text stringlengths 160 608k | id stringlengths 47 47 | dump stringclasses 2
values | url stringlengths 13 2.97k | file_path stringlengths 125 140 | language stringclasses 1
value | language_score float64 0.65 1 | token_count int64 48 145k | score float64 1.5 5 | int_score int64 2 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
To overseed we recommend the following steps:
- Mow your lawn a little shorter than normal to allow the seeds to make contact with the ground.
- As when sowing a new lawn, the seeds need to be lightly covered with soil (about 10mm is ideal)
- For smaller areas, we recommend mixing your seed with topsoil/sandy loam and spreading the seed/soil mix over the patches, or thinly grassed areas.
- Water in well.
Follow these steps and your lawn should thicken up nicely. | <urn:uuid:6001ed13-c641-4624-805a-e2703ccfdfb9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mckaysgrassseeds.zendesk.com/hc/en-au/articles/900003979946-How-do-I-oversow-my-existing-lawn- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.932712 | 114 | 2.40625 | 2 |
It is time to use civil disobedience as a central tool in the fight for climate justice and to push politicians into action, a member of the Belgian Royal Family said.
In a radio interview, Belgium's Princess Esmeralda said civil disobedience was a powerful tool to make the public conscious about political inaction in the face of the current climate and environmental crises.
"I think the urgency of the current climate crisis requires it completely, and it is a way to raise awareness, to have more results — since there have not been many at the political level," the princess told RTBF.
Princess Esmeralda, the youngest child of King Leopold III and his spouse Lilian, Princess of Réthy, was speaking to the Francophone broadcaster from London, where she recently got arrested for taking part in a protest led by climate activist group Extinction Rebellion.
The 63-year-old princess, who works as a journalist and documentary filmmaker, was one of several arrested at the sitting on Trafalgar Square on Thursday 10 November and was released on Friday morning.
Questioned about her thoughts on the arrest, the princess said she was proud of it, since it had been the "objective" of her taking part in the demonstration.
"Young people have done incredible work, they have put the climate at the top of political agendas and they continue [their movement] with remarkable perseverance — but they cannot do it alone," the princess said.
- Five arrested after Extinction Rebellion activists storm Royal Palace
- Four investigations announced into police clampdown on Extinction Rebellion protest
The princess, who lives in London, has been a vocal supporter of the youth movement for the environment and is an active campaigner for women's and indigenous group's rights.
During the interview, she said that the backlash that many young climate activists have been facing came from those who opposed the drastic systemic changes that were necessary to face climate change.
Princess Esmeraldas' statements stand in contrast with the lack of response from the Royal Family in Belgium to the climate demonstrations, including one action which the Belgian branch of Extinction Rebellion explicitly addressed to King Philippe.
At the end of September, five members of the group were arrested after attempting to enter the Royal Palace to hand-deliver a letter to the Belgian monarch, calling on him to take firm action against climate change.
A subsequent demonstration organised as part of the group's global call for an October Rebellion saw police violently crack down on protesters, leading to the opening of several investigations into some officers' response.
The princess acknowledged that the movement for environmental justice gathered mostly white and middle to upper-class activists, and said minorities were more likely to fear the consequences of being arrested or a harsher reaction from police.
While, during the interview, Princess Esmeralda said more people from all walks of life, statuses and social backgrounds needed to join the movement for climate action, she refused to make a statement on the Royal Palace's silence.
"I am not going to comment on that, I know that the king is very worried about climate and the environment, but it is something else for him to support a demonstration," she said.
The Brussels Times | <urn:uuid:2e54b96b-40dc-4873-a557-b1a6105d5734> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brusselstimes.com//belgium/76744/arrest-belgian-princess-civil-disobedience-princess-esmeralda-london-civil-disobedience-extinction-rebellion-activism-king-philippe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.975877 | 663 | 2.578125 | 3 |
At The Hollywood Reporter‘s annual Women in Entertainment breakfast on Wednesday, Angelina Jolie delivered a powerful speech calling for female empowerment.
Calling it an international battle, Jolie is encouraging female empowerment through art.
“We have the freedom to be artists,” Jolie began. “The freedom to create, to challenge authority fearlessly, to laugh at the power and to make others laugh with us. The right to speak the truth as we see it.”
“We have a level of freedom that is unimaginable for millions of other women around the world – women who live with conflict and terrorism and displacement and poverty, who never get a chance, whose voices are always silenced,” the Oscar winner continued.
“We don’t have to keep our heads down, we don’t have to think that the film we make or our comment on politics, or a joke we tell on stage could land us in prison where we might be tortured or punished,” Jolie, 42, added. “We don’t have the censorship. We don’t have to worry what acting in a play or singing on television will bring violence or dishonour to our families. We don’t have to tailor our clothes or our opinions to when it’s acceptable to religious authorities or violent extremist groups. We are not shunned and considered immoral because we dare to speak our mind about why we consider to be wrong as a society. We have the right to think thoroughly and to speak freely and to put forward our ideas on equal terms. There are women across the world who face serious danger and get hurt just trying to have a voice and an opinion.”
Finally, Jolie expressed her gratefulness of working and living in America.
“That is why I am so grateful to be part of this community and the wider community of artists around the world,” she concluded. “Together we stand for more than our own rights and freedoms, but the freedom and rights of all women. We in this room have the ability to help find those women artists struggling to make their voices heard today; to show solidarity with them, to champion them, to help them tell their stories… I pay tribute to all the women before us who pushed the boundaries in their lifetimes so that we could be here today. And above all, I pay tribute to the women artists, journalists, human rights defenders and lawyers around the world who refuse to be intimidated; the brave people who are fighting so that others may one day have the freedoms we now have.”
Jennifer Lawrence was also at the THR event, where she too delivered a powerful speech urging Hollywood to embrace female voices following all the sexual harassment scandals.
“It’s not easy to speak out. It’s not easy to face criticism on a global scale. But the fact is I have been given a platform, and if I don’t use it, then I don’t deserve it,” the actress said. “This last year has been a trying and challenging time in our world and our industry specifically. Every day, we wake up to a myriad of headlines that deeply impact us, from around the globe,” she said.
Lawrence also commended the honour’s previous recipients: “These women have shown what’s possible when we embrace our platforms and use our voices to inspire and ignite the hearts of humanity. Their stories are powerful, pivotal and echo far beyond the retweets or headlines we wake up to.” | <urn:uuid:9653824f-5013-4ee0-bf02-e65bd235ed4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://etcanada.com/news/278063/angelina-jolie-is-fighting-for-female-empowerment-through-art-help-them-tell-their-stories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953441 | 740 | 1.984375 | 2 |
The impact of long-term nurse care insurance
Long-term nurse care insurance was established so that care could be facilitated for individuals in a way that supported their ability to regain or maintain physical, mental and emotional strength in the long-term, in a way that is economically sustainable.
Since long-term nurse care insurance allows the individual to determine how they are cared for and by whom, underpinning this type of health insurance is the notion that individuals should be allowed to enjoy an independent and self-determined life as much as possible.
As a result, more than 890,000 people who receive the benefits of long-term nurse care insurance live in homes, whilst the remaining 2.4 million receive outpatient care.
Given that monthly expenses for care can often equate to several thousand euros or more per month, approximately 70% of individuals who are cared for in nursing homes are dependent on social welfare and the funds provided by long-term nurse care insurance.
How the contribution rate of long-term nurse care insurance works
Not to be confused with regular health insurance, long-term nurse care is an additional type of insurance that is provided alongside an individual's baseline health insurance obligations. It works similar to general health insurance in the way that employees and employers pay half the contribution each. However, whilst the contribution rate for nurse care insurance for those who are publicly insured is currently 3.05% and 3.3% for those without children, this rate has steadily increased since its introduction in 1995 at just 1%.
It should also be noted that members of the public health insurance scheme who are 23 or older who have no children pay a surcharge for the scheme, which does not exist for those who are privately insured. Similar to the way regular private health insurance works, contributions for those privately insured are determined by the level of risk assumed by the private health insurer and is dictated by factors such as age and health status.
Another exception to the standard contribution rate of long-term nurse care insurance is present in the federal state of Saxony. In Saxony, the day of penance and prayer has not been abolished as a public holiday. For this reason, employers were not obligated to pay half of the contribution rate that applied when the nurse care insurance was first introduced back in 1995. As a result, today employers pay 0.5 percent less of the nurse care insurance contribution and employees pay 0.5 percent more compared to the other federal states of Germany.
Still unsure about how long-term care nurse contributions work? Or what your responsibilities are as a publicly or privately insured employee to pay this form of German social insurance? Please get in touch with us today.
Get in touch
Get in touch with us for a free consultation. We are available 24/7 ? | <urn:uuid:6127233c-0272-4911-85ba-6c9c809561d4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.klforexpats.com/health-insurance-employees-germany/nurse-care-insurance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.971863 | 562 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Twenty years ago, there were three different, fairly well-known European grapes commonly referred to as “tokay” (with various spellings); today there is only one.
These three grapes came from three separate countries: Italy, France and Hungary. With the launch of the European Union in the mid-1990s, grape names have been forced into standardization throughout the EU zone, to the joy of some and the dismay of others.
Historically, some grapes were known by the style of wine they produced. For example, in previous centuries, if a fresh white wine in Europe was referred to as a “tokay” or “tocai,” then any grapes used to produce this wine could be referred to by the same name. And the spelling varied, in different countries.
At one time, the pinot gris from Alsace in France was known as “tokay pinot gris.” In the region of Friuli Venezia-Giulia in northeastern Italy, one of their native grapes was called “tocai” (actually short for “tocai Friulano”). In Hungary, the white wines from the eastern region of Tokaj were named after that region: Tokaji. All three variations were commonly pronounced “toe-ki” or “toe-kay.”
Of course, all the winemakers wanted to hold onto the names they had traditionally been using. These names signified their wines’ identities, their all-important reputations, and the way the wines were identified in the marketplace. But it was decided within the EU that having multiple similar names for different grapes and wines would only create confusion.
Beginning in the 1990s, the winemakers of Friuli were required to begin the (contested and highly volatile) process of choosing another name for their grape, which had been indigenous to their area for hundreds of years. When Hungary was approved to join the EU in 2003, the decision became critical because Hungary’s world-renown dessert wine was known as “Tokaji” (meaning it was from the Tokaj region).
Hungarian winemakers were awarded the use of the “Tokaji” name in the EU. (A footnote of further complication, which we won’t go into now: a small part of the Tokaj wine region actually lies in Slovakia. And in Tokaj, in addition to the famed sweet wines, more and more dry white wines are now being produced.) Anyhow, at present, “Tokaji” refers to the exquisite dessert wine that has been made in this region since the 17th century.
Getting back to the dry “tokay” or “tocai” wines of Alsace and Friuli, here’s the situation.
Alsace now calls their grape simply “pinot gris” – and it is considered one of the four noble grapes of Alsace.
In Friuli, as of 2006, “tocai Friulano” has been called “Friulano.” In hindsight, this might seem an easy and obvious choice. However, it was hotly contested for years, and many Friulian winegrowers were bitterly disappointed to have lost the use of their traditional, centuries-old, grape name.
Another note: recently, with genetic mapping, Friulano has been found to be the same as the grape grown elsewhere which is called “sauvignonasse.” This grape is also known as “sauvignon vert” though it is not related to sauvignon blanc. Even more confusing, right? | <urn:uuid:523efd7c-8179-44ae-9b7d-408f5d6dafaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.palatepress.com/how-did-the-tokay-grape-disappear/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.985561 | 778 | 2.890625 | 3 |
1. Fuel Efficient Cars
Driving a vehicle that can squeeze more miles out of a gallon of petrol is an easy way to make a journey greener. While downgrading from a large luxury saloon to a small hatchback can easy reduce petrol consumption by 70%, the change also involves a compromise in comfort. Drivers looking to be greener can, instead opt for cars with smaller engines that are still adequately powerful. Another major benefit can be had by simply opting for a diesel-powered car instead of one that runs on petrol.
2. Green Fuel
To the extent that they are available, green fuels can help to minimise the environmental impact of a car journey. Cars and lorries running diesel can handle a mixture of regular mineral diesel and up to 5% biodiesel, which is a renewable fuel that burns cleanly. Some diesel cars can run on pure biodiesel as well. Vehicles that run on petrol can always handle a mixture of up to 10% bioethanol, which is a clean alcohol-based fuel derived from corn, sugar or other feed stocks. Flexible fuel vehicles can run on E85, which is a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. For journeys in cars powered by regular petrol, drivers should always use fuel with the correct RON rating. Fuel with too little octane will make the engine run inefficiently while too much octane will lead to unburned fuel passing through the exhaust pipe.
3. Drive Smoothly at the Speed Limit
Cruise control does more than let a driver rest their right foot — it also saves petrol. Driving smoothly at a set speed allows the engine and transmission to find an efficient power band and not to have to waste fuel by accelerating to make up for when the driver lets the car lose speed. Setting the car at the speed limit reduces the fuel-wasting aerodynamic drag that increases at higher rates of speed, as well.
4. Use GPS Tracking
Using GPS helps in many ways. GPS systems prevent drivers from getting lost and also help drivers to find the shortest and most efficient routes. Some GPS vehicle trackers can also report back to the driver with an accurate indication of their travelling speed to help them better choose an efficient rate. Finally, drivers in commercial or fleet cars with vehicle trackers are typically much more efficient drivers, since having their workplace know their driving habits makes them more sensitive to such things as speed limits.
5. Good Car Maintenance
Keeping a car well maintained will make it more reliable for a longer period of time and enable it to burn less petrol. Simply keeping the tyres at a proper air pressure can reduce fuel consumption by 10%. Replacing a clogged air filter can do the same, and something as simple as washing the car can increase efficiency by one or two miles per gallon.
Making a car journey more environmentally sensitive is an easy thing to do. The combination of today’s GPS vehicle trackers and green fuel technology with old-fashioned common sense can lead to a greener planet for the future. | <urn:uuid:64ec4e5c-a55e-4dee-9245-4ce0de1e05dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://greenerideal.com/guides/5-ways-make-car-journeys-planet-friendly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95433 | 616 | 2.90625 | 3 |
As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases.
For your working needs, you may need a tile saw. For that, you may need to rent or purchase a tile saw. But in the market, you will get various options because every company manufactures different tile saw types.
For that, you may get confused about choosing the perfect size tile saw for your work.
Don’t get confused. This article will bear you some idea about what size tile saw you need according to your work. Then you will easily come out from confusion and can choose your tile saw size easily.
Tile saw selection idea
Tile saw selection is the initiative in achieving knowledgeable-looking tile jobs. This is often true, no matter whether you’re cutting ceramic tile porcelain, marble, granite, or other flooring material.
Before selecting some questions that may be wandering in your head, let’s find out what!
- Size of the tile saw machine
- Size of tile saw blades
- Cutting length
- What am I cutting
- What is my budget
Let’s discuss detailed on this tile selection topic.
Size of the tile saw machine
Size isn’t a huge thing anyway will depend upon whether you will be moving it, beginning with one spot then onto the following. A successfully conservative tile saw is more useful than one, which is powerful except if you expect to present it until the end of time.
If you are working inside a limited space, you should get a bit of an estimated machine and the reverse way around.
Size of the tile saw blades
Size is the most important while doing the cutting job. Because in every section, size matters.
Every machine structure is limited, and most people expect that it will go beyond the limit. The primary concern is that it will not, though.
Tile saw blades are available in different diameters. But the perfect size of the tile saw blades mainly starts from the 7-10inch diameter. The 7-inch diameter blade can cut around 2inches in depth.
On the other hand, the depth increases when you pick a large blade one by one. At the maximum blade size, I mean that at 10 inches, this increases a little bit about 2.4-2.6 inches depth.
On the packaging on the box of tile saw, the manufacturer labels blades can go up to 10 inches. So, while buying, check the box carefully. Sometimes they didn’t give us the label size that they advertised.
You may find 40-300 centimeters height range tiles in the market, but 40-60 is the standard range of tile, so if you take a 100-centimeter cutting length table. You can do your work well.
What I am cutting
The solid the material, the harder it will be to cut. Clay tile isn’t hard to cut. Clay is delicately contrasted with rock which is very hard and typically requires a mechanized saw, yet you need a special blade.
A manual tile saw will be beyond anyone’s expectations for the client who needs to cut 12-inch stoneware tile and only necessities to cover 100 square feet or something to that effect.
The hand tile saw will not work for a task with a significant surface impression with huge, substantial, difficult-to-cut tiles.
What is my budget
At long last, consider the sum you need to spend on your tile saw. A decent-quality manual tile saw will run from $30 to $40.
That is, a very decent person can foresee a mortgage holder tiling a little restroom or ledge looking at that as an expert tile worker for hire would charge about $40 each hour for his time alone.
Tile cutters like those have seat top style with 4-7inch edges, and they will cost around $50 to $100.These cutters are still most appropriate to property holders or DIY clients with more modest positions, yet they will eliminate quicker and diminish position time.
More extensive and heavier mechanized tile saws are much quicker. These tile saws normally go with a stand and high cutoff water. A 7inch tile saw like this ought to have the option to make up to a 13-inch tear cut.
This kind of saw is mainly for experienced property holders and expert project workers. I hope to pay $200 to $500 for this sort of tile saw. Workers for hire who need to cut a ton of tile or who have difficult tasks need hardware to coordinate.
These types of saws weigh 150 pounds, and they have more various speed, belt drive engines.
The tables they use for cutting are wide and long, which enables them to cut huge tiles. For getting a custom miter or calculated cut, you can add it additionally. You will pay $400 and up for this sort of expert gear.
Can I use a regular saw to cut tile?
Yes, of course, you can cut. but cutting with a regular saw won’t give you smooth edges.
How can I cut tile like a pro?
You need to cut slowly and try to maintain a straight line. If you do this way, you will cut like a pro.
Do you start from the center when tiling?
Yes. Starting from the center helps me to follow the pattern easily and helps me to cut perfectly.
Does cutting tile create dust?
Yes, cutting tile can create dust. For that, you should wear a mask. Neither can it cause you to dust allergy.
Will a tile saw cut wood?
No, you can’t. Because whenever you try to use it on the wood, it would likely jam or damage the blade.
Will a tile saw blade cut you?
Yes, of course. If you pushed the saw blade harder towards your skin, it could easily cut or burn your skin.
How long a low-quality tile blade last?
Working with a low-quality blade with proper technique can be used for around 12 hours.
Years of working experience with a tile saw or the other saw helped me know what to choose and how to choose. It mainly depends on what purpose you will use the tile saw, and that’s how you will get your answer about what size tile saw you need.
That information that I gave you earlier hope will help you find the perfect size for your work. I hope you will be helped by reading this. | <urn:uuid:c2ec1e62-64da-41f5-887a-eb3113e55a77> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://toolsgig.com/what-size-tile-saw-do-i-need/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.934176 | 1,334 | 1.9375 | 2 |
The SIP-I circuit switched core network supports the IP transport mechanism. The passage of compressed speech at variable bit rates is possible through the CS core network.
The CS core network shall employ the MSC server, GMSC server and media gateways. The GMSC server and MSC server shall provide the call control and mobility management functions, and the media gateway shall provide the bearer control and transmission resource functions. The media gateway shall contain the stream manipulating functions.
The GMSC server and MSC servers are connected to the media gateway via the Mc reference point. The MSC servers and GMSC servers are connected with the Nc reference point. There may be a number of call control transit nodes between the MSC server and GMSC server in the Nc reference point. The MGWs are connected with the Nb reference point.
The users connected to the CS core network shall not be aware whether a MSC server - media gateway combination is used or a monolithic MSC is used.
The protocol used on the Nc interface shall be a SIP-I call control profile supporting the IP transport mechanism for the ISDN service set, allowing the physical separation of the call control entities from the media transport entities.
H.248 has been developed within the ITU-T, and supports a separation of call control entities from media transport entities. H.248 is used on the Mc interface between the (G)MSC servers and the media gateway.
A (G)MSC-Server may support one or several of the following optional MGW selection procedures:
"Optimised MGW selection"
A (G)MSC Server may indicate at the initial SIP-I SDP offer the selected MGW identity in a SIP-I message to enable the receiver of the SIP-I message to select the same MGW, if it has a Mc H.248 gateway control protocol interface to this MGW.
"Deferred MGW selection"
The deferred MGW selection procedure provides the opportunity for the receiver of a SIP-I message to select the MGW it prefers and to send back the identity of the MGW to the preceding node in order to enable that node to select the same MGW.
Additionally the procedure allows the offerer to send a "proposed" MGW identity to the next SIP-I node, which may be taken into account when the succeeding node seizes a MGW.
Additionally the procedure allows the offerer to send to the next SIP-I node a list of "additionally proposed" MGW identities that may be proposed in addition to the "proposed" MGW Identity, which may be taken into account when the succeeding node seizes a MGW.
A GMSC-Server or Intermediate Node may support the following optional MGW selection procedures:
For call scenarios where there is no need for the GMSC server to manipulate the bearer, the GMSC Server may perform call control signalling without any associated MGW by transparently relaying bearer related information (e.g. connection addresses) from the preceding/succeeding nodes. If the (G)MSC server applies the MGW bypass this has the effect that if the succeeding node inserts a MGW this MGW performs the task of terminating the external bearer , i.e. it acts as point of ingress of the user plane from the external network.
The general call establishment procedures to allow "Optimised MGW selection"
, "Deferred MGW selection"
, and "MGW bypass"
are described in clause 4.4.2
, clause 4.4.3
and clause 4.4.5
, respectively. When applied these procedures shall be combined with the normal call establishment procedures as described in clause 6 | <urn:uuid:384e27bc-9b3f-4837-9f1f-6e174d826980> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tech-invite.com/3m23/toc/tinv-3gpp-23-231_b.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.85631 | 803 | 1.53125 | 2 |
At the life stage called Adolescence (defined as a transitional stage of physical and psychological development that generally occurs during the period from puberty to legal adulthood), the sometimes moody, awkward, depressive and even suicidal behaviour of young individuals is routinely blamed on hormones and/or the somewhat euphemistic growing pains. But it seems strange that at… Continue reading Resigned
The linear/spectrum model doesn’t explain autism and the fact that there are probably as many types/grades of it as there are sufferers (we’re not suffering by the way, we’re just being treated differently for not being average). Our tangental leaps away from the accepted line of average, or from the supposed spectrum result in us… Continue reading global positioning system
168 (hours in a week) X 52 (weeks in a year) = 8736 hours 365 (1 hour a day for a year) = 4% of 8736. 4% of your time is all you need to create a life of freedom, one action at a time.
You might be a Marie Kondo convert by now; everyone else seems to be. Marie is the women behind the best seller decluttering sensation that is The Life Changing Magic of Tidying. In the book Marie lays out her system for decluttering any physical space. The only problem is that early on in the book,… Continue reading Final resting place
A key theme running through this blog over the years has been the need for peasants and freedom seekers like us to create and utilise Assets. This pattern of living copies the cleverest of the strategies of the landed gentry, hopefully without aping their sometimes less than caring attitudes towards others. Without formal education in… Continue reading Spend
Happy New Year! A somewhat vacuous statement that we’ll hear for a day or so this week. But how can we ensure that this year will indeed be a happy one? Well, we can continue our search for true freedom, the freedom to choose what we do every day instead of dancing to someone else’s… Continue reading Our Human Condition | <urn:uuid:f57290c1-f6e0-4c5d-8a66-adff72e5ba35> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://restless-peasant.net/author/gideon-knox/page/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.929984 | 427 | 1.632813 | 2 |
Hello dear friends! How are you doing? Hope everyone is fine these days. Today I am hoping to discuss another interesting topic. This is a topic which is never been discussed in the myexamnote until now. Although from today onwards I hope to write more articles about this. So let’s see what is the topic for today. So today’s topic is an introduction to cryptography concepts.
Firstly let’s see what kind of thing today we are going to talk about? We are going to talk about a concept related to information security. Security is an important topic in today’s world. People need their privacy. Therefore information systems must provide security functionality. There are many ways to protect information system security. We can identify cryptography as one. So from this article, we hope to learn about cryptography and basic cryptography theories. Which ultimately helps you to understand cryptography. Now let’s see today’s outline.
- What is security?
- What is system security?
- What security can provide?
- System Vulnerability
- System Threat
- Types of Attacks
- Passive Attacks
- Active Attacks
- Security Services
- Concepts Related to Cryptography
What is security?
First of all, let’s understand what is security? I hope all of you know already know what is security. Yet we will discuss it from another perspective. People have their belongings. Some people will try to steal it or destroy it. Therefore people have to protect them. The protection which provides to peoples’ belongings can know as security.
What is system security?
Nowadays people use information systems. Everywhere we can see information systems. People give their personal, confidential details to those systems. Actually, information is a very valuable asset if you use it correctly. For different marketing or to do strategic things, information can help. Therefore people can try to trespass or steal or destroy information. As an example to do marketing people sell email addresses. By sending emails, and newsletters and updating customers about products persuade them to buy products. Businesses can increase their sales by doing so. Therefore they purchase email addresses.
If someone is having a personal issue with someone they are trying to damage their image. So if there is an information system which is lack security it can easily do a negative thing. As an example just thinks about social media if they can steal one person’s login details and post something negative it will end up very badly. Therefore it is mandatory to provide information system security to stop such things.
What security can provide?
- Prevent stealing information.
- Prevent damaging, modifying information
- Prevent unauthorized access.
Now let’s move on to discuss today’s topic theories.
Vulnerability is a weakness in information system security. Then where are the places that can have weaknesses in a system? A system is built with design, architecture, logic so on. So those will be the places that can have vulnerabilities. As an example If the system is made with poor logic, it has a vulnerability. If the architecture is not designed properly that is also the same.
A system threat is an instance that can cause a potential loss or harm to the system. A vulnerability has the probability of being a threat. If I give you an example, If a building has a crack it is a vulnerability. Why? because it is a weakness. The building may fall down or may not. If the building falls down then the people inside it can get hurt. So getting injured, harmed, and wounded are the threats.
Types of Attacks
They are several attack types are available these days. Mainly we can group them into two categories. They are the active attacks and the passive attacks. So now we are going to learn about those two attack types.
In passive attacks, attackers try to learn or make use of the information in the system. They do not affect the system’s resources. As examples of passive attacks, we can take eavesdropping, monitoring, obtain message contents. In eavesdropping, they are secretly listening to the conversation. Let’s assume there are two friends who are Alice and Bob. So they are talking with each other. The attacker will try to get into the conversation and look at it. He or she will not edit it. Therefore these kinds of attacks are difficult to identify because they are not doing anything to system resources.
The active attacks are easy to identify. In active attacks, the attacker tries to alter the content. Therefore the end party will receive another message. Because of that in the end with the communication of both parties or because of content change we can identify there was an attack.
So far we are discussing topics related to information security. There are other important concepts about how security ensures. Security is ensured as different concepts. So now we are going to learn about them. Mainly security maintains under five concepts. They are Authentication, Access control, Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, and Non-reputation.
Authentication – This is the primary concept every system maintains. Before a user logs into a system the first thing that will be checked is authentication. Most people confuse the concepts of authorization and authentication. Those are two different things. They are not the same things. Authentication means we check whether the accessing user is the actual user. If we create a new login for our new employee Nolle we are checking Nolle login or not. Because only Nolle has her username and password. In authorization what happens is we check whether the user is authorized to log in to the system. Example username, password.
Access Control – In the access control, we create different access methods for different roles. From this, we prevent irrelevant people from getting or accessing the details. This is acting as a privileged method also. Example NTFS permission
Confidentiality – In these mechanisms, we protect the data. If the data is available in the raw format anyone can read, and modify it. Therefore from this, we change the format of data such as unreadable to unauthorized people. It is a kind of encapsulation. We are changing the format it stores So if someone read it they can’t understand the data. We can take the example of encryption.
Integrity – From the integrity, we assure that data is not altered. Apart from that integrity also make sure the data is from the original source. On the internet, there are a lot of fake sources. Therefore we can make sure the source is the original and is not altered. Example Hash function.
Availability – In this mechanism, we assure data is available. As important as it is to protect from malicious people it is also important to available those data for usage.
Non-reputation – Protection against denial by one of the parties in a communication. Example digital certificate.
Concepts Related to Cryptography
|Encryption||The process of encoding a message in a way its meaning is not understandable or visible.|
|Decryption||Transfering the encrypted text or the cipher text into its original format which is the human-readable format.|
|Plaintext||Original message before encryption.|
|Key||The value used for encryption.|
|Algorithm||The rules are used to convert the plain text to cipher text.|
So now I am going to conclude this post. I hope you got the idea of encryption concepts. I hope this will help you to understand the encryption concepts better. From here onwards we are going to discuss encryption algorithms types, famous encryption algorithms, and how they work. I invite all of you to read these detailed articles and grab knowledge about them. Keep in touch with our newer articles. If you have any comments please comment below. Goodbye, all. | <urn:uuid:5f712f6b-709e-4bfb-a976-eea46cae304e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://myexamnote.com/introduction-to-cryptography-concepts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.94285 | 1,630 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Report: Rethinking infrastructure and cities for a Covid-19 world: A UKCRIC prospectus
UKCRIC sets out its approach to managing the impacts of the pandemic as it relates to infrastructure and cities research
Established in 2015 as the UK’s interdisciplinary infrastructure and urban systems hub, UKCRIC brings together hundreds of researchers in 15 internationally recognised UK universities. It was funded as a geographically dispersed proto-institute to establish the national-scale, regionally-led collaborative research needed to transform the UK’s infrastructure and urban systems for net zero, safe, healthy, resilient and sustainable living; to generate economic opportunities for the UK; and to drive economic growth through improving skills provision and levelling up. Its systemic approach is essential to de-risking the UK’s planned £600Bn 10-year investment in infrastructure and urban systems engineering.
Deliberately rejecting the idea of a single geographical centre, UKCRIC Phase 1 (completing in March 2022) has:
UKCRIC’s Scientific Missions and Research Routemaps play directly to the UK Government’s goals of net zero carbon and levelling up, supporting the UK National Infrastructure Strategy’s (NIS’s) call for an ambitious programme to rebuild “fairer, faster and greener”. The NIS calls for an “infrastructure revolution”, driven by skills, research and innovation.
Fundamental to the delivery of the NIS – and aligning with UKCRIC’s vision, mission and capabilities – is the understanding that “Infrastructure underpins the economy. Transport, digital, energy and utility networks are vital for jobs, businesses and economic growth. But they also have a profound impact on people’s daily lives.” The NIS recognises that infrastructure will not level up Britain on its own. “We must work on skills, on research and on innovation to create new, wealth-generating clusters across the country.” This is exactly what UKCRIC is doing and can continue to do, dependent on the availability of further support.
Infrastructure and cities research crosses disciplines and specialisms. UKCRIC necessarily has strong connections with other national research institutes including Alan Turing (data and digital), Henry Royce (materials), the National Composites Centre, the Productivity Institute and the Active Building Centre – catalysing a network of the UK’s leading research institutes. Amongst its routes to creating change, it is actively supporting the National Infrastructure Commission (NIC), the Infrastructure and Projects Authority (IPA) Project-X and the Climate Change Committee (CCC). UKCRIC is advising on major projects such as HS2, the Oxford-Cambridge Arc and the Highways England Smart Motorways Programme, as well as on underpinning aspects of the Critical National Infrastructure and the Union Connectivity reviews. UKCRIC also has well-established collaborations with leading infrastructure and cities research institutions globally including the Australian SMART Infrastructure Facility, JPI Urban Europe and TU Delft Next Generation Infrastructure.
UKCRIC is committed to strengthening the contributions that resilient infrastructure systems and cities make to UK Government priorities: net zero carbon emissions; sustainable, economic growth; quality of life; innovation and competitiveness; productivity; and social equity. It is a key provider of the skills, collaborations, research and innovation required to support Government priorities and the National Infrastructure Strategy.
UKCRIC’s Contribution to the National Infrastructure Strategy
Driving recovery and rebuilding the economy
The construction industry is set to play a major role in society’s recovery from Covid, but this must be within the context of the overarching need to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions, avoid pollution, foster biodiversity and use the earth’s resources sustainably. UKCRIC’s test facilities were specifically designed to address the entirety of this multifaceted challenge, not just the construction and engineering elements, including understanding how people interact in, and with, different environments. UKCRIC’s Scientific Missions and Research Routemaps drive the underpinning science, engineering and digital technologies as well as the new governance and business models needed to balance risk and be responsive to innovation and change.
Levelling up and strengthening the Union
UKCRIC has a presence in every region of England and in Scotland and will shortly expand into Wales and Northern Ireland. This geographically dispersed network supports regional growth and productivity and generates intensive collaboration between academic institutions from different parts of the UK alongside deepening and productive relationships with the private sector, local government, investors, citizens and communities. UKCRIC spreads leadership roles to benefit from UK-wide perspectives and its Scientific Missions enable its researchers to engage and develop their research within regional, national and international frames of reference. UKCRIC’s Doctoral Academy and Post-doctoral, Early Career Researcher and CPD Training Centre provide a pipeline of highly skilled professionals in, and able to work across, a multiplicity of disciplines and sector specialisms. Through UKCRIC, the latest cities and infrastructure research, systems thinking and transdisciplinary research skills are being embedded into the nation’s undergraduate and graduate courses producing the UK’s next generation of cutting-edge professionals and graduates.
Decarbonising the economy and adapting to climate change: putting the UK on the path to meeting its net zero emissions target by 2050
UKCRIC gives the UK the opportunity to unlock the globally significant potential that infrastructure and cities have to catalyse progress towards an economically vibrant, sustainable, resilient, net zero future. UKCRIC has the capacity and balance of expertise needed to meet demanding net zero targets. Evidenced in UKCRIC’s work with the Oxford-Cambridge Arc, East West Rail and HS2, UKCRIC’s Urban Observatories and DAFNI provide the real-time data, digital twin, modelling and simulation capabilities that are essential for de-risking net zero policies and practices. UKCRIC’s laboratories provide the test facilities needed for net zero solutions, such as affordable electrification and decarbonised concrete, to be implemented with confidence.
Supporting private investment in infrastructure
Current tools for planning complex infrastructure and urban environments are not sophisticated enough to be able to identify all the value that will be created, or to model completely the risks; both are essential to attracting private investment. Through its Scientific Missions and Research Routemaps, UKCRIC is addressing the multi-levelled challenges associated with attracting and deploying capital and operational investments in formats that meet shifting provision requirements in the short-run (e.g., rapid strategic realignments), while also attaining value-for-money in the long-term (e.g., slower-paced asset and service evolution). For major capital investment, this means that ownership structures and financial strategies must align if they are to deliver at the necessary pace. For day-to-day maintenance, the evaluation, renewal and maintenance of existing assets must be ‘future proofed’, bridging to appropriate alternatives when assets are at the end of their lives.
Accelerating and improving delivery
UKCRIC’s facilities place the UK at the forefront of the global quest to develop national digital twins that can be used to simulate, test and optimise complex systems. By 2028 the global digital twin market size is expected to reach USD 86Bn, with 30% of this in Europe. Development of a distributed national infrastructure digital twin will provide the evidence needed to make key investment decisions, including how to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions, with lower risk and higher confidence. It enables long-term planning, predictive maintenance and real-time infrastructure systems control and would be an asset of worldwide significance, helping to strengthen the UK economy by delivering to a global infrastructure marketplace. | <urn:uuid:f6c31e43-5718-470e-8a9a-c381ab88523f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ukcric.com/our-work/insight-supporting-delivery-of-government-priorities-and-the-national-infrastructure-strategy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.908625 | 1,614 | 1.8125 | 2 |
An AI tool can assist you in improving the process of creating content, and ultimately increase the quality of your content. If you select the wrong AI tool, you might end having content that is not in line with your objectives or can even damage your reputation. Instead, search for AI tools that improve the quality of the final content as well as your workflow. Here are some things to consider before you use AI to create content. Social Media Content Ai
Rytr – Social Media Content Ai
If you’ve ever wondered how to use artificial intelligence for your writing, Rytr is the answer. This AI software for copywriting can create content for you, while also comparing it against the Grammarly plagiarism checker before it is published online. You can create and share text in just minutes with Rytr’s easy, intuitive interface, and you won’t have to learn much about writing to benefit from its services. The main purpose of the system is to create unique and professional sentences that are easy to accessible for sharing.
You can tweak the output by altering the keywords and tone. The platform also offers the History tab that lets you view and edit previous content generated with Rytr. This will allow you to decide if you need more or less creativity. You can also keep a note of the characters you use to ensure that your content does not contain plagiarism. Rytr supports 29 languages including Hindi. Rytr is accessible both Mac and PC, and can be used for a variety different tasks. Social Media Content Ai
To produce a variety content users can select from a variety of tones, including English, German, English and French. You can also choose the tone you want to use from the drop-down list next to the language option. The tones provided by Rytr can be tailored to the target audience, and the program will then work to produce content in the tone you select. There are some limitations however, Rytr has plenty of room for growth.
Rytr is a fantastic tool for creating web-based content. You can write up to 5000 words per month with the free version. To gain full access to the program, you’ll have to purchase credits. They’re affordable and can be used at any time. If you’re looking for more advanced features, you can also subscribe to a paid plan. The premium plans have unlimited usage.
If you’re a blogger, Rytr can even create subheadings for your blog posts. Rytr will generate content ideas for you based on the topic and keywords. You can take these ideas as a source of an inspiration for your own posts, or paste them into your blog interface. Rytr provides tools for content suggestions that can help you improve existing text or create new ones.
In the majority of cases, Rytr’s AI has a good understanding of written English. It provides tips for video scripts and even helps you write the description for the videos. It can also be used by authors who have trouble with writing articles and books. It also assists them in finding keywords for their content. Rytr is available Rytr for free to test its abilities or sign up for a monthly subscription for more advanced features. Social Media Content Ai
Conversion AI is the best tool to create captivating copy. It makes use of artificial intelligence to comprehend the business of its clients, then automatically generates content that is customized to their needs. The tool is easy to use and allows marketers to input keywords and other content with an intuitive interface. There are three levels of subscriptions including Ultimate, Standard and Starter. Each plan includes unlimited words per month, up to 20,000 words per project folder, and SEO mode.
Although the software is free, it could be extremely profitable in the near future. If you’re willing to work from home, you can hire an AI writer. This is a great option to produce content with a limited budget. Unlike a freelance writer, you won’t need to lease office space or pay a monthly cost. The software also offers a variety templates, including blog posts and research papers, as well as novels of full length.
Conversion AI is a program known as Jasper AI. It allows you to input content for copywriting and edit the results based upon your goals for conversion. The program makes use of web-based data to create conversion-oriented copy. You can also choose to use 55 templates that convert readers into customers. Jasper AI can come up with ideas, so you can use it for better sales copy and intros. If you’re not sure of how to approach your conversion copywriting project You can seek assistance from an expert. Social Media Content Ai
Conversion AI content has been optimized for SEO which will improve the chances of being discovered by the targeted keywords. You can use customizable templates to add specific keywords to create articles that appeal specifically to your target market. These articles are interesting and distinctive, and are sure to drive conversions. These articles can be used to create social media marketing, blog post outline, or video descriptions. The AI can also suggest blog topics to suit a variety of topics. Aside from blog posts, Conversion AI also creates content for other uses such as cold emails, digital marketing, scripts, and social media.
If you want your copywriting to be effective and relevant you’ll need an application that can produce targeted content. Conversion AI works with Open AI GPT-3 technology to create content that is suitable for conversion. Once you’ve learned to write articles for your social media site, blog posts, and articles The program will automatically create content for you. You can then edit it as needed and see the results of the automated conversion.
Conversion AI boasts more reports than Anyword in addition to its advanced features. Conversion AI has automated keyword research, plagiarism detection and unique content creation. You will also receive detailed reports for every line of text. Both tools are worth a look and can help you write the best content for your website. Your budget and needs will determine which tool is the best fit for you. The decision is ultimately up to you, but be sure to consider these factors before making a decision.
Rytr’s GPT-3 Model
A deep neural network that learns can create convincing text but this doesn’t mean it’s perfect. Although the GPT-3 model is able to produce content similar to what humans write however, it’s not fully capable of replacing human content writers. This new model is trained on internet text, so it has the same biases that make humans so terrible writers. Research by the Middlebury Institute for International Studies revealed that GPT-3 is particularly adept at creating radical texts. This includes discourses that imitate conspiracy theories and white supremacists. This means it could be used to automate hate speech, which raises concerns regarding its misuse and misuse. Social Media Content Ai
Writers provide “seed text” for their AI to create content. These seed texts contain the title of the article, a short description of the piece, and as many keywords as they can be accommodated within the space. The AI can provide different variations on a topic and also handle natural language queries. It can even provide variations on the theme. Whether your content is intended to be used for SEO or marketing, Rytr is an excellent choice.
Utilizing Rytr to create content is not a quick solution. First, you need to know the subject, which you should know inside and out. Although this is an ambitious goal, it will require some effort. The GPT-3 model of creating AI content uses Wikipedia and a variety of other reliable resources to produce results. The only disadvantage of using Rytr is that you’ll need to supervise the process because it’s not a self-learning system.
GPT-3’s inability to read and study text outside of it is a further drawback. It can only collect information after it has been trained. This means that it is more likely to write outdated information. It isn’t able to mimic famous authors, which could make the process more complex. Rytr’s AI software is able to detect plagiarism and has 20 distinct tones. It also has 30 different use scenarios. It’s up to you if you’re looking for information on a current topic or you need to write a lengthy essay on a particular topic.
Rytr’s AI software allows users to create chat dialogues as well as comics and quizzes. The vast amount of internet text is used to teach the system. While it’s not as effective as Jasper, its short-form content can be edited manually. Rytr or GPT-3 are two AI solutions for creating content.
While the GPT-3 model is the first AI copywriting tool, it doesn’t replace human copywriting. It can improve the speed of writing but also produce a sloppy text. It can also make it feel like you are writing in a foreign tongue. Rytr’s GPT-3 algorithm to create AI content can still be useful if you’re trying to be innovative and create quality content quickly. Social Media Content Ai | <urn:uuid:532d0ac4-d708-4fd5-8761-1d0350838872> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://landmarktraffic.com/social-media-content-ai/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.934871 | 1,890 | 1.65625 | 2 |
As leaders in online education and learning to code, we’ve taught over 50 million people using a tested curriculum and an interactive learning environment. Online learning & virtual tech camps (id tech) 7.
That’s quite a bold statement.
Free online coding classes by google. Online programming classes (code advantage) if you want to teach your kids coding from an early age to prepare them for the future, then we have created a list of best nine coding for kids courses, classes, tutorials,. Python for everybody by coursera; More than 100 classes, coding tutorials, practice challenges, data projects, and more.
You can choose the course based on your current experience level and the direction that you would like to grow in. The best free online coding classes 1. We also have thousands of freecodecamp study groups around the world.
Coding is the act of using a programming or scripting language such as html5, java, python, or others to build software, apps, and websites into existence. The class includes written materials, lecture videos, and lots of code exercises to practice python coding. Begin coding through quick, fun lessons on your phone.
Excel skills for business by coursera; Agupieware is a free online curriculum based on courses offered by mit, carnegie mellon, berkeley, stanford, and columbia. Following is a handpicked list of the best free online course providers, with their popular features and website links.
Ibm data science by coursera; You will not be disappointed with upskill if you want to improve your practical coding skills quickly. Ideal for introducing kids to coding:
The list has both free coding classes and paid courses. This course is a great place to build a solid programming foundation. Private online classes for kids (juni learning) 9.
Best online coding courses & classes. The learning is totally flexible and you'll also receive a free certificate upon completion of the course. Learn the technical skills you need for the job you want.
Free google online courses and trainings. These 10 sites offer excellent online coding courses for free. Cs first is a free computer science curriculum that anyone can teach.
Codeacademy is an interactive platform offering free online coding classes in 12 different languages: Put your learning into practice with full projects on your laptop or tablet. To help people learn to code for free.
Google it support by coursera; Online courses certification live training remote working tools & resources help & faqs feedback sign in register In addition to their wide array of both free and paid courses, the site offers a ton of free information about the different programming languages.
Grasshopper is available on ios, android, and all web browsers. Best free online course providers. Your progress syncs seamlessly between devices.
Bitdegree is an excellent resource for those just getting started with coding. Discover a range of free learning content designed to help grow your business or. In this program, you’ll find 15 different courses which are further broken down into 3 introductory classes, 7 core classes, and 5 electives.
Class central has a seemingly endless amount of free online courses, including from ivy leagues, on topics from coding to literature to women’s studies and more. They are introduced to concepts like data types,variables, loops, functions, etc. Featuring free access to python, sql, git, and much more.
Apr 1, 2020 · 3 min read. 10 best sites for free coding courses. The courses are offered by leading institutions like the university of michigan and the university of colorado, as well as top companies like google and ibm.
35 free online courses created in collaboration with leading australian universities: In as little as five minutes a day, you can complete lessons, quizzes and visual puzzles to build your coding skills. Free workshops every friday by experts on coding, data, marketing, ux design, and more | <urn:uuid:06e6d922-2fc6-4b95-bcd0-1b0f3a0c74d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.barcampmedellin.co/free-online-coding-classes-by-google/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.916358 | 1,079 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Plot lineweights is enabled. Scale lineweights is enabled. Lineweights in the drawing are set to a thick width. A lineweight override is set for specific objects.
Considering this, how do I fix thick lines in AutoCAD?
Similarly, how do you reduce line thickness in AutoCAD layout? Look down at the bottom of you screen, you’ll see an icon with LWT. You can toggle it on or off, also right click for settings. A lot of people are using line weights instead of line widths because of the amount of control over them.
Also, why is my polyline drawing thick in AutoCAD? Causes: The Polyline has a global width that is set to a thicker lineweight in the drawing.
Beside above, why lines are not smooth in AutoCAD? In AutoCAD 2019 and newer, the Details button must be clicked in order to see its checkbox. In AutoCAD 2016 and 2017, Smooth Line Display cannot be turned on unless High Quality Geometry is first enabled. Enter HQGEOM on the command line and set it to On and then turn on LINESMOOTHING.Click Show/Hide Lineweight Find on the status bar. The status bar is located in the lower right-hand corner of the application window. If no change is visible, it’s probably due to a combination of the thickness of the line compared to the display resolution of your monitor.
- 1 How do I change the default line thickness in AutoCAD?
- 2 How do you change the line thickness in AutoCAD 2020?
- 3 Which button is used to change the thickness of a line?
- 4 How do you change the line thickness in AutoCAD 2021?
- 5 How do I turn off global width in AutoCAD?
- 6 Is line thickness the same a polyline width?
- 7 How do I change the width of a polyline line in AutoCAD?
- 8 How do I make lines smoother in AutoCAD?
- 9 How do you smooth polylines?
- 10 How do you fix blocky circles in AutoCAD?
How do I change the default line thickness in AutoCAD?
You can change the default lineweight. To change the DEFAULT lineweight, choose Tools > Drawing Settings, click the Display tab, click the Lineweights tab, and then select a new default.
How do you change the line thickness in AutoCAD 2020?
- Click Home tab Properties panel Lineweight. Find.
- In the Lineweight drop-down list, choose Lineweight Settings.
- In the Lineweight Settings dialog box, choose a lineweight.
Answer. blob brush tool is used to change the thickness of a line.
How do you change the line thickness in AutoCAD 2021?
- Make sure no objects are selected.
- If the Properties palette is not displayed, click View tab Palettes Properties. Find.
- In the Properties window, under General, enter the value for Thickness. When new objects are created, they have the specified 3D thickness.
How do I turn off global width in AutoCAD?
If you need to set all of your plines to a single width, open the properties window, type qselect, change object type to “polyline”, set operator to “select all”, then click ok. Changing the global width to 0.25 in the properties window is all you have to do.
Is line thickness the same a polyline width?
Think of thickness as the height of the line or how tall it is (like a fence in your yard). This is different from the width of the line that you learned in the polyline lesson or lineweight (which is a display property).
How do I change the width of a polyline line in AutoCAD?
To apply width to an existing polyline, type “PE” on the command line and press “Enter.” Then select the polyline for which you want to change the width. Select the width option from the command line and enter the value of the width you want to apply on this polyline.
How do I make lines smoother in AutoCAD?
How do you smooth polylines?
Enter f (Fit) to create an arc-fit polyline, a smooth curve consisting of arcs joining each pair of vertices. Enter s (Spline) to create an approximation of a spline. Enter d (Decurve) to remove extra vertices inserted by a fit or spline curve and to straighten all segments of the polyline.
How do you fix blocky circles in AutoCAD?
Go to Display > Display resolution section. Increase the value of Arc and circle smoothness. | <urn:uuid:53dad89a-ab57-4bbb-82a2-d48e3e00712c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tutocad.com/faq/why-are-my-lines-thick-in-autocad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.845208 | 1,023 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Whatsapp Web enables you to access your Whatsapp account using a web browser. We all know that there’s no Whatsapp app for a computer device, but if you want to access your Whatsapp content to perform all your Whatsapp activities on your PC, you can only do that through the Whatsapp Web.
Whatsapp messenger is a free mobile app for sending and receiving instant messages, voice and video calls and also for sharing files images and videos. Users can share content with, chat and connect to other Whatsapp users in their contact list without delay. The application is free, reliable, simple and secure to use. However, you can get the app by visiting the app store or google play store on your mobile phone for easy downloading and installation.
The Web a very easy means to access Whatsapp and it is also safe. On the Web, users can send and receive messages from their Whatsapp friend list. They can also view or access all the media content as well. So to use this platform, you only need to sync your mobile. I don’t know how to Sync my device in other to access Whatsapp on PC? The section below will help you out.
How to Sync Whatsapp from mobile to Computer
The task is very easy, most of us make use of the Zender app to share or transfer files. It works just like the way you use the Zender app to transfer content on your device.
Steps to connect Whatsapp Web
- Navigate to your Web browser and search for www.web.whatsap.com
- It will take you to their official homepage.
- Then get your mobile phone and open the app, go to the menu button at the right top corner and click on it.
- From the pop-up list, scroll down and click on the “Whatsapp Web” button
- This will open the Whatsapp QR code scanner.
- Just place your phone camera close to your computer, to capture the code. Once it captures it, your account will show on the screen, including your previous chat and your other account content.
Note, make sure your mobile phone is close to your computer to keep it connected because it can Disconnect when it’s far from the computer.
How To log out
After accessing your account from your computer, you will like to log out to avoid other people from accessing your account, it is very simple, look at what to do here
- Go to your Whatsapp page
- Click on the menu icon represented with three dots
- Tap on Whatsapp Web button.
- On the next page scroll to the bottom of the screen and hit the “log out from all device” button | <urn:uuid:c77bf985-c124-4bf4-b8bf-cc5109101a75> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cardshure.com/whatsapp-web-how-to-access-whatsapp-from-mobile-to-your-computer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.903326 | 570 | 1.773438 | 2 |
The economic situation in the business-related services sector has remained at a constant high level in the third quarter of 1998. Merely the expectations concerning the earnings situation has improved once again as compared to the same quarter a year ago. All other business factors have remained unchanged, both compared to the same quarter one year ago, as well as to the previous quarter. Hence, for the second quarter in succession, there has been no improvement in the economic situation. The slight stagnation in the business-related services sector has thus far had no impact on the employment figures of this sector. In particular highly-qualified workers have good prospects of getting a job. Low-skilled workers and graduates with vocational training on the other hand have more reasons to fear for their jobs. It also becomes clear that process innovations – i.e. the use of new and substantially improved technologies – exert a negative influence on the demand for low-skilled staff. These are the findings of a representative survey carried out by the Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW) in Mannheim, in collaboration with the "Verband der Vereine Creditreform" in Neuss, in September 1998. The business-related services sector encompasses tax advisors and certified public auditors, business consultants, architects, technical consultants and planners, vehicle renting, machine renting, forwarders and logistic firms, software providers, advertising agencies and waste management firms. | <urn:uuid:13246af9-ba13-4d2b-a86e-b6119d5ec571> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.zew.de/en/press/latest-press-releases?amp%3BcHash=7485160176447c13b0da82e1a50875a2&%3Btx_news_pi1%5BoverwriteDemand%5D%5Bcategories%5D=44&tx_news_pi1%5B%40widget_0%5D%5BcurrentPage%5D=220&cHash=31cb8cfb7ecea58e460535403f06e13b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956229 | 285 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Every business knows the importance of data. In today’s market, data is critical for understanding the needs of your target audience, the performance of your systems and the competition landscape. Consequently, data management has become an important cornerstone in the management of businesses as more entities outsource software development.
Over the last decade, there has been a significant transformation in the database management landscape. New trends continue to emerge in database management and it is proving necessary for businesses to keep up if they want to remain relevant. This post highlights some of the top trends in database management today.
- Focus on improving database security
As mentioned, data is very valuable today. Consequently, there has been an increased threat of cyberattacks with hackers developing more innovative and sophisticated strategies to gain access to company data. This has necessitated the increased focus and efforts towards addressing security challenges.
Today, technologies such as Blockchain are being incorporated to minimize the threat of cyberattacks. Further, hardware and software configurations are becoming more sophisticated to mitigate the ability of hackers to comprise the integrity of database systems.
- Could database management
Cloud computing is not a new thing. It has been around for several decades. However, we have seen a trend where most databases are now being hosted in the cloud. From this trend, experts in the field predict that the future of database management is in the cloud. It is expected that by 2022, roughly 75% of all databases would have migrated to the cloud or would be deployed from the cloud.
The increased preference of cloud over local database warehouses is attributable to the advanced functions cloud hosting provides, scalability and ease of integration associated with cloud technologies. Further, cloud hosting provides companies with more flexibility as it expands their scope of working location with remote access while minimizing the risk of data loss.
- Automated database management
With automation, companies are now capable of eliminating the inefficiencies in their systems and processes. The world is fast-paced, and staying ahead of the competitions requires businesses to have faster and more accurate processes. The top advantages of automation in database management include:
- Consistency of output hence increased productivity and throughput
- Attainment of more stable processes
- Saves employee time to engage in other activities. It also allows you to execute parallel processes on the same database.
- Reduces errors in processes and transactions that are associated with manual database management.
- Predictive analysis
The emergence and dominance of technologies such as Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have brought new possibilities for enhanced database performance. Predictive analysis allows businesses to process, analyze and draw insights from their data much faster to make informed business decisions.
For instance, with machine learning, businesses can learn to provide personalized responses to their clients by analyzing the data for every unique user. They can then draw insights on their preferences to inform them on how best they can respond to them.
Predictive analysis is still a relatively new technology and is still under development. However, the results achieved so far suggest that leveraging the power and possibilities presented by predictive analysis and machine learning will help businesses or brands draw better insights and utilize their data more effectively.
- Outsourcing database management
Outsourcing is a common trend in software development. However, most people only think it is limited to web app development. Over recent years, outsourcing database management has become increasingly common. More companies are moving overseas for their database management solutions.
The increasing preference for outsourcing in software development is attributable to the low associated costs and assured quality of services. These reasons are the same for outsourcing database management. Outsourcing the services of a company professional database management assures you quality services and minimal cost. Additionally, with outsourcing, you get minimum downtime, advanced and assured security features, and data backup and recovery.
- SQL – NoSQL bridging
There is a departure from using a single database strategy. Today, database management is adopting a database structure that combines the old SQL with the new-age NoSQL practices. For a long time, SQL has been the automatic choice for data management. However, NoSQL has emerged to be a suitable and necessary option, especially with the digitization of database management. Simply put, NoSQL can process large volumes, velocity and variety of data better.
Bridging SQL and NoSQL allows you to enjoy the capabilities of both technologies.
- Regulatory compliance
With the increased importance of data protection, governments around the world have moved in to establish various regulatory frameworks to govern the management of data. Good examples of such regulatory policies are the California Consumer Privacy Act enacted in January 2020 and the General Data Protection Regulation enforced in the European Union.
Businesses today are required to establish sufficient data protection frameworks to safeguard the data they collect from users. Further, they are obligated to inform the users of the type of personal data collected and how they intend to use the data. Various regulatory frameworks in place regarding cybersecurity that stipulate the security frameworks are also in place. Businesses have to comply with these laws and policies to protect their users from potential hackers.
Several technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, have emerged recently and brought about significant transformation in the database management landscape. They are expected to cause further disruption going forward, especially given the increased realization of the potential they have.
That said, the disruption does not mean businesses should rush to keep up. While you should strive to keep up with the current developments, the adoption of new tools and processes should facilitate improved operations and effective data management in your business. It is critical to have a proper database management strategy to govern how you handle and integrate the new trends in your operations. | <urn:uuid:488ffa3b-b0f1-4bba-993d-d61d8fdd247d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tookindstudio.com/top-trends-in-database-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.945339 | 1,137 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Africa loses 3 rhino per day.
South Africa is home to approximately 80% of the world’s wild rhino, with only an estimated 5000 black rhino and less than 20 000 white rhino remaining. In 2014 the country lost 1215 rhino to poaching. Whilst the number of rhino poached decreased to 1028 in 2017, the species remains under critical threat.
Saving the rhino goes beyond just doing the right thing. It extends further than safeguarding a mega-herbivore crucial to building and maintaining the natural ecosystems in which they and other wildlife exist. Protecting the rhino and other keystone species from poachers also means standing up against wildlife crime syndicates that threaten entire ecosystems, sustainable livelihoods and national security.
On 4 February 2014, the Dutch Postcode Lottery awarded €14.4 million from its Dream Fund to Peace Parks Foundation and WWF Netherlands to help them in their efforts to save southern Africa’s rhinoceros from extinction. In addition to this, Peace Parks Foundation received €1 million from the Swedish Postcode Lottery to combat rhino poaching. This have allowed us to initiate detailed projects as part of a multifaceted Rhino Protection Programme. The programme is also receiving additional funding and expertise from various charities, non-profit organisations and businesses as Peace Parks engages with increasing numbers of strategic partners to multiply the effect of interventions.
We work closely with the South African government and its conservation management authorities, South African National Parks (SANParks) and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (Ezemvelo), as well as with Mozambique’s National Administration for Conservation Areas, to develop and implement practical, well-considered methods through which to address issues at various critical points along the so-called ‘poaching supply chain’.
The programme has led the way in investigating a multitude of methodologies that holds potential to assist in stemming the tide of rhino poaching. From successes achieved and lessons learnt over the past few years, and in line with our overall approach to combating wildlife crime, the programme has been refined to focus on the following:
- To counter and ultimately stop the killing by enhancing protected area support on the ground, with a specific focus on disruption through technology;
- To stop the trade through harmonisation of policies, legislation and counter-trafficking activities; and
- To reduce the demand through awareness and behavioural change campaign | <urn:uuid:6b3dfae3-7603-430f-97c8-a57c9d53a31e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.peaceparks.org/how/combating-wildlife-crime/rhinoprotection/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.943282 | 506 | 2.875 | 3 |
How it's made
Each Firefly art piece is created using the ancient method of lost wax casting. These techniques have been practiced and perfected over the centuries and are used in the creation of sculptures. (Which is exactly what a jewellery piece is; a tiny, wearable sculpture:)
Intricate and very delicate finishing can be achieved with this method which, in combination with our modern equipment and technology, results in an exquisite master piece.
As all our items are hand finished and set, each jewellery piece has its own unique, handmade element. Therefore, no Firefly jewellery item will be exactly like another. | <urn:uuid:ff5ddac0-a255-4b69-aa15-3f4f1d5ed96b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fireflyjewel.co.za/how-its-made/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.943384 | 125 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Boy Scouts Fargo Center4200 19th Avenue South, Fargo, ND
This is a members-only event and is free of charge. Space is limited. Registration will close when capacity is reached.
Workforce shortages issues have created an increased emphasis on workforce development strategies. Employers need to explore all means/methods to recruit and develop the talent needed to grow their business. Thousand of post-secondary students attend our community colleges and universities. This presentation is designed to highlight the importance of creating & expanding internship opportunities with the university and community college partners as an overall recruitment/retention strategy. Hear from our local colleges on how to connect with their programs and students who will speak about their internship expectations and experiences. Receive resources that will assist you with starting your own internship program.
Cindy Boe is the Career Services Director at Minnesota State Community & Technical College in northwest Minnesota. Cindy has a Master of Science in Counseling & Student Affairs and 10 years of experience in the career services and human resources fields.
Loren Haagenson has been the Human Resource Instructor and Program Advisor at Minnesota State Community and Technical College, Moorhead MN for the past 14 years. Along with his teaching experience he also has 10 years of human resource management and supervisory leadership experience. Loren maintains his Senior Professional Human Resources (SPHR) and (SHRM-SCP) certification.
Jennifer Dahl is the Youth Office/Operation Intern Coordinator at the ND Department of Commerce. She works to promote North Dakota’s workforce and education opportunities to high school students. She also partners with Job Service in promoting internships. She received her Bachelor’s degree in management and marketing from Minot State University.
Sara Van de Streek serves as the Internship Coordinator for the NDSU Career Center. She works with students, employers and faculty to promote the internship program. She has worked at NDSU since 2007 and is a graduate of NDSU with Mass and Speech Communication degrees.
As director of the NDSU Career Center since 1998, Jill Wilkey has experience working with myriad employers and students who have experienced internships. Jill holds a Bachelor of Science degree from NDSU and has over 30 years of experience in student affairs in higher education, specifically in career development and job search techniques.
Brenda Cornell is a Business Services Consultant at Job Service North Dakota for seven years. She works to bring employers and job seekers together. She holds a BS in Business Management form Minnesota State University, Moorhead.
Tina Amerman joined Bobcat Company/Doosan in 2004 as a recruiting & staffing specialist. In her current role as Director of Human Resources, she is responsible for providing human resources to over 500 employees across multiple locations in the US, Canada and Australia based out of West Fargo, ND. She is responsible for providing HR functional leadership and direction for all non-operations functions in the areas of Organizational Design, Talent Management, Performance Management, Employee Relations, Training and Recruitment She is credited for developing an internship program which boasts over 100 students and serves as a critical talent pipeline for the entire company.
Tina graduated from University of Mary in Bismarck, ND with a Masters in Management with an emphasis in HR and BS in Business Administration.
Approved for 1.0 HR (General) credit / 1.0 SHRM credit.
Breakfast will be provided. | <urn:uuid:922f4c9a-7862-46ec-89e5-e52502b81b61> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fmhra.com/event-1850735 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.958531 | 693 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Small and medium sized businesses are an “easy target” for HMRC’s cash drive, according to UHY Hacker Young.
The top 20 firm found via HMRC’s annual report and a freedom of information request that the extra tax yield from compliance investigations into small firms by HMRC had jumped 39% in the last year. On top of taxes already paid by these businesses, HMRC took £434m in extra tax and fines in 2011/12, up from £311m in 2010/11.
Roy Maugham, tax partner at UHY Hacker Young, said in a press statement: “HMRC has been set a challenging tax yield target by the Chancellor, and small businesses have found that they are an easy target for HMRC’s crackdown.”
HMRC denied it was targeting small businesses.
A spokesperson said: “We enforce the tax rules consistently across the board, putting our resources where there is the most serious risk of tax loss - from the large corporates to the sole trader. It would be wrong for a minority of businesses who aim to get around the rules to achieve a commercial advantage over their honest competitors. This approach is in the interests of the vast majority of small businesses who have decided to play by the rules.
“We collected an additional £29bn in large business compliance revenue since 2006-07. From 2006 to March 2012 the High Risk Corporates Programme (HRCP) resolved more than 1,800 issues and brought in £16bn of this additional revenue.”
HRMC added that the compliance yield had gone up, but said the figures were not comparable on a year-by-year basis due to changing data methodologies and that they were not targeting SMEs per se.
This makes it difficult to draw any firm conclusions from HMRC’s numbers.
Maugham called the response “counter-spin” and said he failed to see how the figures were not comparable.
A cursory glance at the official tax gap figures flags up further indications that the department’s crackdown has targeted small and medium sized businesses more.
While the two sets of figures are not comparable, data from the tax gap report lend some credence to Maugham’s small firm targeting theory.
According to the HMRC stats (page two of the tax gap document) nearly half of the 2010-11 tax gap can be attributed to small and medium-sized businesses, with only a quarter from large businesses. “So clearly SMEs are a significant area of their activity,” Maugham said.
He added that HMRC has been targeting tax areas that have previously been relatively overlooked in an attempt to increase tax revenue.
“Areas like PAYE and VAT have always been scrutinised to an extent” he said, “but HMRC is now looking more closely at issues like corporate entertainment and employee benefits – such as company cars, private healthcare, or company-subsidised fuel costs – which had previously escaped serious scrutiny.
“HMRC’s take on employee benefits in increasingly Draconian, for example. They’re looking for any minor compliance slip by a business: whether it has reported the right thing at the right time, or challenging whether company cars are genuinely being used for company business at any given time.”
Smaller businesses have also been the targeted by HMRC’s wave of taskforces and amnesty campaigns during the past two years.
In contrast, under the Dave Hartnett-inspired light touch approach with big business, HMRC has also been more willing to go for negotiated settlements.
“Proportionately large businesses suffer far less disruption to their business through tax enquiries as they typically have specialist teams or personnel outside the direct business team to deal with same,” Maugham added. | <urn:uuid:1bdba842-6fbd-43b7-8abf-c1b60531422c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.accountingweb.co.uk/tax/hmrc-policy/hmrc-hits-easy-target-small-firms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.975123 | 799 | 1.578125 | 2 |
“The only gods the Arabs recognize are Dionysus and Urania; the way they cut their hair—all round in a circle, with the temples shaved—is, they say, in imitation of Dionysus. Dionysus in their language is Orotalt, and Urania Alilat.”
Herodotus, The Histories (3.8.3)
“...the time and manner of the greatest and most holy solemnity of the Jews is exactly agreeable to the holy rites of Bacchus; for that which they call the Fast they celebrate in the midst of the vintage…”
Plutarch, Symposiacs (4.6.2)
“In Bacchus we evidently have Moses. Herodotus says [Bacchus] was an Egyptian… The Orphic verses relate that he was preserved from the waters, in a little box or chest, that he was called Misem in commemoration of the event; that he was instructed in all the secrets of the Gods; and that he had a rod, which he changed into a serpent at his pleasure; that he passed through the Red Sea dryshod, as Hercules subsequently did…and that when he went to India, he and his army enjoyed the light of the Sun during the night: moreover, it is said, that he touched with his magic rod the waters of the great rivers Orontes and Hydaspes; upon which those waters flowed back and left him a free passage. It is even said that he arrested the course of the sun and moon. He wrote his laws on two tablets of stone. He was anciently represented with horns or rays on his head.”
Sir Godfrey Higgins, Anacalypsis (2.19)
“That the god Bacchus was the archetype of Moses seems to have been the opinion of many learned men, particularly the celebrated Bishop Huet, and…Vossius, who agree that the Arabian name of Bacchus is Meses.”
Logan Mitchell, Christian Mythology Unveiled (13)
ONE OF THE renowned ancient legislators was the Greek god Dionysus, said to have traveled widely and to have civilized many lands with his laws. Over the centuries, many scholars have noticed correspondences between Dionysus/Bacchus and Moses, such as we have already noted, including the ark and the wilderness sojourn. There are many other such parallels, as we shall also see, detailed in numerous accounts from antiquity which demonstrate that correlations between the Dionysian and Jewish religions were noticed thousands of years ago.
The earliest extant reference to Dionysus by that name appears on a stele from the 13th century BCE found at the ancient city of Pylos on the Greek Peloponnesus, traditional home of King Nestor from Homer’s Iliad. Written DI-WO-NI-SO-JO in the Mycenaean script called Linear B, “Dionysus” may be the pre-Greek Pelasgian name for the vine and wine god. In this regard, linguist Dr. Carl J. Becker comments that “*Deiw...is also the root of Dionis, the epithet of Sabasius, the beer god....” He further remarks:
Dionis was the epithet for and then the priest or acolyte of the tradition of Hermes whose earlier affiliation was with Sabazius, a beer god. According to Antonije Skokljeve and Ivan Skokljeve, Dionis, a Pelasgian god, was the son of Zevs from Nissa, a forested hill in Thrace. The Hellenic Greeks would come to know Dionis as Dionysus, a wine god in the Age of Iron.
The Pelasgian proto-Dionysus could date to the middle of the second century or perhaps earlier.
A possible source of proto-Greek wine myths, the Pelasgian natives of Greece have been surmised to come originally from Egypt, as was asserted anciently of Dionysus as well. It has been said that their name means “sea men,” and their description in the Odyssey as existing “among the tribes in the ninety cities of Crete, ‘language mixing with language side by side,’” sounds like they were part of the sea peoples, as does their notoriously warlike nature.
Like Moses’s lawgiver counterpart Minos, Dionysus has a long history with the island of Crete, where these prominent figures may have shared mythical attributes. In this regard, Dionysian scholar Dr. Carl Kerenyi (1897–1973) examined the evidence of a proto-Dionysus character on Crete centuries to millennia prior to the god’s clear emergence under that name, as the deity of mead, the fermented honey popular on the island before the cultivation of the grapevine and wine-making.
The reverence of a wine deity likely dates back many thousands of years, based on the antiquity of wine-making, which extends to at least 7,000 years ago in what is now the country of Georgia. Iran and Armenia are also sites of early viniculture, dating to around 4,500 and 4,100 BCE, respectively.
Dionysus as a Cretan wine god seems to have accompanied the spread of viniculture from Egypt, where wine-making can be traced to pre-dynastic times 5,200 years ago or more. This introduction of the grapevine on Crete, along with the development of viticulture and viniculture, may have been facilitated by the people later known as the Phoenicians, whose major city, Byblos, was occupied beginning around 8800 to 7000 BCE.
Moving even farther back, Oxford scholar Robert Graves (1895–1985) sees the god of intoxicated revelry in a cave painting dating to possibly 10,000 or more years ago, obviously not labeled by the Greek moniker “Dionysus” but possessing related archaic attributes. In The White Goddess, Graves first describes a popular Dionysian festival celebrated for centuries before the common era:
At Athens, the [Bacchic] festival, called the Lenaea, (“Festival of the Wild Women”) was held at the winter solstice, and the death and rebirth of the harvest infant Dionysus were similarly dramatized. In the original myth it was not the Titans but the wild women, the nine representatives of the Moon-goddess Hera, who tore the child in pieces and ate him. And at the Lenaea it was a yearling kid, not a bull, that was eaten; …Apollodorus says that Dionysus was transformed into a kid…
Here we see that Dionysus dies and is reborn at the winter solstice or “Christmas,” the traditional time of Jesus’s birth. The Passion of Osiris too was celebrated at that time around the turn of the common era, per the Egyptian wandering calendar, and the births of several other solar deities traditionally occurred throughout the month of December as well. It is further noteworthy that, whereas Jesus is the Lamb, Dionysus is the Kid or baby goat.
As another astrotheological theme, Graves’s nine “wild women” serving as satellites of the lunar goddess are said to represent phases of the moon, which “eats” the light of the weak winter sun as it wanes, tearing the solar orb to pieces. A similar motif can be found in the tale of Bacchus’s alter ego Osiris, who is rent into 14 pieces—the days of the waning lunar fortnight—by the serpent of the night, Seth. The interplay in this Egyptian myth reflects that of the sun and moon, a natural cycle that seemed sacred and divine to the ancients, the reverence for which was taken quite seriously.
It is because of this mythical and astrotheological configuration that Graves next identified the ancient cave painting as relating the same “Bacchic” scene:
The most ancient surviving record of European religious practices is an Aurignacian cave-painting at Cogul in North-Eastern Spain of the Old Stone Age Lenaea. A young Dionysus with huge genitals stands un-armed, alone and exhausted in the middle of a crescent of nine dancing women, who face him. He is naked, except for what appear to be a pair of close-fitting boots laced at the knee; they are fully clothed and wear small cone-shaped hats. These wild women, differentiated by their figures and details of their dress, grow progressively older as one looks clock-wise around the crescent...
Again, by using the term “Dionysus,” Graves is not asserting that it was written on the walls of the cave; rather, he is employing it to describe a very ancient archetype. The Aurignacian period extended from 34,000 to 23,000 years ago, and, while this particular set of cave paintings has been placed by more recent scholars into later times within the past 10,000 years—also an uncertain date—it remains possible that the primeval cult of the wild nature god existed farther back, perhaps in once-fertile areas now submerged, desertified or otherwise destroyed.
Many ancient cave paintings are found in now-submerged places around the Mediterranean, which may have had some sort of primitive viticulture and viniculture using wild grapes many thousands of years ago. The beauty and grace of these paintings demonstrate a cultured people, as well as one in which certain individuals—here artists who were possibly also priests— possessed enough leisure time to create works of art that have stood the test of time.
Jewish Dionysus Worship
In his Moralia (Quaes. Conv. 4.6), in a section discussing what god the Jews worshipped, Plutarch relates that Bacchus was “one of the gods worshiped by the Hebrews,” reflecting the Dionysus-Yahweh connection. In this regard, the Greek historian states that “Adonis is supposed to be the same with Bacchus; and there are a great many rites in both their sacrifices which confirm this opinion.”
Plutarch includes the Dionysian follower Symmachus’s question to grandfather Lamprias about the identity of Adonis with Bacchus, “to be inscribed and enrolled in the mysteries of the Jews?” He next relates the Athenian Moiragenes as averring that the two gods “are the very same.”
When questioned about the proofs for this equation of Bacchus with “Adonis,” Plutarch (Quaes. Conv. 4.6.2) again cites Moiragenes’s monologue about the Jewish god, equating Adonis with Adon, as well as claiming that the Jews followed Bacchic rites:
...the time and manner of the greatest and most holy solemnity of the Jews is exactly agreeable to the holy rites of Bacchus; for that which they call the Fast [Day of Atonement] they celebrate in the midst of the vintage, furnishing their tables with all sorts of fruits, while they sit under tabernacles made of vines and ivy; and the day which immediately goes before this they call the day of Tabernacles [Sukkah (σκηνή)]. Within a few days after they celebrate another feast, not darkly but openly, dedicated to Bacchus, for they have a feast among them called Kradephoria, from carrying palm-trees, and Thyrsophoria, when they enter into the temple carrying thyrsi. What they do within I know not; but it is very probable that they perform the rites of Bacchus. First they have little trumpets, such as the Grecians used to have at their Bacchanalia to call upon their Gods withal. Others go before them playing upon harps, which they call Levites, whether so named from Lusius or Evius—either word agrees with Bacchus. And I suppose that their Sabbaths have some relation to Bacchus; for even at this day many call the Bacchi by the name of Sabbi, and they make use of that word at the celebration of Bacchus’s orgies...
Nor would it be absurd, were any one to say that the name Sabbath was imposed upon this feast from the agitation and excitement (σόβησις [sobesis]) which the priests of Bacchus indulged in. The Jews themselves testify no less; for when they keep the Sabbath, they invite one another to drink till they are drunk; or if they chance to be hindered by some more weighty business, it is the fashion at least to taste the wine...
...But there are other arguments which will clearly evince the truth of what I assert. The first may be drawn from their High-priest, who on holidays enters their temple with his mitre on, arrayed in a skin of a hind embroidered with gold, wearing buskins, and a coat hanging down to his ankles; besides he has a great many little bells hanging at his garment which make a noise when he walks the streets. So in the nightly ceremonies of Bacchus (as the fashion is among us), they make use of musical instruments, and call the God’s nurses χαλϰοδϱυσταί [khalkodrustai]. High up on the wall of their temple is a representation of the thyrsus and timbrels, which surely can belong to no other God than Bacchus. Moreover they are forbidden the use of honey in their sacrifices, because they suppose that a mixture of honey corrupts and deads the wine.
From Plutarch, we can see that in antiquity several Dionysian practices of the Jews were surmised, with proofs for this observation. Plutarch further tells us that the ancients called Bacchus “good counsellor,” as the wisest god, similar to Jewish notions about Yahweh.
Feast of the Booths
Oxford scholar Rev. Dr. Edward Hayes Plumptre (1821–1892) summarizes Plutarch’s identification of the Jews as Dionysus followers:
The resemblance between the Feast of the Tabernacle and the Greek festivals in honour of Bacchus, or Dionysos, is noticed at some length by Plutarch [Sympos. 4]. He describes the booths of palm-branches and ivy, and the Levites playing on their citherns; the mitre, the tunic, the bells of the high priests’ vestments. He, for his part, had no doubt that the festival was at the Thyrsophoria of the Greeks, and that the Jews were worshippers of Bacchus.
The Jewish Feast of the Tabernacle or Booths, also called Sukkoth ( סכה cukkah), is mentioned several times in the Bible, purportedly representing “a reminiscence of the type of fragile dwellings in which the Israelites dwelt during their 40 years of travel.”
The tabernacles/booths festival occurs at a very auspicious time of the year, from late September to late October, a period Plutarch points out coincides with the vintage, or wine produced from the grape harvest. This association occurs at Deuteronomy 16:13:
You shall keep the feast of booths [Sukkoth] seven days, when you make your ingathering from your threshing floor and your wine press…
Interestingly, it was during this vinicultural festival that, according to the Bible, Moses ordered his followers to read the entire Torah out loud once every seven years (Deut 31:10–11). Moreover, Solomon was said to have dedicated his temple at this important time (1 Ki 8; 2 Chr 7).
It should be recalled also that El Elyon, the Most High sun and wine god of both Canaanites and Israelites, was celebrated during the marzeah drinking banquet, which likely was held during the time of the vintage as well. Hence, it would not be much of a step to move from El Elyon worship to that of Bacchus.
In addition to the eye-opening exposition about Jewish Bacchic worship, we also learn from Plutarch that the pine tree is dedicated to Dionysus, because “it gives a pleasant seasoning to wine, for among pines they say the sweetest and most delicious grapes grow.”994 This seasoning reflects the Greek practice of putting pine into their wine, as in the infamously bitter retsina.
In the apocryphal book of the second century BCE 1 Maccabees (1:41ff), we are told that Antiochus Epiphanes introduced pagan worship into the temple at Jerusalem: “Many even from Israel gladly adopted his religion; they sacrificed to idols and profaned the sabbath” (1:43). We read at 2 Maccabees 6:7 that the Jews were compelled by the Seleucid king to “wear wreaths of ivy and walk in the procession in honor of Dionysus” during a Bacchic festival. 3 Maccabees (2:29) states that the Egyptian ruler purportedly had the Jews “marked with an ivy leaf, the sign of Dionysus.”It is claimed that Antiochus also introduced the orgiastic Bacchic rites, but this story may serve as a cover for practices that had already been occurring for centuries, such as the temple cult prostitutes mentioned in the Bible.
Bacchus and Yahweh
Regarding 2 Maccabees and the ancient association of Yahweh with the gods of other cultures such as Zeus or Jupiter, American New Testament professor Dr. Sean M. McDonough remarks:
An even more common identification, however, was Dionysus. Tacitus (Hist. 5.5:5), Lydus (De Mensibus 4:53), and Cornelius Labeo (ap. Macrobius, Saturnalia 1:18:18–21) all make this association, and a coin from 55 BCE of the curule aedile A. Plautius shows a kneeling king who is labeled BACCHIVS IVDAEVS. E. Babelon argues that this must be the high priest, “the priest of the Jewish Bacchus.” This identification may have been based on more than mere speculation. According to 2 Macc. 6:7, the Jews “were compelled to walk in the procession in honor of Dionysus, wearing wreaths of ivy”...
The coin discussed by McDonough was minted by the Roman moneyer A. Plautius, possibly in commemoration of the Hasmonean Jewish king and high priest Judah Aristobulus II (fl. 67–63 BCE) or his successor John Hyrcanus II (fl. c. 63–40 BCE).
Fig. 65. Obv. Turreted head of Cybele; rev. ‘BACCHIVS IVDAEVS,’ with camel and bearded man (Aristobolus II?) holding palm or olive branch, 55 BCE. Silver coin of A. Plautius, Babelon Plautia 13
The coin’s reverse with the Latin inscription BACCHIUS IUDAEUS shows what may be a ruler kneeling before a camel, appropriate for a Near or Middle Eastern monarch. The figure is holding what is identified as an olive or palm branch, perhaps offering peace or supplication, after the Jews had been battling Rome in Judea for many years.
It is suggested likewise that the inscription may refer not (only) to Aristobulus but (also) to Judea as a whole, with the apparent image of Cybele on the obverse possibly symbolizing her curing of “Bacchus’s” madness, perhaps reflecting that Judea sanely had entered into the empire.
In a similar vein as the observation by French numismatist Dr. Ernest Babelon (1854–1924), the inscription—interpreted by some experts as “Bacchius the Jew”—also may reflect Aristobulus II as another “New Dionysus” (discussed below), indicating his initiation into the Bacchic cultus. In any event, the possible link here between Bacchus and Judea is intriguing.
In the sixth century AD/CE, Byzantine historian Ioannis Lydus or “John the Lydian” (4.53) remarked of Yahweh:
…the Greeks say that he is the Dionysus of Orpheus, because, as they themselves say, at the holy place of the temple in Jerusalem, from both pillars vines fashioned from gold used to hold up the curtains that were variegated with purple and scarlet: On the basis of this, they supposed that it was a temple of Dionysus.
Moreover, Lydus (4.51) relates: “Liber, the name for Dionysus among the Romans, meaning ‘free’—that is, the Sun.” Thus, Dionysus was identified commonly with Yahweh and was the sun. This equation was acknowledged in pre-Christian Maccabean texts discussing Jewish Bacchus worship.
We have seen already that the epithet “Dionis” evidently represents a Pelasgian god affiliated with the beer deity. As concerns a possible nonGreek, early origin of Dionysus, Becker posits a Sumerian root for the theonyms Diony, Dionis, Dionigi and Dionizy:
It was Diony...that would travel to the Near East and pick up the suffix sus, meaning “healing” in Sumer. In Sumer he was known as IA-U-NU-ShUSh that meant “seed of semen of life giving, healing.” Upon his return to Europe he became known as Dionysus.
Some have noted the similarity of this Sumerian healing god’s name IAUNuShUSh to “Yehoshua” (“Yah saves”), essentially the same as “Joshua,” which is “Jesus” or “Iesous” in the Ionic Greek. This name “Iesous” in turn is related to the Attic form “Iaso” and “Iasios” or “Jason,” which connote “healer.”
Becker also says:
In ancient Danubian tradition Dionis was associated with the beer god and with the horse; Dionysus is associated with the grape and goat.
In this regard, possibly the oldest known script was discovered at the Danubian site of Tărtăria, Romania, on tablets thought to date to 5500–5300 BCE. The three small tablets of clay inscribed with “proto-writing” called “Vinča symbols” or “Vinča signs” have not been deciphered yet.
Fig. 59. Vinča symbols, c. 5300 BCE. Clay amulet from Tărtăria, Romania
Dionysus in Literature
As concerns the extant historical record, Dionysus is mentioned or featured by many ancient writers, some of whom wrote entire tracts, histories or plays about him, these latter performed in numerous theaters throughout the region, as noted. A wildly popular god around the Mediterranean wherever the grapevine has grown, Dionysus’s name is raised up hundreds of times in literature, and his image is featured on thousands of artifacts.
Therefore, we will concentrate only on those writers and myths relevant to this current comparative-religion study. Also, in places where there is repetition, the full testimony of these various individuals both from antiquity and in more modern times, has been included in The Study Guide.
Summarizing the works by some of these ancient writers, Israeli scholar Dr. Abraham Schalit (1898–1979) remarks:
The non-Jews of Alexandria and Rome alleged that the cult of Dionysus was widespread among Jews. Plutarch gives a Bacchanalian interpretation to the Feast of Tabernacles… According to Plutarch the subject of the connection between the Dionysian and Jewish cults was raised during a symposium held at Aidepsos in Euboea, with a certain Moiragenes linking the Jewish Sabbath with the cult of Bacchus, because “even now many people call the Bacchi ‘Sabboi’ and call out that word when they perform the orgies of Bacchus.” Tacitus too thought that Jews served the god Liber, i.e., Bacchus-Dionysus, but “whereas the festival of Liber is joyful, the Jewish festival of Liber is sordid and absurd.” According to Pliny, Beth-Shean was founded by Dionysus after he had buried his wet nurse Nysa in its soil. His intention was to enlarge the area of the grave, which he surrounded with a city wall, although there were as yet no inhabitants. Then the god chose the Scythians from among his companions, and in order to encourage them, honored them by calling the new city Scythopolis after them (Pliny, Natural History 5:18, 74).
An inscription found at Beth-Shean dating from the time of Marcus Aurelius [121–180 AD/CE] mentions that Dionysus was honored there as ktistes [founder]. Stephen of Byzantium reports a legend that connects the founding of the city of Rafa also with Dionysus (for the Dionysian foundation legends of cities in the region, see Lichtenberger’s study). It is wrong to assume as some do that Plutarch took his account of the festival of Tabernacles from an antisemitic source, for despite all the woeful ignorance in his account it contains no accusation against, or abuse of, the Jews.
It is more likely that Plutarch described the festival of Tabernacles from observation, interpreting it in accordance with his own
philosophical outlook, which does not prevent him, however, from introducing into it features of the cult of the famous Temple of Jerusalem gleaned by him in his wide reading. The description as a whole, however, is of Tabernacles as it was celebrated in the Greek diaspora at the end of the first and the beginning of the second century C.E., and not as it was celebrated in the Temple, which had already been destroyed for more than a generation. The festival undoubtedly absorbed influences from the environment, so that Plutarch could indeed have witnessed what he recognized as customs of the Dionysian feast.
In view of what we have seen and will continue to see here, we submit that Plutarch’s account is not “woefully ignorant” and that the influence of Dionysianism on Jewish religion began before the First Temple period, including among the Amoritish proto-Israelites who eventually settled the hill country.
The important ancient town of Beth Shean or Beit She’an (Bethshan, Βαιθσάν, Βεθσάνη)—meaning “house of tranquility”—was called “Scythopolis” in Greek and supposedly was founded by Dionysus. Beth Shean is referred to several times in the biblical books of 1 and 2 Samuel, as well as in Judges and others, and is located strategically in the fertile Jordan Valley, south of the Sea of Galilee and east of the Samarian hill country. Situated at the juncture between the Jordan and Jezreel Valleys, this region is also deemed the “West Bank” of the Jordan River. It is noteworthy that one of the area’s largest winepresses was found at Jezreel, one of many such devices in ancient Israel.
Fig. 60. Beth Shean, here called by Greek name, Scythopolis (Nichalp)
The Scythopolis/Beth Shean region began to be occupied from at least the fourth millennium BCE, with settlements in the third millennium onward, until an earthquake destroyed it in the Early Arab period (749 AD/CE).
In the Late Bronze Age (15th–12th cents. BCE), Beth Shean was an Egyptian administrative center, followed by a Canaanite city (12th–11th cents. BCE) and then an Israelite settlement (10th cent.–732 BCE). During this time, the people worshipped many different gods, including those of the Canaanites, Egyptians, Greeks and Philistines. A stele from the era of pharaoh Seti I mentions Egypt’s victory over the neighboring hill tribes, among whom were the Hapiru.
Grapevine cultivation in the Beth Shean area apparently began during the fourth millennium BCE, and it may be suggested that the vine and wine cult existed in the region long before the Israelites arrived or emerged. As noted, Greek occupation of Asia Minor to the northwest began by 1200 BCE, leaving several centuries between that time and when the Pentateuch emerges clearly in the historical record.
Therefore, it is probable that the rituals of the Jews during the time of Diodorus and Plutarch derived from many centuries before, with influence from other cultures over the centuries that the area was occupied. This influence, of course, would extend to peculiarities of the Dionysian cultus as developed hellenically. So entrenched was the city’s association with Bacchus, in fact, that Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD/CE) equated Beth Shean/Scythopolis with Nysa, “so named of Father Liber, because his nurse was buried there.”
Thus, it should not surprise us if the town was “founded” by the archaic wine god and if the Jewish fertility and harvest festival comprised many elements of Bacchic religion, possibly absorbed during the occupation of Beth Shean by Israelites. Other cities, such as Rafa, Rafah or Raphia (Egyptian Rph) in southern Israel/Palestine on the border of Egypt, were claimed also, as by Stephanus of Byzantium (fl. 6th cent. AD/CE), to have been founded by the wine god.
Centuries prior to the appearance of Moses in the literary record, Dionysus is included around 900 BCE in The Iliad and The Odyssey. In The Iliad (6.130– 141), Homer depicts the Trojan War hero Diomedes—expressing trepidation at battling the gods—as describing the Spartan king and lawgiver Lycurgus’s encounter with Dionysus:
…for even the son of Dryas, mighty Lycurgus, lived not long, seeing that he strove with heavenly gods—he that on a time [drove] down over the sacred mount of Nysa the nursing mothers of mad Dionysus; and they all let fall to the ground their wands, smitten with an ox-goad by man-slaying Lycurgus. But Dionysus fled, and plunged beneath the wave of the sea, and Thetis received him in her bosom, filled with dread, for mighty terror gat hold of him at the man’s threatenings. Then against Lycurgus did the gods that live at ease wax wroth, and the son of Cronos made him blind; and he lived not for long, seeing that he was hated of all the immortal gods. So would not I be minded to fight against the blessed gods.
Here we find mention of Dionysus on Mt. Nysa, born of two mothers, and fleeing into the sea from a tyrant who is killed, indicating these motifs date back to at least the 10th century BCE. This subduing of Lycurgus under Dionysus may reflect a political change or desire, such as raising the “Dionysian” city of Thebes above Sparta.
In The Odyssey (11.321–325), the myth of Ariadne, Theseus and Dionysus is briefly mentioned, relevant especially because Bacchus’s wife, Ariadne, is the Cretan lawgiver Minos’s daughter. This “marriage” possibly reflects a merger between peoples, one of whose lawgivers was Minos and the other Bacchus.
In consideration of how the Greek poet treats his subject matter, as if such well-developed stories were common knowledge, we can evince that various of these mythical themes in some form may be centuries to millennia older than the period of Homer.
The grape and wine are ever-present in the Homeric epics, while around 750 to 650 BCE the Greek poet Hesiod (Op. 614, Theog. 914) also related that the sacred beverage was a gift from Dionysus. In his Theogony (940–949), Hesiod describes the birth of Dionysus to the mortal woman Semele, subsequently deified, as well as his marriage to Ariadne. The poet styles Bacchus as the “golden-haired,” representing an obvious solar epithet; so too was Apollo “golden-haired.”
In his Shield of Hercules (394–401), Hesiod speaks of the noisy locust in the heat of summer:
And when the dark-winged whirring grasshopper, perched on a green shoot, begins to sing of summer to men—his food and drink is the dainty dew—and all day long from dawn pours forth his voice in the deadliest heat, when Sirius scorches the flesh (then the beard grows upon the millet which men sow in summer), when the crude grapes which Dionysus gave to men—a joy and a sorrow both—begin to colour, in that season they fought and loud rose the clamour.
Here we see a description of the ripening of the “crude grapes,” which are likewise a gift from Bacchus. Dionysus’s association with Sirius is noteworthy, as Osiris has a close connection to Sirius, including being identified with the “sharp star,” as well as its husband, when it is deemed to be Isis. Indeed, Sirius rising heliacally in the summer signifies the birth of Osiris, as well as the Nile overflowing its banks (Isis) to produce the wheat and other foliage, such as the popular and sacred grapevine.
In Works and Days (609–614), Hesiod recounts the process for wine-making, also using astronomical details for the timing:
But when Orion and Sirius are come into midheaven, and rosyfingered Dawn sees Arcturus, then cut off all the grape-clusters, Perses, and bring them home. Show them to the sun ten days and ten nights: then cover them over for five, and on the sixth day draw off into vessels the gifts of joyful Dionysus.
Hesiod translator Dr. Hugh G. Evelyn-White notes that the time when “rosyfingered Dawn sees Arcturus” is September, the full harvest of the grapes. The fruits are then turned into the divine elixir of the god of revelry and truth, as in the saying, In vino veritas or “In wine, truth,” referring to the reduction of inhibition after one has imbibed alcohol.
Hesiod wrote during the era when the Jewish reformer kings Hezekiah and Josiah may have been composing or commissioning parts of the Pentateuch. However, elements of the Mosaic epic apparently come from the following decades to centuries, after Homer and Hesiod wrote about Dionysus.
We turn next to the hymns ascribed pseudepigraphically to Homer that date from around the seventh to sixth centuries BCE. Homeric Hymn 1 to Dionysus describes the birth of the god, addressed as “heaven-born” and “insewn,” born to Zeus by “pregnant Semele” near the “deep-eddying river Alpheus.” The hymn explains that there are several versions of the god’s birth, which is to be expected for the deity of the grapevine, a plant spread far and wide in antiquity, among numerous cultures around the Mediterranean and beyond, into India and many other regions.
One of these other accounts of the god’s nativity is described thus: “The Father of men and gods gave you birth remote from men and secretly from white-armed Hera.” Hera, of course, is the wife of Zeus, the latter of whom we can see here addressed as “Father of men and gods,” displaying the concept of God the Father several centuries before the common era and the rise of Christianity. In this regard, Hera is depicted in myths as bathing once a year in order to renew her virginity; hence, she is a virgin mother.
In this Homeric hymn (1), we also read about Mt. Nisa or Nysa: “There is a certain Nysa, a mountain most high and richly grown with woods, far off in Phoenice, near the streams of Aegyptus [Egypt].”
In language that sounds biblical, the god’s mother, Semele, is described in this hymn as “Thyone” or Θυώνη, meaning “portion of sacrifice,” from the Greek verb θύω thyo, to “offer burnt-sacrifice,” referring to her incineration by Zeus upon Bacchus’s birth. Hence, she sacrifices herself to give birth to the messiah, as Dionysus is styled “savior,” using the same term employed in the Bible to describe Yahweh and Jesus. The scapegoat sacrifice of a sacred personage for the benefit of humanity, as we find in the later Christianity, was common centuries before Jesus’s purported advent, exemplified also in the stories of Prometheus and Persephone.
In Homeric Hymn 26 to Dionysus, we read more about the “loud-crying god, splendid son of Zeus and glorious Semele” who grew up “in the dells of Nysa” in a “sweet-smelling cave.” In this hymn, Bacchus is also styled “god of abundant clusters,” referring to the all-important grape.
The Greek lyric poet Anacreon (582–485 BCE) composed a number of odes to Bacchus and wine. The poet (Ode 6 on Bacchus) also emphasizes the god as “young and fair” and “youthful,” conveying his symbolizing indestructible life, immortality and regeneration. Ode 18 praises Dionysus as “the god of wine and joy.” Anacreon also has an ode (26), “In Praise of Wine,” in which he extols the virtues of this ancient medicine and intoxicant that helps people forget their woes. Ode 27 again praises Bacchus as the god of wine and joy. In Ode 50, Anacreon exalts Bacchus’s medicinal contribution of wine and grapes, which prove to be the “best physician.”
Like Anacreon, the Greek poet Pindar (522–443 BCE) composed a dithyrambic or “wildly enthusiastic” hymn to Bacchus in the Seventh Isthmian Ode, including attributes such as the solar epithet “fair-haired” or “flowing-haired” (εὐρυχαίτης). Both Anacreon and Pindar serve to demonstrate how important and hoary was the worship of the god of wine. Indeed, the proliferation of the Dionysian cult by this time, demonstrated in the widespread observance and literature concerning the god, serves as evidence of its antiquity.
In the fifth century BCE, in discussing the Ethiopian city of Meroe, Herodotus (2.29) commented, “The inhabitants worship Zeus and Dionysus alone of the gods, holding them in great honour.” At 2.42, the Greek historian relates that Dionysus is the same as Osiris: …not all Egyptians worship the same gods—the only two to be universally worshipped are Isis and Osiris, who, they say, is Dionysus.895 Among a number of other parallels with Osiris, Dionysus is hacked to pieces, by giants, after which his mother, the nature and grain goddess Demeter/Ceres, puts him back together and restores him to life, a myth similar to elements of the deaths and resurrections of both Osiris and Horus.
Herodotus (2.47–49) further recounts that, in Egypt, the “unclean” pig was sacrificed only to Dionysus and the moon, swineherds serving as an “untouchable” class:
Pigs are considered unclean. If anyone touches a pig accidentally in passing, he will at once plunge into the river, clothes and all, to wash himself; and swineherds, though of pure Egyptian blood, are the only people in the country who never enter a temple, nor is there any intermarriage between them and the rest of the community…
The only deities to whom the Egyptians consider it proper to sacrifice pigs are Dionysus and the Moon. To both of these they offer pigs at the same time, at the same full moon, and afterwards eat the flesh…
Everyone, on the eve of the festival of Dionysus, sacrifices a hog before the door of his house…. In other ways the Egyptian method of celebrating the festival of Dionysus is much the same as the Greek…
Now I have an idea that Melampus the son of Amythaon knew all about this ceremony; for it was he who introduced the name of Dionysus into Greece… The names of nearly all the gods came to Greece from Egypt.
As is evident, the taboo against pigs is not confined to the Jewish culture but existed in Egypt as well, demonstrating that it was not a result of a commandment from Yahweh exclusively to his chosen. The plunging into water related to swine-herding reminds one of the destruction by Jesus of Satan’s minions by casting them into pigs and drowning them (Mk 5:13).
Appropriately, the legendary Pylos ruler and seer Melampus is asserted traditionally to have introduced Dionysus to the Greek mainland. Pylos, as noted, is where the earliest known reference in Greek to the god was discovered.
At 2.123, Herodotus relates that Dionysus and his grandmother Demeter, goddess of earth and grain, introduced the concept of transmigration of the soul, also known as reincarnation or metempsychosis:
The Egyptians say that Demeter and Dionysus are the chief powers in the underworld; and they were also the first people to put forward the doctrine of immortality of the soul, and to maintain that after death it enters another creature at the moment of that creature’s birth. It then makes the round of all living things— animals, birds and fish—until it finally passes once again, at birth, into the body of a man. The whole period of transmigration occupies three thousand years. This theory has been adopted by certain Greek writers, some earlier, some later, who have put it forward as their own….
The word for “transmigration” here is περιήλυσις perielysis, which means “coming around” or “revolution.” As we can see, the idea of rebirth or revivification in a new body was well known nearly 500 years before the common era, undoubtedly extending back much farther and possibly having its origin in India or even earlier in Africa. The introduction of this type of resurrection is attributed to Dionysus, one of the chief gods of the underworld, like Osiris, Lord of Resurrection.
As we saw, Herodotus (3.8) described the popular wine god’s presence among the Arabs, saying that Bacchus and his wife, “Urania” (Venus/Aphrodite), were the only deities recognized by them, the god’s Arabian name rendered “Orotalt.” Appropriate for this comparison to Dionysus, the Arabian/Nabatean god Orotalt was known by the epithet Đū Shará, Dushara or Dusares, meaning “Lord of the Mountain.” Here again is the theme of a lawgiver associated with a mountain and its deity, in this case Mt. Seir, whence Yahweh was said to emanate as well (Deut 33:2), revealing an important parallel between “Dionysus” and the Jewish god.
Orotalt may be identified with the deity A’arrā, equivalent to Dusares, “the most important Nabatean deity, himself identified with Dionysus...” Others suggest that “Orotalt” represents a corruption or “phonetic transcription” of the name Ruḍā or Ruldaw/RḌW/Y, an Arabian sun god “identical with one of the deities from Dumah.” Dumah evidently refers to the ancient Akkadian city of Adummatu, in what is now northwestern Saudi Arabia, near Jordan.
his solar deity was worshipped by the famous Arab merchants, the Nabateans, who traded in spices, such as frankincense and myrrh, as well as medicine, among other products. Although at some point they abstained from alcohol consumption, their abstinence eventually adopted into Islam, it appears that among the “medicine” they traded was wine: According to Diodorus (19.94.3), Hieronymus of Cardia (4th cent. BCE) recounted the Nabateans as teetotalers; however, following “a certain Athenodorus,” writing around 60 BCE, the Nabateans “held magnificent drinking-bouts.”
Concerning Hieronymus’s statements, we read: “In the course of time the Nabateans changed their way of life to become excellent wine-growers, both in the Negev and in Transjordan.” In this regard, the industrious Nabateans had planted extensive vineyards and other vegetation in the desert. Coins dating to the third century AD/CE from the region of Bostra, where viticulture had been practiced for centuries to millennia, depict a wine-press and inscription to “Dousaria” (Orotalt/Dionysus), revealing that the practice continued in the region into the common era.
The Arabian Bacchic-devotee haircut mentioned by Herodotus (3.8.3) may be a form of tonsure, a pre-Christian rite adopted by monks of certain Christian sects, with the bulk of the head shaved, leaving a ring above the ears.
Fig. 61. Celtic head with tonsure, c. 3rd century BCE. Stone carving from Czech Republic (CeStu)
Mysteries of Dionysus
We learn further from Herodotus (4.79) about the Scythian impression of the “mysteries of Dionysus,” which drove their participants into a “Bacchic frenzy.” The Greek historian (4.65) discusses “the Iacchus song, which is sung at the Dionysiac mysteries,” familiar from the “religious ceremonial at Eleusis.” Herodotus (8.65) also relates that “Iacchus” is the “cry of the mysteries.” The term Iacchus or Iakkhos (Gk: Ἴακχος) means “song,” applied to Dionysus as an epithet and associated with other deities, such as his wife, the love goddess Aphrodite. Thus, the highly popular god was a major figure in the mysteries, particularly those of the famed Eleusis. Moreover, Iakkhos has been equated with “Iao” and the Jewish tetragrammaton YHWH. Hence, again, it would not be surprising if Jews were involved in Bacchus worship.
The Greek figure of Orpheus is not a single “historical” individual but a combination of characters, real and mythical, along with the multiple people who wrote the hymns pseudepigraphically attributed to him. This fictional composite is depicted in antiquity as the “St. Paul” of his purported time, travelling in nearly the same areas as the later Christian apostle, while preaching the god known as “Savior” (Bacchus), centuries before Jesus Christ supposedly lived.
The Orphic Hymns are dated by mainstream scholarship to between the sixth century BCE and the fourth century AD/CE, while remaining devoid of any significant Christian influence. There are those, furthermore, who see in these hymns very ancient ideas possibly emanating from pre-Greek Pelasgian culture, which in turn was associated in antiquity with both mainland Greece and Crete. Diodorus (3.67.5) tells us that traditionally Orpheus was said to have written in the Pelasgian alphabet, which would make him an archaic figure.
Fig. 62. Possibly proto-Pelasgian Vinča script, c. 5th millennium BCE, Romania
Arguing for the latest dating of the Orphic Hymns to the third or fourth centuries AD/CE, New Testament professor Dr. Matthew E. Gordley nevertheless remarks that they contain much older ideas:
First, though composed later than the Colossian hymn, the Orphic Hymns contain within them elements derived from Orphic worship, and Greek religion in general, that most certainly originated centuries before the birth of Christ. The position that a majority of scholars favor holds that the hymns were not simply composed out of thin air by a third or fourth century poet with a long list of divine epithets ready at hand. Rather, in the third century, revered literary sources already in existence were tapped for the creation of an appropriate cult literature for the newly popularized religious movement associated with Orpheus.
Whether or not the hymns are late, Orphic religious elements predate Christianity by centuries. These include characteristics of Dionysus’s “life,” as well as rituals, traditions and doctrines, in common with the Mosaic tale and religion.
Pergamon and Tenedos
Gordley also suggests that the “likely place of composition of these hymns was Pergamum [Pergamon] in Asia Minor.” As such, they may reflect originally the attributes of an ancient wine god of that region in what is now Turkey, where grapes had been grown and wine made for thousands of years. To this day and despite the land’s Islamic status, this northwestern region of Turkey produces popular wines, such as on the island of Bozcaada or Tenedos, famed for its grapes since antiquity, with 80 percent of its arable land used for grapevines.
According to Eusebius (Praep. ev. 13.12), citing Aristobulus of Paneas (fl. c. 160 BCE?), the Orphic hymns contained the following sentiments about the legendary Athenian lawgiver Musaeus (c. 450 BCE), whom the Church father surmises is Moses:
…So men of old, so tells the Nile-born sage,
Taught by the twofold tablet of God’s law…
While this poem overall is addressed ostensibly to Musaeus, this part of it apparently refers not to the historical philosopher by that name, or to the Hebrew Moses, but, rather, to Dionysus.
Illustrating Dionysus’s solar nature, in the Orphic hymns Apollo frequently is invoked as Bacchus.
The ancient Athenian playwright Euripides (5th cent. BCE) wrote a lengthy narrative about Dionysus and his female followers called The Bacchae, starting the account with the god speaking about himself, as the son of Zeus/God (Διὸς παῖς dios pais) and Semele.
Euripides next depicts Dionysus at Thebes describing his various travels, evidently reflecting the spread of viticulture or vine-growing:
I have left the wealthy lands of the Lydians and Phrygians, the sunparched plains of the Persians, and the Bactrian walls, and have passed over the wintry land of the Medes, and blessed Arabia, and all of Asia which lies along the coast of the salt sea with its beautifully towered cities full of Hellenes and barbarians mingled together; and I have come to this Hellene city first, having already set those other lands to dance and established my mysteries there, so that I might be a deity manifest among men.
In this land of Hellas, I have first excited Thebes to my cry, fitting a fawn-skin to my body and taking a thyrsos in my hand, a weapon of ivy. For my mother’s sisters, the ones who least should, claimed that I, Dionysus, was not the child of Zeus, but that Semele had conceived a child from a mortal father and then ascribed the sin of her bed to Zeus, a trick of Kadmos’, for which they boasted that Zeus killed her, because she had told a false tale about her marriage. Therefore I have goaded them from the house in frenzy, and they dwell in the mountains, out of their wits; and I have compelled them to wear the outfit of my mysteries. And all the female offspring of Thebes, as many as are women, I have driven maddened from the house, and they, mingled with the daughters of Kadmos, sit on roofless rocks beneath green pines. For this city must learn, even if it is unwilling, that it is not initiated into my Bacchic rites, and that I plead the case of my mother, Semele, in appearing manifest to mortals as a divinity whom she bore to Zeus.
Here we see a description of Bacchanal rites that likely date back much earlier, in vine-growing regions from thousands of years previously, possibly exemplified in the archaic cave drawing from Spain, for example. In this tale, the Theban king, Pentheus, objects to “this new deity,” whom he calls “a sorcerer, a conjuror from the Lydian land,” and is subsequently destroyed for his blasphemy.
Euripides (Ba. 75–79) speaks of “a deity manifest among men,” an important theme reiterated five centuries later in the Christ myth. He also describes the revelry with which the god is served, “dancing in inspired frenzy over the mountains with holy purifications.” The poet (Ba. 100–102) further calls Dionysus the “bull-horned god,” who is “crowned with a crown of snakes” or dragons, making of him an ophite deity/serpent god as well.
Moreover, we read in Euripides (Ba. 142–143) that when Bacchus is “sweet in the mountains”—possibly referring to both honey and ripened grapes in hillside vineyards—the “plain flows with milk, it flows with wine, it flows with the nectar of bees.” The playwright (Ba. 704–711) also tells the story of wine, water, milk and honey “flowing miraculously from the earth.”
Euripides (Hec. 1252) has his character Polymestor call Dionysus “our Thracian prophet.” In another work, Antiope, Euripides refers to “the pillar of the Evoean God,” connoting Bacchus, a motif comparable to Yahweh’s “pillars” in the desert, both words the same in Greek.
Concerning Dionysus’s horns, Euripides (Ba. 918–922) depicts the character Pentheus as remarking to the god:
Oh look! I think I see two suns, and twin Thebes, the seven-gated city. And you seem to lead me, being like a bull and horns seem to grow on your head. But were you ever before a beast? For you have certainly now become a bull.
Much of Dionysus’s myth is contained in Euripides’s texts, having a centuries-long tradition, rather than having been fabricated by the poet. Indeed, if the germ story reflects the introduction into the Theban region of vine-growing and wine-making, it could be several thousand years old, since viticulture in the areas to the east of the Black Sea such as Armenia and Georgia dates to some 6,000 or 7,000 years ago.
Pentheus the Serpent
Euripides (Ba. 537–544) describes Dionysus’s adversary Pentheus as “descended from a serpent”:
What rage, what rage does the earth-born race show, and Pentheus, once descended from a serpent—Pentheus, whom earth-born Echion bore, a fierce monster, not a mortal man, but like a bloody giant, hostile to the gods.
οἵαν οἵαν ὀργὰν ἀναφαίνει χθόνιον γένος ἐκφύς τε δράκοντός ποτε Πενθεύς, ὃν Ἐχίων ἐφύτευσε χθόνιος, ἀγριωπὸν τέρας, οὐ φῶτα βρότειον, φόνιον δ᾽ὥστε γίγαντ᾽ ἀντίπαλον θεοῖς…
Here we also see the word δράκοντος drakontos the singular genitive of δράκων or “dragon,” rendered as “serpent” and so on, a term previously discussed as part of the ancient drama of a deity battling a monster or dragon.
Fig. 63. Bacchus and serpent, 1st cent. AD/CE. Fresco from Pompei, National Archaeological Museum, Naples, Italy
In this regard, Pentheus is also described in this paragraph as a “fierce monster” (ἀγριωπὸν τέρας) and “like a bloody giant,” reflected in the Greek φόνιον δ᾽ὥστε γίγαντ᾽, this latter word from γίγας gigas meaning “giant.”
It appears that Euripides’s Bacchae was to Dionysus what the Pentateuch was to Yahweh, in the sense that both texts sought to establish their gods as centrally important to humanity or, at the very least, to their immediate followers. It would be plays such as The Bacchae that were acted out by wandering proselytizers in the theaters especially designated for Dionysus, with audiences that included local priests and priestesses of other deities, as noted. Such proselytizing plays, therefore, would have been witnessed by many people around Greece and beyond, spreading the Dionysian religion and viniculture in numerous places.
In 411 BCE, Athenian playwright Aristophanes (Thes. 990) composed a chorus with Dionysian epithets: “Oh, Evius, oh, Bromius, oh, thou son of Semele, oh, Bacchus, who delightest to mingle with the dear choruses of the nymphs upon the mountains, and who repeatest, while dancing with them, the sacred hymn, Euios, Euios, Euoi!” These shouts are comparable to the divine tetragrammaton יהוה Yĕhovah or YHWH, which can be transliterated in Greek as ιευε ieue. This scenario is reminiscent of the prehistoric imagery described by Graves, indicating a possibly very archaic origin of the cult of revelry.
In his work Ion (534a), Plato (5th–4th cents. BCE) likewise discussed various aspects of the Dionysus myth, including referring to the god’s female followers styled “maenads” or “bacchantes” drawing “milk and honey from the rivers.” Plato explicates this theme, likening the songs of the lyric poets to “the sweets they cull from honey-dropping founts.”
A Greek ethnographer and ambassador to India, Megasthenes (c. 350–290 BCE) composed a book called Indica, which discusses Indian gods who have been supposed to be equivalents of Hercules and Dionysus, generally taken to be Krishna and Shiva or Indra, respectively. Only fragments of Megasthenes’s work survive, in the writings of others such as the GrecoRoman historian Arrian (86–c. 160 AD/CE) and Strabo.
Regarding Dionysus/Bacchus in India, Megasthenes is recorded as stating:
On such grounds they called a particular race of people Nyssaians, and their city Nyssa, which Dionysos had founded, and the mountain which rose above the city Mêron, assigning as their reason for bestowing these names that ivy grows there, and also the vine, although its fruit does not come to perfection, as the clusters on account of the heaviness of the rains fall off the trees before ripening. They further call the Oxydrakai descendants of Dionysos, because the vine grew in their country, and their processions were conducted with great pomp, and their kings on going forth to war and on other occasions marched in Bacchic fashion, with drums beating, while they were dressed in gay-coloured robes, which is also a custom among other Indians....
Strabo recounts Megasthenes as relating that the Indian philosophers who “live on the mountains are worshippers of Dionysos, showing as proofs that he had come among them the wild vine, which grows in their country only, and the ivy, and the laurel, and the myrtle...” He further states that they “observe also certain customs which are Bacchanalian.”
In his Natural History, Pliny relates Megasthenes as commenting:
For the Indians stand almost alone among the nations in never having migrated from their own country. From the days of Father Bacchus to Alexander the Great their kings are reckoned at 154, whose reigns extend over 6451 years and 3 months….
Father Bacchus was the first who invaded India, and was the first of all who triumphed over the vanquished Indians....
In reality, Indians did migrate from their own land in remote antiquity and many times since then, as the Indo-European family tree and DNA studies indicate. The point is also well taken, however, that the subcontinent has been occupied continually by the same ethnicities for many thousands of years, since migrating out of Africa 13,000 or more years ago, according to one mainstream genetics theory.
Nysa in India
It was common in antiquity to have many villages or cities of the same name, such as the numerous Alexandrias, named for the Greek conqueror. In this regard, Megasthenes recounts:
Many writers further include in India even the city Nysa and Mount Merus, sacred to Father Bacchus, whence the origin of the fable that he sprang from the thigh of Jupiter. They include also the Astacani, in whose country the vine grows abundantly...
The Astacani evidently were a Bactrian people, occupying the land northwest of India that is now Afghanistan.
Speaking of the “Pandaean nation,” Megasthenes states:
The city of Nysa is assigned to this region, as is also the mountain sacred to Jupiter, Mêros by name, in a cave on which the ancient Indians affirm Father Bacchus was well nourished...
He next repeats the story of Dionysus born from Zeus’s thigh. In his Indica, he recounts the same tales about Dionysus in India, with his descendants as the “Nysaioi.” The Greek ambassador historian is skeptical and states that these stories are “but fictions of the poets.”
In his Anabasis (5.1.6), Arrian depicts Acuphis, the “president” of the Indian city of Nysa, sent out to meet with Alexander the Great during his incursion into India:
The god [Dionysus] indeed called the city Nysa, and the land Nysaea after his nurse Nysa. The mountain also which is near the city he named Meros (i.e., thigh), because, according to the legend, he grew in the thigh of Zeus. From that time we inhabit Nysa, a free city, and we ourselves are independent, conducting our government with constitutional order. And let this be to thee proof that our city owes its foundation to Dionysus; for ivy, which does not grow in the rest of the country of India, grows among us.
The “thigh” birth motif in the Bacchus myth has been compared to Genesis 46:26, which refers to Jacob’s progeny emanating from his “loins.” In the Septuagint, the Greek for “loins” in this Genesis verse is the plural genitive μηρῶν meron, the same term as “thigh” in the Dionysus myth. In antiquity, as in the Bible (e.g., Gen 24:2), the word “thigh” was a code word for “penis.” The removal of Dionysus from the womb of a woman to become an emission from a god’s penis could be interpreted as recording in myth the intrusion and dominance of the patriarchy.
Conquest and Wine
According to Arrian, Megasthenes further says:
Dionysos, however, when he came and had conquered the people, founded cities and gave law to these cities, and introduced the use of wine among the Indians, as he had done among the Greeks, and taught them how to sow the land, himself supplying seeds for the purpose... ...he instructed the Indians to let their hair grow long in honour of the god, and to wear the turban; and that he taught them to anoint themselves with unguents...
Grape-growing or viticulture in India dates back to at least the main Indus Valley era (3300–1300 BCE), believed to have been introduced to the region from Persia during the fourth millennium. It is likely that the reverence on the subcontinent for the wine deity, by whatever name, dates back to that era.
Fig. 64. Bacchic staff or thyrsus
During his Indian expedition, Megasthenes relates, Bacchus “disguised the arms with which he had equipped his troops, and made them wear soft raiment and fawn-skins.” We read that the spears were “wrapped round with ivy, and the thyrsus [staff] had a sharp point.” The troops carried cymbals and drums, and used wine to “divert” the Indians’ thoughts “from war to dancing.” Employing these techniques, including “Bacchic orgies,” the god was able to subjugate the Indians “and all the rest of Asia.”
If we factor in the writings of Jewish historian Artapanus of Alexandria (c. 3rd or 2nd cent. BCE) about Moses, we will find even more comparisons to Dionysus, such as in Eusebius’s account (Prep. evang. 9, 27.12) in which the Israelite patriarch consecrates a cow, because it is useful in ploughing the earth. In turn, Diodorus (1.87.2; 3.64.1) relates that the cow is sacred for ploughing the earth and that Dionysus was the “first man to yoke cows to the plough.”
Artapanus (27.15f) also states that Moses “names another city and river Meroe,” while in Diodorus (2.38.4) Dionysus “leads his army to a place called Meros.”
According to the Alexandrian (27.22), while in Arabian exile Moses sends his army to battle Egypt, while Diodorus (3.73.4) recounts that Dionysus “grows up in Arabia and fights against Egypt.”
Artapanus (27.40) also makes of Moses the inventor of “many useful machines,” while Diodorus asserts that Bacchus invented “many things useful.” It is further noteworthy that Artapanus (27.6) identifies Moses with Hermes or Thoth, the Greco-Egyptian divine messenger and mythical lawgiver.
Moses as Orphic Teacher
Essentially equating the Hebrew prophet and Greek wine god, Artapanus makes Moses the teacher of Orpheus, calling the biblical figure Μουσαῖος Mousaios. This same moniker is employed by Diodorus (1.96.2) in a story about Orpheus’s visit to Egypt, with his companion Mousaios/Musaeus. This association appears to be an attempt at establishing priority and dominance, extending to the Dionysian cultus itself, since Orpheus was the major proselytizer thereof.
Regarding Artapanus’s account about Moses, Near Eastern and Jewish studies professor Dr. Holger M. Zellentin remarks:
Carl Hollady suggested that Moses’s miraculous escape from prison is a reference to Dionysus’s escape from prison.... Furthermore, the association of Jews with the Dionysus cult may be implicit in 2 and 3 Maccabees....
The apocryphal texts 2 Maccabees was composed in Greek, likely at Alexandria around 124 BCE, while 3 Maccabees apparently dates to the first century BCE or AD/CE.
Interestingly, Artapanus appears to be oblivious to the existence of the Pentateuch or other biblical scriptures, as if they had not been written or circulated by his time. In any event, it is surmised that Artapanus used Dionysus’s myth to pad out his “biography” of Moses, and it is evident from the Alexandrian’s writing that Jews were aware of the correspondences between Moses and Dionysus centuries before the common era.
Continuing the discussion of Orpheus and his master, Athenian historian and mythographer Apollodorus (c. 180–c. 120 BCE) related (Lib. 1.3) that the legendary poet “invented the mysteries of Dionysus, and, having been torn in pieces by the Maenads, he is buried in Pieria.”
Apollodorus (1.6.2) also recounts Dionysus’s battle with the giant using the magic wand: “Eurytus was killed by Dionysus with a thyrsus,” which is a fennel stalk covered with ivy vines and leaves. He further speaks of the repeated theme of killing giants, reciting not only the demise of Eurytus by Dionysus with his thyrsus but also other giant-killing, including Ephialtes shot by Apollo, and Mimas attacked with red-hot metal missiles by Hephaestus/Hephaistos. Thus, Dionysus kills one of the earth goddess Gaia’s giant sons, Eurytus, during a battle between the gods and these giants, reminiscent of the biblical battles with giants, including between David and Goliath. Obviously, this theme in the Bible is not original or “historical.”
Apollodorus (3.4.2) also relates the birth of Dionysus and death of his mother Semele, during which time Zeus hid the child from Hera by turning him into a kid and giving him to Hermes to take to “Nysa in Asia.” Thus, again, Dionysus possessed the epithet of “Kid,” like Jesus the “Lamb.”
In the first century BCE, Publius Vergilius Maro or “Virgil/Vergil” (Georgics 1.7–9) cited Roman statesman Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BCE) as relating that Bacchus and Ceres’s “gifts” were used to mix wine with “drinks” of the river god Achelous, Homer’s origin of the world’s fresh water. This myth is similar to Yahweh’s miracle via Moses of creating “sweet” water.
In Varro, various disciplines come together, as this celebrated scholar wrote about the seemingly disparate subjects of the Latin language, the Roman gods and agriculture. However, when we realize how closely the ancient deities were perceived as intertwined with, and responsible for, the growth of plants, we can understand why these topics are related. Moreover, various gods were claimed to be responsible for language, serving as the “Divine Word.”
Varro’s oft-cited volumes on the Roman religion were destroyed during the Christian era, but because of this crossover, some of his information about the gods is retained in his texts on Latin and agriculture/husbandry.
For example, we read in Varro’s agricultural text (1.2) that it was Father Bacchus to whom goats were sacrificed, “that they might make expiation with their lives...” In other words, Dionysus’s followers engaged in scapegoat rituals, abundantly present around the Mediterranean, including in the Levant, as reflected repeatedly in the biblical sacrifice and as the basis of the gospel story.
Regarding Dionysus, in Of the Nature of the Gods (3.58), Roman statesman Marcus Tullius (“Tully”) Cicero (106–43 BCE) comments:
There are many also of the Dionysi. The first was the son of Jupiter and Proserpine. The second, who is said to have killed Nysa, was the son of Nilus. The third, who reigned in Asia, and for whom the Sabazia were instituted, was the son of Caprius. The fourth, for whom they celebrate the Orphic festivals, sprung from Jupiter and Luna, the first, who is supposed to have instituted the Trieterides, was the son of Nysus and Thyone.
Thus, Cicero speaks of multiple Dionysuses, as do other ancient writers, including Diodorus.
While some attributes from “real people” may have been attached to the Dionysus myth, what we are seeing is the typical syncretism and assimilation of attributes concerning a god and his cult, in this case the popular grapevine and wine cult/god moving around the world. The syncretism explains the many different and sometimes contradictory themes in the Dionysian myth, as it was eventually passed down to us.
We have already examined numerous quotes from Diodorus (1st cent. BCE), including about the relationship between Osiris and Dionysus. The Greek historian (1.23) asserts further that the Dionysian mysteries were founded upon those of Osiris.
Referring to some of the “most learned of the Indians,” Diodorus (2.38) describes Dionysus’s mythical journey to India, reflecting the spread of viticulture and viniculture:
They say that, in ancient time, when men lived scattered and dispersed here and there, Bacchus, with a great army from the west, overran all India, which at that time had no considerable city in it able to make any resistance; and that a plague (through the violent and parching heat) destroying many of his [Bacchus’s] soldiers, they say, that prudent general drew his army out of the plains to the tops of the mountains, where (by means of the cool blasts of the refreshing air, and drinking of the spring-waters there at hand) they were restored to their former health; and that the place where his army was thus recovered, was called the Thigh; hence the Grecians frame a story of this god to this day, that Bacchus was bred in the Thigh.
Afterwards (they say) he diligently employed himself in sowing and planting divers fruit-trees, and imparted the art to the Indians, and found out the use of wine, and other things conducing to the comfort of man’s life. He built likewise stately cities, and removed the villages to more commodious situations; and instituted the manner of divine worship, and made laws, and set up courts of justice; and at last, for the many excellent inventions imparted to the Indians, he was esteemed as a god, and obtained immortal honours.
They report that he had a regiment of women in his army, and that in the heat of battle he made use of timbrels and cymbals, the trumpet being not at that time found out: and that after he reigned over all India for the space of two-and-fifty years, he died of extreme old age, leaving the kingdom of his sons, who enjoy it, and their posterity after them, successively, till many ages after the regal authority was abrogated, and the cities were governed by a democracy. These are the things related of Bacchus and his posterity by the inhabitants of the mountain parts of India.
As we can see, in these pithy paragraphs appear many correspondences between the tales of Bacchus/Dionysus and Moses, which will be delineated and discussed below. As an example here, Diodorus relates the tale of Dionysus’s army being saved from the “plague” of the burning desert heat by finding spring water in the mountains.
In chapter 3, Diodorus spends more time discussing Dionysus’s army spreading all the way to India, bringing with it knowledge of the grapevine. The historian (3.62) gives the god the Greek epithet διμήτωρ dimetor, meaning “two mothers” and “twice born,” the Latin form of which is bimater or bimeter.
At 3.65.5, Diodorus discusses the pre-Christian crucifixion of Dionysus’s enemy, Lycurgus, using the same term, ἀνασταυρόω anastauróo, employed in the gospel tale. Hence, we have the theme of suffering and crucifixion in the Dionysian mythos, in which the god himself is said to be hung from a tree. Bacchus’s association with trees, earning him the epithets of “Dendreus,” “Endendros” and “Dendrites,” apparently reflects early intoxicants created from the sap of pine and fir trees.
Diodorus (4.2.6) further states that Bacchus “also led about with himself an army composed not only of men but of women as well, and punished such men as were unjust and impious.”
A similar travel tale is told of Osiris, who was said to have marched from Egypt to India—specifically across the “Red” or “Erythraean sea”— spreading viniculture along the way. Again, Diodorus relates: “Some of the early Greek mythologists call Osiris ‘Dionysus,’” reflecting that the “Greek” god was considered to be Egyptian, one with Osiris.
Diodorus (11) also equated Bacchus with Osiris and with the sun:
Now when the ancient Egyptians, awestruck and wondering, turned their eyes to the heavens, they concluded that two gods, the sun and the moon, were primeval and eternal; and they called the former Osiris, the latter Isis, assigning each of these names according to some relevant characteristic. For, translating these appellations into the Greek idiom, Osiris is the “many-eyed,” and quite properly so; for he spreads everywhere his rays, as if to observe with many eyes all the land and sea. Even the poet [Homer] expresses his agreement with this conceit:
The Sun, who sees and hears all things.
Some of the early Greek mythologists call Osiris “Dionysus” and also, changing the word slightly, “Sirius;” of these, Eumolpos in his Bacchanalian verse says:
Dionysus shining like a star, eye aflame with rays.
And writes Orpheus;
For that reason they call him “Bright” and “Dionysus.”
This identification of Dionysus and Osiris with the sun rates as highly noteworthy.
In his Ode to Bacchus (2.19), Latin poet Horace (65–8 BCE) repeats a number of Dionysian themes:
The stream of wine, the sparkling rills
That run with milk, and honey-dew
That from the hollow trunk distils;
And I may sing thy consort’s crown,
New set in heaven, and Pentheus’ hall
With ruthless ruin thundering down,
And proud Lycurgus’ funeral.
Thou turn’st the rivers, thou the sea;
Thou, on far summits, moist with wine,
Thy Bacchants’ tresses harmlessly
Dost knot with living serpent-twine.
Thou, when the giants, threatening wrack...
Among other motifs in this same ode, Horace also refers to the “bending” or bowing of rivers by the god, an indication of Dionysus’s crossing dryshod the rivers Orontes and Hydaspes.
In his Metamorphoses (3.315), Roman writer Publius Ovidius Naso or “Ovid” (43 BCE–17/18 AD/CE) relates that Bacchus is “twice born.” Ovid (Met. 3.509ff) also recounts the story of Pentheus and Bacchus, as found in Euripides’s Bacchae but with differences and embellishments. Regarding Dionysus’s horned appearance, the Latin poet remarked: “Adorn your head with horns, and Bacchus you will be.”
In his Hercules Furens (899–900), Roman dignitary Seneca (4 BCE–65 AD/CE) sums up Bacchus as “the tamer of Lycurgus and the ruddy sea, who bears a spear-point hidden beneath his vine-wreathed staff.”
Seneca translator Dr. Frank Justus Miller notes that the “ruddy sea” refers to the body of water that Dionysus “crossed when he conquered India.” Seneca’s original Latin for “ruddy sea” is rubri maris, the word rubri or “ruddy” connoting redness, as in the Red Sea. In the Vulgate, “Red sea” is mare Rubrum. Again, if Dionysus was “born” in Egypt, then he could be said to cross the Red Sea when his viniculture cult found its way east.
Pliny the Elder
In his Natural History (6.21), Roman dignitary and philosopher Gaius Plinius Secundus or “Pliny the Elder” (23–79 AD/CE) speaks of “Father Liber” and his conquest of India, referring to the “city Nysa” and “Mountain Merus” consecrated to the god, the latter mountain “from which arose the fable that he sprung from the seed of Jupiter.”
Speaking of the Greek island of Andros, Pliny (2.103) also refers to a “fountain in the temple of Father Bacchus, which upon the Nones of January always runneth with water that tasteth like wine...” Here we see the waterto-wine miracle on the 5th of January (Nones), while the 6th represents the birthday of Osiris, Dionysus and Jesus, discussed below.
Throughout this work, we have read repeated remarks regarding Dionysus, as well as Osiris, by the Greek writer and priest Plutarch, during the second century AD/CE. From Plutarch we also learn that Dionysus is “counted a physician for finding wine, the most pleasing and most potent remedy,” as well as for “bringing ivy, the greatest opposite imaginable to wine, into reputation...”
Plutarch reiterates that “the ancients of all the creeping beasts consecrate the snake to Bacchus, and of all the plants the ivy...” The emphasis on ivy in the Bacchic mythos occurs because the plant was used to counter the effects of alcohol, preventing drunkenness and “hangovers.”
The numerous references in the second century AD/CE by Pausanias to monuments and other artifacts associated with Bacchus in various locations demonstrate the continued popularity and importance of the god. While Dionysus is associated with Osiris, Pausanias (2.13) tells us also that, as one might expect, the Egyptian god’s sister-wife, Isis, was worshipped alongside Bacchus at a place called Omphalos/Umbilicus,995 the “navel of the world.”
At 2.20, 23, the Greek writer discusses “Bacchus when he led his army to Argos” and mentions also the “army of Dionysus.”
Referring to the inhabitants of Brasiae, Greece, and contending that the story is found nowhere else in the country, Pausanias (3.24.3) remarks that “Semele, after giving birth to her son by Zeus, was discovered by Cadmus and put with Dionysus into a chest, which was washed up by the waves in their country…” At 3.24.4, he states:
The people of Brasiae add that [the queen of Thebes/goddess] Ino in the course of her wanderings came to the country, and agreed to become the nurse of Dionysus. They show the cave where Ino nursed him, and call the plain the garden of Dionysus.
Pausanias (4.36.7) also states that “there is a spring below the city near the sea, the water of which they say gushed forth for Dionysus when he struck he ground with a thyrsus.” He continues: “For this reason they call the spring Dionysias.” Here we see several germane elements included in the Moses myth.
Like Varro, Cicero, Diodorus and others, in the second century AD/CE Arrian too spoke of different Dionysi, one Athenian Iacchus as the son of Zeus and Kore/Persephone, and the other the Theban.
Arrian also mentions a “Dionysopolis,” where a statue of the god washed ashore, a city formerly called Κρυνος Krunos, reflecting its nearby springs.
In the middle of the second century AD/CE, Justin Martyr and several other early Church fathers discussed Dionysus/Bacchus/Liber, basically repeating the themes previously analyzed.
Justin relates that, in an Orphic hymn equating the Greek gods Zeus, Helios, Hades and Dionysus, the composer also invokes Orpheus’s friend Musaeus and the “Word divine,” the “one and universal king,” as well as the “selfbegotten” and “only One, of whom all things and we ourselves are sprung.” This writing sounds so Judeo-Christian that Justin raises up this poem as an example of monotheism.
Justin also claims that several other Greek luminaries, such as Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Diodorus and others, had borrowed heavily from the Pentateuch, demonstrating that even in antiquity and among Christian apologists the parallels between pagan and biblical stories and traditions were noticed and remarked upon. Many of these similarities, however, existed hundreds to thousands of years earlier, before Hebrew emerged as a separate language and the Bible was composed.
Lucian of Samosata
In his essay “Dionysus, an Introductory Lecture” (1), famed satirist Lucian (c. 125–c. 180? AD/CE) also discusses Bacchus, recounting the god’s triumph in India and relating it to his own “foibles” from incessant criticism of his works. Lucian’s commentary includes mention of the wild and serpent-girded maenads, the ivy, tambourines and “horns like a new-born kid’s.”
Lucian (3) writes that the Bacchantes and their god used fire to conquer the Indians, “for fire is the Bacchic instrument, Dionysus’s very birthright,” referring to the ancient myth in which Bacchus’s mother, Semele, is consumed by Zeus’s lightning. This motif is reminiscent of the pillar of fire leading the Israelites through the desert, and, indeed, we read that fiery Bacchus himself is a “pillar.” The association of Bacchus with or as fire is also suggestive of Yahweh’s burning bush, a solar attribute.
Clement of Alexandria
Writing in the second to third centuries, theologian Clement Alexandrinus appears to have known that already in antiquity people were making comparisons between Moses and Dionysus. We have seen that decades earlier Plutarch had equated the Jewish Feast of the Tabernacles with the Bacchic fall ritual and centuries before Diodorus had compared the two lawgivers. It is reasonable to assert that others in antiquity did likewise, and it is useful to remind here of the massive amount of cultural destruction since ancient times, including various relevant writings.
In Miscellanies (1.16), Clement remarks that the Greek god “on whose account the Dionysian spectacles are celebrated, will be shown to be later than Moses.” In his calculations, the Church father (Misc. 1.21) concludes that Moses was “shown to have preceded the deification of Dionysus six hundred and four years... This contention is demonstrated in the present work to be erroneous, as the wine god precedes the Hebrew lawgiver by hundreds to thousands of years, including in the pertinent region as El Elyon among many other forms.
Also in chapter 21, Clement attempts to show that Mosaic law is older than the “philosophy of the Greeks,” with the latter the plagiarists of the former. As we have seen, however, the Mosaic law and lawgiver evidently are remakes of older archetypes found in numerous places, centuries to millennia before the Israelite myth was composed.
In order to convince his audience to accept as “historical fact” the supposed appearance of God as a pillar of fire in the desert, the Alexandrian raises pagan parallels for this divine intervention, including as concerns Dionysus. We have seen also that Clement (Misc. 1.24) describes a Bacchic or Orphic oracle comparable to the pillars of Yahweh in Exodus.
In any event, Clement evidently was under pressure to establish Moses as the original legislator, a reflection of the fact that the Hebrew patriarch was being compared to other lawgivers, as by Diodorus, whom the Alexandrian father specifically mentions in this discussion.
Another discussion of Dionysus occurs in a text from the second century AD/CE, the Macedonian rhetorician Polyaenus’s Strategems in War or Στρατηγήματα Strategemata (1.1–2), in which we read about the wine god’s “expedition against the Indians.” Most of the details of Polyaenus’s account can be found in earlier writings about Dionysus. The Macedonian mythographer provides a fairly complete summary of the Dionysian myth.
In Imagines (1.14ff), Philostratus (2nd–3rd cents. AD/CE) reiterates the story of Dionysus’s birth from Semele, with the god’s bright light shining “like a radiant star” as he is born in a “charming” cave filled with foliage, including Bacchus’s signatory ivy and grapevine. Philostratus next states that the earth “will take part with the fire in the Bacchic reveal and will make it possible for the revelers to take wine from springs and to draw milk from clods of earth or from a rock as from living breasts.”
At Imagines 1.18, the Greek philosopher discusses Dionysus’s followers, referring to painted scenes from Mt. Cithaeron of “choruses of Bacchantes, and rocks flowing with wine, and nectar dripping from clusters of grapes, and the earth enriching the broken soil with milk.” He also refers to serpents standing erect and thyrsus “trees” dripping with honey. There follows a reminder of the terrible story of Pentheus’s slaughter.
In the next section (1.19), Philostratus discusses Tyrrhenian pirates and their ship, saying that “the thyrsus here has grown in the midst of the ship and serves as a mast, and sails dyed purple are attached to it, gleaming as they belly out in the wind, and woven in them are golden Bacchantes on Mount Tmolus and Dionysiac scenes from Lydia.”
The philosopher then states: “That the ship seems to be embowered with vine and ivy and that clusters of grapes swing above it is indeed a marvel, but more marvelous is the fountain of wine, for the hollow ship pours forth the wine and lets it drain away.” Here is yet another depiction of a wine miracle.
Catholic scholar Pierre Danet (18th cent.) says that Philostratus “assures us that the Indians held that their Bacchus came to them out of Assyria,” which the Frenchman avers demonstrates that Dionysus is Noah.
In describing the abolition by one Amosis of the “law of sacrificing men in the Egyptian city of Heliopolis,” ancient Greek historian Porphyry (c. 234–c. 305 AD/CE) tells us in Animal Food (2.55) about a man on the island of Chios, Greece, torn to pieces as a sacrifice to Bacchus.1012 Porphyry (A.F. 3.16) iterates that the Greeks “united a ram to the statue of Jupiter, but the horns of a bull to that of Bacchus.” The historian (A.F. 3.17) also confirms Dionysus’s epithet of “kid,” hinnuleius in the Greek.
In On the Cave of the Nymphs (6), referring to bowls and amphorae traditionally used to hold wine, Porphyry remarks that they are symbols of Bacchus, “friendly to the vine, the gift of God; since the fruit of the vine is brought to a proper maturity by the celestial fire of the sun.” Here we see the correlation between the grapevine and the fiery sun, which ripens the fruit and ferments the wine.
Citing others such as Diodorus, Eusebius (3rd–4th cents. AD/CE) recounted numerous aspects of the Dionysus myth, including the god as “brought from Egypt by Orpheus” (Praep. ev. 10:8), as well as serving as the “twin brother” of Osiris and the inventor of wine and beer. Eusebius also mentions Bacchus’s bimater or “two-mothered” status, his wands used as clubs, his allegorization by Porphyry, his rending by the Titans, and his being horned and identified with the sun.
According to Jerome, Eusebius related that Dionysus had arrived in Attica in 1497 BCE, while the god was reborn of Semele at Thebes around 1387 BCE. This anachronism evidently reflects the movement of the Bacchic wine cult.
At Preparation for the Gospel 9.27, Eusebius mentions Artapanus’s book Concerning the Jews, in which the author equates “Mouses” (Moses) with Musaeus.
We also learn from Eusebius about human sacrifice associated with Bacchus, in his Theophania (2.58), where he recounts evidently the same story as Porphyry of a sacrifice of a man to the “Omadian Bacchus in Chios, when they had torn him (to pieces)!”
Like numerous other cultures in antiquity, the Hebrews were known to practice human sacrifice, such as the sacred-king scapegoat ritual. It is this practice encountered in the Bible when Abraham is about to sacrifice his son and when God completes the ritual with his own son. Indeed, the latter oncefor-all sacrifice of Jesus Christ was designed to put an end to what was obviously a problem around the Mediterranean. Hence, this ritual too connects the Dionysian and Jewish religions.
It is obvious not only that Jews were well aware of Bacchus but also that they revered his cult enough to feature him prominently, according to Maccabees, as well as Plutarch’s statements and the depiction of Dionysus’s life-cycle in ancient mosaics in Israel.
Fig. 66. Herakles and Dionysus, 3rd–4th cents. AD/CE. Mosaic at Sepphoris/Tzippori, Israel
Indeed, the presence of Dionysus on mosaics from the third to fourth centuries AD/CE in the finely appointed home of the apparent Jewish patriarch at Sepphoris or Tzippori, a village in Galilee, lends weight to Plutarch’s commentary. Significantly, this imagery depicts Bacchus and Herakles in a wine-drinking contest, which Dionysus wins, a theme flagrantly featured in the prominent Jewish citizen’s home. Since Herakles was a favorite of the Phoenicians, this symbolism could reflect the defeat of that faction commercially, in the wine trade. This central place for Bacchus indicates the wealth of the community depended significantly on the blessings of the grape.
If these later Jews were aware of Dionysus and unflinchingly revered him, it is reasonable to suggest that Israelites knew about his worship and myth in more remote antiquity, particularly as they became wine connoisseurs, a trade that dates back 3,000 years in the hill country where they emerged.
It is very significant that this site of Bacchus worship, Sepphoris, was deemed the Cana of the New Testament, where Jesus was said to have produced his water-to-wine miracle. It is clear that the gospel writers were imitating the popular Dionysus worship with the newly created Christ
In the fifth century AD/CE, Macrobius published a book called Saturnalia, which discusses numerous deities of the Roman Empire at that time, including various Greek gods who are identified with each other and possess many solar attributes. In this regard, Macrobius treats virtually all such deities as sun gods, including and especially Dionysus/Bacchus/Father Liber.
Bacchus as Apollo
As we have seen, the Roman writer also equated Bacchus with Apollo, whose battle with the serpent or water monster he identified as a solar myth. In his comparisons, Macrobius (1.18.7) further remarked:
But given the earlier proof that Apollo and the sun are the same, and the subsequent demonstration that father Liber is the same as Apollo, there can be no doubt but that the sun and father Liber must be considered aspects of the same godhead… They observe the holy mystery in the rites by calling the sun Apollo when it is in the upper (that is, daytime) hemisphere; when it is in the lower (that is, night-time) hemisphere, it is considered Dionysus, who is Liber.
Thus, again, Bacchus possesses the same role as Osiris, the sun of the night or “underworld.”
Macrobius (1.18.9–10) also cites depictions of Dionysus, including as symbolically representing the winter solstice, “like the image the Egyptians bring out from its shrine on a fixed date, with the appearance of a small infant, since it’s the shortest day.” Other Bacchic images represent the equinoxes and summer solstice, the latter sporting a long beard indicating the length of the day.
More proofs of Dionysus’s solar nature can be found in Macrobius, including citations of older texts such as the Orphic hymns. The name Sabazius or Sebazius is explained (1.18.11) as denoting the Thracian sun god, equated with Dionysus and previously mentioned as an archaic beer god. Moreover, the “physical scientists” explain that Dionysus is the “mind of Zeus,” because “the sun is the mind of the cosmic order…”
As is appropriate for a legislator, the sun, “whom they call with the surname Dionysus,” is the “god of good counsel,” similar to a title ascribed to Bacchus by Plutarch.
Macrobius is insistent on Dionysus’s solar nature, as in the Orphic hymns: “The sun, whom they call with the surname Dionysus.”
We learn also from the Roman (1.18.18) the neat solar summation ascribed to Orpheus, previously mentioned:
εἷς Ζεύς, εἷς Ἀίδης, εἷς Ἥλιος, εἷς Διόνυσος.
One Zeus, one Hades, one Helios, one Dionysus.
In addition, we discover that, by the authority of the “sacred verses” of the oracle of Apollo of Claros, another name given to the sun is “Iao.” Says Macrobius (1.18.19–20):
For when Apollo of Claros was asked, concerning the god called Iaô, which of the gods he should be considered, Apollo replied as follows:
Those who know the mysteries should conceal things not to be sought.
But if your understanding is slight, your mind feeble, say that the greatest god of all is Iaô:
Hades in winter, Zeus at the start of spring, the sun in summer, delicate Iacchos [=Dionysos] in the fall.
Macrobius (1.18.21) cites earlier writer Cornelius Labeo (c. 3rd cent. AD/CE?) as identifying “father Liber and the sun as Iaô.”
As concerns this name Iao, Macrobius editor Dr. Robert A. Kaster remarks:
Derived from Yahu, a form of the sacred name of the Jewish God, “Iaô” appears in syncretizing contexts, as here, in Gnostic texts, and as a name to conjure with in the magical papyri.
Thus, again, Yahu or Yahweh, the Jewish tribal war god, is equated with Iao and is therefore solar as well. Moreover, if Iao is also Dionysus, then so too is Yahweh.
Also, Macrobius (1.19.16) identifies Dionysus’s thyrsus/wand as a solar artifact, as is Mercury’s caduceus, the staff with intertwined snakes, essentially the same as Moses’s rod.
In his scholia or commentary on Plato’s Phaedrus, Neoplatonist philosopher Hermias or Hermeias of Alexandria (c. 410–c. 450 AD/CE), in speaking of the renewing nature of Bacchus’s nymphs, remarks that “this Dionysus or Bacchus supplies the regeneration of every sensible nature.” In this regard, Kerenyi likewise writes about Dionysus as the “archetypal image of indestructible life,” representing eternal life, like his Christian imitator.
Fig. 67. Hermes’s winged caduceus with two snakes
In the late fifth or early sixth century AD/CE, Greek poet Nonnus/ Nonnos composed an epic poem entitled Dionysiaca, the longest such work that has survived from antiquity. The poem uses Homeric language and hexameter in describing Dionysus’s life, expedition to India, and his “triumphant return to the west.”
As we know, this tale of Dionysus’s journey to India is a millennium or more older than the time of Nonnus’s writing, and it is believed that the poet obtained much of his information from more ancient texts that predated the common era by centuries. While drawing on Homer, Nonnus was influenced also by Hesiod, Euripides, the Theban poet Pindar (522–443 BCE) and Callimachus. He may allude as well to the lost poems of Euphorion of Chalcis (b. c. 275 BCE), Peisander of Laranda (fl. c. 3rd cent. AD/CE) and the Libyan epicist Soteirichus (3rd–4th cents. AD/CE). In this regard, Nonnus is considered a chronicler of “lost Hellenistic poetry and mythic traditions,” reflecting his reliance upon older sources.
Read widely in late antiquity and into the Byzantine era (330–1453 AD/CE) and Renaissance (14th–17th centuries AD/CE), Nonnus’s massive work includes 48 books containing different episodes in the mythical life of Dionysus/Bacchus. We read in book 2, for example, about the battle of the gods and giants, reminiscent of other great epics such as the Mahabharata and Iliad.
Book 4 (260ff) speaks of Kadmos/Cadmus’s knowledge of Egyptian secrets and wisdom. A Phoenician prince whose sister was Europa and who traditionally founded the Greek city of Thebes, Cadmus was given credit for bringing the “Phoenician” alphabet to Greece. Per Herodotus’s reckoning, Cadmus’s era was about 2000 BCE, long before the Phoenician invention of the alphabet, so this story may reflect the proto-Greek Pelasgian alphabet instead. Nevertheless, it is important to note that aspects of Greek culture have been attributed since antiquity to the Egyptians and Phoenicians, these two ethnicities themselves sharing a cultural exchange for centuries, at least as early as 4,600 years ago.
Book 7 of Nonnus describes the birth of Dionysus to the mortal Semele, impregnated by Zeus/God at the bidding of Aion, a god of Time. Book 8 depicts Semele’s fiery death because of trickery by Zeus’s jealous wife, Hera. Dionysus is snatched up by Zeus and, in book 9, reborn, given to Hermes and handed off to the Theban queen-goddess “Ino of the Waters,” an appropriate designation for one drawing a god from the waters. Hence, the god is “twiceborn.”
The Sun, Wine and Grapevine Paramours
As do the earlier sections, Nonnus’s books 10 through 12 contain natureworshipping themes, including the discovery of wine and a tale about the young Bacchus “falling in love” with a boy, Ampelos/Ampelus, who in reality represents the vine. In this regard, we can see that what appears to be a homoerotic and pederastic myth in fact has nature-worshipping significance, as Ampelus is changed into the grapevine, which the solar Dionysus adopts as his plant, subsequently discovering the magical elixir of wine.
After this story, in book 13 we find Zeus ordering Dionysus to take his human army to India, where he was said to have spread viniculture and viticulture. Because of his skills in wine-making, Bacchus is able to defeat the Indians by making them drunk.
Staphylus and the Grape Bunch
Another nature-worshipping theme occurs in Nonnus’s book 18, in which an Assyrian man named “Staphylus” (Στάφυλος ) and his family become drunk with Dionysus at a banquet. The following morning, Staphylus/Staphylos “talks about the gods and giants, as well as the origin of the Indians, and then dies.” The Greek word staphylos or staphyle refers to a bunch of grapes, a theme to be discussed below.
The Ruddy Sea
In books 20 and 21 of his Dionysiaca, Nonnos/Nonnus sets his tale in Phoenicia and/or Arabia, which is relevant for the reason that it demonstrates an association of Bacchus with the Near and Middle East, the area in which the Moses myth was formulated. Book 20 recounts the driving of Dionysus and his followers into the “ruddy sea” in “Arabia” by the king Lycurgus, a motif also related by Seneca.
In book 22, we are treated to Bacchus’s performance of miracles, including turning water to milk and compelling rocks to spout wine. The Indians are not impressed and nonetheless attack his army. Books 23 and 24 recount this war, verse 23.18 discussing Dionysus’s crossing of the Hydaspes river with his army, during which time he drowns his foes. In book 25, Dionysus finally causes the Indians to become drunk and incapacitated, so he can sack their city.
In book 25 too (380ff), we read about Dionysus’s shield, covered by constellations and various scenes from Greek mythology. Numerous other adventures follow that resemble depictions of various characters in the Old Testament, engaging in episodes of sex scandals, more fighting, battles with giants, divine interventions, trickery and so on.
Along the way, the Indians manage to kill many of Dionysus’s followers or Bacchantes (35), while in book 36 the gods step in to take sides, much like in the Homeric and Indian epics, as well as in the various biblical battles between the Yahwists and devotees of other gods around the region.
The war ends in book 40 with the defeat of the Indians and triumph of Dionysus, like his biblical counterparts conquering the natives of Midian and Canaan. In this same book, Dionysus is depicted as traveling to the Phoenician city of Tyre, where he learns about the city’s mythical founding by the demigod and son of Zeus, Hercules/Herakles.
Another epic clash occurs between the armies of Poseidon’s sea gods and those of Dionysus in book 43, in “a war of the waters and a battle of the vine.” In book 44 of the Dionysiaca appears the tale of the god’s arrest and imprisonment at the hands of Pentheus, for which act the latter is torn to pieces by the maenads, who include his own mother.
Book 47 recounts the motif of Bacchus introducing viticulture to the Thebans, who, when drunk, kill the first farmer who produces wine, an elderly tiller who himself previously had gotten intoxicated, in a tale reminiscent of the biblical tiller Noah’s drinking binge in Genesis 9. The farmer’s daughter, Erigone, subsequently commits suicide and is made by Zeus into the constellation of the same name. Hence, again we are looking not at “history” of “real people” but at mythical motifs designed to explain how various phenomena and traditions came to be. In specific, this motif is astronomical or astrotheological in nature.
Finally, book 48 recounts the myth about Hera provoking giants to attack Dionysus, who kills them. In this book also, Bacchus travels to Asia Minor. At this point, the god is placed among the Olympians.
To reiterate, Nonnus’s epic poem, which recounted several myths of Dionysus that had been around for 1,000 or more years, was popular from the time of its composition (5th–6 cents. AD/CE), all the way through the Renaissance, which ended in the 16th century AD/CE.
Starting in at least the early 17th century in Western scholarship, European theologians and others began noticing the parallels between Dionysus and Moses. One of the theologians around this time who made a case for a Moses-Dionysus connection was English scholar Hugh Sanford (d. 1607).
Published in 1611 but completed several years earlier, Sanford’s Latin opus De Descensu Domini Nostri Iesu Christi ad Inferos was built upon for decades afterwards and presented significant comparisons between the two figures.
Sanford’s work is summarized by Don Allen:
Following the evidence of ancient history and his three linguistic laws, Sanford discovers that Isis is the mother of Moses and that Moses was also known as Misen, Mises and Moso. Sanford finds it more reasonable to identify Moses with Bacchus of Nysa, a placename which is an anagram of “Syna” or Sinai. Reading Nonnos’ epic about Bacchus, Sanford noticed the name Maira, the dog-star, a distorted form of the name of Moses’ sister Miriam. Orus is Aaron; and Caleb, which means “dog” in Hebrew, is Bacchus’ companionable pet...
In consideration of what we know about Osiris, Horus and Isis, it is reasonable to find in Moses, Aaron and Miriam their traces,1039 especially since Osiris is equated with Dionysus, who in turn has been identified with Moses. We have seen also that Aaron and Horus possess intriguing commonalities, and it is noteworthy that Isis was styled with the Egyptian epithet “Meri,” meaning “beloved,” while מרים Miryam is Semitic for “Maria” and “Mary.”
Sanford also thus averred that Nysa was an anagram of Sinai. The Greek word for Nysa is Νῦσα, which could be pronounced “Neesah,” while the LXX for Sinai is Σινα, the pronunciation of which is “Seenah.”
Summarizing these correlations popularized centuries earlier by Sanford, English Egyptologist Dr. Samuel Sharpe (1799–1881) added: “Nysa was an Egyptian method of spelling Sinai backward; and…Mount Sinai had been for untold ages, before the reputed period of Moses, a ‘holy hill,’ the fabled resort of the gods.”
Another scholar of the 17th century who made the Moses-Dionysus connection was Dutch theologian and humanist professor Dr. Gerhard Johannes Vossius (1577–1649), also known as Gerhard Johan Voss, whose real name was Gerrit Janszoon Vos.
In his massive Latin work De theologia gentili et physiologia Christiana, initially published around and never translated into English, the devout Christian Vossius contended that humanity had made the “mistake of looking to Nature rather than to the God of Nature,” which led to the proliferation of nature gods and goddesses such as “Joves and Junos, found in every sacred acre of the world.” These nature-based pagan deities, Vossius averred, were biblical figures erroneously perceived: “Great patches of Vos’s book are devoted to the borrowed Hebrew theologies and sacred histories of the ethnics.” Vossius makes many equations between these various Jewish and Gentile characters, including that “Moses is Liber, Osiris, Monius, Mises, Moso and Milichus.”
Regarding Vossius, Don Allen remarks:
Picking up Sanford’s Nysa-Sinai intimation, Vos develops the Moses-Bacchus relationship still further. Both heroes spent a good deal of time in the Arabian desert, and the Dionysian laureate Nonnos probably had the crossing of the Red Sea in mind when he wrote of his hero that “he took to his heels and ran in fear too fast to be pursued/until he leaped into the gray waters of the Erythraian Sea.”
Allen next comments: “There is little doubt that Vos knew more about world religion than almost anyone else in his generation…”
As it turns out, where there is smoke, there is fire, and these learned individuals were not mistaken in noticing and explicating this comparative religion theme of Moses and Dionysus. Since they were largely clergy with a vested interest and, probably, sincere beliefs, they could not or would not admit that the Jewish supernatural stories were unoriginal and had borrowed from the pagan myths, rather than the other way around. Nor could they afford to look closely at the guarded meanings or “mysteries” behind these myths so commonly held.
The Moses-Bacchus correlation appeared so obvious (and fascinating) to the European educated elite, the majority of whom were Christian authorities, that they spent centuries engaged in its analysis. One conclusion as to how this strange development had occurred was proffered by Samuel Bochart in the 17th century.
Bochart surmised that, after Moses’s story became known throughout the Levant, Phoenician sailors led by Cadmus, a supposed contemporary of Joshua, adopted the tale and spread it wherever they went. This conclusion of Phoenicians spreading religion via their many sea voyages is highly valuable, but the facts indicate the opposite transmission, as the Bible writers composed myths largely revolving around the deities of the Phoenicians, Canaanites and Ugaritians, as well as the Sumero-Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Indians and so on.
Moreover, Cadmus’s era was almost a thousand years earlier than Joshua, per Herodotus, so they could not have been contemporaries, even if these figures both were historical.
Bochart associated Bacchus with the biblical character of Nimrod as well, an identification built upon by other writers who followed.
So close were these correspondences in the Dionysus myth that certain devout believers wrote long treatises presenting the parallels’ purported biblical originals. One such individual was British theologian and vicar Rev. Theophilus Gale (1628–1678), who cited biblical chapter and verse whence the Greek poets allegedly had plagiarized their Bacchic tales.
In his book The Court of the Gentiles, in the chapter “The Theogonie of Bacchus from Sacred, or Hebrew, Names and Traditions,” Gale lists 17 parallels between the Moses and Dionysus stories and tries to trace them to the Bible, providing various scriptures as their basis. He begins by attempting to show how several of Dionysus’s names were “of Hebrew extract,” stating that “in prosecution of our undertaking, we shall endeavor to demonstrate that the many fabulous narrations of Bacchus, his names and attributes, were but corrupt and broken imitations of Jewish names and traditions.”
Building upon the work of Sanford and Bochart, Gale cites Dionysian epithets purportedly lifted from the Bible, including Bacchus, Jacchus, Euvius, Adonis and Sabus. He also discusses the connection between Yah/Iah, Iao and Iacchus, while Adonis is equated by him with Adonai.
As concerns the name “Dionysus,” Gale insists it comes from Exodus 17:15, in which, after the slaughter of the Amalekites, Moses is claimed to have set up an altar at Rephidim with the unusual name “Jehovahnissi.” The churchman speculates that, since Dionysus was from Arabia, basically where Mt. Sinai was situated, he or the Greek poets must have seen the altar and copied the name. There exists no evidence that such an altar was ever visible for anyone to see or copy, but this name indeed may reflect the ancient Bacchus cult among the Semites, including the Israelites, as we shall see.
Included in Gale’s analysis is the Nysa-Syna transposition. Gale also equates with Canaan the “land of honey” through which Dionysus was said to travel. He further discusses the comparison between Bacchus or Boachus and Noachus or Noah, including that the latter was said to have introduced the grapevine (Gen 9:20).
We have seen already the bulk of these comparisons in the ancient writings previously examined. Those who followed Gale and others of this era—and there were many—repeated many or most of these same parallels.
In 1682, French Catholic priest Louis Thomassin (1619–1695) also addressed the comparisons between Moses and Dionysus, recounting Vossius’s work and summarizing the main parallels, including:
Moses was born in Egypt, and Orpheus, in the hymns attributed to him, renders the same testimony to Liber, or to Bacchus; making him son of the goddess Isis, and making him born from the waters of the Nile, where Moses was exposed....
Thomassin also discusses the name of Moses, which “comes from that which was pulled from the waters.” He calls the lawgiver by the Latin moniker Masa extraxit (“Moses extracted”) and says that “Orpheus in the Hymns or in the Mysteries gives to Bacchus the name of Mises, and names him born from the waters...”
As parallels between the Greek and Hebrew figures, the French priest raises up the two mothers, Nysa, the flight across the Red Sea, the presence of women in the army, the horns, the smiting of a rock for water, the serpent, the “dog,” the “milk and honey,” the role of lawgiver, the “double law” and the miraclemaking.
Thomassin cites many of the ancient sources for these comparisons, including Clement, Diodorus, Euripides, Nonnus, Orpheus, Plutarch, Sophocles and Strabo.
Around the same time, English bishop and theologian Dr. Simon/Symon Patrick (1626–1707) continued the analysis, remarking that, “in Orpheus’s hymns, Bacchus is called Mises, which seems to be the same with Moses; out of whose story all that the Greeks and others say of Bacchus seems to have been framed.”
Thus, yet another Christian authority of a past era was aware of the numerous striking and important parallels between Moses and Dionysus, but, as also a believer in the Bible, he too attempted to trace the Dionysian myth to the Hebrew lawgiver. Nevertheless, it is apparent that these stories are mythical, and the evidence indicates the myth existed first in other cultures, including the Egyptian, Greek, Asian Minor and Levantine.
Patrick also believed Justin Martyr had demonstrated that the major Bacchic proselytizer, Orpheus, learned a number of his doctrines from Moses’s books. However, there is little evidence of detailed knowledge by Gentiles of the biblical stories before these latter were rendered into Greek during the third or second centuries BCE. Justin’s attempts would reveal nevertheless that early Christians were aware of the parallels between the Dionysian/Orphic religion and that of Moses.
In 1700, French scholar and philologist Pierre Danet published A Complete Dictionary of the Greek and Roman Antiquities, in which he included a lengthy entry for Bacchus/Dionysus, recounting his myth and relating Vossius’s comparisons between him and the Israelite lawgiver. Danet translates a long passage from Vossius’s Latin, asserting Moses as Bacchus and detailing the numerous correlations such as the “dog” companion and emphasis on grapes:
One of the most faithful servants of Moses is Celeb, who gave such illustrious proofs of his courage and fidelity when he went to observe and discover the promised Land, and brought back with the other spies the famous bunch of grapes. In like manner, the poets make a dog to have been the companion of Bacchus, the Hebrew word Celeb signifying a dog. Nonnus relates the discourse of Bacchus, when he translated his dog to the stars and made a constellation of it, called Maera or “Little Dog,” which contributes to the ripening of the grapes.
Orpheus gives Bacchus the title of a lawgiver..., attributing to him a double Law, as if he alluded to the Two Tables of the Law of Moses or to Deuteronomy...
Fig. 68. Michiel van der Borch, Spies return from Canaan with grapes, 1332. Vellum, National Library of The Netherlands, The Hague
In his entry on “Bacchus,” Danet states that ancient Egyptians and Greeks confounded Dionysus with “Phoebus, Apollo, Pluto, Apis, Anubis and Osiris,” as well as Janus and Noah. Says he: “Plutarch undertakes to prove that Bacchus is the God of the Hebrews and that all the observations of the Jews are nothing else but the ceremonies of Bacchus.”
Following Bochart was his pupil, the bishop of Avranches Dr. Pierre Daniel Huet (1630–1721), an esteemed scholar in his own right who continued the Moses-Dionysus discussion. Huet suggested, as a related aside, that the famed Greek poet Homer “may have been an Egyptian and not a Greek; further [Homer] read all of Moses’ writings and took over his sacred history and his theology.” Huet averred that “Moses was converted by the Phoenicians into the gods Taautus [Thoth] and Adonis.”
Concerning this contention, Don Allen remarks:
The second metamorphosis fits very snugly, because Adonis was born in Arabia where Moses dwelt, and was, in his myth, hidden in an ark entrusted to Proserpine [Persephone/Kore]…. [According to Huet,] Adonis is, of course, the same as Bacchus, Mercury, Osiris, Apollo and Helios; hence, since Moses is Adonis, he is also these other gods. ...by looking about, Huet discovers Moses in the pantheons of Persia, China, Japan, Mexico and the primitive religions of the Germans, French and English. He is, of course, best found in Greece and Rome, and in the latter country he was worshiped as Romulus.
As writers in antiquity had discussed a number of Dionysuses, so too does Huet bring up various Bacchi as originating with the Pelasgians, referring to one such Dionysus as “Moses.” From all the evidence presented here, this Dionysus would be centuries older than the Moses character, however, the latter evidently created largely in the seventh to third centuries BCE.
The one conclusion we surely can make about this centuries-long continuity of scholarship is that the parallels between Dionysus and Moses are real and highly conspicuous. Furthermore, what Huet’s “monomania” actually reflects are stories of lawgivers and founders of nations similar in many aspects to Moses.
Hence, this learned Christian authority is perceiving a genuine phenomenon, but there is a more universal reason behind this coincidence, as it has to do significantly with the sun, the object of worship for thousands of years that ancient writers such as Macrobius found as the basis of many deities, including the bulk of those discussed by Huet.
Thus, the equation of these gods and heroes is also sensible, although none of their myths is exactly the same, obviously. In reality, universal myths and archetypes are changed according to the era and location of a particular culture or ethnicity, its environment, emphases and mores, traditions and rituals.
So striking and well known were these correspondences between Moses and Bacchus that famed French scholar Voltaire (1694–1778) expounded upon them as well:
The ancient poets have placed the birth of Bacchus in Egypt; he is exposed on the Nile and it is from that event that he is named Mises by the first Orpheus, which, in Egyptian, signifies “saved from the waters”… He is brought up near a mountain of Arabia called Nisa [Nysa], which is believed to be Mount Sinai. It is pretended that a goddess ordered him to go and destroy a barbarous nation and that he passed through the Red Sea on foot, with a multitude of men, women, and children. Another time the river Orontes suspended its waters right and left to let him pass, and the Hydaspes did the same. He commanded the sun to stand still; two luminous rays proceeded from his head. He made a fountain of wine spout up by striking the ground with his thyrsus, and engraved his laws on two tables of marble. He wanted only to have afflicted Egypt with ten plagues, to be the perfect copy of Moses.
The connection to the Orontes river is interesting, in light of its location, near Ugarit, where the Semitic wine god was revered in antiquity. During the fifteenth and fourteenth centuries BCE, the “territory west of the Orontes, as far as the Mediterranean coast, belonged to Egypt.” Hence, crossing the river to the east would constitute “fleeing from Egypt.”
Sun Standing Still
Here we see correlations between not only Dionysus and Moses but also Bacchus and Joshua, such as the sun standing still. Rather than serving as an impossible “historical fact,” the tale of the day star arrested in its course reflects the solstice. This motif is clearly part of a solar myth, not history, unless we are to allow that Dionysus’s story too is “real.”
Alas, even the great Voltaire writes here as if he believed the Dionysian myth was a copy of a historical Israelite lawgiver, rather than both representing a mythical founder archetype.
The Moses-Bacchus connection became so well known by the time of American theologian Rev. Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) that he composed notes about it in his renowned Blank Bible, explaining that the “blind heathen” had heard of Moses’s biblical adventures and had imitated them in “whom they called Bacchus.”
In this regard, American religion professor Dr. Gerald R. McDermott states:
Edwards noted in his Blank Bible that heathen stories about gods and goddesses were actually distortions of Hebrew counterparts. Saturn, for example, is a transmutation of Adam, Noah and Abraham; Hercules is a Greek rendition of Joshua, Bacchus of Nimrod, Moses and the Hebrew deity; Apis and Serapis are Egyptian retellings of the story of Joseph.
While the churchman Edwards objected to the “blind heathen” supposing that the ancient gods were the same as biblical figures, he himself was compelled to admit the similarities and derive one from the other, the Bible taking precedence based on his conditioning and vocation.
In Bell’s New Pantheon, published in 1790, John Bell presented the MosesDionysus arguments in detail, with a long list incorporating many of the aspects we have already seen. He began his analysis with a comparison of Bacchus and Nimrod, a study worth examining, as the latter thus may serve as another legislator and wine-god archetype.
Among other parallels, Bell noted the similarity between Bacchus and “Barchus,” “son of Chus,” referring to Nimrod, son of Cush (Gen 10:8; 1 Chr 1:10). Both are “hunters,” and, as the first king of the wine-making region of Babylon, Nimrod is associated with the grapevine.
In his opus Origine de tous les Cultes, ou la Réligion Universelle or Origin of All Religious Worship, French professor Charles Dupuis (1742–1809) built upon this scholarship and laid out the universal syncretism in all its glory. Dupuis’s multivolume opus influenced many people during his time and for decades after, including Napoleon Bonaparte and possibly various American Founding Fathers,1064 remaining relevant to this day.
Dupuis compares Dionysus’s miracles with those of Moses and Jesus. He also discusses in detail the astrotheological or solar connotations of the archetypal myth.
Dupuis is one of the first voices raised in this debate who did not automatically default to biblical priority and who suggested that biblical figures are copies of ancient myths, not the other way around. In this mythicist view, these biblical characters are as mythical as their archetypal predecessors, who possess astrotheological significance.
By the early 19th century, the devout continued to highlight the numerous striking parallels between Moses and Dionysus, including English scholar Rev. William Jillard Hort, who essentially repeated the same list as Gale.
Even though the Moses-Dionysus connection had been made for centuries by some of Europe’s best scholars, the bulk of whom were erudite clergy, Hort’s treatise was subjected to ridicule by those who, thinking in terms of Moses as a historical individual, could not fathom how the two characters could be comparable.
In spite of the attempts over the centuries that made the pagans the borrowers of biblical tales, the perspective continued to shift, and the less devout and non-bibliolatrous evinced that Moses was based on Dionysus. One such commentator was French novelist Charles-Antoine-Guillaume PigaultLebrun or “Le Brun” (1753–1835), who in his Doubts of Infidels (1803)
The history of Moses is copied from the history of Bacchus, who was called Mises by the Egyptians, instead of Moses. Bacchus was born in Egypt; so was Moses... Bacchus passed through the Red Sea on dry ground; so did Moses. Bacchus was a lawgiver; so was Moses. Bacchus was picked up in a box that floated on the water; so was Moses.... Bacchus by striking a rock made wine gush forth... Bacchus was worshipped...in Egypt, Phoenicia, Syria, Arabia, Asia and Greece, before Abraham’s day.
Here we see the logical conclusion made in the early 19th century that Moses’s account is mythical, copied from paganism to Judaism, rather than the other way around, as centuries of clergy had averred, thereby continually acknowledging the parallels.
“Abraham’s day” is estimated to be sometime between the 20th and 17th centuries BCE, depending on the source. However, skeptical scholarship contends that the Abraham stories were created much later and that Abraham too is not a historical person.
Taking the perspective that there was a “historical” Bacchus, John Bellamy (fl. c. 1818) identified him as the “same person whom Herodotus calls Sesostris.” His reasons are primarily that “Sesostris came out of Egypt with a great army, and invaded the east in the same manner, and with every circumstance as is recorded of the true Bacchus, who, on account of his conquest, was celebrated in various nations by different names.”
Bellamy then lists several names or epithets by which Bacchus/Dionysus has been known, including “Sheshac” by the Arabs and “Belus” by the Chaldeans, “Mars” or “Valiant” by the Phrygians and Thracians, and, of course, “Osiris” in Egypt.1068 “Belus” is the Latin for Bel, Akkadian for Baal, the Canaanite god and epithet of Yahweh. Here we would have a Semitic prototype from which the Hebrews could have drawn to flesh out both Yahweh and Moses.
Bellamy continues with his list of attributes common to both Bacchus and Sesostris, again concluding that Dionysus is Sesostris, the latter of whom in turn is thought to be the king Shishak mentioned at 2 Chronicles 12:2–3. This Shishak, it should be noted, has been equated by numerous Egyptologists with the pharaoh Shoshenk or Sheshonk I (c. 943–922 BCE). As we know, the mythical Bacchus precedes Sheshonk by centuries.
Demonstrating the confusion that comes with trying to fit mythical characters into history, Bellamy next says that “whoever attentively examines the theology of Bacchus as recorded in the mythology of the heathens, and compares it with the books of Moses, will conclude that the true Bacchus was Moses himself, and that the true Jupiter, the father of Bacchus, was Jehovah the father of all mankind.”
We could not agree more, except that none of these figures in the paragraph above is historical or the god of the universe. That these characters are mythical explains why they are treated so confusedly in both ancient and modern times. For, how could Moses be Bacchus be Sesostris/Shishak, if these are all historical individuals?
Bellamy traces the word “Jupiter” or, rather, “Jao Pater” to Jehovah/Yahweh, an association over 2,000 years old, with Diodorus equating “Iao” with Jupiter.
Bellamy touches on the parallels already seen, naming the rivers that Dionysus was said to cross dryshod as Orontes and Hydaspes, as Horace and Voltaire had done. Bellamy also points out that Diodorus and Strabo “affirm that the sepulcher of Osiris (Bacchus) was unknown to the Egyptians,” comparing this motif with the biblical account of no one knowing Moses’s “sepulcher unto this day” (Deut 34:6).
In his comparisons to show that the “heathen” Bacchus was borrowed from Moses, Bellamy too addressed the epithet “Jehovah Nisi,” to be discussed in detail below:
I shall have occasion to show, when at the end of the Pentaeuch I
prove the heathen mythology to be taken from the ancient Scriptures, that the Bacchus of the heathens was Moses. Bacchus, from the place where he resided, and obtained a knowledge of all the learning of Arabia as well as of Egypt, was called Dionysius [sic], i.e., Dio and Nisi. Plutarch mentions the flight Διονύσου, of Dio-nysius—Homer speaks of the city Nisa, sacred to Bacchus. Nisi [sic] was a city close to a mountain in Arabia. At Nisi Moses resided forty years, and was instructed in mount Sinai respecting the rites and ceremonies of divine worship. For this reason it was that he built an altar there, which he called Jehovah Nisi: Exod. [17:15]. The same is said of Bacchus by Ovid, “Bacchus was instructed in the highest wisdom in a mount of Arabia called Nisi.” Diodorus Siculus informs us that the ancient Brahmans acknowledge the whole system of their civil and religious polity to have been derived from Dionysius [sic]. It is also worthy of remark that Nisi and Sini have a corresponding significance...
Again, the Hebrew for Sinai is סיני Ciynay, which is essentially a transposition of נסי nissi. Considering that both sites have been said to be near Egypt and/or in Arabia, among other locales, this analysis linking them is not farfetched, especially in view of the rest of the correspondences between Moses and Dionysus.
Continuing this scholarship, in his commentary on Exodus 4:17 published in 1836, Rev. Clarke likewise engaged in the Bacchus-Moses comparison, taking the view, as we would expect from a clergyman, that Moses existed first.
In Clarke’s work, we see the same themes, admitted against interest by another theologian, who surely took the time to verify these correspondences, discovering whence they came, as they had been scrutinized for at least 200 years by numerous European and American scholars, representing possibly unparalleled peer review.
Also in the early 19th century, British magistrate Godfrey Higgins (1772– 1833) repeated these various Mosaic and Bacchic correlations given currency by so many previous authorities, in his book Anacalypsis.
Published in 1832, A Catechism of Mythology by American writer William Darlington likewise highlighted the various parallels between Bacchus and Moses, concluding that the pagans copied the Bible.
All of this research over a period of centuries led to the conclusion by some that various biblical characters rank as allegorical figures, a view expounded upon in the works of English minister Rev. Dr. Robert Taylor (1784–1844). Labeled “the Devil’s Chaplain” by his detractors, Taylor composed mythicist works asserting that certain biblical figures were mythical, not historical. Preaching this mythicism from his popular pulpit, the reverend was charged with “blasphemy” and imprisoned on two occasions for a year or more each, during which time he languished but put his thoughts into writing. In his book The Diegesis, Taylor likewise recited various Moses-Dionysus parallels, such as already provided in the present work.
Since Taylor’s time, many others have written about these correspondences, not a few from the perspective that Moses is a mythical copy of Dionysus and not the other way around.
Gerald Massey too listed the various parallels between Moses and Dionysus, connecting them to Egyptian myth, especially as concerns the wind and atmospheric god Shu, mediator between heaven and earth. In the Egyptian texts, Shu is addressed as “the god dwelling in the divine Sekt,” this latter
term designating an “ark or cabin.”
The British scholar also explains the significance of the moniker Jehovahnissi or Jehovah-Nisi, as part of the Shu myth:
Bacchus and Moses are but two forms of Shu-Anhar. Shu is modified into Khu, meaning to govern—a lawgiver. Shu is god of the vine and standard or pedestal. The altar raised by Moses to Jehovah-Nissi is called the lord of my standard.
Massey adds to the lengthy list an overlooked parallel:
Bacchus is said to have married Zipporah, a name of Venus, one of the seven planets. The priest of Midian had seven daughters; Moses married one of these, whose name was Zipporah.
Hence, both legislators were married to one of a group of seven, an astrotheological motif to be discussed.
The Greek god Dionysus’s worship extends back at least 3,200 years, but the reverence for a wine deity in general is much older. Extant ancient texts describing Bacchus’s myth date from the 10th century BCE to the fifth century AD/CE. For many centuries since antiquity, scholars, theologians and others have noted numerous parallels between Dionysus and Moses, most attempting to establish biblical priority but some declaring that the former post-dated and was derived from the latter.
We have seen that important aspects of Bacchus’s life, described consistently for centuries dating back to the 10th century BCE at the latest, correspond to that of the Israelite lawgiver. Also discussed is the contention by Plutarch that the Jews practiced Bacchic rituals and that Diodorus equated the Jewish god with Dionysus, a reverence evident from Dionysian artifacts such as mosaics in at least one house of a wealthy and powerful Jew.
Since it appears that the Moses character was not created until sometime
during or after the Babylonian exile, possibly with his myth in the Pentateuch not taking its final biblical form until the third century BCE, it is conceivable that Bacchic ideas from the Greek historians and poets prior to that time, such as Homer, Hesiod, Herodotus, Euripides and many others, were incorporated directly in the biblical myth. It is also possible that the framers of the Moses myth were aware of the Dionysian myths because they had been written into plays performed around the Mediterranean for centuries. The story of Bacchus in particular would have been well known enough not to need to rely on the texts directly; hence, the Dionysus-Moses connection could have been made early.
Fig. 69. The Dance of Cogul: Small black ‘Dionysus’ with enormous genitals appears at center right; of 45 dancers, nine are women, c. 10,000 BP? Rock drawing, Lleida, Spain (Henri Breuil)
Fig. 70. Territory of the Pelasgians, 2nd millennium BCE (Megistias) | <urn:uuid:e5f9861a-3537-4eea-ade5-39f6b4715976> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://live.jewishexpert.com/dionysus-connection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.964556 | 32,156 | 2.625 | 3 |
Teaching is one of the most enlightening and noble jobs you could have. Many people have a true passion for a subject and want to teach others and share the information and knowledge they have. As the educational system is getting more and more diverse, with new subjects and topics being studied every year, many people find teaching their vocation.
And when it comes to art, as a teacher, you surely have a lot of students that are interested in studying it. There are art schools around the world; the first art school was named the Academy of Design and was founded in 1563 in Florence, so art is one of the ways to create memories and immortalize events. Teaching art in college can be done in a variety of ways and you can put your individual mark on the process. But there are a few tips that will help you teach art in college and universities.
How to Get Everything Done in Time
Before diving into the list of tips, we want to share some light on the entire teaching process. Teaching does not mean that you just go to classes and talk to students. As a teacher, you need to prepare the classes, the materials, the questions, and the case studies you want to discuss with students. You might give them the assignment to deepen the information, but you need to prepare the prompt and requirements. Some periods might be more crowded than others, so you might need custom assignment assistance help. Professionals from Assignment Bro can help you with custom assignment writing so that you can cope with all your tasks in time. There is always the option to buy assignment online to get inspiration, but working with their experts will surely help you.
So, how to teach art in college and universities?
One of the most important tips for professors that are teaching art in colleges and universities is to search for opportunities to do this during activities that take place outside classes. In every city, there is an art museum you can visit with your students and discuss different techniques and works of art. This will allow students to better grasp the subtleties of a painting or sculpture, but also learn more about the artists by seeing their artworks live.
Simple and Concise
Modern art is very complex. Every artist has their view of the world and they show it through their painting, used colors, and techniques. And sometimes these go beyond the traditional techniques used. Many art teachers want to find ways to convey the message of the artists in a way students will understand easily. But sometimes, keeping the message simple and concise is the best way to go. Some paintings are messy, while others use different patterns and shapes. Try to keep the message simple and concise so that students will not be confused.
If you think about the traditional way of teaching students, you might tend to give students written assignments. But these will not teach them a lot of things. Instead, you could aim to find or create artsy assignments for them. If they have decided to study art, for sure they have a rich imagination and creativity. So, why not create the perfect context for them to unleash their creativity and personality through a work of art?
Diverse Teaching Materials
Another tip that would be useful to many art teachers is to use diverse teaching materials. Go beyond the course or books that are recommended. Technology is an integral part of our lives and many industries have explored the cultural tendencies of art or the life of well-acclaimed artists through movies, podcasts, presentations. Using a visual way to share the knowledge will help students retain it better.
Encourage the Students to Explore and Think
Even though you might be tempted to explain to your students every concept behind an artists’ work, you should know that this is not the healthiest approach. It is important to encourage your students to explore art in their own way and think. Encourage them to observe their feelings and emotions when they look at a painting, or to try to decipher the meaning behind it.
Being an art teacher in a world that is constantly changing can be overwhelming and difficult. But sticking to the principles of modern education could be a successful approach. Encourage your students to think and explore art, organize out-of-class activities, and give them assignments that aim to help them unleash their creativity. Use diverse teaching materials and keep it simple and concise.
Bio lines: Brandon Kryeger is a content writer and blogger. He is passionate about art and spends his weekends in art museums. Brandon loves painting and his favorite painter is Salvador Dali. | <urn:uuid:c45284ad-8131-4dd5-8322-729b11bbabef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fadmagazine.com/2021/11/12/5-useful-tips-for-teaching-art-in-college-university/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.969658 | 929 | 2.765625 | 3 |
During the first six months after birth, breastfeeding, which perfectly meets the physiological and psychosocial needs of the baby, plays an important role in establishing the bond between the mother and the baby. Breastfeeding alone for the first six months of the baby, breastfeeding with additional nutrients after the sixth month and the continuation of breastfeeding until the age of two provide numerous benefits for the baby.
The Importance of Vitamin Supplement for Your Baby What is needed for your child for healthy growth and development? Of course, you will get a balanced diet as a result of vitamins and minerals. However, do you have any doubts as to whether he has taken the necessary amount of vitamins? Syrups and pills containing vitamins come into play for mothers of this concern.
What are the dangerous foods for your baby? Until the age of one, mothers give great importance to feeding their babies. However, from one year of age, this attention begins to decrease. Research shows that our children meet junk food, hamburger and even cola after one year of age.
Nur Eda Kasap, who made a name for herself with the book Children of the New Age, shares with you those who are curious about eating habits. Have an appetite child and an appetite baby concepts. How do you explain that? First of all, I wish to define the appetite. Appetite is the pleasure of eating with joy and desire.
Ingredients Half tea cup Hamm Palm Extract 2 eggs Half tea cup olive oil Half tea cup yogurt 2 tea cup whole wheat flour Half pack baking powder 1 tablespoon beaten walnut inside Baby Cake Making: Egg, HAMMM Palm Extract, olive oil and yogurt into a large bowl received.
Ingredients 2 tablespoons HAMMM carob extract 1.5 cups milk 2 tablespoons rice flour 1 teaspoon walnut kernels Baby Custard Preparation: Cook milk and rice flour until thick and thick. Add HAMMM Carob Extract and thoroughly crushed walnut into the custard you take from the stove and mix.
Hearty Baby Breakfast Recipes Dear mothers, during the first 6 years you gave your baby the most valuable food for her. Your baby switched to additional food in the 6th month. If you would like to know what nutrients you need to give your baby first, you can read our 6-month baby nutrition article by clicking the link below; 6-month baby feeding; https: // www.
Baby Cookie Recipe - 3 Tablespoons Hammm Goat Horn Extract - 1.5 Cups Whole Wheat Flour - 50 Grams Butter - 3 Tablespoons Olive Oil - 1 Dessert Spoon Semolina - 1 Dessert Spoon Rice Flour - 1 Dessert Spoon Yogurt - 1 Egg Yolk - 1 Teaspoon Baking Powder - 1.5 Cups Whole Wheat Flour Baby Cookies Preparation: 1- HAMMM Goat Horn Extract, room temperature butter, olive oil, semolina, rice flour, egg yolk and yogurt mix by whisking.
Apple Baby Custard Ingredients - 2 Tablespoons Hammm Goat Horn Extract - 1.5 Cups Drinking Water - 1 Piece Apple - 3 Tablespoons Rice Flour - 3 Dessert Spoons Baby Continuous Milk (Powder) - Powdered Cinnamon (Optional) Baby Custard Making: 1 - Peel the apples and grate with a glass grater.
Adequate and balanced nutrition during pregnancy Hello! As a first step, let's start by learning n What is adequate and balanced nutrition?.. Adequate nutrition means that we complete the energy and nutrients our body needs with our daily diet. On the other hand, balanced nutrition is an expression that explains how to supply the energy and nutrients our body needs from different food groups.
What to do during pregnancy for the development of intelligence of the baby? Intrauterine (intrauterine) period, the brain tissue is the fastest growing organ. In the first 3 months of pregnancy, the callus bridge (corpus callosum), which connects the two parts of the brain where axons cross from one hemisphere to another, appears for the first time; main formation is 5.
Long live Breast Milk! Miraculous food not only nourishes infants, but also helps the immune system to develop and plays a protective role against many diseases. Breast milk is the easiest to digest, the most natural food, covering all the elements necessary for healthy growth and development of the baby in every sense.
Postpartum Weight Loss Hello everyone! You were thrilled to see the title, right? Now I'm going to ask you to put aside all your worries about how to lose all my postpartum weight and sit back. Postpartum weight loss rate is closely related to weight gain during pregnancy. To find out how many pounds you have gained during pregnancy and what range you are in.
Most Useful Supplementary Foods for Babies Hello everyone! Today I am with you on a subject that I enjoy writing very much, it misses a lot of things that do not examine this article ... The first year after birth is the fastest time to grow. World Health Organization; It is recommended that babies should be fed only breast milk for the first 6 months, no additional food including water should be given, and after the sixth month, appropriate supplementary foods should be started and breastfeeding should be continued until the age of 2 years.
During these months your baby begins to sit slowly. It can feed itself freely. This excites him and makes him happy. Of course, eggs may still be coming out of their ears and sinking around, but seeing your baby happy is worth everything 🙂 15-18 Months Old Baby How Much to Eat?
7 Month Baby Feeding Hello everyone! After your pregnancy adventure, you take your baby in your arms and raise them with care. I feel like I witnessed your adventure, do you feel that way? Now your baby is 7 months old! Let's learn together how your baby should be fed 🙂 First of all, I want you to remember that every calorie entering your baby's stomach is very important.
8 Month Baby Feeding Hello everyone! Your baby is already 8 months old! Everything you wonder about your baby's nutrition, keep reading this article ayda In the 8th month your baby begins to gain self-eating habits. This month is a very important time for your baby. Your baby will be more interested in supplementary foods at 8 months.
The 2-year-old baby should receive adequate and balanced amounts from each food group. You can take the four-leaf clover model as an example for your baby's feeding. Each leaf of the four-leaf clover pattern represents a food group. If you bring a four-leaf clover right in front of your eyes, you can better understand what I mean 🙂 Top leaf of clover; Right leaf of milk and dairy products; meat, eggs, legumes Lower leaf; left leaf of vegetables and fruits; represents grains. | <urn:uuid:b7d281b0-9c69-47a8-8e63-9432e865874e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tz.hillarykids.com/nutrition/5/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.935147 | 1,404 | 1.953125 | 2 |
When performing online services there is a need to be able to sign documents or transaction digitally.
Using the certificates on the emiratesID card and Validation Gateway a digital (cryptographic) signature can be performed.
The digital document will get a signature attached to it that ensures that the card holder has legally signed it and it’s protected against tampering. Making use of the Validation Gateway it’s easy for organizations to implement digital signature for their online services.
There is no need for extensive programming or configuration. The Validation Gateway removes the complexity and performs the necessary steps to create a signature for the document.
Using digital signatures will enable organizations to enhance their operations and improve security as well as productivity.
To ensure that a signed document can be validated also in the future a Time Stamp can be attached to the signature. This will prove at what time the signature was carried out.
This will ensure that the signature will be considered as legal for its life time.
All these functionalities take place at the Validation Gateway making the process transparent and easy for both the organization as well as for the card holder.
Insert card in reader and initialize
Choose the document to sign
The signed document is returned
This service will be available for testing soon. Keep visiting us. | <urn:uuid:a37cb814-ab1a-43da-ba1e-2f38157abda9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://icp.gov.ae/en/icp-validation-gateway/vg-services/digital-signing-service/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.925251 | 266 | 1.757813 | 2 |
REACH Advocacy Inc., formed by a group of 30 community volunteers, began in 2015 by operating a transitional winter shelter for persons experiencing chronic homelessness who have not been successful in other county shelters. There are only a few places willing to house this population. Since 2015 REACH developed a threefold mission to shelter housing deprived adults in the winter, to create truly affordable supportive housing and to change the narrative around housing to view housing as a human right. Our successful experience of running transitional winter shelters each year for the past six years has convinced us that what we really face is a housing crisis that leaves too many people in our region without truly affordable housing options. REACH believes that housing is a human right.
Our current projects include:
REACH Home, our shelter, not only provides daily meals and a place to sleep comfortably, but we are open to our guests 24 hours a day, seven days a week which allows service providers to meet with their clients right in the home. The availability of services and the care, support, and respect we give to our guests has made a huge difference in our guests’ outlook on life. Many of our guests learn to live more successfully in community with our support. Using the Housing First Philosophy, our shelter, REACH Home, has been able to place over 40% of our guests into permanent housing each year. This year due to COVID-19 we will house our guests in their own rooms in scattered sites throughout the city. This will be a more expensive but safer model.
REACH Advocacy is now on the brink of building Rochester's first Tiny Home Village of truly affordable, energy efficient homes on permanent foundations in a supported community to provide a different model for infilling city lots to benefit extremely low income, chronically homeless individuals in our community. These homes are being built for people living on less than 30% of the AMI who are housing deprived. During the construction of this village we will be helping to develop a workforce including at-risk city youth by collaborations with Catholic Family Center’s YouthBuild Program and Edison Technical High School.
We focus on: Human Services
Where we are: Monroe
Back to Not-For-Profits | <urn:uuid:1c7caade-399f-4f43-8a7c-559592a6e1ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://roctheday.org/Causes-to-Support/REACH-Advocacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.963902 | 454 | 1.695313 | 2 |
coke, crack, charlie, blow, toot, snow, nose candy, white dust, cola, dust, freebase, llello, white
Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant, but it can also be chemically synthesised. It is a stimulant drug, as well as a potent local anaesthetic.
Coca leaves have been used for thousands of years in South America for religious, mystical, social and medicinal purposes.
The active chemical was isolated in 1855, and purified and named cocaine in 1860. By the end of the 1800s, cocaine was used in a number of medicines, as well as being an ingredient in the soft drink Coca-Cola. The drug was banned from use in medicines and beverages in the United States in 1914.
In its pure form, cocaine is a white crystalline powder called cocaine hydrochloride. Cocaine hydrochloride cannot be smoked effectively because it is destroyed at high temperatures. If the hydrochloride is removed through a chemical process the drug is converted into freebase, which can be smoked.
Crack is a particularly pure form of freebase cocaine. It often comes in the form of small lumps known as 'rocks'. Crack cocaine is rarely seen in Australia.
Cocaine sold on the street is often cut or diluted with other substances, such as glucose, lactose or baking powder.
Cocaine and the law
It is illegal to use, possess, supply or manufacture cocaine in New South Wales.
How cocaine is used
Cocaine is usually snorted, though it can also be swallowed, smoked or injected.
Short term effects
Short-term effects include:
- a sense of euphoria and wellbeing
- increased blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature
- increased alertness and energy
- sexual arousal
- loss of appetite.
The effects depend on the amount taken, its purity and how it is taken. The effects are generally short-lived (less than 30 minutes).
Long term effects
Long-term effects include:
- sleep disorders
- sexual problems such as impotence
- nose bleeds, sinusitis and damage to the nasal wall from snorting
- heart attacks
- paranoia, depression and anxiety
- cocaine-induced psychosis.
Cocaine and the heart
The most serious physical consequence of cocaine use are cardiac and cerebrovascular disease (‘stroke’). Cocaine is strongly implicated in causing heart attacks by a combination of increasing oxygen demand, constriction of the coronary arteries, and enlargement of the heart. The drug also causes ‘atherosclerosis’ (clogging of the arteries). Chest pain and palpitations are among the most common complaints among cocaine users presenting with acute cocaine toxicity. Cocaine-induced strokes are also well recognised, and users are at a far higher risk of stroke than non-users.
It does not matter how cocaine is used, it is toxic to the heart and causes damage to it and the coronary arteries, as well as increasing the risk of stroke. Hot weather increases the risk of death, as there are already heavier demands upon the cardiovascular system.
Importantly, toxic reactions can occur irrespective of dose, frequency of use, or route of administration, and have been reported with small amounts of cocaine and on the first occasion of use.
Cocaine and psychosis
One major harm associated with regular cocaine use is the development of a cocaine-induced paranoid psychosis. This has been recognised as a major concern since the late 19th century. A psychosis involves a loss of contact with reality. The person may have paranoid beliefs that they are being persecuted, or that people are trying to kill them, and may also experience hallucinations. The psychosis may be associated with aggression and suicidal behaviours. A state of extreme agitation (‘agitated delirium syndrome’), may also be seen in cocaine users. This may involve such a degree of agitation that it results in heart attack and death.
How common is cocaine use?
The 2019 National Drug Strategy Household Survey found that 11.2% of Australians aged 14 and over have ever used cocaine (up from 9% in 2016, 7.3% in 2010, 4.7% in 2004, 4.4% in 2001, 4.3% in 1998 and around 3% between 1993 and 1995), while 4.2% reported use in the year preceding the survey.
Cocaine and driving
It is dangerous, as well as illegal, to drive while under the influence of cocaine. Cocaine can make a person feel overconfident when driving, leading to risk-taking behaviour and poor judgement.
Cocaine and pregnancy
Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect fetal development by increasing the heart rate of both the mother and the unborn baby, reducing the supply of blood and oxygen to the baby. There is also an increased risk of bleeding, miscarriage, premature labour and stillbirth.
It is likely that, if a mother continues to use cocaine while breastfeeding, the drug will be present in her milk, which may have adverse effects on the baby.
Using cocaine with other drugs
Cocaine and alcohol used in the same session combine in the liver to form cocaethylene, which has been shown to produce more adverse effects on the heart and circulation (cardiovascular toxicity) than either cocaine or alcohol alone. The use of cocaine in conjunction with other drugs that affect the cardiovascular system, such as methamphetamine or ecstasy, increases the risk of heart attack and stroke, due to the combined stimulant effects of these drugs.
Dependence can develop after a relatively short period of use. Just how long it takes may depend on the way the drug is used—smoking or injecting may lead to dependence in a matter of weeks or months, while dependence associated with snorting may take months or years to develop.
Withdrawal from cocaine produces symptoms such as a strong craving for the drug, fatigue, anxiety, irritability, agitation and depression.
Several toxic reactions can follow the use of cocaine. Cocaine toxicity is often called cocaine overdose, but it can occur with relatively small doses, especially in combination with other drugs or when there are pre-existing medical conditions.
Symptoms of cocaine toxicity may include:
- nausea and vomiting
- chest pain
- heart palpitations
- increased body temperature and heart rate
- extreme paranoia, anxiety, panic and agitation
- hallucinations and delirium.
Psychosocial approaches are the first step in treatment for people with stimulant use disorders, including cocaine dependence. Evidence-based interventions include cognitive behaviour therapy, motivational interviewing and relapse prevention.
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective approach for preventing relapse. This approach helps patients develop critical skills that support longterm abstinence – including the ability to recognise the situations in which they are most likely to use cocaine, avoid these situations and cope more effectively with a range of problems associated with drug use.
Therapeutic communities (TCs) can be an effective treatment for people who use drugs, including cocaine. TCs are drug-free residences where people in recovery from substance use disorders help each other to understand and change their behaviours. Programs may vary anywhere from a one-month to a 12-month stay and can include onsite vocational rehabilitation and other supportive services that focus on successful reintegration of the individual into society. TCs can also provide support in other important areas – improving legal, employment and mental health incomes.
Unlike the opioids, there is no proven pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. Many behavioural treatments for cocaine addiction have proven to be effective in both residential and outpatient settings. Behavioural therapies are often the only available and effective treatment for many drug problems, including stimulant addictions. | <urn:uuid:27986c9f-ad47-4934-b179-600c85452736> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://druginfo.sl.nsw.gov.au/drugs/z-drugs/cocaine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942201 | 1,618 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Several of the tech firms whose products have been allegedly compromised by the CIA have given their first reactions to the claims.
Wikileaks published thousands of documents said to detail the US spy agency’s hacking tools on Tuesday.
They included allegations the CIA had developed ways to listen in on smartphone and smart TV microphones.
Apple’s statement was the most detailed, saying it had already addressed some of the vulnerabilities.
“The technology built into today’s iPhone represents the best data security available to consumers, and we’re constantly working to keep it that way,” it said.
“Our products and software are designed to quickly get security updates into the hands of our customers, with nearly 80% of users running the latest version of our operating system.
“While our initial analysis indicates that many of the issues leaked today were already patched in the latest iOS, we will continue work to rapidly address any identified vulnerabilities.
“We always urge customers to download the latest iOS to make sure they have the most recent security update.”
Samsung – whose F8000 series of televisions was reportedly compromised via a USB connection-based hack co-developed with the UK’s MI5 agency – was briefer.
“Protecting consumers’ privacy and the security of our devices is a top priority at Samsung,” it said.
“We are aware of the report in question and are urgently looking into the matter.”
The leaks also claimed that the CIA had created malware to target PCs running Microsoft’s Windows operating system.
“We are aware of the report and are looking into it,” a spokesman from Microsoft said.
The documents said that the CIA had also created “attack and control systems” that could hijack computers powered by Linux-based software.
“Linux is a very widely used operating system, with a huge installed base all around the world, so it is not surprising that state agencies from many countries would target Linux along with the many closed source platforms that they have sought to compromise,” Nicko van Someren, chief technology officer at The Linux Foundation told the BBC.
“[But] rapid release cycles enable the open source community to fix vulnerabilities and release those fixes to users faster.”
Google declined to comment about allegations that the CIA was able to “penetrate, infest and control” Android phones due to its discovery and acquisition of “zero day” bugs – previously unknown flaws in the operating system’s code.
The World Wide Web Foundation – which campaigns for internet privacy – said the US government needed to issue a detailed response.
“Governments should be safeguarding the digital privacy and security of their citizens, but these alleged actions by the CIA do just the opposite,” said the organisation’s policy director Craig Fagan.
“Weaponising everyday products such as TVs and smartphones – and failing to disclose vulnerabilities to manufacturers – is dangerous and short-sighted.
“If these new assertions prove true, we call on the Trump administration and other governments to stamp out such practices.”
The CIA has not confirmed whether the documents – said to date between 2013 to 2016 – are real.
But one of its former chiefs was concerned by their publication.
“If what I have read is true, then this seems to be an incredibly damaging leak in terms of the tactics, techniques, procedures and tools that were used by the Central Intelligence Agency to conduct legitimate foreign intelligence,” ex-CIA director Michael Hayden told the BBC.
“In other words, it’s made my country and my country’s friends less safe.”
But one expert said the fact that the CIA had targeted such a wide range of technology was no surprise.
“The story here isn’t that the CIA hacks people. Of course they do; taxpayers would be right to be annoyed if that weren’t the case,” blogged Nicholas Weaver, a security researcher at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley.
“The CIA’s job, after all, is [to] collect intelligence, and while its primary purview is human intelligence, hacking systems interacts synergistically with that collection.
“The actual headline here is that someone apparently managed to compromise a Top Secret CIA development environment, exfiltrate a whole host of material, and is now releasing it to the world… now the world wants to know who, and how, and why.”
Embarrassment factor – Analysis by BBC’s security correspondent Gordon Corera
These latest leaks – which appear to give details of highly sensitive technical methods – will be a huge problem for the CIA.
There is the embarrassment factor – that an agency whose job is to steal other people’s secrets has not been able to keep its own.
Then there will be the fear of a loss of intelligence coverage against targets who may change their behaviour because they now know what the spies can do.
And then there will be the questions over whether the CIA’s technical capabilities were too expansive and too secret.
Because many of the initial documents point to capabilities targeting consumer devices, the hardest questions may revolve around what is known as the “equities” problem.
This is when you find a vulnerability in a piece of technology and have to balance the benefit to the public of telling the manufacturer so they can close it and improve everyone’s security with the benefit to the spy agency of leaving it in place so it can be exploited to collect intelligence.
The National Security Agency faced questions about whether it had this balance right when many of its secrets were revealed by Edward Snowden, and now it may be the CIA’s turn. | <urn:uuid:84d4174a-1c9d-4394-9650-bcdaf0b6a124> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newsparticipation.com/apple-samsung-and-microsoft-react-to-wikileaks-cia-dump/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957289 | 1,209 | 1.992188 | 2 |
supporting, developing and representing community groups,
voluntary organisations, social enterprises and volunteering
Mental Health Awareness Week and Volunteering: Case study 2
As part of Mental Health Awareness Week (09 - 15 May), we're showcasing the stories of some of the many volunteers that we support with volunteering. These stories explore how volunteering can help alleviate feelings of loneliness (the theme of the campaign) and poor mental health as well as its power in supporting people towards better and brighter destinations.
Client 2: “He struggled to see what sort of life he would have and if he ever would find work."
This young University student was living with a severe illness that was impacting on him connecting with friends, continuing with his education, and looking for work.
He was suffering from extreme anxiety and struggled to see what sort of life he would have and if he ever would find work.
He was referred to FVA by his work coach to find a volunteering opportunity that matched his passions and interests – which included climate, biodiversity, and preserving life.
With support and guidance from a Volunteering Development Officer in finding the right opportunity, the client is now volunteering with an organisation that works to preserve nature, wildlife, and heritage in Scotland.
The client hopes that this opportunity allows him to make a difference in his local area and to gain experience to help him find employment in the future.
Looking to start volunteering? We recommend taking part in our upcoming Step into Volunteering training to get you started. To find out more about the volunteering opportunities available in Fife, please visit our website. Contact us if you would like more information on volunteering. | <urn:uuid:52c8983f-8b23-4347-bafc-c8315165e6a9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fva.org/news.asp?id=15663 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.976 | 341 | 1.734375 | 2 |
TAGAYTAY CITY -- Albay Rep. Joey Salceda, chair of the House Appropriations Committee, urged the government sector to create a “school for the future,” which focuses on capacity building, training, and provisions for incentives to attain a future-oriented and "smart" public sector.
Speaking before hundreds of national and local government executives and foreign delegates during the last day of the International Conference on Public Sector Productivity on Friday, Salceda expressed optimism about the bureaucratic reforms weeding out dysfunctional systems and processes that beset the government sector.
“All government departments must have a digital transformation officer or innovation officer to re-imagine government in the light of digitization of daily lives,” he said, stressing the need to connect the work to the worker and the workplace, where every aspect of work will be “redesigned.”
The Albay representative was one of the resource speakers at the Development Academy of the Philippines (DAP) and the Asian Productivity Organization (APO)-hosted international conference themed “Shaping a Future-Oriented and Smart Public Sector” at the DAP Conference Center here.
He said there should be transformation and innovation at work and transformative funding mechanism that would efficiently determine “what work gets done, who can do the work, and where is the work done” in the workplace. “Revolutionizing every facet of business and government requires re-education of the bureaucracy and regulatory changes in view of the technological changes, the international dimension of the work, and cyber threats,” he said.
He cited the global exponential trends, such as blockchain, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, internet, big data, while the government faces the challenges of budget deficits, aging population and infrastructure, increasing health care costs, slow economic growth, rising population, and increasing citizens’ expectations.
“The trends need to be reconciled either by markets or through governments by public policy,” he said, citing the socio-cultural aspects in the ability of the government to provide the solutions in the gap and the competing influences not only for the economy but for the way of life.
Salceda also called for smart city solutions to address urban development problems like smart roads for autonomous vehicles, innovation of technology (IoT) lighting control systems, and the blockchain technology to improve customer service and efficiency in health care and reduce corruption and fake documents in land registration.
He added the rise of transnational crimes and health scares as “crimes, not just terrorism, will become more transnational empowered by internet and transportation technologies like drugs, cyber attacks, theft of information and digital money, and epidemics like ebola could cross borders.”
He proposed that regulators can start by addressing four important questions under four stages: pre-regulatory on “what do we have now”; testing and evaluation “when to regulate”; regulatory approach on “how to regulate”; and revisit on “what has changed.”
He cited for instance that labor and industry departments could oversee re-equipping of workers, skills needed from jobs that will become obsolete, where call center agents, cab drivers, hotel concierge could shift into new types of jobs like IoT technicians, professional gamer, 3D printing programmer, and drone operator.
He also said that rapid technological change and disruption are taking place, as technology moves faster than the ability of governments to adapt and the threat of rapid adoption of AI and automation may result in millions displaced from work. (PNA) | <urn:uuid:a62d57a8-b024-4fd6-94f6-c09d663e4be1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1054848 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.934556 | 736 | 1.53125 | 2 |
The robots are coming, but are they a friend or a foe? We checked in with Laurence Buchanan from EY to discuss the various ways automation could affect both employees and employers.
Automation well and truly is the future, and its effects are going to be felt in all aspects of daily life – including how we work.
What changes can workers expect? To what extent has automation already transformed modern working life?
These are huge, difficult questions to grapple with, and so we decided to sit down with Laurence Buchanan, lead partner for digital with EMEIA advisory at EY, to hear his perspective on how the future of work is going to be affected by these emerging technologies.
“The internet of things is going to create vast amounts of data that’s going to feed into the AI that, in turn, is going to make the AI smarter and our ability to automate greater,” Buchanan explained.
As it stands, Buchanan told us, most contemporary examples of AI and automation focus on the use of straightforward pattern recognition and rule-based automation.
“The technology will scan defects in a production line or forms being filled in with a tick or a cross, and apply a certain set of rules through the organisation.”
He added that society stands at the precipice of great change. “We’re on the cusp of ‘big data’ becoming truly, truly ginormous as we start to digitise every single aspect of life. Now at that stage, I think the AI will evolve greatly. Data is the fuel that drives AI.”
It can seem overwhelming, even frightening, but Buchanan remains optimistic that automation will help society rather than harm it. It will do away with menial tasks that humans neither enjoyed nor benefited from in the first place, freeing up the mental space for more creative and higher-order thinking. It’s a great boon for the employee as well as increasing productivity for employers, so everyone wins.
The idea that robots are going to replace humans neglects one simple fact: people still want the human touch.
“Think about medicine, for example. AI may help a doctor make a better diagnosis but you’re still going to want the human interface of a doctor.”
It will be “less-debated trends”, such as the ethical and philosophical implications of emerging technologies, that will have the greatest impact on how companies operate.
Companies can expect that they may end up debating classic thought experiments such as the Trolley Problem when considering the design of products.
“Say you’re an automotive company, you’re moving into the area of self-driving cars – boards are going to face real ethical questions and dilemmas. Two driverless cars crash – how does the car choose what to crash into?
“That’s an ethical question; it has nothing to do with technology at all, and it’s an incredibly challenging question as well,” said Buchanan.
To hear his interview in full, check out the video above. | <urn:uuid:88eff77c-2eb1-4f79-bb3d-b4b06ac21319> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.siliconrepublic.com/people/ey-laurence-buchanan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953522 | 638 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Posted on 5 October 2020
Longevity briefs provides a short summary of a novel research, medicine, or technology that caught the attention of our researchers in Oxford, due to its potential to improve our health, wellbeing, and longevity.
Why is this research important: Aging usually causes lower grey matter volume and density in our brains. It is known that certain lifestyles accelerate aging, speeding up grey matter deterioration (such as unbalanced diet, little exercise, smoking, alcohol intake, etc.) It is also a widespread fact that genetic factor heavily influences brain aging. There is a possibility that genetic and environmental factors influence each other, so better understanding is needed.
What did the researchers do: In this article, researches have used machine learning to driver biomarker called predicted brain age (which is different from chronological age, depending on different factors) from brain imaging data. Then they have analysed data from 17,308 subjects and searched for the association of predicted brain age with smoking, alcohol intake and genetic variants.
Key takeaway(s) from this research: Researchers showed that smoking a pack of cigarettes can aged your brain by approximately 11 days. While consuming a gram of alcohol accelerated your brain aging by 7 days.
Patients with higher predicated brain age performed worse in cognitive functions tests. Higher predicted brain age was also observed in patients who smoke and drink alcohol daily/very frequently. Mutations in MAPT gene are also associated with higher predicted brain age.
Scientifically Developed Blended Vitamins, and Exclusive Supplements For Health, and Longevity | <urn:uuid:cf093633-0c0d-4d9e-8246-62a4bf6cf9f8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gowinglife.com/longevity-briefs-smoking-and-alcohol-intake-accelerate-brain-aging/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948962 | 313 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Secret Daughter, by Shilpi Somaya Gowda.
The real story of life in Dharavi is these mothers. They are the face of hope for these children, born into poverty and desolation. - from Secret Daughter, page 288 -
Kavita is a poor woman living in a small village in India where boy infants are cherished and girls are discarded like trash. When she gives birth to a baby daughter, Kavita must make a horrible decision to save her daughter's life by giving her away. Thousands of miles away in America, another young mother struggles with her inability to carry a baby to term. Somer seems to have everything -- a wonderful job as a doctor, a doting husband named Krishnan who although born in India has chosen to make his home in America with Somer by his side. But Somer's inability to have a child becomes a wedge between she and Kris. Eventually, Kris convinces her to travel to India to adopt a baby who they call Asha.
The stories of Kavita, Somer and Asha are told over the course of twenty years and spanning the miles between India and America. The result is Shilpi Somaya Gowda's beautifully penned novel, Secret Daughter.
Gowda writes with authority about a husband and wife whose love for each other is tested by infertility, the demands of their careers, and the clash between their cultures. Embedded in the novel is the universal story of women everywhere -- the challenge to be wife and mother, and, for Somer, the struggle to maintain her profession while meeting the needs of her family.
Everyone acts as if being a woman and a mother are inextricably intertwined. A fair assumption, since she made it herself. Only now does she know it's an enormous lie. - from Secret Daughter, page 29 -
Another strong theme of the novel is the disparity between the wealthy and the poor. Gowda takes a critical look at India, a country of "contradictions," but also shows the rich history of tradition and the strong family values of the country. Through Asha's eyes, the reader gets a more even-handed view of the challenges facing women and the diversity of India than either Somer or Kavita can provide. By alternating points of view, Gowda allows the reader a broad look at motherhood, women's issues, and adoption.
Heartfelt, authentic, and beautifully revealed, Secret Daughter was a novel that kept me reading long past my bedtime. As Asha grows from infancy into young adulthood, it is her story which resonates the loudest. Caught between two worlds, she must forge ahead into her life in order to know where she fits within it. I thought I knew how the story would end, but I was pleasantly surprised that Gowda avoided cliches and gave me a conclusion which more closely paralleled reality.
Readers who enjoy not only women's fiction, but stories set in India which give a broader view of the country's culture, will enjoy Secret Daughter.
- Quality of Writing: Four stars
- Characters: Four and a half stars
- Plot: Four stars
Overall Rating: Four stars out of five.
Catch all of Wendy Robard's reviews in her fabulous blog, "Caribousmom". | <urn:uuid:56b67140-bb6a-4867-b4ea-d5836495265b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.pikerpress.com/article.php?aID=4433 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.971622 | 679 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Kumar-Bimaler Adventure Samogra by Hemendra Kumar Roy in Bangla ebook pdf
e-book name- Kumar-Bimaler Adventure Samogra (Akhanda Sanskaran)
Author – Hemendra Kumar Roy
eBook quality- excellent
Hemendra Kumar Roy (born 1888 – death 18 April 1963) he was a poet, lyricist, theater criticism, short story writer and author of the teenage literature. He was also the editor of the weekly magazine Nachghar. Jogeshchandra’s drama “Sita” all popular songs were composed by His. He wrote several articles under the pen name Prasad Roy. His notable novels are- Joler Alpona (1916), Kalbaishaghi (1921) etc. Short stories are- Pasra (1915), Madhuparka (1917), Sindur Chupri (1921), Mala Chandan (1922) etc. Collect all Rachanabali of his from this blog. He known for his contributions to children literature like Bimal Kumar Ramhari Baghar Adventure, Jayanta-Manik etc.
Now I want to share with you an ebook pdf of Kumar-Bimaler Adventure Samogra.
Table of content- | <urn:uuid:5ff1886e-15b5-433d-847d-3e3f105e5ff6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.banglabooks.in/children-books-2/kumar-bimaler-adventure-samogra-by-hemendra-kumar-roy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.919777 | 284 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Treatments of Anxiety: Reflexes go awry, bodily reactions show to be dysfunctional, and conduct patterns appear meandering – a mixture of these uncommon occurrences and, through no doubt, you are having anxiousness attacks. Anxiety is characterized to be non-stop – and usually poignant – fears and issues that have a tendency to intervene with everyday human conduct or activities. Anxiety, as confirmed medically, even though may also appear to be inconsequential, may also purpose extreme issues like alcoholism and low self-esteem. These complications, as research prove, may also lead to deadly consequences.
Note: This content is all about Anxiety and its possible Treatments!
Here are the Treatments of Anxiety
Though anxiety, or its viable repercussions, might also pose to be lethal, research exhibit it is curable in nature and responds to remedy well. Medical breakthroughs and scientific researches provide a huge array of solutions that degrees from nervousness remedy to coping with anxiety.
Anxiety remedies can be performed via medicines such as anti-anxiety drugs, anti-depressants, and beta-blockers. Anti-anxiety capsules are prescribed for quick alleviation towards nervousness assaults and it is additionally used to impede anxiety’s extreme effects. Anti-depressants provide the talent an increase to let it fight the mind-paralyzing impact of anxiety. Beta-blockers, which are fondly used with the aid of performers to deal with stage fright and “weak” knees, are exact fighters in opposition to bodily signs of anxiety.
These can also appear to be the fantastic contribution of anxiousness redress via medicinal drugs however scientific human beings cautious in too a whole lot dependence on it. Anxiety medicines can promote drug dependence and, with this, incalculable feasible unfavorable results are now not had to imagine. They additionally endorse humans to take precautions through consulting their everyday doctor or household doctor.
Herbal remedy selections and different herbal varieties of anxiety-curing routine are additionally stimulated as varieties of nervousness treatment. CBT or Cognitive Brain Therapy is one of the main nervousness treatments. If an individual is struggling with anxiousness problems, CBT will assist that person to perceive and overcome the aggravating experiences and notions that inhibit the character from working via his fears. Constant publicity to this remedy would assist you to gather positive competencies that will improve your experience of emotional equilibrium and thus, you achieve manipulation over your nervousness dilemma.
Coping with anxiety, however, is now not that handy as it sounds. The problematic phrase right here is that you should permit yourself to get beforehand of the quandary when in truth you did no longer manipulate to keep away from it. With this, scientific authorities enjoin men and women to earnestly are seeking and religiously abide by means of a doctor’s advice. The realistic and medical-based portions of the recommendation will assist a man or woman navigate accurately the in’s and out’s of anxiousness dilemma.
They additionally inspire these households of those who are coping with anxiousness to provide relentless help and a multitudinous quantity of staying power grasp that this nation of restoration is critical for them. Extending more care and effort simply to let them understand that they are no longer by myself in this battle. This is very essential to recognize due to the fact one main manifestation of nervousness is seclusion.
Coping with anxiety, also, as stated by using doctors, has no “sure-fire” formula. It takes cautious planning and steady follow-up to be capable to truly supply first-rate help and care for human beings coping with anxiety.
With this, let us put in our minds that, anxiousness can be handled and it does reply for that reason to treatments. No count number how vital the hassle may additionally be, simply say, “Anxiety? No Want to Worry.”
Related Post to the Treatments of Anxiety | <urn:uuid:6b4ceeb9-e349-4c81-a97e-d0c912677821> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://motivators.in/treatments-of-anxiety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951526 | 804 | 2.5 | 2 |
An optimal last-mile logistics system manages complexities seamlessly. Modern logistics platforms track every aspect of the process, providing management with full visibility over the entire operation. Optimizing routes, providing electronic proof of deliveries, maintaining communications consistently with customers, providing live tracking, and providing delivery options are just a few of the reasons that choosing to optimize last mile operations is of utmost importance.
What Is Last Mile Distribution?
Last-mile distribution refers to the last leg of the supply chain operations. When a product goes from a hub to the end customer’s door, that is last-minute delivery. Last-mile tracking is used by modern logistics platforms to eliminate unnecessary delays, maximize cost optimization and increase productivity.
Issues Faced in Last Mile Distribution
Last-mile carrier operations face a lot of challenges especially with an increase in the demand for same-day deliveries. Poor visibility poses serious issues during last-mile operations. Inefficient routing, inaccurately assigning tasks, and poorly managed third-party contractors can all be avoided to deliver on time. Technology needs to be applied as this is not likely to be achieved manually.
Vehicle capacity should be utilized to the fullest in the last mile distribution process. As same-day delivery packages are usually small. If businesses waited for the vehicles to fill up, there’s no way they could make the delivery on the same day. Efficient routing tools help save your business from overspending and deliver things on time.
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is an example of an unexpected circumstance that can disrupt already established logistics models. Contactless delivery is one response to COVID regulations, but it’s not so simple. Electronic signatures and proof of delivery are not as easy to attain and an increased amount of notifications need to be sent while awaiting responses.
Latest Trends in Last Mile Distribution
Organizations have sought creative solutions to keep up with demands. Customer satisfaction can be achieved when last-mile logistics operations evolve by incorporating technology. Live-tracking through GPS helps locate misplaced packages, therefore diverting customer complaints. The location of the package and fleet driver can be produced in real-time using software applications.
Micro warehousing involves renting spaces that are converted into warehouses. This can greatly assist in increasing the quality and quantity of fulfillment services. This is a good solution when order volumes increase rapidly and unpredictably. This method can also be successfully employed in keeping various kinds of delivery types ( same-day and no-rush deliveries) distinct from one another, cutting down on the time required to fulfill the orders.
Automated solutions for your business replace human labor with robots, drones, and automated vehicles. When you analyze your cost of doing business, you may find that on average more than half of your expenses go for payroll. This will not mean eliminating human labor as there are still plenty of tasks that require a human touch.
Technologies such as drones or autonomous trucks can keep running twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. Mishandled deliveries are often reduced when they are used as they eliminate gaps seen with human delivery teams. As these technologies evolve, areas of improvement will be identified and upgrades will be made. | <urn:uuid:5f72e420-d8fb-4978-a044-709349124b32> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.getfareye.com/insights/blog/last-mile-distribution | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.936077 | 645 | 2.234375 | 2 |
I hope you’ve had a good week. This week there is a link to a free book that talks about why some children learn to read easily and others don’t; an interesting interview with John Hattie on uniforms, homework and extra curricular activities; the problems with whole language; good ideas to simplify STEM for little learners; and why the latest miracle cure for something may not be so. Happy reading!
Prof. McGuinness’s ‘Language Development & Learning to Read’ // Diane McGuinness
This is a link to a free PDF of Professor McGuinness’s book: Language Development & Learning to Read. The Scientific Study of How Language Development Affects Reading Skill. I’ve started reading a number of Diane McGuinness’s books and they have been quite eye opening and I’ve been learning so much about research and what constitutes good research and how you can tell the difference. This book is a companion for the Early Reading Instruction book that discusses the methods of reading instruction. This book talks more about why some children learn to read easily and quickly, while others don’t learn to read at all. I have been learning a great deal from Professor McGuinness’s books and if you’d like to know more about reading instruction then these are a must read.
Homework In Primary School Has An Effect Of Zero // Visible Learning
This is a short extract of an interview with John Hattie on BBC radio. Some of the issues discussed include: uniforms, homework and extra curricular activities. His views on homework are interesting and I agree with some of his assertions; reinforcing concepts learned I think is key. But setting homework for the sake of it and the big projects….in my opinion are a waste of time and doesn’t make a difference. What do you think?
What Are The Problems With Whole Language And Why Doesn’t It Work? // The Literacy Blog
If you’ve been using a whole language approach to teach reading, then you need to read this article. John explains the problems with this approach and what you should be doing instead.
6 Ways To Simplify STEM For The Youngest Engineers // Stem Activities For Kids
There are some good ideas here for getting started with STEM activities for your Kindy and PP kids. My little girl is always inventing, creating and building various structures, from billy carts to kites and even air crafts. I’d love to see more of these type of activities in early childhood classrooms. If you teach the little kids what type of STEM activities have you incorporated?
5 Reasons Why Anecdotes Are Totally Worthless // The Logic Of Science
Oh yes, this article resonated with me this week! I meet so many people who are adamant about the latest miracle cure for dyslexia or similar. I think the conclusion sums it up nicely, “if you want to know whether or not X causes Y, the one and only way to do it is by conducting large, properly controlled studies that account for confounding variables. Nothing else will suffice.” Keep this in mind when you’re hearing about the latest and greatest miracle 🙂 | <urn:uuid:406d9493-b1f3-4896-9c80-193cbb24c1ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://topnotchteaching.com/reflective-teaching/whats-happening-in-education-4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.926911 | 657 | 2.875 | 3 |
The COVID-19 pandemic brought significant implications to the outdoor recreation and tourism industry, as many parks and protected areas experienced significant increases in visitors as Ontarians looked locally for their recreation. As a result, the Trail Assets and Tourism Intiative (TATI) partnership, which is comprised of members from Brock University’s Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, the Niagara Parks Commission, and the Ontario Trails Council, focused their efforts on addressing issues relating to visitor experience and safe access to outdoor recreation spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Parks and protected areas agencies experienced significant increases in visitation due to travel limitations that saw Ontarians turn domestically for their vacationing and recreation needs. For example, the Niagara Parks Commission experienced a 43.9% increase in visitors in 2020 in comparison with the previous year. Other agencies, such as Ontario Parks, have experienced such high levels of day-use visitation in 2020 and 2021 that they have instituted a new day-use reservation policy to reduce crowding and enforce capacity limits at 17 provincial parks. to reduce crowding and enforce capacity limits at 17 provincial parks.
In 2020, the TATI partnership published a list of best-practice principles for visiting parks and trails during COVID-19 for the public to consider when engaging in outdoor recreation. These recommendations are still highly relevant to all visitors, as it is everyone’s responsibility to contribute to a safe and enjoyable experience while protecting natural areas for future users. As parks and trails continue to experience high levels of visitation in 2021, the TATI partnership team has updated the recommendations made in 2020 to best address the current issues facing protected areas. These areas are environmentally sensitive and require the assistance from all park and trail users to ensure they remain enjoyable for generations to come.
These guidelines are as follows:
- Follow current public health advice
- Maintain physical distancing (2 meters) from individuals outside your household and wear a mask or face covering in crowded areas where physical distancing may not be possible. Even if you have received a full vaccine series, following this recommendation is important to keep both yourself and those around you safe.
- If you have COVID-19 symptoms, stay home and self-isolate. Get tested and do not visit parks or trails.
- Follow directions relating to outdoor gathering limits and avoid crowded spaces. If you arrive at a park or trail and it is too busy, visit another location or return at an off-peak time.
- Be prepared.
- Whether visiting a park or trail for a day or a week, check the agency’s website or contact by phone to learn about how COVID-19 may have changed their operations. Due to high levels of visitation, many agencies now require reservations for all day users to avoid over-crowding, which causes damage to natural environments and impacts visitor experiences.
- Be prepared for limited facilities and services. Some areas may not have the capacity to offer washrooms or garbage services. It is your responsibility to be prepared to mitigate the need for these services.
- Follow all rules and regulations.
- As a result of high levels of visitation, many areas have implemented new rules and regulations to further protect parks and trails and the surrounding environment. Obey all rules and regulations regardless of whether they’re being actively enforced. Engaging in depreciative visitor behaviour harms both the environment and the ability for others to enjoy their experiences, which often results in further limitations and rules. Remember, it is your responsibility to know and follow the rules and regulations of the area you’re visiting.
- Be a park or trail steward.
- Our parks and trails serve all of us, and they need our help. Be a park or trail steward by obeying rules, following Leave No Trace principles, and reducing the overall impact of your visit wherever possible. Local parks and trails have helped people cope with the pandemic. We all must do our part to give back to the areas that have been instrumental in helping us to stay healthy during this challenging time.
This post was written in conjunction with John Foster, a Masters student and research assistant on the Trail Assets and Tourism Initiative partnership. | <urn:uuid:9f740b6f-dac1-4d11-a168-b9be8d900db2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://brocku.ca/esrc/category/blog/page/3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948203 | 854 | 1.875 | 2 |
He sent me this link and suggested looking at section 3.2 on page 29 (onwards) which covers environmental protection in a range of areas.
Upon reading the document, lots of questions arose that I put to David. His answers are in bold and quotations from the document are in italics.
Me: On page 37 of the document, it states that reforestation is an important consideration in Fairtrade Eco gold…
Ecological gold, silver and platinum Intent: This section provides for additional requirements for gold and associated precious metals produced under stringent environmental practices that include forest restoration in areas of high biodiversity and ecological restoration in any ecosystem. Only non-toxic processes (e.g. gravimetric methods) are accepted, with no mercury or cyanide. ASMOs choosing to comply with the requirements in this section are eligible to an Ecological Fairtrade Premium.
Me: But there is no mention of reforestation when it comes to standard Fairtrade Gold. There is this paragraph on page 36:
After the closure of mining
operations, intervened areas are rehabilitated and
re-vegetated in ways that enhance local biodiversity as appropriate for the native ecosystem and/or are converted to an alternative use in accordance with land planning priorities of the local community authorities.
Me: Does re-vegetated mean re-forested?
DF: Yes indeed, re-vegated can mean re-forested in contexts where this is relevant.
Me: Regarding the Fairtrade mines that already exist, one can only assume that varying levels of deforestation occurred to make way for those mines.
It could be argued that reforestation efforts 2-3 years after mining has ceased, may be too little too late, as trees can take 10-20 years to grow back. Perhaps there could be an attempt at mitigation such as goals for carbon offsetting initiatives?
DF: I bring up the point of ‘relevance’ as in some mining contexts – especially in mountainous terrains – there may not have been forests to start with, but other types of vegetation.
To the point around the length of reforestation, this is a point we are cognisant of. It is the case that this process is long-term, and often also the case that de-forestation may have taken place some time prior to a site working towards certification.
It is a good idea to consider other options – e.g. carbon reduction – and this is an area we are considering in contexts to an update to our standard for Fairtrade Gold, which is currently on-going.
As and when details of these revisions surface, I would be very happy to share these with as/where of interest.
Another standard: ‘If you created open pits or underground mine apertures, you refill or block them sufficiently after the termination of extractive activities, to enable ecological regeneration and ensure Year 3 hazard prevention’.
And ‘You set up a planning process for rehabilitation and restoration of the intervened areas in perspective of closing mining operations’.
Me: Is there the potential for rehabilitated land to return to it’s original state or even improve the soil?
DF: This depends on the setup of the mine. If the mine is underground, it is filled in with depleted ore (rock that has already been excavated and processed).
If the mine is over ground – that is to say involving miners panning for gold in rivers – the land can be returned to its original state, provided that the safe use of chemicals has been observed (ie. non-contamination of water sources).
In the context of a transient sector, the issue of rehabilitation (for non-certified mines) does remain challenging, as there is often an inherent tension between the miners, the ministry of mines and the district authority for whose responsibility it is to lead for/fund rehabilitation work.
Me: ‘The Province of Quebec, Canada, requires not only the submission of a closure plan before the start of mining activity, but also the deposit of a financial guarantee equal to 100% of the estimated rehabilitation costs’. Would it Be possible for Fairtrade to implement something similar?
DF: It could technically be possible, but the result would almost certainly be a significant reduction in the number of sites which we could work with. This area would require the government themselves to act as the enforcer, rather than a certification scheme.
In the context of our standard review, we will be looking into how the issue of rehabilitation can come through more clearly, however.
Me: Is there an environmentally constructive way to dispose of mercury?
DF: We operate under the principles of reduce, re-use and (safely) dispose; encouraging miners to reduce their mercury use, to physically re-use it (which is possible several times over if safely handled) and to then dispose responsibly.
The ministry of mines in Peru do have extension agents who are able to collect mercury consignments from mine sites in safe storage units.
Me: Are there many mines that are mercury and cyanide free? Do you have any examples?
DF: There used to be some examples of mercury free mines – so called green mines – in Columbia, especially including a group called Oro Verde. This group were in a position to sell ecological gold, but ran out of access to gold in the area they were mining in.
Some of the groups we are currently working with in Peru, are highly motivated to move to full non-mercury mining. This is a complicated process, however; partly relating to the cost of investing in new equipment and partly down to the reality behavioural change, in contexts where mercury use has been so wide spread.
Going forwards, we are looking into how we can go further in encouraging miners to switch away from mercury, through programmatic partnerships with supply chain partners and institutional donors.
Me: How expensive is it to get to this stage?
DF: It depends on the starting position of the mine site. To improve the system of production (the way the mine site is physically set up) is not an expensive procedure – it would cost less than $10,000 to re-position existing processing technology. In the case of [the] mine we are working with in Peru, most are based in mountainous regions, away from direct water bodies including rivers. In this context, the process is more of verifying their compliance with the Fairtrade standard, rather than necessarily implementing changes.
The cost of the equipment itself will be in the range of $50,000 – $200,000, depending on the size of mine.
Me: In the document, one of the goals for mine sites to comply with is that…
Toxic and dangerous substances such as mercury, cyanide and acids are never used or handled by children under 18 years, pregnant or breastfeeding women, or persons diagnosed with mental deficiencies, or diseases of the gastrointestinal, urinary, nervous or respiratory systems.
Me: A lot of the standards seem like they would be quite hard to check, how do you check that mine sites are complying with these standards?
DF: Mines are audited on an annual basis by FLO-CERT, the auditing arm of the Fairtrade system. There are verification criteria attached to each criteria which are used to assess the compliance of mines with the Fairtrade standard.
If you or your miners post-process the tailings with cyanide or mercury (which means the ASMO uses mercury or cyanide), even the purely gravimetrically recovered fraction is not certifiable as “ Eco Fairtrade ”. In this case the entire gold is certifiable as Fairtrade, but not “Eco Fairtrade”
In the document it is stated that ‘…an Ecological Premium is offered on top of the Fairtrade Premium for ASMOs (artisanal and small scale mining operations) who choose to eliminate mercury and cyanide altogether, using only non-toxic processes (e.g. gravimetric methods, borax) for gold recovery, and developing low-impact mining in areas of high biodiversity’.
Me: Who pays this premium for the gold?
DF: The trader pays this premium – in most cases this will be a refiner who imports their gold. The extra cost of the premium is built in to the on-sale price from the refiner onwards.
Me: Will ‘Eco – Fairtrade’ soon be coming to market?
DF: We are exploring this for 2020, yes. However, the cost of eco-gold is very high for miners to achieve and maintain, and is therefore at a premium the market is often unwilling to pay.
To put some figures to this, it is around an extra $6,000 per kilo of gold, on the market side. We will keep you posted here!
Me: I assume that in order to adhere to Fairtrade standards, small scale and artisanal miners need to have some capital to invest in alternative methods of extraction. If a small scale miner cannot afford to implement what it takes to comply with the standards, what happens then?
DF: Fairtrade provides pre-certification support to mine sites who want to align with the Fairtrade standard. In practical terms, this means a specialist will spend time with the management of a particular mine to assess the areas they most need to improve, in order to comply with the Fairtrade standard, and then to work together to ensure that appropriate trainings are folded in.
The area of capital investment specifically, is not something that we (as Fairtrade) directly enable, but we do encourage market partners (i.e. traders) to provide mine sites with access to finance and/or to link mines in with existing lenders (e.g. institutional banks) to make improvements to their mine setups; principally focused on upgrading processing equipment to reduce reliance on harmful chemicals. Going forwards, especially in South America, we will look to make this further solidify this way of working.
Other General Environmental Considerations
Me: Is there anything that you can tell consumers and jewellers who are interested about radioactivity and whether this is an issue and also fossil fuel usage?
DF: Radioactivity is not an issue, although fossil fuel usage is.
There is currently a framework referred to as “climate smart mining” which is particularly focused on ways of reducing carbon and other emissions in the context of mining operations.
Again in the context of our standard review, we are looking at ways in which we can make our standard more climate and carbon sensitive.
Me: Who does Fairtrade consult with to ensure that they are implementing environmental standards that are up to date?
DF: The environmental standard is reviewed as part of our wider review of the Fairtrade standard for gold. The standard is reviewed every three years or so and includes two public rounds for consultation.
Each consultation window is open for around 3 months and includes input from NGOs, consultancies, businesses, government ministries and mine sites themselves – we want this consultation to be as far reaching as possible to ensure that we get are able to include as many expert positions as possible, especially relating to thematic areas which are very broad (e.g. components in environmental standards).
We are currently undergoing a standard review and have just closed the first round of external consultations; we will be re-opening for consultation at the end of this year or early next year. This second round of consultation will be open to comments on the first draft of the updated standard, which will be published shortly before the second window opens. | <urn:uuid:37090be3-4ec6-4b01-a26c-2a56b4f8a6ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lilymccallin.com/interview-with-david-finlay-from-fairtrade-gold/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.948807 | 2,390 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Welcome to Yeonsu-gu Public Library.
- Since opening Yeonsu Children's Library in November, 2006, we have been consistently expanding and developing our public library infrastructure in Yeonsu-gu Ward. We are very proud of our achievements, including Songdo International Children's Library, Ongnyeon-1dong Small Library, Ongnyeon-2dong Children's Small Library, Yeonsu Chunghak Library, Yeonsu 2-dong Small Library and Songdo 2-dong Small Library. in order to meet your future expectations, we will do our very best to uphold your rights of access to information and to narrow the knowledge (information) gap.
Leading in Global Incheon
- We are committed to helping you make your dreams come true, cultivating your creative powers and building a brighter future. We want to create happy, comfortable, wired environments, providing you with a wealth of materials covering Incheon, Korea, and the world. cultivating truly global mindsets, we will foster the cultural development of Incheon through encouraging people to read more books, and by providing cultural events and programs delivering knowledge and information.
Cultivating a Book-reading Culture, Yeonsu-gu!
- We will make comfortable public libraries accessible in people's everyday life. We will do our best to make public libraries treasure boxes full of “Knowledge, Culture and Dreams.” Thank you for your support. | <urn:uuid:a29bed06-3da6-4190-8002-c1b9765d8951> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yspubliclib.go.kr/ysgplib/eng/english/info/Greeting.do | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.905828 | 304 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Forward -- 1. Bioprospecting: An Industrial Perspective -- 2. Current Status and Perspectives in Marine Biodiscovery -- 3. Contributions of microbial resource centers to bioprospecting of bacteria and filamentous microfungi -- 4. Bioprospecting Archaea: focus on extreme halophiles -- 5. Bioprospecting soil metagenomes for antibiotics -- 6. Biotechnological applications of the Roseobacter clade -- 7. Iwokrama fungal/plant bioprospecting project 2000-2003 - a model for the future?- 8. Bioprospecting with Brazilian fungi -- 9. Secondary metabolites of mine waste acidophilic fungi -- 10. Insect bioprospecting especially in India -- 11. Phages against infectious diseases -- 12. The role of biodiversity centres in bioprospecting: a case study from Sarawak -- 13. Legal and ethnoecological components of bioprospecting -- 14. Bioprospecting insights.
This book considers all aspects of bioprospecting in 14 succinct chapters and a forward by David Hawksworth. The organisms addressed include plants, insects, fungi, bacteria and phages. Bioprospecting has never been more relevant and is of renewed interest, because of the extremely worrying rise in novel, resistant pathogenic microorganisms. The practices in pharmaceutical companies have failed to deliver novel antibiotics to control these infections. We need to look for new sources of drugs from the environment on a massive scale as drug discovery is “too important to fail”. Furthermore, the field can add great value to ecosystems in terms of economics, while providing additional reasons for maintaining associated services, such as food provision, benign climate, effective nutrient cycling and cultural practices. Bioprospecting provides another reason why climate change must be reduced in order to preserve relevant environments. Previous bioprospecting projects should be re-visited and established biodiversity centres have a major role. Many different ecosystems exist which contain unique organisms with the potential to supply novel antibiotics, enzymes, food, and cosmetics, or they may simply have aesthetic value. The book stresses the difficulties in obtaining successful products and yet describes why natural products should be investigated over combinatorial chemistry. Personal experience of bioprospecting projects are given significance. Issues such as how to share the benefits equitably with local communities are described and why pharmaceutical companies can be reluctant to be involved. Legal issues are discussed. Finally, there has never been a better time for a new book on bioprospecting, because of the need to preserve ecosystems, and from the emergence of resistant pathogenic microorganisms.. | <urn:uuid:792d35d5-7bb2-4327-a1de-d730661e5505> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://katalog.osu.cz/publish/00147/OSU01_001474063.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.904653 | 547 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Japanese Word Images for the Word “Constant”.
The left side Japanese word “不断の(ふだんの-fudanno)” means “Constant”.
The below images are Japanese Kanji and Hiragana of some Japanese words which mean “Constant”.
You can learn how to write these Japanese words by referring the Kanji stroke orders of these words.
And also we use the Japanese word “不変の(ふへんの-fuhenno)” for translating this word into Japanese.
And when we use this word “Constant” as a noun in mathematical field, we use Japanese Word “定数(ていすう-teisuu)” for this word. | <urn:uuid:7b84cff1-6f62-4b27-be6b-724c1e6756c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.japanesewordswriting.com/japanese-word-for-the-word-constant-8404/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.85781 | 174 | 3.046875 | 3 |
A considerable lot of people need to begin their own business, however drop the thought halfway as they are overpowered by the procedure and don’t comprehend what is vital. On account of certain straightforward things you can start-up and doubtlessly overwhelming as well. Here are some top start-up mysteries from experts to help you ace the craftsmanship.
- Do some exploration
Before you put your thoughts into practice, do some examination for assets and apparatuses that may prove to be useful. There are some product projects to robotize the errand as well. You can look for shape business advancement focuses, private courses, workshops, online classes and so on you ought not hand the employment completely to an expert, have a go at doing a portion of the occupation yourself as well. A decent advisor will charge you $5000-$10,000.
- Match ideas with number
A strategy for success needs quantitative and subjective examination. Marketable strategy is not just about putting to paper what your concept of a business is about. You will require exact numbers and verbal depiction of your strategies for success. Initially compose your business ideas and after that move to the fund part. Whenever done, you have to decipher the ideas with your funds. The ideas of your business won’t have any legitimacy without the budgetary arranging.
- Be sensible about your thoughts
A standout amongst the most made mistakes when composing a strategy for success is to overestimate your income and think little of the costs. The income gauges should be enhanced by target stamping and after that the income and costs ought to be translated in view of the market.
- Make income projections
You should make the general income projection of benefit and misfortune and an anticipated monetary record also. You have to ascertain the earn back the original investment focuses as well where deals take care of the expenses. Inquire about monetary proportions of your business industry.
- Advertising is urgent
The primary thing you ought to do is to create objectives and after that direct a market examination which comprises of inquiring about, distinguishing the objective markets, showcase patterns evaluation and so forth in view of these you have to make technique which comprises of offers, advancements, organizing, client mind and so forth. | <urn:uuid:8a7f7580-fe4b-4f50-96b5-b5c70ff5db4e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://indianceo.in/news/5-easy-tips-make-start-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954663 | 447 | 1.984375 | 2 |
Money can’t buy happiness...
But it can buy a great bottle of whisky!
Whisky (or whiskey) is more than just a drink that makes you look sophisticated and feel good.
It is a world of grains, flavours, and distillation processes and which produces one of the few marketable items where older is mostly considered to better.
The spelling whiskey is common in Ireland and the United States, while whisky is used in all other whisky-producing countries such as Ireland or Japan.
Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as Scotch (which is most common here in Australia).
While aging in wooden casks, all whiskies undergo six processes that contribute to their final flavour: extraction, evaporation, oxidation, concentration, filtration, and colouration.
But the varied industry of whisky produces some bottles that can be picked up at the local bottle shop for $50 and others that can go to auction for six figures.
So, what makes the extraordinary difference and why are people willing to pay it?
What goes in to making a whisky?
The formula for making whisky is simple in theory (Grain + Yeast + Water = Whisky), but the variations in this formula and circumstances can dramatically affect the results of the end product.
For every batch of whisky, there are two major factors that determine what it will taste like: the wooden cask it’s aged in and the environment the cask is stored in.
Whiskies do not mature in the bottle, only in the cask, so the age of a whisky is only the time between distillation and bottling. This reflects how much the wooden cask has interacted with the whisky, changing its chemical makeup and taste.
The types of wood used in constructing whisky casks can range from Spanish oak, American oak and Japanese Mizunara. Different woods come with different compositions, which creates a distinct level of woodiness in the final flavour profile but also come with different price tags.
Temperature and weather affect how quickly a whisky will age and also how much whisky is lost to evaporation; the infamous “Angel’s Share”.
The warmer temperatures generally lead to a faster ageing process to achieve the required taste but can increase the Angel’s Share. An aged 30-year maturation can have 30% to 40% of the alcohol evaporated in the barrel, or over 1% each year of the whisky’s life.
Older whiskies are expensive not just because they’re old, but more because they are rare.
Why are some whiskies so expensive?
Different water source locations will produce different flavour profiles of whisky. The more exotic the water source, the more expensive the final product.
Some of Japan’s top distilleries source their water from snow which melts and flows down a mountain before being filtered through thousand-year-old granite rocks, making it an exceptional whisky.
But at the most basic level, the older the whisky, the more expensive it is. Of course, taste, rarity and clever marketing come into play as well.
The oldest whiskies available are aged for 50 years and can sell for up to $25,000 a bottle (in the case of Glenlivet’s 50-year-old single malt scotch).
An older whisky will generally cost more to produce and therefore will cost more to buy. To age a whisky, you need to be able to have the room and facilities to store it, which prevents the facilities being used to make more whisky and therefore, more money.
The distillery is losing out on the use of those casks the whisky is stored in, the use of the space where those casks are held all the while paying the rents and the bills to keep the temperature regulated.
What is the difference between expensive whisky and cheaper whisky?
Cheaper whisky is usually affordable because it costs less to mass produce. Faster production and higher output mean more affordable whisky.
Because the distilling process requires that whisky be aged over time inside of wooden barrels, most stop the moment that they can.
Most of the cheaper blends available on shelves these days will most often be young; only being aged for 3-8 years. They are also typically made of grain whisky as opposed to generally-higher-quality malt whisky.
These are brands that prefer high quantity over quality, mass producing affordable whisky that can be sold all over the world.
What country a whisky is made in also plays a big role in reputation and how much they can charge for a bottle of their finest, much like any other luxury item or brand.
As with most other high-end items, expensive whisky will be presented in luxury packaging which must be incorporated into the final price.
For example, Glenfiddich have a 50-year-old single malt whisky which comes in a hand-stitched leather-bound case which has been lined with hand-woven silk and decorated with Scottish silver.
Why do people spend time and money collecting whisky?
Only a true whisky fanatic will be willing to spend thousands of dollars on a single bottle. These people are the ones that are intent on being able to say that they have had a taste of the best of the best.
As long as these aficionados are still around, whisky distillers will continue to age their alcohol for as long as possible.
There are four very distinctly different origins of whisky; Ireland, Scotland, America and Canada.
But several countries, including Japan, are beginning to make a big name for themselves in the whisky industry.
This leads to collectors either wanting to collect whiskies from across the globe or becoming aficionados in a particular kind.
Rarity is a big factor when it comes to how much people are willing to spend. Unopened whiskies that have been bottled for many years may have a rarity value.
The status and the value of these unopened bottles is held together by the idea that at any moment it could be opened, shared and enjoyed; the anticipation of revealing its greatness.
There is about 120 malt whisky distilleries in Scotland that are currently operating.
But there are also 40 “ghost” or “silent” distilleries that have shut their doors but are still releasing their aged whisky as it matures. This makes these bottles very rare and adds mystery and desirability to the brand.
Whisky can also be an investment as an expensive whisky will tend to appreciate in price with age. As its counterparts get opened and enjoyed, these old, unopened bottles become rare!
But most people are looking to spend money on something they enjoy. A whisky that makes them feel good after a hard day’s work or one that gives them warm memories or puts a smile on their face.
A good whisky is one to share with friends and family. No matter if this is a birthday, Saturday night or a weekly get together.
We give you some quick and easy hints for making the most of the world of whisky
- Don’t restrict yourself to just one whisky on your shelf. Choose several to suit your different moods and tastes.
- Learn to read labels as they contain a lot of information especially those produced by independent bottlers.
- Keep educating yourself by going to whisky festivals and specialist retailers.
- Remember your taste may change so try every whisky you come across!
Did you think this whisky read was neat?
If you want to hear about our upcoming Wine, Beer and Spirits auctions, then pop your email below and we’ll send an alert straight to your inbox! | <urn:uuid:f2ac24af-2bde-4b44-a82e-e70852aafac7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lloydsauctions.com.au/insider/money-cant-buy-happiness-but-it-can-buy-a-great-bottle-of-whisky/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.954305 | 1,579 | 2.015625 | 2 |
South students use assignment to help Stanly County Humane Society
Published 2:54 pm Friday, March 5, 2021
Large floppy ears have been helped thanks in part to earrings.
Two South Stanly Middle School students recently raised funds to help the Stanly County Humane Society.
Jillian Bailey and Lily Coakley brought donations and supplies to the organization after two months of making and selling earrings as part of their seventh grade community project. They raised more than $200 through sales and donations.
They began working on the project in December.
They were able to purchase paper towels, toilet tissue, puppy chow and kitten/cat food, puppy pads, flea and tick treatments and cedar shavings.
“Social studies is more than the study of history, and includes the present time as well,” Nikki Laster, their teacher, said. “During the holiday season, students were asked to create a proposal about how they could help their community.”
Laster said that due to COVID-19, students were not required to implement their proposals. However, around 10 did.
“The proposals submitted were creative and spanned helping the less fortunate to assisting wild birds in the area,” Laster said. “It is imperative in our current social climate that students learn early on the impact they can have positively on their communities, even in the smallest ways. As they become mature citizens of our world, we want that good to stick with them.” | <urn:uuid:980b7889-7f77-4aa4-92f6-4773ffc20650> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thesnaponline.com/2021/03/05/south-students-use-assignment-to-help-stanly-county-humane-society/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.983182 | 311 | 1.523438 | 2 |
In his address to the high-level debate at the UN General Assembly on Thursday, Marcelo Ebrard, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, reaffirmed his country’s commitment against discrimination and hate speech and called for more solidarity.
Mr. Ebrard said that the economic recovery from the crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, has been marked by inequality. “The pandemic has highlighted the need for a strong and effective multilateral system”, he declared, calling for more solidarity between states.
“This unprecedented crisis cannot be overcome with unilateral or isolated actions, but rather through renewed cooperation and genuine international solidarity”, Mr. Ebrard underscored.
Speaking on the need to guarantee universal and equitable access to medicines, vaccines against COVID-19 and other medical supplies, Mr. Ebrard said this was an “urgent priority”.
Noting that while 33 per cent of the global population in high-income countries has already received at least one dose of the vaccine against COVID-19, only 1.4 per cent of people in low-income countries have had access to a vaccine, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs declared that “we need to promote vaccines being considered as global public goods”.
“The discrimination in the recognition of vaccines jeopardizes socioeconomic recovery, and the efficacy of mechanisms such as the COVAX platform”, he told world leaders during his in-person address to the Assembly.
The annual gathering is being held in a hybrid format, with in-person and online speeches, after being forced almost entirely online last year because of the pandemic.
Migrants’ rights and solidarity
In his speech, Mr. Ebrard referred to one of the subjects that deserve more attention in Mexico: migration and went on to highlight Mexican’s long tradition of solidarity with people who need assistance for humanitarian reasons.
“This is why we have granted international protection to people from Afghanistan who find themselves in a situation of extreme vulnerability, particularly to women and girls”, he added, and urged all to recognize that migration had benefited all societies at some point in their historic development.
Mr. Ebrard reaffirmed that it is a global responsibility to respect and defend the human rights of all persons, regardless of their migratory quality, and called for a safe, orderly and regular migration based on international cooperation.
In this sense, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed Mexico’s commitment to continue fighting hate speech, discrimination, xenophobia, racism, and other related forms of intolerance and violent extremism, including white supremacy.
Highlighting Mexico’s support for measures to ensure that least developed countries can benefit from multilateral support mechanisms for debt relief, Mr. Ebrard declared that middle-income countries also need support mechanisms to recover from the COVID-19 crisis.
“These countries, where Mexico is included, represent 75 per cent of the global population and are home to 62 per cent of people in situations of poverty”, he stated.
In this context, Mr. Ebrard called on international financial institutions, international banking, the private sector and all relevant actors in the field, to promote measures that prevent other countries from incurring in unsustainable levels of debt and managing to direct their scarce resources to the socioeconomic recovery from the crisis.
Mr. Ebrard went on to reiterate Mexico’s aim to promote a more equitable, fair and equalitarian society, highlighting the feminist foreign policy adopted by Mexico in 2020.
He stressed that peace is only possible if women and girls participate actively in its consolidation.
Full statement in Spanish here. | <urn:uuid:1936a4d9-7e67-4c9a-81e3-3db849f34e0e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://liveguide.su/mexico-calls-for-respect-for-migrants-rights-and-true-international-solidarity/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.951686 | 764 | 2.203125 | 2 |
At Swedish Smile Clinic we exclusively use dental implants of the highest standards, using the safest materials and technology.
How does it work?
Dental implants are small titanium screws that are placed in the jawbone. The procedure is done under local anaesthetic, however, should the patient so desire, we offer to perform the procedure under sedation. The procedure is completely pain-free.
Implant therapy can be used to replace one or several teeth. Your implant surgeon will discuss the all the different options that may be beneficial to you.
In some cases, where there is insufficient amount of jawbone, a bone graft may be placed to support the implant.
After the implant is placed, the bone starts grow around the titanium screw, anchoring it securely inside the bone, allowing a crown to be placed on top of the implant and thereby replacing the lost tooth in both function and form. The integration between the implant and the bone usually takes up to twelve weeks.
During the healing period you will be fitted with a provisional crown if indicated. Your implant surgeon will discuss the complete procedure and is happy to answer any questions you may have during your consultation.
Looking after the implant tooth
Good oral hygiene is just as important with implant teeth as it is with natural teeth. Although you cannot get tooth decay (caries) in an implant tooth, gum disease may affect implant teeth in the same way it may affect natural teeth. Therefore, it is advised to have regular dental check-ups and dental hygiene support treatments as well as following the oral hygiene home care regimen that your dentist will provide you with. This will not only benefit the implant tooth, but your entire dental and oral health. Implant teeth can be damaged by trauma, the same way as natural teeth, so protect yourself and your teeth when playing sports by wearing a protective sports guard. | <urn:uuid:636b3b2d-de42-45f1-a4a8-32f95e7b5a3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.swedishsmileclinic.co.uk/dental-implants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.929574 | 373 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Peri-menopause is that 5-10 year period before women reach menopause. Hot flushes, mood swings, depression, weight gain – these are many more symptoms are common. With peri-menopause comes lower levels of oestrogen, and with that women lose the protective benefits oestrogen provides to our hearts, our bones, and our brains. So although weight gain is one concern at this stage of life that might drive women to feel the need to exercise, the other health benefits are less visible yet life-savingly important.
Peri-menopause is a time to start taking your health more seriously – and exercise is an excellent medicine.
In choosing a particular kind of exercise for yourself, you need to examine your relationship with exercise. Do you view it as punishment, as a reward, or is it just another thing to check off your daily to-do list? Would you really enjoy the stress associated with crossfit-style competitive motivation – will this help your adrenal stress levels? Or do you perceive it as fun? What symptoms of menopause are you having most difficulty with? Your sense of wellbeing is connected to your serotonin levels, and it has recently been found that 10 minutes of stretching before bed-time can reduce the intensity of hot flushes and also depression. So maybe some mind-body connection and focus on breathing is what you need to reduce stress levels.
You also need to pay heed to the laws of physics when it comes to pelvic floor strength. Trauma from child-bearing or birth often doesn’t manifest itself until 20 years later, when the strength loss from oestrogen decline leaves you in less control of your pelvic floor, and you find yourself suffering from urinary or faecal incontinence, or even prolapse. High impact exercise will probably not be a good place to start if you are coming back to exercise for the first time in ages.
Kegel exercises have been prescribed to us for generations for increasing pelvic floor strength – however I don’t see the shelving space for grownups pullups in supermarkets getting any smaller. Something more focused is clearly needed to address this issue.
For a global approach to the pelvic floor and core muscles, we recommend Power Plate. The gentle vibrations trigger rapid reflex contractions, engaging muscles subconsciously, building strength in no time, and showing a proven reduction in incontinence. Knowing what to do on the Power Plate machine to achieve a desired effect has always been the puzzle. Newly released, the Power Plate Healthy Mums Programme provides a 12 week video-led coaching programme with pelvic floor safe exercises to restore the strength in a compromised core or pelvic floor.
Designed by industry-leading expert in post-natal fitness education, Jenny Burrell, it is an easy to follow programme that comes complete with your own portable Personal Power Plate machine, a Kick Start fat loss recipe book, exercise accessories and your unique video access code. | <urn:uuid:a009f18b-a512-42de-9d86-14444f06f26b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://powerplate.co.nz/exercising-during-peri-menopause/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.941561 | 605 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Data Analysis and Probability Set: Grades 3-5
Guided Rd. Level P-W
Interest Level 2-7
Discover mathematics with an accent on fun with these high-interest and engaging readers! This set of 8, 32-page books supports the NCTM Mathematics strand, Data Analysis and Probability, and is perfect for students in grades 3-5. Each reader features high-interest nonfiction text, problem-solving activities, supporting graphics, highlighted content-area vocabulary, sidebars, photographs, graphs, glossary, and index. Titles include (titles may vary):
- Wildlife Scientists
- At Risk!
- Animal Investigations
- The Jungle Park Case
- Graphs in Action
- It's Our Business
In this section you can find reviews from our customers, or you can add your own review for this particular product.
Customer reviews help other visitors to read feedback from users who have already purchased and are using TCM’s products. | <urn:uuid:61a007a5-6e56-4fde-a6b4-dcc8baa33d61> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.teachercreatedmaterials.com/p/data-analysis-and-probability-set-grades-3-51/13083/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.835822 | 242 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The EU has drafted a new directive that includes harsher penalties for those convicted of hacking.
The European Parliament last week approved a draft of the proposal and will vote on it in July.
Those found guilty of the following types of illegal hacking will face at least two years in prison, if they do so with criminal intent and cause serious harm, if they breach a security measure while doing so, and if they neglect to tell a system operator all about the vulnerability in a timely manner:
- Illegal, intentional access to an information system.
- Illegally interfering with data.
- Illegally intercepting communications. This includes recording communications and covers the time spanning data transfer from the sender to the receiver, by cable or wireless, and the devices and technologies that record, including software, passwords and codes.
- Intentionally producing and selling tools used to commit these offenses.
The proposal calls for a minimum of five years imprisonment for attacks against critical infrastructure and also applies if an attack is carried out by a criminal organisation or if it causes serious damage.
Botnet creators and herders will face at least three years in prison under the new directive.
The directive, approved by the European Parliament’s Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, also stipulates that EU member states respond within 8 hours, maximum, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, to urgent security requests from other member states experiencing cyber attacks, to at least let somebody know how and when they plan to answer the request for help.
The directive also calls for penalties for actions such as hiring hackers to disrupt the competition, in which case companies could lose their public benefits or even get shut down.
The directive is clear about distinguishing attacks that lack criminal intent, which would cover testing or protection of information systems and thereby shield whistleblowers.
That’s reassuring. Pen testing and whistleblowing are essential activities that deserve legal protection. | <urn:uuid:aada97be-a74f-4671-97d5-64219ad575e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2013/06/11/eu-to-vote-on-harsher-penalties-for-hackers/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+nakedsecurity+%28Naked+Security+-+Sophos%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.946257 | 391 | 2.359375 | 2 |
One common production method for lightpipes is the overmold . This method uses an inexpensive light diffused plastic overmolded with a black case to generate a light-pipe.
The “Win” keyboard key is one good example.
The black key body has a hole; during manufacturing, this hole is filled with a white diffuse plastic in a process called overmolding.
We then flashed the key underside with a phone flash and you can see the glowing windows logo. | <urn:uuid:306b623e-f960-437b-bbbe-3a29d628dec3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.opticsforhire.com/blog/using-an-overmold-for-a-light-pipe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.915677 | 100 | 2.046875 | 2 |
There are no open spots for this class, but we found something similar!
5.0 (43) · Ages 10-15
One-To-One Private Math Tutoring 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th Grades Math, Pre-Algebra
5.0 (54) · Ages 13-18
Math Made Easy: Middle School and High School Math Tutoring (30 Minutes)
5.0 (16) · Ages 12-16
1 on 1 Algebra 1 or Integrated 1 Math Tutoring
5.0 (34) · Ages 13-18
Math Made Easy: Middle School and High School Math Tutoring (60 Minutes)
5.0 (1) · Ages 10-13
Pre-Algebra - Year Long Ongoing Class - Prep for Algebra I
5.0 (3) · Ages 11-13
Pre-Algebra Mastery Middle School Math Course for Grades 6-8
3x per week
over 1 week
learner per class
per learner - per class
How does a “Multi-Day” course work?
Meets multiple times at scheduled times
Live video chats, recorded and monitored for safety and quality
Discussions via classroom forum and private messages with the teacher
Great for engaging projects and interacting with diverse classmates from other states and countries
How Outschool Works
There are no open spots for this class.
You can request another time or scroll down to find more classes like this.
Class Experience I have taught Math in middle school and High School for 30 years. Teacher Experience: I have a BS in Mathematics and a Masters in Education. I have taught Basic Math, Pre-Algebra, Algebra( Regular and Honors), Geometry(Regular and Honors) and Pre-Calculus. Topic: Math Tutoring This includes concepts learned in middle school math, pre-algebra, or algebra 1 This class is based on the concept that students are enrolled in a math classes and you need help on understanding...
Students will improve on math concepts learned in Middle School Math, Pre-Algebra, or Algebra 1
There is no homework but extra problems are available on request.
Paper, pencil, graph paper (if necessary), calculator (if necessary), If you have a specific assignment you want to work on, send me a copy of the problems. If it is a specific concept only, let me know what the concept is before class so that I can be prepared. Example: adding and subtracting integers.
2 hours 15 minutes per week in class, and an estimated 0 - 1 hours per week outside of class.
Gail DykhuisMath Tutor
235 total reviews
1069 completed classes
Hi! My name is Gail Dykhuis. I have a BS in Mathematics and a Masters in Education. I have taught High School mathematics for 29 years. I have taught basic math, Pre-Algebra, Geometry, and Algebra 2 and Pre-Calculus. I have been Department Lead... | <urn:uuid:39e9db14-eb0d-49a5-a00f-fc148ab56532> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://outschool.com/classes/one-on-one-tutoring-3-days-a-week-Gqjxu88w | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.89379 | 654 | 2.140625 | 2 |
The nation’s most beloved cemetery is expected to run out of room in just over 20 years and will no longer be able to accept new burials.
This major issue will force Congress to finalize one of the two solutions they are currently exploring for Arlington National Cemetery. This process could start as early as the next few months.
“Unfortunately, the cemetery is rapidly running out of space. If nothing is done, in a matter of 23 short years, the cemetery will be closed for new burials,” Republican Congressman Mike Coffman said this week, per Washington Examiner.
Arlington National Cemetery is running out of space pic.twitter.com/pOvTpirxnK
— Fox News (@FoxNews) May 28, 2018
Congress is looking at two options to extend the life of Arlington as an active cemetery: making it harder to get in, or finding more hallowed ground.
More than 400,000 people have been interred at the cemetery in its 153-year history, which dates back to the Civil War.
Today, there are just over 100,000 spaces left. About one-third are below-ground spaces, and the remainder are in columbariums, the niche walls in which urns are stored.
As the cemetery is adding on average more than 7,000 new burials a year, the cemetery will no longer have spots available around 2040.
One of the two options currently being explored by congressional members is changes to the eligibility requirements to be buried at the site.
“Unfortunately, without changes to the eligibility requirements and the physical footprint, Arlington National Cemetery will not be a burial option, for most who served in the Gulf War or any conflicts since, regardless of their contributions, achievements, or valor,” said Army National Military Cemeteries Executive Director Karen Durham-Aguilera, as Washington Examiner reports.
If this option were to be enacted, it would affect many people looking to have burial plans for the national cemetery.
“We are very sensitive to the fact that many who have served or are currently serving would be impacted,” Durham-Aguilera added before suggesting plans to expand the cemetery is only delaying an inevitable revision. “Expansion alone will not keep the cemetery open [much longer]. We must address the demand for internment by restricting eligibility in addition to physical expansion.”
With more than 22 million veterans, Arlington National Cemetery is not the only of the national cemeteries which is expected to contemplate what changes they should make to accommodate more of those who have served to defend the country.
“We do believe that we’re looking at every possibility and what we can do, but we also know that we cannot serve an entire population, no matter what,” Durham-Aguilera said. “We are filling up every day.”
— Fox News (@FoxNews) May 28, 2018
Here’s even more:
Many veterans groups oppose any change to the rules that allow most honorably discharged veterans to request burial at Arlington.
“Expansion of the cemetery grounds, contiguously or not, is a viable path forward and is the preferred method of extending the life of the cemetery,” testified Forrest Allen, on behalf of the Military Officers Association of America. “While it is costly and time-consuming, MOAA members have clearly indicated their preference for expansion over significantly restricting eligibility.”
The idea of buying land that’s not physically connected to the current cemetery, perhaps not even in the same jurisdiction, raised concerns that the new burial ground wouldn’t enjoy the same hallowed status as Arlington. | <urn:uuid:6987f573-1d5a-4f01-8efe-f7bb88356ec1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sarahpalin.com/2018/15559/heads-lawmakers-change-rules-can-buried-arlington/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.957721 | 773 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Recent measles outbreaks in the United States and Brazil suggest that immunization rates in some areas have dropped below levels needed to prevent the spread of cases imported into the Americas, Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) experts said today.
“Thanks to high levels of immunization, the Americas have been on track for more than a decade to be formally declared free of measles,” said Dr. Cuauhtemoc Ruiz, head of PAHO/WHO’s immunization program. “Maintaining high levels of vaccine coverage is key to preventing and halting outbreaks and to protect our populations from the constant threat of imported cases.”
Measles has been considered eliminated from the Americas since 2002, due to the absence of endemic transmission of the disease. An international verification committee has been compiling evidence to support a formal declaration of the region as measles-free. This would make the Americas the world’s first region to eliminate measles, in line with its similar achievements in eliminating smallpox in the 1970s and polio in the 1990s. Currently the region is also on track to be certified as free of rubella.
All these achievements have been the result of the region’s success in achieving high levels of immunization, through routine immunization programs and mass vaccination campaigns such as the annual Vaccination Week in the Americas, which PAHO/WHO has spearheaded for the past 13 years .
Now, measles elimination “is facing major challenges, with several ongoing importations of measles in some countries,” PAHO/WHO said in an epidemiological alert distributed yesterday to member countries across the region. The alert urges countries to strengthen measles surveillance activities and to “take appropriate measures to protect residents in the Americas against measles and rubella.”
The PAHO/WHO alert reports a total of 147 confirmed measles cases in four countries of the Americas this year, up to February 8. Of that total, 121 cases were in the United States, linked primarily to an outbreak that began at Disneyland in California last December. A single case in Mexico was also tied to that outbreak. Of the remaining cases, 21 were in Brazil and four were in Canada.
The cases in Brazil are part of a larger outbreak that began in early 2013, which has sickened more than 700 people in 31 municipalities.
Between 2003 and 2014, the Americas registered a total of 5,077 imported measles cases, most of them in 2011 (1,369) and (1,848).
“Countries in the Americas have reported cases imported from other regions every year during the past decade, but until recently, they did not lead to significant outbreaks,” said Ruiz. “The current outbreaks point to gaps in immunization that could allow measles and other vaccine-preventable diseases to take hold again and begin spreading in our hemisphere.”
Measles vaccine has been used for more than 50 years and has proven to be safe and effective. Globally, measles vaccine prevented an estimated 15.6 million deaths between 2000 and 2013.
PAHO/WHO recommends that children receive two doses of measles-containing vaccine before their fifth birthday and that levels of coverage with two doses be maintained at 95% or more to prevent the spread of imported cases. Currently, an estimated 92% of 1-year-olds in the Americas receive a first dose of measles vaccine.
In view of the recent outbreaks, PAHO/WHO is also urging health authorities in its member countries to:
- Maintain high levels of measles vaccination coverage at the national and local levels.
- Advise travelers going to regions that have measles circulation to be sure they are current on their measles vaccines. (This does not apply to infants under 6 months of age, who should not be vaccinated.)
- Inform travelers of measles symptoms and what they should do if they suspect they have the disease.
- Require proof of measles immunity from workers in the healthcare sector (including medical, administrative and security personnel), and advise tourism and transportation personnel to be fully immunized.
- Sensitize private sector health personnel on the need to immediately report any suspected cases.
- If imported measles cases are detected, conduct contact tracing and, depending on contacts’ travel history, inform health authorities abroad about the possible location of contacts in their countries. | <urn:uuid:4fa93ef6-6a0c-47f3-8349-a2cb25e3aed2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://outbreaknewstoday.com/measles-in-brazil-and-the-us-suggests-immunization-rates-dropped-14480/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.959319 | 890 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Stay Home – Stay Safe – Handling Wasp Nests during Lock Down
Due to Covid-19, many of us are finding we are spending more time in our homes and gardens. If you have recently seen a lot of wasp activity, it could be that there is a nest nearby. Here at Avon Pest Control, we understand that even under usual circumstances, discovering a wasp nest can be worrying, but under these unprecedented conditions of extended lock down we need to be able to safely enjoy our home and living spaces more than ever.
How to Find a Wasp Nest
If you have seen a higher percentage of wasps in your garden then you are used to, you can follow the flight path of a worker wasp (female) back to the nest.
Recognising a Wasp Nest
Chewed wood pulp and saliva are used to build a wasp nest, which makes the nest look like paper. They are usually built in sheltered places, such as roof spaces, sheds, under bushes, in bird boxes, under eaves, and wall cavities.
Nests start small, about the size of a golf ball. This is usually around springtime when the queen wasp first begins to build the nest. As the number of wasps increases, so does the size of the nest, so that in summertime the nest can reach the size of a football. In some cases, considerably bigger!
What To Do if You Find a Wasp Nest
It is important to treat a wasp nest as soon as possible. This will reduce the chances of being stung. Wasp stings can be very painful, and in some cases can cause an allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). It is ideal to treat the nest in spring as the nest is smaller, wasp numbers are lower and the wasps themselves are less aggressive. Wasps are usually at their most aggressive during late summertime. Regardless of when you find the nest, or what size it is, it is best to act fast and call a qualified, trusted pest control service provider. It is important not to tackle the nest yourself as if a wasp feels threatened, it will emit a pheromone which alerts other nearby colony members. The wasps react to this alarm by swarming out of the nest and attacking whatever or whoever the threat is. Unlike bees, wasps do not die after a single sting. They can sting multiple times and will do so when threatened.
- Open bins attract wasps. Ensure you have bins with lids, which are tightly secured, and keep your outside bins away from your house
- Check sheltered spaces in and around your home to spot signs of a wasp nest as early as possible
Here at Avon Pest Control our qualified technicians provide professional effective wasp nest treatment. We are currently operating with strict PPE controls on essential work. If you are worried about wasps, call Avon Pest Control today on 01926 632 929 or 01789 293 463, and we’ll happily discuss your pest problem and provide friendly, expert advice.
Avon Pest control – Helping You Stay Home and Stay Safe | <urn:uuid:1e583e17-4202-48ae-a395-21086589076e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.avon-pestcontrol.co.uk/stay-home-stay-safe-handling-wasp-nests-during-lock-down/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.95285 | 654 | 2.203125 | 2 |
What is a common characteristic of babies born to mothers who smoked during pregnancy?
One in every five babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy has low birth weight. Mothers who are exposed to secondhand smoke while pregnant are more likely to have lower birth weight babies. Babies born too small or too early are not as healthy.
What impact smoking has on a pregnant woman?
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of health problems for developing babies, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and birth defects of the mouth and lip. Smoking during and after pregnancy also increases the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
How does smoking affect pregnancy in the first trimester?
Cigarette smoking in pregnancy is associated with the risk of placental abruption, placenta praevia, low birth weight and preterm birth which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality in babies and have lifelong consequences.
What would be the best treatment option to quit smoking for a woman who is pregnant?
If you are pregnant, the better options are the faster-acting types such as the nicotine lozenge, gum or inhalator. It’s important to discuss the risks and benefits with your maternity care provider. These types of nicotine medication usually provide a lower daily dose of nicotine than the nicotine patch.
Can I smoke one cigarette a day while pregnant?
Smoking even one cigarette while pregnant doubles the risk of SUID. Any amount of smoking during pregnancy – even one cigarette – doubles the risk of SUID. For mothers who smoke 1-20 cigarettes per day, each additional cigarette increased the chance of SUID by 0.7 times.
How long after I quit smoking can I get pregnant?
It doesn’t matter how long a man has smoked for. As soon as he stops smoking, his sperm will become healthier. It takes about three months for sperm to mature. Men who quit at least three months before conception will have much healthier sperm with a greater chance of fertilising an egg, and creating a healthy baby.
Can I still get pregnant if I smoke?
Smoking and infertility If you smoke, it is likely to take you longer to get pregnant than a non-smoker. Most couples who have regular, unprotected sex (every 2-3 days) will get pregnant within a year. But for smokers, the chance of getting pregnant are cut by almost half each month.
Does smoking affect egg quality?
Cigarette smoke contains toxic reactive oxygen species, which can damage the delicate egg. When the egg is damaged, it can increase the risk of miscarriage if it is fertilized, but it can also increase the rate of egg loss.
Does smoking affect uterine lining?
Cigarette compounds also impair uterine and endometrial vascularisation and myometrial relaxation. These effects lead to implantation failure in IVF and higher risk of miscarriage.
Does nicotine affect female fertility?
Studies have now found that the nicotine and flavorings both used within vaping devices may affect a woman’s fertility, making it more difficult for her to conceive. If you are considering in vitro fertilization, you may want to reconsider using any type of nicotine delivery system or product.
Can smoking cigarettes affect implantation?
Comparisons of IVF cycles in heavy smokers (most frequently defined as consumers of >10 cigarettes per day) and non-heavy smokers (0–10 cigarettes a day) confirm tobacco consumption’s effects on ovarian function: higher basal FSH levels and cancellation rates, lower mean number of retrieved oocytes and higher …
What happens if you drink and smoke in the first month of pregnancy?
What if you didnt know you pregnant and drank and smoked the first month, could that harm or affect the growth and development of the unborn fetus? It is unlikely that moderate smoking or drinking during the first month of pregnancy will be harmful.
Can smoking cause a miscarriage in early pregnancy?
According to the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) , smoking raises the likelihood of both early miscarriage and stillbirth. The dangerous chemicals in cigarettes are often to blame. Other complications from smoking can lead to problems with the placenta or slow fetal development.
What increases risk of miscarriage in first trimester?
Certain uterine abnormalities or weak cervical tissues (incompetent cervix) might increase the risk of miscarriage. Smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. Women who smoke during pregnancy have a greater risk of miscarriage than do nonsmokers. Heavy alcohol use and illicit drug use also increase the risk of miscarriage.
Does fertility increase after quitting smoking?
Yes. Quitting smoking can improve fertility though the decrease of the egg supply cannot be reversed. The rate of pregnancy complications due to smoking decreases the longer a person has not smoked.
Can smoking delay ovulation?
Smoking and Ovulation: Egg Quantity and Quality In research studies, smoking has been found to disrupt normal ovarian function, reducing the concentrations of key female hormones and reducing the number of mature eggs that can be fertilized.
How long does nicotine stay in sperm?
The percentage of mobile sperm was not altered during the first six hours of drug exposure, but motility fell significantly — about 25 percent — after 24 hours among sperm treated with cotinine and the drug combination.
Does masturbation reduce sperm count?
No. Even masturbating frequently won’t have any effect on your sperm count or your ability to get pregnant. In fact, masturbation has a number of physical and mental health benefits — here are just a few: Masturbation releases stress and physical tension.
Do smokers stink?
Cigarette smoke affects the way your skin, hair, and body smell from both the inside and the outside. On the outside, cigarette smoke deposits a carcinogenic residue on everything it touches, including hair and skin. You may not feel it, but it’s there, releasing a smoky odor.
Can vaping affect your sperm?
The study found that vape juices greatly diminished fertility: bubblegum flavor killed off cells in the testicles and the cinnamon flavored vape juice negatively impacted sperm motility (how sperm moves and swims).
Can nicotine affect sperm?
Nicotine significantly decreased sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm viability while increasing the percentage of sperm with abnormal morphology.
Can vaping cause birth defects?
Myth 1: Vaping is a safe alternative to cigarettes. Vaping during pregnancy has deeper implications. In utero exposure to nicotine, which is found in many vaping products, is known to directly harm fetuses by causing abnormal lung, heart, brain, and immune system development, which carries lifelong consequences.
Can smoking while pregnant kill the baby?
The stunning danger of smoking while pregnant. A new study shows smoking even one cigarette per day in pregnancy doubles the risk of a newborn baby dying.
Does the placenta look different if you smoke?
Smokers have thinner, rounder placentas than nonsmokers and the distance from the edge of rupture of the membranes to the placental margin is reduced among smokers.
What birth defects are associated with smoking?
Smoking doubles your risk of abnormal bleeding during pregnancy and delivery. This can put both you and your baby in danger. Smoking raises your baby’s risk for birth defects, including cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. A cleft is an opening in your baby’s lip or in the roof of her mouth (palate).
How can I quit smoking while pregnant?
You can use nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during pregnancy if it will help you stop smoking and you’re unable to stop without it. It’s not recommended that you take stop smoking tablets such as Champix or Zyban during pregnancy.
Can I chew nicotine gum while pregnant?
With medical advice, these licensed NRT products can be used in pregnancy. When you chew nicotine gum, the nicotine is absorbed through the lining of your mouth. Nicotine patches are not ideal for pregnant women as they deliver a stronger flow of nicotine. If you do choose patches, only use them during the day.
Should I quit smoking cold turkey pregnant?
Myth #1: I’m pregnant and have been smoking, so there is no point in stopping now. Fact: Quitting smoking at any stage of your pregnancy has health benefits for you and your baby. Even after just one day of not smoking, your baby will get more oxygen. This will help your baby’s lungs develop well.
Can quitting smoking while pregnant cause miscarriage?
Quitting also lowers the risk of several major complications, including premature birth (especially if you quit in the first trimester), low birth weight and miscarriage or stillbirth. | <urn:uuid:0f6d8d21-9019-447c-a481-d0e833d621aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mv-organizing.com/what-is-a-common-characteristic-of-babies-born-to-mothers-who-smoked-during-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.938727 | 1,791 | 2.796875 | 3 |
After you’ve found the best table saw for your woodshop, it’s time to find the best blades for your projects.
The saw blade that comes with most table saws is usually not able to handle every type of wood. Your table saw blades must be versatile tools. The right blade makes various cuts smoothly and safely.
Combing through all the available saw blades can feel overwhelming. Not every blade is created equal. We are sometimes asked if a good blade is worth the investment. The answer is always yes. As one of your core tools, table saw blades need to be carefully selected.
When choosing your blade ask yourself some of the following questions:
- What materials will the blade cut?
- What types of cuts do I need to make?
- How powerful is the saw and what size blade does the manufacturer recommend?
- Do you want to build a collection of specialized blades, or do you want one blade that can make all kinds of cuts?
After you’ve determined your table saw’s use there are a few common blades you will be looking at.
Three basic types of woodworking blades:
These table saw blades are designed to produce a smooth cut across the grain of the wood without splintering or tearing. This type of blade will usually have 60 to 80 teeth.
Ideal for ripping hardwoods or thick softwood stock. Quality ripping table saw blades will slice through hardwood with minimal effort and leave a clean cut with minimal scoring.
Don’t confuse combination blades with being an all-purpose blade. While combination blades can work multiple cuts, rip and crosscut, they are not general blades. It’s still vital to have specific blades for different cuts and wood characteristics.
Each one of these common blades was crafted to perform a different task. Map out your projects to plan out your blade purchases. Similar to other woodworking tools you will want to upgrade your blade as you advance your woodworking skills. If you’re unsure on which blade to purchase yourself ask any of our experienced Cardwell employees. | <urn:uuid:16396091-0931-44d1-8f1f-cab8b633bf22> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cardwellhardwoods.com/choosing-the-right-table-saw-blade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.915219 | 442 | 1.875 | 2 |
It is difficult for us in the beginning of the 21st century to believe that our beloved Saint Ignatius had its roots in what was then an upstart town on the prairie. In 1850, Chicago consisted of little more than nine square miles. Outbreaks of disease such as cholera, smallpox, and tuberculosis were common. Yet Chicago, on the doorstep to the rich soil of the Midwest, located on an inland port and connected to the Mississippi River by the Illinois and Michigan Canal, soon became the shipping point to the east for agricultural commodities. The new technology of the railroad further enhanced the city's stature as a transportation hub. Manufacturing and retail made household names of Field, Palmer, and McCormick.
Chicago had grown from a village of 3,000 in the 1830s to a population of 60,652 by 1854. An influx of immigrants, including considerable numbers of Catholics from Ireland and Germany, came to work on the railroads, in the mills, and in the slaughterhouses. The need for clergy to serve this influx was great.
The United States was a missionary country in the eyes of the Church, much as we view third- world countries today. The famous Jesuit missionary to the United States, Peter DeSmet, often made journeys to his native Belgium to recruit young men to become missionaries to take up the great task of serving the Church in the United States. One of these young recruits was Arnold Damen.
After he completed his theology studies, Fr. Damen was ordained in 1844. He served as associate pastor and pastor of St. Francis Xavier Church in Saint Louis. In 1857, at the request of Most Reverend Anthony O'Reagan, Bishop of Chicago, Fr. Damen was assigned by Rev. J.B. Druyts, superior of the vice province of Missouri, to establish the first permanent Jesuit house in Chicago.
The Bishop of Chicago first offered to turn over to the Jesuits Holy Name Church along with the nascent University of St. Mary of the Lake. Fr. Damen, however, wished to found his mission with his own parish in what was then a sparsely inhabited part of the city. Critics questioned Fr. Damen's sanity at establishing a parish on the prairie southwest of the central city. How, some were wondering, could anyone build and expect to support a parish where there are no parishioners? Nevertheless, land was inexpensive and Fr. Damen answered his critics by saying, "I shall not go to the people; I shall draw the people to me." Thus did Fr. Damen set up the present Holy Family parish.
The parish flourished so that within one year the church building had to be enlarged. More and more Irish immigrants were settling the prairie around the church as Fr. Damen had envisioned.
Soon there was a need to educate the children of the parish and thus began a series of grammar schools staffed both by the Religious of the Sacred Heart and the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. By 1865, nine hundred boys and five hundred girls attended the parish schools.
As early as 1862, the Jesuit board of consultors to the Missouri vice province decided that there ought to be a Jesuit college in Chicago and it appears that a college was always in Fr. Damen's plans from the time he reached Chicago. The time, however, was not opportune. The country was engaged in the Civil War, and the cost of borrowing money was high. The new University of St. Mary of the Lake closed because of financial difficulties. Furthermore, Holy Family Parish consisted largely of newly arrived, mainly poor, Irish immigrants. It is a tribute to Fr. Damen's fund-raising ability that he could secure the funds for the Holy Family Church and the system of grammar schools.
Fr. Damen's tactics and financial management became legendary within the parish. Once, when invited to stay for dinner while visiting one of the families in the parish, Fr. Damen is said to have replied, "I'm in great trouble today and what would be better than a dinner to me would be a helping from the sugar bowl." The sugar bowl contained this family's loose cash, from which this parishioner invited Fr. Damen to help himself. It was also said about Fr. Damen that "whenever he wants a big collection, one-half of his sermon is about hellfire and the other half about St. Patrick." Another time, in an act smacking of showmanship, Fr. Damen auctioned his horse and buggy to raise funds for the parish.
Fr. Damen's management of funds also would raise a few eyebrows today for his audacity in using leverage to achieve his goals. The parish and its schools demanded a large amount of property, little of which during the early years was owned free and clear. It was Fr. Damen's practice to use whatever equity the parish held in its properties to borrow money to purchase more land immediately. The parish property was valued at $250,000 in 1865, according to a report written by Fr. Damen to his superior.
Such a far-flung enterprise, however, could not rely solely on the generosity of the early parishioners and Fr. Damen's aggressive style of fund-raising. Furthermore, the provincial insisted that no funds for the college be raised from Holy Family parish. Whence, then, would come the funds to start the college? Fr. Damen was well known throughout the country as a preacher and year after year he spent the months from September to June traveling the country giving parish missions. Not only did he employ his stipends toward the needs of his parish back home in Chicago, but he also would make a direct appeal to the congregations he was addressing on the mission circuit. It was especially through such appeals to people all over the United States, people who had never been to Chicago, that Fr. Damen raised the money to begin construction of Saint Ignatius in 1867. Still, Fr. Coosemans, the provincial, believed that the time still was not ripe. Fortunately, Fr. Coosemans was called to Rome on business and Fr. Damen, shrewd as a serpent, asked for and received permission to begin construction from Fr. Keller, the acting superior. When Fr. Coosemans returned from Rome, he discovered that the foundation of Saint Ignatius was completed and work on the first floor begun. There was no turning back.
Nevertheless, $100,000 was needed to complete construction, which required more borrowing. Fr. Coosemans, citing the debt Fr. Damen owed the province for the construction of Holy Family, refused any more credit for the construction of the college. Interest rates in a country just emerging from the Civil War were prohibitive at 10 to 12%. New sources had to be found and Fr. Damen turned to his native Holland.
One of Fr. Damen's companions on the missions was a fellow Hollander, Fr. Van Goch, whose brother was a wealthy businessman in Holland. Fr. Damen requested that Fr. Van Goch contact his brother to ascertain whether he could lend the money. Fr. Van Goch's brother agreed and, having obtained permission from both the provincial and the father general, Fr. Damen set out for Holland to close the deal. In a report to Fr. General Becks, written in the winter of 1868, Fr. Damen gives a glimpse of his business acumen:
Now, to borrow money in this country I shall be obliged to pay ten per cent and perhaps more. This interest is too much and I am not in favor of paying so much. Therefore we have written to Holland to Mr. Van Goch, a very rich man, the brother of Father Van Goch, my companion on the missions. He has replied that if we come to Holland and give him the necessary security, he will give us all the money we need to finish the college, at four percent. That will save us six thousand dollars a year, and this saving, put out at interest here, will in ten years, with added interest, enable us to save more than a hundred thousand dollars. Thus in ten years we shall have paid all the debt of the college. This we can undertake without any difficulty or danger. The revenues of our Chicago house are at least thirty thousand dollars a year, of which we can save fifteen thousand dollars surely. Our other Fathers say twenty thousand, but I shall put it at fifteen thousand. Consequently in six or seven years we shall be able to pay all the debt, even without counting any revenue from the college.
These funds were enough to complete the part of the original building running north-south, plus the east wing on the front of the building facing Roosevelt Road. This L-shaped structure was ready to begin instruction with thirty-seven students and a faculty of three plus a president, prefect of studies (principal), and a prefect of discipline. It is worthwhile to pause here to emphasize that the construction of Saint Ignatius College was funded almost exclusively by persons with no connection to Holy Family parish and no connection to Chicago. The college's early donors most certainly never saw the results of their generosity. All looked promising for the new institution as it began its second year of operation with sixty-one boys enrolled. Then on 8 October, the Chicago fire began at Jefferson and DeKoven Streets, just five blocks from Saint Ignatius. Much legend has sprung up in the Saint Ignatius community about how the flames were headed toward the school, how Fr. Damen stood on the porch and prayed that his beloved church and college be saved. God heard his prayer. With flames about to reach the new college, the wind suddenly shifted and destroyed the central part of the city. Like all myths, there is a gram of truth to this one, which over time through exaggeration and confusion of facts became a wonderful story. In fact, Fr. Damen was in Brooklyn at the time, giving a parish mission. When he had heard of the great fire, he spent that night in a vigil praying that the college, the church, and his parishioners be spared. He made a vow that if his prayers were answered, he would keep in Holy Family seven lights burning in front of the picture of Our Lady of Perpetual Help. He then took the next available train to Chicago and arrived to find most of the city in ashes, but his parish and college spared. He kept his vow; to this day, seven lights burn in front of the picture of Our Lady in Holy Family Church. It is true that during the fire, the wind shifted, but not on the very doorstep of the school as the popular legend has it. Rather, the fire never came west of Jefferson Street where it had begun, well away from Saint Ignatius. As one of the few buildings left intact, Saint Ignatius immediately became a relief center and shelter. Among those who moved into the college were the Benedictines and the orphans of the Sisters of St. Joseph who occupied the classrooms in the main part of the original building, and the Bishop of Chicago, John Foley, who set up his residence and office on the first floor of the west wing where now is the Deans' Office. It is amazing that, with the demands put upon Saint Ignatius as a shelter and relief station, classes resumed a mere two weeks after the fire.
The term "college" as we conceive it does not adequately describe the institution or its course of studies. The concept of a high school was still in its infancy and the curriculum offered at Saint Ignatius ran the spectrum from junior high school to the bachelor's degree. A course was offered in basic grammar and arithmetic for those boys still needing to acquire or improve these skills. The next higher course of studies was a three-year program called Humanities, which concentrated on Latin, Greek, literature, and rhetoric. The final year leading up to the bachelor degree was called Philosophy. In addition, Saint Ignatius offered a commercial course, which concentrated on bookkeeping, business mathematics, and office skills for those not working toward the bachelor's degree. Saint Ignatius was thus a more comprehensive institution than it is today.
Attendance rose steadily during the first decade from the original thirty-seven students in the first year to 215 by the end of the decade. It appears, though, that attendance was quite fluid and that very few students remained at Saint Ignatius for the full course leading to the bachelor's degree. In the academic year 1878-79, for example, there was no class higher than the second year of humanities and no degrees were awarded. This should not be surprising considering the period under discussion. One must remember that the regulations for attending school were not as strict as today and that there was no mandate that children attend school until the age of sixteen. Such decisions were left up to the family. Consider also the clientele of the school, made up of the sons of newly arrived immigrants. Those of us familiar with the stories of our own families know that the children were needed to go to work to help support the family. Education meant training for a better job than one's parents and so, many students went to school long enough to obtain job skills. Consider also that very few individuals, almost exclusively men, went to college and received degrees. Colleges and universities were the preserve of the well-off and offered a classical curriculum such as the one leading to the Saint Ignatius bachelor's degree and not geared to providing job skills. Furthermore, in an age when academic standards were really standards and little attention was paid to a student's self esteem, a survey of the student records from the early years shows that few received grades higher than "C," and many received lower grades. So it appears that the attrition rate due to inadequate performance was higher than today. Given these factors operating against higher education, it is amazing that the college division managed to survive. Yet it is a tribute to Fr. Damen and the Jesuits that they had the vision to offer the opportunity for advancement through higher education where there seemed to be a small market for it.
Attendance steadily increased through the '80s and '90s until, by 1894, 400 young men were attending Saint Ignatius. The school needed more space and it was decided that a new building was needed. Work began on the "Hoeffler Building," known today as the "1895 Building." Generations of students down through the 1970s have also tagged it the "New Wing." In addition to new classrooms, the new building housed "state of the art" chemistry and physics labs that remained in use until 1992. It also was the first part of the physical plant to be wired for electricity. The new building marked the end of the first twenty-five years of Saint Ignatius and signaled further expansion of the Jesuit education apostolate in Chicago in the new century. (excerpted from Saint Ignatius College Prep: 125 years of Jesuit education, a history prepared by Raymond J. Heisler '78. Copies available upon request.)
Throughout the campus of Saint Ignatius College Prep, the letters IHS are predominantly displayed. IHS are the first three letters of Jesus in Greek. Saint Ignatius of Loyola chose these letters as a symbol for the Society Jesus, or Jesuits, a religious order he founded in 1540. | <urn:uuid:86061e99-15e9-45b0-8653-29739a0ba577> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ignatius.org/about-us/mission--vision | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.985303 | 3,163 | 3.140625 | 3 |
On Monday evening, the Village of Georgetown trustees voted unanimously in favor of a contract to provide 300,000-500,000 gallons of water per day to Sunrise Coal (Hallador Energy) for washing coal at their proposed Bulldog Mine. Â Georgetown gets its water from two wells near Cayuga, IN.
On one hand, this surprise raises serious concerns as Sunrise Coal moves one step closer to having the necessary assets to complete their mining permit.
On the other hand, this is a “win” for the Salt Fork River because this move removes the threat of Sunrise Coal taking water from the Salt Fork. Â It seems that the pressure applied by Stand Up To Coal to Champaign County officials was deemed to be more than Sunrise wanted to fight. Â They took the more expensive and logistically difficult option of buying water from Georgetown and piping it to their surface facility near Homer.
Now is the time to contact Vermilion County Board representatives and Georgetown trustees and citizens. Â They should be encouraged to continue opposing Sunrise Coal and their efforts to bring a new mine to Vermilion County. Â While Vermilion County does not have zoning laws that can be used to outright stop the mine, there are several statutes that empower the Vermilion County Board to enforce water and air pollution.
Per Chapter 55 of our Illinois Compiled Statues which contains the provisions relating to our county boards, the county board appears to have abilities to address the following threats from underground coal mining and surface coal processing activities:
-Â to appropriate funds from the county treasury and loan such funds to a county water commission (under the Water Commission Act
– to control and regulate the disposal of sewage, refuse, and any other wastes from any premises within the borders of the county, except with respect to waste management in a municipality that has severed itself from county jurisdiction under Section 5‑15006, and to this end may adopt suitable ordinances.
-Â to prevent pollution of any stream or any other body of water within the county and to cause any and all parties, persons, firms and corporations to cease any and all pollution of any such streams or body of water within such county; provided that the authority of the Pollution Control Board of the State of Illinois shall not be superseded.
– The county board of any county which is served by a community water supply well may perform a groundwater protection needs assessment, and may by ordinance adopt a minimum or maximum setback zone around a wellhead pursuant to Sections 14.2, 14.3, 14.4 and 17.1 of the Environmental Protection Act.
– to appropriate and expend funds from the county treasury for economic development purposes, including the making of grants to any other governmental entity or commercial enterprise deemed necessary or desirable for the promotion of economic development in the county.
Commercial-News: June 17 | <urn:uuid:9721273f-abe1-4ce2-a258-82ff437affb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.standuptocoal.org/2013/06/georgetown-agrees-to-sell-raw-water-to-sunrise-coal/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.945912 | 584 | 1.757813 | 2 |
BankismJune 15, 2021
There’s a lot of talk about socialism and capitalism in the media lately. Yet — nobody seems to be able to define either. People who want higher taxes are called socialists while people who believe in free markets and low taxes are called capitalists.
The dictionary does a terrible job of defining them both.
Capitalism vs Socialism
Capitalism is defined as the private ownership of production. That is the case in most places, but there are always exceptions in every country.
Socialism is defined as economic social systems and workers owning production.
Every country that has a government has a social system. Self-employment is a rapidly growing category in the United States. Small businesses, including the self-employed, represent 99% of the jobs — and therefore production — in America.
Despite this, America is not a socialist state. In fact, all countries that have governments have both socialist and capitalist elements.
The Tax, Spend, and Borrow Cycle
High or low, taxes have zero impact or influence on how capitalistic or socialistic a country is. The Free Markets rule.
The invisible hand of the free market, economic uncertainty, productivity, and growth all occur in similar ways in any type of country. Socialist, communist, capitalist, democratic, or republican… they all describe the same thing.
- Governments levy taxes while people work and pay them.
- Governments borrow from people and other governments.
- Governments spend money… they have to, or there is basically no government.
The question that arises from the above conclusion is “why are governments all around the world playing by the same rules?” In a universe with infinite options and choices, why are all countries using this concept of tax and spend?
Naturally, all governments have to spend money. If they don’t, they would be powerless and pointless. Therefore, taxes are essential to raising the money that the government spends. Borrowing is optional, but most countries take advantage of the low interest rates provided by banks. As a result, global debt is skyrocketing after decades of falling interest rates.
No country can spend money without levying taxes.
Even Venezuela, Argentina, and Zimbabwe did not just print money and spend it. Instead, they borrowed the money.
The Roman empire did not borrow money, but they still collapsed because they stopped using pure gold as money. They kept adding filler to the coins, so each coin had less gold.
Everything just kept getting more expensive, and the Roman empire fell. What the Romans couldn’t figure out is that it wasn’t about the gold. It was about the number of coins.
With more coins in circulation, the value of the money was lower. That’s why countries can’t borrow too much money. Too much borrowing causes money to lose value just like in the cases of Venezuela, Argentina, and Zimbabwe.
Governments only have two choices:
- They can spend money collected in taxes.
- Or they can spend borrowed money.
Governments today cannot spend like the Romans. This is because money is no longer backed by gold. All money, all over the world, is FIAT.
This means that there is no gold. More importantly, banks — aka central banks and the Federal Reserve, own the currency. Governments no longer own currency.
This, of course, means that the currency that people are forced to use is not owned or controlled by the people. And, this fact has nothing to do with tax rates or social programs.
It has everything to do with why governments work the same way all over the world. Banks own and control money… all money is created for the sole purpose of making loans.
A new word needs to be penned for the global economic system that has homogenized governments around the world. The common connector is the banks.
- It’s the banks that need free markets and its freehand to do the dirty work.
- It’s banks that cause economic uncertainty.
- It’s banks that are responsible for productivity, unemployment and economic growth.
It seems that the word needs to be linked to banks and sound like capitalism, so the new word is ‘BANKISM.’
Bankism has been around for hundreds of years.
It was spread homogeneously around the world in 1944 at Bretton Woods Economic Summit. How did banks take over the world? Let’s take a look at what a bank is and it will shed light on why they are so powerful.
The History of Banks
The first bank was established in 1464, and it still exists today. The same bank has existed for 550 years like some kind of vampire (hint – that’s a good description). This alone should make you pause.
Imagine the first loan ever made.
- A person with money makes an agreement with someone who needs money.
- The rich man agreed to lend the money for a period of time and to have it returned.
- The rich man wanted extra money returned as payment for letting the poor man use the money — called interest.
This one-time transaction turned out to make both parties happy. The first bank simply learned the lesson from this transaction, built a big safe for money, and opened its doors. It invited the people of the community to put their money in the big safe vault.
The bank, of course, had no intention of keeping the money in the safe. The bank knew that the real money would be made by lending the community’s money back to the community.
The bank was in for a nice surprise.
After making a contract to lend out the community’s money to one of the citizens, that citizen spent the money on a better home. This put the money right back in the bank’s big safe vault.
The banker must have looked around with big ‘cha-ching’ eyes. The banker had made a loan agreement and wound up getting all the money back.
The bank was ready to make another loan with the community’s money. One-by-one, the bank loaned out money to all the citizens. They all got nicer homes and nicer stuff.
Time for the first business loans.
After all the citizens had been levered with debt, the banker set his eyes on the local community businesses. The businesses had noticed a nice uptick in business since the banker set up shop.
So, thinking that times were good, they all borrowed money to expand their business. Now the community had better stores and better products to buy — it seems like real progress.
Municipalities start taking out loans.
After all the businesses were fully levered with loans, the banker set his sights on the local community municipality. The town had seen all the nice homes being built, the nice stores, and all the new products and services available.
So, the town decided to borrow money to pave the roads with sidewalks and upgrade the town. The bank was a magical progress machine, at least, so it seemed.
Everyone is in debt to the bank.
At this point, the banker had all the people, all the businesses, and the town municipality fully loaded with debt. But — debts have to be paid back.
- The municipality had to raise the property taxes to help pay off the debt.
- The businesses started raising prices to pay off the debt.
- And the people started spending less because they had to pay off the debt.
The banker had a big problem. He had to find a way for people to borrow more money so they would start spending more money. Otherwise, people would stop making payments to the bank.
So, the bank lowered interest rates and offered businesses a line of credit that they could extend to the customers so they would spend more money.
The story, at this point, is reminiscent of modern times where the banks keep offering lower interest payments to help people pay for loans they established in the past. But, when you add up the numbers behind the scenes, the total debt keeps climbing.
The True Definition of Capitalism
This, by the way, is the true definition of capitalism — the complete immersion of society in debt.
The argument could be made that banks have been around for a long time, so how bad could it be?
First of all, let’s notice that banks may be responsible for a short-term burst of progress. However, as debt payments come due, progress slows down even more than the debt sped things up.
Once a person and a community are enthralled with debt, what used to be “wants and niceties” turns into “needs and greed.” It isn’t human nature to be greedy and to ignore the poor, it is simply the implications of debt obligations.
Banks create dependence.
Let’s say that all of the people in a community make the same amount of money. But the majority of them use debt to make ends meet.
The people who chose not to use debt wind up being forced to use debt because the cost of goods reflect the purchasing power of the majority that borrow. Therefore, their income will not cover their basic needs. Today, the poor use debt to get by, not to buy something nice.
The same is true for businesses and municipalities.
For example, you have two equally successful businesses without debt. One of them decided to use a loan to one-up the other business. Then the other business would have no choice but to borrow money to match the new expectations created by the first business.
In the same fashion, a municipality is forced to make improvements as the surrounding towns or businesses. If they don’t, people would simply leave.
It is this mechanism that makes banking persistent and pernicious.
It allows for spending through borrowing that causes more borrowing and more spending. This means society, as a whole, becomes dependent on the banking system. The question is if society is better off borrowing and spending rather than saving and spending.
Success is often determined by the ability to forgo short term pleasures for the long term benefits. It only seems logical that as a society we are being forced into less successful decision-making of spending now and forgoing the benefits of saving for later.
One thing is for sure, the banking system is not able to adjust for the consequences of automation and advanced technology.
It shouldn’t surprise anyone that the best interest of banks does not align with the interest of humanity. And everyone should heed this warning — as long as ‘Bankism’ controls the governments and the society of the world, humanity is in big trouble.
Sign Up for My Newsletter
My book, ‘The Big Solution’ will be finished soon and you’re going to want to read it!!! If you subscribe to my newsletter, I’ll let you know when it releases. | <urn:uuid:07465e86-2fb7-4ddf-bc23-8ecdd623f628> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jarljensen.com/2021/06/bankism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.965813 | 2,299 | 2.9375 | 3 |
According to the EPA, food scraps and yard waste together currently make up more than 30 percent of what we throw away. When these materials are sent to landfills, they take up space and release methane, a potent greenhouse gas. One way to avoid sending food scraps and yard waste to landfills is by learning how to compost!
Compost is prepared by managing the aerobic decomposition of organic materials like yard debris, kitchen scraps, paper, and more.
To get started, grab one of our TerraCycleⓇ Made Compost Bins! The Compost Bin allows you to conveniently store all food scraps in your kitchen until it’s time to transfer to your outdoor composter (the lid closes to lock in odors). The best part about it? This Compost Bin is made of 50% recycled content including trash we’ve collected through TerraCycle recycling programs.
Remember: YES to browns/greens in your compost bin (most food waste, coffee grounds, eggshells, manures, grass, soiled napkins and paper plates, newspaper, etc.). NO to plastic, glass, metal, styrofoam, and food waste that can attract pests like meat, dairy, and oil.
When you’re ready to bring your scraps to a bigger pile, the Rodale Institute suggests raising the pile of scraps off the ground using a wood pallet and creating a thick nest of brown material inside the bin. Add your green waste to the center of the nest and then add another layer of browns so that no food is showing. Continue to alternate brown and green layers as compostables are generated and added to the pile. Brown layers should be two or three times thicker than green layers. Turn the pile at least once a year to accelerate decomposition.
Finished compost is dark brown and crumbly, there will be no recognizable compostables left, and no foul odors will be present. You can now use your compost as mulch or a component in your gardening! Bonus: you can use our plant pots made of 100% recycled materials when starting your garden, check them out here. | <urn:uuid:95dc3ca1-80e1-4559-a6ee-a5af5ee3870e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.terracycle.com/2022/05/29/learn-about-composting-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.920514 | 440 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Home Remedies For Insomnia
An individual is alleged to have insomnia if he’s not capable of sleep correctly at night time. He might have snatches of sleep however not sound sleep and doesn’t get up refreshed. Insomnia usually is a facet impact of different issues and isn’t a illness by itself. Varied components which contribute to insomnia are stress and emotional issues.
At instances an individual isn’t capable of sleep resulting from travelling or work and this sleep deprivation results in fatigue. This accumulative fatigue may end up in insomnia. Generally an individual loses his job or a cherished one dies and this results in extreme emotional issues. The particular person is unable to simply accept the state of affairs and his thoughts retains returning to that very same incident, depriving him of sleep.
Some ailments like bronchial asthma, coronary heart illness and Parkinson’s don’t permit an individual to get pleasure from a great night time’s relaxation. If there’s an excessive amount of noise within the neighbourhood or it’s too chilly or sizzling, then additionally an individual isn’t in a position to go to sleep. Some individuals require whole darkness or solely a really dim gentle and are unable to sleep if there’s gentle filtering into the room.
In case you endure from insomnia it’s advisable to ask the physician’s opinion earlier than you’re taking any sleeping capsules. There are particular tried and examined residence cures which can profit you.
1. Drink a glass or heat milk earlier than retiring to mattress. Milk comprises tryptophan which calms the thoughts and relaxes the physique and thus induces sleep. Tryptophan is transformed to serotonin that produces sound sleep.
2. Consuming bananas at night time may assist. Bananas include melatonin and tryptophan that assist in sleeping. In addition they include magnesium which acts as a stress buster and lessens muscle pressure.
3. Oatmeal is fibre wealthy and comprises melatonin. Oatmeal, accompanied by a glass of milk, is filling and can show you how to to sleep as nicely.
4. Mashed potatoes or dishes which include mashed potatoes impact the glucose stage of the physique as it’s a low glycemic carbohydrate. Mix it with low fats milk and you’ve got a method for some sleep.
5. Unusual although it could sound, cured meats can induce sleep as they’re wealthy in tryptophan which is an amino acid. It’s crucial for sleep. Melatonin is a hormone which is produced that makes you relaxed.
6. Roast a spoon filled with coriander seeds on a griddle. Roughly powder them and swallow with some heat milk. You’ll have good sleep.
Sleep could be very crucial for a wholesome physique and for an individual to perform correctly. We can not do with out sleep for lengthy durations. You will get hooked on sleeping capsules so strive different strategies or residence cures first. | <urn:uuid:8d1ef5f2-4078-47e3-b100-a5ef1c3a9480> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://luxurylife-style.com/home-remedies-for-insomnia/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.931686 | 629 | 1.773438 | 2 |
The World Heritage Committee requests to ensure the management of a serial property as a unified whole, with an effective and explicit operational coordination between management plans existing for individual component parts of the site and the overall management plan for the property (based on case law on decisions on Nomination).
15.c) "[The World Heritage Committee encourages States Parties to] (…) be proactive in relation to development and conservation of World Heritage properties by conducting a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) at the time of nomination to anticipate the impact of any potential development on the Outstanding Universal Value."
4. "[The World Heritage Committee] (…) recalls that, in order to be effective, the upstream support should ideally take place at an early stage, preferably at the moment of the preparation or revision of the States Parties’ Tentative Lists."
4. "[The World Heritage Committee] reiterates that due to the complexity of mixed site nominations and their evaluation, States Parties should ideally seek prior advice from IUCN and ICOMOS, if possible at least two years before a potential nomination is submitted, in compliance with Paragraph 122 of the Operational Guidelines." | <urn:uuid:fbd13190-b9d3-40c9-ac4f-348c9f90e5e0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://whc.unesco.org/en/compendium/?id_faq_themes=2199,1530,1524,1522,974,968,964,954,950&Decisions=1&action=list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.892429 | 229 | 1.875 | 2 |
Properly treating or recycling your brine stream for use going into, or coming out of, your production process is essential. Our innovative coagulants and polymers can help you settle out contaminants such as dirt and dust, and our range of technologies can remove unwanted metals, sulfates, or other suspended solids that complicate your processes. Call us today to see if we can help you prepare your brine for the next step in the treatment process while improving your caustic, acid, and chlorine output.
If you’re like many of the customers we’ve had in the past who seek brine pretreatment solutions, you may be asking the following:
- What is the best way to purify the salt for use in our chlor-alkali plant?
- How do we remove metals from our brine solution to stop fouling our cells?
- The sulfate levels in our brine are too high. How do we decrease them so we can stop purging brine and salt to drain it?
- How can we stop suspended solids from plugging our cells?
Still have questions? We’re ready to help. Contact us to set up an immediate call with one of our engineers. | <urn:uuid:1f072ec2-0120-4427-99ac-a00f2d81d0ae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://samcotech.com/solutions/process-purification-separation/brine-pretreatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.912131 | 255 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Former Walmart employee with Down syndrome was awarded $125million in a discrimination lawsuit.
Marlo Spaeth finally got what she truly deserved for her 16 years of hard work for a Walmart store in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. The woman living with Down syndrome was recently awarded $125M in a discrimination case against the retail corporation. Disappointingly, this occurs six years after Marlo was fired from the store because of her disability.
In the trial, Spaeth claimed she needs to maintain a strict daily schedule as part of her condition, Daily Mail reports. Despite being aware of that while employing her, the store disregarded her special needs and even made her work longer hours in 2014 – a year before firing her.
Jury awards over $125M in EEOC #ADA case against Walmart. The jury found that the retailer failed to accommodate a longtime employee with Down syndrome, and then fired her in July 2015 because of her disability. https://t.co/sEeqxPF4rj
— U.S. EEOC (@USEEOC) July 16, 2021
In 2017, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission(EEOC) filed a lawsuit on Marlo’s behalf. According to the case, Walmart not only fired Spaeth but also refused to rehire her after she requested an adjustment to her schedule by 60 to 90 minutes to get back to her noon to 4 pm shift.
Four years later, a Green Bay jury sided with the former Walmart employee and awarded her $125million in punitive damages and $150,000 in compensatory damages.
Following the jury’s decision, a spokesperson for the corporation said the number would likely be reduced to $300,000 – the maximum cap on damages in ADA cases. However, the EEOC highlighted this does not apply to back pay, front pay, litigation costs, or interest.
Randy Hargrove, a Walmart spokesman, stated:
“While Ms. Spaeth’s schedule was adjusted, it remained within the times she indicated she was available. We’re sensitive to this situation and believe we could have resolved this issue with Ms. Spaeth, however the EEOC’s demands were unreasonable.”
Contrarily, Gregory Gochanour, regional attorney of the EEOC’s Chicago District Office, insisted that the jury recognized “and apparently was quite offended that Ms. Spaeth lost her job because of needless — and unlawful — inflexibility on the part of Walmart.”
Overjoyed with the Green Bay jury’s ruling, Megan Bigler Tafolla, a financial social work educator, tweeted:
“Marlo Spaeth, I see and hear you, and I’m so sorry that you had to experience a battle just to be heard. While not near what you deserve for the experience you had, I hope you are able to do something meaningful with this settlement and that it helps bring some closure.”
— Megan Bigler Tafolla (@MegDotBig) July 16, 2021 | <urn:uuid:e3c292f8-bfed-43aa-831e-b3ff8f2388a2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://iheartintelligence.com/woman-with-down-syndrome-receives-125-million-in-discrimination-lawsuit-against-walmart/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.967939 | 630 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Entropy is a central and fundamental concept in statistical mechanics, but considerations of entropy remain far from routine, and exhibit non-trivial and surprising aspects, particularly in soft matter phenomena. Soft matter self-assembly is replete with subtle and fascinating entropic effects. Moving away from the conventional view of entropy as a measure of disorder, current trends in soft matter self assembly increasingly have focused on the connection to information and algorithmic complexity as relevant aspects. Whether organizational principles in non-equilibrium systems may be built around entropy like concepts is an unresolved open question. Transitions in disordered matter such as the glass transition and jamming centrally involve entropy. The nature of order present in seemingly amorphous structures have been explored with concepts of entropy and information. These are some themes that will be explored in the program.
The goal of the program is to bring together researchers investigating these diverse aspects of the non-trivial role of entropy in both equilibrium and non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matter, and in related fields, and to facilitate cross fertilization of ideas among the different themes. We envisage the program as broadly organized among, but not limited to, the following four themes:
- Entropic considerations in self-assembly,
- Entropic considerations in understanding glassy behavior,
- Entropy considerations in out of equilibrium systems: granular matter, active matter, and biological systems, and
- Entropic measures of structural patterns.
The planned program will be for a period of ten weeks, during which we will have one or two talks each day by the program participants. In addition, the program will feature a series of lectures by Daan Frenkel, a workshop and a school.
Infosys-ICTS Chandrasekhar Lectures by Daan Frenkel
Daan Frenkel, Cambridge University, will give three Infosys-ICTS Chandrasekhar lectures during the first two weeks of the program. The dates for the lectures are August 28, 29 and 30, 2018.
A three day workshop will occur in the first week of the program, during August 29 - 31, 2018.
A school for a three week period will take place during September 17 - Oct 5, 2018.
Deadlines for applications:
- June 30, 2018, for program [*]
- June 11, 2018, for workshop (oral contribution, poster)
- June 11, 2018, for school (open to graduate students, postdocs)
[*] However, applications will be considered till the program is full | <urn:uuid:20be7ea0-c2f1-46ed-b2bb-186d533565bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.icts.res.in/program/eiosm2018 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.935401 | 538 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Updates to the tax code provide an opportunity to support energy efficiency and remove barriers.
The challenge is proposing policies that encourage energy efficiency while still pursuing a tax code that individuals and businesses can understand.
We want to encourage cost-effective investments in energy efficiency, but in some cases the current tax code acts as a barrier by failing to provide long-term investment signals. Targeted, low-cost tax incentives can be used to spur additional energy efficiency investments in ways that that help grow the economy and drive long-term changes in markets for efficient goods and services.
ACEEE’s policy brief analyzes the Impacts of the E-QUIP Tax Proposal, which would allow accelerated tax depreciation for energy efficiency investments in commercial and multifamily buildings. Suggested tax credit updates are also included in an ACEEE white paper that explores several energy efficiency investments up for inclusion in economic stimulus and infrastructure legislation: Growing a Greener Economy: Job and Climate Impacts from Energy Efficiency Investments. | <urn:uuid:4f970a94-5335-4346-adea-faa2a61cd127> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aceee.org/topic/tax-policy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942883 | 200 | 1.898438 | 2 |
The Cree Nation has been left in a state of shock and sadness with the sudden death of Albert Diamond, 58, who passed away on Wednesday, September 9. He was laid to rest in his home community of Waskaganish on the following Tuesday, September 15.
Always a family man who loved his children, Diamond was visiting his son Daryl in the Ottawa-Gatineau region just prior to his passing in the night.
Since his death, hundreds have flocked to Waskaganish to say their final goodbyes to a man who will be remembered not only as a revolutionary businessman who blazed new trails but as a kind friend who was generous with his time, always approachable and kind.
Diamond was born in Waskaginish, or what it was then Rupert House, on March 19, 1951. He spent his early life in residential schools in Moose Factory, Ontario and Brantford, Ontario between 1957 and 1964. He completed his secondary-school education in 1969 at Sault Collegiate High School in Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario.
Diamond went on to Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario but left during his second year to return home to Eeyou Istchee because the Crees were engaged in litigation on the James Bay Hydro-Québec Project.
Diamond became band manager for his community in 1972 after a brief stint teaching adult education. From there he became very involved in the James Bay Project court case which later led to the signing of the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement, the first modern land-claims settlement in Canada. The JBQNA is also known globally as the first modern treaty.
As a result of the JBQNA and the system of governance it created, Diamond became the first treasurer of the Grand Council of the Crees in December 1975. Once the Cree Regional Authority was established in 1978, he also became its treasurer and held both positions for the following seven years.
At the same time, Diamond served as the chairman for the Board of Compensation from 1978-1990. Wearing many hats at once in the business community, Diamond served as President of the Cree Construction Company from September 1977 to October 1990 and was president of CREECO from its inception until 1990.
While serving all of these boards he also, amazingly, served as a director on the boards of SOTRAC, SODAB (the James Bay Native Development Corporation), Cree Energy Inc., the Cree Board of Health and Social Services and numerous other Cree entities. He was also a partner in Diamond Brothers Enterprises, which owns four businesses in Waskaganish and a partner in Oudeheemin Foods Inc.
In 1985, Ottawa named Diamond to the board of the Native Economic Development Program which became the Canadian Aboriginal Economic Development Strategy and Aboriginal Business Canada. He remained there until February 1995.
From there Diamond became the president of Valpiro Inc., a Cree Nation owned airport services company. Three years later, he became the president of Servinor Food Wholesalers Inc., but left that position in December 2000.
Besides his illustrious career history, Diamond also served as an interim director for Aboriginal Tourism Team Canada; director, vice-president and president of the Val-d’Or Native Friendship Centre; and as a councillor for the Waskaganish First Nation.
In 1992, Diamond took the helm of Air Creebec as its president and made the airline the professional success that it is today.
Never shying away from a business opportunity, Diamond became president of the Secretariat to the Cree Nation Abitibi-Témiscamingue Economic Alliance in March 2003 to further his people in the business world in the region.
He was named a trustee of the Cree Nation Trust in March 2007 and had just recently been named treasurer and secretary to the newly formed Eeyou Power Management.
The day after Diamond passed away, Creeco and Air Creebec communication officer Jonathan G. Saganash spoke to the media on behalf of the entities.
“Albert was really easy to approach and ask questions to, people always respected the advice that he gave to the youth and to the nation. Just as many non-Natives would come up to him to ask questions,” said Saganash. “The image of Air Creebec as a successful company with a Cree identity and all of those things is because of Albert. There is no doubt about it, he was successful, responsible and always really thinking outside of the box. This was the image of Albert.”
As the news broke in Waskaganish, writer and film director Neil Diamond was on hand and spoke to community members about Albert.
“He was a nice man. A lot of people here remember how he helped the Cree with his work. I always shook his hand when I’d see him. I respected him. My sympathies and God bless to the family,” said Michael Hester, Waskaganish.
“He was a great guy. He liked people and was always there with a greeting, He was friends with everybody,” stated Donna Steven, Waskaganish.
“I remember his generosity. He would also talk to anybody. He was never too big to talk to people,” said Jim Chism, Waskaganish.
“For a person in the position he was in, he was never too proud. He would help people who were down and out, sometimes with a plane ticket home,” expressed Susan Esau, Waskaganish.
“We’ve lost one of our great leaders. He made a tremendous contribution to the Cree Nation. I, for one, will miss him a lot. He did a lot for the Cree, which many people might not remember,” said former Chief Robert Kanatewat, Chisasibi.
Rodney Hester, Business Development Coordinator at CREECO, wrote to the Nation magazine and shared his thoughts about Albert.
“In the summer of 2004, I received word that Albert wanted to meet with me. I was not informed of the reason why, but I knew enough to know that when Albert asks to meet with you – you just go. I had no idea he was going to make me an offer that would elevate my career to a new level.
“My dad’s comments to this was – ‘Son, Albert is making you an offer you cannot refuse – you cannot put a price to be in his circle – to be in his network – to have him as a mentor – to be taken under his wing.’
“Albert’s influence and charisma crossed barriers and opened doors. In many ways, he paved the way for success and broke new ground for countless individuals. He was the glue that bonds – the one commonality that everyone could relate to.
“Albert was always a career-builder, an encourager of youth, a huge supporter of development, a promoter of higher learning, among so many other great things.
“The Cree Nation of Quebec and the National Aboriginal community at large lost one of its heroes yesterday — one of the most influential leaders of our time.
“Albert took pride in ensuring that our people had a promising future filled with hope and opportunity. He made it proud to be Cree and a member of the Cree Nation of Eeyou Istchee. His legacy will live on throughout the ages and his record will go unmatched.”
In his statement, Hester also describes how he had approached Diamond about nominating him for a National Aboriginal Achievement Award for Business and Commerce. Hester will continue in his pursuits to do so with the help of others who knew Diamond as these awards can be given out posthumously. The complete version of this tribute can be read at nationnews.ca
Grand Chief Matthew Coon Come also sent a statement in regards to Diamond.
“This is a great loss for the Cree Nation. Albert was truly one of the great Cree leaders. He was respected and admired in the Cree Nation, and throughout Canada, for his numerous skills in finance and economic development.
“Albert was the son of a Cree Chief and Cree hunter. The late Chief Malcolm Diamond was very proud of Albert and his accomplishments and achievements.
“Albert began his working life as a young band manager for the Waskaganish First Nation in the 1970s. Albert worked hard to alleviate the poverty he saw in Waskaganish. He was one of the builders of Waskaganish and helped revive and propel the community to what it is today.
“Albert was asked by his brother, Grand Chief Billy Diamond, to come and work for the Grand Council of the Crees while in his second year of university. He became the first treasurer of the Grand Council of the Crees in 1975 and in this role was the first to begin the process of changing the relationship between the Crees and the Department of Indian Affairs, ironically the first step involved negotiating Canada’s terms of support for the Grand Council,” said Coon Come
Coon Come’s entire statement on Diamond can also be viewed at nationnews.ca
Diamond was not only known and treasured throughout Eeyou Istchee, he also worked hard to support the Crees in Val-d’Or when it came to business relations.
In view of this, the Val-d’Or Native Friendship Centre will be holding a memorial service for Diamond on Wednesday, September 23 at 3pm at the First Peoples’ Pavilion of the Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue.
According to the Friendship Centre’s Executive Director Edith Cloutier, this service is not just for those who knew Diamond in Abitibi-Témiscamingue but also all of those who could not make it to Waskaganish.
“Albert has been a long-time personal friend and also a friend of the Friendship Centre. He was the president from 1997-99 and he chaired our board of directors despite his busy schedule. He always made a point of being involved in the Friendship Centre so of course he remained a dear friend to us even after he was no longer sitting on the board,” said Cloutier.
“He remained a great supporter of our mission and of course, what we hear most from people about him was his generosity. In the letter that I sent to his family I wrote that he will always be remembered as a great person with a wonderful heart who was generous with his time,” she added.
Gone before his time but never to be forgotten, Albert Diamond, 1951-2009. | <urn:uuid:76eb2beb-4115-4e2a-972f-5dae5aec8879> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.nationnewsarchives.ca/article/albert-diamond-in-memoriam/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.986406 | 2,203 | 1.8125 | 2 |
As China's Wuhan Ends Its Long Quarantine, Residents Feel A Mix Of Joy And Fear
Tens of thousands of people streamed out of Wuhan by car, train and plane after a 76-day lockdown was lifted Wednesday from the Chinese city where the global coronavirus pandemic began.
The end of the lockdown is a milestone in China's efforts to contain the outbreak of a new coronavirus that sickened more than 80,000 across the country and overwhelmed health systems. Yet another milestone came this week, as the country reported on Tuesday there were no new infection cases for the first time since the outbreak began in late December.
But residents caution Wuhan now must also begin dealing with the deeper, longer-lasting emotional and economic traumas of the outbreak.
The exodus is also prompting fears of a second wave of infections, amid rising suspicions of undercounting of coronavirus-related deaths and concerns over the prevalence of those carrying the virus but showing no symptoms.
A Wuhan doctor specializing in pulmonary and critical care estimated based on recent survey data there may be between 10,000 and 20,000 asymptomatic carriers in the city. But experts from the central Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, most notably Dr. Zhong Nanshan, who has emerged as the figurehead of China's effort to tackle the pandemic, say they do not anticipate asymptomatic carriers will cause a second wave of infections.
End of a long quarantine
Wuhan, a city of 11 million, had been sealed off from the rest of China since Jan. 23 in a drastic attempt to halt the spread of COVID-19. After more than two months of quarantine, joyful but weary travelers flocked to the city's reopened train stations and airport, many to return to jobs put on pause during the outbreak — others to reunite with family.
"I have been preparing for this day for many days," said Victoria Li, while boarding one of the first trains to leave Wuhan's Hankou Station Wednesday morning, destined for the nearby city of Jingzhou. She said she was jubilant to leave Wuhan because she had been separated from her young child during the outbreak.
For others, their moment of departure was bittersweet. Bai Xue, a tourist from the northeastern city of Shenyang, found herself stuck in Wuhan while on vacation. She arrived at the airport at the stroke of midnight Wednesday — well before her mid-afternoon flight.
"To be honest, for the last few days, I have been crying a lot," said Bai, choking up as she recounted her two months in Wuhan. "I cannot tell if they were tears of joy. Finally, I get to go home. It is as if I am escaping purgatory."
During the lockdown, Bai found it challenging to get groceries as she was largely confined indoors and unable to understand the local dialect. But she said she is grateful that neighborhood committee workers helped her deliver face masks and a care package of sweet porridge from home. "Wuhan has seen so much suffering, and we have made it through," she told NPR.
Transportation authorities said 55,000 people had purchased train tickets to leave Thursday and tens of thousands more were expected to leave by car and plane. Only about half the normal, pre-outbreak number of flights were operating on Wednesday. Only three-quarters of seats on planes would be filled, airport authorities said, and train passengers would be seated one seat apart from each other.
Wuhan has seen so much suffering, and we have made it through.
Wuhan is still under certain quarantine measures, however. Residential compounds now require everyone to use a government app that tracks any contact with sick patients or travel to a high-risk area before leaving and entering their compounds. Many compounds only allow residents to leave for two hours at a time, unless they are going to work.
The city's economy is also only slowly beginning to come online.
Automakers, which form the largest industry in Hubei, the province where Wuhan is located, reopened their production lines the soonest, some as early as March 11. But businesses that fall under Hubei's "restricted list," which are all entertainment venues, such as movie theaters and gyms, and dine-in restaurants, are ordered to stay shut until the outbreak is officially declared over.
A second wave of infections?
Questions about the accuracy of China's official COVID-19 statistics and rising concern over asymptomatic cases have prompted fears of a second wave of infections as travelers leave Wuhan.
"Just because we have zero new daily cases does not mean we have zero risk," said Yu Yeru, a manager at the Hankou train station in Wuhan on Wednesday.
Amid growing public pressure, China's national health commission began disclosing daily new confirmed asymptomatic cases on April 1 but has not released a total number of such cases since the start of the outbreak.
A pre-print study jointly published by Chinese and American researchers that is awaiting peer review concluded that at least 59%, or more than 15,000, of the 25,000 confirmed Wuhan cases analyzed are "unascertained." That could include asymptomatic carriers and mild-symptom patients who recovered without extensive medical attention.
NPR reported last month that some Wuhan patients, including two who were asymptomatic and previously declared recovered, later tested positive again for the virus, suggesting faulty diagnostic tests may also be missing cases.
While all travelers leaving Wuhan on Wednesday had to demonstrate no previous travel through high-risk areas and no recent contact with sick patients, very few are currently required to take a diagnostic test for the coronavirus.
Afraid that Beijing may see a rise in cases as those stuck in Wuhan rush to return to the capital, the city released a strict daily quota for the number of passengers allowed to enter by car and by train on Wednesday. The estimated 11,000 people who have applied online to travel to Beijing have to wait their turn as only 1,000 are permitted to enter each day.
But for the fortunate ones who managed to depart at the crack of dawn, the excitement to move on was palpable.
"To be honest, I am a little excited. The people of Wuhan suffered so much, so many people died, and we had to stay inside for so long. If you are isolated for so long, you really go crazy," said Li Hao, a Wuhan native taking an early afternoon flight to the city of Chengdu, where he works.
For some, the one silver lining to the emotional trauma of the last two months was spending so much time with family, albeit indoors. "I feel very differently about my family members," Li said. "I was able to accompany them for such a long period of time. That has been the one comfort."
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:5e334ff1-ad73-4021-9930-59992104679a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.upr.org/2020-04-08/as-chinas-wuhan-ends-its-long-quarantine-residents-feel-a-mix-of-joy-and-fear | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.9764 | 1,457 | 1.671875 | 2 |
DAILY BRUSHING & FLOSSING
Children should brush for at least two minutes, twice a day, and floss daily at night. Parents should brush their childs teeth for them until they have the dexterity to do it on their own. Toothbrushes that are soft with smaller heads made specifically for children should be used. This will help protect gums and enamel.
Establishing a routine of good dental hygiene is vital in preventing tooth decay and gum disease.While it is essential and necessary to have good at home care, there are things a dentist can do for your child’s teeth that you can’t do at home. The best way to make sure all of your child’s dental needs are met is to visit our office regularly for routine dental checkups.
A topical application of fluoride is recommended twice a year as an aid to help keep your child cavity free.
A sealant is a material that is applied to the chewing surfaces (grooves) of the back teeth (molars), where cavities in children are commonly found. The sealant acts as a barrier to food, plaque and acid, thus protecting the decay-prone areas of the teeth. | <urn:uuid:9379beac-f5ab-4c79-a2ff-921855c2ce25> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jungledental.com/services/preventative-dentistry/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953192 | 263 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Recipient class holds information about a particular recipient, collected during a delivery attempt and optionally used for sending DSNs.
Constructs a Recipient containing no data. The object must be completed using e.g. setFinalRecipient().
Returns the action recorded by setAction().
Records the diagnostic code recorded by setDiagnosticCode().
Returns a paragraph containin the DSN for this Recipient. The returned string contains a series of LF-separated lines, but no trailing LF.
Returns a pointer to the final recipient's address, or a the originalRecipient() if none is recorded. If neither setFinalRecipient() nor setOriginalRecipient() has been called, finalRecipient() returns null.
Returns the last attempt date for this recipient, or a null pointer if no deliveries have been attempted.
Returns a pointer to this Recipient's mailbox, or 0 if one hasn't been set with setMailbox().
This function is defined so that SMTP and the Injector may create a SortedList of Recipients. It compares this Recipient to b based on the mailbox() id. If either Recipient has no mailbox() defined, the results are meaningless.
Returns a pointer to the original recipient's address, or a null pointer if none is recorded.
Returns a pararaph (as single line) describing the fate of this Recipient.
Returns the MTA recorded by setRemoteMTA().
s must be a string containing three numbers separated by dots, e.g. "1.2.3" or "1000.2000.3000". The meaning of the numbers is as defined in RFC 3463.
Records that code is the diagnostic code resulting from the last delivery attempt. This must be an SMTP code (ie. the RFC 3464 diagnostic-type is always smtp), and if empty, it means that there is no such code. The initial value is empty.
Records that during the last delivery attempt, the remote server issued id as its final log ID. If id is empty, no ID was reported and none will be reported by Recipient.
Records that the message was finally sent to a.
Calling both setFinalRecipient() and setOriginalRecipient() with the same address is discouraged.
Records that the last delivery attempt for this recipient happened at date. The initial value, null, means that no deliveries have been attempted.
Sets this recipient's mailbox to m.
Records that the message was originally sent to a.
Records that mta is the MTA to which we attempted to deliver this message the last time. The initial value is empty, which means that we didn't try to deliver the message to any remote MTA.
Returns the status recorded by setAction().
This web page based on source code belonging to The Archiveopteryx Developers. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:5745138f-3048-4754-865a-87a370f5bc26> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://archiveopteryx.org/source/recipient | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.90717 | 616 | 2.046875 | 2 |
By Shiela Bertillo
Yat Siu, Founder of Animoca Brands, a global developer for blockchain companies, answered a concern on “why metaverse land should be scarce from a consumer product market fit perspective.”
Animoca Brands is an investor for Decentraland, a decentralized virtual reality platform, and owner of The Sandbox Game, a blockchain digital universe, which both offer virtual land. In an earlier tweet, An NFT artist under a username of @punk6529, wondered why virtual land cost is high even though the cost to build them is “effectively zero.”
Addressing the onboarding concern on Decentraland limits, Yat Siu stated that “onboarding can only happen if it is desirable to do so, Greenland is the size of the entire U.S. east coast but has a population the size of a small town. Many reasons why but more, cheap or free land has not onboarded more people into their countries.”
Siu noted that in the real world, the higher the per capita influence of a land is, the more desirable it is.
“Metaverse Land functions similarly,” he added.
He reiterated that onboarding will happen faster if desirability is greater, saying that a “land with no value will not help onboard the next 1b because it is undesirable.”
“When you buy a Land in real life, it is more than just a roof over your head. You want to own a place in New York because (of the) social, community, culture, buzz, prominence and the idea of what it represents.” Siu explained Metaverse Land’s purpose of digital property rights.
Yat Siu is a big believer and proponent of digital property rights, in an article in Cointelegraph, he noted how through blockchains, NFTs are unique, indivisible tokens that grant owners property rights and enable digital assets to have real value, independent of the platform.
“Digital ownership rights on a blockchain are provided by open permissionless protocols and guaranteed by the collective reckoning of community consensus. This allows NFT game assets to be traded between holders in a way that is unthinkable in most traditional games.” he added.
Aside from Metaverse Land offers in Decentraland and The Sandbox game, Animoca Brands also recently launched Revv Racing, a blockchain racing game. (Read more on: Revv Racing’s Play-to-earn Feature is Upcoming)
This article is published on BitPinas: Virtual Land Scarcity, Animoca Brands Founder Yat Siu Explains Its Importance | <urn:uuid:708da1cf-ab82-4b02-9706-7610015bd1bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bitpinas.com/feature/virtual-lands-yat-siu-animoca-brands/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.918427 | 557 | 1.757813 | 2 |
All-on-4 dental implants, also known as the Boston technique, place four dental implants to replace missing teeth.
Another name for this technique is Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) or guided tissue regeneration with implantation (GTR-I). It was developed around 1999 by Dr Boston and his team in France. Since then, it has been successfully implemented in thousands of patients all over the world.
Dr Boston’s research showed that placement of 4 dental implants could reliably support replacement crowns for missing anterior teeth without additional bone grafting, thus eliminating the need for complicated surgeries and speeding up treatment time significantly. The procedure uses specific techniques to ensure enough bone is available for dental implants – like removing seeds from a watermelon.
This technique is slightly more challenging than the traditional implant placement, requiring only two dental implants and bone grafting. It, therefore, is typically used for patients with fewer missing teeth or healthier gums. In addition, patients who do not need additional bone augmentation can save substantial costs associated with surgeries and postoperative medication and shorten their treatment time by up to half.
How to place four dental implants using the All-on-4 method?
The All-on-4 method has been hailed as a significant breakthrough in the dental industry and is widely accepted by dentists specialising in implantology. In addition, its simplicity and effectiveness have made it an attractive treatment option for patients seeking to replace one or more missing teeth.
The treatment procedure involves four dental implants placed adjacent but not touching each other. The implants are surgically positioned so that they allow proper placement of the artificial crowns – similar to how beads on a string would be placed just close enough together to allow threading through without obstructions. Patients typically go home with temporary teeth attached to their new dental implants after about five days post-surgery and can enjoy eating and smiling again immediately following their procedure. It usually takes 6 to 18 months for the bone to grow around the implants and create an optimal foundation for permanent teeth replacement. During this time, patients will need to return to their dentist every few months for adjustments of new crowns. After all dental implants are in place, several new teeth can be permanently attached in one setting.
The All-on-4 technique offers a distinct advantage over other options because it uses four dental implants instead of 2 or 3. This allows decreased vertical space between tooth replacements. In addition, it eliminates the need for additional bone grafting procedures, which could add up to 12 weeks onto the treatment time. It also increases patient safety by reducing trauma during surgery and postoperative recovery, reducing blood loss, and eliminating additional medication.
In addition to providing attractive benefits, All-on-4 dental implants are also proven to be stable. In a 10 year study of the Boston technique, it was shown that it is as durable as traditional implant placement procedures. This means patients who underwent this treatment option will not need to return to their dentist every month or two – saving time and money on office visits.
Advances in dental technology have allowed this procedure to surpass traditional dentistry involving bone grafting and more complex surgeries, which results in faster treatment times and higher patient quality of life. As a result, patients with missing teeth use All-on-4 dental implants to replace their natural teeth and regain their beautiful smiles. | <urn:uuid:29ffea2c-d557-4b33-8c98-e68f11d7b9f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.divinebeautytips.com/all-on-4-dental-implants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942838 | 680 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Chuichi Nagumo (March 25, 1887 – July 6, 1944) was a Vice Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy and Commander of the 1st Air Fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy for a while. He was also member of the Fleet Faction group within the navy that wanted unlimited naval growth to build the most powerful navy in the world.
Nagumo was the fleet commander during the bombing of Darwin and attack on Pearl Harbor (task force Carrier Striking Task Force) and number of other military campaigns around the world. In 1944, he was assigned to defend Saipan. His forces were overwhelmed by the invading American forces, and Nagumo committed suicide.
Chuichi Nagumo oversaw the attack on Pearl Harbor from the Akagi. He was hesitant to carry out the proposed invasion ofHawaii, fearing that the American Pacific Fleet would lay waste to his. However, based on the success the initial bombing attack and the reassuring words of Commanders Minoru Genda and Mitsuo Fuchida, and Lt. Saburo Shindo that the American fleet posed no threat, Nagumo agreed to go forward with the invasion.
After Hawaii was successfully invaded and occupied, and the American forces defeated, Nagumo was sent to the Dutch East Indies. | <urn:uuid:751b4a9a-a83b-4a46-a7ac-287ec849b1db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://turtledove.fandom.com/wiki/Chuichi_Nagumo | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.977267 | 263 | 2.484375 | 2 |
PLEASE NOTE: This Book is now Out of Print
Ven. M. Punnaji
Puremind Publishers, Edmonton, 2001
Before I say anything else, let me point out that in my Introduction to the Pali Line I credit Venerable Punnaji as being one of my great teachers for having taught me that Nibbāna is not something you get, but what results when you get away from what is not Nibbāna. While most of what is contained in this book is new to me, I am delighted to read, on page 8-37:
Q: Isn't the aim of Buddhism to reach Nirvana?
A: Well, Yes and No. Buddhism is not an effort to arrive at an unknown happiness but to get rid of a known unhappiness. If Nibbāna is understood as an absence rather than a presence, you are right.
This is a rock bottom solid fundamental of my understanding of the Dhamma that has held up now under study, examination, test and retest for 30 plus years! It makes the entire Pali system understandable. There is no way the value of that could possibly be calculated. It absolutely revolutionized my thinking, period.
As a book, this work is deeply flawed. This is, I believe, at least partly a consequence of the anxiousness of Bhante Punnaji's students to see his work in print before it was properly arranged for this medium.
The work consists of a scrapbook of lecture notes and retreat guide-sheets, and consequently is annoyingly repititous towards the beginning (the latter half is much better reading). In addition the terminology is, while not being contradictory in meaning, inconsistent from presentation to presentation.
The worst aspect of the work is the use of the Pali. Bhante Punnaji's interpretation of the Pali is radically different than the common usage out there, but his translations are presented with no justification (well ... towards the end there is some discussion of the occasional word). I think this is very unfair to all concerned.
It is not reasonable to expect that those familiar with the standard translations should simply accept the statement: Upekkha means Introspection; Ariya means Super Normal; Upadana means Personalization; Avijja means Unconsciousness (as the most bothersome of examples).
In the context of face-to-face discussions, which is the way these notes emerged, this is not unreasonable in that those present at least have an opportunity, if they are aware of the standard meanings placed on these terms, to question and seek justification. The reader, familiar with the standard translations is left struggling to figure out how such meanings could possibly be arrived at; the newcomer is deprived of the opportunity to guard himself against the possibility that Bhante Punnaji is totally off the mark in his innovative translations. (Or worse, if he is off the mark, accepting what he has presented as the real meaning having no reason not to.)
Another aspect of the presentation I could live without is the occasional digression into modern Psychology. Modern Psychology is a discredited system which no intelligent individual looks to today for any kind of guidance. In the seventies when Bhante picked up on it, it was already a money making scam that had become a fad. The "Psycho-Therapist" knew that if he kept his mouth shut, kept the dirty secrets of his personal life out of the picture, and assumed the aura of the dignified person projected on him by the fool he had convinced needed "Therapy" for a disease he did not have nor could the therapist cure, the patient would attempt to emulate this "best image" and alter his behavior toward the better and voila! feel better...your 50 minutes is up, $90 please.
Freud and Buddha are 100% opposites: Freud's theory rests on the premise that the mind is essentially evil and must be restrained by society; Buddha holds that the mind is essentially pure and needs to be cleansed of the corruptions that come from without.
One of those corruptions that needs to be scoured off is modern Psychology!
Had the duplications in the description of the method presented been eliminated, and had the system been presented without any reference to the Pali (or had the Pali terminology been given thorough discussion) or to Modern Psychology, I believe the work would have proved extraordinarily powerful. As it is, with the innerds (so to speak) laid bare; what we do have is an opportunity to look into what is really going on in the mind of Bhante Punnaji.
This is a no questions about it interesting and challenging read, but to be undertaken by those willing to spend the time asking at every sentence: "Does this accord with the suttas, does this accord with my experience?"
These are questions I am asking myself and perhaps at a later time will make a follow-up post to address them...and perhaps after that another to address Bhante's "take" on translating Pali. I feel a hurried analysis for the sake of getting the word out would be an all-round mistake. There is one feature however that cannot go unremarked upon: Bhante Punnaji's interpretation of the organization and use of the Satipatthana Sutta:
"Sometimes meditators are not sure whether the awareness of body, sensations, moods and thoughts are to be practiced separately or all together. My understanding is that the Satipatthana is the practice of awareness of the reaction of the body to sensory stimulation. This reaction is observed first as a physical movement or a tension in the body. Then as awareness deepens, it is observed as a sensation. Then it is observed as an emotion and lastly as a thought."
In other words it is a progressively deeper and deeper view.
This is absolutely unique and makes great sense and heightens it's potency tremendously. It is vital for anyone interested in this sutta that this book be read for this view, if only to ask, as withall: "Does this accord with the suttas and my experience?"
And, O Yes! There is an Index!
The Buddha is said to have been able to make himself heard throughout the thrice-a-hundred-thousand-fold universe. The way I see it, with the advent of the written word and printing presses (not to mention the computer and the Internet), the ordinary man is now capable of making himself heard at least around the world. This power having been given to us, I do not think it is out of line to respond to a communication of such nature as a book as though to the word, spoken face-to-face.
Additionally, in the case of Awakening Meditation, we have your overt request for feedback.
An idea of the French writer, Marcel Proust comes to mind: that in this world of polite conversation, the written word is perhaps the only really honest communication we have left. So I hope Bhante, that you and your loyal followers will accept this as intended: "This is my reply to your words: I have listened. I have meditated upon your words. I have tested the ideas new to me to a small degree. I have compared what you have said to my knowledge of the suttas, to my understanding of Pali, to the Pali English Dictionary, and to my personal experience. I have some thoughts on what you have said. This is my response to what I have understood of what you have said. I would welcome any further clarification you might wish to contribute. I wish you only the best in this world and in whatever your destiny may be."
This is the first idea we encounter in your book:
"This is the original method of the Buddha found in the Pali Nikaya teachings."
"This is Proto-buddhist Meditation."
This book tells "...the real story of original Buddhist meditation as taught by the Buddha."
I feel this idea goes way too far and was probably made without calm reflection. Just on the face of it (remember, we are dealing here with the written word, and the written word must be taken literally, unless there is clear indication that it should be taken otherwise), the Buddha's teaching is in Pali, and the Pali alone can today make the claim to being the original method of the Buddha. Next to that would come an accurate translation, not an explanation. Next to that would come an explanation of an accurate translation that adhered to the structure of the suttas (such as I have attempted to do with The Pali Line). Your method (that is, the structure of the system you use to bring an uninstructed common person to the condition of Arahant) is not found anywhere in the Suttas precisely as you have laid it out.
Now if what you really intended by these statements is the fact that you have uncovered a few key concepts which shed light on the meaning of the suttas in sucha deep way as to be clearly in accordance with the intent of the original teachings, then this I find totally acceptable.
As I hear it, these are those ideas:
The idea that Nibbāna is the getting rid of a known unhappiness (dukkha) and not the acquisition of an unknown happiness, and the corollary, that the method is therefore one of Not-doing and Letting Go.
The unstated fact, evidenced by the manner in which you piece together a method from various dhammas to suit the needs of your students, that the Dhamma is a collection of complimentary "units" (I have used the image of Tinker Toys, or an Erector Set) each of which is essentially complete, but capable of being pieced together to facilitate greater understanding at various levels by various "ears" and so suitable for manipulation according to circumstances.
The idea in back of "experiencing experience" as a paradigm shift from the ordinary "experiencing existence". This is a most excellent, revolutionary, and exciting idea which needs qualification or refinement to my mind.
The fundamental idea in back of this concept is liberating, but there are two problems: 1. the term "experience" is fundamentally bound up in the idea of an experiencer. There is no way that this word can be separated from that. And 2, it is rarely, if ever, that Nibbāna is defined in the positive by the Buddha. It is always in terms of "It is not This."
The conceptualization of Nibbāna here is a positive statement that serves well only as an illustration or simile. In the Lesser Emptiness Spell we have: "This way is empty of the disturbance emanating from the grip of sense pleasures. This way is empty of the disturbance emanating from the grip of living. This way is empty of the disturbance emanating from the grip of blindness. This way there is only this that disturbs the emptiness, that is the six sense-realms bound to this body reacting to life." and this is the meaning I understand for this idea; but we also have, at the end of the BrahmaGala Sutta: "For so long as this body shall live, gods and man shall see me; but at the break-up of the elements at the death of the body, neither Gods nor Man shall see me." And while this latter "state or condition" may be said to be "without existence" it cannot be said to be being "experienced."
The manner in which you have conceptualized the Satipatthana sutta as a progression marked by ever more refined perception of the experience of individuality is again a really deep clear vision and is extraordinarily helpful in understanding the method of the catari satipatthanas.
If this is what you have really intended by your claim, I am largely in agreement.
Otherwise (and in any case concerning the actual words of your claim), this is the essence of what I think you (as many others, including myself when I am not being careful!) is missing about the Buddha's Dhamma: it is the Elephant, and we are the blind men. By that I mean that each word, and the system as a whole is so constructed as to have helpful meaning to the beginner, to one who has made some progress, and to the one who has attained as well.
Dukkha really means dukkha. This is a thesis of my own: that the Buddha chose Pali as the language to transmit the dhamma because it really is either the root language, or is very close to what was the root language. This has the effect, of allowing for no translation. (You can 'ear that either way).
Every language begins with the premise that sound is able to convey meaning. Thus the original words were based on the way we "feel" about certain types of sounds. The sounds in the word "dukkha" for example, all convey the idea "bad, disagreeable, ukky". And the most ukky, and universal thing we know is feces. I know of no language where this is not the case. Tanha makes you "feel" thirsty. Na is no and no is one of the first things we know. Upa is sounds that move from the mouth out, and up, and away, and past. etclala,
This means it is possible that a complete stranger to Buddhism and Pali, coming across the Pali (and having heard the words) could arrive at the meaning for himself across all cultures, states of consciousness, and Time. Thus the First Truth, for example, can be understood this way: "Know k-kha" The hunter knows his k-kha. The hunter examines the feces of his prey and discovers what that prey eats, how often he eats and how much he eats. Understanding what that prey eats, he understands what it craves, desires, hunts for. Understanding this he can anticipate where that prey can be found in the future (at the source of it's food). So the man wishing to understand the Buddha's method, understanding himself to be seeking the answer to the problem of death, or the fact that he is being hunted by death, needs to understand what it is that the hunter can know about him from his cravings, and if he wishes to avoid capture, he must cut down on those cravings so as to lessen the chances that his eating habits will be anticipated by the hunter...and so on. In other words, the Buddha has so constructed his system as to be comprehensible at an absolutely fundamental, rock bottom level. Those who are more sophisticated may understand in their own terms from the root concept, the reverse is not true; so the way the teaching is made universal is not to use more and more sophisticated terminology, but to use the root terminology. I know it is possible that if I thought of this, someone who is omniscient (someone with aaahn-nyaaa) did also.
Up-past (or down-past) "grunt-Pali", Dukkha is defined in the MahaSatipatthana and elsewhere as meaning Physical Pain. So Dukkha means Pain. Since, in English, the word Pain is used equally to indicate Physical Pain and Mental Pain depending on context, and this is clearly the same in the Pali, there is no need, and considerable disadvantage to translating the word as anything else.
Then, with the word so defined, the beginner hears "Physical Pain!", the psychologist hears "Angst", another hears "Discomfort", another "Suffering", the one with some progress hears "All kinds of Pain!" or a little deeper he may understand: "What is intended as pain is being continuously subject to rebirth." and so on.
But what the presenter of the Pali needs to remember is that what we have here is the Elephant. Dukkha means Dukkha. And that "Well Taught by Gotama was the Dhamma." and that when we resort to analysis and explanation we should remember that we are trying to communicate the Dhamma to a specific group, and that in that case it might be acceptable to use a specialized meaning, but what we are really doing in such a case is narrowing the meaning, not discovering the meaning and we should be careful to avoid the idea that "This is the REAL meaning of...", meaning that the way we see it is the only true way and all other ways are wrong.
The Pali as we have it is emmence...thousands of suttas in number. The result, whether planned or not, is that the presentation (description/explanation by Gotama) of the system is highly redundant (and if we follow the Buddha's instruction to compare sutta with sutta, self-correcting). In most cases, a sutta was a beginning for some questioner; in most cases it was also the only sutta they would ever hear. The result is that the system is presented "complete" thousands of different ways. At our vantage point in time (most especially now that we have the Internet), we have the possibility and also the obligation, when we venture to "translate" the suttas, to make sure that our translations are consistent across each and every one of those "complete" presentations of the Dhamma. That way we will subject our translation to the process of self-correction built into the system itself. . . or. . . if we feel the need to use specialized language (meaning our translation is deliberately, consciously not necessarily helpful to the beginner, or one in the middle or one at the end, but only to a certain group at a certain level of consciousness, at a certain point in Time), we should be careful not to claim to be presenting the Dhamma as it was originally intended to be presented...Dukkha means Dukkha.
I have investigated most of the translations of the Pali included in your book and for the most part can see that although they are often unusual, they are defendable in both spirit and letter. Several words I cannot reconcile: upadana for personalization, avijja for unconsciousness, and upekkha for introspection. One idea, identity/entity for nama/rupa is the best translation yet in my opinion.
Upadana: I can see this as "taking up" which can be worked into taking on as personal, if this is how this idea is arrived at, but the implication is that personalization occurs after hungar/thirst (tanha) and hungar/thirst is not raw experience, but experience that has already been personalized. With avijja as Unconsciousness, this whole construction looks like it has been dictated to avoid the problem of discussing previous life in a society that does not accept the idea of previous life.
"Downbound avijja rebounds bound up in Sankara". Vijja is defined for us as not understanding the final outcome of acting to create, in Pain (Dukkha). One invests (personalizes, sankarams) in future existence through intentional, conscious, acts of mind, speech and body. I think this, more conventional presentation, is not inconsistent with your "experiencing experience" outcome.
Upekkha: upekkha as introspection. This is very hard to justify. Upekkha is a synonym for Nibbāna; introspection (even calm, detached introspection), is not. Or, this is another case of using a word that in English carries unavoidable meaning that is not intended by you?)
Upekkha is the fourth "abiding with Brahma"
Upekkha is the final result of the Four Jhanas and is consequently:
the end result of the Four Truths
the end result of the Satipatthana
the end result of the Eightfold Way
Upekkha is the tenth "samma" of the Way when it is stated in terms of one who is no longer a seeker because he has attained the goal. Here it is stated that Upekkha is the result of samma Vijja, or having seen paticca samupada as it really is
Upekkha is the final result of the Seven Dimensions of Awakening One's Own Wisdom (your Seven Components in the Process of Awakening)
In my view, Upekkha is the end result, even when not explicitly stated, of every single dhamma, long or short.
I don't think introspection, even your calm detached introspection, holds up under this burden. Calm, detached introspection is a tool to be used to identify that which should be let go of, the result of that is Upekkha, just the detachment. This may be a fatal flaw in your system in that your Nibbāna is conditioned by this calm detached observation, and Nibbāna is not conditioned.
One idea I find is internally contradictory. On the one hand you condemn concentration, but on the other hand your method can be seen to be using a process of focus by elimination of distraction which is otherwise understood to be concentration. I think the defensiveness concerning the idea of "concentration" is understandable as a reaction (ahum) to the emphasis it is given in other systems. My feeling is it is a better tactic to just simply present your own system and not do battle with all the useless ones out there.
These are my thoughts after several days of intense . . . um. . . concentration on your book. I have thoroughly enjoyed the mental challenge and consider you, as always, one of the great teachers out there.
I hope these comments will be taken with the light heart and lively mind I have come to associate with you.
Further discussions of The Pali Terminology used by Bhante Punnaji in Awakening Meditation
Ariya as Super-Normal, and
Ariya Atthanghika Magga as Supernormal Eight-fold Process.
Bhante Punnaji [BP] sometimes says "usually translated..." and sometimes says "usually mistranslated..." "The Noble Eightfold Path", etc., the latter statement I think is unjustified.
Ariya is from the base for the name the dominant population of the place/time called themselves, so it is not all that unfamiliar to hear "Super Race", although the connotations, given recent history, are horrid. I hear the word as A=to RI=the sun YA whatsoever. So "super" is not out of line, however, I still hear our "Aristo crat" and think it a better all round fit. Usual translation: Noble.
Anghika is from the word for a limb (of animal or tree) or the thumb or arm or leg at the bend, or elbow, so we get, "angle", so fold is acceptable, thinking of a piece of paper that is folded up, but my preference is for "dimension" or "angle" as the way I read it, (although the way may be seen as a process), is that each "fold" is also a path which may be used on it's own to view the whole.
Magga as Process is where I think BP's translation breaks down. This is a word which must also be made to serve in similes and in those similes the meaning is "road" or "Highway"; and we do not drive down the process.
Samma as Harmonious: Samma is usually translated "right" originally from the idea of a perpendicular (right angle) a carpenters term. I agree with BP that "Right" is not a good translation in that it is here today (Saturday, July 28, 2001) not even remotely associated with the original idea of Upright, but is focused intently on the idea of being the only correct (righteous) thing. The concept is clearly not intended to have been one possessing the only truth in that even "samma" this and that are to be let go of by the Arahant. It is also possible to relate this word to sama (even, level), and from there to sama, (tranquillity) and from there to harmonious. I happen to agree that the greatest likelihood is that the different spellings of words that sound the same (putting aside the long vowel) came after a point of common origin (if this is the justification). Since this is not the usual way this word would have been derived, I think it needs to have been explained. I prefer my "high", hearing "summit" "sum" "suma" or "consummate" which has the advantage of being more conventionally acceptable etymologically if not in Buddhist circles fearful of the association with drugs, and of being better related to it's opposite: miccha, contrary, or (hearing mi=small, ccha = k=kha) "low." And High, or best, or consummate does not carry the implication of being the only right thing.
Sankappa as Disposition or Orientation. No real problem, it's a matter of Perspective. I see the details (letting go, non-cruelty, and non-harm) as the principles one would adopt having High View; Bhante sees them as the direction one heads. The word means: "One's own Fit-n-Propper" >Kappa, fitting, as in the harness of a team of oxen, or as in the fittings used on boats, >to it "fits".
Vaca as Speech. OK. But vi Talk in English, they sprach in another Pali dialect.
Kammanta as Action. OK, but I explain some of the other meanings the word must carry: Kamma as action or acts; manta as magic charms; kammanta as commerce
and arrive at "works" as one word that works for all.
Ajiva as Lifestyle. OK by me, as I use the same. But Bhante's explanation of what it is that this is is not in accordance with it's explanation any place I have seen it explained: pg 6-2: "harmonious life style is the unselfish, socially oriented, honest, compassionate, and tolerant way of living that is helpful but not harmful to anyone in the world." In the Satipatthana and elsewhere this term is defined in the negative: "When one rids one's self of that which is understood by one's self as a low element of one's lifestyle, what remains is high lifestyle" I find this more consistent and satisfying in its relationship to the goal of not attaining an unknown happiness, but of getting rid of a known unhappiness. I see this as the process.
Vayama as Practice (he also relates it to abstention): BP apparently derives this word from it's meaning as "restraint". Since the restraint (Vayamama) is that of controlling an animal with reins, my preferred interpretation is "self control" PB argues that there is no effort involved in this process. The usual breakdown into details would indicate the contrary, that a considerable degree of effort is to be made at each of the four stages. (Again here we have the issue of making the concept valuable to the beginner, the one with some progress and the Arahant...for the Arahant, there might be no effort...for the others there is effort -- practical experience shows that when one is sitting not-doing and agitation, or doubt enters the picture, it is a huge struggle, effort, not to give up and yield to the urge to get up and do something, just to not have to deal with it!)
Sati as Attention, and satipatthana as sati uppatthana as the Introversion of Attention. The way sati which is mind or memory is usually turned into Mindfulness is through the patthana, the "setting up" or "manufacture", so the manufacture of sati -- memory/consciousness/mind -- becomes "mindfulness." I see patthana as from Pasture, (pa=past; thana=/hunger thirst, or wishing or wanting) and also going to manufacture >factor, get satisfaction (having reached the state where one has had enough as a result of having found what one was looking for).
Samma sati and satipatthana as the setting up of Attention goes against BP's concept of Nibbāna as a "without" thing, hence his need (and my own) to recast it, but I think that beating upa into within and making patthana into uppatthana is not a very subtle way to go about it. BP also uses sati alone for looking within (p3-14) which I question.
Samadhi as Mental Repose. This is one that BP has been using since I first knew him. Again, this must come from sama: even, tranquilly. While I agree that Samadhi has this quality, I don't see the word this way. PED has it coming from san (that's ng) and adhi; one's own overmore (which is justification enough for "High," but I prefer to see it as a magic charm: SA=one; MA=make; DHI=this; DHI=this; MA=make; SA=one; One Chew Dis; Dis You One. (Once you do this one; this one makes you one) reading it forwards and backwards as is the way with mantas.
Now how else, I ask you, are you going to derive a word describing getting high from a drug culture? (The arians were drug users from before even they came down the Hymalias, and were SOMA drinkers even just to about the time of, if not during the time of the Buddha.
I think what the Buddha did here was to take a term for an existing practice, "getting high" (understood in exactly the way that it is used by drug users today), that was used to attain magic powers and the arupajhanas, and insert into it the four jhanas and convert the meaning to serve his goals.
Hence I believe I am following in the footsteps of the Buddha when I translate Samma Samadhi as High Getting High...Buddhism is a better way, a Higher Way of Getting High. A way of getting high without drugs, without being drugged -- "drugged" being a simile for avijja, or the blindness of the ordinary common man.
Ekaggata as stillness of mind, calmness, tranquillity, mental stability, mental repose or a state of equilibrium. Essentially defining this term this way serves to eradicate "concentration" from the system. Usually translated One-Pointedness; there is in PED, for tranquillity, the word EKA-AGGA One-Top (I think, to get to tranquillity, we would hear it as One-Down, Whew! Made It. That's done, finished, which is the "explained meaning", that is, the tranquillity of one who has attained the way...I feel stretched!). I hear EKA=one; AGGA=top (tip, point); gata=got I do not see how you can get to stillness in this word without becoming one-pointed first. I do not make of concentration the end-all (hum...end-one?); but the tendency of those who detract from concentration is to throw it in with a mad kind of effort to attain magic powers. I see concentration as a tranquil thing. I learned of it from a few people I knew (Ven Mew Fung Chen, for one) who were able to stick to a a subject of discussion or to an activity in which they were engaged in spite of huge ruckuses going on right next to them (Venerable Mew Fung sometimes had a hundred people in the same room with him talking and carrying on and would be speaking to me about some topic as though we were alone!). Totally tranquil, completely undisturbed, but focused to an enormous degree on some one thing.
Vitakka as inference and Vicara as inquiry. BP puts them in the reverse order of their usual occurrence which is the way they make sense according to his understanding. My understanding is that both these words used to be synonyms and also that they both used to stand for what we understand in simple terms as thinking. VI=2 TAKA=Talk (re-think in words) and Vi=2 CARA=wander around (search) (re-search -- when I want to draw useful distinctions, I cast Vicara as re-thinking in pictures just to point out the idea that this is an aspect of thinking that should be Let Go Of). I think trying to impose a deeper meaning on the terms has caused this displacement in order and is unnecessarily complex (and has the effect of inhibiting attainment of the jhanas). Here I think Castenada's discussions of The Inner Dialog, and how to get past it, are extremely helpful.
Piti as Rapture. This word needs to serve in the progression through the jhanas as one of the things that is left after vitakka and vicara have been got rid of (it is also there before they are got rid of) (it is let go of prior to entry into the 3rd Jhana) and it is one of the "Factors of Wisdom" on the side of Energy Building and Investigation of Dhamma, and is the factor prior to Passadhi (BPs Relaxation, my Impassivity or Poise). I usually use Enthusiasm, but I have never been too enthusiastic about the word, but I don't like rapture either. In this country it has overtones of being an old European state of religious extacy, or a goal in itself.
Sukha as Comfort. Like Dukkha, this is not incorrect, just not sufficiently encompassing. This word must be also made to serve for the taste of sugar to the ordinary person. Sweet or Pleasant.
Panna as Penetrative Awareness. This is unusual but fits all round as far as I can see.
Nibbāna as Imperturbability, Experiencing Experience. Imperturbability is an attribute of Nibbāna. BP uses it as a translation for Nibbāna (p1-12). He derives the word from the Sanskrit where he gives the meaning: Nir=dis; vana=shake. First of all I believe Pali is older than Sanskrit, and secondly I believe the sounds in Nibbāna are older than the sounds in NirVana. Ni=down; ban=bindup; na=know. But the usual translation of Nirvana in Sanskrit is Extinguish, or at a more basic level, Out of the Woods. He similarly uses Experiencing Experience in this way. The Buddha rarely, if ever defines Nibbāna other than as what it is not. Since this is also fundamental to BPs system, I have a hard time understanding his inconsistency in this case. The worst aspect of this is that the word experience is impossible to divorce from the idea of an experiencer as much as BP is attempting to do this I believe it fails in a way that is damaging to his case. It is hard to balance this criticism of the use of this term with the fact that the way it is used in BP's system is unique and extraordinarily helpful in positioning one's practice. I think had the same terms and expressions been used with careful cautions in every case, it would have been more valuable.
Paticca samuppada as Antecedental Concurrence. This may be how it works in one of the ways it works, but there isn't anything of "Antecedental" in the word Paticca. "Pati" always carries with it the idea of "bounce" "rebound". Out on a limb here, I don't think anyone has this thing better than I have it (see ../../dhammatalk/the_pali_line/course/the10thquestion_2.htm#DOWNBOUND_CONFOUNDED_ETC). . . I will stick to my compound of paticca samuppada and Nidana paccay'acara as Downbound Confounded Rebounding Conjuration.
Nama/Rupa as Identity/Entity. That has to be the best translation yet. Unfortunately BP uses Identification of Objects and Identification and Appearance (meaning that nama is the construction process and Rupa is the thing constructed).
This is apparently based on the perceptible phenomena that from the point of view of the individual, there is no distinction between creation and consciousness. I have discussed this issue in my discussions of Pajapati's Problem.
Upadana as Personalization. Upadana is the thing that is happening subsequent to Tanha that lays the conditions for Bhava. UPA=up past; dana=given, bound to. (At this point I took a break and found my lunchtime reading began:
"Monks, there are these four kinds of grasping (upadana)...the grasping of sense pleasures, the grasping of view, the grasping of rule and custom, the grasping of the theory of self"
This followed the discussion on two views of becoming (bhava, the view of the eternalists, and vibhava, the view of the annihilationists), the point of which was to say that not understanding the rise and fall, attraction and peril of these views was to be not enlightened. Upadana then follows as that which gives rise to the views of bhava. BP has "possessiveness and personalization of objects perceived as well as the subjective experience . . . capable of being analyzed in terms of the . . . pancupadanakkhanda)". Somehow this term must be made to serve as the bridge between the experience of wanting something and the fact of having it (or not, depending on one's kamma, but in any case being in the place one imagined one wanted to be in order to get what one thought one wanted). This is not the static state of "making personal". One goes after getting sense pleasures, one does not just make them personal in order to experience living (I guess BP is saying that that is exactly the case, but that is not what I mean. I am saying that there must, at some point be action to create. And I am saying that the personalization that made experience into existence occurred at sankara). One goes after the idea of existing or not existing in order to explain the living one is about to enter. One certainly does not employ rule and ritual (or assumed behavior imposed from outside) in the strictly internal process of personalization. And theory of self comes after personalization not before. I think this must be taken at the face value of the word: Upa=up dana=bound. Getting involved. Getting bound up. Going after getting. Setting the wheels in motion. Grabbing.
Sankhara as construction. This is standard enough, but what BP has it constructing and how are, to my mind, an excessive bow to modern psychology. He has it as the strictly mental process of construction of entities in the here and now, after sensation (vedana) and perception (sanna) produced by his sensory stimulation (phassa), and has it as the antecedent of consciousness. In the suttas we are told that the three ways in which sankhara constructs are via acts of mind, speech, and body; personalization here takes place at the time of those acts of construction in that they are done with the intent of producing pleasant, unpleasant, or neither pleasant nor unpleasant sensation in either the self or in another in one's "own" world. We are also told that sanna, vedana, and vinnana are one continuous process which is not subject to being broken apart so as to distinguish where one aspect ends and the next begins. BP's construction of sankhara is necessary to force the preexistence of experience over personalized existence, but this is only necessary if the paticca samupada is limited to a "this-here-and-now-life-only" framework.
At this time this book is out of print and a new, completely revised edition is being written, so the links to the promotional materials that existed in this spot have been removed.
This is how I was taught the meaning of Upekkha:
You grip the extended index finger of your one hand with the full fist of the other hand. Then you yank (atsa sorta pull inni USA) the finger of your one hand from the fist of the other hand. That's Upekkha.
(Illustration of a wood pecker)
This is my own terminology. For the discussion of it's use this way see: The 10th Quesion, Samma Vijja, Note on Terminology, where I have substituted vijja and upekkha for nana and vimutti.
This is how I was taught the meaning of SATI: I was made to sit in a very small totally dark room for hours at a time for most of the day and night, for days and weeks and months concentrating on the meaning of the Satipatthana Sutta, the word Pali, and the word APPAMADA.
The word "Pali" teaches one the meaning of language: "Pass Lip" "pass the line"; the word "APPAMADA" teaches one the construcion of words. Listening to the word "Sati" reveals the original intent of the creators of that word...hint: they didn't just pick sounds out of thin air.
The similarity of Bhante Punnaji's way of seeing the paticca samuppada to the way it is seen by Bhante Nanavira in his Clearing the Path is very interesting.
PTS: Middle Length Sayings, Lion's Roar the Lesser, Horner, trans, pp88).
PTS: Middle Length Sayings I#43: The Miscellany (Greater), Horner, trans, pp 352) | <urn:uuid:c4d3db3b-c2bb-4cdb-a00d-7fcafb4e8174> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://buddhadust.net/dhammatalk/bd_dhammatalk/book_reviews/awakening_meditation.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.968504 | 8,883 | 1.921875 | 2 |
|City of Reedley|
"The World's Fruit Basket"
|Incorporated||February 18, 1913|
|Named for||Thomas Law Reed|
|• Mayor||Mary Fast|
|• City Council||Matthew Tuttle|
|• State Senator||Melissa Hurtado (D)|
|• State Assembly||Joaquin Arambula (D)|
|• U. S. Congress||Connie Conway (R)|
|• Total||5.49 sq mi (14.21 km2)|
|• Land||5.41 sq mi (14.02 km2)|
|• Water||0.07 sq mi (0.19 km2) 1.39%|
|Elevation||348 ft (106 m)|
| • Estimate |
|• Density||4,725.16/sq mi (1,824.34/km2)|
|Time zone||UTC-8 (PST)|
|• Summer (DST)||UTC-7 (PDT)|
|GNIS feature IDs||1659495, 2410920|
Reedley is a city in Fresno County, California, United States. It is located in the San Joaquin Valley, 22 miles (35 km) east-southeast of Fresno, at an elevation of 348 feet (106 m). The population at the 2010 census was 24,194. Its chief economic source is agriculture, particularly fruit and vegetable cultivation and has thus dubbed itself "The World's Fruit Basket". Reedley is situated along the Kings River, downstream from Centerville.
Reedley is named for Thomas Law Reed, a Civil War veteran who gave half of his holdings to the township in 1888.
In the mid-1800s, American Civil War Union veteran Thomas Law Reed settled in Reedley to grow wheat for Gold Rush miners. His donation of land for a railroad station site established the town as the center of the San Joaquin Valley's booming wheat industry. Southern Pacific Railroad officials commemorated his donation by naming the depot in his honor, which the city itself then adopted.
When gold mining fever began to fade, wheat demand slackened. Water from the Kings River was diverted for crop irrigation, and the region's agriculture diversified to include fruits, including grapes, figs, and peaches.
With the establishment of water and railroad services, farming families of European immigrants were recruited, and the settlement was incorporated in 1913, with Ordinance No. 1 adopting and prescribing the style of a Common Seal on February 25, 1913. That same year, the city's first cement sidewalks, sewer system, and fire department, as well as the first of two steel water towers were constructed.
A colony of German American Mennonites, who travelled to California to escape the ecological disaster of the Dust Bowl played an important role in the town's early history, settling in Township 8, an area now known as Navelencia. Reedley contains a community of 25 different Christian churches, including Anglican, Catholic, Armenian, Baptist, and Mennonite congregations. The town is also home to a Buddhist temple. The city's cultural influences include Filipino, Finnish, Lebanese and Japanese immigrants. Since the 1940s, Reedley has seen a large increase in its Hispanic and Latino immigrant population, who have come to represent the majority of Reedley's ethnic makeup.
In 1988, Reedley celebrated the first 100 years since the construction of its Southern Pacific depot, and the 75th anniversary of incorporation. In 2013, the city celebrated its centennial.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.2 square miles (13 km2), of which, 5.1 square miles (13 km2) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km2) of it (1.39%) is water.
City Buildings and Services
Reedley National Bank
Mid Valley Times
Reedley's downtown is the home of the local newspaper The Mid Valley Times, formerly known as the Reedley Exponent. The Exponent merged with the Sanger Herald and the Dinuba Sentinel in July, 2019 in order to improve circulation.
Jansen Opera House
The building that houses the Opera House was built in 1903, after a fire destroyed two blocks of downtown Reedley. Danish grain merchant, Jesse Jansen, rallied the downtown shopkeepers to rebuild Reedley's downtown out of brick. The Opera House itself was built at Jansen's personal expense to serve as a cultural and community center. In 1913, the population of Reedley met at the Opera House to vote for incorporation. After the early 1920s, movie houses replaced the popularity of theatre, and the building went into disuse until restoration in 1986. The City of Reedley acquired the building in 2002 by donation.
In 2003, the River City Theatre Company was founded by Mark Norwood, who served as artistic director until his retirement in 2016. The River City Theatre Company currently leases the Opera House and produces musicals and stage plays.
Reedley Municipal Airport
North of the city and southwest of Mount Campbell, Reedley Municipal Airport (FAA LID: O32) is a public airport, serving southeast Fresno County and northwest Tulare County. There are 21 single-engine aircraft based at Reedley Municipal Airport, and during the 12-month period ending on 30 January 2020, the airport logged 33,000 operations.
City administration and policing
The Reedley Police Department is headquartered at 843 G Street, sharing a building with the city government.
The small communities and area surrounding Reedley are served by the Fresno County Sheriff's Office.
Kings Canyon Unified School District is a public school system headquartered in Reedley, but also has schools located in the nearby city of Orange Cove, the towns of Dunlap, Miramonte, and the mountain communities. Reedley also offers private educational institutions such as St. La Salle School (Roman Catholic Private K-8) and Immanuel Schools (Mennonite Private K-12). The local community college, Reedley College, offers undergraduate higher education up to an associate degree as well as various certification courses.
Educational institutions in Reedley:
- Alta Elementary School
- Jefferson Elementary School
- Great Western Elementary School
- Washington Elementary School
- Lincoln Elementary School
- Immanuel Elementary School
- Thomas Law Reed K-8 School
- Riverview K-8 School
- Silas Bartsch K-8 School
- St. La Salle Catholic School
- General Grant Middle School
- Navelencia Middle School
- Immanuel Junior High School
- Kings Canyon High School
- Mountain View Independent School
|U.S. Decennial Census|
At the 2010 census Reedley had a population of 24,194. The population density was 4,693.2 people per square mile (1,800/km2). The racial makeup of Reedley was 14,105 (58.3%) White, 169 (0.7%) African American, 267 (1.1%) Native American, 797 (3.3%) Asian, 8 (0.03%) Pacific Islander, 7,850 (32.4%) from other races, and 998 (4.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 18,455 persons (76.3%).
The census reported that 23,945 people (99% of the population) lived in households, 119 (0.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 130 (0.5%) were institutionalized.
There were 6,569 households, out of which 3,544 (54%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 3,988 (60.7%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 946 (14.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 521 (7.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 440 (6.7%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 39 (0.6%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 886 households (13.5%) were one person and 471 (7.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 3.65. There were 5,455 families (83% of all households); the average family size was 3.94.
The age distribution was 7,869 people (32.5%) under the age of 18, 2,797 people (11.6%) aged 18 to 24, 6,594 people (27.3%) aged 25 to 44, 4,627 people (19.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 2,307 people (9.5%) who were 65 or older. The median age was 29.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.7 males.
There were 6,867 housing units at an average density of 1,332.1 per square mile (510/km2), of which 6,569 were occupied (including one by Mr. Bungle, a notable resident), of which 3,881 (59.1%) were owner-occupied, and 2,688 (40.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 3.7%. 13,704 people (56.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 10,241 people (42.3%) lived in rental housing units.
At the 2000 census there were 20,756 people, 5,761 households, and 4,643 families in the city. The population density was 4,700.1 people per square mile (1,800/km2). There were 5,972 housing units at an average density of 1,352.3 per square mile (520/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 51.76% White, 1.73% Black or African American, 1.21% Native American, 8.83% Asian, 37.72% from other races, and 4.44% from two or more races. 57.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 5,761 households, 46.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 12.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.4% were non-families. 15.8% of households were one person and 8.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.53 and the average family size was 3.87.
The age distribution was 32.1% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 15.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% 65 or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was US$34,682, and the median family income was $37,027. Males had a median income of $30,048 versus $25,495 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,096. About 18.5% of families and 21.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 31.6% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
- Charles B. Garrigus, Poet Laureate and state legislator; former professor at Reedley College and Reedley resident
- Kris Holmes, type designer and president of Bigelow & Holmes Inc.
- Lacy Barnes Mileham, Atlanta 1996 Olympics athlete in discus; psychology professor at Reedley College
- Ed Kezirian, UCLA football coach, attended and coached at Reedley College
- Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, author of Cheaper By the Dozen, lived in Reedley
- Paul Hurst, actor, appeared in Gone With the Wind
- Vic Lombardi, Major League Baseball player who pitched for the Pirates and Dodgers; born in Reedley
- Rick Besoyan, singer, actor, playwright, composer, and director of musicals such as Little Mary Sunshine
- Silas Bartsch, former administrator and interim president of Fresno Pacific University, a K-8 public school in southeast Reedley is named in his honor.
- "City Council". The City of Reedley. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- "California Cities by Incorporation Date". California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. Archived from the original (Word) on November 3, 2014. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- "City Council". The City of Reedley. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- "Senators". State of California. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- "California's 22nd Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Jun 28, 2017.
- "Reedley". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
- "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
- Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 1096. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
- "Reedley Fiesta kicks off as it celebrates 50 years of the frog jump". KFSN-TV. Reedley, CA. 2018-10-12. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- "A list of parades and more events to celebrate Christmastime in the Valley". Fresno Bee. Fresno, CA. 2018-11-18. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- Capace, Nancy (1999). Encyclopedia of California. North American Book Dist LLC. Page 388. ISBN 9780403093182.
- Reedley A Historical Sketch (PDF). Reedley, CA: Reedley Historical Society. pp. 7–9.
- "History". www.reedley.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
- "Historical Dates". www.reedley.com. Retrieved 2016-09-27.
- "Reedley Historical Dates". The City of Reedley. The City of Reedley. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- "Mid Valley Times". Mondo Times. Mondo Code LLC. Retrieved 2020-05-12.
- "History of The 1903 Jansen Opera House". Reedley's River City Theatre.
- "History of The 1903 Jansen Opera House". Reedley's River City Theatre.
- AIRPORT MASTER RECORD (Report). U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration. 2020-04-23. p. 1.
- "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - Reedley city". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
- "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. | <urn:uuid:a215fe9d-48c1-4271-a19d-052b5d8d6b6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reedley,_California | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.942387 | 3,715 | 2.578125 | 3 |
- Research article
- Open Access
Incidence of hypertension in a prospective cohort study of adults from Porto, Portugal
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 12, Article number: 114 (2012)
During the past 30 years, Portugal has been described as one of the countries with highest median blood pressure levels in Europe, but the incidence of hypertension is unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of hypertension, according to socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyles.
A population-based cohort of randomly selected dwellers from Porto, Portugal, aged ≥18 years, was assembled in 1999–2003 (EPIPorto study) and 796 hypertension-free individuals (62.6% women) were reassessed after a median of 3.8 years. Hypertension was defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 mmHg and/or antihypertensive drug therapy. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were estimated using Poisson regression.
The overall incidence rate was 47.3 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 40.5-55.5] per 1000 person-years. Among women, the incidence was 43.4 (35.6-53.1) and among men 52.7 (41.3-68.0) per 1000 person-years. The incidence was lower in women up to 60 years and much higher among women above 60 (110.0 vs. 64.4 per 1000 person-years among men, p for age-sex interaction=0.032). Participants with higher education had a lower risk of becoming hypertensive (≥13 years vs. ≤4 years: RR=0.70, 95% CI, 0.46-1.08, p for linear trend <0.001), independently of age and sex. Overweight and obesity were associated with a 1.67-fold and 2.44-fold increased risk of hypertension, respectively, independently of age, sex and education.
In this urban Portuguese population the incidence rate of hypertension was high, with new cases occurring predominantly among older subjects, the less educated and those with overweight-obesity. Despite recent progresses in blood pressure related outcomes, the risk of hypertension remains higher in Portugal than in other developed countries.
Hypertension is a modifiable risk factor responsible for a high burden of disability and death [1, 2]. Beyond genetic susceptibility, environmental factors change the severity of blood pressure elevation and the timing of hypertension onset [3, 4]. There is a high lifetime risk of hypertension, which is sustained after middle age. In the Framingham Heart Study, the residual lifetime risk of hypertension for middle-aged and elderly individuals was 90%, and more than half of 55-year-old participants and about two thirds of 65-year-old participants developed hypertension within 10 years .
In Portugal, where stroke has been the leading cause of death for decades, hypertension is a highly prevalent condition [6, 7]. According to two population-based studies in the early 2000s, describing the adult population of mainland Portugal and of Porto , the prevalence of hypertension was approximately 40%. The prevalence of self-reported hypertension has been increasing in Portugal for over two decades . However, this can result from higher diagnostic sensitivity, or a higher awareness of providers or patients, since mean blood pressure levels have been decreasing for at least 30 years and the prevalence of hypertension, objectively defined by high blood pressure levels or being under antihypertensive treatment, is stable in younger ages and decreasing in older people .
Despite its usefulness as a measure of the burden of disease, the prevalence of hypertension is largely determined by the proportion of subjects under treatment and longer duration of cases . On the other hand, hypertension incidence, although influenced by the access of the population to diagnosis, reflects more closely the scope for primary prevention, since it represents the rate of occurrence of new cases. However, population health data seldom provide such information.
Thus, we aimed to quantify the incidence of hypertension in adults, based on the prospective study of a community cohort of Porto, Portugal inhabitants, and to compare rates according to socio-demographic and behavioural characteristics.
A cohort of 2485 adult dwellers in Porto, an urban center in the northwest of Portugal with almost 300,000 inhabitants at that time, was assembled between 1999 and 2003 [8, 11]. Briefly, simple random digit dialing of landline telephones was used to select households. The vast majority of houses (>95%) had a landline telephone at the time of this procedure. We used a table of random numbers to define the last four digits that are specific to individual houses, assuming the local prefix codes to limit the universe to the city of Porto. Non-existing numbers, those corresponding to fax numbers or telephone numbers of non-individual subscribers were ignored. The household was considered unreachable after at least four dialing attempts at different hours and including week and weekend days. Within each household, we selected a permanent resident aged 18 years or more using simple random sampling. We considered a refusal if the person explicitly said that she did not want to participate and refusals were not substituted within the same household. The proportion of participation was 70% . A follow-up evaluation was conducted from 2005 to 2008, by trained interviewers, using structured questionnaires and forms, following the same protocol for data collection as at baseline. In both evaluations, participants were invited to visit our Department for an interview, which included a questionnaire on social, demographic, behavioural and clinical data, and a physical examination, including measurement of weight, height and blood pressure.
Age was categorized in 3 groups: <40, 40–60, 60 years or more. Education was recorded as completed years of schooling and subjects divided into three categories: ≤4, 5–12 and ≥13 years. Marital status was self-reported and grouped into two classes: married or in a civil union and single, widowed or divorced/separated.
We considered current smokers those who reported to smoke daily (at least one cigarette per day at the time of the survey) or occasionally (less than a cigarette per day) and ex-smokers those who had stopped smoking for at least 6 months. Average lifetime alcohol consumption, considering duration, frequency, and amount consumed by type of alcoholic beverage (wine, beer, spirits and liquors) was assessed using a questionnaire. A photographic album was used to assist in the report of the average size of the drinks. The daily intake of ethanol (g/day) was estimated by multiplying the quantity and frequency of intake of each drink by its alcohol content. Classes of alcohol consumption were defined by the cut-off points 15.0 g/day for women and 30.0 g/day for men, according to the recommendations of the American Heart Association .
Physical activity was evaluated using a previously validated questionnaire exploring all professional, domestic and leisure-time activities, detailing the intensity, duration and frequency of each activity. We used metabolic equivalents (MET), defined as the ratio between the metabolic rate during a specific physical activity and a reference metabolic rate, to quantify the intensity of each activity. The intensity of each activity was then multiplied by its frequency and duration to obtain the amount of physical activity measured as MET*hour/day. The subjects were then classified according to the sex-specific tertiles of the sample distribution.
Anthropometric measurements were performed after an overnight fast, with the participant wearing light clothing and no footwear. Body weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a digital scale, and height was measured to the nearest centimeter in the standing position using a wall stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) divided by squared height (m2) and subjects categorized according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization: obese (≥30 kg/m2), overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) and underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) . The small number of underweight participants in this study did not allow accurate inferences about this group and therefore this category was grouped with normal weight.
Blood pressure measurements were performed according to the recommendations of the American Heart Association valid at the time of data collection . Participants were instructed to take their usual medication and restrain from alcohol, tea, coffee, smoking or practise exercise in the 30 minutes preceding the measurement. Systolic blood pressure was identified by phase I Korotkoff sound and diastolic blood pressure by phase V. Two measurements of blood pressure separated by at least 5 minutes were taken, on a single occasion, with a mercury sphygmomanometer after 10-minute rest, with no tight clothes, on the right upper arm and at the heart level. The mean was considered and when the difference was larger than 5 mmHg for systolic or diastolic blood pressure a third measurement was taken and the mean of the 2 closest values was registered. The average of the readings was used to classify participants into one of the blood pressure categories of the 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: optimal (systolic <120 mmHg and diastolic <80 mmHg), normal (systolic 120–129 mmHg or diastolic 80–84 mmHg), high normal blood pressure (systolic 130–139 mmHg or diastolic 85–89 mmHg) . Arterial hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or current antihypertensive drug therapy [17, 18]. Blood pressure was measured following the same technical procedures at baseline and follow-up assessments.
Among the 2485 individuals evaluated at baseline, 1366 were not eligible for the present study due to missing information on blood pressure (n=176) or prevalent hypertension at baseline (n=1190). From the remaining 1119 individuals considered for the present longitudinal analysis, 320 did not attend the complete follow-up evaluation (Figure 1). Three participants had missing data on blood pressure at follow-up. Participants with available data from the follow-up visit were more likely to be older, to be married or in civil union, less likely to be current smokers and more likely to have high normal blood pressure at baseline (Table 1).
Among the 796 respondents, 62.6% were women, the median schooling was 11 years and one quarter did not complete more than elementary school, 12% were obese, most were sedentary and the median level of total physical activity was 1.47 MET*hour/day. The median ethanol intake was 26.3 g/day among men and 1.4 g/day among women, with 197 (41.7%) women reporting no alcohol intake at all.
The incidence rate was computed as the number of new cases of hypertension over the total person-time at risk. Time at risk was counted as the time between the two evaluations for subjects who remained free of hypertension; in 123 new cases of hypertension (excluding those who started antihypertensive drugs) time at risk was extrapolated by the proportional variation of blood pressure, assuming this variation was linear in time, and for the 62 individuals who were started on antihypertensive drugs the medium time between the two evaluations was assumed as the date of onset. We used this methodology to take into account that those with higher baseline blood pressure have a higher probability of becoming hypertensive for a given time period. The median (interquartile range) of the follow-up period was 3.8 (2.4-6.4) years.
Poisson regression was used to compute relative risks (RR) and respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to quantify the association between explanatory variables and hypertension incidence. The possible interaction of each of the other explanatory variables with age was tested. Crude and sex-, age- and education-adjusted RR were estimated, considering the interaction that was documented between sex and age. All analyses were weighted according to the known age and gender structure of the population of Porto, obtained from census data in 2001, to attain estimates generalizable to this population. The statistical analysis was performed using Stata version 9® (Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas, USA).
The ethics committee “Comissão de Ética para a Saúde” of Hospital de São João approved the study and participants provided written informed consent.
During the follow-up period, 185 individuals developed hypertension, corresponding to an overall incidence rate of 47.3 (40.5-55.5) per 1000 person-years. Among women, the incidence rate was 43.4 (35.6-53.1) per 1000 person-years and among men 52.7 (41.3-68.0) per 1000 person-years. Although the incidence rate increased with age similarly in both sexes up to 60 years, with the rate being lower in women, in older participants the incidence rate stabilized among men while it continued to rise in women (Figure 2). In participants aged below 40 years, the incidence rate was 23.1 (14.2-39.9) per 1000 person-years and 40.0 (23.3-73.9), in women and men, respectively; in those aged 40 to 60 years, the rate was 53.1 (42.3-67.4) and 62.0 (47.4-82.2), and above age 60 years 110.0 (74.7-165.5) and 64.4 (39.0-110.0), among women and men, respectively. An interaction term between age and sex was statistically significant (p=0.032).
The incidence rate was similar according to marital status and decreased with increasing educational level (≥13 years vs. ≤4 years: RR=0.70, 95% CI, 0.46-1.08, p for linear trend <0.001), independently of age and sex. Overweight and obesity were associated with a 1.67-fold and 2.44-fold increased risk of hypertension, respectively, independently of age, sex and education. Current smokers and subjects with alcohol intake within the recommended range had a lower incidence rate of hypertension, but the difference was not statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex and educational level (Table 2).
In this urban population the incidence rate of hypertension was almost 50 per 1000 person-years, with new cases occurring predominantly among older subjects, the less educated and those with overweight-obesity. Women had lower risk than men at younger ages and higher risk after age 60.
This study provides an estimate of the incidence of hypertension in an adult Western European cohort, and it is the first longitudinal description of the adult population dynamics of the condition in Portugal. Such information will be essential to evaluate the impact of preventive measures and the potential role of changes in major risk factors, as well as to target public health objectives. However, we need to acknowledge certain limitations. Foremost, we had to rely on a relatively small sample size, because a large proportion of the baseline participants were hypertensive, confirming the large burden of high blood pressure in the Portuguese population, and because 27% of those eligible were lost to follow-up. The latter were significantly younger, less likely to be married or in a civil union, more likely to currently smoke and less likely to have high normal blood pressure when compared with the participants who were followed up. This suggests that the global incidence of hypertension reported is an overestimate of the true incidence in the population because the incidence was higher in older participants, in non-smokers and in those with high normal blood pressure who are overrepresented in our sample. Since older subjects are more likely to be non-smokers and have high normal blood pressure than the younger, with the weighting of the incidence rate according to the known age structure of the population of Porto, we corrected, at least partially, this overestimation. Additionally, the estimated proportion of adult women in the population of Porto in 2001 was lower than the proportion of women in our sample (56% in Porto versus 62% in our sample), and this may have underestimated the overall incidence rate. However, weighting the analyses for sex is expected to have contributed to correct a potential selection bias in our study. Secondly, we measured blood pressure on a single occasion, both at the baseline and follow-up evaluations. Multiple measurements on different days would be a better approach to describe the true blood pressure level. Our methodology might lead to some degree of misclassification resulting in an overestimate of prevalent hypertension at baseline and incident hypertension at follow up, though this is the usual approach in epidemiological studies.
One of the first studies reporting the incidence of hypertension in the general population was the Framingham Heart Study, in 1988. Hypertension incidence per biennium ranged from 3.3% at ages 30–39 to 6.2% at ages 70–79 in men, and from 1.5% at ages 30–39 to 8.6% at ages 70–79 in women . More recently, in the ARIC study, the incidence of hypertension among whites aged 45 to 64 years at baseline was 37/1000 person-years in women and 40/ 1000 person-years in men . In our sample, the incidence was 63.9/1000 person-years in women and 66.5/1000 person-years in men in the same age range, around 70% higher than in the ARIC study. In Canada, using administrative data and a validated case-definition algorithm for hypertension, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence of hypertension was 32.1/1000 person-years in 2004, in participants older than 20 years . In Porto Alegre, Brazil, the age- and sex-specific incidence of objectively defined hypertension in the 1990s was remarkably similar to the estimates we are reporting , supporting the external validity of estimates for populations sharing similar characteristics. A Spanish cohort of university graduates aged 25–65 years described a self-reported incidence rate of 8.2/1000 person-years among women, 21.8/1000 person-years among men and an overall cumulative incidence of 5.8% during 4.4 years of follow-up, from 1999 to 2002 , which are certainly underestimates, because they relied on self-reported data. Another study performed in Spain reported estimates based on objectively measured hypertension, in participants aged at least 65 years . In our sample the incidence at this age was approximately 20% higher than in the Spanish cohort, with a similar pattern of higher risk among women. Hypertension incidence rates from different studies are difficult to compare, because the estimates depend on the criteria for its definition, as well as age, gender and ethnicity composition of the study population, and the length of follow-up. However, in comparison with the estimates presented above, and despite all the described caveats, the incidence of hypertension in Portugal is very high, which is consistent with the high prevalence and high mean blood pressure previously reported in this population, contributing to maintain a high burden of disease at least in the near future [7, 27].
In our sample the risk of developing hypertension varied with age, education and BMI at baseline. It is well established that the risk of hypertension depends on modifiable and non-modifiable factors. The increase in blood pressure, and consequently in the incidence of hypertension, with age has long been established, and is largely explained by the primary aging change which occurs in all societies, represented by stiffening and dilation of the proximal aorta . Hypertension is arbitrarily defined by blood pressure thresholds which are reached by the vast majority of the very elderly population and works just as a biomarker of disease that is more accurately described by underlying structural changes.
Like in the Framingham Heart Study , we observed that after the 6th decade the incidence in women becomes higher than in men. This pattern could be related with selective removal of men from the population at risk due to prevalent hypertension at baseline and lower survival due to cardiovascular deaths. It is also plausible that menopause could explain this increased risk, since it is associated with a reduction in estradiol and a decrease in estrogen-testosterone ratio, leading to endothelial dysfunction, which is common in postmenopausal women. Another putative mechanism involves sympathetic activation and increase in vasoconstriction that will cause hypertension . We could not test to which extent menopause explains the sex-age pattern because this would warrant a relatively large number of both pre- and post-menopausal women within an age range compatible with menopause onset.
The higher incidence rate of hypertension in subjects with less than 4 years of schooling is consistent with those reported in the CARDIA study and the NHANES I Study [30, 31] and reflects a clustering of risk factors more prevalent among the less favored people. The transition to political democracy occurring in the seventies in Portugal led to an improvement in economic capital across all social strata, but this increment was proportionally smaller among the lower socioeconomic position groups, resulting in an increasingly unequal society in the economic dimension . Although there is a clear negative association between age and educational level in the Portuguese population belonging to the birth cohorts represented in this sample, the effect of education on hypertension incidence remained strong, despite marginally significant, after adjustment for age.
Blood pressure increases with weight gain, and the increasing prevalence of overweight likely contributes to the high blood pressure levels in all age groups. Fat mass could lead to hypertension by different mechanisms, namely by activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, increasing sympathetic activity, promoting insulin resistance and leptin resistance and increasing procoagulatory activity and endothelial dysfunction . Our findings strengthen the substantial evidence linking obesity and overweight to the risk of hypertension [34–36].
The specific point estimates of the relative risks suggest that the associations with education, ethanol intake and BMI were stronger at younger ages (data not shown). However, the sample size did not allow us to perform an analysis stratified by age, since there were few new cases before 40 years of age, making all estimates quite unstable. This should be explored in future studies with adequate statistical power for this specific question.
The annual incidence of hypertension in this adult Portuguese population was high and despite recent progresses in blood pressure related outcomes, the risk of hypertension remains higher in Portugal than in other developed countries. Changing behaviors is an urgent necessity for this population, critical to decrease the incidence of hypertension. Timely and accurate risk factor surveillance could enhance prevention and be used to monitor its effects.
- 95% CI:
95% confidence interval
Body mass index
World Health Organization: Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. 2009, Geneva: World Health Organization
Whelton PK: Epidemiology of hypertension. Lancet. 1994, 344 (8915): 101-106. 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91285-8.
Corizzato M, Sega R, Ferrario M, Mancia G, Bianchi C, Fornari C, Perego RA, Cesana G: Possible interaction of environment and genetic factors in work-related diseases: the case of hypertension. Med Lav. 2005, 96 (6): 467-482.
Kunes J, Zicha J: Developmental windows and environment as important factors in the expression of genetic information: a cardiovascular physiologist’s view. Clin Sci (Lond). 2006, 111 (5): 295-305. 10.1042/CS20050271.
Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, Larson MG, Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, Levy D: Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 2002, 287 (8): 1003-1010. 10.1001/jama.287.8.1003.
Direcção-Geral dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários: Risco de morrer em Portugal 1984. 1987, Lisboa: Direcção-Geral dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários
Macedo ME, Lima MJ, Silva AO, Alcantara P, Ramalhinho V, Carmona J: Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in Portugal: the PAP study. J Hypertens. 2005, 23 (9): 1661-1666. 10.1097/01.hjh.0000179908.51187.de.
Pereira M, Azevedo A, Barros H: Determinants of awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in a Portuguese population. Rev Port Cardiol. 2010, 29 (12): 1779-1792.
Pereira M, Carreira H, Vales C, Rocha V, Azevedo A, Lunet N: Trends in hypertension prevalence (1990–2005) and mean blood pressure (1975–2005) in Portugal: a systematic review. Blood Press. 2012, in press
Hajjar I, Kotchen JM, Kotchen TA: Hypertension: trends in prevalence, incidence, and control. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006, 27: 465-490. 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102132.
Santos AC, Barros H: Prevalence and determinants of obesity in an urban sample of Portuguese adults. Public Health. 2003, 117 (6): 430-437. 10.1016/S0033-3506(03)00139-2.
Ramos E, Lopes C, Barros H: Investigating the effect of nonparticipation using a population-based case–control study on myocardial infarction. Ann Epidemiol. 2004, 14 (6): 437-441. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.09.013.
Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ, Erdman JW, Kris-Etherton P, Goldberg IJ, Kotchen TA, et al: AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000, 102 (18): 2284-2299. 10.1161/01.CIR.102.18.2284.
Camões M, Severo M, Santos AC, Barros H, Lopes C: Testing an adaptation of the EPIC Physical Activity Questionnaire in Portuguese adults: A validation study that assesses the seasonal bias of self-report. Ann Hum Biol. 2010, 37 (2): 186-198. 10.3109/03014460903341836.
Expert Panel on the Identification Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight in Adults: Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998, 68: 899-917.
Perloff D, Grim C, Flack J, Frohlich ED, Hill M, McDonald M, Morgenstern BZ: Human blood pressure determination by sphygmomanometry. Circulation. 1993, 88: 2460-2470. 10.1161/01.CIR.88.5.2460.
Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, Cifkova R, Fagard R, Germano G, Grassi G, Heagerty AM, Kjeldsen SE, Laurent S, et al: 2007 ESH-ESC Practice Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: ESH-ESC Task Force on the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2007, 25 (9): 1751-1762. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f0580f.
Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, et al: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003, 289 (19): 2560-2572. 10.1001/jama.289.19.2560.
Instituto Nacional de Estatística: População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (à data dos Censos 2001), Sexo e Grupo etário; Decenal. 2012, http://www.ine.pt.
Dannenberg AL, Garrison RJ, Kannel WB: Incidence of hypertension in the Framingham Study. Am J Public Health. 1988, 78 (6): 676-679. 10.2105/AJPH.78.6.676.
Diez Roux AV, Chambless L, Merkin SS, Arnett D, Eigenbrodt M, Nieto FJ, Szklo M, Sorlie P: Socioeconomic disadvantage and change in blood pressure associated with aging. Circulation. 2002, 106 (6): 703-710. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000025402.84600.CD.
Tu K, Chen Z, Lipscombe LL: Prevalence and incidence of hypertension from 1995 to 2005: a population-based study. CMAJ. 2008, 178 (11): 1429-1435. 10.1503/cmaj.071283.
Moreira LB, Fuchs SC, Wiehe M, Gus M, Moraes RS, Fuchs FD: Incidence of hypertension in Porto Alegre, Brazil: a population-based study. J Hum Hypertens. 2008, 22 (1): 48-50. 10.1038/sj.jhh.1002252.
Beunza JJ, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Serrano-Martinez M, Alonso A: Incidence of hypertension in a cohort of Spanish university graduates: the SUN study. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2006, 59 (12): 1331-1334. 10.1157/13096585.
Pimenta AM, Beunza JJ, Bes-Rastrollo M, Alonso A, Lopez CN, Velasquez-Melendez G, Martinez-Gonzalez MA: Work hours and incidence of hypertension among Spanish university graduates: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra prospective cohort. J Hypertens. 2009, 27 (1): 34-40. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3283163c3c.
Gutierrez-Misis A, Sanchez-Santos MT, Banegas JR, Zunzunegui MV, Castell MV, Otero A: Prevalence and incidence of hypertension in a population cohort of people aged 65 years or older in Spain. J Hypertens. 2011, 29 (10): 1863-1870. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834ab497.
Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lin JK, Singh GM, Paciorek CJ, Cowan MJ, Farzadfar F, Stevens GA, Lim SS, Riley LM, et al: National, regional, and global trends in systolic blood pressure since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 786 country-years and 5.4 million participants. Lancet. 2011, 377 (9765): 568-577. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62036-3.
O’Rourke MF, Hashimoto J: Mechanical factors in arterial aging: a clinical perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007, 50 (1): 1-13. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.12.050.
Coylewright M, Reckelhoff JF, Ouyang P: Menopause and hypertension: an age-old debate. Hypertension. 2008, 51 (4): 952-959. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.105742.
Dyer AR, Liu K, Walsh M, Kiefe C, Jacobs DR, Bild DE: Ten-year incidence of elevated blood pressure and its predictors: the CARDIA study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults. J Hum Hypertens. 1999, 13 (1): 13-21. 10.1038/sj.jhh.1000740.
Ford ES, Cooper RS: Risk factors for hypertension in a national cohort study. Hypertension. 1991, 18 (5): 598-606. 10.1161/01.HYP.18.5.598.
Barreto A: Social Change in Portugal: 1960–2000. 2003, New York: Columbia University Press
Lamounier-Zepter V, Bornstein SR, Ehrhart-Bornstein M: Mechanisms of obesity-related hypertension. Horm Metab Res. 2004, 36 (6): 376-380. 10.1055/s-2004-814583.
Parikh NI, Pencina MJ, Wang TJ, Benjamin EJ, Lanier KJ, Levy D, D’Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Vasan RS: A risk score for predicting near-term incidence of hypertension: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 2008, 148 (2): 102-110.
Vasan RS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Kannel WB, Levy D: Assessment of frequency of progression to hypertension in non-hypertensive participants in the Framingham Heart Study: a cohort study. Lancet. 2001, 358 (9294): 1682-1686. 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06710-1.
Stamler J: Epidemiologic findings on body mass and blood pressure in adults. Ann Epidemiol. 1991, 1 (4): 347-362. 10.1016/1047-2797(91)90045-E.
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2261/12/114/prepub
This study was funded by a grant from Laboratórios Menarini and Sociedade Portuguesa de Hipertensão, who had no influence on study design, data collection and analysis, report of results or on the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
MP collaborated in the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of the data, and wrote the first draft of the article. NL collaborated in the design of the study and revision of the article. CP collaborated in the design of the study and revision of the article. MS collaborated in the analysis of the data. AA designed the study, analysed and interpreted the data, and reviewed the article critically for important intellectual content. HB designed the study, analysed and interpreted the data, and reviewed the article critically for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
About this article
Cite this article
Pereira, M., Lunet, N., Paulo, C. et al. Incidence of hypertension in a prospective cohort study of adults from Porto, Portugal. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 12, 114 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-12-114 | <urn:uuid:8c3a73fa-ccd7-41a9-adb9-557287591df8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bmccardiovascdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2261-12-114 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.918772 | 7,693 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Sherwood Convent School uses the good class system to create a better studying setting for its students and to maintain up with modern instructional system. My education and 20 years of performing expertise, enable me to communicate the method of learning the drums, in a clear, logical development, no matter what your skill degree could also be. Spotify generates income by promoting premium streaming subscriptions to users and advertising placements to third parties. The 1981 introduction of MTV added the music video to the checklist of highly effective advertising and marketing instruments on the trade’s disposal.
The Recording Business Association of America states that the industry grew by 11.four% in 2016 reaching $7.7 billion. Attend in person or watch our livestreams and explore a video archive from over 20 years of great performances. The MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS (China) report accommodates the most-up-to-date monetary knowledge and Plimsoll applies these figures to create their distinctive and authoritative analysis.
Choose the playlist you created above. Musically, complete tones, or entire steps between the observe letters, would restrict the sounds we’re capable of produce on our instruments. Goldman Sachs’ Music in the Air†analysis notes that paid streaming penetration rates in China and India are presently 4% and 3%, respectively. Apart kind its physical aspect, the rhythmic actions, steps and gestures of dance usually categorical a sentiment or mood or illustrate a selected occasion or each day act, such as non secular dances and people representing searching, warfare or sexual exercise.
The MUSIC LABELS (Nordic) report contains probably the most-up-to-date financial information and Plimsoll applies these figures to create their unique and authoritative evaluation. 37 This contrasts with the $14.6 billion in income that was acquired in 1999 by the U.S. music trade from the sale of CDs. Click on the Edit Playlist button to begin adding tracks. To make a Genius Playlist, right click on a song and select “Create Genius Playlist.” You can then add or delete songs from this playlist like every other.
On the flip of the nineteenth century, Beethoven and the Romantic motion ushered in a new era that led first to the spectacles of grand opera and then to the musical dramas of Giuseppe Verdi and the Gesamtkunstwerk (whole work of art) of the operas of Richard Wagner leading on to the music of the twentieth century. The record firm pays the recording artist a portion of the earnings from the sale of the recordings, often known as a “royalty”, however that is distinct from the publishing royalties described above. | <urn:uuid:9501c153-2a31-4058-86fa-bf1c88a295cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spotify-change.com/home.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.922811 | 549 | 1.640625 | 2 |
This handpicked selection of tips and tricks can provide the perfect starting point for anyone who wants to learn more about this painful condition. Make sure you are getting enough sleep. The stiffness and pain that is common in arthritis can lead to debilitating fatigue, and many of the treatments for the condition can also cause fatigue. Do what you can to ensure a good night’s sleep every night, and you’ll feel better and be healthier.
Tips to consider:
- Make time in your day to do the things you love. Increased stress levels can lead to more arthritis flare-ups. If you find time to do the activities you enjoy, you’ll improve your mood and your energy levels. This kind of effect will lead to lasting improvement for your symptoms.
- Place it on your thigh, then utilize your hand to depress it. This will save your sensitive fingers from pain, and make the clipping task easier for you to do.
- It is important that you have enough calcium in your diet if you suffer from arthritis. Medical research has proven that inflammatory arthritis conditions are worse if a person does not have enough calcium in their diet. You can find calcium in many different foods, including milk, cheese, and ice cream.
- If you are an arthritis sufferer, avoid wearing uncomfortable shoes and high heels. Shoes that aren’t comfortable will only exacerbate your arthritis and hurt your posture and back. Invest in a good pair of sneakers that give you plenty of support.
- If you are a woman who suffers from arthritis in your back, you may want to think about changing what bras you wear. Believe it or not, certain bras can make your arthritis worse by putting pressure on your back. There are actually bras that are made just for women with arthritis.
- For people who suffer from chronic arthritis, be careful when choosing a pet for your family. Remember, if your arthritis is acting up or even gets worse, it may be hard for you to care for your pet. Instead, you may want to consider getting a pet that is easier to take care, such as a fish.
- Learn tai-chi. Tai-chi is a mind and body connective technique, that is also a form of light martial arts. Using tai-chi can help to convince yourself your body is not in as much pain as your mind believes. Some arthritis sufferers even claim that the use of this method allows them to use their mind to convince their body they are more flexible.
- If you have osteoarthritis in your knees, consider speaking to your physician about electrical stimulation and its benefits. This treatment has been proven to reduce pain from arthritis by reducing swelling.
- For those that have arthritis in their knees, Hyaluronic acid injections are a great option. Because people who have arthritis in their knees are lacking lubrication to keep their joints in top condition, these injections are a great way to give knees lubrication. Speak with your doctor before taking these injections.
- One thing you can do for your joint aches and pains is to give yourself a break with a vacation or some simple time off at home. You want rest and a lot of it, and the best way to stock up on good old rest is by taking that vacation you have always dreamed of, or even by just taking the phone off the hook and laying in bed for a couple days. This gives your joints relief from your daily routine of constantly going.
Use gardening as an effective therapy against arthritis. There are so many studies out there about arthritis, natural therapies, and one of the top therapies identified is gardening. Simply planting a small garden in your backyard or gardening with some pals can be such a great help in relaxation and relief of your pain. Whether you are struggling with the pain of arthritis or know someone else who is, the advice in this article is invaluable. Follow these tips and learn how to live with arthritis without allowing the pain to control you and keep you from doing the things that you love and enjoy. | <urn:uuid:05322865-23e7-4828-b82e-4130a6a90232> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://gamingspell.com/suffering-from-arthritis-pain-tips-to-help-you-find-relief/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955544 | 823 | 2.3125 | 2 |
The Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) operates the electric grid and manages the deregulated market for the Texas Interconnection, which is the bulk electric system providing power to 75% of the geographic area and 90% of the electric load in the state of Texas. ERCOT is a membership-based 501(c)(4) nonprofit corporation, governed by a board of directors and subject to oversight by the Public Utility Commission of Texas and the Texas Legislature. Its members include consumers, cooperatives, generators, power marketers, retail electric providers, investor-owned electric utilities, transmission, and distribution providers, and municipally owned electric utilities. Unlike other Independent System Operators (ISOs) in the U.S., its rates and services are not regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) although it is subject to North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) rules on reliability and security.
ERCOT manages the flow of electricity across the high-voltage, long-distance power lines in the Texas Interconnection. Its responsibilities include:
Maintaining system reliability
Facilitating a competitive wholesale market
Administering the competitive retail market including management of billing data
Ensuring open access to transmission
Performing transmission planning
The wholesale markets facilitated by ERCOT are energy only, meaning there is no capacity market. | <urn:uuid:f88a4a19-3154-47c6-825a-2eb92aeb85c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://energyknowledgebase.com:443/topics/electric-reliability-council-of-texas-ercot.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.937698 | 273 | 2.5 | 2 |
Introduction: Our objective was to define the appearance and distribution of normally occurring intraluminal structures within the dural venous sinuses on contrast-enhanced MR venography (CE-MRV).
Methods: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects participating in the study, and the study protocol was approved by the institutional review board of the University Health Network. A group of 56 patients underwent CE-MRV. Intraluminal structures were categorized as an arachnoid granulation (AG) or trabeculation (Willis cord). Willis cords within the transverse and sigmoid sinuses as well as AGs 4 mm or more in size were recorded.
Results: In 20 of the 56 patients (36%), 29 AGs measuring 4 mm or more were identified within the dural sinuses. All AGs were spherical or ovoid and occurred at sites where a cortical vein joined a dural sinus. Nearly all AGs (28 of 29, 97%) displayed an eccentric internal vein. Willis cords were seen within the superior sagittal sinus in all patients. Willis cords were less prevalent in the remaining dural sinuses. A minimum of one Willis cord was seen in 58 of the 112 transverse sinuses (52%). These cords were 1-2 mm in maximal thickness, uniformly smooth, and commonly partitioned the sinus. Willis cords and AGs (of any size) were not encountered within the sigmoid sinuses or jugular veins.
Conclusion: CE-MRV elucidates structures normally found within the dural sinuses. These consist of AGs and Willis cords. This report confirms and establishes new criteria for identification of these normally occurring intraluminal structures providing a basis for their differentiation from pathologic entities. | <urn:uuid:e865ab6b-2547-45be-85ac-ee8f9e9e454a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17579848/?dopt=Abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.960323 | 360 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Source: European Journal of Teacher Education, Volume 35, Issue 1, 2012, pages 111-129
This paper represents a preliminary attempt to address the role of teachers in supporting students’ learning on socio-scientific issues (SSI) by characterising pre-service biology teachers’ perceptions and adaptation of curriculum and identifying factors that serve to mediate this process.
A hundred and two undergraduate pre-service biology teachers took part in this study over the course of one semester.
The teacher candidates completed a questionnaire comprising Likert-type and open-ended questions.
The results indicated that the teacher candidates perceived a need to address SSI positively. Pre-service teachers had moderate personal teaching efficacy beliefs related to teaching about SSI.
The pre-service teachers also identified the lack of instructional time and the unavailability of relevant materials as the primary obstacles hindering the teaching of SSI. | <urn:uuid:032b6d5a-2a1f-4450-8da5-68c03710b40c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://education.eng.macam.ac.il/article/3034 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947627 | 182 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Dentistry will be a very specialized field of treatments involving a extremely sophisticated line of remedies and procedures. Dental care healthcare is usually an pricey area of therapy with patients frequently delaying dental methods due to typically the high costs engaged. One of typically the key components of dental care includes different kinds of dental products being used in the particular treatment. Speculums of goods consists of many kinds in addition to today, a very good hi-tech lab is usually very instrumental inside providing some of the best quality and effective goods for dentists in addition to patients. The following are some of the key products used inside the world associated with dentistry today.
Dental Implants- These are artificial tooth main that is implanted into a individual who may have lost a new tooth or number of teeth due to be able to a periodontal trouble or otherwise. Right now with digital methods, it is achievable for labs in order to create digital oral implants that are more accurate, reliable and extremely life-like. The affected person may never recognize which of their tooth is actual and which will be an implant. 1 of the the majority of discerning advantages of typically the dental implants is that using these people keeps the natural tooth tissue intact. They also help inside preserving the our bones.
Dental Veneers- A new smile is really worth a thousand words, plus that is precisely what people are seeking for-the perfect grin with even coloured set of teeth. Today, right now there are advanced labs that manufacture porcelain veneers for patients using cutting edge oral laboratory technology. Many types now require no preparation to typically the natural tooth. Colour matching is less difficult than ever prior to. Today’s advanced veneers provide a natural, stunning smile that is durable and can final for years in order to come.
Dental crown– These are teeth shaped caps that are placed over our own teeth to bring back it, support it and offer it a new more aesthetic physical appearance. Today’s labs offer the most lifelike and esthetic corrections that both you and your patients can become pleased with along together with Porcelain Fused to be able to Metal and Full Cast restorations.
Dental bridges- A orthodontic link is made upward of several crowns for the teeth on either part of the gap in one’s teeth. The aim is to be able to prevent the distance from widening that a seamless set of functional teeth that work effectively. The electronic digital labs provide excellent quality bridges of which add to the beauty of the particular smile, making the particular patient feel more comfortable and assured.
Almost all of the previously mentioned dental products usually are of the finest quality if offered by a fresh age group, modern dental lab that uses electronic technology to create very life just like and realistic digital impressions. One of the greatest benefits of using a wide array of dental items USA is that will technology aided goods are longer lasting and much more effective as a procedure, with regard to both the patient and the dentist. | <urn:uuid:b1b8c82e-f2e0-435e-8f36-baee16101391> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.barcelonacyclechic.com/varieties-of-high-quality-oral-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.952172 | 612 | 2.515625 | 3 |
BibliOdyssey, described as “Books, Illustration, Science, History, Visual Materia Obsure, Eclectic Book Art” is a fascinating site run by a man named Paul in Sydney, Australia. His collection of unusual and interesting books stuff has become a book itself and is now available at Amazon. But there is a particular joy in visiting the site, finding new gloriously colorful plates from a man named Hans Ulrich Finsch, a stained glass painter from 1622.
Or perhaps Bibliodyssey will have a 1494 gothic sketch book. Yes, even then doodles were compulsive, though with paper a much rarer commodity than it is now, sketchbooks belonged to masters of the art of illuminated books instead of kids tracing Iron Maiden covers of Eddie.
There is so much to see in the site's archives, which go back to November 2005 (just like Brix Picks). Just randomly I found this stunning skeleton calendar featuring drawings published in 1893 called Funny Bones by Louis Cruscius. You can also browse Edith Brown's lovely illustrations for The Cheerful Cricket and Others by Jeannette Marks. And here, just marvel at these trippy illustrations by Beatrice Appia from 1936.
The site is really a treasure chest of inspiration. | <urn:uuid:70064f95-0589-4de4-83e5-50a057f38475> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brixpicks.com/bibliodyssey-a-2375.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.945325 | 266 | 1.710938 | 2 |
What Are the Properties of Paper?
Properties of paper include the thickness, weight, texture, folding endurance, strength and size of the paper. Some grades of paper tear easily, while others resist tearing. The moisture retention capacity is another important property of paper. Some grades of paper dry very quickly and do not absorb moisture.
Blotting paper is a type of paper used to absorb ink because it has a high moisture retention capacity and can absorb liquids. Cardboard paper is hard and difficult to fold. Paper used for writing is often soft, smooth, glossy and lightweight.
Paper is made from wood pulp and is primarily used for writing, printing and packaging. The making of paper began in China almost 2,000 years ago. | <urn:uuid:7657dacf-f87d-4033-b8a2-e1b3ad0b5273> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.reference.com/science/properties-paper-99b413880fecf6cd | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.953018 | 149 | 3.796875 | 4 |
005. The Failing Of Humans (Genesis 3)
The world you and I live in is not the world God created it to be. I am not talking about dinosaurs. The story opens with God confronting chaos and disorder to bring order and beauty in creation. Humans are formed and appointed to participate in God's divine rule of the universe. As his representatives, humanity can choose to trust God for wisdom to rule, resulting in blessing for the entire world.
However, the humans choose to define good and bad on their own, which begins a destructive cycle that reintroduces chaos and disorder back into God's good world. Let us pick up in the story here beginning in Genesis 3.
The Failing Over the Fall; The Wise Snake; The Conversation of Temptation; How We Justify; The Curse of the Snake; Humans Create Disorder; Removal From the Model
The First Testament - John Goldingay
The Pentateuch as Narrative - John H. Sailhamer
Genesis 1-11 - Samuel Bray & John Hobbins | <urn:uuid:df51b1e6-69f6-4f3b-a898-e3c4c0f87a61> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://castbox.fm/episode/005.-The-Failing-Of-Humans-(Genesis-3)-id3139944-id291135585 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.892423 | 228 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Municipal utilities across our state are dedicated to providing their customers with the highest quality service possible. In many cases, this includes a move toward technology and Internet-based payment systems, customer service interfaces, and more. As the utility industry becomes increasingly technology-dependent, however, the threat of a cybersecurity breach grows.
“Much like tornadoes, floods, and other natural disasters, cyber attacks are difficult to predict and can wreak havoc on families, businesses, and communities alike,” said Timothy Whipple, general counsel for IAMU. “Preparedness is a key defense, and at IAMU we are working with local utilities to implement safeguards and response procedures that ensure the safety of our customers, the protection of private information, and the reliability of our services.” | <urn:uuid:bf53dbd4-5f6e-4a37-b9f1-01278d990f07> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.iamuinformer.org/informer-news-feed/iamu-applauds-governor-terry-branstads-iowa-cybersecurity-strategy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.946654 | 163 | 2.0625 | 2 |
In theory, I could go back and rewrite these notes, introducing the reader first to lists, then to permutations, then to S2, to S3, to the subgroups of S4 that correspond to the cyclic group of order four and the Klein 4-group, and so forth, not refer to these other groups, nor to the dihedral group, nor to any other finite group that we have studied.
But it is more natural to think in terms other than permutations (geometry for Dn is helpful), and it can be tedious to work only with alterations. While Cayley’s Theorem has its uses, it does not suggest that we should always consider groups of permutations in place of the more natural representations in scientific notation.
With that in mind, consider two different representations of α by transpositions. If the first representation has an even number of transpositions, say α = τ1 ···τ2a, then we can determine gα by applying each τ one after the other. We see that swp α = swap τ1 +···+swp τ2a, an even sum of odd numbers, which is even. Hence gα = g . If the second representation had an odd number of transpositions, then swp α would be an odd sum of odd numbers, and gα = −g.
However, we pointed out in the previous paragraph that the value of gα depends on the permutation α, not on its representation by transpositions. Since g is non-zero, it is impossible that gα = g and gα = −g. It follows that both representations must have the same number of transpositions. The statement of the theorem follows: if we can write α as a product of an even (resp. odd) number of transpositions, then it cannot be written as the product of an odd (resp. even) number of transposition. | <urn:uuid:01f18c40-3d9d-4fa2-9764-0ceae0eab7eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://maxmuscleleansupplement.com/terms-other-than-permutations/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.950596 | 401 | 2.890625 | 3 |
An agreement offered by one party and accepted by another is a contract. Contracts normally take the form of written documents in Michigan, but certain oral agreements can also be considered contracts. When a party to a contract fails to fulfill its duties under the contract, it is called a breach of contract. Parties to a contract might choose not to fulfill the bargain, and in some situations keeping with the agreement is simply impractical. What happens after a breach of contract depends on the situation. Normally, the party who breached the contract is liable for damages the breach caused, and bringing the matter to court is sometimes needed to resolve this issue.
What If Someone Fails to Honor Their End of the Contract in Allegan County
Breaches of contract in Allegan County are normally handled by the party who breached paying the other party monetary damages. The exact amount of damage awards, however, is often a matter of disagreement. The matter may be taken to court if disagreements of this form are not resolved privately. If this happens, the court will require you to state in the initial complaint the amount of damages you feel you need to redress the wrong.
What If I Can
If a money award will not help, courts in Allegan County, may also be authorized to issue an injunction, or in other words, require the other party to do what it agreed to do. It is important to consider your concerns carefully, and once they are determined, they must be properly voiced in order for the court to correct the situation properly. Wrong doing is not always present when a contract is breached. Courts therefore consider more than simply whether a breach of contract really occurred. In Michigan law, how and why the contract duties went unfulfilled are also factors.
How Can an Attorney Help?
A party must proceed carefully in making its intentions known if a breach of contract becomes unavoidable. Statements of intent to violate a contract may be taken as wrong doing if care is not used. Awareness of Michigan law in this area becomes important under these circumstances. Allegan County, Michigan If you believe a contract has been or may be violated, you should consult with an Attorney before proceeding. Contracts disputes almost always involve delicate issues of timing. An Allegan County, Attorney specializing in contractual breach can lend help when things go wrong. | <urn:uuid:5194784a-2d3d-4d27-a067-c9b52d4cce59> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://businessattorneys.legalmatch.com/MI/Allegan-County/breach-of-contract.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.963161 | 464 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Information Possibly Outdated
The information presented on this page was originally released on May 30, 2014. It may not be outdated, but please search our site for more current information. If you plan to quote or reference this information in a publication, please check with the Extension specialist or author before proceeding.
Fewer dairy producers left to celebrate June
TYLERTOWN -- Mississippians looking to raise a glass to celebrate “June is Dairy Month” with local producers may be drinking their milk alone.
Walthall County Extension agent Richard Hay has seen a drastic change in dairy numbers in his county since he arrived in 1984.
“We had more than 200 dairy farms when I started my Extension career in Walthall County. Today, the number is closer to 14,” he said. “The good news is if you are still in the business, you are one tough dairy farmer.”
Hay said the south Mississippi counties of Walthall, Lincoln, Marion and Pike combined with some Louisiana farms to create “Little Wisconsin,” which supplied the New Orleans markets in decades past. Walthall County was the “cream pitcher of Mississippi.”
Fortunately, the remaining dairy farmers are finding reason to celebrate beyond just surviving.
“Profit margins have been better in the last three or four months, but we know prices will take a downward turn during the summer months while school is out and the school milk demand drops. Even though we might lose a little profitability in the next few months, we’ll turn out OK for the year,” he said.
With fewer than 100 farms, Mississippi’s dairy industry was valued at $40 million for 2013, roughly half the value of the industry in 2001.
“What helps the most is that the price of feed has come down some compared to the last few years,” Hay said. “Unfortunately, fertilizer, fuel and labor are not coming down.”
Hay said exports are strong, which helps prices stay up. More than 15 percent of U.S. dairy production went into the export market in 2013, with Pacific Rim countries being particularly strong importers. New Zealand is traditionally a major dairy supplier for those countries, but a prolonged drought there makes U.S. milk products a more reliable option.
Regardless of the profitability of dairy farming, there is one major factor that will contribute to shrinking dairy numbers in Mississippi, Hay said.
“Very few dairymen in the state are younger than 40 years old. In Walthall County, the majority are 60 or older,” Hay said. “Up North, it’s a badge of honor to be the next in line to inherit the dairy, but somewhere along the way, Mississippi kids have chosen different career paths.”
Hay went on to say that the economic decision to leave the business depends on strong cattle prices as much as or more than low milk prices.
“A lot of people think that when milk prices go down, people get out of the business, but another factor is when cattle prices go up,” he said. “When milk prices go up, so do cattle prices because each cow can bring you more money.”
Pike County Extension agent Lamar Adams said many of the remaining dairy farmers are using the current economic situation to pay off accumulated debt.
“Although dairy farmers are enjoying record high pay prices for their milk and comfortable profit margins, many are using this increase in cash on hand to pay off debt they have been carrying since the dairy market crash of 2009,” he said. “So, they remain cautiously optimistic about the future in hopes that profits will continue long enough to not only pay off the debt but also make improvements to their facilities and other farming investments.”
Mike Ferguson, a dairy producer in Tate County and chair of the Mississippi Farm Bureau Dairy Commodity Group, expressed optimism tempered with concerns for the state’s dairy industry.
“There was a time when milk and cheese plants were all over Mississippi, but as dairy farms dwindled, so did the plants. The two plants left in the state are in Hattiesburg and Kosciusko,” he said. “As you get fewer and fewer dairy farms, the support infrastructure starts to crumble, and it gets harder to find large-animal veterinarians, equipment dealers and service technicians.”
Still, Ferguson said he believes the growing interest in locally produced food will help Mississippi dairy farms survive.
“Having a fresh local milk supplier is going to be key in the future. People just prefer locally produced products,” he said. “Consumers will have to choose between local supplies or products that have been transported greater distances.”
Ferguson also said the new farm bill will require farmers to consider new insurance issues.
“The new farm bill will be very different from any we have ever seen. Farmers need to study and take advantage of the insurance aspects if possible. Mississippi farmers need to know their exact cost of operation to participate in the insurance program,” he said.
“We are in a tough part of the world to dairy. Heat and humidity are not our friends,” Ferguson said. | <urn:uuid:c8cd71a8-47a6-40dd-b33b-24f379a1f93a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://extension.msstate.edu/news/crop-report/2014/fewer-dairy-producers-left-celebrate-june | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.963957 | 1,086 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Cameroon’s Economist and a major critique of the government in place, Dieudonné Essomba has once more sounded the alarm bell, warning that the current fuel shortages presage darker days for a country that will not be able to escape World Bank-imposed Structural Adjustments.
“With an external debt of CFA F 8,000 billion in foreign currency, against CFA F 2,500 billion in revenue, which is burdened by a CFA F 1,000 billion trade deficit that is constantly increasing, how do we avoid another structural adjustment?” Essomba wonders.
He says these figures are compounded by foreign exchange reserves which are practically null, and “for a mere CFA F forty-nine billion in foreign currency, the IMF is leading the Government by a thread.”
The IMF, he says has instructed the government to end fuel subsidies. In other words, the IMF wants the government to now collect the taxes it has been waiving.
“The aim is not to replenish the State’s coffers, but to give the money to the IMF to pay off the monstrous debt Cameroon owes to its foreigner partners,” Essomba states.
He blasted government officials for often giving the impression that government gets money from other sectors to subsidize fuel.
“Some Cameroonians do not understand what is happening with fuel and the government’s communication only adds to the confusion,” he says.
“Things are quite simple. The government subsidizes fuel, which is not wrong. However, this subsidy is not a transfer of resources from other sectors to keep prices low. It is simply a waiver of taxes that the government would normally have levied on the fuel sector.
“For example, when a minister says that Cameroon has paid subsidies of CFA F three hundred billion, he is letting the message get out that the Directorate General of Taxes would have collected the money from companies to pay for fuel, which is not true. This simply means that the taxes that the state should have collected on fuel are three hundred billion. This is a shortfall, not a transfer of resources collected in another sector,” Essomba clarifies.
He explains that the current fuel shortages in Cameroon are because the government does not have enough foreign currency.
“And this is where we reach the tragic consequence of our macroeconomic governance, namely the inability of the country’s managers to distinguish between the CFA F and foreign exchange. For them, the fact that our banks have much liquidity in CFA F and that the state can access this money through the issuance of bonds is proof that the country is doing well.
However, what is important here is that it’s the foreign currency that allows us to buy abroad and not the CFA F. Even though the CFA F can be converted into the Euro, which is a foreign currency, this conversion is limited to the stock of currency at BEAC. As soon as requests for conversion of the CFA F exceed our stock of foreign currency, the conversion operation is immediately transformed into an external debt”, the Economist asserts.
He explained further that Cameroon’s external debt is constituted in two ways. It can either be in a contractual manner when the government takes money from for example China to build a dam, “This is the most visible debt, but the least dangerous.”
The second is functional, through accumulated current account deficits. He stresses that “In other words, this happens when we import too much and export too little because obviously other countries are not our slaves to give us their goods for free.”
He says Cameroon’s leaders do not have a clear grasp of these basic notions, and questioned just how Cameroon could ever envisage development based on contractual actions “without managing or reducing or even blocking the functional debt fed by the current account deficit? And how could anyone believe in the sustainability of such a development model? “
He says it’s the failure to understand these basic economic mechanisms that has led Cameroon to its current mountain of debt, and for which the IMF now requires Cameroon to begin to collect taxes on fuel to repay.
“I laugh at these little jokers who shout everywhere that the government cannot accept IMF terms. Is the government going to do what it wants? By playing the fool and hence not getting the money from the IMF we will find ourselves without fuel at all,” he emphasizes.
Noting that the current fuel prices are not a one-off, he says Cameroon must follow through the “terrible instructions of the IMF, who are bailiffs and auctioneers for defaulting countries (like Cameroon).”
And then a more ominous warning: “Cameroonians must therefore be prepared to lead the miserable life of a pauper for another twenty years. Contrary to what they believe, they will be subjected to price increases, falling incomes, especially public service salary downsizing and the sell-off of the few state enterprises that survived the first structural adjustment, and finally, devaluation.”
“There is absolutely nothing that can save us from this miserable fate. And contrary to the bluster, the Cameroon government can and will do nothing,” Essomba concludes. | <urn:uuid:21949906-0056-4ddb-aeae-683f39c8e8e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://timescapemag.com/2022/07/20/fuel-crisis-economist-warns-cameroonians-of-more-misery-for-another-twenty-years-says-govt-economists-are-nonstarters%EF%BF%BC/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.956433 | 1,093 | 1.632813 | 2 |
RegsvrEurope must be stronger, louder, more capable and better prepared“, Romanian President Klaus Iohannis said in a message on Europe Day.
“”Europe Day finds us this year in a completely redefined situation. After the massive provocation of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are now living the reality of the war at the European Union border, which has caused the greatest humanitarian crisis in Europe since the Second World War. We live in an unprecedented time in the presence of the Union, where the ability to uphold our basic values is tested, centered on peace, the concept by which European construction was built.
Peacekeeping has been constant in Europe for decades, and guarantees of stability have allowed us to achieve unprecedented levels of prosperity at the coalition level. 2022 marks the 15th anniversary of Romania’s accession to the European Union. This is an envisioned and endorsed option for society as a whole. The benefits of this election today are due to the status of EU member states providing an irreversible path to democratic progress, economic and social development, solidarity, and proactive efforts to build European projects. It is clear for our long-term progress. ,“The head of state said.
Klaus Iohannis condemned the war that Russia had begun.
“Unfortunately, in the immediate vicinity of Romania, the shockwaves of the provocative and illegal war that the Russian Federation has unleashed against Ukraine are in front of a reality that is radically different from the reality we have ever acted on. Today, in line with the spirit and model of the European democratic model, we have a duty to prove the same visionary decency that the founders of the Union had. Schumann’s words sound clearer than ever.<世界平和は、それを脅かす危険に見合った創造的な努力なしには確保できません。>“
In his view, “the threat of the Russian Federation to the security of the Euro-Atlantic could remain a reality for years to come.”
“Europe is stronger, louder, more capable and therefore better prepared by strengthening transatlantic cooperation, developing interoperability capabilities and mobilizing efforts to fully complement NATO. The coalition must provide sustainable support to strengthen the resilience of Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, which face dramatic challenges in security and stability. Supporting and supporting our partners remains a priority. ” Johannis pointed out.
The Romanian President will also invest more attention and appropriate resources to strengthen his ability to address the complex challenges of the present and future that extend beyond traditional military disciplines to cyberspace and hybrid threats. I think it is necessary. “At the same time, preparing for a safe future involves significant investment in education and the development of digital skills, but also the mobilization of national-level joint efforts to maintain a healthy environment. The challenge of ensuring food security requires effective action not only to reduce reliance on the European Union, but also to support Ukraine and its most vulnerable countries. “
https://www.romaniajournal.ro/politics/iohannis-on-europe-day-russias-threat-to-euro-atlantic-security-may-remain-a-reality-for-years-to-come/ Russia’s threat to Euro Atlantic security could remain a reality for years to come – Romanian Journal | <urn:uuid:32eba580-c302-481a-8261-77fbe4602e1f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://worldakkam.com/russias-threat-to-euro-atlantic-security-could-remain-a-reality-for-years-to-come-romanian-journal/741498/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.924576 | 719 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Even with advances in micro-encapsulation and other stabilisation and oxidation inhibiting technologies, stability is still an issue with some omega-3 oils.
“Stability will always be an issue for oils rich in EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) as polyunsaturated fatty acids are very sensitive by nature to oxidation, which causes the fast degradation of volatile compounds,” Véronique Sanceau, marketing manager at Polaris, told NutraIngredients.
Adam Ismail, executive director of GOED, the global organisation for EPA and DHA omega-3s, agreed that these oils are problematic from a formulation perspective, saying “any oil that contains comparable levels of EPA, DHA, or other long chain polyunsaturated fats will have stability issues and need to be protected from oxidation.”
He said that in supplements and pharmaceuticals this is managed in a number of ways including in the refining process and ideally by an encapsulator which knows how to handle the oil well.
“Oils usually contain antioxidants, are bottled in nitrogen-blanketed packages and have multiple oxygen barriers including a multi-layer capsule and bottle. In foods, there are a variety of other ways used to protect the oil, including emulsions and micro-encapsulations,” Ismail said.
Polaris claims to have improved on existing methods with its patented ‘Qualitysilver’ stabilisation process, which has yielded an “ultra stable” DHA algae oil that the company launched last week under the Omegavie brand.
“The high stability comes from the combination of Qualitysilver with synergistic ’preventative’ antioxidants that limit the onset of oxidation and ‘chain breaking’ antioxidants that block the spreading of oxidation. But the oil’s remarkable stability also comes from the very high quality of the raw material we use and specific, gentle extraction method which yields a very high quality oil,” said Sanceau.
Omegavie DHA algae Qualitysilver 5 is produced in Europe from microalgae cultivated in a controlled environment. It is extracted using a natural enzymatic process with no solvents, then subjected to a purification process that eliminates potential traces of residual contaminants.
5 times more stable than standard oils
In tests conducted internally by Polaris using the Rancimat measure of oxidation stability, the oil was found to be five times more stable than a ‘standard’ algal oil formulated with tocopherols, meaning that its nutritional profile, flavour, aroma and mouthfeel qualities were unchanged.
“We achieved very good results compared to an oil with a ‘basic’ antioxidant mix and an oil that was extracted via a different method,” said Sanceau. “For example, at 80ºC with 20 litres per minute air flow, the oxidation induction time was 42 hours.”
She added that Polaris had plans to carry out an external study with a third party lab on specific volatile compounds.
Besides marketing algae-derived omega-3 oils, Polaris also has a marine-based lipids business. Asked whether this latest launch was indicative of a shift in strategy towards vegetarian-source omega-3s for the company, Sanceau insisted that it would continue to offer both sources.
“This focus on algae omega-3 enables us to offer a new alternative: a vegetable one, which meets a growing consumer and market trend. We will of course continue to work on high quality fish oil sourcing to offer a full range of omega-3s, focusing only on by-products sourcing. There is still a considerable price differential between the two sources so we think both will co-exist.” | <urn:uuid:b5356af5-eae8-4b44-92fa-8e792d835981> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2016/11/09/Is-new-DHA-oil-the-ultimate-in-omega-3-stability | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.947189 | 784 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Thursday, June 30, 2016
Workers in the Lewiston Metropolitan Statistical Area had an average (mean) hourly wage of $18.93 in May 2015, about 19 percent below the nationwide average of $23.23, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Assistant Commissioner for Regional Operations Richard Holden noted that, after testing for statistical significance, wages in the local area were lower than their respective national averages in 17 of the 22 major occupational groups, including management; computer and mathematical; and legal.
When compared to the nationwide distribution, local employment was more highly concentrated in 3 of the 22 occupational groups: production; installation, maintenance, and repair; and building and grounds cleaning and maintenance. Conversely, eight groups had employment shares significantly below their national representation, including business and financial operations; computer and mathematical; and architecture and engineering. (See table A and box note at end of release.)
|Major occupational group||Percent of total employment||Mean hourly wage|
|United States||Lewiston||United States||Lewiston||Percent difference (1)|
Total, all occupations
Business and Financial Operations
Computer and Mathematical
Architecture and Engineering
Life, Physical, and Social Science
Community and Social Services
Education, Training, and Library
Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical
Food Preparation and Serving Related
Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance
Personal Care and Service
Sales and Related
Office and Administrative Support
Farming, Fishing, and Forestry
Construction and Extraction
Installation, Maintenance, and Repair
Transportation and Material Moving
One occupational group—production—was chosen to illustrate the diversity of data available for any of the 22 major occupational categories. Lewiston had 2,530 jobs in production, accounting for 10.4 percent of local area employment, significantly higher than the 6.6-percent share nationally. The average hourly wage for this occupational group locally was $18.55, compared to the national wage of $17.41.
Some of the largest detailed occupations within the production group included inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers (150), first-line supervisors of production and operating workers (130), and laundry and dry-cleaning workers (110). Among the higher paying jobs were first-line supervisors of production and operating workers and water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators, with mean hourly wages of $27.24 and $21.55, respectively. At the lower end of the wage scale were laundry and dry-cleaning workers ($8.51) and helpers of production workers ($10.83). (Detailed occupational data for production are presented in table 1; for a complete listing of detailed occupations available go to www.bls.gov/oes/2015/may/oes_30300.htm .)
Location quotients allow us to explore the occupational make-up of a metropolitan area by comparing the composition of jobs in an area relative to the national average. (See table 1.) For example, a location quotient of 2.0 indicates that an occupation accounts for twice the share of employment in the area than it does nationally. In the Lewiston Metropolitan Statistical Area, above-average concentrations of employment were found in many of the occupations within the production group. For instance, laundry and dry-cleaning workers were employed at 3.2 times the national rate in Lewiston, and bakers, at 2.4 times the U.S. average. On the other hand, welders, cutters, solderers and brazers had a location quotient of 1.0 in Lewiston, indicating that this particular occupation's local and national employment shares were similar.
These statistics are from the Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey, a federal-state cooperative program between BLS and State Workforce Agencies, in this case, the Idaho Department of Labor.
With the issuance of data for May 2015, the OES program has incorporated redefined metropolitan area definitions as designated by the Office of Management and Budget. OES data are available for 394 metropolitan areas, 38 metropolitan divisions, and 167 OES-defined nonmetropolitan areas. A listing of the areas and their definitions can be found at www.bls.gov/oes/current/msa_def.htm.
A value that is statistically different from another does not necessarily mean that the difference has economic or practical significance. Statistical significance is concerned with the ability to make confident statements about a universe based on a sample. It is entirely possible that a large difference between two values is not significantly different statistically, while a small difference is, since both the size and heterogeneity of the sample affect the relative error of the data being tested.
The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) survey is a semiannual mail survey measuring occupational employment and wage rates for wage and salary workers in nonfarm establishments in the United States. The OES program produces employment and wage estimates for over 800 occupations for all industries combined in the nation; the 50 states and the District of Columbia; 432 metropolitan areas and divisions; 167 nonmetropolitan areas; and Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. National estimates are also available by industry for NAICS sectors, 3-, 4-, and selected 5- and 6-digit industries, and by ownership across all industries and for schools and hospitals. OES data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm.
OES estimates are constructed from a sample of about 1.2 million establishments. Forms are mailed to approximately 200,000 sampled establishments in May and November each year. May 2015 estimates are based on responses from six semiannual panels collected over a 3-year period: May 2015, November 2014, May 2014, November 2013, May 2013, and November 2012. The overall national response rate for the six panels is 73.5 percent based on establishments and 69.6 percent based on weighted sampled employment. The unweighted employment of sampled establishments across all six semiannual panels represents approximately 57.9 percent of total national employment. (Response rates are slightly lower for these estimates due to the federal shutdown in October 2013.) The sample in the Lewiston Metropolitan Statistical Area included 655 establishments with a response rate of 81 percent. For more information about OES concepts and methodology, go to www.bls.gov/news.release/ocwage.tn.htm.
The May 2015 OES estimates are based on the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system and the 2012 North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Information about the 2010 SOC is available on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/soc and information about the 2012 NAICS is available at www.bls.gov/bls/naics.htm.
Metropolitan area definitions
The substate area data published in this release reflect the standards and definitions established by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget.
The Lewiston, Idaho Metropolitan Statistical Area includes Asotin County, WA and Nez Perce County, ID.
OES data are available on our regional web page at www.bls.gov/regions/west. Answers to frequently asked questions about the OES data are available at www.bls.gov/oes/oes_ques.htm. Detailed technical information about the OES survey is available in our Survey Methods and Reliability Statement on the BLS website at www.bls.gov/oes/2015/may/methods_statement.pdf.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory impaired individuals upon request . Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
|Occupation (1)||Employment||Mean wages|
|Level (2)||Location quotient (3)||Hourly||Annual (4)|
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers
Butchers and Meat Cutters
Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers
Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators
Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers
Last Modified Date: Thursday, June 30, 2016 | <urn:uuid:03b3920a-92d4-40f7-b91a-2dc515ef3f5e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bls.gov/regions/west/news-release/2016/occupationalemploymentandwages_lewiston_20160630.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.892991 | 2,468 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Canadian interbanking giant Interac has released its e-Transfer stats for 2017, revealing that 241 million e-Transfer transactions were performed last year.
According to a February 22nd, 2018 media release, a total of $92 billion CAD was transferred through Interac e-Transfers.
The company said that these figures represent a 52 percent increase in volume and a 44 percent increase in total value, in comparison to 2016’s numbers.
“The consistent year-over-year growth in usage of the Interac e-Transfer service is a testament to its convenience and reliability among consumers, businesses and financial institutions in Canada who are always looking for ways to send, request and receive money,” said Debbie Gamble, vice president of digital product and platforms at Interac, in the same February release.
The e-Transfer service is used approximately 660,000 times each day, on average.
The average amount transferred is $382. Approximately 62 percent of all transaction are under $200, while 47 percent are under $100 in value.
Average users send approximately three or more e-Transfers each month, and 7.4 million active users transfer money every month.
Additionally, one in six e-Transfers are conducted by a business-grade user, and 76 percent all transactions are deposited on a mobile device.
According to a 2017 study conducted by Navigator and Interac Corp., e-Transfer is the most popular digital P2P money service in the world.
The Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) was the first Canadian bank to offer free Interac e-Transfers. | <urn:uuid:e934f320-17fe-46bf-88e1-32946b3771bc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mobilesyrup.com/2018/02/22/consumers-businesses-made-241-million-interac-e-transfer-transactions-2017/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.955347 | 339 | 1.609375 | 2 |
By Carla Jose
Picture Supply: Pexels
So that you’ve acquired a ardour for robotics and also you need to share it together with your classmates? Or maybe you’re an educator and also you’re desperate to introduce college students to this quickly increasing a part of the tech sector. In both case, beginning a membership devoted to the subject of robotics, together with theoretical discussions in addition to sensible experiments, is an effective way to satisfy your ambitions. So what’s one of the simplest ways to go about this? Let’s take a look at the steps you’ll must take.
Ticking all of the bureaucratic containers
Earlier than you get carried away, you’ll want to communicate with a faculty administrator to search out out about what you’ll must do to be able to formally discovered a brand new membership, and in addition to find out about any necessities you’ll want to satisfy to do that legitimately. The excellent news is that just about all forms of golf equipment are legally allowed, so there shouldn’t be a lot resistance from an ideological standpoint.
Elements just like the involvement of an satisfactory allocation of adults to supervise the youngsters on this context must be factored in, in fact. You may also must justify the creation of the membership by demonstrating that there’s enough enthusiasm for it on the market already.
Gauging the extent of curiosity
Main on from coping with the bureaucratic aspect of building a robotics membership, it’s wise to ask different college students whether or not they’d need to take part on this scheme.
Ideally you’ll get them to place their names down, so to present the college administrator simply how a lot demand for the membership exists, which in flip will make it simpler to get the inexperienced gentle.
Even elementary college students can profit from robotics, so don’t be afraid to interact with youthful individuals in addition to these with extra expertise.
Getting a member of the school onboard
For robotics followers, the following transfer is to attach with an educator who’s pleased to share the burden of beginning a membership and in addition to combat your nook when participating with directors throughout the setup stage.
Within the case that you simply’ve already acquired technical staff members obtainable to you, speaking with lecturers with applicable specialisms and backgrounds will take advantage of sense.
Somebody who is aware of the way to run complete API assessments to troubleshoot points with the robotic’s directions, somewhat than simply an educator whose expertise lie elsewhere, will likely be a precious asset to your fledgling membership.
If the membership attracts a big sufficient variety of college students, then a single trainer may not be sufficient to supervise every little thing. That is the place asking for parental involvement comes into play.
Discovering a usable house
Half and parcel of selecting a trainer to take the reins of your robotics membership is to additionally acquire entry to an area that can be utilized to host it.
A regular classroom may suffice in case you’ve acquired no different choices, however a workshop setup is unquestionably preferable. You’ll want entry to instruments, benches, energy shops and naturally the appropriate security gear.
Writing a mission assertion & listing of greatest practices
Having goals is useful when beginning a robotics membership, so placing collectively a mission assertion that formalizes these will work wonders.
This may be one thing so simple as a proof that you simply need to additional the understanding of robotic techniques and options amongst college students, nevertheless it’s additionally doable to be particular. For instance, if you wish to work in direction of getting into competitions, or finishing specific tasks, embrace this information.
Along with this, having greatest practices set down in writing is suggested. You may embrace issues like particulars of what number of attendees the membership can safely accommodate at anyone time, and who will likely be answerable for operating what facet of every get-together.
Mainly, in case you can clear up any uncertainty and rule out ambiguity initially, your membership will discover its toes faster.
Aiming for approval
At this level you need to be able to ask the college administrator to ratify your membership and can help you proceed. As long as you have got caught to the aforementioned tips of your specific institution, this ought to be straightforward sufficient to work by means of.
Moreover, an administrator will likely be available to deal with the opposite duties concerned in getting a robotics membership off the bottom, corresponding to checking out scheduling and issuing permission slips the place related.
Getting the ball rolling
Forward of your membership’s maiden assembly, you’ll must put in all of the planning that’s required to make it run as easily as doable.
In case you’ve acquired gear to acquire or software program to license, don’t depart this to the final minute. Additionally keep in mind to maintain all potential members of the membership within the loop, in order that they know what to anticipate and in addition what’s anticipated of them.
With all this in hand, you’ll be able to launch a robotics membership in your faculty that would change the lives of its members for the higher!
Be taught extra about Robotics with RobotLAB!
For over a decade, RobotLAB is main the Academic Robotics market with an modern strategy that makes Robotics and VR really helpful within the arms of educators! Verify our merchandise, join wit us! Our staff will information you to pick one of the best device to your classroom!
Concerning the Creator: Carla from BrandMatcher.io writes and breaths about digital advertising. At all times determining environment friendly methods to leverage his writing expertise and sharing all information doable. | <urn:uuid:0bfc120c-84d1-4b11-bb30-40399b35caf9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sameog.com/learn-how-to-begin-a-robotics-membership-in-your-college/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.937095 | 1,187 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Phonics lesson planning for the new school year just got easier — and it stays easy throughout the year with your phonics scope and sequence to guide you.
Use classroom spelling games to bring variety to spelling review and practice. You can even use them for a spelling warm-up or in literacy centers.
Let’s take a look at 5 quick math games including calculator games to liven up math lessons and give students more practice to build and review skills.
Skip counting worksheets allow students to practice counting in both directions, from different starting numbers and forward & back! Here are easy ideas!
Some students dread writing and get blocked before they begin. Daily journal prompts can get the ball rolling and help students explore different writing types.
Spelling games for the classroom provide students with different ways to engage with spelling words and patterns. Make phonics fun all through the year!
Are you drowning in data (or wishing you had more)? Let’s look at some best practices and tools for dealing with data and monitoring progress.
Recognizing teachers can start with you. Here are 3 things you can do to show appreciation for other teachers — and it doesn’t have to take a lot.
Students need repeated and varied opportunities to interact with vocabulary words. Here are four ways to embed vocabulary instruction in your classroom. | <urn:uuid:64181b86-3961-4bba-9a7c-67a23abe9060> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://topnotchteaching.com/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.929849 | 273 | 3.390625 | 3 |
A glass walkway allows you to get inside the temple without touching
it. You are then treated to a rather cheesy sound and light show.
London is a massive city with 2,000 years of history behind it. It’s hard to tell these days, but the banking and financial center of it all, with its frantic building, insider wheeling and dealing, and massive cocaine consumption, is actually the oldest neighborhood. This center of commerce is called “the City”, and its area corresponds to the Roman city of Londinium, founded around 43 AD.
Not much has survived the centuries, just a section of the original city wall and a few traces in the cellars of later buildings. In 1954, however, a subterranean temple was found that belongs to one of the ancient empire’s foremost mystery religions — Mithraism. Little is known for certain about this religion since its rites were private and most written accounts are by early Christians seeking to destroy the faith.
The cult centered around worship of the god Mithras, who originated in Persia. One common scene in Mithraic iconography shows Mithras being born out of a rock, and this may be why his temple, called a mithraeum, is generally located underground. It was a secretive religion that only accepted men, and this is one of the reasons it eventually lost out to the more inclusive Christianity. | <urn:uuid:2f0acf33-abf6-46a9-bed8-4b3f0cfd4461> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.blackgate.com/tag/pagans/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.977078 | 288 | 2.21875 | 2 |
First Committee Member
Gail Sammons, Chair
Number of Pages
The material for this paper centers on the Steamboat Ski Resort Corp. The ski resort was chosen for this study because of its need for a management retention plan. Steamboat was ranked as a top 10 international ski resort in North America by Snow Country Magazine (“Top 50 ski resorts,” 1997). It has maintained this distinction for many years. It has been noted for its idealistic “champion power” and its unpopulated vast terrain. In particular, it has always scored high in the customer experience categories for exceptional down-home friendly people. A chart, prepared by Net promoters.com, on customer and employee satisfaction which collaborates with the Snow Country ratings may be viewed in the Appendix.
Executives; Labor turnover; Ski resorts – Management
Hospitality Administration and Management | Work, Economy and Organizations
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Gumbiner, Michael D., "Manager retention and the Steamboat Ski Resort" (2007). UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. 481.
IN COPYRIGHT. For more information about this rights statement, please visit http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ | <urn:uuid:9dab1e20-217c-4175-9f8d-5d3bc3ef5848> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/481/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.87867 | 329 | 1.601563 | 2 |
The average UK household has 10 cleaning and disinfectant products clogging up the cupboard under the sink. From surface cleaner and bleach to floor spray and toilet cleaner, we tend to use a different product for every part of our home. But, did you know you could make life a little easier by reducing the number of bottles you need and replacing them with one bottle of NatraSan?
A multi-functional disinfectant
As NatraSan has no alcohol, preservatives, or essential oils, and kills 99.9999% of germs on impact, it’s as safe to use for disinfecting your toilet, as it is for ridding your baby’s favourite teething toy of germs. This also means it’s far more effective than general household sanitisers and disinfectants which take between 10-15 minutes to destroy pathogens.
The magic ingredient in NatraSan is pure hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is the body's own antiseptic and is produced in all humans and animals. The acid is mild but is an incredibly effective substance released by our white blood cells to kill germs, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts, and moulds.
Hard and soft surfaces
As well as being used to disinfect hard surfaces in the kitchen, bedroom, living room and bathroom, NatraSan can also be used on soft surfaces and textiles, such as curtains and sofa cushions. You can be safe in the knowledge there’s no sodium hypochlorite in NatraSan, the active ingredient in bleach, which would discolour fabric and leave behind that distinctive chlorine smell.
As general cleaning products are full of chemicals & high concentrations of alcohol, they can be extremely corrosive and bad for our skin, but NatraSan has no harmful chemicals or alcohol and is so gentle it can be sprayed directly onto any part of our body with no side effects – you can therefore ditch the rubber gloves. This also means it causes no harm if ingested, so there’s no need to panic if a child gets hold of a bottle.
Additionally, as we’ve all become acutely aware of our overuse of plastic, replacing our household cleaners with NatraSan means we can reduce our plastic bottle usage.
NatraSan comes in varying sizes, from the 100ml Travel Buddy, through to a five-litre bottle, making it easy to use throughout your home and while you’re on the go.
Visit our online shop, or call 0800 707 6883 to place a telephone order. | <urn:uuid:7c83e106-32e7-4be7-a82c-add718cba960> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://natrasanuk.com/blogs/news/how-to-reduce-the-number-of-cleaning-products-you-need | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.941556 | 534 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.