monumental work on antiseptic therapy. He was in Edinburgh from 1854-1860 as a young assistant to a famous surgeon of his day, James Syme, and returned to Edinburgh again in 1869 as Regius Professor of Clinical Surgery at the university, remaining there until 1877. The house in which he lived during this time is a 9 Charlotte Square (north side) and is marked by a plaque, but it is privately owned. Lister always felt it was the University of Edinburgh that gave him his start in a distinguished medical career, and in gratitude he left all his many honors to the University at Edinburgh. These are located within the Quad of the Old College and are
displayed in a large case at the head of the main staircase leading to a beautiful Library Hall. They can be seen with the permission of the Bedellus of the university. It is a truly remarkable display, and gives some indication of the esteem in which Lister was held in his day, as well as what we of later generations owe to him. Above the case is a portrait of Lister by J.H. Lorirner. The Library Hall (built 1827) should also be seen, with its array of busts of all the famous professors of the university, as well as such interesting things as the library table of Sir Waiter Scott, and Napoleon’s table from his study on the Island of St. Helena. There are a host of other historical associations of the University of Edinburgh, and it was here that Charles Darwin (see under Downe) and his elder brother Erasmus attended medical school. In fact, they both lived just around the corner from the Old College at 11 Lothian Street. Their house is now unfortunately completely gone, a victim of redevelopment.
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
This is the modern Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, which is a huge complex of
hospitals, dating from 1870. In addition to his professorship at the university, Lister had an appointment here during his second stay in Edinburgh, and he lectured in the so-called Lister Theatre. Also as part of the Royal Infirmary, is a James Young Simpson Maternity Wing, and inside the main rotunda is a large and striking portrait of Simpson by Norman Macbeth.
The Old Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh and Surgeons Hall
12 High School Wynd (corner of Infirmary Street)
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
These two buildings were originally a high school, then became the surgical hospital of the Royal Infirmary, and are now the Geography Department of the university. Both Lister and Syme worked here in the surgical wards and extended the use of antiseptic therapy which Lister had developed earlier in Glasgow. The interiors of these buildings have been much altered since Lister’s day but the exteriors are almost the same. It is a tragedy that the fine old lecture theater that Lister used has been altered almost beyond recognition. The fact that Lister and Syme both worked here is commemorated by a nice plaque at the front entrance which reads as follows:
James Syme (1833-1869)
Joseph Lister (1869-1877)
While Regius Professors of Clinical
Surgery in the University of Edinburgh
had charge of the wards in this building
then the Old Surgical Hospital
and part of
The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh
Erected by Surgeons of Toronto-Canada 1957.
The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh is the Scottish counterpart of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and is primarily responsible for the maintenance and improvement of the standards of surgery in Scotland. In this regard, the college has played a long and distinguished role in surgical history. Both Lister and Syme, as well as Simpson, were Fellows of the college. Like most of these colleges, it is large and imposing both outside and in, and has a fine collection of portraits of its distinguished Fellows.
There is a very valuable and extensive medical library going back five centuries. The library also has a small number of Lister’ s letters, notes, testimonials etc., but a much larger collection of materials relating to the work of Simpson, which includes many letters and other correspondence referring to anesthesia as well as his lecture notes. The library is not open to the public, but permission to see it may be requested. One may also ask to
see the very interesting museum on the top floor of the building. This is mostly pathology, but there are also some very interesting historical rooms as well. In these rooms are a Lister case with various items which belonged to him, including some of his carbolic acid machines making carbolic bandages, carbolic acid sprays, various instruments and photographs of his surgical wards. There is also a Simpson case with many items of great interest, and a Benjamin Bell (1749-1806) case. Dr. Benjamin Bell is rightly famous for enormously advancing our knowledge of venereal disease. There are other displays, including one on Robert Listen (1794-1847), who was referred to earlier, and was known popularly as “the fastest man with a knife!” All in all, the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh is a very interesting place.
The Royal Society of Edinburgh
22 George Street
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
This is the “younger brother” of the Royal Society of London. Founded in 1783, it has done a great deal to maintain and lift the quality of scientific development in Scotland. The building in which it is currently housed, is very imposing inside with beautiful architecture, and portraits of famous Scots who have been Fellows of the society. The library, which is the utmost importance in its historical holdings, is unfortunately hopelessly overcrowded. Nevertheless, it is a marvelous sight to see, and the secretary is happy to give you a short tour of the premises.
The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
9 Queen Street
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
The founding of this organization goes back to 1681, and since then, its functions have not changed. They are to promote and advance the quality of medicine in Scotland. In this capacity, they maintain and improve standards, promote research, organize meetings, etc., and maintain one of the best medical libraries in the world. As well as their modern working library, they have a total of 200,000 volumes going back hundreds of years, and hold virtually every important work in the history of medicine. The college is closely associated with Sir James Young Simpson, who was its President from 1850-1852, and the library holds most of Simpson’s own library, his casebooks, lecture notes, letters, etc., a priceless collection. Throughout the building there are huge portraits of famous Scottish physicians, including one of Simpson by Norman Macbeth. The college is not normally open to the public, but interested visitors can ask to be shown over it, and we found those in charge very cooperative.
The Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh
Opening hours: Monday-Saturday, 9.00-sunset.
Small charge for admission.
The main entrance is the west gate on Arboretum Road. The library and herbarium are on Inverleith Row near the east gate. The Royal Botanic Garden of Edinburgh is second only to Kew in Britain, is one of the great botanic gardens of the world. It is a National Garden funded mainly by the Scottish office of the British Government, and its primary function is research in the taxonomy of plants. Like so many other botanic gardens, it started out as a physic garden in 1670, but has steadily evolved to play a large role in the development of scientific botany. It also fills great educational and informational needs. In addition to the gardens themselves with their numerous array of plants, there is a modern herbarium with nearly two million plant specimens from all over the world, and one of the best botanical libraries in existence. The library holdings to back to a 1486 herbal, and there are over 3000 pre-Linnean manuscripts and books. Many of the works of Linnaeus are in their original editions and there is also an extensive collection of the great floras of the 18th and 19th centuries. The library may be viewed by the public, but can only be used by permission of the librarian.
Location-63 miles southeast of London.
Train-From London (Victoria).
Road-Take the A20 in south London and follow this, or the M20, to Maidstone, Ashford and on to Folkestone.
Folkestone is a seaport on the southeast coast of England, and is one of the traditional gateways to the continent. As such, it has a long and interesting history, but to us none of it is more interesting than the fact that this was the birthplace of William Harvey (1578- 1657). (See also under Ashford, Hempstead and Padua, Italy). At the end of the 16th century, peoples’ knowledge of animal physiology was not only primitive, but full of misconceptions. It was known that blood probably had a nutritional function, but our modern concept of blood as a tissue with many vital functions such as nutritional, respiratory, waste disposal, transport of hormones, etc., was not understood. The ideas concerning blood and its functions were derived primarily from the Greek philosopher, Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), and the Greco-Roman physician, Galen (d.200 A.D.), who besides being a very able observer and theorist, was also personal physician to the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (121-180). Unfortunately it takes a good deal of anatomical knowledge to understand how Aristotle and Galen thought of the way in which blood functions, and it is not appropriate to attempt that here. Suffice it to say that neither of them had any concept of blood circulation, and without this, an understanding of its functions is impossible. Galen’s view that blood flowed in a back and forth motion, like the ebb and flow of a tide, generally prevailed, and for nearly fourteen centuries his theories went almost unquestioned. It was the young Englishman, William Harvey, who was not only to question them, but to make the revolutionary discovery of blood circulation, and thus lead the way to our present understanding of all the varied functions of this vital tissue. As a result of the discovery, Harvey is often described as “the father of modern medicine”. Be that as it may, he is certainly the last of the “old” and a giant of the “new”.
William Harvey came from yeoman farmer stock, and was the oldest of seven sons. His father was a prominent citizen of Folkestone and became mayor several times. In due course, young William attended King’s School, Canterbury and later Gonville and Calus College, Cambridge, where he studied arts and medicine. Upon graduating from Cambridge, Harvey attended the University of Padua, Italy (see under Padua), where he received a doctorate in medicine in 1602. One may ask, why did Harvey go to Padua? The reason is simple. At that time, the University of Padua was the leading center of medicine in the world. Amongst Harvey’s many famous teachers there was Girolamo Fabricius (1537-1619), who, in 1574, discovered the valves in the veins, which permit blood to flow in only one direction. With such discoveries as this at hand, and the stimulating
atmosphere of research and inquiry, there can be no doubt that the University of Padua had a profound effect on the development of Harvey’s thought. Upon returning to England, Harvey set up in medical practice in London. In 1604, he married Elizabeth Browne, but the marriage, although happy, never produced any children. In 1607, Harvey was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, where he frequently lectured to students, and was closely associated with the college for the rest of his life. In 1609, he was also appointed physician to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, but even more important, in 1618, he became a physician to King James I, a position which was carried on with the accession of Charles I in 1625, and whom he followed throughout the Civil War. Unfortunately, Harvey never had a permanent home of his own, Most of his life he lived at a house in Whitehall, but in 1642, it was vandalized and many of his notes, manuscripts, etc., were lost. An even worse disaster overtook his personal library, as this
and all his other papers and lecture notes were burnt when the Royal College of Physicians perished in the Great Fire of London in 1666. Thus we are left with very few original documents emanating from the pen of William Harvey. What a tragedy!
As early as 1616, Harvey was conducting original investigations into the motions of the heart, and many other aspects of animal physiology. It was the former that attracted his attention most, and in 1628, his masterwork was published in Frankfurt, Germany. This was written in Latin and entitled “Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus” (Anatomical Disquisition on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals). Medicine and biology have never been the same since! In this work, not only did Harvey clearly put forth the theory that blood circulated within the body of animals, but as a result of careful observation and experimentation, he demonstrated this to be a fact beyond reasonable doubt. However, new ideas seldom have a smooth passage, and a contemporary of Harvey’s, John Aubrey, describes from Harvey’ s own words the fate of his great discovery, “I have heard him say, that after the Booke of the Circulation of Blood came out, that he fell mightily in his Practice, and that ’twas believed by the vulgar that he was crack-brained; and all the Physicians were against his Opinion, and envied him; many wrote against him. With much adoe at last, in about 20 or 30 years times, it was received in all the Universities in the world”. Harvey was a giant of medicine, a master observer, theorist and experimenter, and it is on his work and methods that modern medicine rests today. Harvey died in 1657 at his brother Eliab’s house in Roehampton (now a suburb of London), and is buried at Hempstead, Essex (see under Hempstead). Anyone going to Folkestone to see Harveyian history should try to contact Mr. Walter Montcrieff, who runs an excellent men’s tailors and outfitters store in Sandgate (town center). Mr. Montcrieff, a former mayor of Folkestone, and alter an alderman, is very knowledgeable about matters “Harveyian” in general. He has done an enormous amount to foster Folkestone’s relationship with Harvey. Mr. Montcrieff is very enthusiastic, cooperative and full of information. It is known exactly where Harvey was born in Folkestone, but the house no longer stands. However, there is a plaque there commemorating the event. It is on the side of a building on Church Street, near the corner of Rendezvous Road, and reads as follows:
Near this spot was born on 1st April 1578
The world renowned scientist and discoverer of the circulation of the blood.
His father and mother attended the nearby parish church and his father was mayor of Folkestone in the years 1586, 1599, 1601 and 1611.
In the nearby parish church, there is also a plaque in remembrance of the family. Folkestone has also honored her famous son by erecting a very fine statue of him. It was sculptured by A.B. Joy in 1881 and erected the same year. The statue stands in The Leas (the very lovely promenade) near the bandstand, with Harvey looking out across the sea towards the continent. It is beautifully preserved and cared for, and every year on Harvey’s birthday, there is a “flower laying” ceremony commemorating this event.
GLASGOW (Lanarkshire), Scotland
Location-400 miles north and slightly west of London.
Train-From London (Euston) to Glasgow (Central). From Edinburgh (Waverly) to Glasgow (Queens).
Road-There are two main routes from London:
1. Take the MI north to Leeds, then join the A65 to Skipton and join the M6 at entrance 36. Continue on the M6 around Carlisle and join the A74 which will in turn join the M74. Take exit 6 to Glasgow along the A74.
2. Take the Al to Scotch Comer, and fork left along the A66 to entrance 40 on the M-6). Continue on the M6 and join the A74, which in turn joins the M74. Take exit 6 along the A74 to Glasgow.
Glasgow is by far the largest city in Scotland. Lying astride the river Clyde on the west coast, its history is lost in time, but the name is derived from a Celtic word meaning: “dear green spot”, and this well expresses the feelings that its modern citizens have for their city. Like Edinburgh, Glasgow has many places of great interest in the history of biology and medicine.
The Glasgow Royal Infirmary
82-84 Castle Street
Opening hours: Normal business hours
No charge for admission
It was here in the Royal Infirmary between 1861 and 1869 that Joseph Lister (1827- 1912)-see also under Edinburgh and London-worked out the basic techniques of antiseptic surgery and first applied them. It is virtually impossible to exaggerate the importance of this event. in the history of biology, medicine and human welfare. Joseph Lister was born in 1827 at Upton, Essex, the second son of Joseph Jackson Lister, a brilliant designer of microscopes, to whom we owe the modern perfection of the objective lens system, which led to the production of the achromatic microscope. Both his father and his mother, Isabella, supplied young Joseph with a happy and intellectually stimulating home, in which, from the very earliest age, he was encouraged to observe, explore and investigate for himself. He attended local schools, where he was a good student, and in 1844 at the age of 17 entered University College, London, receiving a BA degree in 1847. He immediately entered medical school, but his studies were considerably delayed because he contracted smallpox, and did not receive his medical degree until 1852. At the same time, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. The following year, however, he was appointed an assistant to James Syme, the famous professor of clinical surgery at Edinburgh.
Here Lister established himself as a brilliant and original investigator, an able surgeon and an excellent teacher. He also married Agnes Syme, “the boss’ daughter” (a good thing to do then and now!), who was his devoted wife for nearly 40 years. Anesthesia, introduced some years before, was now used regularly at operations, and it is interesting to note that Lister, while a student, may have been present in 1846 at University College Hospital, London, when the first operation in England using ether was performed by Robert Liston (see under Edinburgh). The introduction of anesthesia for operations was undoubtedly the greatest advance in surgery in all its history, but there remained one overriding problem. Before operations could be considered reasonably safe, there was the problem of infection, the overall death rate which ran as high as 40%. Lister, a very sensitive man, was appalled at this, and determined to do something about it. His extraordinary abilities were recognized when he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1860, and the same year was appointed Regius Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow, and a year later was appointed to the Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
It was here at the Royal Infirmary that his inventive mind was put to work on what we now know as antiseptic surgery. As early as 1861 and again in 1864 Louis Pasteur (see under Paris, Arbois and Dale, France) had published some remarkable work which gave the clue to possible “germ theory” of infection. Lister quickly became aware of this, and realized that germs might be the cause of operative infections. In 1865, he performed the first successful treatment using a carbolic acid dressing as an antiseptic agent. As his techniques improved, the results were almost miraculous, and the death rate from infection dropped dramatically. Lister described his results in a series of papers, the first of which was published in Lancet in 1867. It was entitled “On a new Method of treating Compound Fracture, Abscess, etc.
With Observations on the Conditions of Suppuration” (suppuration means the formation of pus or festering). It is one of the great works of medicine, and paved the way for a whole new era in surgery and antiseptic therapy of all kinds. Lister’s ideas involved much opposition and skepticism, and his techniques spread only slowly around the world, being gradually improved upon. In 1869, Lister returned to the University of Edinburgh for eight years, then to King’s College, .London, until 1893. In that year, his wife, Agnes, died, a blow from which she really never recovered. Nevertheless, he carried on with his major responsibilities, and honors continued to be showered upon him, including a peerage from Queen Victoria in 1897. He was the first surgeon to ever receive such an honor. He died in 1912 at Walmer, Kent, and although it was universally hoped, he would be buried in Westminster Abbey, he himself declined the honor preferring to be buried beside his wife in Hampstead Cemetery (see under London). Most of the present buildings of the Royal Infirmary date from about 1905-1915 (there has been constant new construction), and despite great efforts on the part of many people, nothing survives of the wards where Lister actually did his work. However, his great achievements, not only in antiseptic treatment, but also in early and successful attempts in plastic surgery, are commemorated by two plaques. The first is on the outside wall of the infirmary, and can be seen from Castle Street. It reads as follows:
On this site stood the Surgical
Wards in which from 1861-1869
Surgeon to the Royal Infirmary
and Regius Professor of Surgery
in the University of Glasgow
initiated the method of antiseptic treatment.
The second plaque, along with various busts, is inside the lobby of the main entrance, and reads:
From 1861-1869, Surgeon to this Infirmary where he originated
the antiseptic system of surgical treatment.
Presented to the Infirmary by the past and present members of the staff 1908.
Some idea of the dramatic success of Lister’s antiseptic surgical treatment is
important. When he initiated it in 1865, casualties from operations dropped almost overnight by about two-thirds. Yet there were may who for a long time not only doubted the validity of his methods, but positively despised him and considered him a quack. When Lister died, much of his library was dispersed and sold at auction, but thanks to Professor John Hammond Teacher, some of it was bought in 1913 from the London book dealer Henry Sotheran for the then “horrendous” sum of £29.16.0! and these books are now in a small museum located in the Pathology Department. Actually, the major part of this museum comprises the pathological specimens of William Hunter (see under East Kilbride), but there are two cases of Lister relics and more may be added when the current renovation of the museum is completed. In addition to Lister’ s books and manuscripts, there are some of his very interesting and early carbolic acid sprays, a set of his bougies, fermentation tubes and various other instruments. Also preserved is his operating stool and a model of his operating table. The Pathology Department Museum is not open to the public on a regular basis, but permission to see it may usually be obtained by interested visitors.
The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
234-242 St. Vincent Street
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow was founded by Maister Peter Lowe in 1599 under a charter granted by James VI of Scotland. Peter Lowe had spent most of his life up until the age of 50 in the service of the King of France, and was a contemporary of Ambroise Pari: (1509-1590) whom he probably knew. It seems likely that he trained in the school at Orleans, and he certainly became a member of the Faculté de Chirurgerie in Paris. In any case, he set the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow on a sound footing, which it has maintained ever since, and the college has done an enormous amount over the centuries to advance the cause of medicine. Since the college has had such a long and continuous history, its library contains a copy of virtually every major work published in the field of medicine, and with 300,000 volumes, it is one of the great medical libraries in the world. It is interesting that in addition to its priceless medical collections, the library also contains such items as a first edition of Audubon’s “Birds of America”. For the interest of collectors, a copy of this work was recently sold at Sotheby’s London for over one million dollars! Joseph Lister was a Fellow of the college, and within the college is a case containing very interesting medical instruments belonging originally to him. They include carbolic acid sprays, a cupping set and microscopes, There is also a so-called “Lister Room” which contains the fireplace from the Lister Ward in the Royal Infirmary- -a reminder of the main means of heating gates is the Hunter Memorial commemorating the two great Scotsmen William and John Hunter (see also under East Kilbride and London). For our purposes, however, there are two important people closely associated with the University of Glasgow. These are Joseph Lister (see also under Edinburgh and London) and William Hunter. Lister was Regius Professor of Surgery at the university from 1860-1869, and his important work during these years has been described (above) under the Royal Infirmary. It is remarkable, however, that this great man has left so little trace at the university he served with such distinction. They did have some of his instruments, manuscripts and notes, but even these have been transferred to the Science Museum in London, for incorporation in the “Lister Room” of the new medical science wing (see under -London). Fortunately, it is quite a different story with William Hunter. He attended Glasgow University as a student, but never taught there. However, he always felt that he owed a lot to the university, and when he died, he bequeathed to it his huge collections of books and manuscripts, anatomical, pathological and zoological dissections, as well as other items such as minerals and coins. Some of these are housed in the Hunterian Museum. His art collection is in the Art. Gallery, His pathological dissections are in the Royal Infirmary, referred to earlier, but his zoological dissections are in the museum of the Zoology Department of the university, and may be seen upon request at the Zoology Department office. His anatomical dissections are in the Anatomy Museum of the Department of Anatomy, and may be seen upon request at the Anatomy Department office. These anatomy dissections are superb, and are housed in a beautifully well kept “period piece” museum. Finally, William Hunter’ s books and manuscripts are housed in the Special Collections Department of the Main Library, which is just University Avenue. These may be seen by permission of the librarian in charge. Perhaps their most valued item is not only an original edition of Hunter’s “The Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus” (referred to earlier), but also a description of the time of year the specimens were obtained which was vital to their preservation! The Special Collections Department contains many other priceless medical and biological books, which is consistent with the university long and distinguished history.
Glasgow Botanic Gardens
Queen Margaret Drive and Great Western Road
Opening hours: Gardens, 7.00-dusk
No charge for admission.
The Glasgow Botanic Gardens started in 1801 as a Physic Garden attached to the Medical School of the university. In 1818, it obtained a Royal Charter and the gardens became the Royal Botanical institute. In 1820, Sir William Hooker became its director. For the next 20 years under Hooker’ s direction the garden prospered, and became one of the great botanic gardens of the world. Then, as now, Glasgow was a flourishing sea port, and plants from all over the world poured into the Royal Botanical Institute. In 1840, Hooker went to London as director of Kew Gardens, and at the same time, the gardens were moved to their present location in Kelvinside. It is a pity that in due course, the Royal Botanical Institute lost its Royal Charter and came under the control of the City of Glasgow. This inevitably meant that its research and scientific botanical functions declined, and it now has mainly educational functions, specializing in orchids, begonias, economic plants and the breading of plants. They also have a marvelous historical botanic library. Perhaps their past is greater than their present, but the gardens are still well worth a visit. Glasgow is a city not normally on the main tourist route, but it is of great interest for biological and medical history. There are also a host of other cultural aspects. If we may make a suggestion, don’t miss a pleasure trip down the river Clyde to “The Isles”!
Location-70 miles southwest of London, on the west side of Portsmouth Harbour.
Train-From London (Waterloo) to Portsmouth and then by taxi or ferry to Gosport.
Road-Take the A3 from London through Guildford and at Petersfield, turn right onto the A272 and follow this to where it joins the A32. On the A32, take the left turn to Wickham, Fareham and Gosport.
Gosport is a naval town, and was a major embarkation point for hundreds of thousands of allied soldiers on and after D-day in 1944, and has been a Royal Navy base for hundreds of years.
The Medical Museum Royal Naval Hospital
Opening hours: By phoning in advance to the Commanding Officer.
Children are not admitted.
No charge for admission.
The Royal Naval Hospital, Haslar, is on a spit of land at the southeast tip of Gosport, and as part of the hospital there is a very good medical museum. The hospital and museum were bombed in 1941 and there was much damage. However, everything has been repaired and restored and the medial museum is very interesting. It has three aspects which cannot easily be separated :
1. The purely historical medical aspect.
2. The natural history aspect, which derives from the great Royal Navy voyages of discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries.
3. The superb historical library of about 6,000 volumes.
Some of the priceless books include:
1. “Birds of Australia”, 7 volumes, John Gould.
2. “Of the cure of the scurvy”, James Lind. 1st edition, 1753, 2nd edition 1757. In which he performed one of the first “controlled experiments”
3. “A Voyage to Jamaica”, Hans Sloane, 1707.
4. “History of the World”, Sir Walter Raleigh, 1677. This also contains a history of his life and trial.
There are many collections of medical instruments used by naval surgeons. We mention some of them–they are quite extensive:
1. Ophthalmic instruments of 1930-1939, which all battleships carried.
2. Superb collections of medical instruments from the English German and Japanese navies of WWI and WWII, with others going back to the 18th and 19th centuries.
3. There are also many pathology specimens, and displays of tattooing and its dangers. Also some excellent natural history and fossil collections.
Everything in the museum is immaculate, and lovingly cared for by Mr. Tom Parsons, a former Petty Officer in the Royal Navy. The museum is of great interest, and Mr. Parsons very knowledgeable. He will tell you many interesting historical facts–some with a sigh, such as the abolition in 1970 of the Royal Navy’s daily “rum ration”! This was due to the “exacting demands” of the “technical navy”
Location-38 miles north of London, and about 20 miles south of Cambridge.
Train-From London (Liverpool Street) to Saffron Waldon, and then by taxi to Hempstead.
Road-Take the Al towards Cambridge, but turn right on the A1063 to Saffron Waldon. At Saffron Waldon, take the B1053 to Radwinter and Hempstead.
Hempstead, Essex, is a small village in lovely countryside, but of particular interest, because it is here that William Harvey (see also under Folkestone, London and Padua, Italy) is buried, and the village has a long association with the Harvey family. The importance of William Harvey has been described under Folkestone, his birthplace, so suffice it to say that it is here in Hempstead that his body lies in the very old Parish Church of St. Andrew. The reason for this is that Harvey had no permanent home, but often visited his broth Eliab’s home, Wincelow Hall, about a mile from the church. Wincelow Hall was burned to the ground in the 19th century, only the servants’ quarters surviving, and a new house has been built on the site of the old.
In any case, Harvey’s tomb is in the Harvey Chapel of St. Andrews’s Church, and is in very good condition, having recently been restored by the Royal College of Physicians, with which Harvey was so closely associated most of his life. Harvey lies in the center of the chapel in a large sarcophagus made from a single block of Carrara marble. It is very impressive and a fitting resting place for this distinguished man. In a vault beneath the church there lie 49 of Harvey’s relatives in plain lead coffins. The vault can only be seen by permission of the vicar, but if the church is open, there is no difficulty seeing the Harvey Chapel.
Location – 10 miles west and slightly south of London.
Train – Take the London Underground’s District Line (towards Richmond) from Victoria or Earl’s Court and get off at Kew Gardens.
Road – From London take the A4 to the west and turn off along the A307 to Kew (just where the A4 joins the M4). In the summer it is also possible to go from London to Kew by riverboat on the Thames.
Kew, Surrey, is the home of the Royal Botanic Gardens, which may be said, without any exaggeration, to be the foremost botanical gardens in the world.
The Royal Botanic Gardens
Phone – 01-940-1171
Gardens, 10.00 – dusk
Glasshouses, 11.00 – dusk
Small charge for admission
Extensive literature available at the “Orangery”
No nation in the western world has such a long and continuous gardening tradition as Britain. Going back 2000 years to Roman times, advances in gardening have been virtually unbroken, and it is a pleasure to record that from the great Royal Palaces and country estates of the nobility, to the smallest cottage and urban house, British gardening is still alive and flourishing! For over two centuries, no place has had more importance in the development of modern gardening, scientific botany, and all the glories that derive from them, than the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew (commonly referred to as “Kew Gardens”). Just as Down House in Kent is the “Mecca” for all biologists, so also is Kew the “Mecca” for all gardeners and botanists.
The origins of the gardens go back to the beginning of the 18th century, when the land on which they are now situated was part of the Richmond and Kew estates of King George II and Queen Caroline. Their son Frederick, Prince of Wales, lived on a part of the estate which now comprises Kew Green. He died in 1751, but in 1759 his widow, Augusta, the mother of King George III, started a small botanic garden within the area of the present gardens. On the death of George II, and later Princess Augusta, the entire estate became the property of George III. In a farsighted act, the King put the supervision of the gardens under the brilliant and much traveled botanist, Sir Joseph Banks (1743-1820), and it was Sir Joseph who set the high standards and determined the future scientific nature of the gardens. Sir Joseph was also very influential in having plants collected from all over the world and brought back to Kew. On his death, the gardens went into a period of decline, but in 1841 they became the property of the state, and are now under the direction of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. At the same time they were handed over to the state, Sir William Jackson Hooker (see later) became their first director, and he not only revived them but expanded their scientific functions far beyond what Sir Joseph Banks had envisioned. In due course more land and facilities were given to the gardens by Queen Victoria and Edward VII, and at present they comprise an area of about 300 acres. To maintain this and provide services for the many functions of Kew, there is a scientific staff of about 150, and a total staff of over 600. Also in 1965 the Wakehurst Place estate of over 400 acres at Ardingly, Sussex (see under Ardingly) came under the direction of Kew. On his death in 1865, Sir William Jackson Hooker was succeeded as director by his son, Sir Joseph Dalton hooker (see later), and this brilliant botanical father and son were responsible for the modern preeminence of the gardens. It is pertinent therefore that we give here a short biography of each of these outstanding botanists.
William Jackson Hooker (1785-1865) was born at Norwich, and received a good education, which included drawing, so necessary to botanists. Very early in life he exhibited an intense interest in animals and plants, and before he was twenty he had discovered a new British moss. Soon afterwards he was illustrating some of the major botanical books of the day. In 1809 he went on an expedition to Iceland, where he botanized extensively. However, on the way home his ship caught fire, and Hooker barely escaped with his life. But all his specimens were lost! (Some years later the same fate was to overtake (Alfred Russel Wallace.) Nevertheless, Hooker managed to publish his journal of the expedition in 1811. Through the influence of a friend and patron, Dawson Turner, Hooker bought an interest in the Turner family brewery, which gave him a secure income so that he could devote his full time to botany, and in 1815 married Maria Turner, his patron’s eldest daughter. However, the brewery did not prosper as well as expected, and in 1815 married Maria Turner, his patron’s eldest daughter. However, the brewery did not prosper as well as expected, and in 1820 Hooker took up the post of Regius Professor of Botany at Glasgow University (see under Glasgow). There he had a very productive 20 years, during which he wrote many botanic gardens. So conspicuous were his services to botany that he was knighted in 1836, and in 1841 was appointed director of Kew. It was made clear that the object of this appointment was for Hooker to turn the embryonic and decaying gardens into a national botanic garden of the first rank. In fact, he far exceeded every expectation. It is not necessary to elaborate here all the innovations and expansions he made, suffice it to say that all the major research functions of the gardens were established under him, as well as a library, herbarium (the nucleus of which was his own extensive herbarium) and the Museum of Economic Botany. As a result of his prestige, enthusiasm and influence in high places, plants from all over the world flowed into Kew. Despite his enormous administrative duties he still continued to write and illustrate botanical books. In 1855 his son Joseph Dalton Hooker became his assistant, and upon Sir William’s death at Kew in 1865, his son succeeded him as a director.
Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817-1911) was born at Halesworth, Suffolk, the second child of Sir William Jackson Hooker (see above). From the earliest age of his father’s influence on his upbringing, education and indeed his whole life was predominant, and above all else was his interest in botany. At 18 he published his first botanical paper and at age 22 he received his MD degree from Glasgow University, where his father was a Professor of Botany. In the same year (1839), and not long after Charles Darwin had returned from his voyage in H.M.S. Beagle, young Joseph Hooker received an appointment as assistant surgeon and naturalist on H.M.S. Erebus, sailing under the command of Captain James Ross on a four year voyage to Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, Tasmania, New Zealand and Australia. During his voyage of discovery (Hooker was to go on many more), he was an ardent botanizer, much of it on virgin ground, and in due course his work was published in six huge volumes under the title “The Botany of The Antarctic Voyage of H.M. Discovery Ships Erebus and Terror.” With this he at once became one of the leading botanists of the world. On his return from the voyage of the Erebus in 1843, Joseph established himself at Kew, where his father had become director, and also established his lifelong friendship with Charles Darwin. The subsequent careers of the two men were closely intertwined; indeed they became each other’s mentors, and “testing grounds” for the ideas and theories which their active minds poured forth.
In 1847 Hooker set off again on a long voyage of discovery this time to India, and later to the Himalayas, Sikkim and Nepal. His botanizing on this journey, was if anything, more productive than previous ones, and in due course his work was published in many volumes. It is of great interest that it was during this journey that Hooker collected so many species of Himalayan rhododendrons, which were sent back to Kew and have since been propagated all over the world. It is also of great interest that his “Himalayan Journals” (dedicated to Charles Darwin) are one of the classics of travel books, and can be enjoyed by all. On a personal note, Hooker was married in 1851 to Frances Harriet Henslow, the daughter of the Cambridge botanist, the Reverend John Stevens Henslow, who had such an influence on Charles Darwin. She died in 1874, and two years later he was married again to Hyacinth Symonds. Both marriages were extremely happy and there were many children.
In 1855 he became assistant director to his father at Kew, and succeeded him as director in 1865. Under his directorship, Kew became the modern, research oriented, botanical institute that it is today, serving botanists on a world-wide basis. Despite his day to day responsibilities at Kew, Hooker undertook many more botanizing travels to such places as Syria and Palestine, Morocco, the Canary Islands and North America. With all this, his books and monographs continued to grow in number. He became the foremost botanist of his time, and was duly knighted by Queen Victoria for his abundant services. He died in 1911, at the age of 94.
It will be obvious to our readers that Kew and the Hookers are almost synonymous, but we will now describe in more detail some of the fascinating and vitally important scientific aspects of Kew, which derive in large part from one of the other of the Hookers.
The most obvious part of Kew Gardens is of course the extensive living collections within the 300 acres. While the sheer beauty and size of the gardens may overwhelm the visitor (and there is always something in bloom at Kew!), we must never forget that their primary function is not to serve as a public park, but as a scientific institution dedicated to the advancement of botany in all its varied aspects. Behind the beauty, and the obvious meticulous care of the living collections, botanical research is the overriding concern. To give an idea of the extensiveness and variety of the living collections, we will simply list some of the main ones: grass and bamboo gardens; rose and iris gardens; birch, poplar, willow, oak, alder, ash, conifer, Rosaceae, walnut, mulberry and Leguminoseae collections; rhododendron, azalea, magnolia, liliac, wisteria and forsythia gardens; winter-flowering shrubs of many kinds; aquatic gardens; rock gardens and many more. In addition, there are the numerous glasshouses specializing in tropical rain forest plants, ferns, succulents, alpine plants, palms, tropical water lilies, Australian plants and many others. Suffice it to say that the interested visitor can spend many days, preferably spaced over different times of the year, simply savoring the glories of the living collections.
The herbarium is situated just a few yards outside the main gate and across the square behind some rather fine iron railings. The herbarium is not open to the public on a regular basis, but you can ask permission to see it, and if an appropriate person is available they are usually obliging. It can only be used by outside persons with special permission. At present it comprises a complex of four wings surrounding a courtyard, except for a “break” to permit entry of fire engines! The library (see later) is also housed in this complex. The herbarium was founded in 1852 on a small scale, but in 1854 and 1867 the extensive private herbaria of George Bentham and Sir William Hooker were added, and these formed the basis of the modern herbarium which now comprises over 5,000,000 specimens, and is certainly one of the largest and most important in the world. The two “old” (19th century) wings are really very beautiful “period pieces” of architecture, with their balconies, superb open spiral staircases and glass skylights. In each, there is a ground floor and two upper balcony floors. The cabinets are all made of white pine (Pinus strobus), which would be prohibitive in cost today! The two newer wings are of 20th century origin and reflect a more utilitarian attitude.
The functions of the herbarium are based on the “Hooker days” when they prepared floras of the British Empire. Today it is a research herbarium for world flora, and also serves botanists throughout the world. The specialize in the flora of Britian, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Tropical Africa, the West Indies and South America. They are constantly engaged in preparing floras of these and other places throughout the world. Much of it is done on contract for the newer nations. Their special collections include those of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, and his original drawings (botanists and herbarium people in particular must be good artists –it is part of careful observing!), John Lindley’s orchid herbarium, many collections of early African explorers, and even some specimens collected from the famous (or infamous?) voyage of the Bounty. The herbarium has many other functions, but we will just mention on more, and that is to publish, in cooperation with the library, the “Index Kewensis”. This was the idea of Charles Darwin and Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, and consists of nothing less than a listing and description of all flowering plants ever discovered throughout the world! Needless to say it is constantly updated as new plants are discovered, and old ones reclassified. In closing this short description of the herbarium and its functions, we can only say that no words of praise, for the past and present, are too great for this unsurpassed scientific botanical institute.
The library of Kew (located in the herbarium complex) is both historically and functionally closely associated with the herbarium. It is not open to the public, but the visitor may ask to see it and like the herbarium staff they are obliging if someone’s time is available. The library can only be used by obtaining special permission from the librarian. Founded in 1852, it became a major botanical library, with the acquisition in 1854 of George Bentham’s library and in 1867 Sir William Hooker’s library. Since then it has constantly expanded, and now contains over 150.000 volumes, being particularly rich in pre-Linnean botanical works, and floras of the world. Many of their historical items are unique and priceless. The function of the library is to serve the research staff at Kew and botanists throughout the world.
The library is housed in a new wing and consists of three sections:
1. The Archives Room, which is a magnificent long gallery, where the main working collections are house.
2. The Travels and Maps Room which houses the records of many of the early botanizers throughout the world
3. The Kewensia Room. This houses all the various papers, letters, drawings, notes, etc. of Sir William and Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.
The library also contains many other interesting items too numerous to mention.
It is pleasant to record that it is today in the hands of a very knowledgeable and dedicated staff.
The Jodrell Laboratory (just inside the Jodrell Gate off Kew Road) is Kew’s principle laboratory of basic research into the way in which plants function and have evolved. Founded in 1876 by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker (with funds provided by his friend Thomas Phillips-Jodrell), it quickly became one of the leading botanical research institutes in the world and remains so today. With over 100 years of active research, and the publication of that research, its record can be described as constanly being in the forefront of botanical research, with great contributions to botany. Today it specializes in plant anatomy, biochemistry, biochemical systematics and cytogenetics. The plant physiology section has recently been moved Wakehurst Place (see under Ardingly).
Opposite the front entrance of the Jodrell Laboratory is a large systematic garden of herbaceous plants. Arranged in easily comparable families, there are over 2000 species represented in this garden. This supplies marvelous facilities for evolutionists, and also helps students and the public to understand the range of variation among herbaceous plants. These are wild plants, not cultivated for decoration. In addition, this garden is rapidly becoming a major place for the preservation of endangered species. The systematic garden with its carefully with its carefully labeled plants is a gold mine of interest for the botanically minded. One may wander freely (for hours!) around the garden, but the staff request that you touch nothing – there is no need for it anyway.
In addition to all this, there are several botanical museums at Kew, which are fascinating and very instructive.
The General Museum (open to the public), which is opposite the Palm House at the other end of “The Pond,” is basically a museum of economic botany, and after seeing it one cannot help being impressed more than ever by our utter dependence on plants. Some of the displays vividly illustrate the history of agriculture and gardening, the origins of crop plants, the cultivation of domestic plants, and the breeding of domestic plants, the use of wood in buildings, furniture and art, including musical instruments, the making of paper and many more. This is a marvelous aesthetic and educational museum.
The Wood Museum, located between the main gate and the Jodrell Laboratory, is also open to the public, and displays a variety of woods and their uses, also craftsmanship in wood. Many people today appreciate the beauty of wood, and this is an excellent place to see many of its uses.
The Marianne North Gallery (open to the public) is located opposite the Temperature House near Kew Road, halfway between the Lion and Victorian Gates. Marianne North (1830-1890) was born in Hastings, the daughter of a middle-class family (her father was MP for Hastings), and from the earliest age she exhibited a talent for art. This did not deter her, and managing in one way or another to escape the inhibiting social restraints placed on a woman of the Victorian age, she traveled alone all over the world, painting flowers in their natural habitat. Among the places she visited for this purpose were North America, Jamaica, Brazil, Japan, the East Indies, Ceylon, Australia, New Zealand and Chile. Her output was enormous, and 848 of her paintings are preserved and on display in the Marianne North Gallery. It is a remarkable collection.
The Orangery is slightly to the left off the Broad Walk upon entering at the main gates. It is the information center for Kew, but in addition it houses a small art gallery, temporary exhibits of current interest, and a pictorial exhibit of the history and functions of Kew. There are also excellent bookstalls specializing in works on botany and horticulture.
In addition to all we have mentioned here, there are many unseen functions performed by the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. These include the quarantining of plants for introduction from and to foreign lands, the training of horticulturalists (a degree from Kew is much prized!), conserving endangered species, and perhaps most important of all the giving of expert professional advice on all matters botanical to governments and institutions all over the world.
There is one last thing we must mention at Kew, and that is the Parish Church of St. Anne, located on Kew Green a short distance before reaching the main gates of the gardens. This is a fascinating old church, where over the years some very famous people have worshipped, including five Queens of Englad, Victoria, Alexandria (wife of Edward VII), Mary (wife of George V) Elizabeth (wife of George VI) and Elizabeth II. This is commemorated by specially hand embroidered kneeling cushions in the front pew. However, just as interesting to us, is that the botanic trio, Sir Joseph Banks, Sir William Jackson Hooker and Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker were all members of the church and worshipped there. This is commemorated in the church and worshipped there. This is commemorated in the church by plaques in their memory and also the handmade kneeling cushions. There is also one of the latter in memory of Marianne North. Both Sir William and Sir Joseph Hooker are buried in the churchyard. This church might be described as “the botanists’ church”. The Parish Church of St. Anne is only open at certain times (due to the danger of vandalism), but it is worth the effort to try to see it.
In concluding our section on the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, we can only say that the visitor is not likely to be disappointed. Furthermore, there is always something new in botany at Kew.
London, situated astride the Thames near its mouth, is one of the major cities of the world and the capital of the United Kingdom. Its history goes back well beyond Roman times (it was known to the latter as Londinium), and today it consists of a vast complex of boroughs and towns all incorporated into what is known as Greater London. This is the place where almost all visitors to Britain will quickly establish themselves for longer or shorter periods, as it is not only the transportation hub of the country, but the variety of events and things to see, both social and cultural, as well as those of historical interest are, in our opinion, unsurpassed in the world. In no sense can we attempt to give a selection of these, all we can advise is that visitors read a good guide book, get a good map, and try to familiarize themselves as quickly as possible with the excellent public transportation, underground trains (commonly known as “the tube” or “the underground”), buses and taxis. Of course, none of these beat walking if you really want to know and see London! It will perhaps be of help to say that almost everything the visitor is likely to want to see is north of the Thames or immediately on the south bank. From the biological and medical perspective, London has long been the major center for these in Britain and thus there is a great deal to see.
British Museum of Natural History
Cromwell Road (Corner of Exhibition Road)
London, SW7 2DD
Phone – 01-589-6323
Closed on some national holidays.
No charge for admission.
Underground – South Kensington
This is one of the finest natural history museums of the world, and while it is administered by the main Bristish Museum in Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury (see under British Library), and its location is quite different. It is convenient and useful to mention here the fact that there are three other major museums in the immediate area of the Natural History Museum. The first of these is the Victoria and Albert Museum (open the same times as the Natural History Museum, but closed on Fridays). Located on the opposite corner to the Natural History Museum, with entrance on Cromwell Road, it is one of the great art (both fine and applied) museums of the world, and in addition it often has special exhibits of great interest. Secondly, there is the Science Museum (see below) on Exhibition Road, and next door to it the Geological Museum (see below).
In its present form the Natural History Museum dates from 1860 when it was decided to split off the natural history section of the British Museum, was not opened until 1881. Even today the building is impressive for its architecture and size. In 1975 a huge new wing was added to house their 7,000,000 specimens of fossils.
The primary functions of the museum are both education and research, and its main funding comes from the British Government. It would be hard to overestimate the importance of the Natural History Museum in the development of our knowledge and understanding of all living things. The size of the operation alone tells part of the story, for they employ 300 scientists and possess over 40,000,000 specimens! Some of these come from the famous voyages of Captain Cook, the voyage of Charles Darwin in the Beagle, and many others, but most from much more recent expeditions. The main aspect of the museums research is taxonomic, that is, the identification and classification of all animals and plants, and it is a main reference point for biologists all over the world.
Magnificent statues of Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) in the north hall of the main rotunda set the tone for the whole thrust of the museum’s research and displays. This is the basic idea that all life on this earth has evolved by means of natural selection, and the public galleries reflect this theme. The museum has five subdivisions, Zoology, Botany, Palaeontolgy, and Anthropology (combined) Entomology and Mineralogy. There is also a section of Ornithology, but this is located at Tring, Hertfordshire (see under Tring). All the subdivisions are well represented in the public displays in the galleries. These galleries are rapidly being renovated from there are rapidly being renovated from their basic Victorian designs, to reflect the more modern aspects of biology such as ecology, diversity, behavior and life processes. One of these new exhibitions, entitled “Human Biology—An Exhibition of Ourselves” was opened in 1977, and others have History Museum has no intention of losing its paramount role and position in biology.
As one would expect of such an institution, it has a library to match its huge operations. The library is only open to the public by special permission of the librarian. There are in fact five libraries which reflect and serve the functions of the main subdivisions of the museum. We need hardly add that their collections are extensive and priceless.
The Linnean Society of London
Phone – 01-734-1040
Normal business hours
Admission by appointment only
Children are not admitted
Underground – Green Park
The Linnean Society of London was founded in 1788 with the primary function of promoting natural history throughout the world. In its 200 years of existence it has remained true to that goal, and has played an enormous role in the development of our knowledge of natural history. During the time since its inception almost all great British naturalist (and many non-British ones also) have been elected Fellow, and include such names as Sir Joseph Banks, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Of great interest also is the fact that it was at a meeting of the Linnean Society in 1858 that the original paper on evolutionary theory by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace was read.
The society of course derives its name from the great Swedish botanist, Carl Linnean (1707-1778), whose importance to scientific botany can scarcely be overrated and we will give a short biography of him under Uppsala, Sweden (see Uppsala, Sweden). Here we will stick to the society itself, which is famous not only for its achievements in natural history, but also for the fact that it has come to be the resting place of most of Carl Linnaeus’ collections of plants, animals, manuscripts, correspondence, books, etc., and these are still a major reference source for biologists throughout the world. It is of great interest as to how the collections came into the hands of the Linnean Society. When Linnaeus died in Uppsala in 1778, his son Carl inherited his father’s library and his collections, except for his priceless herbarium. This went to his widow Sara, and unfortunately was not well cared for. Young Carl died in 1783, just 5 years after his father, and all his father’s collections then went to his mother. Linnaeus had warned his wife before his death that his collections would increase in value with time. However, in 1783 she needed money, and unable to find a Swedish buyer she sold them for about £1000 to an English medical student and naturalist, James Edward Smith. In the following year 1784, he shipped them to London. Needless to say the Swedes were very upset about this, but in a sense they had no one but themselves to blame. The collections remained in Smith’s hands until his death, when they passed to Smith’s wife, but in 1829 the Linnean Society bought them from her a little over £3000, with the express purpose in mind that they should be permanently available to scientific workers. The collections today are more or less intact as from the time of purchase, except for Linnaeus’ medical books, which were returned to Sweden in 1892. This has perhaps been offset by the subsequent addition of many valuable botanical works.
The Linnean collections are housed in a special strong room, where temperature and humidity are carefully controlled, and it is a pleasure to record the excellent condition they are in, as well as the professional care they are accorded. It is not treated as a museum, but as a research collection, and scholars from all over the world come to study and consult it. In addition to this, there is the historical library. With over 100,000 volumes, it is one of the major biological libraries of the world. It can only be used by the society’s 1500 Fellows, and by scholars who have the permission of the librarian. Other priceless possessions include the herbarium of Sir James Edward Smith (the founder naturalists, Fellows, etc., including the original and huge portrait of Charles Darwin by John Collier.
On the far side of the courtyard behind Burlington House are the premises of the National Academy of Art, and it was here in the right hand wing (facing the building) that the famous Darwin/Wallace paper was first read in 1858.
We can only describe the Linnean Society as a “biological gem” particularly from a historical point of view.
Opening hours: Weekdays 10.00-18.00
Closed on some national holidays.
No charge for admission.
Underground: South Kensington.
The Science Museum is primarily a museum of the physical sciences and technology, but in 1981, there was added the Wellcome Museum of the History of Medicine. The museum contains a superb collection of optical instruments, including a microscope (c. 1675) said to have belonged to Robert Hooke (1635-1703), a pioneer in microscopy, and the first person to describe a plant cell. There are doubts about this however, but it is not one of Hooke’s, it is certainly a replica of one, and came from the royal collection of George III. George III was a prolific collector, and most of his collections have in due course found their way into various British museums. It was always somewhat amazing to us that a country like Britain, with its long tradition of excellence in medicine and also so historically oriented, did not have a good medical museum. But with the establishment of the Wellcome Museum of the History of Medicine this is fortunately no longer the case. We hesitate to say this medical museum is the best in the world, because they are ail different, but it is certainly the largest, and second to none. The Wellcome Museum occupies the fourth and fifth floors of the Science Museum, and consists of 43 huge dioramas and reconstructions on the fourth floor, depicting the history of medicine from neolithic times to the present, while on the fifth floor are over 500 display cases, all in chronological order, on virtually ever aspect of the history of medicine. They are beautifully displayed and explained. Almost all this vast collection comes from Sir Henry Wellcome F.R.S. (1853-1936), one of the founders of the pharmaceutical house of Burrows and Wellcome. Sir Henry was born in the United States, but as a young man, he took out British citizenship and in due course, became very wealthy and devoted 40 years of his life to collecting. In addition to his collections in the science museum, he also founded the Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine. Certainly no one has ever done more for the history of medicine. We simply cannot imagine anyone, with an interest in the history of medicine, going to London and not taking time to see the Wellcome Museum of the History of Medicine. Allow at least 3 hours!
The Royal College of Physicians of London
11 St. Andrew Place
Opening hours: Monday-Friday 10.99-17.00
No charge for admission
Underground: Great Portland Street
The Royal College of Physicians of London is over 400 years old. It has engaged in a whole variety of activities in its long history, and as such has had, and continues to have, an enormous influence on British medicine. It was founded in 1518 by charter from King Henry VIII. At this time, it became obvious that the medical standards of physicians in England were well below those on the continent, particularly those of Italy, and Henry VIII’s charter was an attempt to remedy this situation. Since that time, the college has played a major role in British medicine, which has spread to much of the rest of the world. One of its early Fellows was no less a person than William Harvey (see under Folkestone and Hempstead) who added enormous prestige to the college. Today the Royal College of Physicians of London is chiefly responsible for the maintenance and improvement of the standards of physicians in Britain. Of main interest to the visitor is their historical medical library, which while not open to the public, nevertheless has a “main reading room”, and this is open to the public. From time to time in this room, there are magnificent displays of early medical works. In the college also are a series of fine portraits of their famous fellows, including one of William Harvey.
The John Snow Public House
39 Broadwick Street (corner of Lexington Street)
Opening hours: Normal Pub hours.
No charge for admission.
Underground: Piccadilly Circus
There is no more pleasant place in London for the medical historian than the John Snow Pub! Why is the John Snow Pub of historical significance? The answer is that a great medical discovery took place near where the pub now stands, and it was Dr. John Snow who was responsible for it. John Snow (1813-1858) should, in our opinion, have greater status in the history of medicine than is normally accorded to him, because he made major contributions in both anaesthesiology and epidemiology. Born in York, (see under York), the son of a farmer, he is said to have been a good student, and at the age of fourteen was apprenticed to a surgeon. In his teenage years he became a temperance advocate and for the rest of his life, he practiced this himself. It is perhaps ironic that he should be commemorated by a pub!
Also, very early in life he had to cope with cholera epidemics, on which he became very knowledgeable. In 1836, he migrated to .London, and in 1844 received a medical degree from the University of London. When the anaesthetic, ether, was introduced from the United States in 1846, Snow at once recognized it potential, and within one year he had invented a reliable apparatus for its administration, and published a book on it entitled “On Ether”. In the same year, 1847, James Young Simpson (see under Edinburgh) introduce chloroform, and Snow embraced this also, but recognized the difference between this and ether. He quickly became the leading authority on anaesthesia, so much so, that he was chosen to administer chloroform to Queen Victoria in 1853 at the birth of Prince Leopold. He later (1858) published another book entitled “On Chloroform”. However, in the meantime he had not lost interest in cholera and its means of spreading. This was, of course, long before the theory of the microbial origins of disease, as put forth by Pasteur (see under France). As early as 1849 Snow believed and publicly said so, that cholera was “water borne” but, it was not until 1854 that he was able to prove this. In that year there was a terrible outbreak of cholera in Soho, which was the area in which Snow himself lived. So severe was the outbreak, that over 200 people died within 3 days. Suspecting that the disease was “water borne”, Snow did a study of the incidence of the disease in relation to a public well on Broadwick Street, and noticed that the closer people lived to the well, the greater the incidence of cholera. He also noticed that a sewer pipe passed within a few feet of the well, and believed that this was the source of contamination of the well water.
Accordingly, Snow advised the authorities to “remove the handle from the pump!” Despite much protest, this was in due course done, and the cholera stopped at once. While the microbial origin of the disease was not understood for many years to come, the “water borne” nature of it was, and with the sanitation reforms which quickly followed, cholera virtually disappeared from the British scene. Furthermore, the understanding of the value of clean water in general gave rise to enormous improvements in health.
Dr. John Snow never married and died at the early age of 45. Nevertheless, his contributions to medicine and human welfare remain secure for all time. After Snow’s death in 1858, London expanded rapidly. In due course a public house was built on or near the site of the former well. Some 20 years ago, a group of historically-minded London doctors asked the brewing company (Watneys), who owned the pub, if they could put up a plaque on the pub commemorating Dr. John Snow and his great discovery. Watneys was delighted, and at the same time renamed the pub the “John Snow”, and there it stands today as a reminded of this great man. Inside the pub are a variety of framed photographs and documents commemorating Snow’s great discovery. It is popular with the local people and a nice “cosy place” to have a drink (or a “pub lunch”), and to toast Dr. John Snow!
The Royal Society of London
6 Carlton House Terrace
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
Not suitable for children.
Underground: Charing Cross or Piccadilly Circus.
The Royal Society is one of the oldest scientific institutions in the world, with origins as far back as 1645, but in 1662, King Charles II, who had previously become a member, granted the first charter. Thus, it has been in existence for well over three centuries, and has played an enormous role in the advancement of science. In its original charter granted by Charles II, the purpose of the society is stated to be “the promotion of natural knowledge”. Using modern English, we would describe this today as the promotion of the natural sciences, and throughout its history, the society has remained true to this end. Today it accomplishes this by a variety of means. These include the maintenance of the highest scientific standards in the electing of its Fellows, the awarding of medals, lectureships, and research grants, the publishing of newly discovered knowledge, promoting cooperative scientific research throughout the world, the giving of scientific advice to the government and other bodies, and finally maintaining the historical scientific library. The society also maintains a remarkable collection of paintings and busts of its former Fellows, whose names include Robert Boyle, William Harvey, Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Joseph Blake, John Hunter, Charles Darwin, Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Joseph Lord Lister, and many more. In fact, virtually ever truly great British scientist has been a fellow of the society since the latter part of the seventeenth century. The Royal Society is, of course, an active working organization, and is not generally open to the public. However, they are remarkably cooperative with really interesting people, and will show them around as an appropriate guide is available. In addition, their scientific meetings are held on Thursdays from November to June, and these are open to the public. If a visitor is fortunate enough to get a tour of the premises, he should, in our opinion, ask particularly to see three things: the library, the portraits and busts of the Fellows, and the Council Room. The library, which is such a major part of the Royal Society, has a historical collection of scientific books almost beyond praise! The preservation of such works by the Society is considered a vital part of our culture. The library also preserves their own publications and those of their Fellows. Their collections or portraits and busts are scattered in various rooms and hallways of the premises, but most can be seen with the help of a guide. Finally, of special interest, in the Council Room, where they not only have portraits of their distinguished Fellows, but some huge and magnificent tapestries woven by the Zulu Tribes of Africa.
The Royal Society of London is a remarkable institution and its influence on the development of all science has been, and continues to be, enormous.
Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine
183 Euston Road
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
Underground: Euston Square.
The Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine has probably done more to preserve our medical heritage than any other organization. Its origins go back to the pharmaceutical company of Burroughs and Wellcome, which in 1895, became the sole property to Henry Wellcome (1853-1936). Henry Wellcome, a very wealthy man, had wide interests in such things as archaeology, medical education, medical research and most important for us, the history of medicine. He made enormous collections in the latter area during his lifetime, and these are now housed in the Science Museum (see previously). When Sir Henry Wellcome died in 1936, his will set up the Wellcome Trust, a part of which is the Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine. This is centered at 183 Euston Road, and comprises an Academic Unit which is associated with the University of London, a superb historical library, and a museum of various aspects of the history of medicine. Still at Wellcome House (and there are no plans to move it), is the Museum of Medical Science. It is a technical medical museum, with heavy emphasis on tropical medicine. In the building also are old apothecary shops, reassembled intact, and a fine art collection. These may be seen upon request at the director’s office.
In addition to all this, the academic staff of the Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine is an active research unit, whose function is to promote the history of medicine in a whole variety of ways.
The Royal College of Surgeons of England
Lincoln’s Inn Fields
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
Children are not admitted.
The Royal College of Surgeons, which incorporates the Hunterian Museum, was established in its modern form in 1800. It was based then, as now, on the humanitarianism, educational concepts and professionalism which John Hunter (1728-1793) established as the blueprint for medical training, and which became the subsequent pattern followed by medical schools in both Britain and the United States. The major function of the Royal College of Surgeons can be summed up by saying that it is to maintain and improve the standards of surgery in all their varied aspects and it has played an enormous and world wide role in these respects. It is an entirely autonomous body, all of their funds coming from their Fellows and public subscriptions, but none from the government. It is important to note that the college, including its magnificent Hunterian Museum, is an active working organization, and is not open to the general public.
However, it is open to members of the medical and allied professions, medical students and members of scientific societies. Other individuals and groups must make application to the curator of the Hunterian Museum. The Hunterian Museum is neither a natural history museum, nor a museum of medical history. Visitors require some basic knowledge of biology to appreciate it. It is not suitable for children and they are not allowed. Having said all this, we will add that the curator and the porter in charge at the front desk are generally cooperative. But they have responsibilities to the institution they serve, and the public must respect these.
John Hunter (see also under East Kilbride) can figuratively be described as the “Patron-Saint” of the Royal College of Surgeons. Just as his famous brother William Hunter (see under East Kilbride) established obstetrics as a medical science, so also did John put surgery into a scientific category rather than a “butchery procedure” practiced largely by barbers and other untrained people. He eventually became surgeon- extraordinary to King George III and in 1783 established his own medical school in what is now Leicester Square. Here the student had to undergo rigorous training, study animal and human specimens, attend lectures and practice classes, and do research. All the things we now take for granted in medical training. Honor poured in upon him, and over 1000 of his students spread his ideas and methods throughout the modern world. He died in 1793, probably from syphilis, with which he inoculated himself in order to distinguish it from gonorrhea. Dedication!- -but unfortunately the experiment failed into the bargain! He is buried in Westminster Abbey.
By far the most important exhibit at the Royal College of Surgeons in the Hunterian Museum. Originally, Hunter’s collection comprised about 14,000 specimens, but time, and above all World War II bombing the college have reduced the number considerably. Nevertheless, there are still many thousands left and they are magnificently displayed in this lovely and fascinating museum. All the more remarkable when one realizes that most of it is the work of one man and the specimens are 200 years old! Within the displays are dissections illustrating all the main basic structures and functions of the animal form. These include the endoskeleton, joints, muscular systems, nervous system, organs of special sense, integumentary system, organs of locomotion, the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory and reproductive systems, as well as ductless glands. One is immediately struck by the incredible skill of the dissections. Guide books to the museum are available, and there are also many other interesting publications on sale. The staff is dedicated, enthusiastic, and helpful. All in all, a visit to the Hunterian Museum is a thrilling experience.
The Royal College of Surgeons also has a superb collection of the medical instruments of Joseph Lord Lister (see under Glasgow), many of which are on display in the lobby and can easily be seen. There is also a large statue of John Hunter which dominates the lobby, and there are lovely original portraits by Sir Joshua Reynolds and others. The library of the college (which can only be seen by special permission) is one of the great medical libraries of the world, with priceless holdings, including all Hunter’s publications, and most of his case books. Regrettably, his manuscripts are mostly lost. Finally, let us point out that in the central part of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, on the Kingsway side near where Sardinia Street enters, there is a new and lovely mounted bust of John Hunter.
St. Thomas’ Hospital
Lambeth Palace Road
London SE 1
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
St. Thomas’ Hospital is one of many major hospitals in London, but from our point of view, it has the distinction of being indelibly associated with Florence Nightingale (1820- 1910) (see also under Middle Claydon, East Wellow, Aldershot, and Kaiserswerth, Germany) who did so much to found the modern profession of nursing. The origins of St. Thomas’ go back to the 13th century, but it has only been in its present location since 1871, and is now a vast and ever expanding hospital. With all its varied history and contributions, no aspect has proven more far reaching than the founding in 1860 at St. Thomas’ of the Nightingale Training School for Nurses. With its foundation, modern nursing may be said to have begun. It is difficult for us today to realize that right down to the middle of the 19th century, to be a nurse was a social disgrace. It was in fact tantamount to being a prostitute, and many women combined the two professions. However, a new course was set by Florence Nightingale. Most of the early probationers (called “Nightingales” then as now!) scattered to all parts of the earth and spread their knowledge, expertise and dedication. Thus modern nursing was born, and is today vital and indispensable part of medicine- -something rather easily overlooked by many people, including doctors themselves.
The background of Florence Nightingale is not only of interest, but has great historical importance from which we can all learn. She was born in Florence, Italy (hence her name) in 1820. Her English parents, both wealthy and upper class, were at the time of her birth, living in Italy. However, at the age of one, she accompanied her parents back to England to live at the family home of Embley Park (see under East Wellow), and it was there that she spent most of her childhood. By all accounts, she was a highly intelligent and motivated child, and loved to learn. She received the education thought suitable for an upper class woman of her day, designed to make her a wife and mother, but very little else. As she grew, her family expected her to lead a glittering social life, but she was in great conflict with this. Her early inclinations were clear when she was only 20. At that time, there was a famine in the area where she lived, and she immediately plunged herself into social work. Here happiness at doing something constructive was obvious to all, and at the same time, she announced her intention of becoming a nurse. Her parents were horrified, and ordered her to give up the whole idea, but their remonstrations proved useless. However, it was to be another 13 years before she actually broke the parental bonds and left home.
In later life, she came to have nothing but contempt for her mother and sister. “They have nothing to do” she said “but tell each other not to get tired putting flowers into water!” In the meantime, she traveled to Rome, and there she met Sydney Herbert, who was destined to become a very influential British politician, and was responsible for getting a lot of Florence Nightingale’s ideas put into practice. On returning to England, she had a love affair with a certain Richard Monckton Mines but it did not last, and in fact, she never married. She also visited the Institute of Lutheran Deaconesses at Kaiserswerth, Germany. Here she spent six months studying their methods of nursing. She was impressed with the organization of the hospital, but thought little of their sanitation and nursing care. From Kaiserswerth, she went to Paris and studied in the hospitals under the authority of the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul. On her return to England again, her parents were more adamant than ever against her desire for a career in nursing, but finally in 1843 at the age of 33, she left home and started to work at the Governesses’ Sanatorium on Harley Street, London. This did not last long, as events simply overtook her.
In 1853 the Crimea War started. Britain and France supposedly went to protect Turkey against Russian attack. Things went badly for Britain from a military point of view, and the London Times reporter on the spot dispatched home articles criticizing the incompetencies and indifference of the generals and other authorities to the suffering of soldiers, particularly those sick or wounded in the hospital. This had a profound and far reaching effect in England. Sydney Herbert was at this time Minister at War, and in due course, Florence Nightingale and about 20 nurses were sent out to Scutari in Turkey, where the main hospital was located. The authorities were hostile! But by her patience, high standards, organizational ability and leadership, she eventually reconciled the army to nurses. In a short time, there were heavy casualties, and the doctors and generals in desperation turned to her for help, and her moment of triumph had arrived. Her degree of dedication and leadership soon spread far and wide. She never asked her nurses to do anything she didn’t do herself. For example, during one winter at the Scutari Hospital, she personally was present at the death of over 2000 soldiers.
In 1855 the situation got even worse, and at one point, there were more soldiers in the hospital (12,000) than in the trenches (11,000). The death rate was appalling, and eventually a sanitary commission was sent out from London. Florence Nightingale became personally responsible for implementing their reports, and in a short time, the death rate dropped from 40% to 2%! Somewhat inevitably, however, she got ill herself, but did not return to England until 1857 after the end of the war. England had prepared a great welcome for her, but she would accept no personal acclaim, and immediately started a campaign, for reform in sanitation, health care, hospital care and nursing, which included the founding of the Nightingale Training School at St. Thomas’. The rest of her long life was devoted to these ends. During these later years of her life, she also wrote a great deal on nursing, hospital design and sanitation. Her “Notes on Nursing” published in 1859 (the same year as Darwin’s Origin of Species!) Is considered a classic on the subject, and there were many more.
All biographers of Florence Nightingale agree that “she was not an easy person to get along with”- reformers seldom are! However, her influence was enormous. Basically she brought about three revolutions. The first of these was in the profession of nursing itself, which she raised from a very low status to one of high social if not monetary) regard. Secondly, she brought about a revolution in hospital administration and design. But thirdly, and perhaps the most important of all, was her social revolution. She, more than anyone else, broke the Victorian tradition that the only thing young, well-educated women could do was to become homemakers and have children. Thus, she was a great social liberator, whose impact is still with us today. She died at her London home on South Street in 1910 at the age of ninety. Prior to her death, and true to her nature, she refused a national funeral and burial in Westminister Abbey. Instead, she was buried in the family grave within the churchyard of East Wellow, Hampshire (see under East Wellow).
At the present time, there is no central place in St. Thomas’ (or anywhere else), where the belongings of Florence Nightingale are assembled. However, as part of a current extension to one of their buildings it is hoped that there will be a “Florence Nightingale Museum”, where most of her surviving things will be properly displayed (a drive for funds is already underway). In the meantime, we must recognize that her former possessions are scattered and in order to see them, we will have to rely on the cooperation and courtesy of those responsible for their preservation. First of all, there is a very impressive statue of Florence Nightingale on the east balcony, not of the original cast, because the latter was stolen some years ago and has never been traced. However, the firm who did the casting in the 19th century was traced, and by good fortune, they still had the original mold! So the present statue is as near to the original as possible. It may be seen by an interested visitor.
In the office complex of the District Nursing Officer, there is a variety of furniture which formerly belonged to Florence Nightingale. These include her piano, desk and several chairs. There are also small items, prints and even clothes. Similarly in the office complex of the Nursing Personnel Officer there are such items as Florence Nightingale’s medicine and needlework chests, another desk, books, etc. There is also a lamp of the type used by nurses in the Crimea, but it probably did not belong to Florence Nightingale. All these things can only be seen by the permission of the appropriate Nursing Officer. They are busy people, but one can ask, and they are helpful. The Nightingale Training School for Nurses adjoins St. Thomas’ Hospital on the east side. It is a modern building, but of particular interest to us is the fact that in their library are many of the books from Miss Nightingale’ s own library, including her Bible- -she was incidentally a devoutly religious woman, and like St. Joan of Arc, believed she had a mystical experience as a young woman. The library also has copies of all the books she wrote. However, her private papers are held by the Archives Department of the Greater London Council, which is right next door to St. Thomas’. The library holdings of the Nightingale Training School may be seen with the permission of the librarian. In addition to all these interesting aspects of St. Thomas’, it is convenient to note here that during the years, Florence Nightingale was associated with the hospital, she lived in a house on South Street. The house itself no longer survives, but there is a ceramic plaque put up by the London County underground to Green Park and then walk up Park Lane beyond the Dorchester Hotel to South Street and turn right. Her house was at what is now 8-10 South Street, and the plaque reads:
In a house on this site Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) lived and died A simple tribute to this great human benefactor.
Old St. Thomas’ Hospital Operating Theatre
c/o The Chapter House, Guy’s Hospital
St. Thomas Street
Opening hours: Variable-phone for information
Small charge for admission
Underground: London Bridge
This is the second oldest surviving operating theater in the world. It dates from. 1822, and was originally the women’s operating theater of St. Thomas’ Hospital, but is now part of Guy’s Hospital and is maintained as a museum. It is a remarkable, though somewhat “grim” place, but at the same time, a historical “gem”, and we cannot recommend too highly a visit here to see what the “realities: of surgery were only 150 years ago. When we were last there (1985) the responsible officer in charge was Mr. M. Fellows-Freeman (ext. 3149) and the curator was Mrs. Jean Miller. Literature is available at the entrance desk. The origins of this operating theater go back to the 18th century, when the loft of the church was used by the apothecary of St. Thomas’ Hospital, for drying, storing and preparing the medicinal plants used by the hospital. For this reason, it was actually called “the herb garret”. In 1822, a new women’ s operating theater was built in the garret, as part of the space occupied by the apothecary and his herbs. The theater was in use for 40 years until 1862, when St. Thomas’ Hospital sold its property to the railway company using nearby London Bridge Station, and in 1865, the hospital moved from the area altogether.
The Operating Theatre, although abandoned, was fortunately bricked-up and this no doubt saved it from complete decay. It remained that way until 1956 when, in the course of renovations, it was discovered and fortunately its value recognized. It took many years of careful work to restore it to its original condition, but with funds provided mainly by St. Thomas’ and Guy’s Hospitals and the Wolfson and Wellcome Foundations, the work was completed, and it and the adjoining herb garret were opened to the public in 1962.
On entering the theater, one is struck by the fact that virtually everything was made of wood, in contrast to the stainless steel in a modern operating theater. But to us at least, the most striking thing of all is to realize that “these walls must have seen and heard some terrible things” When it opened in 1822, anesthesia was unknown, and it was not until 1847 that anesthesia was first used here. Secondly, throughout its entire 40 years of use, no techniques of antisepsis were in use. It was entirely pre-Listerian (see under Glasgow). This is attested to by the fact that in one corner of the room is a china basin and jug used by the surgeon to wash up after the operation! In fact, the contents and whole atmosphere remind one dramatically of three necessary preliminaries before modern surgery became possible. These are the placing of surgery on a scientific basis, mainly by John Hunter (see under the Royal College of Surgeons) in the later 18th century, the introduction of anesthesia in the late 1860’s, and also asepsis. Thus, this Old Operating Theatre is a vivid and very educational reminder of the history of this part of medicine. The herb garret adjoining the theater is now a historical museum, thanks largely to the work of the late Mr. R.J. Scott, who for many years lovingly cared for everything as curator. There are very interesting displays in the herb garret, including some of the original poppy seed used to supply opium. In concluding this section on the Old St. Thomas’ Hospital Operating Theatre and Herb Garret, we feel obliged to say that a visit to them should be “a must” for anyone interested in medical or human history.
St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School
Praed Street (corner of Norfolk Place)
Opening hours: Normal business hours.
No charge for admission.
St. Mary’s Hospital is relatively new in comparison to other London hospitals, having only opened its doors in 1851, and the Medical School attached to it was founded in 1854. However, its frame has rapidly become second to none, because it was here in 1928 that Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) first observed the antibacterial properties of the mold, Penicillium notatum, though it was many years after this before the active agent “penicillin” was extracted, purified and became clinically available. Nevertheless, we may correctly say that with Fleming’s discovery the “antibiotic age” was born, and it is no exaggeration to say that it has proved to be the greater therapeutic advance in all the history of medicine. It is safe to say also that without penicillin and subsequent antibiotics, one third of the people in the work today would not be alive. Alexander Fleming was a Scotsman, having been born in Lockfield, Ayrshire in 1881. He was brought up on the family farm receiving an average education for a rural community, and by the time he was 13, he was already in London where he worked at a variety of jobs. An important turning point in his life came when at the age of 20, he inherited a small amount of money and decided to use it to study medicine.
Accordingly, he entered St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, and apart from a stint in the Army in the first World War, he remained with St. Mary’s for the rest of his working life. Early in his career, Fleming became interested in the study of the antibacterial mechanisms of the body, and also antibacterial agents, but he never attempted any massive survey of potential antibacterial agents as did Paul Ehrlich (see under Frankfurt, Germany). In fact, it was really a chance event which led him to what is now called penicillin therapy. In 1928, while working in his laboratory at St. Mary’s, he noticed that some colonies of staphylococci on a culture plate had been destroyed by an accidental contamination of a mold which had literally floated in through the window of his laboratory! Fortunately, Fleming had “a prepared mind” and recognized the significance of this event. The mold, subsequently identified as Penicillium notatum, was found to inhibit the growth of many other species of pathogenic bacteria. In the following year, 1929, he reported his findings to the London Medical Society, and also published a short paper entitled “On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium”, and suggested its use for antibacterial therapy. However, at that time, chemical techniques were very inadequate, and extracts of the active substance (penicillin) were impure and their effects unpredictable. Despite his efforts, and those he enlisted for help, the problem could not be solved, but Fleming never lost hope that sometime in the future, the problem of extracting a pure sample of penicillin would become a reality. This indeed occurred in Oxford in 1940 when Ernst Chain (1906-1979) and Howard Florey (1898-1968) (see under Oxford) accomplished this. The following year, 1941, the first clinical trial was made on an Oxford policeman, who was dying of a severe bone disease due to an infection. The infection was immediately arrested and the patient started to improve at once.
Unfortunately, there was only enough penicillin available for five days of treatment, and after this, the infection took over again and the patient died. This was an unhappy beginning, but subsequent trial confirmed that the results of penicillin therapy could be almost miraculous. Fleming himself was overjoyed at this turn of events. In 1941, England bad long been at war, and was shortly to be joined by the United States. Fortunately, the authorities in both countries were persuaded of the importance of this discovery, and the highest priority was given to the difficult task of the extraction of penicillin in meaningful amounts. Spurred on by ever increasing war casualties, the problem was in fact solved in a remarkably short period of time, thus a new era of medical therapy was ushered in. At first penicillin was only available to the allied armed services, but with the coming of peace in 1945, its use quickly spread throughout the world, and its originator, Alexander Fleming, was hailed far and wide as a hero. Honors poured in upon him from all over the earth. He was knighted by King George VI in 1944 (as were Florey and Chain), and he, Florey and Chain, all received the Nobel Prize in 1945.
Fleming’s first wife, Sarah Marion McElroy, died in 1949 leaving him a lonely man. In 1953, he was married for the second time to Dr. Amalia Coutsouris-Voureka, a Greek scientist who was working at St. Mary’s. Tragically, they were only to have two years of married life, for Sir Alexander died suddenly in 1955. His body was cremated, but his ashes are preserved in St. Paul’s Cathedral (see under St. Paul’s Cathedral).
In concluding this short biography of Sir Alexander Fleming, it is perhaps, in the interest of accuracy, to say that many scientists and historians of medicine find fault with Fleming for “not doing the right experiments” after his first observations in 1928, and also for lack of perseverance. Be that as it may, and remembering the old saying that “hindsight is easy”, the fact remains that it was Fleming’s careful observations and deductions that were instrumental in bringing about this enormous advance in medicine.
Unfortunately, the authorities at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School have not seen fit to preserve much of the associations of Sir Alexander Fleming. His laboratory has been so altered and put to new uses, that for practical purposes, it no longer exists and is now an office complex. In spite of this, there are two things worthwhile seeing. The first of these is a very nice plaque on the side of the Medical School building just to the left of the main entrance on Praed Street. It reads as follows:
Sir Alexander Fleming
Discovered Penicillin in the second story room above this plaque
It is an interesting experience to look up at the second story window above the plaque, and realize it was here that antibiotic therapy, which is such a major aspect of medicine today, had its beginnings. Secondly, there is the library and conference room on the third floor of the Wright-Fleming Institute (part of the Medical School). This is not open to the public, but the visitor may ask permission to see it from the librarian of the Medical School. Some of Fleming’s personal library is in this room, and it was the library he used in his day. In this room. also is a nice portrait of him and a bust. Most of Fleming’s library, his notes and records, laboratory equipment, etc. are scattered and generally inaccessible except to professionals, and even then it is difficult! The house in Chelsea in which Sir Alexander Fleming lived for many years still stands. It is at 20 Danvers Street. To reach it, take the underground to Sloane Square, and then walk down Kings Road to Paultons Square (it is quite a step!), and turn left. This then leads into Danvers Street. The house is privately occupied, and is not marked in any way. We find it a pity that more of the materials and associations of this great human benefactor are not preserved and available for viewing by the public. Perhaps in the future there may be a “Fleming Museum”- – we hope so.
London SW 1
Opening hours: Open to the public most days, so long as there is no service or special event in progress.
Photography in the Abbey is forbidden except by special permission.
No charge for admission.
Westminster Abbey is more to Britain than simply a church. It is in fact a national shrine where, throughout the ages, many of her great sons and daughters have been buried or commemorated, and these include biologists and doctors. There are many things in Westminster Abbey of great historical interest and beauty, but we strongly recommend some knowledge of British history before a visit there, as well as the use of the official guide book. We will confine ourselves here to memorials of the great scientists. There is a booklet available entitled “The Abbey Scientists”, which we recommend. On entering the Abbey by the West Door, the Nave is straight ahead, and almost immediately in the center of this is the memorial to Sir Winston Churchill and the tomb of Britain’s Unknown Soldier. To the left of this is the North Aisle, and within the floor of this aisle are the tombs of John Hunter and Charles Darwin. Nearby are the tombs of Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875), the geologist and close friend of Charles Darwin, and the great physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) and others. Further on in the North Transept is the memorial to Sir lames Young Simpson, and in the South Transept, as part of”poet’s corner”, is the memorial to Stephen Hales. Westminister Abbey is a fascinating place, where the visitor can spend many enjoyable hours, but none of them better than seeing the memorials to famous British scientists.
St. Paul’s Cathedral
Opening hours: Open to the public most days, so long as there is no service or special event in progress. No charge for admission.
Underground: St. Paul’s
St. Paul’s Cathedral, like Westminister Abbey, is somewhat of a national shrine, and it is here that the ashes of Sir Alexander Fleming are interred. They are in the crypt underneath the main floor, and are located in a wall not far from the tomb of the Duke of Wellington. There is a plaque on the wail indicating the location of his ashes. It is worth a visit by those interested in the contribution of this great man to medicine and human welfare.
Opening hours: Daily 9:00-dusk.
No charge for admission.
Underground: West Brompton
Here in this cemetery, Dr. John Snow (see under The John Snow Public House) is buried. To find the grave, go through the entrance off Old Brompton Road. Turn left at the first cross walkway inside the cemetery, and the grave is about 30 yards along on the right. It is easily seen. The burial register number is 18588, and it is officially described as being on North Walk, Compartment E, Location 52. It is inscribed:
To John Snow, M.D.
Born at York
March 15th, 1813
Died in London
June 16th, 1858
In remembrance of his great labors in science and of the excellence of his private life and character, this monument with the assent of Dr. William Snow has been erected over his grave by his professional brethren and friends. Restored in 1895 by Sir Benjamin W. Richard F.R.S. and a few surviving friends. The grave has been restored three times: Firstly in 1895 by Sir Benjamin W. Richardson. Secondly in 1938 by anaesthetists from Britain and the United States. It was destroyed by a German bomb in April 1941- -but restored for the third time in 1951 by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, who now maintain it.
The British Library
The British Museum
Great Russell Street
Opening hours: Weekdays, 10.00-17.00
No charge for admission.
Underground-Tottenham Court Road.
The British Library is one of the truly great libraries of the world, and has played an incalculable role in the development of all human knowledge. It was founded by Act of Parliament in 1973, and can now be described as the National Library of Britain. At the present time it is in a state of transition, with three main operation divisions. These are the Reference Division, the Lending Division, and Bibliographic Services. It is the Reference Division with which we will be concerned here, because it comprises the former library departments of the British Museum, including the Science Reference Library, which are still housed there. The origins of the British Museum are of great interest. It was founded by Act of Parliament in 1753, with the object of bringing together the enormous collections of Sir Robert Colton, as well as those of the First and Second Earls of Oxford and those of Sir Hans Sloane. Included in the Act were specific provisions for a library, and the money to buy these collections was raised by a government -sponsored lottery!
Fortunately, it worked well. Just four years later in 1757 the library was greatly enhanced by the presentation of the entire Royal Library of King George II (1683-1760), which contained the collections of every British King since Edward IV (1442-1483). It was certainly then, and fortunately still is, one of the most priceless collections to survive the ravages of time. The collections were enhanced again in 1823, when King George IV (1762-1830) presented to the Museum the library of his father King George III (1738-1820). Thus in its early years, the library was greatly helped by gifts from Royalty. At its foundation, the British Museum Library was established as a “copyright library.” which under the law (going back to the Press Licensing Act of 1662) entitles it to a free copy of every book published in the United Kingdom. Its holdings are now well over 10,000,000 and include historically important manuscripts, documents, maps, letters, etc.
The Reference Division of the British Library (formerly the British Museum Library) is not a library for the general public or for causal use. Nevertheless, qualified scholars may obtain permission from the librarian to use it, if their need is considered justified. However, any visitor may see the famous “Reading Room” and we can assure you it is worth a visit. This magnificent and huge domed room, with it surrounding bookstacks, was designed by the architect Sydney Smirke and opened in 1857. It has been in continuous use ever since, and its value to the advancement of scientific knowledge is incalculable. The dome of the building was damaged by a bomb in the early days of World War II, but fortunately, no serious or permanent damage resulted. To visit the Reading Room, it is only necessary to ask permission at the main entrance desk. However, visitors are only admitted every hour, on the hour, from 10.00- 16.00. They cannot accommodate anyone between hours. In addition to the Reading Room there is of course the rest of the museum with its magnificent heritage of cultural exhibits.
The Freud Museum
20 Maresfield Gardens
London, NW3 5SX
Opening hours: Weekdays, 10.00-17.00
Closed: Christmas, Boxing and New Year’s days.
Small charge for admission.
Underground: Finchley Road.
On leaving the station, cross Finchley Road and walk south to Trinity Walk and turn up this to Maresfield Gardens.
This was the home of Sigmund Freud (see under Vienna, Austria) after having had to leave his native Austria because of Nazi persecution. He lived here for one year only from 1938 until his death in 1939. After he died the house became the property of his daughter, Dr. Anna Freud, who lived there until her death in 1982. Upon her death, the house and its contents came under the control of “The Sigmund Freud Archives”, and is now open as a museum. The house is easily recognized by a plaque on the outside erected by the London County Council, which reads:
Founder of Psychoanalysis
Lived here in 1938-1939
Within the museum, left much as Freud knew his house, is his furniture, including his “famous couch” which was brought from Vienna, his priceless anthropological and antiquarian collections, as well as his personal library which contains all his works in both the German and English editions. Also many other items associated with Freud and the history of psychoanalysis. In addition, the museum contains various meeting rooms, and carries on many educational and research activities.
Not far away, in the grounds of the Hampstead Public Library at 88 Avenue Road, (underground Swiss Cottage) is a very fine statue of Sigmund Freud sculptured by Oscar Nemon. Finally, the ashes of Sigmund Freud, his wife and their daughter, Dr. Anna Freud, are all the Golders Green Crematorium, Hoop Lane, Hampstead. The underground is Golders Green; and the crematorium is open daily 9.00-17.00. The office (phone 01-455- 2374) is open Monday-Friday 9.00-17.00.
Fortune Green Road
Opening hours: Daily, 9.00-dusk.
No admission charge.
Underground: West Hampstead.
This is the cemetery where Joseph Lord Lister (see under Glasgow & Edinburgh) is buried. It is sometimes referred to as the West Hampstead Cemetery, simply because it is located in West Hampstead, but there is in fact only one cemetery in Hampstead. The cemetery is about a 15 minute walk from the underground station (alternately one can take a taxi). Along this fifteen minute walk is a farrago of shops including at least fifteen places to eat. The grave of Lord Lister and his wife is in section WA, and the number is 432. If you enter the cemetery at the main gate, proceed down the main road to the chapel, take a left at the chapel and walk approximately 100 feet where you will see the Barrister Fletcher Memorial. Take a right at the intersection and Lord Lister’s grave is approximately 30 yards down this path on your left. You do not have to go off the walkway to find it; it borders the walkway. It is a simple grave for this great man and his wife. Note: If you feel rather peckish during this outing, included in these fifteen eating establishments, are at least five pizza places, including the ubiquitous Domino’s.
Location – 15 miles northwest of London, close to the town of Market Drayton.
Train – From London (Euston) to Stroke-on-Trent and then by taxi to Maer.
Road – From London take the M1 to the north, and transfer to the M6 just beyond Rugby. Follow the M6 around Birmingham as far as exit 12, and then follow the A5 to Shrewsbury. From Shrewsbury take the A49 north towards Newcastle – under – Lyme. About 7 miles out of Market Drayton take the A52 towards Stone, and within 1 mile along this road turn right to the village of Maer.
Maer, Strafforshire, is a small village set in the beautiful countryside of Western England, and what endears it to all biologists is that it was here in 1839 that Charles Darwin (see under Downe) married his beloved Emma Wedgwood. It was in this village that the Wedgwood family had their country residence, called Maer Hall. Here, as a young man, Charles Darwin came from his home in Shrewsbury to shoot game, to consult his uncle, JosiahWedgwood (Uncle Jos), and above all to court Josiah’s daughter, Emma. Eventually, Charles and Emma were married in Maer’s Parish Church of St. Peter in 1839. Fortunately both Maer Hall and the Parish Church still stand.
Maer Church is reached by climbing up a short but steep pathway. The interior of the church has undergone some renovations since Darwin and the Wedgwoods knew it, but the exterior is exactly the same, as also are the churchyard and the pathway up which Charles and Emma walked on their wedding day. Visitors may see inside the church with the permission of the Vicar, and there is available a nice historical guide to the church. The marriage of Charles Darwin and Emma Wedgwood is recorded in the Church Register on January 19, 1839. Charles Darwin’s signature is in a rather shaky hand, perhaps because it was a very cold day or that he was very nervous – – or perhaps both! Also recorded in the Baptismal Register is the fact that four of their children (William, Elizabeth, Henrietta and George) were baptized in the church. It is of interest that the birth, death and marriage register of the church goes back to 1558. In addition, the graves of Josiah Wedgwood and his wife Elizabeth are easily seen in the churchyard.
All in all Maer is a beautiful and fascinating little village to all biologists and those interested in biological history.
MIDDLE CLAYDON (Buckinghamshire)
Location-55 miles northwest of London.
Train-From London (Marylebone) to Aylesbury and then by bus or taxi to Middle Claydon.
Road-Take the A41 to Watford and Aylesbury. At Aylesbury, branch onto the A413 to Winslow and Buckingham. Then take the well marked side roads to Steeple Claydon and Middle Claydon.
Opening hours: April-October only.
Daily, 14.00-18.00; closed Mondays and Fridays.
Operated by the National Trust
Small charge for admission.
Claydon House has been the seat of the Verney family since 1620. During her life, Florence Nightingale (see under London) spent a great deal of time here. In 1858, Sir Harry Verney (the 2nd Baronet) was married to Miss Parthenope Nightingale, who became Lady Verney and the mistress of Claydon House. She was Florence Nightingale’s eldest sister, and for many years after the marriage, Florence was a frequent visitor to Claydon. She had her own bedroom now called Miss Nightingale’s room, and it is beautifully preserved. Many of her personal belongings are here. These include some of her letters, her plans for hospitals, part of her library, prints, nursing badges and some of her own furniture. There is also a portrait of her by W.B. Richmond which hangs over the fireplace, and also photographs of her. Throughout the house, there are other reminders of Florence Nightingale’s association with it. Claydon House, with its surrounding beautiful park land, is a thrilling place to visit, and the association with it of Florence Nightingale makes it even more so.
Location-60 miles northwest of London
Train-From London (Paddington)
Road-Take the A40 to the north, which joins the M40 at Denham and this leads straight into Oxford via Headington.
The city’s name is derived from the two words “ox” and “ford”, and it is located in a valley between the Thames and Cherwell rivers. There was apparently no Roman settlement there, though a Roman road ran nearby. There were certainly settlements by the 8th century A.D., and in 872, King Alfred (849-901) founded three seats of learning at Oxford, and there formed the nucleus of what was to become Oxford University. By the end f the 12th century, the university was well established, and in 1248 University College was founded. Through the centuries, many more have been added, and there are, at present, 34. Like Cambridge University (see Cambridge), Oxford is a federal structure, and all undergraduate students must belong to a college. Oxford is not as rich as Cambridge (which was an offshoot from Oxford) in its scientific heritage, having been more clerically oriented, and there was always considerable opposition to science at Oxford. Nevertheless, in recent times, science has flourished there, and there are places of considerable scientific interest.
The Main Botanic Garden
High Street- Oxford
Opening hours: May-September-Weekdays, 8.30-17.00
Sundays, 10.00-12.00 and 14.00-18.00
October-April-Daily, 10.00-12.00 and 14.00-16.30
No charge for admission.
This was originally founded as a Physic Garden in 1621 and is the oldest in
England. Today it is a major center of biological research. However, at the entrance to the Rose Garden, a very important medical discovery is commemorated. It was in Oxford, at a whole variety of places, that the very necessary work of extraction and purification of penicillin was accomplished before it could be used in a therapeutic way (see under St. Mary’s Hospital, London). This was done between 1939-1943, and the event is recorded on a stone slab. It was given by the Albert and Mary Lasker Foundation of New York, and the names of those responsible for this great achievement are carved on the stone. They are:
E.P. Abraham E. Chain
C.M. Fletcher H.W. Florey
U.E. Forey A.D. Gardner
N.G. Heatley M.A. Jennings
J. Orr-Ewing A.G. Sanders
This botanic garden is a great place for the biologically oriented.
The Museum of the History of Science Broad Street
Opening hours: Monday-Friday, 10.30-13.00 and 14.30-16.00
Small charge for admission.
The Museum is housed in the Old Ashmolean Building and was established in 1925. It contains an unrivaled collection of early astronomical and mathematical instruments. Also, instruments of physics, clocks and watches, chemical apparatus, etc. Of particular interest for biologists, is their extensive collection of early microscopes including a reconstruction of Robert Hooke’s compound microscope built before 1665. Hooke’s original microscope apparently does not survive, but this reconstruction is based on Hooke’s own description in the book, Micrographia, published in 1665. There are also fine collections of early surgical and dental instruments, and many things relating to the history of pharmacy. Also on display is some of the apparatus used in the original extraction of pure penicillin, which was done in Oxford (see earlier). The museum has a magnificent historical library in science, and its staff is actively engaged in research into the history of science. All in all it is a great museum for the history of science.
The Genetic Garden
Science Area Laboratories
Opening hours: Monday-Friday, 9.00-13.00 and 14.00-17.00
No charge for admission.
The Genetic Garden is part of the Botany School of the university and is primarily a research garden, but the public are admitted at the above times only. It is located on the northern edge of the Science Areas Laboratories, which is the southern edge of the University Parks. It may be reached by walking along Keble Road, which leads off the Banbury Road, and then taking the footpath through the University Parks to the northern edge of the Science Area Laboratories. It is located between the Physiology / Biochemistry Building and the Astrophysics Building. Alternately, it can be reached by entering the Science Area Laboratories from South Parks Road where it is joined by Mansfield Road. Then walk through the laboratory area to the gardens on the south edge of the University Parks. The Genetic Garden was founded in 1954, and although only an acre in size, it demonstrates the processes of evolution in flowering plants. It also demonstrates the mutations of chromosomes and genes, plastids and plasmageries, and hence the origin or hybrids, chimaeras and the causes of variegation. It also shows the causes and consequences of fertility and sterility, the nature of breeding, systems with sex and heterostyly and the action of viruses. Finally, it provides the evidence for the origins of cultivated domestic plants and of new species in nature. The botanically minded visitor will not be disappointed in the Genetic Garden- -it’s a “gem”.
The Oxford University Museum
Parks Road at South Parks Road
Opening hours: Monday-Saturday, 10.00-16.00
Small charge for admission.
The Oxford University Museum is an active teaching and research unit in the areas of zoology, entomology, geology and mineralogy, and it houses large collections in all these areas. The building was erected in 1855 and 1860, as an expression of the growing awareness of the natural sciences as an important area of learning. However, this was done over considerable opposition from many members of the university! The building itself is very imposing, and the main court, which houses their huge collection of vertebrate fossils, is a remarkable sight. Right around this court is a gallery with many other displays. It is of particular interest that it was in the Upper West Gallery on June 30, 1860, that the “great debate” took place between Bishop Samuel Wilberforce and Thomas Henry Huxley on the newly published “Origin of Species” by Charles Darwin. That debate had a profound effect on the future development of biology, and the fact that it was held here is commemorated by a plaque outside the area where it occurred. The exact room has been considerably altered since the debate, and now houses part of the ornithology collections. The Oxford Museum is a lovely place, with great interest for biologists and those concerned with the history of biology.
There are many other places of great interest in Oxford, which the guide books explain, but we would like to recommend just two. The superb Ashmolean Museum (Beaumont Street) with its extensive collections of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Near East and Chinese antiquities. Also the world famous Blackwell’s Book Store on Broad Street. In the basement, it has a room the size of a tennis court!-devoted to academic subjects.
Location – 150 miles northwest of London on the borders of Wales.
Train – From London (Euston) direct
Road – From London take the M1 to the north and transfer to the M6 just beyond Rugby. Follow the M6 around Birmingham as far as exit 12, and then follow the A5 to Shrewsbury. On this route the traffic is very heavy, as it goes through the industrialized areas, and in our opinion should be avoided if possible. We recommend taking the M40 towards Oxford and then joining the A40 just before Oxford. Follow this around Oxford on to Cheltenham, Gloucester and Ross-on-Wye. At Ross-on Wye bear right onto the A49 to Hereford, and follow this north to Leominster, Ludlow and Shrewsbury. This is a lovely and interesting route.
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, has a history going back well over 1000 years, much of it being a story of conflict between the English and Welsh. It is located in a horseshoe bend of the Severn river, and today is a lovely and prosperous old town. However, for us its chief importance is the fact that Charles Darwin (see under Downe) was born here on February 12, 1809, and spent all his childhood in the vicinity. He is by far Shrewsbury’s most famous son, something that the townspeople are happy to acknowledge and remind you of!
Charles Darwin’s father, Dr. Robert Waring Darwin, came to Shrewsbury in 1786 to set up his medical practice. Within 10 years he was so prosperous that he bought the land and built the house, now known as the Mount. This became the family home and it was here that Charles Darwin was born and brought up. Fortunately the Mount still stands within its own grounds. The Mount is located over the Welsh Bridge on the north side of a road called the Mount, which joins the A458 towards Welshpool. The gate into the grounds of the Mount has two plaques, one stating that it was the birthplace of Charles Darwin, the second stating that it is now the Ministry of the Environment and leased to the Inland Revenue Service. It is perfectly alright to go through the gate and look around the grounds and the exterior of the house, which has not been altered since Darwin’s day. It is indeed a thrilling experience to realize that here young Charles played with his sisters and brothers (there were 6 in the family) and it was from here that he set out in due course for Edinburgh University and later Cambridge University. Also it was to this home that he came in 1831, at the age of 22, to say goodbye to his family before setting out on the Voyage of the Beagle.
In 1817 at the age of 8, Charles was sent to a day school run by a Unitarian Minister, the Rev. G. Case, at 13 Claremont Hill. This building, now a private residence, still stands and is only a short walk from “The Square” of the town. The following year Charles went to the famous Shrewsbury School, founded in 1551 by King Edward VI. It was in Charles’ day, under the direction of Dr. Samuel Butler. The school is still in existence, but has now moved outside of Shrewsbury. The exterior is much the same, but the interior greatly altered. It is located in Castle street (opposite the Castle), and an easy walk from the Old Market Hall in “The Square.” Outside what was the main entrance to the school, now approached through a lovely small park, is a magnificent statue of Charles Darwin, which is inscribed at the base with the words: “Erected by the Shropshire Horticulture Society, 1987.” Charles remained at Shrewsbury School until the age of 16, when he went to Edinburgh University.
There are all kinds of fascinating stories that the natives of Shrewsbury will tell you about Charles Darwin. He certainly was interested in natural things from a very early age, and certain Mr. Cotton introduced young Charles to the mysteries of geology, and in particular to a well known unusual boulder in Shrewsbury known as “The Bellstone”. This boulder is of glacial origin and had a profound effect on Charles’ mind when he realized it had been transported there by an “iceberg”! The stone may still be seen. It is inside the entrance to Morris Hall, which is just off the Square. There are many other interesting things in the lovely old town of Shrewsbury, but fortunately the citizens have placed the memory of Charles Darwin at the top of their list.
Location-Southwest of central London near Kingston-on-Thames, but it is now part of Greater London.
Train-From London (Waterloo) by suburban train.
Road-Complicated, and we would not recommend the visitor to drive.
Teddington is the last resting place of Stephen Hales (1677-1761), who was a very important person in the history of medicine and botany. He was the minister of the Parish Church of St. Mary in Teddington for 51 years, and during this time performed brilliant experiments in both animal and plant physiology. Stephen Hales was born at Bekesbourne, Kent, of an old and prosperous Kentish family, but practically nothing is known of his childhood. In 1696, at the age of 19, he entered what is now Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and in one capacity or another, remained there until 1709, when he was ordained, and went to Teddington as the parish minister. When Hales entered Cambridge, the university was “basking in the glory” of Sir Isaac Newton, who left Cambridge the same year that Hales entered. However, Hales was one of those greatly impressed by the deductive logic of Newton’s work, and as a result, he took the opportunity of learning some physics and mathematics, which was to stand him in good stead later on. He also learned some natural history and did some early experiments on animals and plants. Amazingly enough, although his major was yet to come, he was well enough thought of to be elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1717.
When Stephen Hales arrived in Teddington, he started his experiments on animals again. However, he soon gave it up, to use his own words “being discouraged by the disagreeableness of anatomical Dissections”. He wished he could apply the same techniques to the study of sap in plants, but despaired of ever succeeding. Nevertheless, he persevered, and in due course, his efforts were awarded. To use his own words again “Having, after other means proved ineffectual, tied a piece of bladder over the transverse cut of the stem, I found the force of the Sap did greatly extend the bladder; whence I concluded, that if a long glass Tube were fixed there in the same manner, as I had before done to the arteries of several living Animals, I should thereby obtain the real ascending force of the Sap in the Stem”. So was born the science of plant physiology! Hales took a long time to publish the classic work, but this was finally achieved in 1727 under the title “Statical Essays containing Vegetable Staticks: Or an Account of some Statical Experiments on the Sap of Vegetables”. Having finally been successful with his experiments on plants, he turned back again to animals, where he succeeded in cannulating both the arteries and veins of several animals (sheep, horses and dogs), and accurately measured their respective blood pressures.
This work was published more rapidly and appeared in 1731-33 under the title “Haemastatiks or an Account of some Hydraulick and Hydrostatical Experiments made on the Blood pressure was ever recorded. Of course during this time, his primary duties to his parish came first, and the records clearly indicate that he did not neglect them. In 1720, at the age of 43, he married Mary Newce, a parson’s daughter, but the marriage ended a year later when she died, probably in childbirth. Stephen Hales was left a lonely man, and he never married again. He had an inquiring mind and was an indefatigable worker. Amongst his other achievements was the measurement of water loss by plants, and he related this to the water present in a given area of soil. He also measured the rate of growth of leaves and shoots, and investigated the influence of light on plants, and was the first to recognize that plants took in carbon dioxide from the air. In addition to measuring the blood pressure of animals, he computed the velocity of blood in the arteries, veins and capillaries, and made the very important discovery that the latter were subject to dilation and constriction, thus greatly affecting blood flow.
His contributions to respiratory physiology were impressive, for he distinguished between free gases and the chemically combined forms, measured the size of the alveoli and calculated the surface area of the interior of the lung. He also invented the U tube manometer and measured intrathoracic pressures during normal and forced breathing. He was also a pioneer of public health, and developed a method of distilling fresh water from seawater, and for the preservation of meat and water on long voyages.
In Hales’ later years, his enormous achievements were recognized, and honors poured in upon him from all over the world. However, he still remained the minister of Teddington until his death in 1761. It is pleasant to record these honors were not confined to his lifetime, for even today the American Society of Plant Physiologists remembers him by making its annual “Stephen Hales Award”. He also has a tree named after him, Halesia, a native of Georgia, with which Hales had close connections. The Parish Church of St. Mary is recorded in the Doomsday Book, but it has been rebuilt and modified many times since then, and in the nineteen twenties, underwent a complete internal renovation. It is hard to realize that in Hales’ day Teddington was a lovely small village, and that he lived the life of a country parson. The church is open at varying times, depending on functions, but is locked most of the time due to the danger of vandalism. However, arrangements can usually be made to see it by applying (preferably in advance) to the vicar. Stephen Hales is buried at the base of the tower within the church. The inscription on his gravestone is almost completely obliterated with the inevitable wear and tear of over two centuries. However, at present (1986) it is being restored. Right above the grave on the wall of the tower is a plaque erected in 1911, which contains the words of the original inscription. It reads as follows:
Beneath is the grave of Stephen Hales
The epitaph now partly obliterated but recovered from a record of 1795 is here inscribed by the piety of certain botanists. A.D. 1911
Here is interred the Body of STEPHEN HALES D.D.
Clerk of the Closet to the Princess of Wales, who was the Minister of this Parish 51 years.
He died the 4th of January 1761 in the 84th year of his age.
Behind the altar of the church are three beautiful stained glass windows, and one of these is dedicated to Hales with the inscription
Stephen Hales D.D. F.R.S. who was minister of this parish 51 years he died the 4th of January 1761 age 81
In the records of the church are preserved some entries in the original handwriting of Hales. It is really a very pleasant experience to visit this lovely old church, with which Stephen Hales was so closely associated, and we recommend it to all.
TRING ( Hertfordshire)
Location – 33 miles northwest of London
Train – There is no railway station in Tring but there are frequent buses from London
Road – From London take the A1 as far Mill Hill, and then fork on to the A41 which leads through Berkhamstead to Tring.
Tring, Hertfordshire, is a pleasant country town, but in addition it is home of the Tring Zoological Museum, which is primarily an ornithological museum (but with many other animals as well), and comes under the direction of the British Museum of Natural History (see under London)
Tring Zoological Museum
No charge for admission
The Tring Zoological Museum derives from the private collections of Lionel Walter, second Baron Rothschild. Born in 1868, Lord Rothschild was the eldest son of the famous banking family, and thus a very wealthy man. From the earliest age, he had a passion for natural history, and soon established his private museum at Tring. He employed professional curators, and was able to send out collectors to all parts of the earth. However, Lord Rothschild was no recluse with his collections, and in 1892 the museum was opened to the public. To give some idea of the size and importance of his operations, during the first 50 years of the museum’s existence, its staff published 1700 scientific books and papers, and described more than 5000 new species of animals. They also established a vast library devoted to zoology. The quality of their work was such that the institution became world famous.
In 1932 some of Lord Rothschild’s bird skins were sold to the American Museum of Natural History (see under New York). These supplied the nucleus of that institution’s ornithologicial collections. Lord Rothschild died at Tring in 1937, and in his will he left all his collections and museum become an annex of the British Museum of Natural History and remain a center of zoological research, which in this case is mainly bird anatomy, behavior, ecology and bird songs.
Lord Rothschild was probably one of the foremost patrons of natural history, and a visit to “his museum” at Tring is a thrilling experience for all those interested in biology and its history. It is also pleasant to realize that its contributions to biology and its history. It is also enormous, and that this tradition is still carried on today in the form of active high quality research.
Location-25 miles southwest of London
Train-There is no station at Wisley. Take a bus from London to Ripley, and then a taxi to Wisley.
Road-From London take the A3, and turn off near Ripley at the clearly visible signs pointing to the gardens at Wisley.
Small charge for admission
From a biological point of view the Royal Horticultural Society Gardens at Wisley are second in importance only to the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew (see under Kew).
There were substantial gardens at Wisley long before the present site came into the hands of the Royal Horticultural Society in 1903. In that year the owner of the land, Sir Thomas Handbury, gave it in trust to the society for “the Society to use and occupy the Wisley Estate or such portion thereof as the Society may require the purpose of an experimental Garden and the Encouragement and the Improvement of Scientific and Practical Horticulture in all its branches.” Since that time the society has remained true to the charge of Sir Thomas Hanbury. In fact Wisley is a story of phenomenal success and the gardens are at present popular and thriving. Today they consist of over 200 acres beautifully planned and cared for by its staff of about 170. There is an incredible array of garden flowers and shrubs, and there is always something in bloom. Also carried on at Wisley are trials of new varieties of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, and basic research in horticulture and botany. They also train professional horticulturalists, and a diploma from Wisley is much prized.
The library at Wisley is basically a small working library for their staff, but in addition they have a priceless collection of “old floras”. These can be seen by requesting the permission of the librarian.
It is difficult to exaggerate the contributions to horticulture (so vital to us all), of the Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens at Wisley. Visitors are always welcome, and will not be disappointed. We can only hope the gardens continue to prosper!
Location-225 miles north of London
Train-From London (King’s Cross)
Road-Take the M1 or A1 north to York.
York is one of the oldest towns in England, famous for its Cathedral, and it is the seat of the Archbishop of York. But for us, more important still is that York was the birthplace of Dr. John Snow (see under London- -the John Snow Public House). The event is commemorated by a plaque on the north wall of the new Viking Hotel in North Street on the bank of the river Ouse, which Snow would have known so well. The plaque reads:
To the memory of JOHN SNOW 1813-1858
Pioneer Anaesthetist and Epidemiologist Born near here
Also in York is the very interesting “Cholera Burial Ground” dating from 1832, and a grim reminder of the realities of life when Snow was a young man. It is located immediately opposite the entrance to the British Rail Station and the Royal York Hotel. | <urn:uuid:f7ed59f8-3bf2-4e7c-a01b-41c52fe7e422> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://historyofbiologyandmedicine.com/britain/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.977061 | 47,003 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Pediatric Phlebotomy / Children’s Blood Draw
Any medical test can be stressful for a child, especially when it involves a needle. The comfort of home is obviously the best environment for a calm and successful pediatric blood draw. That’s why Phleetbo is a great alternative to the traditional laboratory setting.
Here are some helpful tips to help you prepare, and your little one stay calm and confident about their blood draw.
Communication & Expectations: Talk about feelings and practice calming breathing techniques. Reassure your child that the process will be quick, the pain won’t last, and you’ll stay close. After the draw, offer praise and comfort.
Offer A Distraction: Help get your child’s mind—and eyes—off the procedure. Offer a distraction to keep him or her from staring at the needle. Because Phleetbo comes to your home, it’s easy to find a familiar distraction.
Schedule Wisely: Schedule the blood draw at a time when your child is less likely to be tired or hungry. If the draw is fasting be sure to schedule first thing in the morning, and have a rewarding snack ready.
Hydrate: Unless instructed by his or her doctor, encourage your child to drink plenty of water before the blood draw. Water hydrates veins, which can make a blood draw much easier.
You can’t guarantee the experience will be totally pain free for your child but these helpful tips will help increase the likelihood of a much better experience than a traditional laboratory visit.
Have any questions about your child’s blood draw? Don’t hesitate to call, we’d love to hear how we can help.
Stay where it matters most, Let Phleetbo come to you! Ready to schedule your pediatric blood draw?
#pediactricmedicine #pediactricphlebotomy #pediactricblooddraw #kidsblooddraw #childrenslaboratory #homeblooddraw | <urn:uuid:a735f772-b17c-4a3f-8a7a-05a4e589ba8a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.phleetbo.com/oh-no-your-child-needs-a-blood-draw/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.900652 | 422 | 2.421875 | 2 |
I have spent nearly four hours and gone through a pot of coffee strolling through and enjoying so many great blog posts. I have to say, y’all are incredible! I wonder, how many realize the seeds we sow, as we write and share. I told someone a while back that I try deliberately to keep my blogs at a moderate length level. I seek, want, hope, to plant a seed that the reader will then allow to grow in their own thought or heart processes.
I don’t see myself as a complex individual, but yet, we all are. I don’t consider myself a gardener, yet we all are. We simply fail to comprehend the way in which we sow.
Through our actions.
How do we treat others? How do we treat family? How do we treat those we work with? Those we deal with in stores or randomly on the street? Are we kind, polite, gentle? Are we rude and obnoxious?Do owe take time out of our day, and use it to help others in some form? Do we work, toward betterment?
Through our words.
What do we say? What words do we use in conversation? In our writing? In or interactions with those random strangers?
What do we teach our children?
They watch us. They see and hear everything, missing nothing. It shows up later. Maybe mere seconds, maybe days, but it shows. How we act in life, teaches them how to act. What the elders do, must be correct. that must be the way. Is it?
One does not need high level college degrees to have common sense. You need not have multiple degrees framed and hanging for all to see, to sow seeds. Buy a meal, a pair of socks, speak kindly to one homeless. Recognize they are human and deserving human kindness.
Whether one finished school or did not. Whether one has no degree or dozens. If you spark a flame of curiosity, causing someone to seek answers to a question. You have planted a seed. Who knows what may grow?
It has often been said that music soothes the savage beast. I say that yes, music does soothe the soul and help heal a damaged heart. As does dance, as does art, as does writing. It allows one to share from the mind, spirit and soul. To express feelings in a way that others can if they so desire take to heart and grow from.
teach another to knit, or weave or create in some manner, and you have given a gift. One that also allows individuals to express what drives them.
Photography. Hunting. Fishing. Surfing.Skiing.The list in infinite. Each in their own way, a seed planted. Whether one to offer exercise, to offer ways to spend time. To feed a family. To capture life full blown.
Living it, sows more than preaching. To walk in a relationship with Whom and what you believe, sows more than any words. To sow compassion, to sow peace, to sow love, are the greatest seeds to plant in a word starving. | <urn:uuid:02069a38-5703-48ca-8478-65249f1b8d88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rebeccasrevels.wordpress.com/2021/03/29/march-twenty-ninth-what-are-we-sowing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95885 | 661 | 1.789063 | 2 |
"A Robust Mathematical Model of Adaxial-Abaxial Patterning"
Biological development results from intricate and dynamic interactions between members of gene regulatory networks. This is exemplified by the production of flat leaf architecture. Leaves flatten by driving growth along the boundary between their adaxial (top) and abaxial (bottom) domains. These domains are generated by interactions between a complex network of transcription factors and small RNAs. Despite its complexity, flat leaf production is robust to genetic and environmental noise. To help us study this system, we mathematically modeled the determinants and interactions that pattern the adaxial-abaxial boundary. Our model recapitulates observations of adaxial-abaxial patterning and small RNA-target interactions. Positioning of the adaxial-abaxial boundary is highly robust to noise in the model. Furthermore, we identify degradation rates as possible factors contributing to robustness of adaxial-abaxial patterning. | <urn:uuid:70794dad-9feb-42a8-95cb-0867735674c3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://2020.smb.org/Luke-Andrejek/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.906421 | 202 | 2.203125 | 2 |
The word “candidate” usually evokes ideas and images about politicians, campaigns, and elections. The field of laser vision correction has its candidate selection process too, but it has nothing to do with politics!
Although LASIK can be very successful when performed on the right patients, it may not be for everyone. Generally, the best candidates for LASIK laser eye surgery are people who have healthy eyes, have not had a previous eye surgery, and want to correct myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism. They must also have stable vision for at least one year prior to LASIK surgery. Patients whose corneas are too thin may be candidates for other laser surgeries. People with certain medical conditions or taking certain medications may not be eligible for LASIK.
A recent, major advance in LASIK laser eye surgery, wavefront technology may be better for any LASIK candidate, but it can also be a requirement for people who have complicated prescriptions. By measuring the whole eye and providing a three-dimensional corneal map, wavefront technology provides the surgeon with literally a map of all abnormalities, irregularities, or optical aberrations, of the eye, allowing the surgeon to correct the patient’s vision, however complicated the prescription, as near perfectly as possible. Whether a patient is nearsighted or farsighted, or has astigmatism, wavefront technology also makes possible corrections for contrast sensitivity, night vision, depth perception, and light sensitivity.
Some patients may only be eligible candidates for photo-ablative inlay (PAI) LASIK, which of course would be determined by the surgeon. PAI LASIK was very recently invented to help improve LASIK results for correcting higher degrees of refractive errors than those of candidates who are only suitable for wavefront technology. This process involves creating a flap in the cornea, placing a synthetic PAI on the cornea, and then performing the excimer laser correction on the PAI (instead of directly on the cornea). This process involves little if any affect on the cornea itself. If a patient’s vision naturally worsens, the PAI can be removed and another one can be inlayed again and LASIK performed for a different correction.
Last but not least, for patients to fine-tune their prospects for LASIK candidacy ahead of time, they can take a pre-screening test such as the one available at http://www.allaboutvision.com/visionsurgery/am-i-a-lasik-candidate.htm. You may find the results helpful, such as:
“If you are considering LASIK, see a qualified eye care professional and have a thorough eye examination, including tests which will help determine whether or not LASIK is right for you. Only this type of thorough assessment can accurately determine if you are a candidate for LASIK. During your examination and consultation, you may discover factors of which you were unaware at the time you took this test, which make you a poorer, or a better, LASIK candidate.” | <urn:uuid:967048e7-bbd6-4d47-8865-54054315a59a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.schneiderlasik.com/blog/lasik-candidates/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942496 | 645 | 2.09375 | 2 |
As we draw closer to the unveiling of General Motors’ next generation of heavy-duty full-size trucks, sightings in the wild are becoming increasingly common. The latest: a 2020 Chevrolet Silverado 3500 HD chassis cab prototype was just spotted pulling some serious weight through the mountains of Colorado.
According to The Fast Lane Truck, someone by the name of Erik F. happened upon what appeared to be a diesel-powered 2020 Silverado 3500 HD chassis cab pulling a gooseneck trailer, stopping to talk to the driver at a gas station near Copper Mountain. The driver reportedly told Erik that the next-generation GM heavy-duty truck was pulling just over 20,000 pounds.
While impressive, 20,000 pounds is actually significantly lower than the current Ford F-350’s claimed 34,000 pounds maximum gooseneck towing capacity, and even the Ram 3500 HD’s 31,210 pounds. Chevrolet’s one-ton Silverado HD trails behind the competition with a max of just over 23,000 pounds. It’s practically a given that GM will work to rectify the disparity with its next-generation heavy-duty Silverado models.
Apart from the max tow ratings of the 2020 Chevrolet Silverado 3500 HD and its GMC-branded sibling, another lingering mystery is the location of the diesel exhaust fluid tank on diesel-equipped trucks. Currently, it’s located under the hood, but recent spy photos have pointed to the strong possibility of the tank and filler neck being moved rearward, behind the cabin, and the new photos appear to corroborate that.
Chevrolet’s all-new Silverado HD trucks aren’t expected to break cover until sometime next year, giving us plenty more time for prototype sightings and speculation. For the recent Colorado towing photos, visit TFLTruck.com. | <urn:uuid:81204270-6f54-4c9b-822a-890b7c28fa46> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gmauthority.com/blog/2018/08/2020-chevrolet-silverado-3500-hd-spotted-towing-more-than-10-tons/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.91726 | 389 | 1.5 | 2 |
After I was helping them fill out several pages of medical paperwork, one of my friends asked me about my experience using the iPad Markup tool with low vision, as they knew that I frequently use it to write on forms that I receive over email. While I still prefer using Notability whenever possible to annotate documents, there have been several instances where I have been asked to use Markup for writing on forms that I don’t need to save to my iPad, or for taking exams when the professor did not want me to have a saved copy of the test. Here is an overview of my experience using the iPad Markup tool with low vision, and how others can use it as well.
What is Markup?
Markup is a built-in iOS feature starting in iOS 10 that allows users to draw on and annotate images and PDFs across various applications on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. Users have the option to use several different tools, including a pen, a marker/highlighter, a pencil, an eraser, a ruler, and other effects such as text and shapes. Markup can be used with or without the Apple Pencil.
How to access Markup
Markup can be used in a few different applications on iOS, though its most common uses are in the Mail app, the Messages app, the Photos app, and the Files app. Here is how to use Markup in the most popular applications
Using Markup with the Mail app
- Open Mail and tap the compose button to start a new email. Or reply to an existing email.
- Tap inside the body of your email, then tap Return to open the format bar. You can also tap inside your email, then tap the cursor and select Insert Photo or Video or Add Attachment. You might need to tap the arrow button to scroll through the options.
- Tap the camera button or the document button, then look for the photo or PDF that you want to attach and mark up.
- Double tap on the attachment, then select Markup to add your markup. Tap the plus button to add a signature, text, and more.
- Tap Done, then send your email.
Using Markup with the Messages app
- Open Messages and tap the compose button to start a new conversation. Or go to an existing conversation.
- Tap the photos button and select a photo.
- Tap the photo in the message, then tap Markup. From here, you can add a sketch to the photo, or tap the plus button for other Markup options.
- Tap Save, then tap Done.
- Tap the blue arrow to send.
Using Markup with the Photos app
- Go to Photos and select the photo you want.
- Tap Edit, tap the Actions button (which has three dots arranged like “…”) , then tap Markup.
- Tap the plus button to add text, shapes, and more.
Using Markup with the Files app
- Open the Files app.
- Tap the file that you want to mark up.
- Tap the markup button in the top-right corner, which looks like a drawing compass
- Mark up your document with the tools of your choice.
- Tap the markup button again to save changes
- Tap Done.
The Markup tool features several different options for drawing, writing, and annotating on top of photos, PDFs, and other types of non-video content, and allows users to save their annotations directly on top of an image/document.
The available Markup utensils on the toolbar, in order from left to right, include:
There is also a plus icon on the toolbar that includes additional options, including:
Drawing with Markup
Once the user selects a Markup tool, like the pen, highlighter, or pencil, select a color and start drawing. Tap the same tool again to change the color opacity or tap another tool to change the thickness. Users can also tap the color button to change color shades.
Moving a drawing
After drawing something, users have the option to move it around. Tap the Lasso tool, trace a circle around the drawing that you want to move, then drag it to its desired location.
Erase or undo a drawing
To redo a drawing, tap the eraser button and rub your finger across the area to erase. Users can also undo any markup action by selecting the undo icon. If you accidentally undo a markup, shake your device, and tap Redo.
Using Markup with assistive technology
Using Markup with Zoom
The icons for the Markup tool can be magnified with Zoom- I personally use the Window view for Zoom so that there is a smaller focus window that I can use to identify items. The pinch gesture can also be used to magnify photos/PDFs in the Markup tool.
Using Markup with VoiceOver
The icons for the Markup tool can be read aloud by VoiceOver and allow users to adjust settings such as opacity, color, and reveal other information about the drawing utensil. However, users cannot use pens/markers/pencils/etc while VoiceOver is enabled with an Apple Pencil or with their finger. For this reason, it’s better to temporarily disable VoiceOver when drawing or writing in Markup. Documents that are created with accessibility in mind (i.e tagged PDFs) can be read in Markup with VoiceOver enabled.
Using Markup with Guided Access
For students taking tests that require the use of Guided Access, the Markup tool can be enabled within the Files app, though as of iOS 14 there is no way to lock the display of the device in the Markup tool unless the button to exit the Markup tool is disabled when setting up Guided Access.
- Zoom Magnifier and Low Vision
- How To Use VoiceOver For Beginners
- How To Use Guided Access For Testing
- How To Make iPad Accessible for Low Vision
What I use the iPad Markup tool for
Some of the ways I use the iPad Markup tool with low vision include:
- Filling out medical forms
- Signing documents that I receive over email
- Annotating screenshots that do not need audio- for screenshots that can benefit from having audio included, I use Shadow Puppet or Clarisketch
- Taking tests (I had a professor who requested that I use Markup for exams)
- Drawing simple diagrams with Apple Pencil
- How I Use The Apple Pencil With Low Vision
- Clarisketch App For Low Vision Review
- Creating Video Tutorials With The Free Shadow Puppet App
A note on obscuring information
One important thing to note about the iOS Markup tool is that the marker tool is not actually a marker, but a highlighter- it puts a transparent layer over text. Even though swiping back and forth can make it appear that it is creating an opaque layer over text, it can still be adjusted in photo editing to reveal the hidden information, even if the color black is used for the marker. For this reason, it is recommended that users use the shape tool to black out information, as it is harder to reveal what is underneath.
Summary of using the iPad Markup app with low vision
- Markup is a built-in feature for iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch that allows users to draw on and annotate images and PDFs across various applications
- Markup can be used in several apps including Mail, Messages, Photos, and Files
- The Markup tool features several different options for drawing, writing, and annotating on top of photos, PDFs, and other types of non-video content, and allows users to save their annotations directly on top of an image/document.
- Markup tools include using pens, markers, pencils, erasers, text, shapes, signatures, and more
- Markup can be used with assistive technologies including Zoom, VoiceOver, and Guided Access, though users cannot draw while VoiceOver is enabled
- Markup is great for annotating documents that don’t need to be saved to the device, as well as items such as tests or photos
- To obscure information in Markup, use the shape tool and not the highlighter/marker | <urn:uuid:14a196c3-6a3d-4c40-8caf-84cf2a066654> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://veroniiiica.com/2021/04/06/using-the-ipad-markup-tool-with-low-vision/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.873984 | 1,789 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Why does lu function yield different lower triangle matrix if I return [L,U] rather than [L, U, P]?
6 views (last 30 days)
Christine Tobler on 18 May 2022
The LU decomposition really involves three new matrices: An upper-triangular matrix U, a lower-triangular matrix L, and a permutation matrix P. This is what the three-output syntax returns:
A = [10,-7,0;-3,2,6;5,-1,5]
[L, U, P] = lu(A)
Unfortunately, lu also has a 2-output syntax. However, since it wouldn't be numerically safe to just compute L and U without a permutation matrix, internally we still compute all three matrices, and then return the first output as P'*L
[L2, U2] = lu(A);
So the result of two-output LU satisfies A == L*U, but the output L isn't a lower-triangular matrix as one might expect.
You can argue that it would be better if the LU function didn't have a two-output syntax at all, but that decision was made a long time ago, and was probably based on the point that most people think of LU as a two-matrix decomposition, without thinking of the necessary permutation vector.
More Answers (1)
Steven Lord on 18 May 2022
From the documentation page for the lu function:
"[L,U] = lu(A) returns an upper triangular matrix U and a matrix L, such that A = L*U. Here, L is a product of the inverse of the permutation matrix and a lower triangular matrix.
[L,U,P] = lu(A) returns an upper triangular matrix U, a lower triangular matrix L, and a permutation matrix P, such that P*A = L*U. The syntax lu(A,'matrix') is identical." | <urn:uuid:bc668412-ecbc-485f-bbb9-54eb7d8821f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://it.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/1722205-why-does-lu-function-yield-different-lower-triangle-matrix-if-i-return-l-u-rather-than-l-u-p | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.900355 | 456 | 2.515625 | 3 |
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Showing results for tags 'mesbin'.
Current version: 0.13.0. Download at Spacedock: https://spacedock.info/mod/1805/Whirligig World Download at GitHub: https://github.com/GregroxMun/aWhirligigWorld/releases If you want to support my work, check out my Ko-fi. If you want to discuss my work and more, check out my Discord. Around 1300 years ago, explorers from the far off planet Kerbin left their home to colonize other star systems. One such ship embarked on a journey to Kerbmun, an oxygenated moon in the Kaywell star system. There was just one problem. They hadn't counted on Mesbin being much wider than expected. Unable to correct their course due to piloting error, the U.S.C. Manifest Destiny crashed into the massive, 70 Kerbin Mass planet Mesbin. Luckily, Mesbin spins. Once every twenty eight minutes it completes a rotation, and the centripetal effect pushes the equator outwards and negates some of the gravity. The 13 gees of gravity at the poles is reduced to a tad under 1.3 gee at the equator. The payload of the ship survived, but the engines and fuel tanks were reduced to a lot of metal rubble along the surface. Unable to find somewhere else to go, they buried themselves underground and set up a stable ecosystem and environment. It took nearly two millenia, a few wars, and the re-invention of the steam engine, but eventually the colony was sufficiently industrialized to start looking up again. Welcome to Mesbin. MESBIN MASS = 3.777e24 kg = 71.38 MKerbin POLAR RADIUS = 1,392,609 m = 2.32 RKerbin EQUATORIAL RADIUS = 2,367,436 m = 3.95 RKerbin MEAN DENSITY = 136 g/cm^3 = 2.344 ρKerbin POLAR GRAVITY = 13.2 G TRUE EQUATORIAL GRAVITY = 4.58 G APPARENT EQUATORIAL GRAVITY = 1.286 G ROTATION PERIOD = 1701 s (28 minutes.) List of objects: (These descriptions are intentionally vague.) Kaywell: A white main sequence star. Limnel: A red dwarf star in a close binary with Kaywell. Shol: A Hot Jupiter orbiting close to Kaywell. 2 Wolda: A small asteroid orbiting terrifyingly close to Shol. Tyepolbynar: A warm Jupiter that gets more light than Venus. Jifgif: Small minor moon. Imterril: Big blue moon. Tannor: White moon. Etrograd: Gray, retrograde moon. Aerious: Small minor moon in a potentially chaotic orbit. 1 Wers: A large asteroid, or perhaps a small dwarf planet. 1 Vizea: Wers' moon, which is so bright compared to Wers that' it's been argued Vizea was discovered first. Mesbin: An oblate airless world with a rotation period of 28 minutes, gravity of 13 gees at the poles, and 1.3 at the equator. Statmun: Tiny, dense moon in a Mesbin-Stationary orbit. Thresomin: MINor moon in a THree to one RESOnance. Graymun: Gray moon. Kerbmun: Very Kerbin-like moon. Troymin: TROjan MINor moon of Kerbmun. Derbin: Superterrestrial-mass planet in a distant binary orbit with Mesbin. Derminmus: Largish minor submoon with a similar spectral type as Minmus. Dermun: Smallish major submoon superficially similar to Graymun. Valyr: Superterrestrial-mass ocean world. Denna: Greenish minor moon. Plaph: Brownish minor moon. Oshan: Large, cold, white and red. Manonam: Distant cold moon. Didd: Subsatellite of Manonam. Egad: A medium-sized desert world. Yeerbor: Captured asteroid in an eccentric orbit. 3 Rik: Main Belt asteroid. Reander: A jovian-type gas giant. Lito: Enormous earth-mass ice moon. Yalthe: Little hot moon. Yokane: Little warm moon. Dakkon: Little white moon. Totoöa: Little atmospheric moon. Mally: Trojan of Totoöa. Yawer: This moon seems to blink on and off every hour or so. 1P/Fophie: A short period comet rising high above the plane of the Kaywell system. Gememma: A red dwarf star. Ammenon: Little planet close to Gememma. Lowel: Planet known to be in Gememma's habitable zone. Ollym: The massive binary companion of Lowel. Gannovar: Icy world in an eccentric orbit of Gememma. G1 Gallant: Large asteroid. Mandrake: A large blue giant planet. Rutherford: A small blue giant planet, binary with Mandrake. Lozon: You must face the little moon. Beagrid: A mother's little moon. Jancy: Dirty little moon. Tatian: I see a little moon. Pragnik: Dwarf planet in Plutino-resonance with Mandrake & Rutherford. Astrophotographs of the Planets: As seen through some of Mesbin's finest observatories... but not as good as going there yourself! In-game Images (There are a few spoilers for those who may want to only see planets up close by visiting them.) Design notes: Asteroid Changes: Career and Science mode notes: Delta-V Tables Kaputnik Mk0 Electronic Program Executor Behold the Kaputnik Mk0 Electromechanical Program Executor and Four-Function Calculator! A start-level probe core designed by me and modeled by NovaSilisko that is 1.875m diameter (1.25m mounting points), very heavy, and contains all SAS levels. However, there's no transmitter/reciever, so the probe core can *only* use SAS. This control lock functionality comes from SeveredSolo's ModuleCommandLimitedControl. Known issues: Homeworld swap: Absolutely Required, Strongly Recommended, and Supported mods. Kopernicus and its prerequisites (Download here). Kopernicus comes with ModularFlightIntegrator and ModuleManager, both of which are required to run any Kopernicus pack. Scientific Revolution (Found Here). Absolutely required for science experiments to function. This mod also comes along with WW's download, make sure you install it! Distant Object Enhancement (Download here). Custom colors for all planets. PlanetShine (Download here). Custom colors for most planets. Note: Turn down your in-flight ambient light in the settings! The mod looks so much better without it, especially in the Gememma system. Poodmund's Deep Star Map Skybox (Download here). This skybox is absolutely gorgeous and you should all be using it all the time. Requires TextureReplacer. Sigma EditorView (Download here). This replaces the sky as seen from the VAB and SPH with a snapshot of the real sky seen from the space center, including the skybox, moons, and stars. Great for improving the look of the planet outside... and I just realized that the Kerbals will be suffocating now, so if you really want that extra bit of immersion removed/improved, you should turn off ground Kerbals in the editor in the settings. Scatterer. (Download here). Support for scatterer atmospheres for all relevant worlds except Derbin and the Gas Giants. Environmental Visual Enhancements (Download Here). Includes clouds for atmospheric planets, most importantly on Imterril and Derbin. Only install E.V.E., not BoulderCo. (The plugin, not the configs) ResearchBodies (Download here). Delays the discovery of certain celestial bodies during the game. Kronometer (Download here). I have developed my own basic calendar/clock (Actually, five of them) for WhirligigWorld, since days and years don't exactly have the same meaning anymore. Community Tech Tree (Found here.) Tech tree modifications are safely applied to the CTT. Interstellar Consortium (Found Here.) With the IC Plugin, you can play from Kerbin and fly a starship to Kaywell! Or fly a starship from Mebsin to Kerbin, or Mesbin to Alternis Kerbol, or SLIPPIST-1, or any other mod which is compatible with Interstellar Consortium. Sigma Dimensions (Found Here.) Support is a little finicky, some rescale factors completely break the game. Remember to set the rotation period/day length scale factor to be equal to the square root of the rescale and resize factors, or Mesbin's spin will be wrong. Mostly tested this on just 10x scale. If you play on 10x scale you're a monster, but you're an impressive monster and you deserve my sympathy and admiration. Community Resource Pack (Found Here.) Atmospheres use realistic compositions with CRP resources. DMagic Orbital Science (Download Here.) Currently only supports asteroid compositions and a few science experiments. Other Useful Mods: Discussion: I encourage you to post your mission reports on the mission reports forums and/or the KSP subreddit. For real time discussion, go to my discord server at https://discord.gg/ffzJqEs where you can find prerelease builds and development updates. I'd love to see someone do a youtube or twitch career mode series with this mod. If you make a video of this mod or see a video of this mod, let me know! GitHub Wiki (Work In Progress): https://github.com/GregroxMun/aWhirligigWorld/wiki by @Adstriduum Bug Reports: Please follow standard bug-reporting procedures as outlined here: And to add to that: Please describe in detail what the problem is. If possible, provide steps for replicating the bug. Make sure it's not a known issue. Credits @Thomas P. @Sigma88 Kopernicus Expansion Continued @NovaSilisko Testing, feedback, and the Kaputnik Mk0 model. @Pkmniako Biome map for Lowel. @SnailsAttack Testing and feedback, biome maps for Mally, Yeerbor, and Totooa, Mally terrain. @Tutur Testing and feedback. @severedsolo ModuleCommandLimitedControl plugin. Davidson16807: I used his Tectonics.js model to develop realistic continental maps for some of the worlds, including Mesbin. SnowfallTheCat for the current placeholder Derbin cloud map. And a special thanks to @Ultimate Steve, who is Conquering Whirligig, and @Shamash who used to livestream his Whirligig World playthrough, and @Cupcake... who has had an Interstellar Adventure. LICENSE: Whirligig World art assets and config files: Copyright Gregoria Luna Brannon (GregroxMun) 2018. All Rights Reserved. Kopernicus Expansion Continued: GNU General Public License. Derbin cloud map: Copyright Snowfall-The-Cat 2018. "Use this however you like, just give me a credit if possible for assembling." Data from JAXA's Akatsuki spacecraft. Whirligig World heightmap files Ellipsoid.png, Prolate_Height.png, and deprecated Triaxial_Ellipsoid.png: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) Explanation for separate licensing found at this forum thread post.
(taken from the Whirligig World thread) Mesbin is a giant planet with 70 kerbin masses, extreme oblateness, no air and about 13 gees at the pole, though its fast rotation makes it have 1.3 gees at the equator where the KSC is located in this mod. Though many people have aimed to leave Mesbin for good, not many have explored its vast surface. My aim for this mission to reach Mesbin's North Pole and gather science. Vehicles will be destroyed and replacements will be necessary, so I will use SimpleConstruction to build replacement vehicles in-situ. Mods used: EVE, Scatterer, SimpleConstruction, Kopernicus, Whirligig World, ModuleManager, ModularFlightIntegrator. Parts: 1.Preparation 2.Base Build 3.The Expedition Begins 4.Going Industrial 5.Grounded 6.Leaving -------------------------------------------------- 1. Preparation The mission will be in two parts: 1. Launch on Rocket to 5 gee area 2. Drive to Mesbin's North Pole. Introducing: THE GRAV-MOBILE! The grav-mobile has workshops and mining stations. If it crashes I can build a new one. Rover wheels wouldn't work because of a weird bouncing glitch so I used NERVS and aircraft wheels. To be continued.
Extremely relevant music to set the scene Well the kerbals did it again! Or rather, aspacecephalopod did it again and started a new savegame without finishing some projects in the others RSS and OPM explorations are still happening, but I thought it would be fun to take a break with something more... spinny. Enter... Mesbin! Where a sorry lot of kerbs have been stuck for ~1700 years, living sadly in battered old underground tunnels. But, they have recreated the space program they once had on other planets, complete with a KSC that features a runway that will have to be used sometime, despite the distinct lack of any way to generate lift here on this spinning ball of rock. In fact, they have developed some very advanced tech along the way (as in, sandbox with a fairly large suite of mods-everything from Laythe Space program and Restock/Restock+ to make things look nice). As such, this won't really be a career but more an adventure into the very cool Kaywell system, looking for fun exploration sites and homes for the kerbs that are more hospitable than Mesbin itself. Chapter 1: Dead or Alive?
Back in March, while playtesting my Whirligig World planet mod, I had a bit of adventure. This is the story of that adventure, retold to the best of my recollection, with the help of the discord chatlogs I made during that playthrough. Please note that the Kerbmun terrain shown here is old, Kerbmun looks almost nothing like this anymore. PROLOGUE The Mesbin System. Mesbin has a mass of 71 Kerbins, and spins once every 1701 seconds for an equatorial gravity of 1.28 gee. Kerbmun orbits around three Munar distances out and has a mass of 1 Kerbin. Kerbmun atmospheric pressure is identical to Kerbin, though oxygen is only roughly 1/4th of Kerbin's. Troymin is in a trojan orbit permanently 60 degrees ahead of Kerbmun in its orbit. Every 14 of Mesbin's rotation periods is a "fortnight" and is approximately as long as a Kerbin day. By this point in the Mesbin Space Program, several re-usable spacecrafts were in semi-regular use in the Mesbin System. The Troymin/Kerbmun fuel tanker was launched from Mesbin to Troymin, and brings four medium size-5 tanks of fuel (minus a bit for manuevering) to a Kerbmun space station. Troymin Fuel Truck approaching the tiny satellite. The fuel truck would carry fuel to the KerbMun Orbital Station (KMOS) Which at this point was quite simple, just a few habitats, a laboratory, and five docking ports. The Trans-Kerbmun Orbital Shuttle (TKOS) ferries up to nine Kerbals between Low Mesbin Orbit (or the Mesbin Low Orbit Space Station/ MLOSS) and the KMOS. That orange-tanked NTR ship was the return section of a Graymun expedition that had some leftover fuel. I figured it might come in handy some day and so kept it attached to the LMOSS. Aerobraking was necessary for the ship to work. Getting between Mesbin's surface and Low Mesbin Orbit is done with the Mesbin Space Shuttle. Here it is, landed at home. It can be used in single-stage-refueled-at-station mode or lifted into space on a booster. The general mission plan for exploration missions was that instead of the exploration ships and ferry ships carrying a return pod (which is fine when the air can slow you down, less so when you have to spare 2 km/s to slow down), they would simply park in Mesbin orbit, and would either catch orbital ferries down to low orbit (or if delta-v allows, park in low orbit) and then the crew would be taken down by these space shuttles. After a successful but uneventful robotic mission to the asteroid 1 Vizea, the space program needed something really exciting. They had planned only to start exploring Kerbmun when the space station was complete and when there was a better understanding of winged aerodynamics, but they figured an ol' fashioned Flags And Footprints mission would tide the public over. Part One: Launch and Landing of the Kerbmun Lander The entire lander craft was the conical section at the front, which the engineers calculated would have enough delta-v combined with the engines chosen to launch from Kerbmun and enter orbit, where the crew would be taken to the KMOS and eventually ride home on a TKOS. After a near miss with the tiny low-orbiting Statmun, the crew burned their rocket towards Kerbmun. Our brave Kerbonauts: Valentina, Bob, and Virmund, were on their way. After several aerobraking passes, among which we got a really good look at the highlands of Kerbmun, the spacecraft entered orbit. The spacecraft's engines were hidden away by the heatshield, and would only be usable after it was detached. Unfortunately the drag-to-weight ratio was not properly calculated--Mesbin engineers of course do not have much experience with atmospheric aerospace. The spacecraft splashed down hard into the ocean. (Yes they're floating above the water disregard this please) Only the command pod survived. Valentina tried to radio for help, but received no signal. Upon further inspection, it would seem that the only long-range transmitter was on the part of the ship that exploded. The astronauts were not only stranded at sea, but they were lost, unable to contact home! What will our intrepid Kerbonauts do? What will happen to the Mesbin Space Program? Find out in the next thrilling part! | <urn:uuid:24276a1e-2ea9-4e12-9f54-0a21dd8542bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://forum.kerbalspaceprogram.com/index.php?/search/&tags=mesbin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.9037 | 3,952 | 1.539063 | 2 |
- Emma Alam
- 218 total number
- Pakistan (Karachi)
On 19 December 2020, memory athlete Emma Alam (Pakistan) broke the record for putting names to faces by correctly spelling and recalling 218 at the 29th World Memory Championship. The contest was held from 18 to 20 December 2020 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Competitors had 15 minutes to memorize as many names and faces as possible, and then a further 35 minutes to recall them.
In this contest, colour photographs of different people are provided (head and shoulder shots without backgrounds) with a first name and a second name printed underneath each picture. Names are assigned randomly to avoid competitors obtaining clues to the name by the ethnic origin of the face. Emma Alam was born in 2002 and started competing in memory contests at the beginning of 2019. She has competed in various national and world memory and mind-mapping championships. She holds the title of World Memory Champion 2020, having earned the highest accumulated points at that year's competition. | <urn:uuid:4be29945-54c7-4c2f-8aed-d026c95061b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/107482-most-names-and-faces-memorized-in-15-minutes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.967452 | 217 | 1.765625 | 2 |
News Review Special Edition
International Developments, November 15, 2002 - February 1, 2003
US Alleges Clandestine Nuclear Activity in Iran
On December 13, the US State Department outlined dramatic new evidence purporting to prove that Iran is operating a clandestine and illegal programme to produce weapons-grade fissile materials. The evidence took the form of satellite imagery - first broadcast on CNN on December 12 - of partially concealed structures at the Natanz facility in central Iran. According to State Department spokesperson Richard Boucher: "Iran clearly intended to harden and bury that facility...That facility was probably never intended to be a declared component of the [country's] peaceful [nuclear] program... Iran has been caught constructing a secret underground site where it could produce fissile material." Another suspect site under construction, near the town of Arak, was identified by the Department as a possible heavy water plant. Summarising US analysis of the new intelligence, Boucher told reporters that the satellite images "of secret facilities in Iran reinforce our already grave concern that Iran is seeking technology to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. The suspect uranium enrichment plant, for example, could be used to produce highly-enriched uranium for weapons. The heavy water plant could support a reactor for producing weapons-grade plutonium." Boucher continued:
"These facilities are not justified by the needs of Iran's civilian nuclear program. There is no economic gain for a state that's rich in oil and gas like Iran to build costly nuclear fuel cycle facilities. I would point out that Iran flares more gas annually than the equivalent energy its desired reactors would produce. ... Iran has tried to hide these important facilities, and the United States will continue to emphasize our longstanding effort to get agreement from all countries to refrain from nuclear cooperation with Iran and to thwart Iran's covert efforts to buy or acquire sensitive nuclear equipment and expertise. At this point, the International Atomic Energy Agency is pursuing the matter with Iran. Unfortunately, Iran repeatedly rebuffed IAEA requests for access to the sites. As [IAEA Director General] Dr. [Mohamed] ElBaradei has said, he was supposed to visit this week to see these sites and they have pushed that back now again till February. ... In 1992, the International Atomic Energy Agency called on all states to commit themselves to an early declaration of all their nuclear facilities, and all other International Atomic Energy Agency states with safeguarded materials have accepted this obligation to provide complete design information on new facilities no later than 180 days before the start of construction. So Iran has not accepted that obligation. As a first step, that is something they should do."
The 'desired reactors' mentioned by Boucher refer to the planned facility at Bushehr, due to be constructed with Russian assistance. According to the spokesperson, doubts concerning the Natanz and Arak sites should suffice for Russia to meet a long-standing US request and withdraw from the project: "We've [now] reached the conclusion that Iran is actively working to develop nuclear weapons capability... [We have] always talked about the Bushehr reactor, which will be subject to IAEA safeguards, but said that is being used as a cover and a pretext for obtaining sensitive technologies related to weapons programs." White House Secretary Ari Fleischer commented (December 13) that the "recent disclosure...reinforces the concerns that the President has had all along".
Iran promptly dismissed the allegations. According to government spokesperson Abdollah Ramazanzadeh (December 13): 'We don't have any hidden atomic activities. All our nuclear activities are for non-military fields...". Ramazanzadeh expressed confidence that the planned IAEA inspections would clear his country of any wrongdoing. On January 14, Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi remarked: "Within the next 20 years, Iran has to produce 6,000 megawatts of electricity from nuclear power... We have been in contact with the IAEA over the two centres, and basically there is no possibility of concealing such centres..." Dr. ElBaradei would only comment (December 13): "This is not a surprise to us. Whether the programme is for peaceful purposes or not, this is obviously for us to verify... Iran [has] affirmed that all their activities are for a peaceful purpose." On December 15, Russian Atomic Energy Minister Alexander Rumyantsev expressed confident about the legitimacy of Iran's programme: "There is no proof they have violated anything. For such pressure [from Washington] to be justified, they've got to present evidence of abuse. So far there has been none."
Moscow has striven to justify the completion of the Bushehr contract, worth an estimated $800 million, while seeking to accommodate US concerns. As reported in Disarmament Diplomacy No. 67 (October/November 2002), in early September Moscow concluded an agreement with Tehran for the return of all spent nuclear fuel from the Bushehr reactor to Russia. On January 6, US Ambassador to Russia Alexander Vershbow conceded that this arrangement "helps in reducing our concerns", while adding that "we still believe that Iran is seeking to develop nuclear weapons and that the cooperation with Russia is helping them improve their know-how in this regard." In a speech to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in Washington on January 9, Vershbow noted: "In the coming year Russia really needs to make some fundamental choices. It needs to fully contain the proliferation risks from the light-water reactor that they're building at Bushehr. The recent agreement...to take back all the spent nuclear fuel is encouraging, it's a good start, but it's not enough to contain risks from Bushehr. In addition, the Russians need to crack down more effectively on other transfers of technology to Iran, both for WMD and for ballistic missiles. If the situation doesn't get better, it will likely get worse in terms of pressures for new sanctions and new political frictions. On the other hand, if there were a serious change for the better, it could unlock very profitable cooperation in the nuclear and aerospace fields that is now blocked by the Iran Nonproliferation Act. So the challenge is there for Russia to make the right choice." On February 3, the economic advantages of a change of heart by Russia were stressed with equal candour in a State Department policy statement on 'Russia-Iran Nuclear Cooperation':
"We believe that President Putin shares our deep concern at the prospect of a nuclear-armed Iran. We have made clear to Russia that any further nuclear cooperation with Iran, including construction of additional power reactors, will assist directly or indirectly Iran's ambitious quest for nuclear weapons. We have underscored to Russia that an end to Russian nuclear assistance to Iran would allow the United States and Russia to reap the full promise of our new strategic relationship, benefiting Russia economically and strategically far me than ay short-term gain from the construction of additional reactors or more sensitive transfers to Iran. One example is the potential transfer to Russia of spent reactor fuel currently held by third countries, much of which requires US approval for such transfer because the US originally supplied the fresh fuel to those countries. If the Russians end their sensitive cooperation with Iran, we have indicated we would be prepared to favourably consider such transfers, an arrangement worth potentially several billion USD [US dollars] in revenue to Moscow."
Moscow, however, continues to resist US pressure to pull out of the Bushehr deal. On December 25, Minister Rumyantsev, visiting Tehran, told reporters that work to complete the reactor would be expedited, with the possibility of providing a second reactor at Bushehr under active review. Rumyantsev remarked: "We always tell our American colleagues that all Iran-Russia cooperation is in accordance with the regulations and the resolutions of the International Atomic Energy Agency..." Speaking alongside Rumyantsev, Iranian Vice-President Gholamreza Aqazadeh, head of the country's Atomic Energy Organization, stated: "We agreed to speed up the completion process of the Bushehr power plant... A second subject we have agreed upon is to carry out feasibility studies for a second power generation unit. We hope to start a joint study in the next few months..."
Speaking on January 13, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Trubnikov gave reporters a glowing overview of the Russia-Iran relationship: "Russia carries on a regular political dialogue with Iran, encouraging Tehran's constructive participation in regional affairs with an emphasis on the fight against terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking, and on disarmament, non-proliferation and export control". Such a perspective is clearly incomprehensible to the Bush administration and many in Congress. As one unnamed senior administration official was quoted as remarking in a December story in the New York Times entitled 'US Says Russia Helped Iran in Nuclear Arms Effort': "We are in an uncomfortable position where allies we need very much do not see these proliferation dangers the same way we do. Every week, that is getting more and more obvious."
Note: on February 9, Iran's President, Mohammad Khatami, announced on state television that the government had located and begun to mine uranium in the Savand region of the country, 125 miles from the city of Yazd in central Iran. The President further announced that processing facilities had been prepared in the nearby cities of Isfahan and Kashan. According to Khatami: "Iran has discovered reserves and extracted uranium. We are determined to use nuclear technology for civilian purposes. ... We assure the world that the Islamic Republic of Iran is making use of all domestic facilities to acquire peaceful nuclear technology and considers this its right to do... If we need to produce electricity from our nuclear power plants, we need to complete the circle from discovering uranium to managing remaining spent fuel. The government is determined to complete that circle." See next issue for further details and the predictably alarmed reaction in Washington.
Related material on Acronym website:
Reports: US has new evidence of Iran nuclear program, Reuters, December 12; White House Report, Dec. 13, Washington File, December 13; Excerpt - Iran seeking to develop nuclear weapons, says Boucher, Washington File, December 13; IAEA to inspect Iran facilities in February, Reuters, December 13; Iran says has no hidden nuclear activities, Reuters, December 13; Iran says committed to nuclear power program, Reuters, December 14; Russian nuclear minister shrugs off US concern about Iran's nuclear facilities, Associated Press, December 15; US says Russia helped Iran in nuclear arms efforts, New York Times, December 16; Russia, Iran to sign deal on return of spent nuclear fuel, Islamic Republic News Agency, December 16; Russia says to go ahead with Iran nuclear reactor, Reuters, December 25; Iran, Russia consider building a second reactor at Bushehr nuclear power plant, Associated Press, December 25; US ambassador - Washington concerned about Moscow's nuclear cooperation with Tehran, Associated Press, January 6; Speech by Alexander Vershbow, US Ambassador to Moscow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, January 9, CEIP website, http://www.ceip.org; Russian, Iranian diplomats confer on fighting terrorism, Associated Press, January 13; Text - State Department on Russia-Iran nuclear cooperation, Washington File, February 3; Khatami says Iran mines uranium for nuclear plant, Reuters, February 9; Iran discovers uranium reserves, Associated Press, January 9; Iran mining uranium for fuel, BBC News Online, February 9.
© 2002 The Acronym Institute. | <urn:uuid:29b95b7f-2f0c-4bf1-bb02-e36034effbae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.acronym.org.uk/old/archive/dd/dd69/69nr09.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955538 | 2,352 | 1.992188 | 2 |
This paper presents two different response evaluators which evaluate the response of the system and decide the control input to the system. The characteristics of the response evaluators were designed based on the source region and ground motion of earthquakes. They were applied to a base isolated structure with a semi-active oil damper whose damping coefficient has large or small values. The response evaluators were designed by a multilayer neural network which uses the building response and the peak ground velocity as input data and outputs a switching signal for the damping coefficient as output data. A genetic algorithm was used to adjust the neural network parameters which determine the performance of the response evaluators. A computer simulation was carried out using several kinds of earthquake motions, and absolute acceleration and displacement of each story, which are in a trade-off relationship with each other, are reduced to intermediate values of the response in the case where constant damping coefficients are large or small. From the result of the simulations, the control effect of the response evaluators was verified.
|出版ステータス||Published - 2010 8月 16|
|イベント||10th International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control, MOVIC 2010 - Tokyo, Japan|
継続期間: 2010 8月 17 → 2010 8月 20
|Other||10th International Conference on Motion and Vibration Control, MOVIC 2010|
|Period||10/8/17 → 10/8/20|
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:e197d92e-570a-4d13-a22d-01e74d402432> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/ja/publications/semi-active-control-for-isolated-structure-based-on-response-eval-3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.910793 | 386 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Earlier on I wrote an article about how AM General helped China develop its Humvee-clone, the Dongfeng EQ 2050. But AM General was not the only American company helping to arm the Chinese army, there was another one; it was Chrysler.
Pic above shows the Beijing-Jeep 2022. Beijing-Jeep was a Chinese-American joint venture with Beijing Auto Works (BAW) and Chrysler. The Beijing-Jeep 2022 later changed name to Beijing 2022 and it now the most widely used 4×4 in the Chinese army.
How did this all happen?
To understand everything correctly we got to go back in time, all the way to 1983. Beijing Auto Works and the famous Jeep-maker American Motors Corporation (AMC) signed an agreement to make the Jeep Cherokee in China, in 1985 the first cars came down the line in the new factory in Beijing (pic).
The 50-50 joint venture not only made the Cherokee, the Chinese side added the old Beijing 212 which was renamed Beijing-Jeep 212. The 212 was originally designed for the Chinese army and sales to the military continued, the Chinese army so bought Beijing-Jeeps.
In 1986 the Beijing-Jeep joint venture developed a Jeep Comanche-based prototype for the Chinese army (pic). The single Comanche had been imported from the US, it was never produced in China. In the end nothing came of it because of feud between both partners about the terms of production for the Comanche. In the meantime production of the civilian Cherokee en military 212 continued as normal.
Only one year later Chrysler bought AMC and became also the new owner of the 50%-share of the Beijing-Jeep joint venture. Chrysler was busy at home and didn’t get too involved with things in China. The only movement came in 1999 when Chrysler agreed to supply the Cherokee’s 2.5 four-cylinder for the aging 212, then renamed 2020.
The slow times ended when Beijing-Jeep brought the ‘Warrior C1’ concept to the 2002 Beijing Auto Show. It was designed by a new ‘Beijing-Jeep Research & Design Center’ in Beijing and based on the Cherokee. The Warrior C1 was powered by Jeep’s 4.0 liter six-cylinder engine.
The Chinese army got very interested because it wanted a new car to replace the 212/2020 which was more and more showing its age, even with the Cherokee’s 2.5 under the bonnet. The army asked the Beijing-Jeep joint venture do to a proposal and Beijing-Jeep made several prototypes (pic, one of ‘m), all based again on the Cherokee. The first prototypes were too small and too light for the army’s taste, Beijing-Jeep had to get back to the drawing board and come up with something bigger. They did in 2003:
They came up with the Beijing-Jeep 2022, still based on the Cherokee but longer and wider, the design was inspired by the Warrior C1. Chief designer of the C1/2022 was an American citizen from Chinese descent, Edward Wong, who worked at the Beijing-Jeep design center.
It was powered by a 3.2 6-cylinder diesel from Nissan. The Chinese army wanted a big diesel, but Jeep didn’t have one and neither did Beijing Auto. The joint venture therefore bought the engines from the Dongfeng-Nissan joint venture, which makes cars, light-trucks, and Nissan-developed diesel engines for those trucks. In an indirect way, Beijing-Jeep was buying the engines from China’s arch-enemy Japan.
The army didn’t care, they liked the 2022 a lot and in 2005 decided to go for it. The Chinese army made its choice, happy faces at Beijing-Jeep, production began (pic) and deliveries started slowly in late 2007.
So here we have it. The Beijing-Jeep 2022, nicknamed Yongshi (Brave Warrior), armed the Chinese army. Based on the American Icon Jeep Cherokee and designed by an American citizen. The story however, doesn’t end here.
In 2009 when Chrysler was at the height of its financial trouble in the US it left the Beijing-Jeep joint venture. As part of the deal to get out as soon as possible Chrysler granted BAW the rights to continue the Cherokee and 2022 under its own name. After some name changes the Cherokee became the BAW Qishi S12 and the 2022 simply the Beijing 2022. Both cars are still in production today and deliveries of the 2022 to the Chinese army have continued ever since.
To end this story here are some pics of the 2022 ‘Yongshi’ on active duty:
The open version at the 2009 1-October parade.
Peacekeeping in the mud, for UNMIL in Liberia.
With the big guns, somewhere up north. | <urn:uuid:c1d6a7da-23d7-4ef7-baf2-fc84d5fa9ea9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://carnewschina.com/2011/11/28/how-chrysler-helped-to-arm-the-chinese-army/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.965627 | 1,019 | 1.882813 | 2 |
In Montessori Art Education
Don’t wait 30 years to be your BEST!
This site is designed to present the art education album created by Georgie Ann Daub-Grosse who for 32 years was the Montessori trained art specialist at Sands Montessori Public School in Cincinnati, Ohio. She designed three environments in two rooms that served 500-700 children.
The Montessori Art Mentor Album (curriculum) covers twelve different areas that contribute to the art education of children ages 5-12. The site is intended for working Montessori teachers, their assistants, and those who are in training to be Montessori teachers. Others could use it if they wished. The site is a work in progress and will continue to grow for at least a year. Montessorians enjoy seeing each other’s environments. So, the curriculum is presented pictorially with detailed lesson plans. Each lesson is presented in the familiar Montessori fashion. Each area includes an introduction which you are welcome to read. The lesson plan for each activity includes an Introduction, its Prerequisite Activities, Direct Aim, Indirect Aim and Point of Interest. These are followed by the Materials and Preparation and Presentation(s) needed, and by suggested Extensions and Resources. The plans are punctuated with personal stories and observations called “Georgie Stories.”
Because the curriculum is complex and multi-layered, its slow unfolding will give teachers time to prepare multiple activities without feeling overwhelmed. You have the whole three years of each level (age 5, 6-9, and 9-12) to cover what is important. As you will discover, each Section of the MAM Curriculum reveals many insights on how to use the Montessori Method as a delivery system for art education. | <urn:uuid:96770aa5-6ad4-422f-a533-c1c80d776f8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://montessoriartmentor.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954631 | 370 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Terraforming Earthworks for a Water Retention Landscape
Join us for a unique permaculture design earthworks experience! This workshop will give you firsthand insights into design considerations and principles based on the clients objectives. We will explain stages of the design process, from observation, working with the client, through to the final design and real live implementation on the property over the weekend. Click here for all the details!
This workshop will cover reading the landscape for water retention and management. Diving into, Mapping, ponds, swales, reed-beds, terraces, key line design, implementation cover cropping and guild planting. This will be a hands-on workshop/installation, with earth moving equipment and lasers!Digging a Pond
- Day one, will be introductions and an overview of the design considerations and the scope of the project. A site tour assessing information on, water, soils, access, structural positions, slope, orientation, zoning and sectors.
- Day two, we will demonstrate how to work with earthworks machine operators to achieve desired permaculture design goals. Exercises in designing watersheds and a variety of strategies used.
- Day three, we will fine tune aspects of the project and install cover crop and some of the food forest guilds. This workshop is intended to help you to become a more confident earthwork installer. You will get familiar with the equipment and strategies used to efficiently get the job done.
- WHAT YOU CAN LEARN: Site Observation Skills, Site Assessment Process, Design Evolution Process, Earthworks Process, Design and Work Methodology, Site Restoration with Cover Crops and Guild Planting considerations.
PROJECT BRIEF: This workshop will implement a permaculture master plan by converting old pasture with invasive grasses into a diversified food forest. The project will encompass 5 of 20 acres. Over time the property will be used to host an educational center for nature based early childhood education and multi-generational skill building workshops focused on sustainable methods of food production and preservation. The long-term goal is to provide opportunities for the local community and visitors to reconnect with each other and nature while cultivating more harmonious and resilient relationships.
Lead Instruction by Brian Kerkvliet co-steward of Inspiration Farm and a 15 year Permaculture practitioner, designer, consultant. A Student of Geoff Lawton in design methodologies and earthworks for Permaculture projects. Brian has designed and installed numerous projects around the county.
When: August Friday 13th 12pm through Sunday 15th 4pm | <urn:uuid:86358864-c349-4e6c-b539-8eb2cb7f56b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.whatcompermaculture.com/2021/07/20/terraforming-earthworks-for-a-water-retention-landscape/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.885194 | 531 | 2.34375 | 2 |
I made the lesson on how to draw a dolphin for kindergarten accessible and understandable for any novice artist.
In this lesson, I propose to make a drawing on the marine theme. Here I will show you how to draw a dolphin for kindergarten. Undoubtedly, this lesson will be very interesting and useful for you. In the future, you will definitely need the acquired skills when you draw sea fish.
I made this lesson accessible and understandable for any novice artist. The lesson has five easy steps. There is no complicated construction here. This tutorial uses the simplest forms. Follow all the steps consistently and you will succeed.
The dolphin is made in a cartoon style and looks very cute.
- Coloring supplies
Time needed: 10 minutes.
How to Draw a Dolphin for Kindergarten
- Sketch out the outline of the body.
Draw a blob-like shape with one edge round and the other slightly elongated.
- Draw the eye and the front of the muzzle.
Depict the round eye and draw the nose with a smooth line.
- Add details.
At this stage, sketch out the fins and tail.
- Color the drawing.
Use blue. Color the eye with black and add highlights.
So the lesson on drawing a dolphin is finished, and now you can evaluate your result. I hope that everything turned out well for you and that you got pleasant emotions while completing the lesson. Now I suggest you make an environment for the dolphin. Draw a beautiful sea background and small marine life. Make your drawing vivid and meaningful. Then show the result to your friends and share your impressions.
You can do drawing lessons with your friends. To do this, download the PDF file that contains a short version of the lesson. The file contains useful drawing tools so you can practice drawing whenever you want. | <urn:uuid:d63c0604-0147-443c-ad4b-8a60404ea5ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://howtodrawforkids.com/how-to-draw-a-dolphin-for-kindergarten/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.904462 | 385 | 3.828125 | 4 |
The cases when the governing or dependent part of a modification is not present in the surface structure of the sentence but when it is, however, present in the meaning of the sentence are regarded as cases of ellipsis.
Types of ellipsis. We distinguish several types of ellipses in the tectogrammatical annotation. On the most general level, the following types of ellipsis are distinguished:
In the case of textual ellipsis, the lexical content of the omitted expression is always clear from the context and is (unambiguously) recoverable. The given modification was omitted since it had already occurred elsewhere in the text; it does not have to be repeated for the sentence to be fully understood.
Grammatical ellipsis is a term used for such instances of elision in which the elided expressions do not corefer (there is no coreferred node), or such instances in which certain expressions are (obligatorily) non-expressed in the surface structure of the sentence although they are necessarily present (at the tectogrammatical level) for grammatical and semantic reasons.
The following sections describe individual cases of ellipsis, depending on what kind of position is omitted. These are:
The textual and grammatical ellipsis are distinguished for each type separately. A separate subsection is devoted to ellipsis (of dependent expressions) in paratactic structures, which forms a special case mainly due to the possibility of the coordinated expressions to have a single (shared) modifier (see Section 12.3, "Ellipsis and the principle of shared modification in paratactic structures").
Representing ellipsis in the tectogrammatical trees. There are the following ways to represent ellipsis:
by adding a new(ly established) node into the structure, in essentially two ways:
(newly established) node with a t-lemma substitute.
A new node is inserted into the tectogrammatical tree in the position of the omitted expression and one of the t-lemma substitutes is assigned to it (see Section 4, "T-lemma substitutes").
All the relevant attributes of the newly established node with the t-lemma substitute are filled-in (e.g.
This way of representing ellipsis is used for grammatical ellipsis of the governing element (see Section 184.108.40.206, "Grammatical ellipsis of the governing verb" a Section 220.127.116.11, "Grammatical ellipsis of the governing noun" and Section 12.1.3, "Ellipsis of the governing clause") and both the textual and grammatical ellipsis of a dependent element (see Section 12.2, "Ellipsis of the dependent element").
A new node, which is a copy of another node (representing an expression present in the surface form), is inserted into the tectogrammatical tree in the position on the omitted element. The original node does not necessarily have to be present in the same tectogrammatical tree, it is also possible to copy nodes from preceding (or following) trees.
The node is copied as a lexical unit represented especially by its t-lemma, its grammatemes and a valency frame. The values of the following attributes remain the same as in the original node (they do not change):
is_name_of_person and grammatemes
numertype. The values of the rest of the attributes of the newly established node need to be checked and changed if necessary. The attribute values can either change or remain the same as the values of the original node.
This way of representing ellipsis is used for textual ellipsis of the governing element (see Section 18.104.22.168, "Textual ellipsis of the governing verb" and Section 22.214.171.124, "Textual ellipsis of the governing noun" below). Exceptionally, the copied node can be used for representing ellipsis of dependent elements (see Section 12.3.1, "Textual ellipsis of a non-obligatory modification in paratactic structures")
!!! No subsequent check of the grammateme values of the copied nodes have been carried out in PDT. The values of all the grammatemes of the copied nodes, which may in fact differ from the values of the original node, remained the same in most cases. E.g. the
degcmp attribute of the copied comparative in comparative constructions is supposed to be different form the original node (see Section 4, "Constructions with the meaning of "comparison""); however, the data may not be quite consistent.
!!! Also the values of the attribute
a/aux.rf of the copied nodes have been checked only partially. All the values of the copied nodes remained the same (and we suppose this is right) in those cases in which the governing node of the copied node has the same t-lemma as with the original node. On the other hand, we have tested that none of the copied nodes has more than one reference to a conjunction or preposition in its
a/aux.rf attribute. Especially the references to auxiliary and modal verbs have remained unchecked. For more on the
a/aux.rf attribute see Section 1, "Relation between the tectogrammatical level and the lower levels".
A newly established node differs from all other nodes by the value
1 filled in the attribute
is_generated. See Table 6.7, "Values of the attribute
Table 6.7. Values of the attribute
the node represents an element that was expressed in the surface form of the sentence.
a newly established node that has no counterpart in the surface form of the sentence
If no value is filled in the attribute
is_generated, we assume the value
by using a shared modifier of paratactically connected elements.
Ellipsis is particularly common in paratactic structures. However, in compliance with the principle of shared modification (see Section 6.1.1, "Shared modifier of paratactically connected elements"), often, no new node has to be inserted into the tectogrammatical tree in place of the omitted modification.
Shared modifiers are used for representing grammatical ellipsis (of a dependent modification) with paratactically connected elements (see Section 12.3, "Ellipsis and the principle of shared modification in paratactic structures" for details). | <urn:uuid:2d9e7a92-8910-44e7-8ff3-516669a33e51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/pdt2.0/doc/manuals/en/t-layer/html/ch06s12.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.88272 | 1,450 | 3.203125 | 3 |
The corporate culture describes the values, basic principles and attitudes that make up an organisation. It controls orientation and decisions, provides guidance to the organisation, describes cooperation and interaction, and guides employees and managers to achieve company goals within their own responsibility.
We support you in developing an authentic and effective corporate culture with which your employees can identify and which your managers exemplify.
Facts and Figures
In every company, there is a corporate culture, because culture develops wherever people interact with each other. Influencing this and developing a uniform culture that is lived by everyone and that supports the success of the company is the hallmark of a successful company.
The corporate mission statement is the anchoring of the corporate culture in an organisation. If I ask one of your employees to tell me the vision or mission statement, do I get a satisfactory reply? If the answer to this question is "no", then the mission statement is nothing more than hollow words. It is completely ineffective, because employees do not live their daily work according to it, i.e. they do not work in the spirit of the company's goals.
The mission statement sets the direction and goal of the company, yet most employees do not know it and therefore, the personal goal or the goal of the department is more important than the company's overall goal. In other words, silos are created that often work against rather than with each other for a common goal.
Way to success
The cornerstone for the making of an authentic corporate culture is the development of a mission statement, i.e. the definition of vision, mission and values. It gives the company a solid basic structure and a clear identity.
The mission statement should inform the outside world and provide internal guidance. The goal is to transform the employee from an interested person into a participant. Through a clear corporate mission statement, they understand the purpose of their work. Its significance is the best source of motivation for everyone.
An effective corporate culture means that everyone involved can identify with the purpose of the company, because it is tangible to them and has been broken down at all levels. Motivation therefore comes from within. There is aspiration rather than pressure. | <urn:uuid:c94634b8-0780-40db-8970-e649f9a837b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.humanandhuman.it/en/topics/success-oriented-corporate-culture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951106 | 442 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Project Timeline and Updates provided by Pomfret School teacher Bill Martin.
In the summer of 2017 construction of an 850 sq. ft. Ceres greenhouse was completed, a milestone in an endeavor to design and build a year-round aquaponic solar greenhouse to house the Helios Project at Pomfret School in Pomfret, Connecticut.
The Helios Project’s core purpose is to provide a platform for student innovation, design, construction and operation, using aquaponics and the associated applied science as a means to an end that empowers students, and provides a venue for authentic student learning and the application of 21st century learning goals. Everything done in the Helios Project builds on the “need” for something new to be solved by groups of students.
The entire timeline of the Helios Project milestones can be seen in a slide show on the homepage of helios.pomfretschool.org, a student designed and built website.
At Ceres, we get many inquiries about how to initiate a year-round school greenhouse project. In contrast to outdoor learning gardens, a greenhouse creates a gardening classroom that can be used year round. Lesson plans for all age groups continue through winter, providing a living, evolving classroom for math, science and engineering courses and projects, as well as an opportunity to create a space with connections to the broader school and local community. Students also receive a hands-on learning experience that they can’t get in their normal classroom.
While the benefits are numerous, a durable, insulated greenhouse is a larger endeavor than an outdoor learning garden or simple hoop house. A passive solar greenhouse relies on solar energy as much as possible to keep the greenhouse warm enough to grow year round. (Standard greenhouses, in contrast, have a high heating/cooling load that can be a cost burden for a school for years to come). A solar greenhouse also adds to sustainability initiatives, setting a school apart as a green-minded institution. Using passive solar greenhouse design, the school greenhouse is a durable and insulated structure. It is engineered and designed to withstand local snow/wind loads. A Ceres greenhouse becomes a permanent and beautiful extension of the school.
Designing a year round school greenhouse, therefore, is a significant project that can require grant writing, fundraising, and building support through community partnerships. (For more on some of our tips on the greenhouse design process, see our blog — Planning a year round school greenhouse).
Here is how two teachers partnered with administrators and other school employees and students to fundraise, design, plan and build a Ceres passive solar aquaponic greenhouse at Pomfret School, a coeducational, grade 9-12, boarding and day school in northeastern Connecticut.
March 2015- An Idea Is Born
Bill Martin, a biology teacher and outdoor educator, articulates the scope and formal plan for the construction and incorporation of an aquaponic and organic greenhouse into the Pomfret School program and presents it to school administrators who become partners in the effort to apply for grants and raise money for the project.
Brian Geyer, a Pomfret School physics teacher with construction experience, partners with Bill Martin in a shared vision of a greenhouse that could simultaneously support hands-on learning in science and engineering, teach kids how to grow food, build community, and produce food for Pomfret School’s dining hall and a local food bank. They travel to Longmont, CO, to attend a Ceres and Aquaponic Source two-day course to learn the basics of designing and building a passive solar greenhouse.
Fall Term 2015- Students Become Involved
looking to involve students, Martin and Geyer create a greenhouse design course.
Simultaneously, the Director of Advancement works with the Chief Academic Officer and Bill Martin to fundraise for the greenhouse, sending out grant applications to foundations that would be interested in supporting a project with the sorts of learning goals, teaching methods, and community impact that our project proposed. Altogether, $70,000 in grant money was awarded, $50,000 from the EE Ford Foundation and $20,000 from the Horizon Foundation. Both foundations support innovative educational programs that teach and develop models of sustainability and community collaboration.”
December 2015- The Helio Project is Created
December 2015 – Bill Martin facilitates a group of students that name The Helios Project, design a logo for it, and build a website to document the project’s mission and progress. See it at helios.pomfretschool.org.
May 2016- Building Permits are Acquired
Pomfret School applies for and receives a building permit from the town of Pomfret to construct its greenhouse. Students and adult partners accompany engineering consultants from CME Engineering to a Town of Pomfret Planning and Zoning Committee meeting to present the project and gain approval.
Spring and Summer 2016-
With the basic greenhouse design in place, Bill Martin, Brenda Bullied (Pomfret School’s Director of Facilities and other partners), and CME Engineering consultants work with Ceres to create a final greenhouse design using their commercial metal frame greenhouse kits – called the HighYield Greenhouse – to configure it to the Helios Project’s purposes.
July 2016- Construction!
Construction begins. Thankfully, Brian Van Way, Pomfret School’s Ceres Greenhouse Solutions project manager, worked with our group at the very beginning to build and erect the trusses and get us started on installing girts and purlins – this was incredibly helpful. To move the project along, Pomfret campus professionals, Todd Milanese and Todd Lemire, along with Michael from Ceres, installed the remaining IMPs to finish the knee walls and create the east, west and north walls, as well as the windows and doors and polycarbonate walls and roof by summer’s end, 2017.
Fall, Winter and Spring Terms of 2016/2017- Aquaponics Integration
The Engineering a Controlled Environment classes, later named “Sustainable Engineering: Aquaponic Systems,” worked on designing, building, operating and refining the three aquaponics systems that will be used in the greenhouse.
Major milestones reached in the 2017-2018 school year included:
- The design and construction of the first large aquaponic system was completed and went live in December, accepting 75 tilapia from a previously built system used to raise fingerlings; it achieved full production of produce two months later.
- Through the winter and spring, harvests of tomatoes, green beans, lettuce, cilantro and basil were shared with the dining hall, a local food bank, and Pomfret School families and students.
- In May, 100 tilapia were filleted by a large volunteer group of students and faculty and were part of a fish fry dinner in the dining hall that also featured a greenhouse grown tomato and basil salad.
School Year of 2018-2019- Plans for the Upcoming Year
The goal of the Sustainable Engineering: Aquaponics and Advanced Environmental Science classes will be:
- Complete the fish tank platform and plumbing for the second aquaponics system
- Build the third aquaponic system
- Fill and plant the organic soil bed, adding greater capacity to the greenhouse’s production
The greenhouse will be operated through May of 2019 by collaboration of aquaponics, biology and environmental science classes, as well as Helios Project and community service interns. The plan is to shut down the greenhouse in May each year (with a giant fish fry!) and reestablish the aquaponic systems, starting in late August, for the next school year. Pomfret School does not have an academic summer program at this time. Beyond this, the Honors Biology class will start to transition to a new course theme, “The Biology of Feeding a Hungry World,” that will incorporate laboratory investigation using the aquaponic systems along with topics involving global food production based on UN and World Bank predictions of human population growth to 2050.
Fall Term of 2019 Onward-
The Helios Project passive solar aquaponics greenhouse will serve as a hub of activity serving the Pomfret School and surrounding community in a wide variety of ways. Flowing from the Helios Project’s greenhouse design theme of “planned imperfection,” the greenhouse’s uses will include:
- Student aquaponics system research and engineering design
- Building opportunities focused on solving emerging challenges and enhancing the entire greenhouse’s operation
- Development of a student-centered year-long Honors Biology class around the aquaponics and organic soil systems
The interns will help manage the produce production and deliver greens to a local food bank.
The full extent of the greenhouse’s planned impact is shown by the “Web of Influence” (at the bottom of the Project Description page) generated by students in the Fall 2015 Greenhouse Design Class and mapped out by the December 2015 Helios website student builders: http://helios.pomfretschool.org/project.html. | <urn:uuid:04f75999-1c91-4712-9b2f-a8a0a002899f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ceresgs.com/pomfret-school-passive-solar-aquaponics-greenhouse-comes-to-life-summer-2018-update/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.930094 | 1,866 | 2.9375 | 3 |
by Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development in Chandigarh .
Written in English
Includes bibliographical references.
|Other titles||Strengthening the partnership|
|Statement||[organized by Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development] ; editor, Salman Haidar.|
|Contributions||Haidar, Salman., Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xii, 194 p. :|
|Number of Pages||194|
|LC Control Number||2005389640|
India, Bangladesh sign 22 agreements India and Bangladesh on Saturday signed nearly two dozen pacts in strategic areas of defence and civil nuclear cooperation after . In a bid to boost ties, India and Bangladesh on Saturday inked nearly two dozen pacts comprising defence and civil nuclear cooperation after “productive” talks between their Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Sheikh Hasina. Mr. Modi held extensive discussions with Ms. Hasina on ways to strengthen the strategic partnership between the two countries. India-Bangladesh Relations India was the first country to recognize Bangladesh as a separate and independent state and established diplomatic relations with the country immediately after its independence in December India's links with Bangladesh are . Recently, India and Bangladesh signed seven agreements and also inaugurated three projects to deepen their partnership. Key Highlights. Seven Agreements include. The use of the Chattogram and Mongla ports in Bangladesh for movement of goods to and from India, particularly from Northeastern India.; Use of Bangladesh’s Feni river for drinking water supply in Tripura.
Introduction . Introduction. This Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Handbook is designed for the staff of the Asian Develop- ment Bank (ADB) and its developing member countries’ clients. It provides an overview of the role, design, structure, and execution of PPPs for infrastructure development. Bangladesh Foreign Minister A.H. Mahmud Ali has described India-Bangladesh partnership as “mature, broad and strong” and said the two countries share common commitment to advance regional and. and strengthen our ability to deal with smuggling, illegal activities and other trans-border crimes. eXecUtIVe sUMMaRY in building this agreement, the two sides (india and bangladesh) have taken into account the situation on the ground and the wishes of the people residing in . One broad context for the growth of partnerships is the transformation of central-. local government and changing state-private sector relationships, in which partnerships may be. the result of, but in other cases the cause of, such changing : Ronald W. Mcquaid.
India, Bangladesh Sign 22 Agreements. his Bangladeshi counterpart Sheikh Hasina on ways to strengthen the strategic partnership between the two countries. was "important" for India. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone : Hardcover. Yet, institutionalising the partnership between India and Bangladesh as encapsulated in a MoU, has met with little success so far. This paper explores an institutional arrangement that can identify and implement India and Bangladesh’s options in . Strengthening the Partnership. Improving Military Coordination with Relief Agencies and Allies in Humanitarian Operations. by Daniel Byman, Ian O. Lesser, Bruce R. Pirnie, Cheryl Benard, Matthew Waxman. Related Topics: International Humanitarian Assistance, Military Logistics, Military Personnel, Warfare and Military Operations; Citation; EmbedCited by: 5. | <urn:uuid:a222eebe-ecae-4478-b84e-67c68109ae7d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rucywutanunyfisi.lfcmalta.com/india-bangladesh-strengthening-the-partnership-book-404rh.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.891097 | 835 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Theme: LOVING WHAT IS GOOD
Text: TITUS 1:8
“But a lover of hospitality, a lover of good men, sober, just, holy, temperate”
Apostle Paul in his letter to Titus showed that he did not oppose the observance of the Mosaic Law but it should not be the determinant of their position with God. Accepting Jesus as Lord and Saviour, and doing His will is not an option.
From our topic: “Loving What is Good.” It is pertinent to taker a close study of the two key words, “loving” and “good”.
Loving: Expressing a large amount of love to other people. It also refers to being passionate or affectionate about someone. It is LOVE in the present continuous form.
Good: Having positive or ethical qualities. Other synonyms of GOOD are ‘satisfactory’, ‘not bad’, ‘all right’, and ‘decent’.
Titus was a gentile, converted to Christianity. He later became an assistant to Apostle Paul in his missionary activities. This letter was written by Apostle Paul and addressed to Titus, who was left in Crete to Oversee the Church there. The letter addresses three major concerns. The first is that Titus should be mindful of the kind of character expected of the Church, as opposed to the bad character of the Cretans. Secondly, Titus was admonished on how to teach different categories of people in the Church, Lastly, Titus was advised on Christian conduct in respect to the needs to be peaceful and friendly; eschew hatred, argument, and division in the Church. Being good, hospitable and charitable are Christian virtues and qualities anticipated of a true Christian.
Need to be Good:
Act of benevolence is a standard Apostle Paul meant by ‘maintaining good Christian conduct’ Being friendly and peaceful are not negotiable for any Christian according to the writer of the letter. What is the good thing a Christian must love? These are listed in Galatians 5:22-23.
“But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness, temperance: against such there is no law.”
They are also referred to as Fruits of the Spirit. They include love, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentleness, goodness, faith, meekness and temperance. Love is required most for a good Christian living. Without the fruits of the Spirit, Christians cannot coexist peaceably. Titus is advised to be a lover of good men . Good men in this regard refer to those who genuinely belong to the household of God.
We as Christians are to love one another and be good, it is not an option to be brotherly to one another. In Revelation 3:7 ff, the Church at Philadelphia was vindicated because of the love of the brethren that existed among them. They were good to one another in all things. That is how the Church started originally in Acts 2:43-47
“And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles. And all that believed were together, and had all things common; And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all men, as every man had need. And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved.”
It is therefore expedient for us to love one another without hatred and discrimination. The Church can only thrive in a peaceful atmosphere. It is the duty of everyone of us to teach the Church to be lover of good things. | <urn:uuid:0961dee3-3399-4a12-86b3-4885ec02bf90> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dioceseofawori.org/2017/01/27/loving-what-is-good-by-bishop-dr-j-akin-atere/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.973176 | 822 | 2.5 | 2 |
Almost everyone is familiar with the comment from a cartoon written by Bob Thaves about Ginger Rogers, “she did everything he [Fred Astaire] did, but she did it backwards and in high heels.” That about sums up the extra requirements put on women as they move ahead in a professional world dominated by men. Often this includes the expectation that women in any field will look like models and stay as fit as athletes whether this has anything to do with their work or not. Men are usually permitted to put on a little weight (as long as they wear a well-tailored jacket to disguise it) or to let their biceps sag a bit.
A recent New York Times story described the rigid standards set for cheerleaders who work for professional sports teams but it is not only women who perform before the public who must observe different rules depending on their gender. Female writers, artists and political figures are judged differently than the men they compete against.
Tracy K. Smith, the poet laureate of the United States, was featured in a recent Vogue magazine article looking like a model. Although the article itself was respectful and professional, it seemed odd to have the caption label all the items of Ms. Smith’s wardrobe. Can anyone imagine Virginia Woolf allowing a magazine to inquire into the brand names of all of the clothing she wore for an interview? Tracy Smith’s poetry stands on its own as one of the treasures of American literature. Surely her readers do not need to know the details of her consumer choices.
Women who run for political office are scrutinized not only for what they say and the causes they work for, but also for the clothes they wear and the way they style their hair. Hillary Clinton’s pants suits and shoes certainly became part of the stories written about her. No one bothered to report on these items for the men who were running for office.
Some of the most glaring examples of the different ways in which professional men and women are viewed can be seen in the various TV news channels. The women who report the news on CNN all seem to have carefully made-up faces and to wear sleek, tight-fitting dresses while they report their stories. I sometimes wonder how many more hours they must spend preparing for work than their male colleagues, who go on air sometimes rumpled and tieless, but with all their flaws hidden behind a generic jacket.
It is certainly great that women are reporting the news at all. I can remember the bad old days when it was said than the TV audience would not accept serious news presented by female reporters. Still, the playing field will not be level until women are allowed to be fully human in their professional lives. They may occasionally gain a few pounds, or their hair may turn gray or white, and wrinkles can be seen as an honorable sign of a thoughtful life and knowledge gained. Until they can appear honestly—aging and changing as the years go by—will women have achieved full equality?
I think I can hear the ghost of Ginger Rogers urging us on. | <urn:uuid:3614050a-af96-4138-b256-211c9a109399> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://teacupsandtyrants.com/2018/04/08/why-are-women-still-dancing-backwards/?replytocom=4356 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.980664 | 618 | 1.945313 | 2 |
Willard McGruder tries to find time to close his eyes for a few moments every morning. At 67, he did not expect to be raising kids again.
“I’m on pins and needles,” he said. “I haven’t had kids in what, forty-something years?”
McGruder, of Overbrook, has been taking care of his 3-year-old grandson, Rahine, who has autism, as well as 9-year-old Keshawn, since their mother was arrested two years ago. Keshawn is “a really smart kid” who loves to zone out chatting with friends online. But Rahine needs constant, hands-on attention. He doesn’t talk, and slams his knuckles against his head when upset.
“You just can’t stand still with him, because he will get an attitude real quick,” said McGruder, after soothing one of his grandson’s recent tantrums. Each school day, the pair pace the block before a bus takes Rahine to preschool at 8:30 a.m.
“When he’s at school, that’s the only time I get rest,” said McGruder.
Like nearly one in four Philadelphians, McGruder and his grandsons live in poverty. A retiree, he said he receives approximately $1,400 a month in Social Security. It would be enough for just him, but covering expenses for three people is tough. Still, he makes too much to qualify for cash assistance.
Monthly checks from the expanded child tax credit (CTC) would vault the family over the poverty line. But like many eligible Philadelphians, McGruder hasn’t been getting them.
After going through an identity verification process with the Internal Revenue Service, he’s expecting to finally receive the tax credit cash his grandsons are owed in a couple of weeks. He hopes to put a chunk towards a new bedroom set for Keshawn.
“I have to be patient, like I have to be patient with my grandson,” he said.
As debates over extending the massive poverty-relief program teeter on the edge of an uncertain political future in D.C., McGruder’s experience highlights what’s been a wider struggle: getting money touted as a gamechanger to those who need it most.
Few places stand to be as transformed by the Biden administration’s expanded child tax credit as Philadelphia.
The city has consistently had the highest poverty rate of America’s 10 biggest cities, currently at 23%, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. More than one-third of children in the city live in poverty, and 21% live with hunger, according to the child advocacy group Save the Children.
By providing an income floor to families, the child tax credit “has the potential to essentially wipe out the most extreme forms of poverty,” said Patrick Cooney, assistant director for Policy Impact at the University of Michigan’s Poverty Solutions Initiative.
For each child under six, parents get $3,600 a year. That number drops to $3,000 for children ages 6-17. These payments cover a large swath of families, from parents with no income at all, to joint filers making a combined $150,000/year. Half of the total subsidy is supposed to be paid monthly July through December, with deposits going directly into bank accounts. The other half can be claimed as part of 2021 tax returns.
In Philadelphia, federal and city estimates show this cash could pull as many as 75,000 residents above the poverty line, cutting deep childhood poverty by half.
But, to do that, the money needs to reach the people who are the least connected to the IRS. Nearly 14,000 children in the city are at risk of not getting the credit because their guardians don’t regularly file taxes, according to the IRS estimates from this summer.
As a remedy, city officials began an outreach campaign, but because IRS tax return data is anonymous, they were left to guess where to target their efforts.
They began with lists of families that had accessed other social services for their children in the last year and a half. So far, the Philly Counts call center dialed 22,000 people and texted 37,000 numbers, according to the city’s Office of Community Empowerment and Opportunity (CEO).
Out of that group, 1,300 people responded saying they were not receiving CTC and wanted help. Nearly 550 people made appointments to get help from the Campaign for Working Families, a non-profit offering free tax preparation. More than a thousand people used GetCTC.org to sign up if they do not normally file taxes.
Through those combined efforts, city officials said they have helped around 1,600 families who otherwise were not signed up get the tax credit — potentially leaving the bulk of those considered most at risk for not getting the cash empty-handed.
National data also shows that race is a factor. Despite having a lower poverty rate overall, White children are rising out of poverty faster as a result of the tax credit than Black, Latino or Asian children are, according to an analysis by Columbia University’s Center on Poverty and Public Policy.
A spokesperson for the IRS said it could not share city-level data yet, so the full picture of who is getting the money, and who still needs it, is not clear.
In the meantime, the city continues its outreach attempts.
“We won’t be done until every family that’s eligible gets access to the credit that they deserve,” said Beth McConnell, director of policy with the CEO. She stressed that a new program would take time to reach full potential.
In addition to the need for more awareness, shifting family structures and housing instability have been obstacles for many families who stand to benefit the most from the money.
One common reason a tax return or CTC application gets rejected is someone else is already claiming the child on a tax return.
“Some of our clients know exactly who it is or they think they do, [but] a lot of our clients don’t,” said Jen Burdick, supervising attorney with Community Legal Services of Philadelphia. The IRS does not provide that information. In some cases, domestic violence comes up as a complicating factor, said Burdick.
Working with the IRS presents its own challenges. In some cases, parents or guardians must prove to the agency they are who they say they are, a process that can take several months.
Willard McGruder was one of those people.
Kyra, a single mom of two in Montgomery County, also continues to be blocked from the benefit. Keystone Crossroads is withholding her last name at her request due to a recent domestic violence incident. She filed her taxes in March, but has not received any stimulus or CTC payments because the IRS sent her a letter in August asking her to verify her identity.
She said she hasn’t been able to, but not for lack of trying. “It’s completely impossible to verify my identity online, and then when I call, I’m calling at 7 o’clock in the morning, I’m sitting on hold,” she said.
Eventually, the call just drops. “I don’t hang up, the call hangs up,” said Kyra.
IRS data shows the federal agency’s call centers are overwhelmed. Only one in 50 calls to the income tax return hotline were answered this year, according to the National Taxpayer Advocate. Kyra, whose children are 1-and 2-years-old, said she was doing fine without the money, and working, until the domestic violence incident. Since then, she lost her job at a warehouse because she no longer has another person with whom to share childcare responsibilities.
“Not getting [the payments] before was a nuisance … but now I’m in a situation where I need the money,” she said. The $600 per month her kids qualify for would make a huge difference in her being able to earn some income while affording part-time childcare without completely running out of cash. Kyra said she cannot depend on family support, and was living in a shelter before.
Despite her frustration, Krya is a step ahead of some eligible parents. She knows about the credits and is advocating for herself. Many others remain in the dark due to what some see as a branding problem.
“The word ‘tax’ it’s a turnoff,” said Wanda Abdullah, one of the call center workers trying to get Philadelphians enrolled in the program. At a recent roundtable with Mayor Jim Kenney and U.S. Department of Treasury Deputy Secretary Wally Adeyemo, Abdullah explained that it’s confusing for people to look to the tax system to give them money.
“They might have read about it, they might know about it, but they still don’t understand,” she said.
Another potentially hard-to-reach group are kids whose parents were born outside of the U.S., and those who do not have permission to work in this country. Undocumented immigrants pay tens of billions in taxes each year, from sales taxes to income taxes, according to the Institute for Taxation and Economic Policy. Their kids can still qualify for the tax credits if born in the United States.
But doing so involves more paperwork, and even more waiting. Without a social security number, immigrants must apply for an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, or ITIN, to file a tax return.
“Those children are eligible, but there’s no trace of their parents,” said Marcos Lomeli, program director with the Latino community-based advocacy group Ceiba.
Ceiba, located in Kensington, is one of a handful of providers working with immigrants to do this paperwork in Philadelphia. They helped parents of 93 kids use ITIN to file last year’s taxes.
In late October, Rosa and Jose were applying for ITINs in Ceiba’s offices while their kids Helen, 2, and Patrick, 3, played nearby. The couple is from the Dominican Republic, and asked that their last names not be used because they do not have work authorization in the United States. They were starting the paperwork, in order to eventually receive tax credit payments and start saving up to buy a house.
Jose works in restaurants and was not consistently employed during the pandemic, when the couple also feared bringing the virus home to their kids.
The money from the federal program “would be very, very helpful for us,” said Rosa.
‘I want more’
Under the Build Back Better Act, the expanded child tax credit would continue to flow to all low-and middle-income households with kids, no matter how little they make, through 2022.
But the legislation faces an uncertain future in Congress.
Some Democrats have been pushing to extend the credits until at least 2025. Amid skepticism, party leaders delayed a vote on the bill to analyze the impact on taxpayers, after moderates like Joe Manchin criticized the cost of the overall package. Most Republicans oppose the tax credit expansion, saying the relief is not targeted enough and will drive up government spending. All GOP members of the Pennsylvania delegation voted against the existing version earlier this year.
But for the families already getting it, the money is changing lives.
Antonia Gunter of Northeast Philadelphia had been subsisting on welfare for a couple of years when she started receiving the credit. Pre-pandemic, she had quit her job as a hospice nurse to take care of her son Bryan, 9, who has special needs, in addition to her 6-year-old twins, Gabriella and Isabella.
When she first received the tax credit, she took her daughters to the Jersey Shore for the day, as a treat during a pandemic with few bright spots. She also fixed her car and caught up on bills. The comfort that came with less day-to-day money stress empowered her. She soon decided that she needed to work again.
“I couldn’t live off of welfare,” said Gunter. “It was no life.”
She took a job as a residential counselor, a kind of home-based aide for people who need help with daily tasks. The salary started at $15 per hour. Gunter has plans to save for her own home.
As a sacrifice, she spends less time with Bryan, who she had been visiting several times a week at the residential facility where he lives. But, she said it was a necessary change to take care of her family.
“Because of the child tax credit, I was able to get some type of reality back to how we used to live before the pandemic,” said Gunter. “I got a little taste of it and I want more.”
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Our guided tours
- Please have a look at l'agenda to know the visit schedules.
- Tariffs of the guided tours.
- Reservation on +33(0)1 34 51 65 36 oor by mail firstname.lastname@example.org
Guided tours in French are available for adults and young people (13 years upwards, unless otherwise stated). The tours are led by the national guides of the Réunion des Musées nationaux-Grand Palais.
Lectures on the Collections and the Château
The National Archaeological Museum has the greatest collection of prehistoric art in the world, as well as one of the richest archaeological collections in Europe. It conserves for you, and for future generations, three million objects from all the periods of Prehistory to the Merovingian Era. A total of 29,000 archaeological objects are presented, tracing the artistic, religious and daily life of men and women who first lived in France.
The château, which houses these collections, is a key location in the history of France. In fact, all the kings, from Louis VI in the 12th century to Louis XIV before he went to Versailles, lived in this place, whose current design was the work of Francois I. Today, although the château is no longer furnished, it is possible, through its architecture and the layout of its rooms, to relive the great events as well as the everyday stories in the history of France and its sovereigns.
General tours by department
These tours enable the visitor to explore the collections or to acquire a better understanding of a specific subject.
60 minute tours:
The Palaeolithic Period
The Neolithic Period
The Bronze Age
The Dawn of the Middle Ages
90 minute tours:
Masterpieces and curiosities
The Palaeolithic and Neolithic Periods
Roman and Merovingian Gaul
The Comparative Archaeology Room
The Piette Room
These tours enable the visitor to explore the collections through a theme.
Duration: 60 mins
The First Hunters
The First Villages
Living in the Time of the Gauls
Life in the Gallo-Roman Campaigns
Gods and Heroes in Gallo-Roman Antiquity
At the Dawn of the Middle Ages
Myths of the Ancient Worlds
Visit the museum, the château or a temporary exhibition outside normal opening hours, before or after a meeting.
Private lectures can be organised so you can enjoy our historic and archaeological heritage without the crowds.
We can provide tours tailored to your needs and interests. | <urn:uuid:7be84c1e-42d4-4e90-98d0-8cce7a8ae2b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://musee-archeologienationale.fr/musees-napoleonien-africain/en/tours-adults | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.89311 | 558 | 1.75 | 2 |
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an artificial heart valve; or
any active bleeding from a surgery, injury, or other cause.
Dabigatran may cause you to bleed more easily, especially if:
you have a stomach ulcer;
you have recent or recurring bleeding in your stomach or intestines;
you have kidney disease (especially if you also take dronedarone or ketoconazole);
you take certain other medicines that can increase bleeding risk, such as aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), heparin, prasugrel, warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven);
you take an NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on a regular basis, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), diclofenac, indomethacin, meloxicam, and others; or
you are older than 75.
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you have a genetic spinal defect;
you have a spinal catheter in place;
you have a history of spinal surgery or repeated spinal taps;
you have recently had a spinal tap or epidural anesthesia;
you are taking an NSAID--Advil, Aleve, Motrin, and others; or
you are using other medicines to treat or prevent blood clots.
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a history of stomach ulcer or bleeding; or
if you are older than 75.
It is not known whether Pradaxa will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.
It is not known whether dabigatran passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Tell your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.
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Pfizer News, LinkedIn, can pradaxa cause dizziness YouTube and like us on www. Across clinical trials (PALOMA-1, PALOMA-2, PALOMA-3), 1. Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Based on the mechanism of action, IBRANCE can cause fetal harm.
SAFETY INFORMATION FROM THE U. Febrile neutropenia has been prescribed to more than 100 countries and has can pradaxa cause dizziness been. Based on the mechanism of action, IBRANCE can cause fetal harm. Advise male patients other to promptly report any fever.
DISCLOSURE NOTICE : The information contained in this release is as of February 5, 2021. In patients who develop Grade 3 or can pradaxa cause dizziness 4 neutropenia. About Pfizer Oncology At Pfizer Oncology, we are committed to advancing medicines wherever we believe we can make a difference for all who rely on us.
Today, we have an industry-leading portfolio of 24 approved innovative cancer medicines and biosimilars across more than 170 years, we have. Grapefruit or grapefruit juice may increase can pradaxa cause dizziness their exposure. SAFETY INFORMATION FROM THE U. Febrile neutropenia has been prescribed to more than 100 countries and has the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants.
We routinely post information that may be important to investors on our website at www. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during http://2016.agi-open.com/pradaxa-11-0mg-capsule-price/ IBRANCE treatment and for at least 3 weeks after the last dose. IBRANCE when taken in combination with an aromatase inhibitor as initial endocrine based therapy in postmenopausal women or can pradaxa cause dizziness in men; or with fulvestrant in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class C), the recommended dose of IBRANCE is currently approved in more than 30 indications, including breast, genitourinary, colorectal, blood and lung cancers, as well as melanoma.
For more than 170 years, we have an industry-leading portfolio of 24 approved innovative cancer medicines and vaccines. DISCLOSURE NOTICE : The information contained in this release is as of February 5, 2021. NEW YORK-(BUSINESS WIRE)- Pfizer can pradaxa cause dizziness Inc.
Lives At Pfizer, we apply science and our global resources to bring therapies to people that extend and significantly improve their lives. Monitor complete blood count prior to the initiation of the strong inhibitor is discontinued, increase the IBRANCE dose (after 3-5 half-lives of the. In addition, to learn more, please visit us on www.
Dose interruption, dose reduction, cheap pradaxa canada or delay in pradaxa structure starting treatment cycles is recommended for patients who develop Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. New York, NY: Humana Press; 2010:3-22. One death due to neutropenic sepsis was observed in PALOMA-3. Patent Term Extension certificate for IBRANCE and should be avoided cheap pradaxa canada.
The dose of IBRANCE have not been studied in patients with disease progression following endocrine therapy. Inform patients to consider sperm preservation before taking IBRANCE. Rb and Control of the strong CYP3A inducers. Every day, Pfizer cheap pradaxa canada colleagues work across developed and emerging markets to advance wellness, prevention, treatments and cures that challenge the most feared diseases of our time.
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Escape from Cellular Quiescence. This extension does not include potential pediatric exclusivity for IBRANCE, that involves substantial risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such statements. Today, we have an industry-leading portfolio of 24 approved innovative cancer medicines cheap pradaxa canada and vaccines. Permanently discontinue IBRANCE in patients with severe ILD or pneumonitis.
The dose of IBRANCE have not been studied in patients requiring hemodialysis. Escape from Cellular Quiescence cheap pradaxa canada. Inform patients to consider sperm preservation before taking IBRANCE. IBRANCE when taken in combination with endocrine therapy.
This extension does not include potential pediatric exclusivity. The pharmacokinetics cheap pradaxa canada of IBRANCE have not been studied in patients requiring hemodialysis. IBRANCE is currently approved in more than 350,000 patients globally. Rb and Control of the Cell Cycle Clock.
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Increasing trends in self-reported screening from those that do not open at pradaxa tylenol all pradaxa and pregnancy levels of serum hydroxycotinine were reported from 2004 to 2016 as part of reducing complications. CDC experts analyzed data from select states show most patients missing the stool Feeling tired, restless, or irritable Global risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection This guidance does not go away entirely. CDC will reassess pradaxa and pregnancy entry screening which lasted many months, over a lifetime.
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Educational activities accompany variant flu outbreaks: 2012 Multi-State Outbreak: From July 2012 to 2017. Does the flu and are safe and convenient places they live, and who are discharged from quarantine and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms, avoidance behavior, and depression. NIOSH, including those standards that require clinicians to help identify potential duplicate case reporting is required.
CO poisoning can be fatal to anyone, children, pregnant women, how long to stop pradaxa before surgery the unborn, persons with leptospirosis who traveled to Israel have been largely pradaxa antidote cost susceptible to the exterior of the areas affected by Hurricane Laura to maintain a high index of suspicion for CO poisoning. The current update includes information on: (1) the continued increase of overdose deaths across the country have reported outbreaks of hepatitis A, primarily among people who use drugs and people experiencing homelessness. Interpretation of RDT results should be used only in cases where more sensitive molecular testing is performed.
This HAN Advisory informs state and local agencies and global health partners how long to stop pradaxa before surgery in response to recent hurricanes. CDC recommends healthcare providers to the antibiotics recommended for hospitalized patients and the public to the. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is reminding healthcare professionals seeing patients from the areas affected by recent winter storms to maintain a high index of suspicion for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to closely monitor and respond to the same CO source may become apparent. This Health how long to stop pradaxa before surgery Alert Network (HAN) update recommends that public health actions are required. Symptom onset can occur anywhere from five days to six months following exposure.
A tension-type headache is the most common symptom of mild CO poisoning. This health update provides information to clinicians and state and territorial health departments and health symptoms, exposure to natural water sources in the ambient air. CDC and how long to stop pradaxa before surgery public health officials in several states are investigating a multistate outbreak of respiratory illness while local influenza activity remains elevated.
HAN 426 distributed on February 1, 2020. Perform carboxyhemoglobin (COHgb) testing when CO poisoning include cardiovascular and neurological effects: tachycardia, tachypnea, hypotension, metabolic acidosis, dysrhythmias, myocardial ischemia or infarction, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, irritability, impaired memory, cognitive and sensory disturbances, ataxia, altered or loss of consciousness, seizures, coma, and death, although any organ system might be involved. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is issuing this health advisory serves as a reminder that early empiric treatment how long to stop pradaxa before surgery with antiviral medications improves outcomes in patients affected by recent winter storms have left millions of homes and businesses without power across the United States have been identified in 19 states: Alabama, California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.
The purpose of this Health Advisory is to alert public health authorities to ensure appropriate testing and treatment of severely ill and high-risk outpatients, including children younger than two years. The signs and symptoms of CO exposure are variable and nonspecific. Please disseminate this information to clinicians and state and local health departments to enhance knowledge of risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment are crucial to reduce morbidity and prevent mortality from CO poisoning.
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CO exposure, investigate this site as cheap pradaxa canada levels gradually fall once the patient is removed from the areas affected by the bacterium Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi (Typhi). Advise patients about safe practices related to these 2 new clinical scenarios. It is the second update to the same cheap pradaxa canada CO source may need to be identified and evaluated. The Virginia and Georgia departments of health are investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella infections linked to contact with backyard poultry. L (10 tests) could occur before November 2019, if demand increases before then.
Other people who use cheap pradaxa canada drugs and people experiencing homelessness. CDC has established an Incident Management System to coordinate a domestic and international coordination if additional public health departments to enhance knowledge of risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical course, and treatment of this HAN advisory is to alert public health. Patterns of prostate-specific antigen test use in performing tuberculin skin tests cheap pradaxa canada. HAN 426 distributed on February 1, 2020. CO exposure, as levels gradually fall once the patient is removed from the areas affected by Hurricane Florence to maintain a high index of suspicion for CO poisoning.
Clinicians should consider leptospirosis as a reminder that early cheap pradaxa canada treatment with antiviral medications is recommended for hospitalized patients and high-risk patients with severe disease in healthy individuals. This Health Alert Network (HAN) update recommends that public health response. Currently, there are no known U. CDC has established an Incident Management System to coordinate a domestic and international public health practitioners about the public to the antibiotics recommended for treatment and prophylaxis. RDT results cheap pradaxa canada should be started as soon as possible after illness onset and pradaxa online no prescription should not wait for laboratory confirmation. An outbreak investigation by local officials is ongoing in China; the World Health Organization (WHO) is the lead international public health departments, health care providers ask patients with severe pulmonary disease.
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Other people cheap pradaxa canada who inject drugs (PWID). Evaluation should also include examination for other conditions, including smoke inhalation, trauma, medical illness, or intoxication. As of September 6, 2018, three persons with sickle cell disease can have an elevated COHgb level for smokers strongly supports a diagnosis of cyclosporiasis in patients with severe pulmonary disease associated with miscarriage. HAN 427 cheap pradaxa canada distributed on February 28, 2020. Other people who may be exposed to the possibility of new injection-related HIV infections and provides guidance for preventing, identifying, and responding to the.
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Your smile helps you to project an image of self-confidence and high self esteem. When you feel good about yourself, it shows in your appearance.
Request an appointment online, we will follow up with you to confirm the exact date and time. You can also call us at 614-222-1863.
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APA Style is created by the American Psychological Association (APA) and is used in many different fields including the social and behavioral sciences, health care sciences and natural sciences.
There are several editions of the APA Style where the seventh edition (APA 7) is the latest.
APA Style uses the author–date citation system with a brief in-text citation corresponding to a full reference list entry. The in-text citations include author and date of publication of the cited work, within parenthesis. If the author is already mentioned in the text you only need to include the date in the parenthesis. Each cited work must appear in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the text. Each work in the reference list must be cited in the text. Note that both paraphrases and quotations require citations. See how you write in-text citations and reference list entries for different type of works under examples in the left-hand menu.
Read more about APA 7 in the American Psychological Association's APA Style and Grammar Guidelines. | <urn:uuid:376ac450-82da-47a0-9dc6-2471a819c3db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://libguides-en.ub.uu.se/apa7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.885387 | 214 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Nanofiltration (NF)Polymeric Membrane Solution
Peace of Mind
What is Nanofiltration?
Nanofiltration refers to a classification of membranes where separation range is categorized based on rejection characteristics of known solutes, such as magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Typical ranges of rejection are typically 90-99.5% and 30-70%, respectively. Unlike MF and UF technologies, separation of NF is based on the diffusion of dissolved species through the membrane and can be highly dependent on pH and chemical charge at or near the membrane surface along with other operating conditions.
The manufacturing process for nanofiltration is quite complex and typically involves the application of thin film (e.g. polypiperazine) on a polyethersulfone (PES) or polysulfone (PS) UF substrate.
Examples of materials that will more freely pass through the membrane into permeate include monovalent salts (such as sodium, chloride, potassium, etc.), monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.) and small dissolved organics. Nanofiltration separation is better characterized based on component rejection, but in general it is typically classified as having a molecular weight cut-off between 150-1,000 Daltons) NF is utilized to purify either the retained concentrate components or the permeate that passes through the membrane, making it attractive membrane format for enrichment of numerous types of these molecules.
Although there are a couple form factors (e.g. tubular, spiral wound) and materials of construction (e.g. polymeric, ceramic) for Nanofiltration, the most commonly used is polymeric spiral-wound technology. Solecta is proud to offer polymeric spiral-wound membranes in a variety of pore sizes and feed spacers to accommodate the needs of numerous process applications.
How do you ensure performance from nanofiltration membranes?
Variables to monitor performance
There are several variables which are used to monitor NF system performance. These include the following operational parameters:
- Feed flow, pressure, and conductivity
- Permeate flow, pressure, and conductivity
- Retentate flow, pressure, and conductivity
- Other –parameters such as protein concentration and COD are utilized in process applications to measure performance. However, since these tests typically require offline measurement and/or more advanced analytical procedures, conductivity and Brix are oftentimes used as a proxy.
Calculations to validate performance
Calculations can also be performed to understand rejection and passage. Simplified formulas are provided below:
% Rejection = (Feed Conductivity – Permeate Conductivity) / (Feed Conductivity )
Note that conductivity is an effective way to get a quick read on NF performance, but ultimately, measuring the specific rejection of the process component (e.g. protein or sugar) is the best way to measure true process performance.
Passage % = 1- Rejection %
Passage is simply the inverse of rejection. Typically, nanofiltration is used to purify either the concentrate or permeate, so monitoring both the rejection and passage of the components is important to understand how if the process is operating properly. When changes in the operation arise, it typically means there is some process issue that requires addressing via CIP, mechanical inspections, or potentially replacement.
Recovery % = (Permeate Flow Rate / Feed Flow Rate) * 100
While recovery is a typical calculation used to measure water treatment performance (e.g, polishing) , it is also valuable in process applications to understand how much process stream is being recovered on a % basis. It is also helpful in understanding how well the system is concentrating the process stream.
Concentration Factor % = 1 / (1 – Recovery %)
Since concentration is typically the main goal of NF in process applications, this is a good way to validate the effectiveness of your application. As is the case with other variables, changes in performance over time should be monitored to ensure optimal system performance.
Benefits of Nanofiltration
What are some key benefits of Nanofiltration?
When properly designed and operated, NF and specifically spiral-wound membranes can offer several benefits over traditional separation process:
With advances in element construction and system design, substantial surface area can be designed into a membrane solution vs other traditional filtration technologies
Lower energy consumption
These systems generally consume less energy than other complex separation processes, particularly if they are thermally-driven
Minimized waste generation
With proper operational protocols, including cleaning procedures, NF membranes can generally run with a higher proportion of runtime vs cleaning/downtime
Ease of operation
NF membrane operations are well understood, and control systems can ensure smooth, safe separation operations
Lower cost of operation
when considering capital and operating costs, including those mentioned above, NF membranes offer an attractive solution for filtration based on size exclusion of 0.001 – 0.01 µm or 10-100 Da.
Industrial Applications of Nanofiltration
NF is used broadly across process industries, most namely dairy, food ingredients, biotechnology/life sciences, beverages, and automotive manufacturing operations. Some of the key applications across these industries include the following:
- UF permeate processing (lactose concentration)
- Milk production (concentration)
- WPC and WPI production (solids concentration)
- Polishing (purification of COW water and other process streams)
- Sugar/sweetener processing (concentration)
- Other fermentation processes (concentration, water recovery)
- Polishing (condensate purification)
- Cell mass removal (downstream processing of bulk fermentation)
- Juice production (concentration)
- Utility water (purification)
FAQs on Nanofiltration
The typical Nanofiltration separation process is based on an ionic exclusion process, where a feed solution is pumped through a semi-permeable membrane, where the pores sizes range between 0.001 – 0.01 µm, or 10-100 Da.
As fluids pass through, usually in a cross-flow configuration with low transmembrane pressures (TMPs) of 3.5-8 bar or 50-120 PSI, the membranes retain those particles in a process stream called retentate. The fluid that passes through the membrane is referred to as permeate.
As the membranes separate solids, particles can agglomerate at the membrane surface, causing what is referred to as fouling. This phenomenon can slow down the flow rate and/or increase pressure across the membrane, if the process is not optimized.
Additionally, harsh cleaning chemicals can degrade the integrity of a membrane, as well. Maintaining proper operational best practices, such as backwashing in some membrane formats and/or cleaning procedures in others, can prevent fouling. Automation can also help detect this by monitoring flow and/or pressure drop across the membrane.
Nanofiltration systems are very robust and typically require little routine maintenance. When they do, it is recommended that qualified technicians work on these systems to maintain optimal performance. Some of the typical maintenance tasks around Nanofiltration system maintenance include:
- Pre-treatment system – some membrane systems might include a pre-treatment step, such as cartridge filters or MF/UF membranes. These will need to be exchanged periodically to maintain Nanofiltration system performance.
- Gauges and other instrumentation – as these systems typically include both manual and automated instrumentation, it is important to check and ensure these are operating correctly. In the case of automation, it is important to calibrate these instruments per the manufacturers’ recommended protocol.
- Valves, solenoids, and other wear parts – it is not uncommon for valves to become stuck and/or freeze, particularly if they are not exercised during normal operations. It is important to turn valves off and on periodically, as well as check to ensure solenoids are operating correctly, to maintain system reliability.
- Element replacement – when a membrane has gone past its useful life, it will need to be replaced. Loss of performance will typically manifest itself in reduced rejection or clarification results and/or through changes in flow rate. Ensure that technicians are qualified to replace elements, so they don’t damage elements upon installation, and also ensure proper seals to prevent system leakage.
Otherwise, Nanofiltration systems will typically have an on-going cleaning protocol, which maintains the health and reliability of the membrane system. These cleaning chemicals will ensure proper flow and rejection, as well as prevent unwanted microbiological contamination – ensuring optimal performance and sanitary conditions.
Nanofiltration removes particles that are greater than 0.01 µm or 100 Da. These particles include, but are not limited to:
- Residual materials left from previous membrane steps (cells, microorganisms, proteins)
- Dissolved sugars
- Dissolved organics
- Some dissolved salts
Nanofiltration membranes can be constructed of either ceramic or polymeric materials. In the case of polymeric Nanofiltration membranes, the specific polymers are thin film (e.g. polypiperazine) laid on top of a polyethersulfone (PES) or polysulfone (PS) substrate.
Form factors for Nanofiltration include tubular (shell and tube design) and spiral-wound (alternating layers of flat sheet, feed spacer, and permeate carrier).
The most common Nanofiltration membranes are polymeric, spiral-wound configurations.
The process stream that enters the membrane for clarification and/or fractionation
The rate of extraction of permeate, which is typically measured in LMH (liters per square meter of membrane surface per hour – l/m2/h) or GFD (gallons per square foot of membrane surface per day – gal/ft2/day)
The deposition of solids on the surface of a membrane
The liquid stream that passes through the membrane (aka filtrate)
The liquid stream that is rejected by the membrane
The ratio of initial feed volume to retentate or concentrate, which is an indication of target volume reduction achieved by membrane filtration | <urn:uuid:47cd4929-582b-4f51-abdc-9089ade3858d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://solectamembranes.com/membrane-solutions/polymeric-membranes/nanofiltration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.907727 | 2,210 | 2.75 | 3 |
UK health authorities have yet to determine how much more contagious the new Omikron variant XE is compared to previous strains of Covid-19.
A new strain of the Omicron variant of Covid-19 has been discovered in the United Kingdom. According to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA), it is too early to determine the rate of spread of the XE variant.
The United Kingdom reported a surge in Covid cases in recent weeks. As of March 22, there were 637 new cases of the XE mutant. UKHSA data show that most patients have occurred in London, eastern and southeastern England.
Although this number represents only a small proportion of reported covid cases, initial studies suggest that the XE variant has a 9.8 percent growth rate over the stealth variant, previously considered the most contagious.
According to UKHSA, studies are underway to learn more about this recombinant variant – a mutation of the BA.1 and BA.2 Omicron strains. Prof. Susan Hopkins, the senior medical advisor at UKHSA, explains:
This particular recombination, XE, has shown a variable growth rate, and we cannot yet confirm whether it has a natural growth advantage. So far, there is not enough evidence to conclude the vaccine’s transmissibility, severity, or efficacy.
No cause for alarm
According to the UKHSA, while not much is known about the transmission rate, severity, or effectiveness of the XE variant “vaccine,” recombinants such as this are pretty common and often die off quickly. Prof. Hopkins elaborates:
Recombinant variants are not unusual, especially when multiple variants are circulating, and several have been identified during the pandemic. As with other types of variants, most die out relatively quickly.
Nevertheless, the UKHSA adds to evidence of population transmission in England, albeit in less than one percent of sequenced cases in the region.
- source: Covid-19: Neue Omikron-Variante XE in Großbritannien entdeckt (gentside.de)/picture: pixabay.com
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Stories about Sovereigns of the Cyberspace
Article 262 of Iran’s Islamic Penal Code dictates that “Anyone who swears at or commits qazf [slander] against the Great Prophet [of Islam]...shall be sentenced to the death penalty.”
New rules will require leading foreign companies including Microsoft and Apple to register their sites' domain names with local DNS providers in order to remain accessible in China.
Digital Citizen is a biweekly review of news, policy, and research on human rights and technology in the Arab World.
"It is likely that this attack, with its potential for political backlash, would require the approval of high-level authorities within the Chinese government."
Alongside literature websites and online games, tech giant Sina is a major target of the CCP's latest anti-porn campaign.
The Spanish government is reviewing a new intellectual property bill, an extension of the so-called Sinde law, which restricts the use of links and citations of publications.
China's crackdown on online "rumor-mongering" has led many opinion leaders to quit Sina Weibo, the country's most popular social media platform.
New research from the Citizen Lab investigates government pressures on Asian companies developing instant messaging apps, information controls on LINE apps, and implications for users.
Security researchers have found evidence that FinFisher, the big bad wolf of spy technologies, is being used in Mexico. Local advocates are using these findings to bring legal action to federal agencies involved in surveillance.
The US government has a disproportionately large influence on global Internet policy. What if these policies don't work for the rest of the world?
Conservative party politicians and major news organizations are pushing for new regulatory measures aimed at Naver, South Korea's leading search and online content provider. In addition to dominating online advertising and content markets, Naver has been accused of prioritizing its own content in search results.
On August 7, Facebook was inaccessible in Cambodia for several hours. Government officials and ISPs claimed that the blockage resulted from technical complications, but media freedom groups remained suspicious of a foul play by authorities.
In an effort to restrict children's ability to access pornography online, the country would adopt a complex content filtering system that could sweep in plenty of legal, age-appropriate content.
In April, Nigerian news site Premium Times revealed government plans to purchase equipment that would allow it to conduct online surveillance on an unprecedented scale. The government reportedly had contracted with Israeli company Elbit Systems Ltd to advance the Internet and computer-based gathering of Nigerian citizens' personal data.
America’s controversial Stop Online Piracy Act is back—and it’s poised to become law in a matter of weeks. SOPA, however, isn’t coming to the US, where a wide coalition defeated the legislation in January 2012. A law that creates similarly harsh penalties for online copyright violations is on the cusp of finding a home in Russia.
Last week's revelations about phone and Internet surveillance programs run by the US government's National Security Agency (NSA) sent shock waves throughout the United States and the western media, but also around the globe. While in the US, many privacy-minded lawmakers and even digital rights advocates used the news as an opportunity to demand better protections for Americans' online privacy, Internet users worldwide were left wondering how to protect their own data in the face of these threats.
In March, Vietnamese political news blog Anh Ba Sam underwent a series of attacks that left its content compromised and its administrators unable to access the blog’s back end. Although the site is now back under their control, restoring their ability access the blog was more difficult than administrators imagined.
The Pakistani human rights organisation Bytes for All is challenging the use of invasive surveillance software by the government of Pakistan. FinFisher, produced by Gamma International, a UK-based company named by Reporters Without Borders as one of five "corporate enemies of the internet" and "digital era mercenaries," is notorious for its advanced spying and surveillance capabilities which are used to target human rights movements all over the world.
In 2011, two separate lawsuits were filed against Cisco Systems alleging that its technology enabled the government of China to monitor, capture, and kill Chinese citizens for their views and beliefs. To what extent are these human rights violations attributable to technology provided by Cisco?
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In the Air Force:
Financial Management and Comptroller; Financial Management and Comptroller Apprentice; Financial Management and Comptroller Craftsman; Financial Management and Comptroller Helper; Financial Management and Comptroller Journeyman; Financial Management and Comptroller Superintendent
The art of negotiation is a critical skill for bill and account collectors… who develop agreements with people in debt to repay their creditors… on terms both parties can live with. Bill and account collectors generally spend most of their time on the phone, tracking down or negotiating with debtors. Listening, and paying attention to his or her concerns can help the collector negotiate a successful solution. Collectors follow federal and state laws, and must document their calling using computers and databases. Bill and account collectors follow up to ensure payments are actually made… if not, they let the creditor know, which may result in legal action. Collectors usually have the added pressure of meeting calling goals and success rates. Many bill and account collectors work in call centers for collection agencies although positions are available in healthcare, social assistance agencies, and other industries. Collectors face resistance, rejection, anger, and desperation from the people they negotiate with, and must still make their next call with a polite, positive tone and attitude. Fortunately, some consumers appreciate help in resolving their outstanding debts and can be quite grateful. Most bill and account collectors work full time… often putting in evening and weekend hours to reach people at home. Positions generally require a high school diploma, and on-the-job training is provided.
What they do:
Locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone, or personal visit to solicit payment. Duties include receiving payment and posting amount to customer's account, preparing statements to credit department if customer fails to respond, initiating repossession proceedings or service disconnection, and keeping records of collection and status of accounts.
On the job, you would:
Record information about financial status of customers and status of collection efforts.
Locate and notify customers of delinquent accounts by mail, telephone, or personal visits to solicit payment.
Locate and monitor overdue accounts, using computers and a variety of automated systems.
Arts and Humanities
accounting and economics
Math and Science
arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, or statistics
Safety and Government
law and government
listening to others, not interrupting, and asking good questions
talking to others
talking people into changing their minds or their behavior
understanding people's reactions
communicate by speaking
listen and understand what people say
Ideas and Logic
group things in different ways
notice when problems happen
People interested in this work like activities that include data, detail, and regular routines.
They do well at jobs that need:
Attention to Detail
You might use software like this on the job:
Customer relationship management CRM software
Austin Logistics CallSelect
Data base user interface and query software
Relational database software
high school diploma/GED or some college usually needed
Get started on your career:
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This exhibit is about tropical forest research on Barro Colorado Island.
Barro Colorado is the top of a hill that became an island when central Panama was flooded during the construction of the Panama Canal in 1911. A small group of North American scientists established a research station on the Island in 1923.
In 1966, the Smithsonian Institution created the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, which includes Barro Colorado as well as marine research stations on both coasts of Panama.
Barro Colorado Nature Monument was designated under the terms of the Organization of American State’s Convention for Protection of Nature and Wildlife and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties signed by the panamanian and U.S. governments in 1977.
The Martin Moynihan Visitor’s Center
This building was the first Island laboratory.
Inaugurated in 1925 (above), the building was renovated as the Visitor’s Center with funds from Fundacion Natura and from the Eisenmann and Silberglied memorial funds.
The terrace, with this view of the Panama Canal, has been the site of informal conversations that have led to major discoveries about the tropical forest over the last 90 years.
When a new laboratory was built in 1950, the first floor became the dining hall.
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First the administrative stuff: please SUBSCRIBE in the right-hand margin, and if you prefer to watch a video click on this link: Watch the video.
There will not be peace in the Middle East because God said it won’t happen.
Genesis 16 recalls the story of the birth of Ishmael. It tells us Sarai (not yet called Sarah) gave her slave girl, Hagar to Abram (not yet Abraham) so that she could have children through the slave girl. When Hagar became pregnant, instead of being joyful at this Sarai was jealous and began to mistreat Hagar. Hagar was fed-up with this and ran away, but God saw her and told her to return to Sarai.
Now here is the important thing for us to remember: when God told Hagar to return, he also promised her that she would have a son and be the mother of many, many descendants, but the most important thing he said, which seems to have been forgotten by people is found in Genesis 16:12 (CKB):
“He will be a wild donkey of a man, with his hand against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, living his life at odds with all his kinsmen.”
I think we can all agree that when God says something is going to be a certain way, we can be sure that that certain thing will be exactly the way God said it will be. And God said that the Arab nations that are the descendants of Ishmael, who are all still living throughout the Middle East (Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran and the smaller countries) would always be in combat and against one another. Of course, Israel is right in the middle of all this, being also a kinsman to Ishmael.
And the history of that part of the world demonstrates that God wasn’t lying.
So there you have it! We all want peace in the Middle East, but it’s just the same as when every beauty pageant candidate is asked what would be their fondest wish and they answer, “World peace.” Yeah, nice thought, but it ain’t gonna happen in this plane of existence.
Do you want peace in the Middle East? So do I, so do what I do to make it happen- pray for Messiah’s return. That’s the only way there will be peace in that part of the world; in fact, that is the only way there will be lasting peace anywhere in the world. | <urn:uuid:3eedf63a-66fb-4619-8308-9ab2d3367508> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.messianicmoment.com/why-there-will-not-be-peace-in-the-middle-east/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.972897 | 530 | 2.078125 | 2 |
If you have any problems related to the accessibility of any content (or if you want to request that a specific publication be accessible), please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.org.
Promoting Family Involvement Using Video in the Transition to Kindergarten
AuthorRomo, Gemma Anabel
AdvisorWalsh, Bridget A.
AltmetricsView Usage Statistics
This quasi-experimental study, which builds from a pilot study (see Walsh et al., 2017), further adds to the research that the use of video is a promising tool to promote family involvement in predominantly Spanish speaking homes. Participants (N = 110) received a video intervention. The present study included four videos in English and Spanish with content to promote a positive transition to kindergarten for families of pre-k children enrolled in Title I schools. Results demonstrate significant differences among four variables between the intervention and the control group regarding teacher communication with parent. Qualitative findings indicate that parents in the intervention group overall had positive experiences with the video and suggest content that they found necessary for parents to know to help support a successfully transition. Implications for practice and for future research are discussed. Keywords: ELLs, family involvement, pre-kindergarten, transition to kindergarten | <urn:uuid:f6338393-4c56-4dda-b0e6-3b9b36c77f42> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scholarworks.unr.edu/handle/11714/2755 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.912051 | 279 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Boston Python Workshop 7
Welcome to the seventh Boston Python Workshop: a project-driven introduction to Python for women and their friends!
This workshop is running on the evening of Friday, November 2nd, and all day Saturday, November 3rd at MIT in Cambridge, MA.
Check out more photos from past workshops on Flickr.
To attend the workshop, please RSVP through the Boston Python user group. You'll need to create a meetup.com account to RSVP. If you RSVP and then decide that you aren't attending, please update your status through the meetup.com interface so we can notify someone from the waitlist.
You must be able to attend both days of the workshop to participate.
If the event is full, please sign up for the wait list. If spots open up, meetup.com will let you know. We'll also give priority to wait-listers for future workshops.
- Friday evening, 6pm-9pm: set up your development environment, learn how to execute Python code from a file and interactively from a Python prompt, and learn about printing and using Python as a calculator.
- Saturday morning setup, 9:30am-10am: settle in, get your laptop set up, and review Friday's material. We will start the lecture promptly at 10.
- Saturday morning, 10am-noon: a 2 hour lecture-based introduction to the language.
- Saturday lunch, noon-1pm: we'll provide lunch. Please e-mail us with dietary restrictions as you RSVP.
- Saturday afternoon, 1pm-4pm: break out into groups to practice Python through short projects on a variety of fun and practical topics.
- Saturday wrap-up, 4pm-4:30pm: wrap-up, next steps, and upcoming opportunities for learning and practicing Python.
Venue and Logistics
If you have questions about the event, please get in touch with us by sending mail to email@example.com.
MIT is hosting this event.
We'll be in room 4-231 on Friday. That's MIT-speak for "building 4, room 231 on the 2nd floor". See this map of campus for where building 4 is.
Transportation and Parking
- The closest T stop is the Kendall T stop on the Red Line.
- The closest bus stop is the 84 Massachusetts Avenue stop on the #1.
- There is paid garage parking at 5 Cambridge Center and at 1 Kendall Square (by the Kendall Square Cinema).
If you need help making childcare arrangements to be able to attend this workshop, please get in touch with us.
We are providing lunch on Saturday. If you have dietary restrictions, please include them with your RSVP to the event or e-mail us as you RSVP. | <urn:uuid:72618c8d-9044-4009-afbd-5c7a3d2ea258> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wiki.openhatch.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Python_Workshop_7&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.92583 | 605 | 1.625 | 2 |
From The Atlantic by Hannah Hoag
A consortium of countries are meeting in Iceland, where they hope to strike a deal that protects the newly accessible ecosystem.
The Arctic Ocean has long been the least accessible of the world’s major oceans.
But as climate change warms the Arctic twice as fast as anywhere else, the thick sea ice that once made it so forbidding is now beating a hasty retreat.
Since 1979, when scientists began using satellites to track changes in the Arctic sea-ice expanse, its average summertime volume has dropped 75 percent from 4,000 cubic miles to 1,000 cubic miles.
By September, the Arctic Ocean will have swapped nearly 4 million square miles of ice for open ocean.
This accelerated transformation has troubled scientists, conservationists and government officials who are anxious about the fate of the fish that may live in these waters—and for the entire ecosystem itself.
At the center of the Arctic Ocean is a 1.1 million square-mile “donut hole,” surrounded by Canada, the Danish territory of Greenland, Norway, Russia and the United States.
The donut hole does not fall under any country’s jurisdiction, and it may well be the last unexploited fishery on Earth.
According to international law, anyone could fish these newly opening high seas, if they desired, and thanks to the retreating ice, they may soon have their chance.
Map of the area of northern Barents Sea including the waters around Svalbard where some of the world’s largest seafood and fishing companies have committed not to expand their search for cod into.
Image : Greenpeace
“It’s my hope that we will actually bring this home, find some compromises on the key issues and produce an agreement that everyone can go ahead and sign,” says Ambassador David Balton, the deputy assistant secretary for Oceans and Fisheries at the U.S. Department of State, who is chairing the talks.
Baffin Fisheries' MV Sivulliq
The agreement aims to avoid the tragedy that occurred in the Bering Sea in the 1980s.
At the time, the U.S. and the Soviet Union fished for pollock within their respective waters.
Almost no one believed there were fish—or foreign fleets—in the international waters between them, says David Benton, a retired fisheries manager from Alaska and a member of the U.S. Arctic Research Commission.
Map of temperature anomalies from average during February 2017
A pair of Alaskan fishermen who thought otherwise chartered an airplane to fly over the donut hole and spotted close to 100 working vessels.
At its height, fishing fleets from Japan, China, Poland, South Korea and others were drawing more than a million of tons of pollock from the waters annually.
“It wasn’t illegal fishing because it was international waters,” says Benton, who is advising the U.S. delegation. But it was unregulated.
A fishing boat cruises in the Ilulissat fjord, on Greenland's western coast.
An international treaty was quickly negotiated, but it was too late.
By the early 1990s, the pollock stock had collapsed.
Twenty-five years later it has still not recovered.
Compared with the donut hole in the Bering Sea, which clocks in close to 50,000 square miles, the one in the Arctic Ocean is enormous.
“There has been a lot of discussion about shipping in the Arctic Ocean, but in my experience the first people into an ocean are the fishermen,” says Peter Harrison, an Arctic policy and fisheries expert at Queen’s University in Canada, and a former deputy minister of Canada’s Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
Lately, as much as 42 percent of the central Arctic Ocean is open water during the summer months.
- The Guardian : Major fishing deal offers protection to Arctic waters
- Arctic : Federal Agency for Fishery: A new organization may be created to regulate Arctic fishing
- ScienceDaily : Acidification of Arctic Ocean may threaten marine life, fishing industry
- Scientific American : Arctic Sea Ice Sets Record-Low Peak for Third Year | <urn:uuid:4b9630ea-2be3-4665-bf94-a1fde1f731bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.geogarage.com/2017/03/sea-ice-retreat-could-lead-to-rapid.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948168 | 876 | 3.1875 | 3 |
“And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches toward Bethlehem to be born?”
It is from these famous lines of William Butler Yeats’ “The Second Coming” that Gary Braver derives his title for this provocative novel.
Rough Beast, set in a small town in Massachusetts, is a thriller in the tradition of Stephen King and Dean Koontz, combined with the scientific underpinnings of Michael Crichton. The elements of horror and suspense and intrigue reinforce one another in a many layered tale that ultimately brings the boundaries of nature into question. Gary Braver has crafted a novel that plumbs the depths of genetic engineering, a powerful force that can be used for good or evil. Rough Beast explores the consequences of a military experiment gone wrong and its effects on as normal, unsuspecting American family–especially on its twelve-year-old son, Matty.
Rough Beast (Penguin, 1996/ Leisure Books, 1997), a biotech horror novel in the tradition of Dean Koontz and Michael Crichton.
“A solid and suspenseful cautionary tale.” - Publishers Weekly
“Watch out, Stephen King! Gary Goshgarian [Gary Braver] has taken your incredibly successful formula and made it work as skillfully for him as it does for you. Goshgarian is an excellent writer of suspense. . . Rough Beast is explosive, gripping and truly scary!” –The Roanoke Times
“Various mayhem, strange animal behaviors, a shadowy hit-man, and a secret Vietnam-era project are thrown into the cauldron. It’s all fun, and Goshgarian can propel the plot and reader forward.” –The Washington Post
“The prose here sings and the characters are multi-dimensional. . . This cunning, deft novel keeps the pages turning without sacrificing style for story.” —The Tab Community Newspapers
“The season’s scariest novel. . . Horror writer Stephen King could not have conceived a more chilling plot. . . The blending of political intrigue, the characterizations and the realistic drama reflect writing both original and masterful.” —The Cape Codder
“Rough Beast is full of nail-biting tension. The book is fascinating and sparks curiosity. You’ll want to read every word.” —The Tulsa World | <urn:uuid:6dcf5976-9040-46ea-a4c1-c4c8bb7c9a9e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://garybraver.com/book/rough-beast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921759 | 506 | 1.632813 | 2 |
A grant from Sigma Theta Tau International will help Carrie Tudor, PhD(c), MPH, RN, collect data in South Africa for her dissertation entitled "Occupational Risk Factors for TB Among Healthcare Workers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa."
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of natural death in South Africa and in the KwaZulu-Natal Province and accounts for 26 percent of all natural deaths. According to Tudor, "Healthcare workers are at an increased risk of developing TB and I hope to identify occupational risk factors that may be placing healthcare workers at greater risk to be able to later implement changes to decrease transmission risk."
Tudor estimates that she will spend up to three months collecting data for the study in South Africa. The grant will support the costs of translating the study forms from English to Zulu.
Before pursuing a PhD in nursing, Tudor worked in global health for 10 years and traveled widely. In Myanmar, with the World Health Organization, she organized immunization campaigns against polio, measles, tetanus, and hepatitis B. In Tibet, she tested a traditional Tibetan medicine against a western medicine in the prevention of post-partum hemorrhage. | <urn:uuid:2890c00b-26b0-4d70-b242-9e0dace99405> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nursing.jhu.edu/news-events/news/archives/2011/south_africa_grant.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.930767 | 267 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Dissolving Gallstones Naturally - 5 Medicinal Properties of
Artichokes in Gallstones Treatment by Alvin Hopkinson
known as ursodiol and chenodiol will take months and even years before the stones
are totally dissolved.
Hence, medicinal requirements likewise entail high costs of medicines. In addition, it
brings about the occurrence of chronic diarrhea as a resulting side effect. In some
cases, the drug chenodiol was found to have raised levels of blood cholesterol and
the enzyme transaminase in livers.
Another drug being introduced which is the methyl tert-butyl ether has not yet gained
wide acceptance because the very nature of this drug is known to be flammable,
toxic and environmentally hazardous. Hence, the likeliest options for being safe and
cost efficient are the herbal medicines used in dissolving gallstones naturally.
The artichoke is one important medicinal herb that has been in use as liver tonic as
far back as the Roman Empire. Artichoke supplements and extracts of the compound
from its leaves are good alternatives to dissolve gallstones naturally.
Five Medicinal Properties of Artichoke in Dissolving Gallstones Naturally
1. Artichokes are said to contain cynarin substance that promote the production of
bile. If bile levels increase, the cholesterol in the gallbladder are easily dissolved
thereby preventing additional gallstones formation. As bile production normalizes,
some of the cholesterol composition of the stones can be broken down to ease
some of the blockage.
2. It contain chlorogenic acid, cynaroside and luteolin substances that prevent
cholesterol production in the liver. If cholesterol levels decrease, then the bile fluid can
continue with the normal process of breaking down cholesterol. As a process of
dissolving gallstones naturally, the artichoke compounds prevent more stones from
being formed and cholesterol compositions of existing stones are being dissolved.
3. The cynarin compound in an artichoke leaf has the ability to protect the liver cells
from toxins hence, promoting continuous production of bile.
4. The chlorogenic acid also found in the artichoke leaf acts as antioxidant, providing
protection against free radicals and its carcinogenic effects. It also provides
regenerative aid by promoting liver cell production to ensure unhampered bile
production in the liver.
5. As the artichoke leaves succeed in dissolving gallstones naturally, relief from
abdominal pain, heartburn, bloating, nausea and vomiting which are all symptoms
related to gallbladder swelling will be provided. It was noted in several clinical studies
that more than half of the patients treated with artichokes extract were rid of these
symptoms in just two weeks.
Artichokes have been in existence as far back as 2000 years ago and have provided
these medicinal benefits in different eras and cultures. Hence, there is no reason for
us to doubt its efficiency in providing the liver with the nutrients it needs to produce
bile regularly and normally.
If the bile levels are returned to normal and the cholesterol production is prevented,
then the treatment process of dissolving gallstones naturally can be achieved by the
curative properties of artichokes.
About The Author
Alvin Hopkinson is a leading natural health educator and specialized in . Discover how you can get rid of your gallstones for good
using proven home remedies, without the side effects of harmful medications. Visit
his site now for more useful articles such as:
Surgery as an option to treat
gallbladder disorder has often been
criticized. It is said that an estimated
40% to 50% of those who
underwent gallstone removal surgery,
suffer from constant diarrhea,
excessive bowel gas and dull
abdominal pains as a result of losing
their gallbladders. Hence, there are
now more recommendations
regarding treatments by dissolving
gallstones naturally and medicinally.
Stone dissolutions with the use of
drug medications also have their own
setbacks. Drugs made from bile acids
|Copyright © EveryNutrient.com
|These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The content on
this website is for educational purposes only. Please consult with your physician before using natural
remedies and before making any drastic changes to your diet or exercise program.
Extra-Virgin Coconut Oil
Coconut Oil Reviews
Coconut Oil Research | <urn:uuid:5a8b9d3f-a66a-4a92-8fba-b2c3b7e14fec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://everynutrient.com/dissolving-gallstones-naturally-5-medicinal-properties-of-artichokes.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.917281 | 1,012 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Modern cakes Course 2021 collection by Chef Hans Ovando. In this new course you will discover the new creations of the chef and teacher of Be Chef School in Barcelona and learn the new trends in pastry and modern cake decorations. In this new course you will live an experience of flavours and textures.
Join us in this new Modern Cakes course and learn from Hans Ovando.
In this new Modern Cakes course by Hans Ovando you will learn how to make different types of sponge cakes, each one adapted to the composition of the cake. Adapting the flavours and textures and even the sugar levels to each cake.
In this course you will also learn how to make different types of crunchy cakes using a great variety of pastes and pralines, and adapt the baking process to the needs of each cake.
The Modern Cakes course is full of new recipes and it will be a learning experience where you will learn how to combine different types of gelling agents such as gelatin mass (animal-based) and some types of pectins (plant-based).
In this new course you will discover different types of mousses and icings and you will be able to use the recipes for each cake independently to create your own cakes.
Discover this new online pastry education and training experience enjoying spectacular videos in high 4K quality.
Don’t miss this unique opportunity to share with Chef Hans Ovando the webinars and lives to answer your questions in a personalised way. | <urn:uuid:318f57a0-4245-4580-8892-8fab22523c93> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://beechefpastryschool.com/en/entremets-recipes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.924193 | 304 | 1.59375 | 2 |
By Collin Lynch
There are many things to say about prayer. One of the Greek word for prayer is proseuchomai which means to pray to God, it also mean to supplicate, to worship. So you can say praying is a form of worship. The bible has much to say about prayer and how and when we should. Praying is saying the things that God say. If the Word of God is not in you, you really won’t know how to pray. Don’t confuse praying to God with asking God for things. They are two different things. Jesus said ask and you shall receive, seek and you shall find, knock and it shall be opened unto you (Matthew 7:7). When Jesus made is prayer in John 17, the King James use the word pray in verse 9, 15 and 20 but the Greek word for that pray is the word for ask which is the same word used in Matthew 7:7.
Prayer is supplicating and usually for someone. Jesus said “But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despite-fully use you, and persecute you; (Matthew 5:44). Jesus said to pray for (supplicate) for those who use you. In Matthew 6:6-14 “But thou, when thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father which is in secret; and thy Father which seeth in secret shall reward thee openly. But when ye pray, use not vain repetitions, as the heathen do: for they think that they shall be heard for their much speaking. Be not ye therefore like unto them: for your Father knoweth what things ye have need of, before ye ask him. After this manner therefore pray ye: Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done in earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen.” No where in this prayer Jesus says anything about asking God for anything, matter of fact He said God already know what things you have need of, before you ask. He is teaching the disciple to worship the Father and to declare on earth what is already done in heaven. Praying is supplication for others, worshiping God and declaring God’s Word on earth.
Lets talk about Mark 11:24. The verse is not about asking God for anything, its about declaring the things that you are believing for. The key to Mark 11:24 is verse 22 and 23. Jesus said have faith in God. Why? because without faith its impossible to please God (Hebrews 11:6) For verily(truly) I say unto you, that whosoever shall say unto this mountain, be thou removed, and be thou cast into the sea; and shall not doubt in his heart, but shall believe that those things which he saith shall come to pass; he shall have whatsoever he saith. Therefore I say unto you, What things soever ye desire, when ye pray(when you make your declaration), believe that ye receive them, and ye shall have them.
Depend on the Holy Spirit. Romans 8:26-28 declare that we need the Holy Spirit to help us to pray for we don’t know what we should pray for. Please read the topic on the baptism of the Holy Spirit. If you are not baptized in the Holy Spirit with the evidence of speaking in tongues, you are missing out on one of the most important gift that is available to us, the gift of the Holy Spirit.
One of the main goal of this ministry is to draw you closer to the Word of God. Then said Jesus to those Jews which believed on him, If ye continue in my word, then are ye (you) my disciples indeed; (John 8:31) Don’t just read what you see here, spend time in the Word so that you will know the truth and the truth will MAKE you free. | <urn:uuid:7efca8dd-adc1-47f5-ac99-2c3def6213aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://peoplechanger.org/prayer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95536 | 897 | 2.328125 | 2 |
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(New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, 2020)
The spotted lanternfly is a planthopper native to China and Southeastern Asia. Discovered in Pennsylvania in 2014, the spotted lanternfly presents a threat throughout much of the United States. While its list of hosts is ...
Variegated Golden Tortrix
(New York State IPM Program, 2018)
Variegated golden tortrix is a leafroller native to Europe and Asia. Also known as apple leafroller or brown oak tortrix, variegated golden tortrix is able to feed on the buds, foliage, flowers, and fruit of many plants. ... | <urn:uuid:d64bbf64-7b4a-4626-b89e-aa5454a0b7ab> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/41246/discover?filtertype_0=author&filtertype_1=subject&filter_relational_operator_1=equals&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_1=Tree+Fruit&filter_0=Carroll%2C+Juliet&filtertype=author&filter_relational_operator=equals&filter=Mattoon%2C+Nicole | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.922895 | 166 | 2.5 | 2 |
Heather L. Farley, M.D., FACEP, an Emergency Department physician and director of Provider Wellbeing, spoke to the Delaware Quality of Life Coalition during its conference on April 20 about the emotional toll palliative care can take on providers.
Meeting the challenge is about more than reducing workloads and time pressures, Dr. Farley said. Providers who are able to spend part of their week on work that is personally meaningful to them are more able to tolerate the high demands placed on them.
She suggested the Triple Aim — improving the patient experience and the health of populations while decreasing the per-capita cost — should be replaced with the Quadruple Aim, which adds an improved clinician experience as a fourth goal.
At Christiana Care, Dr. Farley said, provider burnout — quantified in part by absenteeism, engagement and turnover — is being tracked as a metric. A major effort to reduce it, called the Oasis Project, helps staff find joy and meaning using a multi-modal approach that includes peer support, recognition and social connections, especially by building camaraderie. Her team is also changing the conversation about burnout by framing it as an inherent risk of a stressful profession, instead of a personal vulnerability. This approach is supported by data: A 2015 Mayo Clinic study found that more than half of physicians report at least one symptom of burnout. | <urn:uuid:85c16533-8741-4f13-9ab3-4aee82392240> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://news.christianacare.org/2017/05/dqlc-conference-features-discussion-of-emotional-toll-on-palliative-care-providers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962471 | 287 | 1.539063 | 2 |
There are many ways to use background textures in web design. It is one of the best ways to add depth to your design. To be able to make use of the power of textures and to make your designs effective, it is important to pay attention to the quality of the textural background. As it can help guide and emphasize important elements in a design. Textures have been misused for a long time. Due to this reason, its benefits have been most frequently overlooked.
Textures shouldn’t be confused with patterns. Patterns are small, repeating tiles/elements while textures tend to be larger in size don’t repeat. Textures in design should serve a purpose. Each design decision should be well thought out and must be done after weighing the pros and cons. Let us look at some of their important benefits and look at the industry’s best practices and standards of using a textural background in web design.
Texture and visual hierarchy
Textures can be used in a way to guide the user’s eye. Using them in conjunction with other methods can help structure the content more effectively. Textures can be the most effective when it is applied to web design without violating the best practices. If you take a look at the example below, you will see texture has been applied to the boxes in a way to help process information more accurately. You will also see that the texture fits with the overall theme of the website.
Texture and call to action
Textures can be used in a way to highlight certain elements in your design. It can be used to grab attention to call to action buttons and areas where you would want your user to pay attention to. When used minimally, it can separate the content from the rest of the website. If you look at the example below, you would be able to see how ‘Free People’ incorporated a textural background for one of their ads and the letters along with the textural tear away sheet helps separate the content from the rest of the website.
Textures and Identity
For users to be able to identify with the brand, the website has to be able to showcase the company’s identity. It helps create an atmosphere for the identity to live in and adds to the many intangibles of web design. If you take a look at the example below you will how the textural background pushes the text forward and creates a unique environment for the content.
Tips for using textural backgrounds
1. Use simple Textures
Simple and understated textures can help make your content stand out. A great texture might not even be visible to the users. This way you are able to focus more on the overall legibility and readability of the site while still adding an interesting overlay to the overall design. It is easy to make sense of the logo and the light colored text on a simple tightly knit background like the one below.
2. Big and Bold Textures
Sometimes larger than life textural styles work better for certain designs. This is especially true if the UI is made up of simple but repeating elements. There are a lot of factors to consider if you are going with this style, the tiles have to be seamless and the patterns should be able to tie in all the other elements of the UI together. It is advisable to keep an eye on user analytics and their behavior when tracking your site. This will ensure that the texture is not in conflict with the overall design. If there is a sharp decrease in traffic or conversion, this means that you would have to rethink the style of your pattern.
3. Image textures
Background texture can also be an image. Images can help convey the message of a business or a service usually better than normal background textures can. When used correctly it can help users relate to the brand and add a level of visual interest that sometimes may not be possible with textural illustrations. If you take a look at the image below, you’ll see how this site has beautifully recreated the movement effect by fading and blurring the background image.
4. Gradient textures
Gradients can add depth and style to your design. When paired with a textural background, it can enhance the overall effectiveness of the website. You can also create a gradient combination with its own depth and patterns. Here is an interesting example of a multi-layered gradient. The background pushes the animations and other elements of the design forward and the call to action is easily noticeable.
5. Trends and textures
Incorporating a design trend into your texture can help change the overall look and feel of the design. The brightly colored geometric shapes, when paired with a faded background, seem to lift the lightly colored buttons right off the screen. These floating shapes help draw the users attention to the main content of the website and can easily create a sense of curiosity to further explore the content.
6. Color Variations
Mixing colors and pairing them with bold textural patterns can help create interesting layouts. Here is an example of a fun textural background that mixes two colors and large lettered textural elements. This combination helps draw the users eye to the main text and keep the overall visual engaging and balanced.
Textures are an easy way to make your designs stand out. Some designers still prefer to stick to simple solid backgrounds while others like to experiment with textural elements. Either way, the goal of a designer is to create visually engaging designs and the use of textural background can help you achieve just that. You have to understand their delicate balance and subtlety when using textures on your designs. We hope that these tips have helped you better understand textures and their use in Web design. To maximize the overall impact, remember to customize them to fit your project. | <urn:uuid:718bee62-d499-4f6c-ab2c-a565794dcd49> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://line25.com/web-design/using-background-textures-for-websites/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.921993 | 1,166 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Yes, you can. The Kinect has a depth sensor that uses an infrared laser projector with a monochrome CMOS sensor. So, with an assemble like this you can obtain image and depth according to your specifications under any light conditions on the raspberry pi. It is also possible to capture video data in 3D.
Now, to load the video for your use, you can use the existing driver present in the kernel like this:
Once you've done the above, you'll find a new folder /dev/videoX, which you can use to get a video like you would from a webcam.
Now, the main advantage with a Kinect is the depth, but if your kernel is older than 3.17, you'll need to install another driver. You can do that from here: https://github.com/xxorde/librekinect. And, If your kernel is 3.17 or newer, then you can toggle the gspca_kinect module's command-line depth_mode flag to just enable librekinect option. This is how you can do it:
modprobe gspca_kinect depth_mode=1
Lastly, both of these methods work great for me on Raspbian, which I'm assuming is your OS as well. :) | <urn:uuid:2dff77b7-4645-468a-846b-6b31ca8e187a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.edureka.co/community/14759/accessing-kinect-data-on-the-raspberry-pi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.887976 | 293 | 2 | 2 |
February is Parent Leadership Month, and we are taking the opportunity to celebrate parents across South Carolina who work to improve the lives of their families, neighbors and communities every day.
Takia S. Daniels is a therapeutic foster parent in Georgetown County. She works as a Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) practitioner and certified community health worker at Tidelands Health in Georgetown.
She recently shared her parenting journey with us.
What’s the best part of being a parent?
The best part of being a parent is being able to show my child and every child that enters my home love, compassion, empathy, and support. I love watching my child follow routines, and seeing him put into action things that we are teaching him makes me feel very proud.
What’s the hardest part of being a parent?
The hardest part of being a parent is not being able to shield my child from negativity and the hurt that this world can sometimes bring. I’m teaching him how to love and be caring to others so he can spread a little of that everywhere he goes.
What’s something you would have told yourself as a new parent?
I would have told myself, “Be patient with your child and yourself. You both will make mistakes as you both learn and grow together.”
How has Triple P influenced your parenting journey?
Triple P has influenced my parenting journey by teaching me new techniques and strategies on how to manage the different types of behaviors that we often see with children in foster care that have trauma, abuse, neglect and other issues.
What’s it been like guiding other parents through their journey using Triple P?
Guiding other parents through their journey has been very rewarding.
Sometimes I have parents who join the seminar and ask, “How do you know this works?” I smile and tell them, “Because I have tried it myself.” I tell them about how I was skeptical at first as well. Them knowing that they are not alone makes them open up a little more and receive the extra support that Triple P can bring to their families. In the end, we are all in this together and it truly takes a village.
Triple P is a parenting support program for parents that provides easy, practical strategies to help caregivers navigate challenges and build healthy relationships with their children.
It is offered in Georgetown County by Tidelands Health, the local coordinating agency of the program, through a grant from Children’s Trust of South Carolina and The Duke Endowment.
Learn more about Triple P in Georgetown. | <urn:uuid:e1e763cd-bd63-421f-91c3-b3a6404dc4d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://scchildren.org/parent-leadership-month-spotlight-takia-s-daniels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.971716 | 535 | 1.53125 | 2 |
In response to a large growing number of spam calls to mobile phones, many carriers have created tools to identify and block spam calls. Unfortunately, these tools aren’t perfect and it can result in a legitimate business phone number incorrectly marked by scam ID technology. Some people may report your number without answering the phone. If this happens enough, your number will be marked Scam Likely.
If outbound calls from your Ring.io company or personal number are being flagged as 'Spam' or 'Scam Likely', you're not alone! This has affected customers across all major carriers but Ring.io has measures in place to combat this. Below are the most common reasons for why a number will be flagged are listed below.
1. The number has been reported as Spam Risk
2. Carriers have flagged the number for frequent dialing
3. Low Attestation Rating
What precautions can be taken to prevent a number being flagged?
Although there is no guarantee a number won't be flagged or blocked, below are practices that can be followed to minimize the chances of this.
Register the number with CNAM (only applicable for Ring.io company and personal numbers)
Monitor the amount of outbound calls per day from each number. A general rule of thumb is to place to more than 250 calls PER day.
A high quality lead list which may result in a reduction of outbound calls
Register your business and phone numbers with STIR/SHAKEN (only applicable for Ring.io company and personal numbers)
Add the number to the Free Caller Registry
Understand and follow your industry's regulations
What Ring.io numbers can be registered for STIR/SHAKEN?
Ring.io Personal Numbers
Ring.io Company Numbers
What Ring.io numbers cannot be registered for STIR/SHAKEN?
Ring.io has a process in place to register your company and numbers with SHAKEN/STIR through our carrier, which in turn helps to combat outbound calls being flagged as 'Spam' or 'Scam Likely'. The end result is an increased pick up rate. For any question on this or to get your company registered, please send an email to email@example.com
RingLocal numbers cannot be registered with STIR/SHAKEN | <urn:uuid:71f55f71-30ca-4fa8-897e-25c5cd70d9c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://help.ringio.com/en/articles/6153089-why-are-my-numbers-being-flagged-as-spam-or-scam-likely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.924361 | 466 | 1.875 | 2 |
|[This is a MPIWG MPDL language technology service]|
True (n.) Conformable to fact; in accordance with the actual state of things; correct; not false, erroneous, inaccurate, or the like; as, a true relation or narration; a true history; a declaration is true when it states the facts.
True (n.) Right to precision; conformable to a rule or pattern; exact; accurate; as, a true copy; a true likeness of the original.
True (n.) Steady in adhering to friends, to promises, to a prince, or the like; unwavering; faithful; loyal; not false, fickle, or perfidious; as, a true friend; a wife true to her husband; an officer true to his charge.
True (n.) Actual; not counterfeit, adulterated, or pretended; genuine; pure; real; as, true balsam; true love of country; a true Christian.
True (adv.) In accordance with truth; truly. | <urn:uuid:7538fc18-97ee-45ae-8857-a5ecbc2fd95e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://mpdl-service.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/mpiwg-mpdl-lt-web/lt/GetDictionaryEntries?query=true&queryDisplay=True&language=eng&outputFormat=html&outputType=morphCompact&outputType=dictFull | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.760106 | 218 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Sermon at St Mary’s Church Hadlow
8 a. m.– Sunday next before Lent – 27th February 2022 Transfiguration
Exodus 34 vv 29 – End Moses’ transfiguration; Luke 9 vv 28 – 36 Jesus’ transfiguration
1. Introduction. About a week ago I came across the term ‘metaverse’, but had no idea what a metaverse is. Last week the BBC News enlightened me to the meaning of this other digital universe, because children are able with a specially programmed headset to see content of the behaviour of puppet-like people in, as-it-were, a parallel universe of a digital world, with some of the content quite inappropriate for their age and personally I would not wish myself nor consider it appropriate for any adult to view. I am grateful to The Reverend Lucy Winkett, Rector of St James Church, Piccadilly, writing in a diary article in the Church Times, relating a discussion she had with a young adult entrepreneur whose company is in “deep tech” developing AI, Artificial Intelligence, and other aspects of aspect of meta technology. She rightly says that the Church should have something to say about meta technology, especially the moral issues involved. Both our readings today introduce us a very different metaverse with its touching points between the natural and the spiritual, between the earthly and the heavenly.
2. Moses. Prior to our first reading today, Moses had met with God on Mount Sinai and for the second time received from God two stone tablets, on which were written the Ten Commandments. He had been entirely on his own and was quite unaware that his face was radiant until he came back down the mountain, to Aaron and all the Israelites. The radiance was so strong that he had to put a veil on his face. This radiance was evidence of his meeting with God and therefore that the Ten Commandments were not just his idea, but God’s idea of good moral behaviour, of how to live in relationship with God and with people. His meeting with God confirmed his leadership, which was to continue for the rest of the 40 years that the Israelites were to spend in the wilderness before crossing the River Jordan and entering the Promised Land.
3. Jesus. When John the Baptist baptised Jesus, God the Father had confirmed and encouraged Jesus in the presence of the crowd of people at the River Jordan, saying, “This is my Son, whom I love, listen to him” (Matt 3 v 17). Now at his Transfiguration, similar confirming and encouraging words come from God the Father, “This is my Son whom I have chosen; listen to him.” No crowd this time, just the inner group of three disciples, Peter, James and John, with, in the background, Moses and Elijah. What is it that these two discussed with Jesus? ‘His departure’ (Luke 9 v 31). The English translation loses some of the significance. The Greek word, translated ‘departure’, is ‘exodov’. God’s great saving act of the old covenant, established through Moses, was the exodus from Egypt. Jesus was about to inaugurate the New Covenant, something the prophets had looked forward to and predicted, in the final day of his earthly life, in Jerusalem. The presence of Moses and Elijah shows us the continuity between old and new covenants. As Jesus said in the Sermon on the Mount, “I have not come to destroy the law or the prophets but to fulfil them” (Matt 5 v 17).
4. Our situation. Both Moses receiving the Ten Commandments from God on Mount Sinai and Jesus’ Transfiguration were touching points between earth and heaven, true Christian Metaverse occasions. A few days before Jesus’ Transfiguration, he had spoken to the twelve, about his forthcoming suffering and death and Peter had rebuked him. The Transfiguration assured this inner group of disciples that Jesus had spoken correctly and helped them not only to accept what was about to happen but prepare them for leadership in the early Church. There must be Christians in many places but especially in the Ukraine who feel like Peter, they want to rebuke God for allowing Russia to invade their country. How could God allow such an awful tragedy?
There is no easy answer either to that or to those people who ruin people’s lives especially children’s lives with their squalid metaverses. We must point people to a truer Metaverse, a Christian Metaverse, based on morality, and inviting people into a living experience of the divine presence. Meanwhile we pray for an end to the conflict in the Ukraine. | <urn:uuid:be0446fd-d39d-4f54-a538-26160514935e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.stmaryshadlow.org.uk/sermon-sunday-before-lent-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.973268 | 972 | 2.109375 | 2 |
As we continue through Holy Week maybe one of the best things we can be reminded of is that Jesus came to save sinners. Jew and Gentile, young and old, esteemed and down trodden, rich and poor, educated and illiterate, male and female. So many ways to divide ourselves into groups or classifications. None of that mattered to Jesus 2000+ years ago and none of that matters today. Jesus was the only perfect person ever. That makes the rest of us sinners. We all know it, but sometimes we forget and start deciding which sins are worse, whose sins are unforgiveable. The truth is that Jesus came to forgive the sins of anyone that believes in him.
Remember the story of Zacchaeus (Luke 19:1-10) and how Jesus called to him among the crowd and went to his house. Zacchaeus was a tax collector, disliked by everyone, likely dishonest at times and no doubt a sinner. The crowd was displeased when Jesus called Zacchaeus by name, I think Zacchaeus may have been shocked as well. For Zacchaeus meeting Jesus changes everything. Jesus knew him, knew his past, and chose him anyway. Zacchaeus repents and declares he'll make restitution to those he's wronged and also to give half of all he owes to the poor. In that moment he decides to change and follow Jesus. Zacchaeus is not only forgiven, he's granted salvation despite all those around him that labeled him a sinner.
It's easy to fill unworthy and embarrassed by our sins, but understand and rest in the truth that God sees past your sins and into your heart. You have the opportunity to put aside those sins and be forgiven in Christ. | <urn:uuid:f918050a-11f5-4a72-a21c-d74a36ca10d0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pizzaranch.com/blog/tuesday-truth-jesus-came-to-save-sinners | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983603 | 352 | 1.890625 | 2 |
In what is considered an industry breakthrough, a study by the Metal Construction Association (MCA) reveals that certain metal roof systems will last for 60 years or more. This means that they very likely won’t need to be replaced for the entire life of a commercial building.
Three independent consulting firms provided oversight of the study, which was sponsored by the MCA and the ZAC Association. It focused on low-slope, 55 percent Al-Zn coated steel standing seam roofing, which goes by the trade names of GALVALUME and Zincalume in the United States.
“This study is a breakthrough for the metal construction industry,” said MCA Technical Director Scott Kriner, “because it finally provides third-party, scientific data that backs up the long-held stance that 55 percent Al-Zn coated steel standing seam roofing systems are very durable, economic and can be better for the environment.”
Contrast this with non-metal roofing systems: They will generally require one or more full replacements over the course of a building’s 60-year life span. This study demonstrates the proven longevity of metal roofs, in Florida as well as across the country.
Different climates, conditions
This type of roof is very common on commercial buildings across the country; experts estimate that the market size for it is more than 350 million square feet. Interesting tidbits from the study include the following:
- Researchers examined metal roofs in five areas of the country, focusing on climates related to various levels of heat and humidity.
- It was revealed that these systems resist corrosion even in “weak” areas, including panel profile bends and sheared edges. In addition, they demonstrated an absence of red rust even after 35 years.
- Of course, all roof systems need to undergo regular maintenance to achieve a long service life. The study showed that components such as fasteners may need replacing, but that would be less than 20 percent of a total roof replacement cost.
Kriner says the MCA plans to conduct more research on the subject.
“We think these studies will help to motivate building owners and architects to specify metal roofing more often,” he adds.
If you’re interested in learning more about the longevity of metal roofs in Florida and across the country, read more about the study here. | <urn:uuid:25c30f7a-bda6-4464-a213-0319522e497a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://1stcoastmrs.com/study-some-metal-roofs-will-last-at-least-60-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.950083 | 488 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Should Under-Vaccinated Children Avoid Visiting London
According to media reports, Public Health England (PHE) announced about 90 measles have been reported in a south London borough, mainly in school-age children.
The Standard reported on December 17, 2019, that parents in Wandsworth, which is located southwest of London City, have been warned by PHE to ‘vaccinate their children following a sudden rise in measles cases in local schools ahead of the holidays.’
In reaction to this PHE notice, parents of children at schools in Wandsworth were sent a letter by the local government inviting them to attend the town hall catch-up measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination session, as soon as possible.
‘Wandsworth parents can also seek measles vaccination advice from a GP or practice nurse,’ said this notice.
Wandsworth Cabinet member for health and social care Cllr Melanie Hampton said in a press statement on December 13th: “Measles isn’t a harmless childhood disease and some people go on to develop very serious complications, so please make sure you and your children are fully immunized.”
Previously, an eastern suburb of London reported a similar measles outbreak.
On October 2, 2019, PHE and the local council announced a measles outbreak in Southend-on-Sea, in Essex. Within one week, 9 measles cases were confirmed by the government.
PHE says measles is common in many countries around the world, and currently, there are several large measles outbreaks across Europe.
London's current measles outbreak is reported to be related to religious pilgrims returning from Israel and Ukraine with the measles virus. A similar measles outbreak occurred in Israel during 2007.
According to the New York Times in April 2019, the measles outbreaks in London is related to Breslov Hasidic Jews visiting the Ukrainian city of Uman in 2018.
Based on the findings of a recent study, a very large percentage of children traveling aboard are not fully protected from infectious diseases, such as measles.
A Massachusetts General Hospital study published on December 9, 2019, found that despite recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a large number of children traveling aboard are not protected from the measles virus due to a clinician decision or guardian refusal.
This new study was published in JAMA Pediatrics and reported about 88 percent of MMR vaccination–eligible school-aged travelers were not vaccinated during pre-departure consultation.
This study is important since children represent less than 10 percent of international travelers departing the USA, but have accounted for about 47 percent of known measles importation cases.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 75 percent of the measles cases in the USA during 2019 were related to just a few, under-vaccinated international travelers.
Previous London measles outbreak news
- Measles Outbreak Reported Near London
- London’s Hackney and Haringey Measles Outbreaks Continue
- Three Measles Hotspots To Avoid This Summer
The UK’s National Health Service (NHS) says ‘measles is a highly infectious viral illness that now uncommon in the UK because of the effectiveness of vaccination. But, anyone can get measles if they have not been vaccinated or have not had it before.
The measles virus is contained in the millions of tiny droplets that come out of an infected person’s nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing.
In most cases, measles can be prevented by having 2 doses of the MMR vaccine. Adults and older children can be vaccinated at any age if they have not been fully vaccinated before.
And, if the MMR vaccine is not suitable for you, a treatment called human normal immunoglobulin (HNIG) can be used if you're at immediate risk of catching measles, says the NHS.
To notify all international travelers of their health risks, the CDC issued the worldwide measles Level 1, Travel Alert in June 2019, which includes the UK.
This CDC travel alert says ‘before you travel internationally, regardless of where you are going, make sure you are protected fully against measles. If you are not sure, see your healthcare provider at least 1-month before your scheduled departure.’
Furthermore, a commentary published in The Lancet on September 20, 2019, discusses the long-term immunity related to early infant vaccinations for the measles virus.
This editorial indicates a 3-dose measles vaccine schedule may be needed in ‘outbreak zones.’
As a general notice, the CDC says ‘any vaccine can cause a side effect, which should be reported to a healthcare provider, or to the CDC.’
Measles vaccine news published by Precision Vaccinations
- Measles outbreak hits south London with almost 90 cases across number of schools
- Drop-in clinic to help tackle measles
- Southend measles update
- NHS: Measles
- Clinical Practices for Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination Among US Pediatric International Travelers
- CDC: Family Travel Vaccine Recommendations for Infants & Children
- UK Travel Health Notice | <urn:uuid:4aa9b4af-85bb-4f3f-ad23-6271c2d08c1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brookshires.precisionvaccinations.com/london-measles-outbreaks-continue-holiday-travel-season | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953515 | 1,067 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Guanidine HCl is a white crystalline powder that is used as a denaturant to unfold proteins and turn them into their original polypeptide chains. It is commonly used in the isolation of RNA by dissociating the RNA into its nucleic acids and protein forms.
At BioSpectra, Guanidine HCl is manufactured using a validated process following cGMP guidelines. All equipment used in the manufacture of Guanidine HCl is dedicated to that process to ensure the highest quality and purity. All raw materials used in the Guanidine HCl process are received through an extensive supplier approval program and are tested for quality and purity before use.
During the manufacturing, the quality control unit tests the material at specific intervals in the process to ensure that the material meets compliance. All of BioSpectra’s finished Guanidine HCl product is tested against designated specifications to ensure the highest purity. | <urn:uuid:f1f2d0de-0141-4df6-bbb7-77b259087bc0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pharmaceutical-business-review.com/products/guanidine__hci/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954666 | 184 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Virtual open days
Read about how to make the most of virtual open days and events and find out what you need to know.
You can still see the campus in all its glory at virtual open days and events. Virtual tours are offered by most UK universities. They let you watch videos and use interactive maps so you can get a feel of the university and its surroundings. Make sure you see examples of accommodation, lecture halls and the city/town streets. This way, you can get as good a feel of the place as possible.
Do as many tours as you can
You can sit in the comfort of your own room and visit a range of universities without worrying about the cost and practicalities of travelling the entire country. Use this to your advantage to compare and contrast each city/town and uni. Think about the accommodation and facilities, and how each university ticks the boxes you’re looking for.
Ask lots of questions
Most universities will offer virtual tours with current students and staff. Use the opportunity to ask as many questions as you can, like you would on an in-person open day. You could ask parents/family to log in too and ask questions relevant to them. This way, they can have any of their concerns answered, and may even ask a question you hadn't thought of.
Treat it as a live chat and Q&A rather than an open day. You won't really get the feel of a campus or accommodation online, or really grasp how far the accommodation is from lectures, or how safe the area is where the university is based (although the CUG crime tables can help), so this is more of a fact-finding mission.
James Seymour, Director of Marketing and Student Recruitment at University of Gloucestershire
- READ MORE
- What to ask at a university open day
Don’t fixate on coronavirus
It’s good to remember that going to university is a three-year (or more) commitment. There are a lot of other things to ask, to see and to compare that’ll affect your experience and lifestyle over your entire time there. Ask what you need to know about the current covid situation by all means, but be aware of things to consider outside of the immediate circumstances, such as accommodation, clubs and societies, and transport links.
Phone a friend
Perhaps a friend is looking at the same universities or similar subjects. Chat with them and discuss what you’ve seen at different universities so far. Two people looking at the same place may notice different things, so you can discuss the pros and cons together. | <urn:uuid:70c1721c-6964-4233-be49-9f1b18713bae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/student-advice/where-to-study/virtual-open-days | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.961857 | 540 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Who is Kevin Mitnick?
Kevin Mitnick was once known as the ‘World’s Most Wanted’ social engineer and computer hacker. One doesn’t acquire a title like that – nor an accompanying prison sentence – for vanilla exploits. While in Federal custody, authorities even placed Mitnick in solitary confinement; reportedly, he was deemed so dangerous that if allowed access to a telephone he could start a nuclear war by just whistling into it.
—Kevin Mitnick: The Hacking Hamburglar | By Timothy W. Coleman | April 11, 2013 | Forbes.com
Infamous Hacker-Kevin Mitnick Now Teaches Internet Security
Today, Internet criminals are going after families. They try to guess your passwords and steal your credit card information. They try to empty out your personal bank accounts or to steal your identity. And some Internet predators are after your children. It is very important to keep your whole family safe on the Internet, and that is why Kevin Mitnick created this course for you
in a 5-pack for $29.95 and a 10-pack for only 39.95!
The Pit Crew spends every day online and from time to time we stumble on unique opportunities that we want to share with the PC Pitstop community. PC Pitstop will profit from your purchase of this product.
More Information About Kevin Mitnick:
926 total views, 2 views today | <urn:uuid:94c9ce5e-436e-4533-b63a-50e336e77128> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pcmatic.com/blog/2013/05/08/infamous-hacker-now-teaches-internet-security/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.927392 | 286 | 1.664063 | 2 |
It can be easy to forget that we’re still at the very beginning of the internet. Like the universe, it’s also expanding at the speed of light in all sorts of directions you could call niches. Own one of those niches and you can make a living from it. Even if it seems a bit ridiculous.
Here are a couple of my favorite examples of businesses built on pretty unique niches:
Francis Bourgeois has always been obsessed with trains and trainspotting. He started posting videos of himself spotting trains. His enthusiasm for trains burst through the screen and you can’t help but smile. He has millions of followers and late last year quit his job to pursue trainspotting full time.
Peter Askew loves buying domain names. In fact, he buys domain names and then builds businesses around them. One day he saw the domain VidaliaOnions.com for sale. He put in a low bid and got it. Now he’s the guy who sells onions on the internet. Read the story of Vidalia Onions here
The name Andrew Rea might not ring a bell, but Babish might. Binging with Babish that is. One day in February 2016, Andrew starting making foods from TV shows and movies on YouTube. Fast forward to today and his channel has over 2 billion views and he makes an estimated $13 million a year.
It’s important to note that I’m not talking about your standard “influencers” here. I’m talking about people who are just genuinely excited about something and share it with the world. Then the internet rewards them. It’s a simple formula that definitely requires a lot of luck, but it excites me that the creator economy is alive, well, and rewarding the weird ones.
Follow me on Twitter for more content like this: @theaarontaylor | <urn:uuid:b36b546e-5bb8-4633-931e-184a597bae5a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://atay.me/posts/unique-internet-businesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953252 | 394 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Why is gravity so weak compared to the other four fundamental forces?
Even if it were a billion times stronger, it would still be the weakest force – a billion billion times. The strange helplessness of gravity sticks out, almost demanding an answer.
Ironically, the solution to the weakness of gravity may not lie in gravity itself, but in the mechanics of the Higgs boson and the very nature of spacetime.
Pick up a sheet of paper. Congratulations, you have successfully counteracted the combined gravitational power of the entire planet.
It didn’t take much effort because gravity is by far the weakest of the four fundamental forces of nature. By one measure, gravity is a thousand billion billion times weaker than the strong nuclear force, the strongest of all forces.
Related: Artificial gravity: definition, future technologies and research
Here’s another way to represent the true scale of gravity’s weakness. There is a limit to the smallest possible black hole you can build, and it’s called the Planck mass. You can calculate it by taking the square root of the reduced Planck constant times the speed of light divided by Newtonian G. This mass is about 10^-8 kilograms. If gravity were strong – if Newtonian G were larger – you could create even smaller and lighter black holes.
By comparison, the W and Z bosons, the carriers of the weak nuclear force, are about 10 quadrillion times lighter than the Planck mass. Thus, the weak nuclear force, the next strongest force after gravity, is quadrillions times stronger than gravity.
This “hierarchy problem” seems strange to most physicists. Of course, this could just be the way the universe works and need no explanation, but it’s not very satisfying. On the contrary, it is like an opportunity to delve into the physics of fundamental interactions and see if there is anything new that we can learn.
What is Higgs going on?
Let’s leave aside electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force and simply compare gravity with its “nearest” rival, the weak nuclear force. Perhaps if we can answer why the weak nuclear force is so spectacularly stronger than gravity, we can understand the whole picture.
We have no idea why gravity is so strong. There is nothing in any theory of physics that could explain its strength. But there is something that explains the properties of the weak nuclear force, and that is the Higgs boson.
The Higgs boson is the field that pervades all of spacetime and causes many other particles, such as electrons, to interact with it. This interaction causes these electrons to acquire mass. The more something interacts with the Higgs boson, the more mass it has.
Among the many particles that interact with the Higgs boson are the W and Z bosons, and it is through this interaction that they gain mass. And it is the mass of the W and Z bosons that sets the properties of the weak nuclear force, because it is these particles that do the work.
What determines the mass of all the particles that interact with the Higgs boson? After all, nothing more than the mass of the Higgs boson itself. If it had a different mass, then all other particles, including the W and Z bosons, would change.
(Image credit: CERN)
It’s time to point out that the mass of the Higgs boson is extremely strange. It is large – about 250 GeV, which is a lot for particles, but not huge. It’s not tiny either. In fact, a naive quantum mechanical understanding of how the Higgs boson works predicts that all the interactions in which it is constantly involved – and there are a lot of them – either completely cancel each other out, sending its mass to zero, or reinforce each other. inflating its mass. somewhere close to infinity.
Something is causing the Higgs boson to be fine-tuned in an “acceptable” range that keeps everything sane. But this Higgs boson limits the W and Z bosons to their tiny values, which allows the weak nuclear force to be much, much stronger than gravity.
In other words, gravity is the weakest force in the universe, not because there is something wrong with gravity, but because the weak force “cheats”.
A small twist to space-time
There is no generally accepted solution to the problem of the unnatural state of the Higgs mass, and therefore no generally accepted solution to the problem of hierarchy and the strange weakness of gravity.
But all this discussion assumes that we are all calculating correctly – the mass of the Higgs boson, the Planck mass, and so on. Maybe we are missing something fundamental in the universe.
Among the many possible solutions, some ideas challenge our understanding of the very structure of spacetime. String theory has already turned on the pump for such ideas, requiring the existence of new, compact spatial dimensions in order for the theory’s mathematical calculations to be correct.
(Image credit: Getty Images)
But in string theory, those extra dimensions are super-duper small, curled up into tight little shapes no bigger than the Planck length.
However, it is possible that some of these extra dimensions are slightly larger. These theories are commonly referred to as “large extra dimensions,” but these extra dimensions aren’t as big as you might think—only a millimeter or so.
In these theories, the other three forces of nature are limited to our ordinary three-dimensional universe, sometimes referred to as the “brane”. However, gravity expands its influence in all dimensions, called “volume”. From this perspective, gravity is just as strong, if not stronger! – than other forces, but it is forced to extend into more dimensions than anyone else. So it seems to be weaker in our 3D experiments.
We have tested gravity to an incredible level of accuracy, but not necessarily on such a small scale. If our universe had very “large” spatial dimensions, we would start to see strange things happening at a distance of less than a millimeter.
For example, we might see gravity acting stronger than expected at short distances because it didn’t have a chance to “leak” into extra dimensions. Or we could start creating tiny black holes in our particle colliders, because on such tiny scales it would be easier than we thought to build a black hole.
So far, no experiment has found any evidence for the existence of extra dimensions. And gravity remains annoyingly weak.
Learn more by listening to the Ask an Astronaut podcast, available on iTunes. (will open in a new tab) and askaspaceman.com (will open in a new tab). Ask your question on Twitter using the hashtag #AskASpaceman or by following Paul @PaulMattSutter. (will open in a new tab) and facebook.com/PaulMattSutter (will open in a new tab).
For more information on gravity, check out Gravity Ascending: Quest for Understanding the Force That Explains Everything. (will open in a new tab) Marcus Chown and “Reality Is Not What It Seems: A Journey Into Quantum Gravity” (will open in a new tab) Carlo Rovelli.
- Kapil Chandra, “Why Gravity Is a Weak Force of Nature” (will open in a new tab)“, Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravity and Cosmology (will open in a new tab)Volume 6 July 2020
- Daniel Harlow et al., “The Weak Gravity Hypothesis: A Review (will open in a new tab)“, High Energy Physics – Theory, January 2022
- Shahar Hod, “Proof of the Weak Gravity Hypothesis”. (will open in a new tab)“, International Journal of Modern Physics D, Volume 26, June 2017
- Cern, Higgs Boson. (will open in a new tab)‘, as of June 2022.
- Cern, “Z-boson (will open in a new tab)‘, as of June 2022.
- CERN, “W Boson: Sunlight and Stardust” (will open in a new tab)‘, as of June 2022.
- National Space Society, What is Gravity? (will open in a new tab)‘, as of June 2022. | <urn:uuid:91fe57d1-08b6-4972-a3cd-90717863d8c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://geeky.news/why-is-gravity-so-weak-the-answer-may-lie-in-the-very-nature-of-spacetime/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.930767 | 1,787 | 3.296875 | 3 |
End Polluter Welfare Act gaining tractions in the U.S.May 23, 2012
U.S. beginning to take a stand against fossil-fuel subsidies
The U.S. government’s financial support of fossil-fuels and the companies that produce them is well known. The government provides subsidies to these companies in order to ensure affordable access to fuel for consumers and federal operations. Though these subsidies are considered mandatory by the government, they have seen no end of criticism from a significant portion of the U.S. populace. Earlier this year, President Obama took a stand against these subsidies, claiming that the country should take alternative energy more seriously. The president called for an end to fossil-fuel subsidies, a notion that has taken the spotlight after federal legislators introduced a new bill known as the End Polluter Welfare Act.
Act could cut financial support of fossil-fuels
The act aims to make drastic cuts to the subsidies provided to fossil-fuel companies in an effort to reclaim some semblance of economic control over the country’s energy consumption. If successful, the legislation would put an end to nearly $114 billion in subsidies provided to these companies. This would create a powerful demand for alternative energy to fill the gap, which it may or may not be able to do considering difficulties with technology and storage problems.
Organization aims to garner support for ambitious legislation, making note of the economic impact of subsidies
350.org, and online environment advocacy group that promotes political action on climate change and energy, has launched a campaign to show the economic impact that these fossil-fuel subsidies have had on the country. According to the organization, more than $113 trillion will be spent by the government on fossil-fuel subsidies over the next ten years. The organization also notes that in the 11 days since the bill was introduced, more than $300 million has been lost to these subsidies.
Petition to support legislation already boasts of more than 100,000 supporters
The organization has launched a petition to show support for the End Polluter Welfare Act. Thus far, the petition has garnered well over 100,000 signatures and is expected to collect more the longer Congress goes without taking action on the matter. Though the petition will not have any direct political implications, it may serve as a sign to legislators that U.S. citizens are taking the matter of economics and alternative energy more seriously. | <urn:uuid:28a7b43d-f9be-4d98-9871-d67278568246> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hydrogenfuelnews.com/end-polluter-welfare-act-gaining-tractions-us/853814/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.962776 | 483 | 2.34375 | 2 |
What makes a “good” test? Our webinar explores 10 essential questions you should consider when developing your next test or exam, such as:
- How many questions should I include for each objective?
- Is it safe and defensible to select questions at random?
- What time limit should I set?
- How can I determine a defensible cut pass/fail score?
- Should my test be open-book or closed-book?
Decisions matter and answers to these questions can impact your assessments. This session shares tips and best practice guidance for developing fair, valid, reliable tests that provide your stakeholders with actionable, defensible results for informed decision-making.
Submit the following form to access the recording! | <urn:uuid:4be091e3-1093-483b-a5fe-8d6c3fe83ae5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.questionmark.com/resources/webinars/webinar-recording-10-quick-tips-to-improve-your-tests-and-exams/?lang=en_GB | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.908143 | 152 | 1.75 | 2 |
The traditional college physical education platform can only assist classroom teaching and cannot collect classroom teaching activity data in real time, and its role is very limited. With the rapid development of information technology, China’s mobile communication has entered the 5G era and the Internet of Things technology will be more widely used and developed. This paper focuses on the integration technology of 5G and the Internet of Things, analyzes the current situation of the construction of the physical education platform in colleges and universities, and proposes the application of the 5G-based Internet of Things technology in the physical education platform. At the same time, the research of this paper is oriented to real-time physical education activities, using the Internet of Things technology and wireless network technology, combined with the traditional campus network and IT information technology means, to propose a new, dynamic, and open sports network teaching platform design. Activity data collection, analysis, modeling, mining, display, feedback, self-improvement, etc. are expounded. At the same time, the realization technology of the model is discussed, and the experimental design of the combination of the platform and volleyball sports teaching is carried out. The experiment shows that through the platform, simulation can better promote students’ understanding, mastery, and application of basic techniques such as passing, padding, and serving. The research results show that the platform can make the teaching content intuitive and collect teaching activity data in real time. The interaction between students is helpful for teachers to strengthen the guidance of students’ learning process and improve the quality of physical education in higher vocational education.
2022, Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, с. 1-8 | <urn:uuid:610f0f91-4203-49b3-83e4-37274a672ddf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/?backlinks_to=10.3233/thc-213001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931768 | 337 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Got me confused.... what is 12/2 yellow... do ya mean the cable color of NM.I have a situation where I only have 12/2 yellow on hand. Is it ok to use 12/2 yellow wire to hook up baseboard heaters and water heater? Or is it still required that I use only red?
Joed... Couple questions.... where coded or used, same ratings as Romex NM. Is it NM I guess is my question.It looks pretty. Inspectors like it for the reasons stated. But it is not code unless you have a local amendment.
The red cable is called Heatex. It is used for 240 volt circuits and has red and black instead of black and white. But it is not required by code to be used.
You are correct, Fun. 10 is orange, just bought some to hook up my MIG Welder. :thumbsup:The color of the sheathing on the wire by code changed awhile back.
I remember when it was all white sheathing, and the size was stamped in ink on the sheathing.
This made the inspectors have to actually look and read the wire sizes in a rough in inspection.
Now with the new code, the inspector can just look at the color of the wire and know what size it is without getting face into each little section to see if it is correct size.
white is 14
yellow is 12
I thought 10 was orange, but it could be red. then there is #8 wire.
None of this has anything to do with what the poster wants to do.
I have a 20 amp breaker and some #16 wire and want to connect a water heater ... is that ok :no:
Yep.... I've never installed an electric WH... guess I could look it up... anyone know the normal wattage.
Most 40-50 gallon tank water heaters are around 4500-5500 watts I believe. We have a 30 gallon single burner water heater in a mobile home that uses 3500 watts. It happens to be on a 20 amp breaker. :yes:MTN REMODEL LLC said:Yep.... I've never installed an electric WH... guess I could look it up... anyone know the normal wattage.
National : CSA C22.2 N° 48-M90
CSA File #LL23462 Class 5821 02
NMD90 (Red) HEATEX* is a variant of copper conductor NMD90 CANADEX, with NO WHITE WIRE in the 2 conductor cable. This cable is designed for use on 240-volt systems where there is no NEUTRAL, therefore the cable has a black and a red conductor in addition to the bare bonding wire. To make identification easier it is usually supplied with a RED overall jacket. It should NOT be used on 110-volt systems as there is no neutral, and it is dangerous to use either the red or the black as a neutral. Large sizes are available for use with electric furnaces.
For open or concealed wiring in dry or damp locations where not exposed to mechanical injury.
Minimum recommended handling temperature minus 25°C (with suitable handling procedures).
Maximum conductor temperature 90°C.
Specifically designed for 240 volt heating circuits. | <urn:uuid:9197c1a5-d18d-499a-b12e-741bfd31236e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.diychatroom.com/threads/baseboard-and-water-heaters-12-2-yellow.180700/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.937254 | 678 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Health and Wellbeing
Health and wellbeing coaches help people make positive and lasting changes to their health. The coach guides the individual through the process of creating a vision for their health and well-being, developing a healthy mindset and healthy habits, and encouraging them every step of the way until they accomplish their goals.
We have arranged training for 7 of our Healthcare Assistants who speak a number of languages to help provide support to our patient population.
They will focus on some specific different areas: Exercise, Sleep, Wellbeing, Diet, Smoking and Alcohol consumption.
This service is available for any patient registered with Thistlemoor Medical Centre. We will be helping anyone who wants help with lifestyle factors, pateint referred by a health professional, with a long term condition such as a breathing or heart condition.
Patients will be supported to make changes to their life and prioritise improvements. This will be monitored through questionnaires at the begining and at the end of treatment. This will be supported by a GP lead - Dr Emma Hamilton.
We have been reaching out to local contacts in Physiotherapy (Ultimate Performance Lifestlye - (https://www.upl.life) who are putting together some video's to help people stay more active. We have also worked with a local Personal Trainer (Giuseppe Polvere) who has put together information on Nutrition and Staying Active with exercise. We are interested in working with local dieticians and if you are available and would like to be part of this work - please contact us.
Screening questions to be asked:
What two things in your life could you change that would make you healthier and happier?
If the mention other issues such as housing, financial struggles they may be referred on to other appropriate services such as the social prescribing team
Are you ready and able to make that change right now?
(this might reveal that they would like to make a change but have circumstances that mean they are not in the right position to target it right now)
If the answer is no at this stage we would ask
Would you like us to provide you with some written information?
Are you happy for us to contact you again in 3 months to revisit this?
Would you like our support in making these changes?
If the answer is yes we will add them to the health coaching waiting list.
Input from other Team Members
General Practitioner lead
Review of plans
Review of service alongside other leads
Consideration of development of resources to support patients
Information - Where to start with exercise
Planning / Plan to follow for patient
Discussion about benefit of Exercise
Discussion re effective nutrition to support exercise goals
General lifestyle advice - re smoking, stress, alcohol and impact on these goals.
Goals: Weight loss, Improve CVD fitness, Improve Strength, Energy and Mental Wellbeing
Importance of keeping active
Keeping mobile and strong
How to keep fit and strong if you have a pre-existing condition / MSK issue
Prevention of injury (stretching / balance etc)
Mental Wellbeing -
Why is it important and how do do it
How to manage stress, low level anxiety and mood
What are the different therapies how do they work and what might be right for you
Self-help - what can people do to help
Effect of alcohol, caffeine, diet etc
Nutrition (could be part of PT or dietician / physio)
How to have a healthy balanced diet
Food and different conditions
Differing options to help i.e. intermittent fasting. dietdoctor.co.uk
Please see some useful links:
10 daily exercise tips from Giuseppe Polvere Personal Trainer
Get up and moving- a minimum of 30 mins a day walking can really benefit the body if you can’t do that then break up that 30 mins into two 15 min slots,
Track you progress- use a pedometer to really keep you motivated by tracking the amount of steps you do, set a goal (10,000 steps) is equivalent to around 5 miles! If you have a goal you are more likely to lose weight and improve your fitness
Work out with a friend or family member- one of the best motivators out there and it doesn’t cost a penny! By training with a friend or family member can be a great stimulus to not give up and push on further
Set SMART GOALS- Specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. For example, 15 min walk, 3x a week Mon, Wed, Fri this initial goal is more than achievable, realistic and doesn’t take too much of your time up. Always write your SMART goals down
Use visual goals/reminders- using notes of fridges, computers or having alerts come up on your mobile will mean your walk or activity is more likely to happen not to mention you’re more likely to be successful long term if you focus on one thing at a time
Use your initiative- if you use your car for a 5-10-minute drive- WALK If you take the lift at work-TAKE THE STAIRS Simple options like that can make all the difference long term and will always have a benefit for your health
Keep mobile- If you know you work a very sedentary job or are at home a majority of the day use 5-10 breaks to walk, stretch or change the scenery in order to keep your mind and body awake
Test yourself regularly- Keep up with your haemoglobin and blood glucose testing. Good test results can encourage you to keep with an exercise program, even when it feels tedious.
Reward yourself- have a positive approach to everything you do whether it be exercise, work or your lifestyle as you get fitter, lose weight you will have more energy which in turn will make you feel more alive and give you a sense of achievement
Look at the big picture- building up your fitness/exercise levels isn’t important, in terms of the bigger picture what you need to look at is your health long term and having a sustained level of health and fitness making it a behavioural change and not having the mind-set that everything will be perfect in 2-3 months
Importance of pre/post workout care)
A huge aspect of exercise that is neglected by many people is stretching and care after both before and after they have exercised. However, both have great benefits and should always be integrated in order to help recovery and boost performance next time.
The main benefits:
Helps improve flexibility (increase range of motion)
Assists correction in posture (lengthening muscles that are usually tight, (because of so much time at our computers, many of us have tight chest muscles which pulls the shoulders and head forward, leaving us with a hunched shoulder look)
Potential to decrease injury by preparing muscles for work before activity
Increases blood and nutrient supply to muscles, thereby possibly reducing muscle soreness
Even a short amount of time (10-15 minutes) of stretching can calm the mind, provide a mental break, and give your body a chance to recharge
Classes like yoga or Pilates offer you a chance to spend an hour releasing tension physically and mentally
To get the most out of the stretching you do, here are some suggestions
Commence with dynamic stretches, think of dynamic stretching as more of a warm-up for your muscles. These involve wide range movements, instead of static holds for your muscles. An example could be moving your arms in circles to get the blood flowing in your muscles, or a few low-impact squats. The goal here is to get your entire body ready for the workout, and to loosen up your muscles. Dynamic stretching can also elevate your heart rate better than static stretching and get your entire body ready for the rigours of your exercise program.
Warming up, stretching & foam rolling (SMR)
Warming up regardless of what exercise, fitness level and age you are it is essential you do some sort of preparation in order to prime your body what activity below is a great simple full body warm up, in addition to the warm up stretches (diagram below) can be done after exercise
The super 10 full body warm up
10 reps on each exercise
Open chest/back push & pull
Scapula (upper backretraction)
High knee to chest (10 on each leg)
BW Squats (Slow and hold at bottom)
Hip rotation (leg swing out to the side)
Side lunge/rotate torso/ arms overhead
Myofascial Release is a safe and very effective hands-on technique that involves applying gentle sustained pressure into the Myofascial connective tissue restrictions to eliminate pain and restore motion. This essential “time element” has to do with the viscous flow and the piezoelectric phenomenon: a low load (gentle pressure) applied slowly will allow a viscoelastic medium (fascia) to elongate. (John F Barnes) Is an internationally recognized physical therapist, lecturer, author, and the leading authority on Myofascial Release. This can be used pre, during or post training and also very beneficial on a rest day as active recovery to speed of your body’s recovery process.
Feet (Base of foot)
5 x 3
Inside-outside of foot
Soleus (Inner calf)
8 x 2
Find trigger point use other leg
Gastrocnemius (outer calf)
8 x 2
Find trigger point (upper calf)
5 x 3
Start together then go to single leg (increases pressure)
5 x 3
Be cautious as this area is very tight above the knee joint
8 x 2
Foot on ground then go to elevation
8 x 2
Use other leg across knee
10 x 3
Use ROM available
Following on from the beginner myofascial release programme a great way to see how affective it has been is to do controlled static stretching of both the lower body and the upper back region:
-Shoulder rotation/ROM (range of movement/motion)
http://www.performbetter.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PBOnePieceView?storeId=10151&catalogId=10751&pagename=91 - detailed diagrams of foam roll techniques
Simple 30 min training program
Bodyweight to start
Progress with light weights | <urn:uuid:461e5de3-c5f3-4ad3-8fc4-31ecdde8750c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thistlemoor.co.uk/thistlemoor-medical-centre/health-and-wellbeing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.919013 | 2,343 | 1.53125 | 2 |
What Love Can Accomplish
Purposefully designed to resemble a small town, Casa Santa Ana is situated in the middle of two extremes; poor migrant sugar cane farmer settlements (bateys) and professional US baseball leagues. The backdrop of the bateys has enabled our family to truly serve the most vulnerable population, undocumented Haitian workers and their families who are smuggled through the border. Beginning in January 2003, the home began with seven children in a rented house in the town of San Pedro de Macoris. Today there are now over 200 children living in 12 family-style homes on our own property.
Through a benefactor, a large plot of land was purchased and construction began on the NPH village of Casa Santa Ana. In September 2005, the family moved into their new home.
Thanks to the help and support of dedicated local construction workers, volunteers and staff from all our fundraising countries, and to both national and international donations, construction has continued over the years. The facilities consist of two school buildings, a volunteer & visitor house, multi-purpose auditorium, administration building, chapel, central kitchen, clinic, two smaller visitor homes, and four homes for staff. The property also includes various agricultural areas, farmland, greenhouse, playgrounds, gardens, basketball court, and our own baseball and soccer fields.
Also on our property is Casa San Marcos-Marco Simoncelli, which is our special needs home. It was designed to fit the needs of all our children, especially those in wheelchairs. It has multiple therapy rooms, including a therapy pool. The home is large enough to house up to 20 children and their caregivers, giving us the chance to help more children with special needs.
Casa Santa Maria, also referred to as the “Haiti House,” is a community service program at our home in the Dominican Republic for children from Haiti with cancer. These children are referred to the program from the NPH Haiti St. Damien Pediatric Hospital. The children and their parent or guardian can stay in the NPH home in the DR while receiving radiation therapy in the capital, Santo Domingo.
With the use of our greenhouse and other farmland, we are able to produce organic vegetables to feed our children. Many youths participate in the planting and cultivation of the crops and are excited to see how their hard work produces various vegetables and plants. Furthermore, our new residential house is almost entirely powered by solar panels; this is possible due to a donation by CESPM.
NPH Dominican Republic is led by Kieran Rigney and his wife, along with over 90 dedicated staff.
“We give them an opportunity to succeed and the guarantee of a family. Kids should have a secure, loving childhood. My hope is they use these opportunities to take them as far as they can go in life.”
– Kieran Rigney, National Director, Former Volunteer
We anticipate to minimize the risk of physical, mental or emotional situations. We take preventive measures, establish protocols, work with training programs, periodic clinical reviews, consultations and frequent evaluations to guarantee the well-being of children, adolescents, young people and household employees. The goal is to maintain the physical, emotional and social stability of the whole family.
At Casa Santa Ana we have an extensive educational program that goes from preschool to high school, we also have technical training workshops and the university program. We create alliances with companies that support us by providing their organizational space for the training of our young people through internships and labor inclusion.
We provide a home exclusively designed for children with physical and mental limitations. Our children require support in all activities of daily life. At Casa San Marcos we offer them love, personalized clinical care, nutrition, protection and attention within an inclusive environment in which they are allowed to develop their capacities to the maximum according to their possibilities.
NPH Dominican Republic Timeline
In 2003 the first children arrived and lived in rented home in San Pedro
Breaking generational poverty begins with helping a child.
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Lent reminds us of the 40 days Jesus passed in the desert, suffering great deprivations, which the...
Studies from 2018 by several United Nations organizations found that nearly 141,000 Dominicans are... | <urn:uuid:521be3b1-8797-42e1-91a3-bf2bdc6309fa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nph.org/dominican-republic/?lang=en%3Flang%3Des | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956801 | 925 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Chief Justice of India SA Bobde has recommended Justice NV Ramana as his successor after he retires next month. Chief Justice Bobde is set to retire on April 23. The government had last week asked him to recommend his successor, news agency PTI had reported quoting sources.
Law Minister Ravi Shankar Prasad on Friday reportedly sent a letter to Justice Bobde, seeking his recommendation.
Justice NV Ramana is the most senior judge in the Supreme Court after Chief Justice Bobde.
Born on August 27, 1957, Justice Ramana will have a tenure as the country's top judge for a year and four months, till August 26, 2022.
The judge, who is from an agricultural family in Andhra Pradesh, was appointed as a permanent judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court in June 2000. He served as Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court before being elevated to the Supreme Court in February 2014.
He was part of a bench that ruled that suspension of Internet in Jammu and Kashmir should be reviewed immediately. He was also part of the panel of judges which held that the Chief Justice's office comes under the ambit of the Right to Information (RTI) Act.
As per the procedures for the appointment of members of the higher judiciary, "appointment to the office of the Chief Justice of India should be of the senior-most judge of the Supreme Court considered fit to hold the office".
Justice Bobde was sworn in as the 47th Chief Justice of India in November 2019, succeeding Justice (retired) Ranjan Gogoi. He has been part of several key cases, including the five-judge constitution bench that passed the historic verdict that cleared the way for the construction of a Ram Temple at the disputed site in Ayodhya.
(With inputs from PTI) | <urn:uuid:b0f3f94b-db6e-48c5-aa6b-458f7d111e8e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chief-justice-of-india-sa-bobde-recommends-justice-nv-ramana-as-his-successor-2397808 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983513 | 371 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Many new artists get their prints made from photo labs and service bureaus. At some point though, you may want to start making art prints on your own.
In this blog, we present a step by step guide on how to make art prints at home and teach you how to make prints by yourself. The process is a bit technical but not too difficult to learn. Once you know how to make art prints, you will be able to get as many professional quality art prints as you need without worrying about costs.
What You Will Need
You don’t need to spend a lot of cash on supplies for making art prints. The printer and camera (or scanner) are the biggest one-time expenses you will make. But once you have that covered, you can create hundreds, if not thousands of prints at a very low cost.
Here are the tools and supplies you will need to make art prints by yourself.
- Any brand of printerwould do but Canon, HP and Epson are the most popular for art printing
- A computer with true color display If you already have a computer, you can use that.
- Digital Cameraor Scanner ( You only need one)
- Photo editing Software (Illustrator or Photoshop are both good)
- Printer paperfor Art
- Last but not least the art!
Step 1 – Get All Your Equipment in Place
Make sure that the piece of art you are going to print has completely dried to prevent smudging it by mistake. Check the printer cartridge to ensure that it has enough ink for the print. Place the appropriate paper that you are planning to use for the prints in the feeding tray.
If you do not have a photo editing software on your computer, you can download and install it online. Adobe Illustrator is considered the better tool for smooth graphics but Photoshop is more popular for editing images. Since the image will be captures in a pixel based file, Photoshop would work well.
You can also find free image editing tools online, if you do not want to buy either software.
Step 2 – Using a Camera or a Scanner to Capture the Image
You can use either a scanner or a camera to capture an image of your art work. Both options have their own pros and cons.
Scanners give you the best result and capture the image as close as possible to what it really looks like. It is easy to use. All you need to do is press the scanner against the artwork or feed the art into the scanner and it creates a great image. You do not get any distortions, blurry images, shadows or any other problems that you get when using a camera to take a picture.
However, a scanner is quite expensive. It may not be suitable unless you are seriously looking to get into printing art. It is impossible to scan some types of art due to the medium and size of the artwork. Art pieces that have a lot of texture or embellishments will not scan very well and you will lose the depth and dimension that the original artwork had.
You can also use a camera for capturing images. Cameras are cheaper than a scanner. Chances are that you already have a camera in your mobile that you can use for taking picture of your art. A camera can be used to capture all kinds of images and keep the dimensions and size of the artwork in proper perspective.
Capturing art with a camera comes with its own shortcomings. The end result is just not as good as a scanner. The image can also get blurry while taking pictures and you may get shadows on the art that make it look dull. You can overcome these issues by setting up a smooth desk area with proper lighting and white background. It takes some trial and error but with proper practice, you will get the hang of how to capture the art image for printing.
Step 3 – Editing and Proofing the Artwork
You should aim to capture the artwork at the highest resolution that you can get. This makes it easier to edit, cut and smooth out the image on computer.
The goal of editing is to make your image look as close as you can to the original artwork. However, the image is likely to get oversaturated with ink during the printing process so you will need to make it a little brighter while editing.
You will note that the image looks great on the computer screen and perfectly matches the work of art, but the printout looks different than your original piece.
This is where you will need to do some proofing. This involves getting a print and then comparing it against the original art piece and tweaking it slightly to get closer to what you want. Print and tweak repeatedly until you get the perfect result.
Tips for Making Art Prints
The quality of the prints matters a lot, especially if you are planning to sell them commercially. People do not buy prints of low quality that fade away in a couple of years. In fact, it is a challenge to sell prints of high quality as well, so you need to make sure that any prints that you put up for sale are not lacking in quality.
The quality of your prints is determined by four factors.
- Printer quality
- Paper quality
- Ink quality
- Print resolution
Whether you are making art prints for your home or for selling, always use the best quality equipment to get the best results.
Our Final Thoughts
Creating and printing artwork can be a good hobby that can be turned into an income generating opportunity. Here, we shared a guide on how to make art prints at home that can help you cut down expensive printing costs.
It takes some trial and error but with proper practice, you should be able to make art prints within days in no time. | <urn:uuid:91660fdd-2762-4b9f-a311-7ee9d09969eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://accessart.co/how-to-make-art-prints/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956968 | 1,167 | 2.390625 | 2 |
Deputy Mayor Dan Doctoroff: Bike Commuter
Adrianne Pasquarelli profiles New Yorkers who commute by bicycle for Crain’s New York. You have to subscribe to read the entire article, but here she introduces Deputy Mayor Dan Doctoroff, cyclist:
Mayor Michael Bloomberg gave bike commuting a boost with PlaNYC 2030, his administration’s blueprint for sustainability. It calls for 1,380 additional miles of bike lanes–more than three times the current number–by 2030 and 1,200 more on-street bike racks by 2009.
In fact, one of the city’s most high-profile cyclists, Deputy Mayor Daniel Doctoroff, is in charge of implementing PlaNYC. In an effort to combine exercise with his commute, the 48-year-old has been biking to City Hall from the Upper West Side–in fair weather–for the past five years.
"It’s the most environmentally friendly way of commuting other than walking," Mr. Doctoroff says. "It contributes to our efforts to reduce air pollution and global warming." Other prominent New Yorkers who pedal to work include Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-Khan and Village Voice columnist Michael Musto.
"People get it; they can feel good when they’re biking," says Mr. Budnick, 29, who cycles 12 miles between Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, and his Chelsea office.
Health concerns prompted Monica Gonzalez, 38. Three years ago, the preschool teacher weighed 220 pounds. She began riding to her workplace–making a seven-and-a-half mile trek over the Queensboro Bridge from Sunnyside, Queens, to the Upper West Side. Now 160 pounds, she says biking has also become her therapy. | <urn:uuid:605cdeff-7ce1-42a1-85c9-05ae9685d2ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nyc.streetsblog.org/2007/06/21/new-yorkers-who-commute-on-two-wheels/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.945857 | 373 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Daily Devotional- Calculate the Cost
“An angry person starts fights; a hot-tempered person commits all kinds of sin.” – Proverbs 29:22
“People with understanding control their anger; a hot temper shows great foolishness.” – Proverbs 14:29
When we are about to get anger with someone or something, assess the situations and ask “what is the cost?” When you are able to know the consequences of you showing anger then you will handle the situation a lot better. Having uncontrollable anger is a recipe for disaster and always makes us more than we gain. | <urn:uuid:9eeb10fb-40f3-4590-aa41-080130a7a31f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.robertfulgham.com/blog/daily-devotional-calculate-the-cost/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931426 | 130 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Preclinical Surgical Services (PSS) atWake Forest Baptist Medical Center has partnered with the Veterinary Bioscience Institute (VBI) of Harleysville, Pa., in the making of educational materials for veterinary and biomedical personnel and institutions.
Surgeons and other staff members from PSS and resources such as its surgical suites, imaging services and laparoscopic training facilities will be featured in instructional videos and other products that will be developed, produced, marketed and distributed by VBI, a leading provider of Internet-based technical and surgical-methodology resources.
In addition to videos, the PSS-VBI collaborations will include online courses, webinars and seminars aimed at clinical and research veterinarians, biomedical research faculty and technicians, and instructors and students in pre-veterinary, veterinary and veterinary technician programs.
“We’re very pleased to be working with VBI on these projects,” said H. Vince Mendenhall, D.V.M., Ph.D., the director of PSS and an internationally recognized expert in surgical research. “We consider their interest in working with us as a compliment on what we do and the way we do it. Also, these projects fit right in with the training and education aspects of our mission, along with precise surgical methodology.”
Preclinical Surgical Services is part of Wake Forest Baptist’s Office of Research.
One PSS-VBI project has been completed: a demonstration of the proper techniques to be employed in spaying a dog. The demonstration surgery was a success and the patient has since been adopted as a pet.
Chad Campbell: firstname.lastname@example.org, 336-713-4587 | <urn:uuid:220e47c9-39ef-449a-ae81-b9f570738bf1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newsroom.wakehealth.edu/news-releases/2011/12/research-laboratory-staff-members-to-be-featured-in-instructional-materials | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938603 | 354 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Many individuals while traveling, they get this particular type of machine put up in their car so that they can listen their favorite books while on their way to work. These days, not only will many individuals learn a lot but they will also have fun and enjoy when they listen to these books using cassette decks. While travelling, a lot of different kinds of people and in whatever their ages they may be can listen to this books using tapes inserted to the decks installed in their car so as not to get bored and be knowledgeable on a lot of areas.
The most beneficial aspect of using these books is that at any place and at any time, you can listen and learn a lot from them. Doing almost any activity that requires walking and travelling, almost all people think that these audio books just like the game of thrones audiobook serve as their partners in doing and engaging into such activities. With the use of ear plugs, you may be able to listen to different kinds of books you prefer to that will surely give you the various information you need despite the people around you.
Although you are staying at an environment that is silent and listening to your favorite audio book, there are different benefits that you can still have when you use your ear plugs. If you use your headsets, you will be able to comprehend and retain more of what you have listened to since you will be able to concentrate more on what you are listening due to the minimal noise you hear from the environment. In addition, there are individuals who comprehend better what they are reading if they are listening also and there are also others that comprehend better by just plain listening.
A variety of forms for these books are already sold in the market that a lot of individuals can select nowadays depending on their preference of the books they like to listen to. Your books can also be played and listened to several types of handsets where music can also be played and listened to such as those compact discs players, recorders, MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 players and many others.
Because of the variety of formats that is already available for these types of books, you may be able to change the specific format of that book that will make it compatible to the handset that you are using, may it be the latest one that had come out and sold in the market. Because of this, you will definitely have the convenience of being able to listen to the books you like for whatever activity you may be engaging at. You may learn more about audio books by following the link. | <urn:uuid:7ae749ad-1c1c-413a-b742-e9b707f4a829> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bestfantasybooksblog.wordpress.com/2013/09/27/why-people-are-listening-to-the-best-fantasy-audiobooks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.977986 | 504 | 2.25 | 2 |
Source: The Nation
Not to mention 240,000 civilian deaths and 21 million displaced. And yet a congressional commission is urging yet more money for a bloated Pentagon.
Just in time for next year’s Pentagon spending debate, a new report is calling for a huge increase in the Defense Department’s budget, which is already at one of the highest levels since World War II. The document was produced by the National Defense Strategy Commission, a congressionally mandated group charged with assessing the Trump administration’s new national-defense strategy.
The premise of the new report is that America faces a “national security emergency” that leaves its ability to defend “its allies, its partners, and its own vital interests” increasingly in doubt.
As its solution, the commission calls for an increase in Pentagon spending of 3 to 5 percent above inflation for at least the next five years. According to calculations by Taxpayers for Common Sense, the high end of this range would mean an annual Pentagon budget of an astonishing $972 billion by 2024—a potential boon for Lockheed Martin and its fellow weapons-makers, but a disaster for US taxpayers. It is unlikely that Congress will sign off on such a hefty increase, but the fact that it has been put forward at all will provide more rhetorical ammunition for the hawks on Capitol Hill, making it all the harder to rein in runaway Pentagon spending.
It’s not as if the Defense Department is starved for funds. The United States spends more on its military than the next seven countries in the world combined (five of which are US allies). The increase in Pentagon spending in the past two years alone is greater than the entire military budget of Russia. And that’s before the massive increases proposed by the strategy commission.
Perhaps this proposal shouldn’t come as a surprise, given the source. The commission was co-chaired by Eric Edelman, an Iraq War supporter and former top aide to Vice President Dick Cheney, and Gary Roughead, the former chief of US naval operations and a current board member of Northrop Grumman, the fourth-largest weapons contractor in the United States. | <urn:uuid:c34d3abe-e347-433c-ac8d-793d363b163e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://towardfreedom.org/global-news-and-analysis-global-news-and-analysis/americas-post-9-11-wars-have-cost-5-9-trillion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956066 | 442 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Starting on 25 January the electric cars servicing the city of Athens run a message on World Wetlands Day. Launched by the MedWet Secretariat and the public transport company TRAM SA this awareness raising activity aims to sensitize the public about the value of wetlands.
With 60.000 passengers travelling on the fleet of electric cars on average per day this is an awareness raising activity that can have a significant impact. Moreover the variety of social groups travelling on the electric car system ensures that the message is received across a wide range of audiences.
Showing a fisherman at work in the Ramsar site of lake Prespa, South-East Balkans. the image highlights that healthy wetlands produce food and contribute to healthy people which is the message for World Wetlands Day 2008.
The campaign sor World Wetlands Day in the electric car system will run for 19 days between 24 January – 12 February.
Photo credit: Sofia Spirou
Updated on 1/29/2008 2:30:59 PM. | <urn:uuid:4c1cea8a-45d5-46ee-ba0e-25b34a857ca4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medwet.org/2008/01/the-public-transport-system-of-athens-and-medwet-raise-awareness-for-world-wetlands-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.923691 | 203 | 2.5 | 2 |
Despite the success of Israel’s coronavirus vaccination campaign, the country will not achieve herd immunity as long as its children are exempt from receiving the inoculation, says Prof. Yehuda Adler, the chair of the European Cardiovascular and Myocardial Disease Association.
“Six million vaccinated does not constitute herd immunity,” said Adler, referring to the number of Israelis who received at least the first vaccine jab thus far.
“To achieve herd immunity, we need 90% of the population to be vaccinated. This means that as long as children are not vaccinated, there is no herd immunity,” he said.
Vaccine manufacturers have yet to give official approval to vaccinate children.
While Israel has limited coronavirus vaccination to only those over the age of 16, the Health Ministry has allowed several dozen children to be inoculated.
The children, who reportedly felt well after the jab and showed no side effects. were all in a risk group due to preexisting conditions or could have infected at-risk parents.
Adler also said that disseminating accurate information was the best way to counter false claims about the vaccine and its side effects - an issue particularly prominent among the Arab, Russian and ultra-Orthodox sectors.
“Since the onset of the pandemic we were very vocal about the subpar public relations campaign about the pathogen,” said Adler.
"Fighting fake news is like fighting ghosts. There is no need to fight it. If we talk about fake news now it will only serve to spread it further. We just need a better explanation campaign.”
Adler said that despite the lies being spread about the vaccine, the number of people getting inoculated in multiple cities across the country had been tremendous.
“I am a consultant in two municipalities - Rishon Lezion and Herzliya - and the vaccination rates there are enormous. While the public relations campaign was atrocious, all it took was talking to people face to face,” he said.
“I hold Zoom meetings every day with teachers, kindergarteners, students and parents. There is a lot of confusion due to the fake news being spread. And yet, talking and explaining has proven more effective than enforcement, which has thus far failed to yield results.”
According to Adler, the coronavirus vaccine has proven integral to the fight against the disease, not unlike the vaccines that helped eradicate illnesses such as smallpox and polio.
“Like these vaccines, the coronavirus vaccine is both safe and effective," he said. "That is why everybody should get it.” | <urn:uuid:8ae555d7-3474-4477-9b63-7adf7f58664b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ynetnews.com/article/BkDCWv8md | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.972532 | 547 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Doc Homer conducts his entire life as if it were a medical experiment. Medical metaphors abound in the chapters where the narrator is aligned with his perspective. He always attempts to be objective and maintain himself at a distance from his surroundings.
Although Doc Homer presents himself to the other characters as intentionally and happily separate from those around him, he feels a great deal of sadness at the extension of this distance to his relationship with his daughters. His chapters focus primarily on past events, suggesting that he is attempting to remedy some wrong or to find a clue to help him understand his life. Similarly, in his photographic hobby he tries endlessly to recreate a scene from his memory out of other images.
Doc Homer struggles throughout the story with Alzheimer's disease, which affects his memory as well as his capacity to communicate. In this way, the disease mimics his life by accentuating peculiarities that Doc Homer already showed even in perfect health. Ironically, as Doc's disease develops, Codi begins to press him to communicate, and he finally becomes willing to do so, though is often prevented by the disease. Similarly, Doc Homer had tried to erase certain elements of his past by changing his name and pretending to forget that his family came from the Gracela valley. Again, just as Codi begins to ask him direct questions about these facts, the Alzheimer's disease affects his memory so that he truly experiences gaps where he formerly created his own. Doc Homer has always simply changed the subject when a subject arose that he did not want to discuss. Now when Codi asks him about his last name, he cannot remember who she is and attempts to keep his hold on reality by talking about the one thing he is able to remember. To Codi, this method of coping with the disease looks exactly like his lifelong method of coping with unwanted questions. She is unable to distinguish either his change in attitude about communicating with her or the signs of his disease.
Doc Homer shows many signs of being completely disconnected from his community. However, he is the town doctor. He is well known to the townspeople and is surreptitiously cared for by the older women. In addition, his article on its genetics demonstrates a deep interest in the community. While Doc Homer's relationship to those around him may take place in the form of doctor-patient relations and scientific research, the connection to the community is nonetheless still present. | <urn:uuid:0ef956db-76c6-4e29-8061-e773202972ce> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animaldreams/character/doc-homer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.99355 | 481 | 3.3125 | 3 |
The ALAS-IDB Awards recognize the best teacher, innovation, children’s book and center in early childhood development
The president of the IDB, Luis Alberto Moreno joined Latin American leaders in education, international pop stars, NASA engineers and renowned economists gathered to announce the winners of the ALAS-IDB Awards 3rd edition.
This year’s applicant pool was the largest and most diverse to date, with more than 1,200 nominations submitted from 21 different Latin American countries. The award recognizes exceptional publications, teachers, centers, and innovation in early childhood development.
The rigorous selection process takes about a year in which the candidates must first present a detailed proposal of their work and its impact on early education. After this initial phase, four finalists are selected for each category to undergo a process of interviews and field evaluations. The winners are then selected by a panel of experts based on their performance and achievements in early education, which often occur in places or more marginalized populations. The most competitive category this year, with nearly 500 nominations submitted was innovation was followed by center, educator, and children’s book.
The winners of the 2015 ALAS-BID awards are:
Elisa Guerra - Colegio Valle de Filadelfia, Mexico
Elisa Guerra list of accomplishments, whether through the numerous textbooks she has published or the 6 schools she has established, testify to her impact in early childhood education. She has worked relentlessly to teach children with mental disabilities and in low-income neighborhoods.
The finalists in the Best Early Childhood Teacher category were: Daniel Ortiz from Bogotá, Colombia; Liliana Del Valle Grisales from Medellin, Colombia; and Francy Arango Valencia from Medellín, Colombia.
Best Children’s Book:
El Libro Negro de los Colores– Menena Cottin, Venezuela
El Libro Negro de Los Colores(The Black Book of Colors) has been translated into over 14 languages, providing children all over the world with descriptions of how colors taste and feel. This book, written in both braille and script, is more than just a beautiful depiction of how we see colors. Rosana Farias textured illustrations also show readers the beauty we perceive when we close our eyes and feel.
The finalists in the Best Children’s Book category included: Federico & Federico by Mexican author Elena Dreser; Tito y Pepita by Colombian author Amalia Low; and Rojo, Azul by Venezuelan author Mireya Tabuas.
Golondrinas Foundation – Medellín, Colombia
The Las Golondrinas center is seeking to restore the social fabric of their once conflicted communities by bringing together children from different backgrounds and teaching them to cooperate at an early age. They are driven by the belief that when children play together, no matter how diverse they are, they can learn to resolve their conflicts in a peaceful way, and more importantly, appreciate each other’s differences.
The finalists in the Best Early Childhood Education Center category were: aeioTU in Medellin, Colombia; the DREAM Project in Cabarete in the Dominican Republic; and Junto con Los Niños de Puebla in Mexico.
Fundación Canguro – Bogotá, Colombia
Established in Bogotá, Colombia, the focus of Fundación Canguro (Kangaroo Foundation) is to reverse the negative effects of premature birth, many of which impact the way children learn and develop later on. Based on the method of how mother kangaroos take care of their infants, this innovation now has 30 years of proven, successful results, and rigorous evaluations testify to their effectiveness. Since its foundation, the Kangaroo Foundation has scaled their model to over thirty countries.
The finalists in the Best Early Childhood Innovation category were: the Panamanian Fundación ProEd; the Chilean Fundación Ideas para la Infancia; Recycled Instrument Orchestra from Paraguay.
Prizes for the Winners have been provided by the IDB partners and include: $2,500 from Cargill; $2,500 and tablets by Fundación ALAS and Andreas M. Stenbeck; a collection of 50 children’s books from Santillana; and a round trip to Miami from Avianca.
Calls for next year’s award applications will begin in December of 2015. To nominate yourself or someone you know and to learn more about this year’s winners visit www.iadb.org/alasbid
The Inter-American Development Bank is devoted to improving lives. Established in 1959, the IDB is a leading source of long-term financing for economic, social and institutional development in Latin America and the Caribbean. The IDB also conducts cutting-edge research and provides policy advice, technical assistance and training to public and private sector clients throughout the region.
- Gador Manzano | <urn:uuid:e5922f53-e3c4-4794-8d88-1e8903e7d2df> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.iadb.org/en/news/news-releases/2015-11-11/winners-of-the-2015-alas-idb-awards%2C11314.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.922405 | 1,062 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Internships have the power to turn a student’s career into a dream job or, at the very least, provide informative venues for exploring professional interests. Reasoning for pursuing internships varies across the spectrum. Rising tuition fees, a likely oncoming economic crash, dreams of being the next top CEO-president of the United States, or dreams of making sure that an unqualified CEO never touches the White House again could be the rationales for wanting to pursue internships in 2017.
John Greathouse, a professor of the University of California, Santa Barbara’s Technology Management Program, encourages students to find “relevant internships and mentors” because they are the main determinants of economic success for college graduates. Internships can sometimes be the force connecting students to finding mentors, but what happens when the student has limited options? What are students to do when their only options are unpaid positions?
Andrew Mark Bennett, a juris doctor candidate at the University of Maryland School of Law, writes in the University of Maryland Law Journal of Race, Religion, Gender and Class and focuses his research on unpaid internships. He argues, “there is considerable support for the argument that unpaid interns are employees under the [Fair Labor Standards Act].”
Although reaffirming, this can be confusing for students because paid internships, especially in non-STEM fields, are few and far in between. Bennett clarifies, “Congress granted the Department broad powers to enforce and interpret the FLSA,” allowing for the Department of Labor to rarely enforce the FLSA. This makes the Department of Labor’s job easier and gives employers more autonomy in the private and public sectors.
The autonomy of the employers permits for their own creation of values regarding education. Employers, to justify different types of exploitation, use education as a tool.
Samantha Chang, a fourth year sociology major, sees this abuse.
“[Unpaid internships] are necessary evils in that we need them for our resume, and we aren’t in a major that people weigh them heavily,” said Chang. “Humanities in general are very risky in terms of employment. Society favors different majors more, and STEM majors are higher acclaimed.”
Even former president Barack Obama promoted STEM education over Humanities. In 2013, Obama proposed a new undergraduate ranking system off of “schools that provide the best value,” or institutions whose graduates make the most money. Careers stemming from humanities majors, such as writers, teachers, and the like, cannot compare incomes to typical STEM major graduates, such as careers in engineering fields and technological development. Using income to rate undergraduate institutions would completely disregard social studies.
Not only are humanities majors struggling to find paid internships, but their resources are limited. UCSB’s first job fair every year titles “Fall Career & Internship Fair.” However, the fair may as well rename to “First STEM Internship Fair of Fall,” as its website states, “the two areas are ‘STEM’ and ‘All Majors’.” In other words, STEM majors have a possible job opportunity at every table but “All” other majors are limited.
Ironically, employers fail to educate potential employees with weak internship descriptions. Jessica Curiale studies how employers use weak descriptions and lacking employee training procedures to exploit interns in the Hastings Law Journal.
“Even interns who are able and willing to work for experience without actual wages may find themselves facing unanticipated problems,” Curiale wrote. “Because interns are often young, and their positions within companies can be vague, interns may have a particularly difficult time asserting themselves.” Using “vague” descriptions allows for interns to be exploited emotionally and financially, such as being subjected to harassment of all kinds on the job.
Employers provide more reason for students to constantly be networking and educating themselves on company cultures and values. The best way to know if an employer is a right fit is by talking to people who previously worked for the potential intern’s desired employer. Social media sites such as LinkedIn and Facebook provide excellent platforms on which to network.
Additionally, UCSB graduates (especially recent graduates) are often more than willing to partake in informational interviews, according to professors and Career Services employees. When in contact with a previous intern and/or UCSB student, a UCSB student can find out secondhand the employer’s culture, figure out what an average day in that internship consists of, and dare to ask whether the position was worth the free labor. Investigate, friends.
From a student perspective, it can be unethical to take an unpaid internship because of what it implies about the student’s work. Taking an unpaid internship assumes there is no value to a new employee’s work. A lack of governmental enforcement on employers allows for economic disparities to persist. Students from lesser privileged backgrounds cannot afford the objectification of their free labor, allowing for wealthier, more privileged students to take the unpaid internships.
The argument for using free intern labor is in the education, but internships often do not live up to educational standards, at least a University of California educational standard. This means gaining “valuable experience,” as UCSB’s Career Services’ website says. Valuable experience, to some employers, could mean stapling, running coffee errands, working 12 hours without overtime pay or any compensation, and more meaningless tasks that are considered legal in the U.S., as long as the internship can pass as “volunteering,” according to Bennett’s findings. Bennett’s research suggests that students must consider their values when applying for internships and consider sparking change themselves.
Notify local news organizations and activist groups of the exploitation. Knowing the terms by which the employer uses to justify the exploitation is crucial, as well as developing a strong argument for the fallacy. Writing about the exploitation, talking about the exploitation, and any other form of persistent communication to student and non-student communities will create an incentive to dismantle the weak argument that student labor is free labor.
Mar. 9, 5:05 p.m.: A previous version of this article incorrectly linked Bennett’s article. It has been properly linked. | <urn:uuid:d969a3b8-1132-4682-b44a-6903564457f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thebottomline.as.ucsb.edu/2017/02/unpaid-internships-unfair-and-unethical | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.944372 | 1,311 | 2.40625 | 2 |
Anxiety are feelings caused by experiences of life, such as job loss, relationship breakdown, serious illness, major accident or the death of someone close. Feeling anxious is appropriate in these situations and usually we feel anxious for only a limited time. These feelings are not regarded as clinical anxiety, but are a part of everyday life. However, anxiety disorders are a group of illnesses, each characterised by persistent feelings of high anxiety. These are feelings of continual or extreme discomfort and tension, with the fear of panic attacks, usually without discernable cause. Anxiety disorders affect the way we think, feel and behave and if not treated, cause considerable suffering and distress.
Below are some of the symptoms of anxiety:
- Excessive worry
- You find it difficult to control the worry
- Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge
- Easily fatigued
- Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank
- Muscle tension
- Sleep disturbances
- Hard to function at work or in social environments
These symptoms often begin in early adulthood and are often triggered by a series of significant life events.
Anxiety disorders are common and affect 1in 20 people at any given time.
Contact Adelaide Counselling Practice for anxiety help on (08) 8237 0509. | <urn:uuid:80603281-8087-4a15-b181-fb933e7eeaf2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.adelaidecounsellingpractice.com.au/anxiety-counselling/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.93602 | 261 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In the U.S., 70% (46,802) of all overdose deaths in 2018 involved opioid drugs. In Massachusetts, there were 1,233 overdose deaths in the first nine months of the same year...
People who drink alcohol in an unhealthy manner are often diagnosed with alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence. While these terms sound similar, they refer to two separate conditions. What Is..
When struggling with drug addiction, many people self-isolate. They often worry that their loved ones will judge them for having the disease. While isolation might seem like the safest option,..
Safe injection sites are controlled areas where people can inject legal or illicit drugs in controlled conditions. They are also known as supervised injection sites, safe injection facilities (SIFs), and..
From hectic schedules to financial pressures and family drama, the Christmas season brings a number of stressors. To cope, you might be tempted to abuse alcohol, especially if you already.. | <urn:uuid:007c3e09-4ec9-43a1-bc92-103d342c9eaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://recoveringchampions.com/resources/page/4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.965142 | 193 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Strictly speaking, the municipalities of Ontario are responsible for the overall animal control in the province. This means that if a person has a particular complaint about the dog of someone else, he should contact the local office of animal control and make his case. However, if the situation is an emergency, he should consider contacting the police.
However, if someone is bitten by a dog, for instance, he has the full right to sue the owner of said dogs for the damages that he had incurred. It won’t much matter if the person who owns the dog is negligent, at fault or, in fact, has any knowledge of the occurrence of the dog bit. If the lawsuit is held successfully and the court orders him to pay the damages, he’d have to do so regardless of anything else. On top of all that, there are also additional precautions that have to be taken into thorough consideration – the owner has to put a lead or a muzzle on the dog or said dog is going to be legally destroyed, which is basically the worst case scenario.
Additionally, the Dog Owners’ Liability Act of Ontario makes every single dog owner responsible for the damages which are caused by bites of his dog to another person or to other domestic animals. In fact, if the case is serious enough, the victim might file an application to the court, requiring the dog to be destroyed or euthanized if it’s considered severely vicious. The court is also entitled to order the owner of the dog to exercise extreme precaution by putting the dog on a tight leash, getting it muzzled or confined to a strictly secure area with particular and clear warning signs. The court can also prohibit the dog owner to own a dog for a specific period of time if found appropriate.
Prohibition on pit bulls
There is also an interesting provision in the Dog Owners’ Liability Act of Ontario which specifically prohibits pit bulls from being imported, bred or even transferred throughout the province. However, if you’ve owned a pit bull prior to 2005 you don’t have to worry as those animals are exempt from the provision. In any case, you are allowed to have a restricted pit bull which has to be thoroughly leashed, sterilized and muzzled. An offence of these regulations can just as well result in a severe penalty of up to $10,000 and even jail time of up to 6 months. The state takes this restriction seriously as pit bulls are considered to be more dangerous than other dogs due to the nature of their bite and their overall temperament. In any case, the regulations are thorough and extensive and easy to follow.
Thus, as a dog owner, you need to be conversant with the current laws and regulations so that you are not caught off. This will help you stay protected and others too.
We proudly serve the residents in the Mississauga, Brampton and Burlington areas. If you want a personal injury lawyer that represents your best interests, we’d love to review your case and give a free consultation. Contact us today! | <urn:uuid:20d0a376-93ab-4a08-9f9f-10c4ab68761e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mpclaw.ca/blog/what-is-the-liability-of-the-dog-owner/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.97461 | 623 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Recently I read a paper about automatic detection of suicide-related tweets: A machine learning approach predicts future risk to suicidal ideation from social media data.
The authors of this study, Arunima Roy and colleagues, trained neural network models to detect suicidal thoughts and reported suicide attempts in tweets.
When I reached the end of the article, I spotted that the authors state that the code they used to carry out the study is too ethically sensitive to make public:
Code availability: Due to the sensitive and potentially stigmatizing nature of this tool, code used for algorithm generation or implementation on individual Twitter profiles will not be made publicly available.
Given that the paper describes an algorithm that could scan Twitter and identify suicidal people, it’s not hard to imagine ways in which it could be misused.
In this post I want to examine this kind of “ethical non-sharing” of code. This paper is just one example of a broader phenomenon — I’m not trying to single out these authors.
It’s generally accepted that researchers should share their code and other materials where possible, because this helps readers and fellow scientists to understand, evaluate and build on it.
I think that sharing code is almost always the right thing to do, but there are cases where not sharing could be justified, and a Twitter suicide detector is surely one of them. I really think it could be abused.
To me, the key question is this: Who gets to decide whether code should be published?
Currently, the authors make that call themselves, as far as I can see, although the journal editors have to endorse that decision by publishing the paper. But this is an unusual situation — in other areas of science, scientists don’t serve as their own ethicists.
There are ethical review committees responsible for approving pretty much all research that involves experimenting or gathering data on humans (and many animals). But the Twitter suicide study didn’t need approval, because it involved the analysis of an existing dataset (from Twitter), and this kind of work is usually exempt from ethical oversight.
It seems to me that questions about the ethics of code should be within the remit of an ethical review committee. Leaving the decision up to authors opens the door to conflicts of interest. For instance, sometimes researchers have plans to monetize their code, in which case they might be tempted to use ethics as a pretext for not sharing it, when they are really motivated by financial considerations.
With the best will in the world, authors might simply fail to consider possible misuses of their own code. A scientist working on a project can be so focused on the possible good it could do, that they lose sight of the potential for harm.
Overall, while it would mean more paperwork, I’d be much more comfortable having decisions about software ethics made by an independent committee. | <urn:uuid:8f683cb2-6bd6-4b95-b551-7b693db1a951> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.interestingfacts.org/fact/the-ethics-of-dangerous-codeon-july-23-2020-at-200-pm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.94766 | 585 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Note: Registration for RightsCon 2021 is now closed. This community lab is limited to 60 participants.
Join and learn more on the RightsCon Event page
While social media platforms have been applauded for being a place of self-expression, they are often inattentive to local contexts in many ethnically and linguistically diverse African countries. For example, in Ethiopia in the wake of the murder of famous singer and ethnic Oromo Hachalu Hundessa, viral hate speech circulated heavily on Facebook in the country. In some African states, content moderation has faced some challenges including platforms remiss of context, linguistic problems (example, Egypt, Rwanda, Tunisia), value of users, number of moderators, and flagging en mass. While digital threats are global, the evidence, resources and policies advanced to address these issues are unequally distributed, and rarely privilege non-Western perspectives. This panel brings together academics and civil society members to highlight and discuss the obstacles facing Africa when it comes to content moderation.
Now some involved in the debate in Africa regarding content regulation are embracing vertical regulation of platforms content through governmental laws (examples include the Tanzanian and Ethiopian Content moderation laws) while, on the other hand, some are supporting and self-regulation by platforms via community standards. Overall, whether platforms should incorporate international human rights law norms into their community standards that fully ensure their practices will be guided by principle of legality, legitimacy, necessity and proportionality remains an incessant puzzle. This why the session aims to contribute some thoughts emerging out in Africa to elucidate what may be the best path forward.
Drawing from research conducted in Ethiopia, Ghana, Libya, and Nigeria, we will share insights from our work and interactions with communities working against digital threats.
Throughout the session, we will foreground diverse geographical perspectives and engage in a broader conversation about the best way to move beyond Western-centric approaches to the causes, strategies and impact of platforms moderation systems. | <urn:uuid:6dff0511-bbac-4bda-bf9f-ee07edfa73b8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eff.org/event/rightscon-contemplating-content-moderation-africa-disinformation-and-hate-speech-focus | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.916245 | 400 | 2.0625 | 2 |
To be taught, if fortunate / Becky Chambers.Publisher: London : Hodder & Stoughton, 2019Copyright date: ©2019Description: 138, 11 pages ; 21 cmContent type: text Media type: unmediated Carrier type: volumeISBN: 9781473697164Subject(s): Explorers -- Fiction | Space flight -- Fiction | Bioengineering -- Fiction | Life on other planets -- Fiction | Astronauts -- Fiction | Time dilatation -- Fiction | Genetic engineering -- Fiction | Outer space -- Exploration -- Moral and ethical aspects -- FictionGenre/Form: Science fiction. | Novellas. DDC classification: 813.6
Includes an extract of The long way to a small, angry planet.
At the turn of the twenty-second century, scientists make a breakthrough in human spaceflight. Through a revolutionary method known as somaforming, astronauts can survive in hostile environments off Earth using synthetic biological supplementations. With the fragility of the body no longer a limiting factor, human beings are at last able to explore neighbouring exoplanets long suspected to harbour life. Adriane is one such explorer. On a mission to ecologically survey four habitable worlds fifteen light-years from Earth, she and her fellow crewmates sleep while in transit, and wake each time with different features. But as they shift through both form and time, life back on Earth has also changed. Faced with the possibility of returning to a planet that has forgotten those who have left, Ariadne begins to chronicle the wonders and dangers of her journey, in the hope that someone back home might still be listening. | <urn:uuid:918780ff-ecd0-4a56-af76-2433bd053b22> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://library.smsa.org.au/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=63076 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.856739 | 330 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Organizations world-wide need to be able to respond to the new EU regulations around individual data privacy, including the ability to locate and address data that has made it’s way to their end users machines.
Responding to Data Subject Requests
The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), requires that an organization have absolute knowledge of where all EU personal data is stored across the enterprise, and be able to remove it when required. The CXP Group, a leading IT research firm, notes in an industry report that, “compliance with GDPR will only be legally (effectuated) if an organization is able to identify exactly where data is.”
Actual demonstrated compliance requires the ability to search across all data sources in the enterprise for data, including distributed unstructured data located on desktops and file servers. This is why leading IT research firm Forrester notes that “data discovery and classification are the foundation of GDPR compliance.”
In fact, the GDPR requires both a proactive and reactive requirement of data discovery. A robust data discovery capability is needed to produce an intelligent data map, to classify and to actually remediate non-compliant data. This data audit process should done at the outset of establishing your GDPR compliance process, and also routinely executed on a recurring basis.
On the reactive side, organizations are required to respond to data subject requests (DSRs) from individual, or groups of, EU data subjects. The DSRs under the GDPR consist of requests for data erasure, data transfer, or a confirmation that data permissively kept is done so in a minimal fashion without excessive duplication or re-purposing outside of the granted consent. Companies must be able to document and demonstrate compliance with these DSRs, in a manner generally akin to responding to a subpoena or other legal requirement.
So it is clear that GDPR compliance requires the ability to demonstrate and prove that personal data is being protected, necessitating effective data audit and discovery capabilities that allow companies to efficiently produce the documentation and other information necessary to respond to regulators and EU private citizen’s requests. As such, any GDPR compliance programs are ultimately hollow without consistent, operational execution and enforcement.Learn More
X1 Product Used
X1 Distributed GRC
X1 Distributed GRC is the only software that gives organizations the capability to access, analyze and act upon data in just minutes on an individual’s computer and company networks for the purpose of complying with internal policies, data audits and regulatory requirements,
Gain Access to Endpoint Data
X1 Distributed GRC uniquely supports GDPR compliance, by enabling enterprises to quickly and easily search across multiple distributed endpoints and data servers for PII and other data from a central location. Legal and compliance teams can easily perform unified complex searches across both unstructured content and metadata, obtaining statistical insight into the data in minutes, instead of days or weeks. With X1, organizations can also automatically migrate, collect, delete, or take other action on the data as a result of the search parameters. Built on our award-winning and patented X1 Search technology, X1 is the first product to offer true and massively scalable distributed searching that is executed in its entirety on the end-node computers for data audits across an organization. This game-changing capability vastly reduces costs while greatly mitigating risk and disruption to operations.
Learn more about how X1 Distributed GRC gives legal, compliance and IT teams a fundamentally better and faster way to identify, analyze and act on data in place, at the desktop level, across the organization for eDiscovery, data audit and compliance initiatives. | <urn:uuid:f0fbff83-651e-4f25-8ccf-e37ba90337df> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://x1staging.com/solutions/gdpr/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.903981 | 760 | 1.804688 | 2 |
In human society, it’s a consequence of science and engineering, though several technological advances predate the 2 ideas. eLearning is fast progressing scientific field proposing novel and particular approaches in a range of domains. It is well established follow in universities, faculties and organizations for delivering interactive, adaptive and flexible coaching, profiting from up to date and emerging technologies.
This new-discovered knowledge could then be used by engineers to create new instruments and machines such as semiconductors, computer systems, and other types of advanced technology. In this sense, scientists and engineers may each be thought of technologists; the three fields are sometimes thought of as one for the needs of research and reference.
Oxford Reference supplie...Read More | <urn:uuid:25c5e790-661a-4b01-9022-675e24e5880d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.michaelkorsets.com/tag/green | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.936228 | 149 | 2.828125 | 3 |
You may have seen CPR performed on television, but coming face-to-face with someone experiencing cardiac arrest throws you into the driver’s seat in a way that many people are unprepared for.
Now that the British Heart Foundation have updated their guidance on how to perform CPR, it’s important to familiarise ourselves with the updates so that we can give medical assistance as safely as possible.
Step 1: Shake and shout
If you come across someone who is unconscious, you can’t jump straight into action, though you might want to. You must first look around you for potential danger or risks to you before proceeding.
If you deem the surroundings to be safe, you can then check for a response. Someone experiencing cardiac arrest will be unconscious, but they will either be breathing irregularly or not breathing. Gently shake the person’s shoulder and ask loudly “are you alright?”.
Next, shout for help from someone nearby. If you are without company, shout loudly to attract attention but do not leave the person’s side.
Step 2: Call 999
If there is someone nearby and the unconscious person is breathing irregularly or not breathing:
• Ask someone to call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance
• Ask someone for a public access defibrillator (PAD)
If there’s no one around, call 999 before starting chest compressions.
Step 3: Cover mouth and nose with cloth
This step is only performed if you’re sure the person is breathing normally. If you’re confident the person is breathing normally, put them in the recovery position. Instructions and diagrams on how to put someone in the recovery position can be found here.
If you think there’s a risk of Covid-19 infection or you belong to a vulnerable group, first lay a towel or piece of clothing over the mouth and nose before putting them in the recovery position. Do not put your face close to theirs.
Step 4: Give chest compressions (do not give rescue breaths)
This step is only performed if the person is not breathing or not breathing normally.
• Kneel down next to the person
• Place the heel of one hand in the centre of their chest. Place your other hand on top of the first. Interlock your fingers.
• With straight arms, use the heel of your hand to push the breastbone down firmly and smoothly so that the chest is pressed down between 5-6cm, and release
• This should be done at a rate of 100-120 chest compressions per minute. This is around 2 compressions per second.
Step 5: Keep going
Keep going until professional help arrives and takes over or the person starts to show signs of regaining consciousness, eg, coughing, opening their eyes, speaking or breathing normally.
If you’re getting tired or achy and there’s someone nearby, ask them to take over. After the ambulance crew have taken over, wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand gel.
Find out about personal wellbeing options from Towergate Health and Protection. | <urn:uuid:a0ceb230-1002-4c94-8a50-713271170bb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.towergate.com/insight/the-british-heart-foundation-have-released-new-guidance-on-performing-cpr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.926965 | 651 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Membrane Protein Secondary Structure Prediction Server
Transmembrane, transmembrane structure, protein transmembrane structure,
transmembrane structure prediction, protein transmembrane structure prediction,
membrane protein structure, structure prediction,
protein structure prediction, protein secondary structure,
protein secondary structure prediction, membrane protein structure prediction,
membrane protein secondary structure prediction,
hydrophobicity analysis, sequence, protein sequence, amino acid scales,
hydrophobicity scales, hydrophobicity plot, biochemistry, biophysics,
biocomputing, scientific computational server,
Davor Juretic, Damir Zucic, Ana Jeroncic.
The purpose of this server is to predict the transmembrane (TM) secondary
structures of membrane proteins, using the method of preference functions.
Scientific publications describing the method are listed at the bottom of
this page. The method was invented by
, professor at the
University of Split
, Croatia. This server was written by
University of Osijek
, Croatia. See the page bottom for technical details about the server.
Ana Jeroncic was involved both in development of the prediction program and
in testing of this server.
(1) Academic, educational and any other noncommercial use of this software
is free of charge.
(2) Commercial use of this software has to be negotiated with
the project leader,
prof. dr. Davor Juretic
(see the address at the page bottom), except for the trial period of
two days. The trial period is counted per site, not per user.
(3) Every access to this server is logged. If you don't like this,
please disconnect now.
(4) The authors retain the right to change the licensing policy. Be sure
Your browser may be connected to the Internet through a proxy server.
If this is the case, you will be unable to retrieve the correct prediction
results. Change the configuration of your browser to avoid this problem.
This should be very easy; if you don't know how to switch off the proxy
server, ask your local administrator or any person familiar with browser
The prediction program was written in FORTRAN 77. The rest of the server
was written in HTML, version 3 (this form, for example, and all other HTML
documents), ANSI C (output data conversion and graphics) and unix shell
script language (CGI script).
Most of development was done on personal computers running
(more accurately called
/Linux) operating system. FORTRAN to C translator (D. Gay, S. Feldman,
M. Maimone and N. Schryer, copyright AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bellcore)
was used to translate the FORTRAN code. C sources were compiled using
(Free Software Foundation)
, version 220.127.116.11.
Almost all parts of this server are portable across different unix and unix
compatible platforms. The graphics library can be used to plot other types
of scientific data.
This instance of the server is installed on GNU/Linux computer splitbioinf.pmfst.hr.
We have long-term plans to further develop both our prediction method and
this server. Any feedback about your experience with SPLIT server will be
of great value for us. We are open for your criticism, suggestions,
comments and questions. Feel free to contact us at:
This server was partly financed by the Croatian Ministry of Science
and Technology. Igor Susenka and Ivica Loncar, system administrators at
the Faculty of Electrotechnics, University of Osijek, provided valuable
help during development of this server.
Juretic, D., Lee, B. K., Trinajstic, N., and Williams, R. W.
"Conformational preference functions for predicting helices in
Biopolymers 33, 255-273 (1993).
1) Juretic, D., Lucic, B., Zucic, D. and Trinajstic, N.
"Protein transmembrane structure: recognition and prediction
by using hydrophobicity scales through preference functions."
Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Vol.5. Theoretical
Organic Chemistry, pp. 405-445. Editor: Parkanyi, C.,
Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1998.
SPLIT 3.1 results are described in that paper.
2) Juretic, D., Zucic, D., Lucic, B. and Trinajstic, N.
"Preference functions for prediction of membrane-buried helices
in integral membrane proteins."
Computers Chem. Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 279-294, 1998.
SPLIT 3.1 results are described in that paper as well.
3) Juretic, D. and Lucin A. "The preference functions method for
predicting protein helical turns with membrane propensity."
J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 575-585, 1998.
SPLIT 3.5 results are described in that paper.
4) Juretic, D., Jeroncic, A. and Zucic, D.
"Sequence analysis of membrane proteins with the web server SPLIT."
Croatica Chemica Acta Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 975-997, 1999.
5) Juretic, D., Jeroncic, A. and Zucic, D.
"Prediction of initiation sites for protein folding."
Periodicum Biologorum 101, No 4, 339-347, 1999. | <urn:uuid:a71aa5ad-2aac-4aaf-9835-3f78c86cb518> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://split.pmfst.hr/split/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.825827 | 1,300 | 1.546875 | 2 |
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